policy. subsequently, prof. fischer extended his research to the role of policy in the context of rational expectations, stickiness in prices and indexation of wages. israel a brief comment on the bank of israel under governor fischer ’ s leaderships. israel came out of the crisis relatively unscathed, and the credit for that goes largely to stan. replying to a question on how that happened, he answered, and i quote, “ when the crisis came, we saw it approaching from afar in the form of currency appreciation, and we balanced this phenomenon with foreign exchange deals. when lehman brother collapsed, we decided it was the moment to cut interest rates. ” whoever said “ academics do not make good practitioners ”? in 2010, the bank of israel was ranked first among central banks for its efficient functioning, according to imd ’ s world competitiveness yearbook, yet another tribute to stan ’ s leadership and sagacity. in september 2009, the bank of israel was the first bank in the developed world to raise its interest rates demonstrating stan ’ s intellectual courage to be an outlier. in october of 2010, stan fischer was declared central bank governor of the year by the euromoney magazine. central bank lessons professor fischer will be speaking today on “ central bank lessons from the global crisis ”. that topic needs no explanation, but maybe it needs some context. when asked what he thought of the french revolution, mao zedong had famously replied – “ it is too early to tell ”. people who take a long view of history, like mao, take the position that it is just too soon to draw the lessons of the crisis. policy practitioners do not have the luxury of historians ; they have to respond to unfolding developments in real time, and incorporate the lessons of experience. there is another reason why it is not too soon to be talking about the lessons of the crisis ; indeed why we should be more activist in learning the lessons of the crisis. in their bis central bankers ’ speeches painstakingly researched book, “ this time is different : eight centuries of financial folly ”, kenneth rogoff and carmen reinhart show how over eight hundred years, all financial crises can be traced to the same fundamental causes as if we learnt nothing from one crisis to the next. each time, experts have chimed that “ this time is different ” claiming that the old rules do not apply and the new situation is dissimilar to the previous one. is this time really different for central banks?

duvvuri subbarao : tribute to two distinguished academics and economists welcome remarks by mr duvvuri subbarao, governor of the reserve bank of india, at the third p r brahmananda memorial lecture by prof stanley fischer “ central bank lessons from the global crisis ”, mumbai, 11 february 2011. * * * i have great pleasure in welcoming governor stanley fischer who will shortly be delivering the p. r. brahmananda memorial lecture. a hearty welcome also to the members of the family of late prof. brahmananda – shri p. r. ramaswamy, and smt. and shri p. r. vishwanath. of course, a warm welcome to all the invitees, who have made time to come for this lecture. prof. brahmananda professor brahmananda was a distinguished academic, a noted researcher and a respected teacher. his contribution to teaching and research in economics in india is legendary. even as prof. brahmananda ’ s research interests spanned a wide spectrum and he will be remembered for a number of significant contributions, his most enduring legacy is the “ wagegoods model ” he developed in the 1950s which provided the inspiration for what came to be known as the “ bombay school of thought ”. prof. brahmananda had the intellectual courage and conviction to go against the mainstream wisdom of the time embodied in the mahalanobis strategy. he argued that the quickest route to poverty reduction lay in emphasizing employment and consumption in the short - term which will automatically lead to capital goods production in the medium to long term. whether india would have been better off had it followed the bombay school will, for ever, remain an interesting counterfactual. even as though prof. brahmananda ’ s contributions enriched almost all areas of economics, monetary economics remained his forte. the reserve bank benefitted in many ways from prof. brahmananda ’ s prolific mind. most notably, he undertook to write for us the monetary history of india for the 19th century. what he produced was a sterling contribution that not only chronicled the development of classical monetary and international trade theories, but also threw new insights on the debates in monetary policy of that period. the reserve bank of india instituted a lecture series in memory of professor brahmananda in 2004 as a tribute to his abiding commitment to teaching and research in economics and to pay homage to his long association with the reserve bank of india. prof. stanley fischer we are privileged that