samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
as the general line of credit granted to nabard by rbi have been increased. the simplified procedure of assessing the working capital needs on the basis of 20 per cent of the projected turn over is being extended to borrowers having working capital limits up to rs. 20 million as against rs. 10 million earlier. this should benefit a large number of small scale industrial units. 16. the measures announced cover a wide range and touch almost every part of the financial system. some of the measures are directed towards improving the functioning of the various markets and bringing about a greater integration among them, which should reduce the volatility of the rates in these markets. these measures are in the nature of institutional and structural reforms. the improvements in the credit delivery system should remove the ‘ chokes ’ in the flow of credit. 17. all in all, the measures announced should have the effect of accelerating economic growth, keeping inflationary pressures under control and improving the flow of credit from the banking system to the various segments of the indian economy.

meetings and perhaps even hold on - the - spot conciliation meetings for complaint redressal. ultimately, responsible borrowing facilitated by financial literacy and responsible lending by financial institutions are essential for consumer protection and financial stability. summing - up 30. financial inclusion primarily represents access to a bank account backed by deposit insurance, access to affordable credit and the payments system. the indian experience demonstrates that financial inclusion can work within the framework of mainstream banking within a sound regulatory framework. regulations have been used to facilitate financial inclusion without subventions or compromising on prudential and financial integrity norms. regulations have been proportional to the risks. innovative solutions like shg bank linkage, branchless banking have been adopted after careful assessment of risks to the banks as also to customers. the preference has been to restrict deposit taking to banks and non - bank financial companies are encouraged to focus on innovative approaches to lending under a lighter regulatory framework, with additional regulations for systemically important nbfcs entities. non - banking non - financial players are encouraged to be partners and agents of banks rather than principal providers of financial services. fair and transparent code of conduct enforced through an effective grievance redressal system and facilitated by financial literacy and education are the cornerstones for ensuring consumer protection which is an overarching objective of financial regulation in the context of financial inclusion thank you.
##ocusing of australia ’ s international trade towards china and, more recently, towards india. 2. facts on foreign investment in the public consciousness, china has also figured prominently when it comes to foreign investment. the facts, however, show that, even though chinese investment in australia has increased in recent years, it currently accounts for only a very small share of foreign capital invested in australia. australian bureau of statistics ( abs ) data indicate that, at the end of 2008, australian assets owned by chinese entities stood at around $ 8 billion. this is less than half of one per cent of total foreign investment in australia, and puts china a long way down the list in terms of importance as a source of investment. looked at from china ’ s perspective, australia accounts for an even smaller share of its total offshore investment – less than one quarter of one per cent. furthermore, this share has not changed much in recent years suggesting that china ’ s investment in australia has grown in line with its accumulation of foreign assets globally. this would indicate that china does not have a particularly strong bias towards australian investments. the abs figures probably understate the true level of chinese investment in australia, because they do not identify as chinese any investment from china that was channelled through custodial accounts held in third countries ( typically those in major financial centres like london ). any such investment, however, would be of a portfolio nature rather than direct investment resulting in the control of companies. one of the reasons why china may be getting a higher public profile in the area of foreign investment is that in the past couple of years it has accounted for a large share of the proposals put to the foreign investment review board ( firb ). in 2007 / 08, for example, over 20 per cent of the number of investments approved by firb were from china. however, most of these entailed only small projects and, by value, the share was less than 5 per cent. the figures for 2008 / 09, while not yet available, are likely to be higher due to the approval of chinalco ’ s intended investment in rio tinto, though in the end that investment did not proceed. when it comes to foreign investment, australia ’ s main relationships are still very much with traditional partners such as the united kingdom and the united states. the largest holding of foreign investment in australia is by the united kingdom, reflecting a history of over 200 years of investment and the fact that, as a major financial centre, a lot

talk last night, so i won ’ t go over that ground again here. it is worth keeping in mind, however, that these challenges are about the medium term, not the immediate future. there is also no reason why they should be beyond our capacity to handle.
progress with regard to strengthening other economic and financial equilibriums. safety nets in the financial system have been strengthened. the institutional framework that shapes the coordination, design and implementation of measures for safeguarding financial stability has been improved. the legal framework that disciplines contract enforcement has been improved. credit risk has been lowered and non - performing loans have been reduced, although their level remains high. after peaking in 2015, albania ’ s public debt appears to be set on a downward trend. also, our external position remains stable and current account deficits have been financed by high levels of foreign direct investments. turning to the latest developments, the bank of albania deems that the recent economic 1 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches and financial indicators have been in line with our projections. this performance reconfirms our scenario of expectations for the outlook. the bank of albania expects economic activity to improve in the medium - term horizon. this improvement will enable the return of the economy to equilibrium, the further improvement of indicators in the labour market, and the return of inflation to target. the outlook remains positive, but its guaranteeing requires prudent economic policies and further structural reforms. such policies and reforms should be, in essence, a continuation of the philosophy that has guided the initiatives and steps we have undertaken in the recent years. to sum up, the bank of albania judges that : the actual economic policy combination, based on an accommodative monetary policy and fiscal policy stance set on public debt reduction, should be maintained. the monetary policy should maintain the accommodative stance in the medium - term horizon, whereas the intensity of the monetary stimulus should adapt to the needs of the country ’ s development. the business climate at home should be further improved. the bank of albania considers that the attraction of foreign investments as well as the support and stimulation of domestic investments should be at the focus of decision makers. structural reforms should be accelerated and albania ’ s competitive advantages should be enhanced further. in conclusion, i would like to once again thank the imf mission for the useful and constructive discussions. 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches

market fragmentation and fully stabilising emu. it is a necessary, but not sufficient condition to break the banksovereign nexus and restore sustainable economic growth. equal borrowing conditions can only be ensured through the joint implementation of other measures. this not only includes continued fiscal consolidation and implementation of structural reforms, but also progress on the other “ unions ”. only then can we say we have created a genuine emu. let us seize the opportunity of the next ep elections to have an open public debate on the further steps needed to strengthen the architecture of emu. thank you for your attention. bis central bankers ’ speeches
result of their function, the currency reserves encompass large financial risks, while the comparable returns are relatively low. compensation for the gold price risk and the dollar exchange rate risk, in particular, is relatively poor. it is therefore inevitable that tighter bounds will be set on snb profit distribution, once the existing distribution reserve has been exhausted.

stabilise asset prices with the aid of the interest rate tool, if this would lead to a conflict of goals with respect to price stability. macroprudential tools are therefore needed in such a case, in order to counter imbalances on the real estate markets. i will return to this point in my comments on the role of central banks in financial stability. bis central bankers ’ speeches second, the question is raised as to whether the inflation targets set by most central banks might not be too low. the argument is that, in normal times, higher inflation targets would lead to higher nominal interest rates. this would open up the freedom of action for conventional monetary policy because the zero bound for interest rate policy would not be reached so quickly. this reasoning does not seem conclusive to me either. for instance, given the history of the struggle against inflation, it is rather bold to assume that wellanchored inflation expectations can simply be released and then immediately locked in at a desired higher level. as a rule, higher inflation is also associated with greater fluctuations in inflation. the costs of higher and strongly fluctuating inflation would have to be set against the alleged benefits, which, in fact, are likely to be minimal. the zero bound for interest rate policy has not proved to be an insurmountable obstacle for monetary policy. moreover, it is questionable whether an additional one to two percentage points of nominal interest rates would have provided sufficient freedom of action to avoid the zero bound in the crisis. third, it is suggested that further criteria be added to price stability – relating to employment and growth, for instance. growth and employment are, of course, essential economic parameters. our mandate takes them into account with its reference to the development of the economy. however, specific requirements with regard to growth and employment would, once again, raise expectations which the snb could not meet in the long term. instead, the goal of monetary policy with respect to the economy must be to reduce larger risks and alleviate extreme situations. a clear example of this was the massive appreciation of the swiss franc in the summer months of 2011, to which, as you will know, we responded with the minimum exchange rate. monetary policy is not suited to fine - tuning the economy, however. in practice, we have learned that it is impossible to conduct a monetary policy which responds immediately and in a differentiated manner to all kinds of business cycle fluctuation. neither can monetary policy replace a sustainable growth policy, a well
you very much for your attention. bis central bankers ’ speeches

tackling the challenges and taking advantage of opportunities that arise. in this regard, i thank all the institutions under the fap that have contributed in various ways towards these finaccess surveys, particularly the 2013 survey – notably the fsd, kenya, kenya national bureau of statistics ( knbs ), kenya bankers association, the research house tns - rms, kenya institute for public policy research and analysis ( kippra ), kenya commercial bank ( kcb ), development alternative international ( dai ) and the cbk. ladies and gentlemen : beside the finaccess studies that provide us all with valuable information as to where we should focus our efforts most in order to achieve our goal of providing affordable and accessible financial services and products to majority kenyans. i wish to inform you that fap is also working with cbk, fsd, kenya and bill and melinda gates foundation on the spatial mapping of all financial access touch points, the findings of which will improve our understanding on how to enhance financial inclusion. with these few remarks, ladies and gentlemen, i welcome you to this breakfast event and look forward to the launch. thank you. bis central bankers ’ speeches
efficient. i would now like to declare this workshop officially open. bis central bankers ’ speeches

first half of this year in all of the “ bric ” countries : brazil, russia, india and china. 5 the current economic situation in sweden in my review of the economic situation in sweden i will focus on five areas : gdp, the labour market, inflation, the current account and public finances. my experience is that these variables usually provide a good picture of a country ’ s economic situation. signs of a turnaround, but the recovery will be weak the swedish economy has also been hard hit by the international economic downturn. we forecast in the monetary policy report that gdp in sweden will fall by more than 5 per cent this year ( see figure 12 ). however, during the spring there were several signs that the deep recession may have bottomed out. the financial markets have begun to function better, which creates opportunities for an economic recovery. world trade, which is very important for the swedish economy, has also shown signs of stabilising during the spring. at the same time, we believe that the recovery will be weak. this is usually the case following serious financial crises. our forecast is that gdp will not reach the same levels as prior to the start of the economic downturn in the second quarter of 2008 until 2012. since the most recent monetary policy meeting there have been further signs to support the view that the worst is now over. the preliminary national accounts published on 31 july indicate that gdp remained unchanged between the first and second quarters of this year after four quarters of falling gdp ( calendar - adjusted ). this is a slightly better outcome than in our july forecast, where we assumed that gdp would fall by 0. 3 per cent in the second quarter and that the fall would not come to a halt until the third quarter. however, there was unusually great uncertainty regarding the preliminary national accounts figures on this occasion. in recent months various confidence indicators have also shown an improvement. the national institute of economic research ’ s economic tendency survey, which summarises companies ’ and households ’ views of the economic situation, increased by almost seven units in july, to 87. 1. however, the level is still below 100 and indicates that the mood among companies and households is still much weaker than normal ( see figure 13 ). 6 the purchasing managers ’ index for july was also more positive than market expectations had implied. it rose by almost four units to 54. 3 and was thus above 50 for the second month in a row ( see figure 14 ). the purchasing managers ’ index is usually
stanley fischer : issues pertaining to the israeli economy address by professor stanley fischer, governor of the bank of israel, to the sderot conference for society, sderot, 7 november 2006. * * * first of all i would like to stress that society and economy are two sides of the same coin. particularly in israel, because of its uniqueness, it is impossible to waive the good of society for the good of the economy, but it is equally clear that it is impossible to forego the good of the economy for the sake of society. one complements the other. as in economic policies, so too in social policies one must distinguish between short - term and longterm tools. so it is important to use tools that in the short term will help improve the welfare system for the weaker members of society who cannot join the labor force. however we must not forget that the most important thing for society - and for the economy, for the state, and for its security too - is the long term, and what stands at its center, in the long run, is sustainable growth. so a sensible policy should strike the right balance between short - term and long - term tools, as they can be substituted one for the other. before i get into these topics, i will begin with an overview of the state of the economy. a. state of the economy the israeli economy is today in a very good state, even after the war. the economy has enjoyed rapid growth now for three years, and the bank of israel forecasts that gdp will grow this year by 4. 6 percent. this is a rapid rate of growth by international standards, and israel is also enjoying an increase in investments and exports, a balance of payments surplus, a particularly high rate of foreign investments, rising productivity and an improvement in employment data. inflation in israel is low, levels of interest rate are similar to elsewhere and the markets demonstrate strength and stability. and what led to this extremely good state of the economy? a combination of three factors : the first : the structural changes in the economy during the past 15 years - the liberalization of the foreign exchange market, making it more flexible, privatization, the development of the capital market, opening it up to competition from abroad etc ; the second : the responsible macroeconomic policies of the ministry of finance and the bank of israel ; and the third : the background factors which are not always dependent on us. i am referring here to world economic developments and the security

reverse, at the appropriate time, the currently very high degree of monetary stimulus. we have full confidence that, when the time comes, we will be ready to do so.
for release on delivery 6 : 45 p. m. est december 6, 2018 welcoming remarks by jerome h. powell chairman board of governors of the federal reserve system at the housing assistance council ’ s 2018 rural housing conference washington, d. c. december 6, 2018 thank you for the kind introduction, and thank you to the housing assistance council ( hac ) for inviting me to be part of this discussion of rural housing. i understand that you will shortly be presenting awards to people who are working at the local and national levels and in both the public and private sectors and whose efforts have improved housing conditions for the rural poor. all of you who work in these roles are doing your country a great service by helping to advance economic opportunity in our communities. i want to thank the award recipients for the difference you make in the lives of people in rural communities. i am happy to report that our economy is currently performing very well overall, with strong job creation and gradually rising wages. the unemployment rate is 3. 7 percent, the lowest since 1969. a strong job market has encouraged more people to participate in the labor market, another positive development. in fact, by many nationallevel measures, our labor market is very strong. as those at this conference are acutely aware, however, aggregate statistics can mask important variations between different demographic and income groups, as well as significant regional differences. for example, unemployment rates in some persistently poor rural counties remain much higher than the national figures. the annual average unemployment rate in 2017 exceeded 10 percent in 27 persistently poor rural counties, and the rate was 20 percent or more in 2 of those counties. recent fed research found that, since 2007, labor force participation rates for those in their prime working years in rural areas have increasingly lagged rates in urban areas. labor force participation has been particularly low for those with only a high school diploma or less. 1 research has alison weingarden ( 2017 ), “ labor market outcomes in metropolitan and non - metropolitan areas : signs of growing disparities, ” feds notes ( washington : board of governors of the federal reserve - 2also found that business formation and employment growth during the recovery have been concentrated in large urban areas. 2 data and research findings like these remind us that, despite positive trends in national data, the benefits of the ongoing economic expansion are still not reaching some communities. through the fed ’ s 12 reserve banks and their branches, we are able to get a clearer picture of conditions in

for their insight and contributions over the years. thank you all, and have a great conference.
the community reinvestment act. the cra requires the fed and other banking agencies to encourage banks to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low - and moderate - income communities. this rule was last updated 25 years ago, and the banking industry has changed dramatically since the 1990s. the proposal reflects these industry changes, including recognizing internet and mobile banking services, it also attempts to provide clarity and consistency, and it could enhance access to credit for these low - and moderate - income communities. i am fully supportive of these efforts, but i also share the concern noted in public comments that have suggested that some of the elements included in this overhaul of the cra framework result in significant new regulatory burden, particularly for the smallest and community banks. as we continue this important rulemaking process, it will be critical for the fed to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of any changes before finalizing a proposal. i will stop there so we can move on to our conversation. thank you again, for the opportunity to be with you today. i look forward to the discussion. 1 these views are my own and do not necessarily reflect those of my colleagues on the federal reserve board or the federal open market committee. 2 see board of governors of the federal reserve system ( 2022 ), " federal reserve issues fomc statement, " press release, december 14. 4 / 4 bis - central bankers'speeches

. of course, keeping one ’ s house in order and putting in place rulesbased policy frameworks are decisive contributions to the stability of the global economic system. however, given the rising degree of global integration, these efforts alone do not eliminate the potential for spillovers from one country to another, adversely affecting the stability of the global system. therefore, policy cooperation at the international level is vital to strengthen the ability of the global economic system to absorb shocks and hence to deliver the public good of global financial stability. a conditio sine qua non is that the various fora and institutions that form the international financial architecture are designed and constantly upgraded so that they are up to the task. this is an important and ongoing responsibility that policymakers from around the globe are faced with. living up to this responsibility will ensure that, going forward, global economic integration will lead to further global economic prosperity.