##monic power but strong values : europe has also been in the in the 20th century a pioneering model of social progress, combining lower levels of inequality with a higher level of public services, and a social safety net. it is now forging a pioneering environmental model for the 21st century. the fragmented international environment definitively needs new institutional skills … and to quote robert schuman again “ the contribution which an organised and living europe can bring to civilization is indispensable to the maintenance of peaceful relations ”. x * * * we live in the decade of decisive choices. the global order is confronted with a destructive triangle of “ fragmentation / isolation / confrontation ”. let us build a more promising perspective with an alternative triangle of “ competition / solidarity / cooperation ”, using the words of jacques delors, “ we need competition that stimulates, cooperation that strengthens, and solidarity that unites ”. xi europe has shown that this triangle could be made reality, despite page 8 sur 8 its history of rivalry and – yes – imperfection. thank you for listening to these personal thoughts i wanted to share with you in marrakech. the economist, how paranoid nationalism corrupts, 2nd september 2023. schuman declaration, may 1950. iii g20 - new delhi leaders'declaration final adoption, 9 september 2023. iv european parliament, eprs ideas paper, the future of multilateralism and strategic partnerships, september 2020. v speech by the president of the republic at the conference of ambassadors, 28 august 2023. vi palais royal initiative, report, 8 february 2011. vii palais royal initiative, ibid. viii jean - claude trichet, the future of the international monetary and financial system, politique etrangere, ifri, 2019. ix consolidated version of the treaty on european union, article 2. x schuman declaration, ibid. xi jacques delors, “ the single market, cornerstone of the eu “, tribune, notre europe - jacques delors institute, 22 november 2012. i ii

“ how paranoid nationalism corrupts ”. i if we are not careful, the 2020s could bring us back to a situation reminiscent the darkest hours of the european history in the 1930s. the tragic events in israel since saturday are a very unfortunate reminder of this sad reality. page 2 sur 8 a2. the disease of nationalism is jeopardising international cooperation exactly at a time when we need it most. this is what i call the “ global public goods ” paradox. let me explain. probably more than ever, the global community must safeguard and deliver on existential public goods : ecological transition to address climate change, pandemic preparedness, digitalisation and cybersecurity, financial stability in the face of increased global debt, to name just four of them. these issues can only be resolved in a collective and concerted manner : none of us can tackle them alone. meanwhile, multilateralism is in a crisis without precedent. once a beacon of great progress, the g20 is clearly underperforming given the global challenges ahead. despite the growing impact of climate change, i have serious concerns that this priority is at risk of fading away, as observed in the most recent g20 and international discussions, due also to the increased polarisation of political debates around climate and environmental issues in the united states. europe is ahead ; the rest of the world shouldn ’ t lag behind – this would be my wish, my call, for the marrakech agenda in the next days. as geopolitical rifts deepen and trust fades, it is becoming more and more difficult for the international fora – including the imf and multilateral development banks – to deliver on their mandates. but let us be candid : multilateralism is first and foremost the victim of the russian war, but also partially of a backlash against the predominance of the global north and the post - wwii international order. only a system in which each country feels legitimately represented will be viable in the long term. we need to find pragmatic ways forward : i ’ ll come back to this later. a3. a few lessons drawn from european cooperation. as imperfect as it is, the european union is a historical experiment in overcoming decades of nationalist rivalry, from which we can draw three useful lessons for today ’ s multilateral challenges. the first relates to the objectives of cooperation. to bring results and cement solidarity, multilateral action should focus on limited, pragmatic and shared