. even more encouraging are the sustained increases we have witnessed in this sector. after a mediocre performance from mid - 2011 to mid - 2013, the index has now been positive for nearly 18 consecutive months, with the only aberration in february 2014 during the depths of our severe winter weather. our index is often viewed as a useful indicator of national manufacturing activity, and indeed the national ism manufacturing index has also shown solid performance over the past 18 months. the labor market has also strengthened over the year. employers added jobs at an average rate of 229, 000 per month in the first 10 months of the year, which is 18 percent higher than the rate in 2013, and it ’ s the highest we have seen at any point in the recovery. this acceleration in job growth has helped bring the unemployment rate down to 5. 8 percent as of october, compared with 7. 2 percent a year ago. over the course of this recovery, the unemployment rate has fallen from a peak of 10 percent in october 2009 to 5. 8 percent today. other measures of unemployment have also declined. for example, the measure called u6, which includes marginally attached workers and those working part time for economic reasons, has fallen from its peak of 17. 2 percent to 11. 5 percent. inflation, for the moment, remains well contained. the personal consumption expenditures, or pce, price index, the measure of inflation preferred by the fomc, registered a 1. 4 percent increase over the 12 months through october. it is running somewhat below the fomc ’ s stated longer - term target of 2 percent, but it remains above the level that should stoke concerns of sustained deflation. falling energy prices are generally good news for consumers and a favorable development for the economy going forward. in the short term, the decline in the relative price of energy will show up in lower headline inflation, but as energy prices stabilize, headline inflation will increase. policymakers tend to look through such volatile and transitory price changes to assess the underlying trend in inflation. the core pce index, which excludes food and bis central bankers ’ speeches energy, is a bit higher than the overall measure, increasing 1. 6 percent over the 12 months through october. other measures of inflation, including those that attempt to reduce the weight given to large outliers in any given month, all tend to suggest that inflation is running between 1. 5 percent and 2 percent. given the precision with which we can

of taking a longer - term view in setting monetary policy. we live in a 24 - hour news cycle that focuses a lot of time and energy on analyzing the tea leaves from the daily onslaught of new economic data at our disposal. yet, i believe it is a mistake for policymakers to focus too intently on the most recent numbers to justify a policy decision. our data are always noisy and often subject to substantial revision, as we just witnessed with last week ’ s gdp revisions and as we see regularly with the monthly employment report. instead, we must focus our attention on the underlying trends and the likely path of the economy over the intermediate to longer - term horizon. bis central bankers ’ speeches one reason why policymakers must think long term is that the effects of monetary policy actions on inflation and employment may not be felt for many quarters and maybe years in the future. thus, the near term path of the economy is unlikely to be altered in any significant way by today ’ s policy choices. we must look further ahead in assessing the appropriate stance of monetary policy. of course, there is a great deal of uncertainty about the future and that too has implications for how we should approach policy. i will begin with a brief overview of the economy as one policymaker sees it as we near the end of 2014. economic conditions over the past year, we have seen encouraging signs in the economy. the most recent estimate of annualized real gdp growth in the third quarter was 3. 9 percent, which followed strong growth in the second quarter of 4. 6 percent. taking a longer view, growth from the third quarter of last year to this year was 2. 4 percent. but this includes a negative 2. 1 percent growth rate in the first quarter of 2014 that was a consequence of a severe winter and was largely transitory in nature. we are seeing continued strength in personal consumption, especially in durable goods, as well as business fixed investment, which marked the strongest two quarter growth in investment by businesses in nearly three years. gdp growth has averaged 2. 3 percent over the 21 quarters of the recovery since mid - 2009. that is a half point below the 5 - year growth rates measured during most of the 2000s before the recession, which is, in part, why this recovery is often seen as being moderate or modest from an historical perspective. nonetheless, we have seen a sustained improvement in the manufacturing sector. the november reading from the philadelphia fed ’ s manufacturing business outlook survey indicated very strong growth in manufacturing activity