the continuing relevance of this market is the divergence in the prices for german, italian and spanish government bonds. another criticism is that the ecb defers problems rather than solving them. owing to the low interest rates, cheap credit is even available to firms that are no longer competitive, and would otherwise have gone under long ago. these zombie firms tie up capital and employees, all of which is harmful to economic efficiency. we have only bought corporate bonds with high ratings. this has indeed improved financing conditions predominantly for the companies in question, but also indirectly for the firms with lower credit standing. however, banks lending to companies must take the risk involved into account in their financing conditions. so, basically, the higher the risk, the more expensive the loan. moreover, european banking supervision requires more capital to cover the risk and looks very closely at credit standards. and indeed : not every group in the euro area can borrow for five years at less than 3 % interest. there are differences not only across countries, but also across firms within the individual countries. the role of government debt is now the subject of heated international debate. one argument that comes up more and more often is that the significance of debt has been systematically overestimated. large countries with their own central banks have no need to worry. japan and the united states, two countries that are highly indebted but nonetheless pay low interest rates, often serve as examples. that is impossible in the euro area, for purely legal reasons if nothing else. we have set maximum limits on the member states ’ levels of deficit and debt. and the ecb cannot buy government bonds on the primary market, for example bonds which other market participants no longer want because of, say, doubts about the sustainability of a country ’ s debt. we can only purchase government bonds on the secondary market to a limited extent and only if such a purchase is absolutely necessary to maintain price stability. these are the legal conditions. and what are the economic ones? in the recent debt crisis we had a front - seat view of what happens when individual countries build up too much debt. these states lose the confidence of market participants and their access to credit, or can only borrow at extremely high rates of interest. moreover, i think we have to reflect 2 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches on the burden we are leaving to other generations. you can ’ t keep on building up debt, sooner or later you will have to repay it. but you are not putting it correctly.

has been boosted just as much as lending to companies. so we have seen an overall rise in the propensity to invest. the negotiated wage agreements also show that our measures are having an impact. wage growth in the euro area stands at more than 2 %, and it is even slightly higher in germany. that will push up prices. but it is slower than we had thought. why? the level of economic growth is one factor, but another is the labour market. as far as economic growth is concerned, there have been repeated setbacks over the past few years. geopolitical uncertainties such as brexit and the threat of protectionism are currently weighing on economic sentiment. that is also why inflation remains subdued. moreover, it has taken a long time for the decline in unemployment to be reflected in higher wages. the number of people who lost their jobs in the crisis but never registered themselves as unemployed has been underestimated. when the economy revived, these people returned to the labour market. a great many people, above all part - time workers, began to work longer hours when the upswing set in. in brief, the labour supply was underestimated. it ’ s only when the labour market has thoroughly cleared that 1 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches wages start to climb more steeply. we ’ re seeing that in germany for example. one serious criticism of the ecb ’ s programme is that it is effectively only subsidising the southern crisis countries. the central bank has pushed interest rates down. without this life - saver, italy would have gone bankrupt long ago and the euro would have been history. hold on a moment. all have benefited from the measures. the savings for taxpayers resulting from lower interest rates were nowhere as high as in germany. but isn ’ t it also true that the ecb is indirectly financing governments here? any creditor who invests in italian or spanish government bonds knows that the ecb will buy these bonds off them in the future. even though i am not the strongest advocate of our government bond purchases, we do not finance individual governments with them, directly or indirectly. our aim is to maintain price stability. thanks to our bond purchases, interest rates go down and loans become cheaper, primarily benefiting households and businesses. besides, we have a very clear set of criteria for the timing, selection and volumes of our government bond purchases. our parameters ensure that the private market for government bonds remains intact. one sign of