been raised over the sustainability of ecology and, more fundamentally, the socio - economic well - being of the people. 12. today, effort has been made to maintain the balance between the ecology and growth. for instance, environmental protection and sustainable development have been included as an integral part of thailand ’ s national development plan since 1997. however, the goal of ensuing environmental sustainability cannot be easily established. and i hope that today ’ s conference will also examine the environmental sustainability while focusing on growth and inclusiveness. 13. lastly, on the stability of financial system, the lessons that can be appropriately derived from thailand ’ s experiences are on external imbalances and the effects on financial institutions. the 1997 financial crisis was originated from large capital inflows. between 1992 and 1996, thai economy had attracted massive volumes of capital inflow of more than 355 billion bahts from abroad. at that time, the volatile international capital flows went into our financial system and increased the system ’ s vulnerability. the crisis then erupted when there was a sudden and large capital outflow, which during 1997 – 1999 amounted to some 389 billion bahts. what followed is the closing down of numerous financial institutions as well as the economic slump. 14. in hindsight, we have learned that international capital flows work both ways. on one hand, they support long - term income growth through saving and investment. on the other hand, they increase vulnerabilities in the financial system. we must, therefore, keep in mind that foreign capital can be the “ achilles heel ” to the financial system. in this regards, high - frequency monitoring data and shock - absorptive policy framework are essential. 15. we have been improving our financial system from the lesson of the 1997 crisis. legal and regulatory reforms have been made to ensure the stability of financial system. today, we may say that our effort has paid off as our financial system is now resilient and in a good position to support growth. this is especially evident during the bis central bankers ’ speeches 2008 financial crisis where the resiliencies of our financial system as well as the framework of our monetary policy were put to test. nevertheless, there is no fixed formula for the success among policy makers. the best policy mix is timely, contextual selection of market tools, and coordination across agencies. ministers, governors, ladies and gentlemen, 16. i expect that our dialogue today will contribute to the traditional - and - beyond insight and information on how to achieve

prasarn trairatvorakul : economic transformation and inclusive growth in frontier economies welcome and opening remarks by dr prasarn trairatvorakul, governor of the bank of thailand, at the conference on “ economic transformation and inclusive growth in frontier economies ”, jointly organized by the international monetary fund ( imf ) and the japan international cooperation agency ( jica ), bangkok, 28 january 2013. * * * ministers and central bank governors, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen, 1. it gives me great pleasure and honor to welcome each and every one of you to thailand, and more specifically, to the conference on “ economic transformation and inclusive growth in frontier economies ”. this event is the second in a series of conference jointly organized by the international monetary fund ( imf ) and the japan international cooperation agency ( jica ). 2. the topic of the conference is timely and relevant to current developments in the region. frontier economies are new and becoming large markets. they all have the potential to grow into tomorrow ’ s emerging economies. in recent years, we witness faster economic growth in frontier economies than larger emerging economies. we have seen frontier economies integrate into the regional and global economy. 3. frontier economies are full of potential. however, continued efforts on strengthening policy frameworks are still needed. this is to ensure long term economic growth and sustain robust economy. and i believe that today ’ s conference will contribute to these efforts as we will share and learn the appropriate lessons of others. one can leap jump the process, without repeating the mistakes. our discussion will revolve around the critical decisions on policy considerations for economic development and the way forward. 4. sharing lessons about economic development leads naturally into a discussion about the development experiences of thailand. thailand ’ s rapid growth between the late 1970s and 1997 was the result of the structural transformation. we moved from primary production to industrial production, mostly manufacturing and high - value agricultural products. the combination of ( 1 ) processed agricultural products, ( 2 ) import substitution industrialization, and ( 3 ) export promotion was the principal feature of economic development. 5. moving up global production chains elevated thailand ’ s per capita income of $ 100 in the early 1960s to nearly $ 3, 000 after 1997. more importantly, the process has resulted in the dramatic fall in poverty and improved the living conditions of the thai people. the rate of poverty had been reduced from 57 per cent in early 1960s to around 24 per cent in 1981 and to 8