frankfurt european banking congress, 22 november 2024 central banks and the unleashing of european growth speech by francois villeroy de galhau, governor of the banque de france press contact : delphine cuny ( delphine. cuny @ banque - france. fr ) ladies and gentlemen, liebe freunde, i am delighted to be with you today at the 2024 frankfurt european banking congress, especially for this joint session with my bundesbank colleague and friend joachim nagel. europe obviously has a growth problem. recent trends were already set to widen the gap i while since 1999, gdp per capita growth has been slower in the euro area ( + 26 % vs + 39 % in the us ). a significant part of the gap is due to the last five years : since 2019 and covid, gdp per capita only increased by 2. 5 % in the euro area compared with 7. 9 % in the us. the outcome of the us election must obviously serve as another wake - up call. the future us economic policy is still uncertain in its details, but not in its probable direction : more tariffs, more fiscal deficits, less regulation including in finance. and this could mean more risks for the global economy : more inflation – especially in the us –, more financial volatility, less trade and hence less growth including for europe. joachim and i nevertheless believe that europe still has the levers to master its economic destiny and strengthen its growth : this is why we will issue today a common call. but let me first dispel three common misconceptions regarding central banks and growth. 1 ) “ central banks don ’ t care about growth ” true, our primary objective is and should remain price stability. we are clearly in the process of reining in inflation, which stood at 1. 7 % in september and 2. 0 % in october in the euro area, down from a peak of 10. 6 % two years earlier. this sharp decrease clearly warranted the third rate cut in october. ii despite possible ups and downs over coming months, we are very confident that we will sustainably reach our 2 % target. we should even get there earlier than expected in 2025 compared with our september forecasts. iii our past monetary tightening has neither caused a recession in the euro area as a whole, nor substantially raised unemployment which remains at its historical low ( 6. 3 % for the euro area ). in short, the european economy is achieving

rules and practices governing bank supervision, financial accounting principles, payment systems and policies and standards on statistics. a number of national laws are also being harmonised. however, there have been delays in realising targets set out in the eamu road map and that there are several challenges that could further impede the full implementation of eamu protocol. it is therefore imperative that we assess the realism in the timelines embedded in the eamu road map and do things right. going forward, i want to re - iterate bou ’ s full support to the eamu process. i fully believe that there are huge pay - offs for our economies if we harmonise and integrate our monetary, financial and payments systems, even before we actualize a single currency system for the community. may we work steadily towards the realization of the eamu. thank you for your attention. page 2 of 3