, with resulting disturbances in their financial markets. the resort to capital controls to deal with financial market disturbances of the sort a number of emerging economies have experienced would be a step backwards from the trend toward financial market liberalization, and in the end would not be effective. the maintenance of financial stability in an environment of global capital markets, therefore, calls for greater attention by governments to the soundness of public policy. governments are beginning to recognize that the release of timely and accurate economic and financial data is a critical element to the maintenance of financial stability. we do not know what the appropriate amount of disclosure is, but it is pretty clear from the mexican experience in 1994 and the recent thai experience that the level of disclosure was too little. more comprehensive public information on the financial condition of a country, including current data on commitments by governments to buy or sell currencies in the future and on non - performing loans of a country ’ s financial institutions, would allow investors - - both domestic and international - - to make more rational investment decisions. such disclosure would help to avoid sudden and sharp reversals in the investment positions of investors once they become aware of the true status of a country ’ s and a banking system ’ s financial health. more timely and more comprehensive disclosure of financial data also would help sensitize the principal economic policymakers of a country to the potential emerging threats to its financial stability. thus, as international financial markets continue to expand, central banks have twin objectives : achieving macroeconomic stability and a safe and sound financial system that can take advantage of stability while exploiting the inevitable new technological advances. the changing dynamics of modern global financial systems also require that central banks address the inevitable increase of systemic risk. it is probably fair to say that the very efficiency of global financial markets, engendered by the rapid proliferation of financial products, also has the capability of transmitting mistakes at a far faster pace throughout the financial system in ways that were unknown a generation ago, and not even remotely imagined in the nineteenth century. today ’ s technology enables single individuals to initiate massive transactions with very rapid execution. clearly, not only has the productivity of global finance increased markedly, but so, obviously, has the ability to generate losses at a previously inconceivable rate. moreover, increasing global financial efficiency, by creating the mechanisms for mistakes to ricochet throughout the global financial system, has patently increased the potential for systemic risk. why not then, one might ask, bar or contain the expansion of global

finance by capital controls, transaction taxes, or other market inhibiting initiatives? why not return to the less hectic and seemingly less threatening markets of, say, the 1950s? endeavoring to thwart technological advance and new knowledge and innovation through the erection of barriers to the spread of knowledge would, as history amply demonstrates, have large, often adverse, unintended consequences. suppressed markets in one location would be rapidly displaced by others outside the reach of government controls and taxes. of greater importance, risk taking, so indispensable to the creation of wealth, would undoubtedly be curbed, to the detriment of rising living standards. we cannot turn back the clock on technology - - and we should not try to do so. rather, we should recognize that, if it is technology that has imparted the current stress to markets, technology can be employed to contain it. enhancements to financial institutions ’ internal risk - management systems arguably constitute the most effective countermeasure to the increased potential instability of the global financial system. improving the efficiency of the world ’ s payment systems is clearly another. the availability of new technology and new derivative financial instruments clearly has facilitated new, more rigorous approaches to the conceptualization, measurement, and management of risk for such systems. there are, however, limitations to the statistical models used in such systems owing to the necessity of overly simplifying assumptions. hence, human judgements, based on analytically looser but far more realistic evaluations of what the future may hold, are of critical importance in risk management. although a sophisticated understanding of statistical modeling techniques is important to risk management, an intimate knowledge of the markets in which an institution trades and of the customers it serves is turning out to be far more important. in these and other ways, we must assure that our rapidly changing global financial system retains the capacity to contain market shocks. this is a never - ending process that requires never - ending vigilance.