and cash has widened further and that the cut - off point will therefore occur at an amount lower than sek 70. in this case, society would benefit even more from a reduction in the use of cash. make the costs visible an important basic insight is that the costs of different types of payment exist, even if they are not visible. they affect the consumers in that goods and services become more expensive. if these choose less efficient instruments of payment to a greater extent, then the price increases will be greater. there is thus reason to choose a method of payment that saves resources in society. as in other contexts, the consumers benefit most if we receive correct information about the price of the services we buy. the riksbank ’ s studies of the swedish card and cash market indicate that we use cash too much and cards too little from a socioeconomic point of view. on the other hand, the results also depend on age, in that the young people ’ s choice is fairly close to the choice they would make if the costs were visible and not hidden. perhaps payment behaviour will become more socioeconomically efficient in future generations? i believe that we have all gained a greater insight into the fact that payments cost money. the discussion of cash - in - transit robberies has drawn attention to both the costs of cash management and the rising risks of human tragedy. the best means of reducing cash management – and the means that appears most reasonable given the riksbank ’ s study – is to openly price payments. how should this be done? to begin with, the banks could make a charge for withdrawals from atms. experiences from other countries show that even a small charge can have significant effects on the consumers ’ choice between card payments and cash. then the banks could use the income from the atms to reduce the fees for card administration that synovate temo, 2006. “ survey of banknotes, coins and use of cash and cards ”, december 2006. the average consumer was defined was a 41 - year old man with upper secondary school education and an annual income of sek 350, 000 - 400, 000 and who lives in a two - person household. they charge the retail trade. 10 in the long term this would benefit us consumers in the form of lower goods and services prices. perhaps the retail trade could also discuss charging a fee of those of us who insist on using the most expensive credit cards – that is where the hidden cost of the payment is highest. charges on

feat. there is no magic formula or one - size - fits - all solution when it comes to mobilising sdg finance. each country needs to muster its capital requirements in consideration of its own local needs, capacity and priorities. however, in order to accelerate the momentum of moving capital towards the sdgs, there are three key considerations : first, there is the need for a concerted and urgent effort by all stakeholders including government, ngos, financial institutions, regulators, academics, investors and even consumers. by leveraging public - private partnerships, we can complement fdi inflows through blended finance initiatives towards sustainable projects. in this vein, the 2 / 5 bis - central bankers'speeches mauritian government is actively engaged in developing, under the national vision 2030, investment opportunities that align with the objectives of the sdgs to attract private capital to sustainable development needs. second is the imperative of incentivising domestic and international investors to mobilise private financing into sdg projects by maximising the financial returns on such investments. project bankability is especially challenging for sids due to limited technical expertise and access to natural resources which may explain why less than one - third of the available climate funds has been disbursed so far to developing countries and sids. in this regard it may be helpful to seek technical and financial assistance from external institutions like the world bank, the imf, the united nations and the agence francaise de developpement ( afd ) to mention but a few. international banks must also develop relevant instruments and vehicles that will attract private investors. in mauritius, with the expertise of international partners, two private companies were able to issue green bonds in 2022 and 2023. the bonds are currently listed and trading on the stock exchange of mauritius ( sem ). the sem introduced the semsi in september 2015, a sustainability index which evaluates the practices of listed companies based on esg criteria. to date, there are eighteen companies participating in this index. some local banks have also availed of external financing in the form of credit lines and guarantees from institutions like the afd for subsequent deployment as green / sustainable loans. ladies and gentlemen, i will also say that for sids which are the stewards of some of the largest ocean territories, the sustainable blue economy agenda could be transformative for national development agendas. blue bonds are emerging as an innovative way to fund ocean and water - related solutions, create sustainable business opportunities,