samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
chambo ” fish dish as well as taking a cruise on the lake. i wish you fruitful deliberations. it is now my pleasure to declare the 2007 sadc ict forum conference officially opened. i thank you all for your attention. god bless us all.

most helpful in building an economy in which people are poised to get ahead. conversely, it would also be beneficial to understand whether any policies may hold people back or discourage upward mobility. there is some debate on how the level of economic mobility in the united states may have changed in recent decades and whether it is easier or more difficult for people to get ahead today than it was in previous generations. shortly, you will hear from a panel of distinguished experts with a range of views on this topic. looking at the very recent past, we should also be asking whether and how this may have changed coming out of the great recession. later, my federal reserve board colleague, governor brainard, will speak on a topic of significant interest to me and i expect to many others – how young adults are faring in the economy and what the short - and long - term implications may have been for entering the job market at a time of significantly constrained opportunities. this is another example of how exogenous factors – those over which individuals have little or no control – may play an important role in determining how easily someone is able to improve his or her circumstances. communities also affect economic mobility, and here, too, more research is needed to understand how and to what extent these effects occur. economists do not fully understand how locational differences affect economic mobility or the complex relationship between economic mobility and geographic mobility. there are community characteristics – for instance, the composition and level of local employment, schools, transportation, physical infrastructure, and community facilities – that may affect the economic mobility of the residents of that community. and there is also a community development analogue to economic mobility : further research may help us better understand why some communities succeed or fail in generating jobs, developing successful small businesses, attracting infrastructure investment, and so on. how do some places advance economically and create circumstances in which residents, in turn, are more likely to thrive? finally, there are important research questions to be answered about the relationship between economic mobility and the economy as a whole. it seems obvious that greater economic opportunity and mobility promotes a healthier economy. entrepreneurship, innovation, and hard work – surely key contributors to individual mobility – are central to a strong economy as well. but research could help us better understand how much mobility at the individual level matters for overall growth in productivity and economic output. to what extent is income mobility influenced by domestic or global economic forces, and to what extent can we promote mobility through domestic policy choices? bis central bankers ’ speeches these
that affects financial institutions and markets. second, convergence of reporting requirements on the basis of this more harmonised regulation. third, increased use of internal information, generated for business purposes, for external reporting purposes. fourth, increased feedback and information to the reporting institutions. and finally, the use of new technologies. i think the examples i have given from the banking perspective show that we are already making some good progress, although there is of course more that could, and should, be done. in closing, i would like to thank you for your attention and wish you a productive and enjoyable time here in madrid.

t t mboweni : the south african reserve bank and gold ; recent economic developments in south africa keynote address by mr t t mboweni, governor of the south african reserve bank, at the lbma precious metals conference, johannesburg, 14 november 2005. * * * ladies and gentlemen, honoured guests. 1. introduction thank you very much for inviting me to participate in this your annual conference being held here in south africa this time. it is indeed a privilege and an honour to speak to you today. it is also fitting that a conference such as this one is held in johannesburg. this city was born in 1886 and built on the gold mining industry which flourished as a result of the great mineral wealth present in the rock below us. the african people refer to this place as egoli or gauteng which means the city of gold. the platinum group metals ( pgms ) also play an extremely important role in the south african economy with south africa being the major supplier of precious metals to the international market. our role in the gold refining industry is also significant. the rand refinery is the world ’ s largest single - site gold refinery and it refines gold from as far afield as east and west africa and latin america. since the rand refinery was established in 1920 it has refined approximately 32 per cent of all gold produced globally. this is yet another good reason to hold this prestigious conference here. so welcome, once again, to our 119 - year old city. we can guarantee great weather and, to add to the excitement, some volatility in asset prices! regrettably there is no guarantee as to the precious metals prices, either in dollar or rand terms, but we have certainly appreciated the recent upward trend in their dollar prices. i will leave it to you the experts to ponder the future path of these metals. once you have done so and once you have sampled the delights that this country has to offer you as business people, we hope that you will return and sample its diverse offerings as a tourist. 2. the precious metals industry in south africa the precious metals market in south africa has experienced significant changes in recent times. exports of gold have receded from 51, 0 per cent of total visible exports in 1980 to 9, 4 per cent in 2004. over the same period the platinum group metals exports have risen from 5, 0 per cent to 9, 0 per cent of total visible exports. the changing fortunes of these sectors were also reflected in employment : the number
do so. have a most pleasant evening! bis central bankers ’ speeches

the path we were on before the crisis, real gdp would currently be roughly $ 20 trillion in size. that ’ s a third larger than it was in 2007. yet the amount of money lying fallow in the banking system is 60 times greater now than it was at year - end 2007. one is hard pressed to argue that there is insufficient money available for businesses to put people back to work. now, bear in mind that we at the fed only control the monetary base ( cash plus bank reserves ), not the velocity with which money is used. consider this graph : over the past six years, the monetary base has increased 340 percent, 10 times the rate at which the economy would have expanded in nominal terms had we not suffered the recent recession. one is hard pressed to argue that there is much efficacy derived from additional expansion of the fed ’ s balance sheet. this is why i ’ ve been such a strong proponent of dialing back our large - scale asset purchases. it is my firm belief that the fault in our economy lies not in monetary policy but in a feckless federal government that simply cannot get its fiscal and regulatory policy geared so as to encourage business to take the copious amount of money we at the fed have created and put it to work creating jobs and growing our economy. fiscal policy is not only “ not an ally of u. s. growth, ” it is its enemy. if the fiscal and regulatory authorities that you elect and put into office to craft taxes, spending and regulations do not focus their efforts on providing incentives for businesses to expand job - creating capital investment rather than bicker with each other for partisan purposes, our economy will continue to fall short and the middleincome worker will continue being victimized, no matter how much money the fed prints. i don ’ t want to ruin your evening after such a pleasant dinner. but if you wish to know who is at fault for hollowing out the welfare of middle - income workers and the american economy, kindly do not look at me or my colleagues at the fed. when you go home tonight look at yourself in the mirror. we at the fed are providing more than enough monetary bis central bankers ’ speeches accommodation. you elect our fiscal and regulatory policymakers. it is time for them to do their job, to ally themselves with us to achieve a fully employed, prosperous america. only you, as voters, have the power to insist that they craft policies that are needed to restore american prosperity. please
dual mandate.

law. law enforcement agencies are overwhelmed by the sheer size and sophistication that criminals are now employing to perpetrate their illegal deeds. the efforts on crime prevention are now compounded by globalization that has created what one may say is a global economy in which organized crime groups and individuals can and do generate huge sums of money. money laundering is therefore a global problem which requires a concerted global response. in order to protect our respective financial systems from the destabilizing effects of crime and money laundering, it is imperative that we act and respond to this scourge with unmatched resolve and commitment to combating it. everybody has, therefore, a responsibility to combat money laundering, because its negative impact has a unique way of creating far ranging negative consequences. the financial sector, in particular the banking sector, more than any sectors, needs to operate in a crime and money laundering free environments. we all know that banks deal with other people ’ s money and therefore rely heavily on reputation for integrity. without the public confidence from the law abiding citizenry it would be difficult for financial institutions to conduct business in the form they do now. it is also conceivable that money laundering, if perpetrated on a high scale, would complicate the ability of financial institutions to manage their operations and risks. another consequence of money laundering on a grand scale is that it may erode the effectiveness and management of monetary policy, because of its potential of changing the demand for cash in the economy. money laundering is also bad for the economy and development in that it undermines legitimate business, competition and reduces the tax revenue to national authorities as launderers would be operating underground outside the tax net. the combating of money laundering presupposes the existence of capacity and resources at national level. in many of developing countries, this is a real challenge in that there are competing demands with regards to the utilization of scarce resources. the scarcity of resources is more critical in the law enforcement spheres, since most national jurisdictions have less than efficient law enforcement agencies which are in most cases overwhelmed by the demands to enforce other national laws. in conclusion, i would like to urge members of the public to look out for information on combating money laundering, starting next week. i look forward to everyone ’ s participation in effectively combating money laundering. i thank you for your attention.
be surprised if today ’ s latest models would also end up in some exhibition cases, to be surveyed with great amusement, in a not - so - distant future. in the history of the human race, mobile commerce will certainly form one of those exciting chapters which are about how we innovate to make our lives simpler yet merrier. with our concerted efforts, i believe that we will be able to contribute to this new chapter, and people who have read it will come to the conclusion that, for mobile payment in hong kong, innovation and safety always move one way – forward. 33. thank you. bis central bankers ’ speeches

of asia at the rate of about us $ 100 billion. by the second half of 1997 it was flowing out of the region at about half that speed. secondly, with the negation of distance and boundaries, events in one particular market can have immediate, dramatic, but often quite unpredicted effects on other markets on the other side of the world. last year, for example, the debt default in russia affected mortgagebacked securities as far away as the us and brazil. earlier this year, the devaluation of the brazilian real raised expectations – unfounded, as it turned out – that the ripples from that crisis would destabilise the renminbi. 9. during periods of instability or uncertainty, the volume, variety and velocity of international capital flows can, in an increasingly liberalised and globalised financial environment, often add up to the fifth ‘ v ’ : volatility. indeed, the behaviour patterns of capital flows can magnify minor local uncertainties into extensive, prolonged and highly destabilising crises. while other factors were also at play, it is clear that something of this kind took place in the spate of local troubles that snowballed into what we now call the asian crisis. private capital inflows, attracted by high short - term returns, fuelled asia ’ s economic boom. the thai baht crisis of july 1997, which many initially dismissed as a local blip, snowballed into a regional crisis when a sudden reversal of these flows took place following a rapid and wholesale reassessment of emerging market risk. in one way or another, the crisis has affected nearly every emerging market and has slowed growth throughout the world. stampedes of this kind take little account of the economic fundamentals behind the markets : there were ongoing problems in many asian economies, but there was no macroeconomic reason why there should have been such a sudden and wholesale withdrawal of funds at this particular time. to quote the us deputy treasury secretary, lawrence summers : ‘ financial crises have elements of a self - fulfilling prophecy, like bank runs. everyone expects failure or everyone expects everyone else to expect failure, leading to a rush to be the first one out and thus causing failure. ’ the asian financial crisis, in which untold and unnecessary damage has been caused by such behaviour, is a classic illustration of this. 10. widespread volatility resulting from financial panic and herd behaviour is one of the more worrying aspects of international capital flows because small
andreas dombret : the euro area, the german economy and the pfandbrief speech by dr andreas dombret, member of the executive board of the deutsche bundesbank, at the pfandbrief seminar, tokyo, 18 february 2014. * 1. * * introduction ladies and gentlemen thank you for inviting me to speak at the pfandbrief seminar here in tokyo. it is a pleasure to be here today. when abroad you suddenly become aware of the cultural stereotypes that surround us. and then you realise that all of them are wrong – except for the flattering ones, of course. regarding germans, some of the more flattering stereotypes include reliability, punctuality and exactitude. incidentally, these are also some of the characteristics which make for an extremely good debtor : reliability to repay your debt, punctuality to repay it on time and – maybe most important of all – exactitude to honour the debt and not accidentally forget all about it. in this respect, the pfandbrief is indeed a typical german financial instrument. it combines all of the virtues i mentioned and its global success shows that it is well - regarded throughout the world. i will offer some thoughts on the pfandbrief later on. but first, let us take a look at the big picture, as central bankers like to do. to gain an understanding of the pfandbrief ’ s habitat, i will discuss the current state of the economy in the euro area and in germany. after all, pfandbrief cover pools mainly consist of public bonds and mortgages. thus, the state of the sovereign debt crisis in europe and the condition of the german real estate market play an important role for the pfandbrief. 2. the big picture – germany and the euro area for nearly four years now the debt crisis has been the most relevant issue when debating financial stability in the euro area. and it remains a topic discussed with some concern. thus, i am delighted that in early 2014 i can offer some good news. the euro area as a whole has finally left recession. by now, we have seen two consecutive quarters of economic growth, 0. 1 % in the third quarter of last year and 0. 3 % in the fourth quarter. looking ahead, the outlook for 2014 is quite encouraging. forecasts are projecting that euro - area gdp will grow by more than 1 %. and this recovery is not

and will continue to provide a solid economic base for investors. this environment is certainly beneficial for the german pfandbrief. and looking to the future, the pfandbrief may further benefit from crisis - driven regulation, especially if safe assets and collateral become even more sought - after. participants in the pfandbrief - market understandably welcome this. central banks and supervisors, however, will closely monitor possible side - effects, such as asset encumbrance in banks ’ balance sheets. in any case, we should not rush to introduce new legislation, but rather try to tackle the root of the problem. with some satisfaction i would now like to point out that i have finished my opening remarks in time. so, with regard to the virtues of reliability and punctuality, a german central banker and the pfandbrief indeed seem to have a lot in common. thank you very much. bis central bankers ’ speeches
lasting memory in our minds. thanks to the candid introduction by various central banks and regulatory authorities, the auspices of the diplomats of our country and the active participation of representatives of our financial institutions, the overseas visits organized by amcm have achieved the desired results. the visits have brought recognition of the fine results of our financial sector and laid a solid foundation for exploring overseas markets, business liaison and cooperation. from the regulator ’ s point of view, the visits have enhanced the effectiveness and quality of supervision, strengthened mutual working relationship via the signing of memoranda of understanding with regulatory authorities of portuguese speaking countries. in a way, these visits have facilitated the internationalization of the financial supervision of the msar. i take this opportunity to introduce to you ladies and gentlemen how amcm encourages the local financial sector to strengthen their overseas networking. i hope you can share my view in this respect. a regulator should be true to its job by assiduously fulfilling its supervisory duties. at the same time, it should think beyond this by considering the needs and position of market operators. more importantly, when the market is battered or disturbed by unstable factors, the regulator should exert more efforts to safeguard market stability and lawful rights of consumers, manage and dispel the adverse effects by identifying and eliminating the source of the problem in a timely manner, support the restructuring of a healthy market environment. to put it in a nutshell, a regulator should fine tune its policy and maintain order in the market in a positive and active manner to ensure the normal operation of the market and systemic security. in view of above, amcm has been adopting a proactive manner in response to china ’ s proposal in the forum ’ s ministerial meeting to establish a mechanism for closer financial cooperation, which will no doubt realize the objective of improving the standard of living of people in the areas involved through more aggressive economic and commercial activities. the objectives raised by the forum carry special meaning, they are viable and feasible. as pointed out by mr. francis tam, secretary for economy and finance, the economic and commercial cooperation between china and lusophone countries is complementary and necessary. enhanced cooperation will be of mutual benefit through maximization of utility in deploying resources, which will increase productivity and is conducive to raising quality of life of people in the area involved. as a matter of fact, the headquarters of portuguese capital banks operating in the msar have long connections with portuguese speaking countries. they have been utilizing such historical and social connections

to take this opportunity to wish you good health and a pleasant stay in macao. more importantly, i hope macao will impart to you a fine and long lasting memory. thank you!
promoting an effective aml / cft system. 3 / 4 bis - central bankers'speeches rest assured that the bank will spare no effort in ensuring that its licensees continue to adhere to the best aml / cft practices with a view to enhancing trust and confidence in mauritius as a premier international financial centre, in line with our future of banking strategy. with these words, i wish you all fruitful deliberations, and i thank you for your attention. 4 / 4 bis - central bankers'speeches

yandraduth googoolye : how african countries can play an active role in the belt and road initiative remarks by mr yandraduth googoolye, governor of the bank of mauritius, at the financial connectivity thematic forum on " how african countries can play an active role in the belt and road initiative ", beijing, 25 april 2019. * * * excellencies good morning and thank you for giving me the opportunity to address such an eminent audience. last october, at the official opening of the belt and road international financial exchange and cooperation seminar organised by the bank of china, i had stressed on africa ’ s eagerness to be part of china ’ s vision to enhance cooperation and connectivity among countries that will be part of the belt and road initiative. africa is endowed with considerable human capital, millions of acres of arable land and a myriad of natural resources. therefore, ladies and gentlemen, the combination of china ’ s capital, technology, market, enterprises, talents and experiences and africa ’ s abundant resources, huge demographic dividend and great market potential should create economic wonders. testimony to africa ’ s willingness to support the belt and road initiative is member states of the african union endorsement of “ agenda 2063 : the africa we want ”, a roadmap for structural economic transformation over a fifty - year time scale. whilst the initiative will undoubtedly enable a smooth flow of goods and services against efficient mechanisms of payment flows, africa must also see to it that adequate and timely resources are geared towards the modernization of financial market infrastructures as well as to the opening and promotion of free trade areas. these will be instrumental in supporting the expansion of the trade corridor between china and africa and in upholding cross - border e - commerce. ladies and gentlemen, a key target of the initiative rests on financial integration and cooperation. besides enhancing financial regulation cooperation, it will increase the scope and scale of bilateral currency swaps and settlements as well as the issuance of bonds in chinese yuan. it is, therefore, to the advantage of countries across africa to encourage commercial equity investment funds and private funds to participate fully in the construction of key projects stemming from the belt and road initiative. the initiative will also push forth an additional currency of choice and set the rmb among the reserve currencies for african countries. a currency that can be used, not only for trade between africa and china, but also for intra - african commercial flows. african central banks and other regulatory entities must fully embrace the crucial