samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
alan greenspan : the growing need for skills in the 21st century remarks by mr alan greenspan, chairman of the board of governors of the us federal reserve system, before the us department of labor 21st century workforce summit, held in washington, dc on 20 june 2001. * * * i am pleased to have the opportunity to be part of today ’ s 21st century workforce summit and appreciate the hospitality of secretary chao and the department of labor. the past decade or so has been marked by a remarkable surge in technological innovation and business efficiency. this period of rapid innovation has brought with it enormous opportunities to enhance living standards for a large majority of americans. our ability to take full advantage of these opportunities depends crucially on how well we as a nation can integrate these new technologies into our society. in my remarks today, i would like to offer some perspective on the challenges created by the interaction of new technologies with the skills of the american workforce, and how the educational system has in the past and can in the future respond to these challenges. the process of innovation is, of course, never ending. over the past 100 years, for example, the rate of increase of the gross domestic product of the united states, adjusted for price change, has averaged around 3 percent per year. yet only a fraction of that increase represents growth in the tonnage of physical materials – particularly oil, coal, wood, raw chemicals – and increases in the amount of manual labor employed in the production process. the remainder represents new value - adding insights into how to rearrange physical materials and labor inputs to better serve human needs – in short, the conceptual content of the gdp. the inexorably rising share of the nation ’ s output that is conceptual appears to have accelerated following world war ii with the insights that led to the development of the transistor, microprocessor, laser, and fiber optic technologies. by the 1990s, these and other critical innovations had fostered an enormous new capacity to capture, analyze, and disseminate information and had begun to alter significantly how we do business and create economic value, often in ways that were not foreseeable even a decade ago. indeed, it is the proliferation of information technology throughout the economy that makes the current period so special. the types of skills needed to interact with the new methods of adding value associated with this diffusion of information technologies are complex. one obviously needs a core of highly skilled workers to push the frontier of technology forward and to make the newer

ages and all competencies receives an education that will allow full and continuing participation in this dynamic period.
pie. indeed, while implementing the nrps is most challenging, it also represents vast opportunities from the business point of view. equally significant, digitization of payments can promote greater financial inclusion. our national baseline survey in financial inclusion showed that only 4 out of 10 filipino adults currently have savings, of whom only 32. 7 % put their money in banks. the survey also indicated that 47 % of filipinos have debts but banks contribute only 4. 4 % of their borrowings ; the rest are from family, relatives, friends and informal lenders. ladies and gentlemen, the nrps initiative is a rare opportunity for all of us to work together to do something that can be a real positive game changer for the economy and for our people. bis central bankers ’ speeches i call upon the bancnet community therefore to give your full support to establish a safe, efficient, and reliable national retail payment system. as albert einstein once said, it is not enough to be a success, strive to be of value. once again, congratulations to bancnet on its 25th anniversary. mabuhay po tayong lahat! bis central bankers ’ speeches

’ s continuity plus plus agenda – one aspect of which is ensuring that our financial system is inclusive and leaves no one behind. while much has been accomplished, i hasten to remind you that much is still expected of us. in this light, we must therefore continue to challenge ourselves to become the best in service to our stakeholders. this requires us to evolve beyond who and what we are ; to be innovative and adaptable to the dynamic environment within which we operate ; to embrace change with a positive outlook because it presents opportunities for organizational growth and development ; and most importantly, to safeguard our reputation and integrity as we continue to reinforce our role in nation building. to the microfinance players, proudly carry along our legacy and identity as the original disruptors! your capacity “ to disrupt ” runs deep in your dna. continue to “ disrupt ” in providing better and more efficient products and services to our clients. maraming salamat at mabuhay ang microfinance! 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches
emmanuel tumusiime - mutebile : improving financial literacy in uganda remarks by mr emmanuel tumusiime - mutebile, governor of the bank of uganda, at the annual national secondary schools ’ performing arts festival for 2014 launch with a financial literacy theme “ simplify money, magnify life : manage your money wisely for a better future ”, kampala, 1 july 2014. * * * the state minister for primary education ; charge d ’ affaires, embassy of the federal republic of germany in uganda ; chairperson, uganda bankers ’ association ; senior management and staff of the bank of uganda present ; distinguished guests ; ladies and gentlemen. on behalf of the board of directors, management and staff of the bank of uganda, i would like to thank everyone who has come here today for this innovative 2014 annual national secondary schools ’ performing arts festival launch. the focus of this event is financial literacy which refers to the individual ’ s ability to make informed judgements and effective decisions about the use and management of their money. financial literacy is part of the broader concept of financial inclusion, which entails expanding access to financial services. we want the benefits of financial services spread more widely throughout the population to support broad based economic growth, reduce inequality and poverty. through the activities of the financial sector reform programme ( fsrp ), much has been achieved to strengthen the supply side of the financial market. indicators of financial depth point to the great strides that have been made in as far as financial sector deepening is concerned. for example, domestic credit to the private sector as a proportion of gdp increased to 10. 2 percent in 2013 / 14 from 6. 4 percent in 2012 / 13. however, with the exception of the remarkable growth of mobile money services, access to formal financial services remains relatively low in uganda ; with about 46 percent of the population having no access to bank of uganda supervised financial institutions. financial exclusion is partly the result of the high costs of serving low income customers, especially in rural areas, and partly because demand from potentially bankable customers is also low. consumer education can help to attract more economically active people into the formal banking system. the use of an infotainment programme like a music, dance and drama festival is ingenious as it delivers the message subliminally which allows for a deeper internalization by the recipient. the theme “ simply money, magnify life : manage your money wisely for a better future ” is a well thought out theme

that the crb commands the confidence of bank customers. the legal framework should deal with data protection, dispute resolution and the timely sharing of data between lenders. we have begun to put this framework in place, but the task is not yet complete. thank you.
paris fintech forum – 25 january 2017 speech by francois villeroy de galhau, governor of the banque de france and chairman of the autorite de controle prudentiel et de resolution france : a european powerhouse for financial service innovation good morning to all of you. i am delighted to be here today. who could have imagined just a few years ago that a central banker would be making an appearance at a forum on innovation? i remember when we first met up, about a year ago, with the developers from the start - up labo blockchain to work on a proof of concept, everyone from the banque de france had made an effort : they ’ d dressed casually for the occasion … except that all the developers had decided to turn up in a suit and tie. it was a complete role reversal! but things change very rapidly. today, our dealings with innovators go far beyond any of the assumptions we might have had about each other : the banque de france is testing blockchain technology and is opening a lab to work with start - ups ; the acpr ( the supervisory body which i chair ) has welcomed more than 100 key innovators since the creation of its fintech innovation unit, and has set up a fintech forum with the amf to increase our interaction with innovators. for all actors in the financial industry, including for the banque de france and the acpr, the digital revolution is creating challenges but also incredible opportunities that are just waiting to be seized, whether by fintechs themselves, by the entire financial system – banks and insurers – or by the french and european economy as a whole. 1. what are the challenges for fintechs? it ’ s hard to imagine how we would get by today without cash - gifting sites to fund events, aggregators to draw together our different bank accounts, or peer - to - peer payments to split restaurant bills or rents for flat - shares. steve jobs coined the well - known mantra : “ simplicity is the ultimate sophistication ”, and i think all of these innovations have managed to offer a simple, often cheaper solution to new user habits and needs. they combine cutting - edge technology with user - friendly interfaces. and, in many cases, they ’ ve been developed by nimble start - ups that are in tune with the market and have the freedom to think outside the box. today, france is europe ’ s second biggest crowd -

coins tokenised deposits securities tokenised securities e. g. ethereum? credit institutions t2 rtgs securities otc markets payment schemes organized markets cebm stable coins cobm securi ties single register two - tier monetary system multi - currency multi - asset access expanded beyond target participants ensuring a successful operational transition to tomorrow's post - trading environment setting priorities € two - tier monetary system cebm - cobm green finance subject to strict criteria transparency of settlement of investment fund units analyses to be pursued otc commercial paper eligibility of tokenised securities as collateral
and temasek share many common views of swf best practices and serve as thought and practice leaders in the area of swf investments. 6. i am pleased to note that the iwg has since advocated a meaningful and credible set of principles in the form of the generally accepted principles and practices or gapp, for short. these principles serve to underpin the strategic investments of the swf community. this is an important development because swfs have become a significant investor group. according to the iwg, since 2005, at least 17 funds were created. there are now 38 swfs. last year, swfs collectively managed over us $ 3 trillion of assets. over the next three years, this pool is expected to grow to us $ 7 trillion. 7. with such vast investment capacity, swfs will play increasingly important roles in the international financial system. john lipsky of the imf noted that in the recent crisis, swfs have been a positive and stabilizing force in providing capital to economies. closing 8. the opening of nbim ’ s singapore office represents the start of a new chapter to the strong friendship and good relations between singapore and norway and to even closer cooperation between our investment agencies. 9. the singapore office will certainly place nbim in the heart of asia ; bringing nbim closer to developments within the asian markets and in the assessment of investment opportunities in the region. 10. congratulations on your office opening! have an enjoyable evening ahead!

. today, china is a leading fintech player and there is even speculation that pboc may become the first central bank in the world to issue its own digital currency – a topic that dr zhou will probably touch on, and if he does not, one of you i am sure will ask him about! and now, ladies and gentlemen, please join me in welcoming dr zhou xiaochuan to deliver the tenth mas lecture. 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches
use of funds raised from green financial bonds in the interbank market is now required to be disclosed on a quarterly basis. financial institutions are also required to report the use and allocation of green loans. going forward, the pbc plans to develop a mandatory disclosure system that would require all financial institutions and firms to follow uniform disclosure standards. third, we will incorporate climate change into the policy framework. the pbc is looking at the possibility of including climate change factors in the stress test of financial institutions. we are also exploring the role of monetary policy in encouraging financial institutions to support carbon emission reduction. in foreign exchange reserve investment, we will further increase the share of green bonds, limit investment in carbon - intensive assets, and incorporate climate risk factors into our risk management framework. fourth, we will encourage financial institutions to proactively deal with the climate change risk. a lot of financial institutions are already on the move. in china, the icbc has included the environmental risk compliance in its investment and financing management, while the bank of china is studying environmental risk stress test. the first batch of carbon - neutral bonds has recently been issued in china ’ s interbank market. the funds raised will be used specifically to finance clean energy and carbon - reduction projects. we are asking some pilot financial institutions to measure the carbon emission and climate risks of their projects. we are making quarterly green credit assessment of our banks, and are planning to extend such assessment to cover more financial institutions beyond the banks. fifth, we will deepen international cooperation. the pbc initiated and co - chaired the sustainable finance study group during china ’ s g20 presidency in 2016. the study group contributed to building international consensus on green finance. resumed under the italian g20 presidency this year, the study group is now co - chaired by the pbc and the us treasury. we will enhance coordination with all g20 members when discussing the roadmap for promoting sustainable finance, information disclosure, and the taxonomy of green finance. meanwhile, the pbc will continue to deepen cooperation under the network for greening the financial system ( ngfs ), the international platform on sustainable finance ( ipsf ) and other multilateral frameworks. we will continue to assist the developing countries in capacity building to support their green transition and response to climate change. in a nutshell, the financial system can play a key role in supporting green transition and managing climate - related risks. going forward, the pbc will continue to support green and high - quality

development, and contribute its share to the 30 / 60 goal. 2 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches thank you and i look forward to our discussion. 3 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches
of the working group on introduction of financial holding company structure in india, sinha, anand, june 2011, “ macroprudential policies – indian experience ”, address at eleventh annual international seminar on policy challenges for the financial sector, co - hosted by the board of governors of the federal reserve system, the international monetary fund and the world bank, washington dc wellink, nout, april 2011, “ basel iii and the impact on financial markets ” speech at ing basel iii financing conference, amsterdam fernandez de lis, santiago, garcia - herrero, alicia, may 2010, “ dynamic provisioning : some lessons from existing experiences ”, adbi working paper series no. 218 bis central bankers ’ speeches

every bit counts. it is in this spirit of collective action that mas is publishing a sustainability report, to account for what we are doing together with the financial industry, and in our own right, to help remake a greener world and secure a more sustainable future. 8 / 9 bis central bankers'speeches we want to be the change we want to see. 9 / 9 bis central bankers'speeches
success to all who will be involved in translating the design into reality.

rapid growth in crossboundary capital flows in recent years. in particular, hong kong ’ s mutual market access schemes with the mainland, namely the stock connect and the bond connect, have played a crucial role in encouraging greater portfolio investment into china and the inclusion of rmb assets into major global indices. within three years, foreign holdings of onshore equities had more than tripled and foreign holdings of onshore bonds had more than doubled at the end of last year. 9. following a strong 2021, foreign equity and bond inflows into onshore markets softened this year on the back of geopolitical uncertainty, covid lockdowns, and the china - us monetary policy divergence leading to a reversal of onshore bonds ’ yield premium. 10. notwithstanding this, the scale of the decline in foreign purchases and holdings has moderated recently and is relatively small compared to global investors ’ total holdings in onshore equities and bonds. we believe that these short - term fluctuations will not reverse the long - term trend of foreign investment in mainland capital markets. 11. in fact, several key drivers will continue to strengthen interest in diversification into rmb assets over the medium term. these include ( i ) continued inclusion of onshore equities and bonds into major global indices ; ( ii ) china ’ s long - term economic growth prospects ; ( iii ) rmb being a stable currency that is increasingly recognised as a reserve currency ; and ( iv ) lower correlation of rmb assets with other global financial market assets. 12. these factors are paving the way for a structural shift which will motivate global investors to think more strategically about their exposure to china. this, in turn, will spur demand for rmb assets and facilitate the further opening up of the onshore capital markets. 13. in the remaining time, i would like to highlight in more detail a few upcoming developments which will be of interest to international investors seeking access to mainland capital markets. 14. first is mainland authorities ’ efforts to connect the interbank and exchange bond markets, which will allow participants in each market to access securities in the other market through an infrastructure connection without having to open separate accounts. this should ultimately be beneficial to the growth of both the cibm and exchange bond markets, thus creating a bigger pie. 15. foreign investors who access the interbank market through bond connect or cibm direct will be able to trade in the exchange market, which is the platform where most non - financial corporate
attention! bis central bankers ’ speeches

financial markets infrastructure. we strongly believe that the hub will be a central point of contact with the industry, including the fintech firms, and will enable building internal capacities for adequate implementation of the new technologies and monitoring of the associated risks, as well as serve as a platform for sharing information and discussing best practices. finally, the innovation hub will also bring the prospect of using digitalization for supervisory purposes, as a complement to our current supervisory methods, principles, and judgement. suptech is becoming synonym for exploring new technologies, especially in the area of supervisory data collection and analysis. the survey performed by the financial stability institute on the use of innovative technology2 reveals that within data collection, supervisory agencies across the world use applications for supervisory reporting, data management and virtual assistance, while within data analytics, applications are used for market surveillance, misconduct analysis, as well as micro - prudential and macro - prudential supervision. to facilitate the contact with the industry, the national bank has recently developed an innovation gateway, as a platform where firms can raise questions and get answers concerning the regulatory framework. the main purpose of the gateway is to facilitate, encourage, and support innovation in financial services, by providing information to all firms willing to pursue innovative business activities. it provides a clearly visible interface to our website and offers an insight view on issues related to application of new innovative technologies. we are pleased that through this channel, launched a couple of weeks ago, we have already received several queries from fintech firms coming from eu member states as well as local fintech company that intends to offer new services in the payments area. our internal expert group will interact with these entities to properly understand their business model, the benefits they bring, potential risks and asses how they fit in the current regulatory framework. one of the main priorities of the hub in the following period will be to develop a financial services digitization strategy. the main goal of the strategy will be to provide an enabling environment, including open and affordable access to core digital services and infrastructures. one of the main components of this strategy is to landscape the fintech ecosystem in the country and to identify the emerging financial services business models and the key barriers to entry for newcomers. a very important component of this strategy will be an analysis of the current national regulatory framework, trying to identify and consider whether it is sufficiently certain and flexible to apply in the modern digital context. a legal framework that is consistent, clear, and predictable is key to fintech innovation