situation concrete de la femme ; celleci depend en grande partie du role economique qu ’ elle joue. ” de beauvoir ( 1976, p. 153 ). 12 see for example del boca and locatelli ( 2008 ). references : alesina, a., p. giuliano and n. nunn ( 2013 ). on the origins of gender roles : women and the plough. the quarterly journal of economics 128 ( 2 ), 469 - 530. andreoni and vesterlund ( 2001 ). which is the fair sex? gender differences in altruism. the quarterly journal of economics 116 ( 1 ), 293 - 312. center for economic policy research ( 2020 ). gender equality and public policy. oxford university press. de beauvoir, s. ( 1976 ). le deuxieme sexe, i. paris : editions gallimard. del boca, d. and m. locatelli ( 2008 ). motherhood and participation. social policies, labor markets and motherhood. del boca and wetzels ( eds. ). cambridge : cambridge university press. diouf, i. and d. pepin ( 2017 ). gender and central banking. economic modelling 61 ( 2 ), 193 - 206. eckel and grossman ( 2008 ). men, women and risk aversion : experimental evidence. handbook of experimental economics results. c. plott and v. smith ( eds. ). new york : elsevier press. gerling, k., h. p. gruner, a. kiel, and e. schulte ( 2005 ). information acquisition and decision making in committees : a survey. european journal of political economy 21 ( 3 ), 563 - 597. istrefi, k. ( 2019 ). gender diversity, central banks and monetary policy. variances 2019 ( 10 ), 1 – 3. profeta, p. ( 2020 ). gender equality and public policy. oxford : oxford university press. profeta, p. ( 2020b ). gender equality and public policy : how women can improve decisionmaking. vox cepr podcast. riboni, a. and f. ruge - murcia ( 2008 ). the dynamic ( in ) efficiency of monetary policy by committee. journal of money, credit and banking 40 ( 5 ), 1001 - 1032. rieder, k. ( 2021 )

ewald nowotny : austria ’ s role in the international financial system speech by mr ewald nowotny, governor of the austrian national bank, to representatives of official austrian institutions, new york, 28 april 2009. * * * ladies and gentlemen, it is my pleasure to speak to such a distinguished audience tonight on austria ’ s role in the international financial system. essentially, i would like to give you a brief overview on the key figures of the austrian financial market and elaborate in more detail on the historical chances austrian banks have found in eastern europe since the fall of the iron curtain. then i would like to talk about the consequences of the current crisis for austria, and the policy measures which have already been taken to stabilize the situation in europe in general and in my country in particular. finally, i want to share some ideas with you on how we might prevent such a crisis in the future. the most significant difference between the financial market in austria and the u. s. a. – next to the difference in sheer size, which is hard to ignore – is the structural importance of banks for financing the private sector in austria, whereas the financial system in the us is a lot more market - based. this difference is probably most visibly reflected in the volume of outstanding bank loans to the private sector, which currently amounts to 120 % of gdp in austria and to only 60 % in the u. s. a. on the other hand, the market capitalization of the stock exchange is 140 % in the u. s. a. and only 60 % in austria. the assets of austrian banks have been increasing steadily over the last decade, and in 2008 they exceeded 1 trillion euro for the first time ; banks assets amounted up to 373 % of the austrian gdp. this expansion was supported by the increase in foreign assets, which accounted for 361 billion euro in 2008 or 128 % of gdp. more than half of the foreign assets of austrian banks were located in central and eastern europe ( some 200 billion ), thereof ¾ in eu member states. austrian banks in eastern europe the end of communism in europe in 1989 and the transition of central and eastern european economies provided austrian banks with a historic opportunity. to that very moment, their business had been more domestically oriented, but all of a sudden the demand for banking services was increasing tremendously in their closest neighborhood. over night, austria changed from being a frontier state of the cold war and became a hub of european integration. to show you how