2021 / rbb2021 - 84 - 02. pdf 7 the reserve bank of new zealand. ( 2023, october 10 ). overview of the climate stress test. retrieved from https : / / www. rbnz. govt. nz / financial - stability / stress - testing - regulatedentities / climate - stress - test reserve bank of new zealand. ( 2023 ). 11 / 2023 financial stability report. retrieved from https : / / www. rbnz. govt. nz / - / media / project / sites / rbnz / files / publications / financial - stabilityreports / 2023 / nov - 2023 / fsr - nov - 23. pdf 9 climate - related risks | kaunihera kaiwhakarite ahumoni - council of financial regulators ( cofr. govt. nz ) council of financial regulators. ( n. d. ). climate - related risks. retrieved from https : / / www. cofr. govt. nz / priority - themes / climate - related - risks. html 3 no longer tomorrow ’ s problem : how the reserve bank is working with its stakeholders to respond to climate change ref # 20681799 v3. 43 we are also including climate change as a topic in our scheduled supervisory engagements with management and boards, as well as standalone meetings with technical experts from the banks, non - bank deposit takers and insurers that we prudentially supervise. in doing so we discuss the responsibilities, oversight and implementation of entities ’ climate strategies and risk management, and the practical steps they are taking toward preparing climaterelated disclosures and transition plans. our domestic and international collaborations leading through collaboration, locally … it takes collaboration for our financial system to better account for risks and develop resilience in the face of climate challenges over the long term. alongside our domestic collaborations through cofr we are also working with new zealand scientists and researchers to help identify data gaps and enhance our understanding of the mechanics of climate - related risks. we, and our prudentially regulated entities, are also collaborating more with maori. iwi, and maori more broadly, have distinct challenges, opportunities, and aspirations in the transition to a low emissions economy. iwi are already leading the charge in some cases to develop climate solutions. for example, ngati porou, ngati tuwharetoa, and te arawa have taken up collective group insurance policies for marae, lowering their costs through risk

mr mboweni discusses e - money and its impact on the central bank ’ s operations address by mr tito mboweni, governor of the south african reserve bank, at the sun microsystems conference 1999, held in vodaworld, midrand on 11 october 1999. * 1. * * introduction electronic commerce, or e - commerce, is the catch - all phrase for many advances in technology centered on the internet and heralds fundamental changes for the world economy. the expansion of the internet on a global basis, has made it an ideal means to conduct commerce. in south africa, as in the rest of the world, the internet is being used more and more to advertise and sell goods and services. the internet has brought about a need not only for micro payments, e. g. a small payment of perhaps only a few cents for viewing a specific piece of information, but also growing interest in developing more reliable and secure methods of payment for large commercial transactions. e - commerce and, perhaps more important from the reserve bank ’ s point of view, electronic money will probably have significant implications for most persons and institutions. this evening, i would like to concentrate only on two aspects, namely a comparison between electronic payment methods and the current conventional payment instruments, such as currency and credit cards, and the possible effect that e - money may have on the operations of the reserve bank. 2. the development of e - commerce the internet, and its application to e - commerce is turning many industries inside out. some firms have tried to only partially adopt the new e - commerce technologies, but are increasingly realising the importance of making e - commerce a seamless, integral part of their business plans. south africa has begun to reach the stage where the previous wholesale financial markets structures are beginning to change as the internet spreads through them. retail investors, empowered by the web, are fast becoming much more proactive. certain financial institutions face the prospect of traditional revenue streams contracting or disappearing altogether as the internet brings transparency and efficiency to once closed areas. the financial world is taking e - commerce seriously, but no one knows exactly how or how quickly these new technologies will change the business landscape. however, one thing is certain – e - commerce will speed up the process of globalisation and will lay bare the weaknesses in any institution. central banks worldwide are considering their positions with regard to electronic commerce, internet banking and electronic money applications. there are a number of electronic money products which are either in the process of