marzunisham omar : launch of the national scam awareness campaign speech by mr marzunisham omar, deputy governor of the central bank of malaysia ( bank negara malaysia ), at the launch of the national scam awareness campaign, kuala lumpur, 30 october 2022. * * * assalamualaikum and good morning. on behalf of bank negara malaysia, i would like to thank the association of banks in malaysia, the association of islamic banking and financial institutions malaysia, and the association of development financial institutions of malaysia for organising the national scam awareness campaign. the presence of dato'mohd kamarudin bin md din, director of the commercial crime investigation department, pdrm, encik kamal baharin bin omar, deputy director - general of the national anti - financial crime centre ( nfcc ), and encik harme mohamed, head of network security division, malaysian communications and multimedia commission ( mcmc ) this morning reflects our commitment and collaborative efforts to raise awareness on financial literacy and fight financial scams. this morning, there is also the financial literacy month ( flm ) exhibition, which marks the end of this year's financial literacy month. this year's flm, themed " financial wellbeing : go digital confidently ", is all about educating and raising awareness on digital financial literacy and safe usage of digital financial services. the past month has seen many seminars, workshops and other activities being conducted all around the country. the fen mobile coach also travelled to 61 locations across the country, reaching out to over 20, 000 people in urban and rural communities. in this regard, i would like to express my gratitude to the financial education network and everyone involved in the flm for their relentless efforts in elevating financial literacy. the reality is that as our lives become increasingly digital, criminals are also finding new and innovative ways to commit digital crimes, such as financial scams. indeed, the issue of financial scams has become a global issue, not just unique to malaysia. criminals are using increasingly sophisticated methods to scam victims. this is a concerning trend which keeps many of us up at night. for bank negara malaysia, our priority is to ensure that banking and payment channels remain safe and secure. given that the tactics used by criminals will continue to evolve, we will, where necessary, issue new security advisories and additional security measures for banks to take from time to time. these include the five measures announced on 26

eva srejber : how do we create stability in financial markets? speech by ms eva srejber, second deputy governor of the sveriges riksbank, at a public hearing in the riksdag : “ economic policy in a global economy - is the tobin tax an obstacle or an opportunity? ”, stockholm, 3 april 2001. * * * thank you for the invitation to come here. this is a subject that i am often asked to discuss in various parts of the country. there is considerable interest in the challenges facing economic policy in an increasingly internationalised world. the credit market is central to a country's economy. financial institutes are needed to mediate payments for households and companies, such as wage and invoice payments. in addition, the institutes mediate capital from savers to borrowers. this can comprise companies making investments or households buying their own home. all in all, a well functioning financial sector is a necessary condition for a country to achieve prosperity. however, mediating payments and lending money also involves taking risks. the international foreign exchange market in turn links together the national credit and payment markets, so that payments in one currency can be exchanged for payments in another currency. this enables trade, investment and foreign aid between countries. international capital flows enable savings in countries with a capital surplus, after exchange on the foreign exchange market, to finance investments in countries with a capital deficit. countries like sweden have made use of the international capital market over the years, for instance, to finance large investments in the infrastructure. historically, foreign loans and investment have played an important role in the growth and development of poor countries. the financial markets thus perform an important function in society. however, over the years we have seen that major problems sometimes arise in the financial markets. one example is the asian crisis 1997 - 98. it is usually bank problems, resulting from bad loans, which lie behind such crises. when confidence in the banking system fails, both domestic and foreign savers flee the country, and a currency crisis may arise. the social costs of such a crisis are very serious. in the wake of the crises, there is often a focus on the globalisation process in general, and the international capital markets in particular. demands have been made for measures to prevent the emergence of new crises. this has included renewed discussion of the proposal for a tax on currency transactions, what is known as the tobin tax. however, i do not consider the tobin tax to be the