samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
500 million adults, educating them on key saving, protection and investment related products so that they are empowered to take prudent financial decisions. it also seeks to create awareness about the consumer protection and grievances redress machinery available in the country. basic financial education is aimed to be included in school curricula up to senior secondary level. this is based upon the premise that the most effective way is to weave financial education into the normal content of school curricula. accordingly, we are engaging with the curriculum setting bodies like the national council of educational research and training ( ncert ), education boards like the central board for secondary education ( cbse ), central and state governments to try and embed such concepts in the school curriculum. one of the objectives of the nsfe is to standardize the messages that various stakeholders seek to disseminate through their financial education initiatives. the nsfe document identifies certain simple messages let me reiterate such as why save ; why invest ; why insure ; why save with banks ; why borrow within limits ; why repay loans in time ; why borrow for income generating purposes, what is interest and how moneylenders charge very high interest rates, etc. it is a well recognized fact that the standardization will help in ensuring consistency in the messages reaching the target audience from various sources and making them more focused and powerful. we have already done some work in this direction. in order to ensure consistency in the messages reaching the target audience of financially excluded people during the financial literacy camps, we have issued comprehensive financial literacy material containing guidance note for trainers, operational guidelines for conduct of financial literacy camps, financial literacy guide, financial diary and a set of 16 posters. banks have been advised to use it as a standard curriculum to impart basic conceptual understanding of financial products and services. role of banks in spreading financial literacy rbi has adopted a planned, structured and integrated approach of achieving financial inclusion through financial literacy by advising banks to setup flcs with a view to scale up the financial literacy efforts throughout the country. banks have been advised to setup financial literacy centres ( flcs ) in the 630 plus offices of the lead district managers ( ldms ). these offer face to face money advice further we have mandated the 35, 000 plus rural branches of scbs including rrbs to undertake outdoor financial literacy activities at least once a month with focus on financially excluded population. in order to link the bis central bankers ’ speeches financially excluded segment with the banking system, rbi has devised model

ms. mary e barth bis central bankers ’ speeches
twg ) on overseas filipino statistics to formulate the operational framework, concepts and definitions for overseas filipinos, this conference could clarify the differences in the sets of data currently available. second, on the remittance data. we have already seen the size of ofw remittances doubling within the last five years. with its growing importance to our economy, we need to place emphasis on its accurate measurement. we are aware that remittances are by themselves already inherently difficult to measure, since they are composed mostly of numerous small, frequent transactions, carried out by a multitude of transactors through a complex structure of originating and delivering agents here are also other measurement concerns including appropriately capturing remittances of non - resident ofws which are invested in financial instruments or physical assets such as real estate. moreover, a certain amount of remittances still flow through informal channels, which should be measured to determine the amount of global remittances. given the present range of remittance channels, and the expected increased complexity of the structure of service providers in the near future, accurate measurement of remittances remains a challenge for statisticians. we therefore need to collectively consider and design the best approach that will measure remittances in the most accurate and timely manner, going forward. this will not necessarily be an easy task. even at the international level, the conventional wisdom is that there is no unique “ best ” source of data, or collection approach, due to the complexity of the phenomenon. therefore, from a purely technical standpoint, a reasonable strategy would be to appropriately combine different sources and methods, e. g., bank reports data, household surveys, other administrative - based data, even econometric and demographic models, that will allow for integration, cross - checks and reciprocal confirmations. moreover, data on remittances should not be considered in isolation from data on stock of workers and deployment of overseas workers, as well as wage rates, wage increases and inflation in host countries. at the end of the day, there have to be reasonably explainable patterns and links among these variables that will allow for more informed economic analysis, decision making and policy - making by the government. on this note, highly commend the philippine statistical association for organizing this conference on the subject. we hope that this forum will serve as a catalyst for further statistical research and studies on the ofw phenomenon. we also thank the sponsors of this conference for their

and f. ohnsorge. washington, d. c. : the world bank. 3 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches
##mendable that good governance carries a bigger weight in country performance in the consideration for adf allocation under the pba system. further enhancements to the pba scheme include the allocation of grants and future disclosure on country performance ratings in the interest of greater transparency. however, a word of caution. governance is such a broad subject that we must try to specifically define its measurement under a case - by - case approach. how have our countries performed and what are some development challenges we face? the mixed performances of pdmcs poses special challenges to our development partners such as the adb. the vulnerabilities in our small island states due to reasons such our smallness in size, our large distances from each other and our remoteness from international markets are important considerations in our development efforts. our islands often also suffer from natural disasters, which can have large adverse impacts on the economy as in the recent cases of the cook islands, samoa and tokelau. economic performances in our pdmcs over the past decade have been varied with some countries recording positive growth rates and some contracting or even sharply declining. moreover, social indicators also show the major variances in our progress towards achieving the millennium development goals ( mdgs ). an additional challenge for us is to keep a more balanced and sustainable growth while grappling with the issue of globalisation. the role of the public sector to build a supportive policy and regulatory framework for infrastructure investments is essential, irrespective of the source of financing. investment is another hurdle for us. it is extremely difficult to attract investment to our small islands in the vast blue pacific ocean. the global competition for this investment dollar is intense. it may be true that even with the right economic policies, foreign direct investment may still be elusive. but essentially we do not have a choice. in light of the declining trend of foreign direct investment to our region, it is imperative that our countries promote institutions and policies that would attract new business flows into our economies. for a few of us who have a large private sector, we may be able to get domestic investors to do more. but we cannot afford to totally rely on others. we must do what we need to do ourselves. with increasing regional economic integration, we need to promote more regional cooperation to ease capacity constraints and other problems that we face. the decision by pacific leaders recently to develop a “ pacific plan ” may help with bolstering regional cooperation. the effective and efficient use of official development aid and private sector investments for

##2s endeavours will continue to be a success, and i look forward to continuing our cooperation with the csds and with market participants. thank you very much for your attention. bis central bankers ’ speeches
ltd, hsbc, and barclays bank plc., were appointed primary dealers. the bank of mauritius had decided that traditional bidders for bills at the weekly auctions would be gradually cropped out. between february 2002 and november 2003 transactions by primary dealers with banks amounted to rs1. 9 billion. their transactions with corporate bodies amounted rs10. 8 billion. with individuals their transactions amounted to rs1. 6 billion. these give a total amount of over rs14 billion worth of bills transacted by primary dealers. this value of transactions in bills reflects the potential that exists for the trading of government papers on the stock exchange. so far the number of eligible bidders at the weekly auctions held at the bank of mauritius that are not primary dealers has been reduced from around 250 to 11. over time only the primary dealers will be eligible to bid at the weekly auctions. institutional investors like the national pension fund, the national savings fund and all the remaining banks and other financial institutions will be required to purchase government papers on the secondary market. this would definitely require major changes in the investment decision - making process within these organizations. they would stand to gain in the medium - term. sometime in may last i initiated discussions with mr. sunil benimadhu, mr. vipin mahabeersingh and mr. chota moollan at the bank of mauritius on our intention to sell treasury bills through brokers on the stock exchange. several meetings were since held with myself, the managing director and the staff of the financial markets department of the bank of mauritius. discussions were held with stock brokers also. a set of rules and procedures has been defined and was submitted for approval by the financial services commission. some six weeks back i had a stimulative exchange of views with the honourable minister sushil khusiram on this project. the swiftness with which the honourable minister made regulations to that effect reflects his personal commitment and determination for the development of the market for government papers. i am thankful to him for having supported this initiative. with hindsight the decision to sell treasury bills over - the - counter at the bank of mauritius was a decision taken in the right direction. i am happy to see that finally the trading of bills will soon take - off on solid foundation. the stock exchange of mauritius, the central depository & settlement co. and the brokers have put in lots of efforts in the project and i am confident that it will not suffer the

governor salceda to the csf movement. we also look forward to learning much from your csf as you start implementation of this empowering collateral - free credit program for micro, small, and medium enterprises. mabuhay ang albay! mabuhay ang mahal nating bansang pilipinas! maraming salamat sa inyong lahat!
the mosaic floors that decorated this building. in addition, part of the exhibition are also the unique fresco - details that adorned the baptistery, which is located next to the basilica. the exclusively crafted marble container also belongs to the baptistery, as part of its internal decoration, which, on its part, includes the famous mosaics with depictions of peacocks. those were the peacocks that the artist biljana unkovska used when designing the layout of the modern macedonian banknotes of ten denars. speaking of the ancient town of stobi, besides the fact that it is really a constant inspiration for artistic creation, in the past it was a center with emphasized monetary production that took place more than 18 centuries ago. this exhibition is even more significant because of the generous support of the us embassy in the republic of macedonia, which throughout the past years has enabled professional protection of these invaluable paintings, thanks to which they can now be publicly exhibited. the national bank is honored by the given trust to host this exhibition, which i hope that over the next month will be an intriguing cultural event for the general public. i also hope that with bis central bankers ’ speeches the support of the ministry of culture and of the other institutions of culture in macedonia, also in the future we will have an opportunity to enrich the public life and the creative social pulse of the country ’ s cultural life. expressing my sincere gratitude to the ministry of culture of the republic of macedonia, the national institution stobi and the embassy of the united states in the republic of macedonia, i invite his excellency, the ambassador of the united states, paul wohlers and the minister of culture of the republic of macedonia, elizabeta kancheska - milevska to take the floor. bis central bankers ’ speeches

external imbalance, and for achieving the interim and final objective of the monetary policy, remaining prepared to futher undertake additional measures, if necessary. v. in the end, one more information. today, the council of the national bank of the republic of macedonia held its 3rd session this year. among other issues, on this session, the council has adopted the 2008 annual report of the national bank of the republic of macedonia ; the 2008 annual report on managing foreign reserves ; the 2008 internal audit report. all these documents shall be available on our web site in the following days.
, henrik ( 2023 ), “ drivkrafter bakom globala trender i den neutrala rantan ” ( driving forces behind global trends in the neutral interest rate ), annex 2 to longterm survey 2023, sou 2023 : 87. obstfeld, maurice ( 2023 ), “ natural and neutral real interest rates : past and future ”, nber working paper 31949, national bureau of economic research. platzer josef and marcel peruffo ( 2022 ), “ secular drivers of the natural rate of interest in the united states : a quantitative evaluation ”, wp / 22 / 30, international monetary fund. 15

as much as it had been raised during the spring. with hindsight, it could perhaps be claimed that raising the interest rate in spring 2001 and 2002 was unnecessary. however, this would not lead to a fruitful discussion. it is always easy to know how one should have acted afterwards, when the result is a fact. the interesting part of an assessment is whether our decisions are understandable in the light of the picture available at the time the decision was made. when we analyse this question, we can conclude that we have acted consistently on the basis of the inflation forecasts we made, much as we usually do. a further question is how good we are at making forecasts. the accuracy of the forecasts for price trends as a whole in 2003, which were made during the two preceding years, appears relatively good. however, the general assessment hides a number of large forecast errors for individual components. for instance, domestic inflation was underestimated, while international prices and imported inflation were overestimated. we thus have some work left to do to achieve better precision in the individual components that are important to the total assessment. despite this, i can observe that our inflation forecasts for 2003 were slightly better than the average of other forecasters. some concluding reflections let me now, in conclusion, emphasise a couple of issues connected with the present decision - making situation. as i have already mentioned, economic activity has essentially followed the paths we have been anticipating since early last autumn. on the other hand, new information has been received, which indicates lower price and cost pressure. this information concerns international prices, productivity in sweden, the labour market situation and wage costs as well as inflation outcomes and expectations. it is not always easy to interpret all this information. all in all, it has led to a significant change in our forecasts since october. this has in turn made us cut the interest rate by a total of 0. 75 percentage points. similarly, we made a couple of cuts in a row last spring, when it became obvious that prospects for economic activity weakened more than expected and our inflation forecasts were therefore adjusted downwards. this is the way we work. new information affects our assessments and sometimes leads to a reappraisal of our inflation forecasts. if this happens, it also has an impact on the policy we conduct. the difference between the present situation and the situation last spring is that the uncertainty then also encompassed developments in the real economy. at that time there appeared to
see mersch, y. ( 2017 ), “ economic policy and the need for humility ”, speech at the conference “ banking and financial regulation ”, bocconi university, 9 october. 3 bartelsman, e., lopez - garcia, p. & g. presidente, “ cyclical and structural variation in resource reallocation in europe ”, mimeo. 4 see, e. g. see gopinath et al. ( 2015 ) : “ capital allocation and productivity in south europe ”, nber working paper no. 21453 ; borio et al. ( 2016 ) : “ labour reallocation and productivity dynamics : financial causes, real consequences, ” bank for international settlements working papers 534 ; andrews, d. & f. petroulakis ( 2017 ), “ breaking the shackles : zombie firms, weak banks and depressed restructuring in europe ”, oecd economics working papers no. 1433. 5 / 5 bis central bankers'speeches

actually use them. and the market would need to include both dealers and ptfs. i ’ d be interested in hearing the panelists ’ views on this and whether there are things that regulators could do to encourage a cooperative, industry - wide approach. treasury repo markets are also undergoing structural changes, which brings me to the third area of consensus at the conference. the repo panel i moderated included an asset manager, a broker dealer and one of the triparty clearing banks. there was agreement on the panel that expanded repo clearing would be positive for the market. that said, there was also a consensus that the current private sector initiatives in this area face demanding regulatory requirements related to capital and liquidity. we are carefully considering these proposals and are open to solutions that would satisfy regulatory requirements while bringing the benefits of central clearing. i ’ d welcome panelists ’ views on proposals for expanded repo clearing as well. i look forward to the conversations today, and i hope we ’ ll keep having them. treasury markets are important to all of us. the financial market participants represented here have special reasons to care. as one of the panelists at the conference put it, we ’ ve built our entire prudential regulatory framework, indeed our entire financial framework, around the ability to quickly and efficiently transform treasury securities in to cash liquidity. these markets need to keep functioning at a high level, and we all have a stake in making sure that they do. bis central bankers ’ speeches
( ifs ) and trustee of imperial college london. now, let me give the floor to our keynote speaker, ms. rachel lomax. after her speech we will proceed with the first panel – global markets volatility and potential risks for romania. thank you! 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches

issue “ 2018 ”. on the reverse there are the portraits and the names of the three cosigners of the union act, i. e. ion inculet, chairman of the national council, vice - chairman pantelimon halippa and secretary ion buzdugan ; the inscriptions “ 100 ani de la unirea basarabiei cu romania ” and “ 27 martie 1918 ”. ladies and gentlemen, allow me to say a few words about / introduce ms. rachel lomax. she is back to romania after a decade or so and ready to share her valuable 40 years ’ experience and expertise in policy making and financial markets. after obtaining a master ’ s degree from london school of economics in 1968, she joined hm treasury. she was in succession : principal private secretary to the chancellor of the exchequer nigel lawson ( 1985 – 1986 ), then deputy secretary at the treasury and then deputy chief 1 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches economic adviser ( 1990 – 1994 ). in 1994 she was, for one year, head of the economic and domestic secretariat of the cabinet office. from 1995 – 1996 she was vice president of the world bank and chief of staff to the president of the world bank, james d. wolfenshon. during her tenure there, ms. lomax negotiated development programs in romania on behalf of the world bank. her romanian counterpart in the negotiations was mr. florin georgescu, our first deputy governor who was minister of finance at that moment. i can also see in the audience some of the people who were on the romanian negotiation team, me included. from 1996 – 2003 ms. lomax was, in turns, permanent secretary at four government departments : the welsh office, the department of social security, the department for work and pensions and the department for transport. then, in 2003 ms. lomax became deputy governor at the bank of england, where she served for five years on its monetary policy committee. in 2005, she assisted us in preparing the implementation of a new monetary policy. ms. lomax joined the board of hongkong and shanghai banking corporation ( hsbc ) at a time of great challenges for the global banking sector, in 2008, and served there for nine years. ms. lomax ’ s vast knowledge of the financial area, as well as, of european policies is successfully shared as she is currently member of the board of the prestigious breugel thinktank, president of the institute of fiscal studies