decline in credit risk premiums. various potential transmission channels of the quantitative easing were discussed among economists at the time the bank introduced the policy. one of these channels is the portfolio rebalance channel : as the proportion of safe assets such as the current account balances at the bank increases in the asset portfolios of financial institutions, they are expected to adjust their portfolios, typically by increasing holdings of riskier assets such as loans. looking back on the period under the quantitative easing policy, we are not yet sure whether this channel actually worked or not. the accommodative environment contributed finally to putting the economy back onto a solid recovery path. the year - on - year rate of change in the core cpi rose to the surface in october 2005 and turned positive the following month. under these circumstances, the bank decided to terminate the quantitative easing policy in march 2006. more specifically, the bank decided to change the operating target for money market operations from the outstanding balance of current accounts at the bank to the uncollateralized overnight call rate. under the new scheme, the bank currently encourages the uncollateralized overnight call rate to remain at effectively zero percent. during the period of the adjustment process, japanese firms have been innovating continuously to strengthen their competitiveness. they have also expanded the global supply - chain network with a particular emphasis on developing their strategic linkages with asian counterparts. meanwhile, the japanese banks have overcome the non - performing loan problem and are currently better positioned to respond to the demands for sophisticated financial services of the times. such revitalization of both firms and banks should improve the efficiency of the market mechanism, thereby enabling a better allocation of resources. 4. several questions to be discussed in what follows, let me raise several questions that i hope are discussed at this conference. first, how have financial markets functioned in the historically low interest rate environment? have any unexpected effects of the low interest rate policy been detected in the financial markets? second, has the interaction between financial markets and the real economy changed in a low interest rate environment? for instance, have the roles played by financial markets and asset prices in the transmission mechanism of monetary policy changed? third, what are the consequences of a prolonged low interest rate environment? in particular, does the low interest rate policy pose potential risks to both financial markets and the real economy? fourth, how can we evaluate the recent low interest rate policy from historical and international perspectives? for instance, can we derive policy implications by comparing

toshihiko fukui : financial markets and the real economy in a low interest rate environment opening speech by mr toshihiko fukui, governor of the bank of japan, at the 13th international conference hosted by the institute for monetary and economic studies, bank of japan, tokyo, 1 june 2006. * 1. * * introduction good morning, ladies and gentlemen. i am very pleased to address the 13th international conference hosted by the institute for monetary and economic studies. on behalf of my colleagues at the bank of japan, i welcome all the participants from all over the world. 2. theme of this year's conference the theme of this year's conference is " financial markets and the real economy in a low interest rate environment. " i am sure that this theme is timely for all of us, considering the financial and real economic conditions we have faced since the 1990s. let me elaborate on this point, focusing on japan's experience with quantitative easing. 3. japan's experience with quantitative easing since the 1990s, japanese firms and banks have continued their adjustment efforts. specifically, japanese firms have tackled the so - called " three excesses, " that is, the excesses of debt, employment, and production capacity, since the bursting of the economic bubble in the early 1990s. japanese banks suffered from a massive non - performing loan problem, which plagued the stability of the financial system. in addition, around 2000, the collapse of the so - called it bubble around the globe placed japan's economy once more in a recessionary phase. in these circumstances, the economy faced the risk of falling into a deflationary spiral. once the economy falls into such a vicious spiral, it is very hard to get out of it, since expectations of continuing deflation can be self - reinforcing. to prevent the vicious spiral, the bank acted decisively by introducing the quantitative easing policy. the quantitative easing policy had two pillars : ( 1 ) provision of ample liquidity by the bank with the adoption of the outstanding balance of current accounts at the bank as the operating target for money market operations ; and ( 2 ) a commitment by the bank to continue to provide ample liquidity " until the consumer price index ( cpi, excluding fresh food ) registers stably a zero percent or an increase year on year. " this policy package exerted significant influences on the overall interest rate environment. specifically, the provision of ample liquidity drove the uncollateralized overnight call rate, which