samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
- 24. 14 for various uncertainties regarding climate change and the policy responses, see pindyck, r. s., " what we know and don't know about climate change, and implications for policy, " environmental and energy policy and the economy, vol. 2 ( 2021 ) : pp. 4 - 43. 15 scientific knowledge on climate change is regularly updated. in august, the intergovernmental panel on climate change ( ipcc ) released climate change 2021 : the physical science basis, the working group i contribution to the sixth assessment report. in this report, the assessment has been updated, stating it is likely that the global proportion of major ( category 3 - 5 ) tropical cyclone occurrences has increased over the last four decades and that this cannot be explained by internal variability alone ; in other words, it likely is caused by human activities. that said, the assessed level of confidence is low for long - term trends in the frequency of all - category tropical cyclones ( https : / / www. ipcc. ch / report / ar6 / wg1 / downloads / report / ipcc _ ar6 _ wgi _ spm. pdf ). 16 the increase in the number of natural disasters since the 1970s may be due to improvement in the accuracy of statistics. inui, t., " shizen saigai to keizai seicho, " keizai semina, no. 706 ( february / march 2019 ) : pp. 22 - 5. nothing. " if we do not take action now, significant negative effects may become evident or increase 20 or 30 years later. this is called the " tragedy of the horizon. " 17 the second issue is whether central bank actions on climate change relate to their mandate. of course, the very existence of central banks is a product of history, and their mandate has evolved over the years as they have responded to market failures. 18 in the case of japan, the bank's current mandate, as stipulated in the bank of japan act, is to maintain price stability and financial system stability. the purpose of maintaining price stability is to " contribute to the sound development of the national economy, " and climate change, in terms of associated physical and transition risks, is likely to affect such development through prices and the financial system. as such, central banks can address climate change within the scope of their mandate, and this is not mission creep. however, even when they take action, it is extremely important to appropriately

( 1961 - 2019 average, y / y % chg. ) fy 00 note : in the left - hand chart, figures are those for 23 oecd member countries for which data from 1961 onward are available. sources : world bank ; cabinet office.
short - term policy interest rate : minus 0. 1 percent target level of the long - term interest rate : around zero percent 0. 0 - 0. 2 - 0. 4 - 0. 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 residual maturity, year source : bloomberg. stance of monetary policy conduct and forward guidance ( stance of monetary policy conduct ) in a situation where downside risks to economic activity and prices, mainly regarding developments in overseas economies, are significant, the bank will not hesitate to take additional easing measures if there is a greater possibility that the momentum toward achieving the price stability target will be lost. ( forward guidance for the policy rates ) as for the policy rates, the bank expects shortand long - term interest rates to remain at their present or lower levels as long as it is necessary to pay close attention to the possibility that the momentum toward achieving the price stability target will be lost. 12■

facilitate the collection and dissemination of information. in trinidad and tobago, however, our data compilation system is still largely based on manual forms when web - based forms would improve the speed of data collection and dissemination. we also need to change the culture towards the provision of statistical information. it needs to start with government agencies and state enterprises that tend to see the compilation of records in a way that facilitates analysis, as a bother. the private sector also needs to recognize that there is value in providing data even if it may imply a slight inconvenience. the private sector should be assured that accepted statistical standards require that data on individual firms are not published individually in order to protect confidentiality. the launch by cmmb of a composite leading indicator ( cmmb cli ) is an important development, in that it provides a flash estimate of current economic trends. the indicator should be easily understood as it is based on a set of readily available series. the indicator could, in principle, be very useful for analysts, investors and businessmen alike, and would give an additional piece of information to the central bank on which to base monetary policy decisions. that cmmb, as a private sector institution, has moved to fill this important need ; this is a positive development. it underscores the fact that the business of developing statistical information is not only for the cso or the central bank but is a responsibility of all economic stakeholders. i call on trade associations and industry groups to follow the example. let me again congratulate cmmb on this worthwhile initiative. you have established a new standard among private financial institutions in terms of the provision of timely and relevant information for decision making. additional efforts like these would go a long way to strengthening the country ’ s statistical infrastructure.