still, but should keep upgrading itself in order to continue to make progress on its economic transformation and achieve sustainable growth in the long term. 6. at this juncture, let me first walk you through “ the three critical elements ” that i deem essential in laying a strong foundation for the gms on their journey of transformation. 7. first, we may already be aware that while regional integration brings about promising growth, it also entails greater external vulnerability which could dilute the effectiveness of the individual country ’ s economic toolsets. as a result, transformation of macroeconomic framework has been a key to enhance the effectiveness of market mechanism and pave ways for the economies towards the desirable directions. moreover, robust macroeconomic policy management, including well - tailored monetary and fiscal policy mix, concrete tax policies, transparent business laws and governances, would shore up public confidence and create bis central bankers ’ speeches investment - friendly environment. apart from that, it would also allow the country to better sustain its economic growth in the longer term despite the global headwinds. 8. the second element is an economic and social transformation to address inequality of income distribution, which is considered a major cause of “ development fatigues ” in many emerging countries. in many cases, countries ’ statistics reveal high concentration of wealth in import – export sector as well as in fdi enterprises. it is important to note that such distributional bias, if not taken seriously, could hinder economic growth potential. to promote better distribution of wealth, both public and private sectors will have pivotal roles. while tax and subsidy policies should be tailored, given country specific structure, to efficiently allocate fair share of wealth, supply - side and financial policy should also ensure equal spreading of economic opportunities in tandem with easily accessible financial system. in this context, financial institutions ’ effort to provide a more efficient and easily accessible financial service is a necessary condition to ensure that the benefits of regional affluence will be shared equitably. 9. on the third elements, rapid pace of globalization and change in global trade pattern have raised challenges to our economies and thus, shed lights on the necessity to improve the efficiency of regional production processes. thus far, many industries in the gms have stepped up their efforts to move up the value chains of production as well as integrate into regional supply clusters to better utilize the abundant resources. nowadays, the gms has shifted its focus from primary products to intermediate and final goods through the employment of advanced technology and

high - skilled labour. this allows the gms to continually expand the production capacity and speed up innovations that would foster the long - term regional economic growth going forward. ladies and gentlemen : 10. this journey of transformation is not a bed of roses and it could take some times to bear fruits. yet, there are opportunities to be seized in pursuit of long - term sustainable development. with promising prospects await, what i expect to see in a very fast - approaching future is the interplay between different facets of development to strengthen the health of the economy and keep it well in balance. these recipes may sound familiar, if not already overheard. the key enablers that i view important to warrant the gms ’ s smooth transformation towards strong growth foundation mentioned above include ( 1 ) infrastructure ( 2 ) in - house technological advancement and ( 3 ) sound financial system. 11. firstly, in order to unlock the long - run potential growth, well - established infrastructure will be one of the crucial pillars that will sow a seed of a healthy investment climate conducive for growth. such that, infrastructure upgrade requires time, yet necessary. investment in logistic areas including increasing road density, better railway system, modernized airports and seaports will all lead to the enhancement of both production and distribution processes whereby strengthening connectivity among members. preeminently, concrete long - term plans on infrastructure projects are vital in order to attract large pool of regional savings to meet investment needs. a set - up of asian infrastructure investment bank or aiib comes at a right juncture to raise potential for infrastructure financing for the whole region. also, governments ’ clear focus on infrastructure upgrading will facilitate the growing cross - border trading activities. i am glad to see the continued cooperation between thailand and other gms members in linking our rail networks and roads in order to foster trade and investment interconnectedness among us. 12. secondly, despite physical infrastructures in place, lack of innovative ideas to leverage on existing knowledge and technology could undermine the potential of the region. with this bottleneck, the economies may face limitation in sustaining their competitive advantage, which currently rely heavily on the exploitation of natural bis central bankers ’ speeches endowments and support from the government. in this regard, private sector ’ s improvement in technology and innovations, in tandem with other infrastructure development, can become a tailwind to support the gms to overcome technology stagnation and provide a competitive edge to the private sector. this should also enhance the intra - regional trade