samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
issues, as : the difference between needs and desires ; where does money come from and for what does it serve ; the right management of money and savings, etc. this package may be used in free classes ; classes dedicated to school projects ; or in intra - subject projects. all that i mentioned above, makes clear that the bank of albania assesses that financial education should start at an early age. this affirmative sentence constitutes the philosophy of our programmes. the bank of albania aims at building up the communication bridges, awarenessraising and financial knowledge empowering to the new generation. they should gradually acquire the necessary knowledge, abilities, position and behaviour to take sound financial decisions and be able to deal with emergency situations, like the current one we are experiencing. concluding, i would like to thank all participants and collaborators of the bank of albania in all its educational initiatives and programmes, and particularly for the global money week. absolutely, such themes as planning personal finance may not be quite attractive to new age groups, nevertheless being aware of their importance and impact on the life of everyone, it is crucial that our institutions never stop their efforts to bring them to the attention of the young people. this is what we have tried to achieve through the activities and competitions that will take place during gmw 2021, and which i kindly invite you to attend. i sincerely thank you for your contribution and i wish a successful performance to all participants! 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches

. for this reason, the bank of albania, in collaboration with the world bank, is implementing a project for formalizing remittances inflows through banking channels, together with resulting effects such as cutting the costs on transfers, increasing financial inclusion and reducing the use of cash in the economy. in this context, in 2017, a study was realised focusing on retail payments, which include remittances. the findings were used as a basis for drafting the national strategy for reforming the retail payments market in albania. in addition, the bank of albania has prepared a new draft - law on retail payments, which include the remittance market. this law will approximate our payments system with the psd2 directive of the eu and aims to promote the creation of an innovative payments system in albania, the decrease cash payments and the creation of adequate conditions to boost competition, foster transparency and enhance the security of the payments systems. second, by aiming to further develop and diversify savings and capital market instruments, so as to increase the interest of albanian citizens living abroad for depositing their savings in albania. thank you! 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches
mark carney : bank note launch remarks by mr mark carney, governor of the bank of canada and chairman of the financial stability board, at the launch of the new 50 dollar bank note, quebec city, quebec, 26 march 2012. * * * hello and welcome. it is a pleasure to be here to announce the launch of the new 50 dollar bank note. this bank note features a symbol of canadian innovation and scientific excellence : the canadian coast guard icebreaker and research vessel, the amundsen. today is also a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the coast guard. so we find ourselves in an ideal location, in quebec, a city with a rich maritime heritage. icebreakers are an important part of the coast guard ’ s fleet, and it is entirely fitting to feature one on our currency. these new 50 dollar polymer bank notes, the second of our frontiers series, will become available in banks throughout the country as of today. this series of bank notes is called “ frontiers ” for two reasons. first, each bank note includes images that represent canada ’ s exploits and achievements, particularly those in the sciences, technology or exploration. the image on this note is an example of expanding the frontiers of knowledge and understanding of the arctic. the bank notes themselves have crossed a technological frontier. there is simply no other currency like it. these new notes feature a unique combination of transparent elements, holographic images, and other security features. they are the result of innovative technology and canadian ingenuity, including research by the bank of canada and excellent collaboration among physicists, chemists, engineers and other experts in the bank note industry. thanks to greatly enhanced security features and efforts undertaken by police forces, especially the surete du quebec and the rcmp, as well as the support of financial institutions and retailers, counterfeiting rates have been reduced by 90 per cent since 2004. issuing this new series of bank notes enables us to continue to stay ahead of counterfeiters. in addition to impressive security features to combat counterfeiting, these notes will last longer than those made from paper – at least two - and - a - half times longer – and will therefore be more economical and have a smaller environmental footprint. when they are eventually withdrawn from circulation, they will be recycled into other products here in canada. safer, cheaper, and greener : indeed, these new bank notes are a 21st century achievement of which all canadians should be proud and in which they can have full confidence. this

senior deputy governor wilkins and i would be happy to answer your questions. 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches
to membership, if not for good but at least for the foreseeable future, the situation will worsen further, as i have described already. i think this would be very unfortunate.

conducted. in addition, we executive board members hold around thirty speeches every year, where we can describe our views of economic developments. this all means that there are good opportunities for the general public to find out how monetary policy decisions are made. this openness from the riksbank makes it possible for all those who are interested to follow our policy and see whether we live up to our principles. i am convinced that transparency has been a central issue in gradually building up confidence in the riksbank and the inflation target. conclusion to summarise, let me observe that the changeover in economic policy in sweden at the beginning of the 1990s, and to which i have described the background, has worked well. the inflation target for monetary policy has contributed to providing a stability in economic policy that was lacking in the swedish economy during the 1970s and 1980s. there have also been significant developments in the monetary policy framework during the period we have practised inflation targeting and i hope that i have been able to give you some insight into how our monetary policy strategy has developed and how it works. how it works now, i should perhaps add. the strategy and framework are of course something we are constantly working on to refine and improve. this is something that will probably be discussed in the future economic debate in sweden. in two weeks ’ time an in - depth assessment will be published of swedish monetary policy during the period 1995 - 2005, that is, the ten - year period during which the inflation target has been the official anchor for swedish monetary policy. this report, which is written by researchers francesco giavazzi and frederic mishkin, will deal with the formulation of the inflation target, to what degree the monetary chapter 1 in blinder, a. s. ( 2004 ), the quiet revolution – central banking goes modern, yale university press, contains a discussion of political and economic cases for central bank transparency. see, for example, eijffinger, s., and p. geraats, ( 2006 ), ” how transparent are central banks? ”, european journal of political economy, 22, 1 - 21. see leeper, e. ( 2003 ), ” an inflation reports report ”, sveriges riksbank economic review, 2003 : 3, 94 - 118, for an evaluation of the riksbank ’ s inflation reports. policy conducted by the riksbank has contributed to attaining the target during the period, and the bases and forms for monetary policy decisions. i
. once again, my sincere thanks for inviting me here today. i congratulate you - both westpac and carpenters fiji - for this joint initiative and i wish your project every success. thank you.

lot of expectations from our youth and i do hope some of you could take up research in this area and come up with actionable solutions for financial inclusion. 42. i wish you a successful conference today as well as success in all your future endeavors. thank you. bis central bankers ’ speeches
authorities of the 19 participating member states. the supervisory board is intensely involved in all the ssm ’ s key actions, as a result of the competencies directly attributed to it under the prevailing european regulation and the absence of extensive delegation powers. indeed, in its first year alone, the supervisory board has adopted around 1, 200 decision proposals. this heavy workload, far greater than is habitually the case for the maximum decision - making bodies of supervisory agencies in other jurisdictions, is an operational challenge of the highest order that the board is so far responding to with considerable effectiveness, maintaining a high frequency of face - to - face meetings complemented by numerous teleconferences and written procedures. more generally, the start - up of the ssm has necessitated major changes in the internal structure of both the ecb and the national authorities. in the case of the ecb, four new directorates general for microprudential supervision have been created, and the staff has been increased to assign to this new function more than 1, 000 employees. at the same time, the national authorities have made a great effort to adapt to this new framework. in our case at the banco de espana, the directorate general banking supervision was restructured and its departments reorganised to create a structure mirroring that adopted by the ecb, so as to provide for smoother interaction between both institutions. however, the most significant change has been the creation of the joint supervisory teams, made up of employees from the ecb and from the national authorities. these teams are the basis for the day - to - day supervision of each significant bank. they are coordinated by an ecb member of staff, who is assisted by one or several sub - coordinators from the national authorities, on whom the coordinator draws support for the organisation of the work and the management of the local teams. this admittedly novel design is in response to the need to combine a centralised management framework while harnessing the knowledge and proximity to banks that national supervisors provide. it should be stressed here that more than two - thirds of the members of these teams are from the national supervisors. the staff from these authorities are also generally entrusted with leading on - site inspections within their jurisdiction. moreover, as you know, the national bis central bankers ’ speeches supervisory agencies keep functions relating to the direct surveillance of the so - considered less significant banks. this all explains why the start - up of the ssm has meant no saving in supervisory resources at the

are essential in the current circumstances because they are needed to enable resources, such as labour, to be reallocated without friction between sectors and to improve the conditions under which spanish production competes in the international markets. thank you.
a value for investors. less liquid issuances of local governments or state agencies have to a higher degree suffered from private sector issuers with a government guarantee. in 2010, the government bond market may see increasing competition from other sectors, including covered bonds and corporate bonds, if the financial market continues to improve and investors gain risk appetite. this would be a positive sign of health in the financial system but also raise a concern about the government bond market in view of the record issuance requirements. secondary markets the secondary market has been more permanently hit by the crisis than primary markets. after the shock in september 2008, liquidity in the secondary market dried up, resulting in a significant widening of bid - ask spreads and a dramatic reduction of volumes, cf. chart 3. the situation has improved in 2009 with a narrowing of bid - ask spreads, but the secondary markets have still not normalised. it is important to restore transparency and confidence in the government bond market. some countries are successfully bringing more competition in the secondary market by implementing market making obligations based on relative performance among primary dealers instead of fixed maximum spreads and minimum volumes. future challenges over the summer, the financial markets have been characterised by stronger confidence in real economic developments, and the extensive political measures have contributed to increasing the risk appetite of investors. spreads in the money market have come down from a high of several hundred basis points to a level below pre - lehman. similarly, the spreads between european issuers have narrowed considerably. these factors indicate a significant improvement in financial conditions since the historical low in october 2008. the panic mood has ceased, but the enhanced market stability is to a high degree the result of continued public support measures. market conditions have still not normalised and the estimated government issuance need for 2010 is record high in many countries due to high redemptions and large budget deficits, cf. chart 4. compared to one year ago, debt managers and banks are however less nervous. the financial markets have improved and in light of the expectations of the future government funding requirements turnover in the primary and secondary market should increase. both debt managers and bankers have a mutual interest in restoring confidence in the market.

particularly ( as the initiators of diem will report ) in terms of transfers to less developed countries, but also between european countries – and even between countries in the nordic region. work is ongoing to resolve this issue. the ecb is developing target instant payment settlement ( tips ) to enable handling of multiple currencies, and the major nordic banks are collaborating on the p27 project, which will also contribute in this field. thank you for your attention. financial sector forum for operational resilience. threat intelligence - based ethical red teaming. page 4 of 5 page 5 of 5
speech embargo 31 october 2018, 6. 15 pm protectionism complicates monetary policy volkswirtschaftliche gesellschaft des kantons bern thomas j. jordan chairman of the governing board ∗ swiss national bank berne, 31 october 2018 © swiss national bank, zurich, 2018 ( speech given in german ) ∗ the speaker would like to thank claudia aebersold szalay and alexander perruchoud for their support in drafting this speech. he also thanks simone auer and carlos lenz as well as snb language services. page 1 / 9 ladies and gentlemen switzerland owes much of the prosperity it enjoys today to open markets and thriving trade with many countries across the globe. in recent decades, free trade in goods and services, coupled with advancing technological progress, has delivered growth and prosperity, not just in switzerland but in many other parts of the world, too. recognising the advantages of international trade, most countries remained true to the principles of free trade even amid the outbreak of the financial crisis almost exactly ten years ago. they resisted the temptation of knee - jerk isolationist responses and refrained from sweeping protectionist measures. the onus was on not repeating the mistakes made in the great depression of the 1930s, when such interventions served only to accelerate the economic decline rather than bringing the hoped - for respite. as we now know, and as chart 1 clearly shows, the consequences were disastrous. recovery from the great depression was painfully slow, whereas world trade returned relatively quickly to its previous levels following the most recent crisis. holding firm during the financial crisis has paid off. the economic recovery may have taken some time in many areas, but the global economy is now back in fairly good shape. but it is at this very moment, when a lot of countries are able to post respectable economic growth, that protectionism appears to be rearing its head again. trade disputes between several countries are jeopardising the global upturn. burgeoning protectionism also entails considerable challenges for central banks – and thus for the swiss national bank ( snb ), too – as it brings with it the threat of negative consequences for monetary policy. free trade as a scapegoat before i come to the actual subject of my speech, namely the relationship between protectionism and monetary policy, i would like, if i may, to take a step back for a moment and look at where the calls for protectionism stem from. numerous academic and empirical studies 1 have

the correct monetary policy instrument. the snb will continue to enforce it with the utmost determination. bis central bankers ’ speeches
these issues into consideration, the snb decided in august 2012 not to issue an immediate proposal to the federal council for activation of the ccb. it will reassess the situation regularly. the second key question pertaining to the functioning of the ccb is whether it is an effective instrument to strengthen the resilience of the financial system and thus help to limit negative spillovers ( slide 7 ). the impact of higher capital ratios and more provisions on the resilience of banks is self - evident. this is also the case from a system - wide perspective. to assess the effectiveness of the ccb in strengthening resilience, we can draw some lessons from historical experience, namely the swiss real estate crisis in the early 1990s. internal calculations suggest that, had the proposed ccb regime been in place in the run - up to that crisis, the resilience of the system as a whole would have increased significantly. from an aggregate perspective, this additional capital would have absorbed a large portion of the losses that were reported as a result of the crisis. the third key question is : to what extent the ccb is able to contain the build - up of excesses? imf ( 2011 ), drehmann et al ( 2011 ). namely, domestic mortgage volume indicators and domestic residential real estate price indicators. for a detailed description of this principle of “ guided discretion ”, cf. snb ( 2012 ). both measures are designed to have a dampening effect on house prices and mortgage volume momentum. the former will be effective from january 2013, the latter already from july 2012 with a transition period until november 2012. bis central bankers ’ speeches here, international empirical evidence suggests that tighter capital requirements have, on average, a dampening impact on credit volume. this impact of tighter capital on lending is greater when the implementation period is shorter. 17 moreover, the increase in capital requirements may lead to a significant reduction in the likelihood of a systemic crisis. 18 expectations concerning the effectiveness of leaning against the credit cycle must remain realistic, however. there is no guarantee that activating the ccb will fully eliminate future imbalances in the swiss mortgage and real estate markets. inherent uncertainty regarding the strength of its impact and hence the appropriate calibration remains. moreover, if banks hold significant capital cushions even before the ccb is activated, the desired countercyclical effect on credit growth may be weakened. we can note, however, that even if the ccb has no effect on aggregate

statistics for both monetary policy and financial stability purposes. i hope that our fruitful cooperation will continue in the future. thank you very much for your attention. bis central bankers ’ speeches
vitas vasiliauskas : anti - money laundering and counter terrorist financing - from challenges to possibilities speech by mr vitas vasiliauskas, chairman of the board of the bank of lithuania, at the international conference anti - money laundering and counter terrorist financing : from challenges to possibilities, vilnius, 1 october 2020. * * * dear market participants, regulators, supervisors, financial intelligence representatives, a warm welcome to our international conference on anti - money laundering and counter terrorist financing. the virtual event hosted by the bank of lithuania has been set up together with our partners from acams baltics chapter, fintech hub lt and the association of lithuanian banks. i sincerely thank everyone who has contributed to organising this conference despite the difficult circumstances. a number of high - profile european cases of the alleged systematic use of banks for money laundering have been reported over the last few years. some of these cases concern the nordicbaltic jurisdictions. although no serious breaches have been reported in lithuania ’ s financial system, this context affects the whole region, especially in terms of reputational risks. given the cross - border effects of such cases on integrity and resilience of domestic banking sectors, we are in need of close international cooperation – to which this conference will contribute. furthermore, important changes are taking place in the financial sector. novel business models are reshaping virtually every area of financial products and services. this creates new opportunities. but the ongoing disruption also poses substantial challenges and can open gaps in the regulatory perimeter. we thus need to stay alert and constantly search for new ways to update and improve our frameworks for anti - money laundering ( aml ) and counter terrorist financing ( ctf ). effective aml / ctf measures can go a long way in preventing and fighting financial crime. however, overly tight regulation, zero tolerance for any risk, and the prospect of harsh sanctions can result in de - risking. this is when financial institutions terminate business relationships with clients to avoid, rather than manage, risk. one practical example of this is the withdrawal of correspondent banking relations – a serious issue for the lithuanian financial sector. if taken to an extreme, de - risking can result in increased financial exclusion. it may also bring higher risk transactions out of the regulated system into more opaque, informal channels, and become even harder to monitor. in other words, de - risking poses an important risk to our financial systems. today ’ s panels on the aml / ctf development and the de - risking

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