##ushek, stephen j. machin, and ludger woessmann, eds., handbook of the economics of education, vol. 4. amsterdam : north holland, pp. 573 - 613. council of economic advisers ( 2016 ). investing in higher education : benefits, challenges, and the state of student debt. washington : executive office of the president of the united states, https : / / www. whitehouse. gov / sites / default / files / page / files / 20160718 _ cea _ student _ debt. pdf. kahn, lisa b. ( 2010 ). “ the long - term labor market consequences of graduating from college in a bad economy, ” labour economics, vol. 17 ( 2 ), pp. 303 - 16. oreopoulos, philip, and uros petronijevic ( 2013 ). “ making college worth it : a review of the returns to higher education, ” future of children, vol. 23 ( spring ), pp. 4165. oreopoulos, philip, and kjell g. salvanes ( 2011 ). “ priceless : the nonpecuniary benefits of schooling, ” journal of economic perspectives, vol. 25 ( winter ), pp. 159 - 84. oreopoulos, philip, till von wachter, and andrew heisz ( 2012 ). “ the short - and longterm career effects of graduating in a recession, ” american economic journal : applied economics, vol. 4 ( 1 ), pp. 1 - 29. - 8pew research center ( 2014 ). the rising cost of not going to college. washington : prc, february, www. pewsocialtrends. org / files / 2014 / 02 / sdt - higher - ed - final02 - 11 - 2014. pdf. posey, kirby g. ( 2016 ). “ household income : 2015, ” american community survey briefs, acsbr / 15 - 02. washington : u. s. census bureau, september, www. census. gov / content / dam / census / library / publications / 2016 / demo / acsbr1502. pdf.

just one member of the university of baltimore ’ s class of 2016 - - i am trying to describe every one of you. in different ways, i expect all of you have overcome obstacles and demonstrated resilience and determination to succeed. all of you have gained knowledge and used your intelligence and talents to complete your degrees. as impressed as i am with any individual graduating today, i am more impressed with what all of you have achieved. let me tell you what else i have learned. more than the students of some colleges and universities, i know that many of you have deep roots in this city and in the county. many of you will start careers, build your lives, and raise your families here. the challenges you have overcome are the challenges faced by many people in baltimore and in communities throughout america. your success, which we celebrate today, is also the promise of a brighter future for this city. the degrees you have worked so hard to earn and the opportunities now opening up to you represent the stubborn, earnest hope that anyone and everyone who strives to succeed still can succeed. and that is why i consider it a rare privilege to speak to you today, and a great honor to be associated with the university of baltimore and the members of the class of 2016. thank you, and congratulations. references altonji, joseph g., lisa b. kahn, and jamin d. speer ( 2016 ). “ cashier or consultant? entry labor market conditions, field of study, and career success, ” journal of labor economics, vol. 34 ( s1 ), pp. s361 - s401. bishaw, alemayehu, and brian glassman ( 2016 ). “ poverty : 2014 and 2015, ” american community survey briefs, acsbr / 15 - 01. washington : u. s. census bureau, september, www. census. gov / content / dam / census / library / publications / 2016 / demo / acsbr1501. pdf. board of governors of the federal reserve system ( 2016 ). experiences and perspectives of young workers. washington : board of governors, december, https : / / www. federalreserve. gov / econresdata / 2015 - experiences - and - perspectivesof - young - workers - 201612. pdf. bound, john, and sarah e. turner ( 2011 ). “ dropouts and diplomas : the divergence in collegiate outcomes, ” in eric a. han