to deliver meaningful projections for a scenario of radical reforms. however, my hope of leaving behind the issue of pensions – a topic that i had spent most of my professional life on – and being able to deal with broader fiscal and macroeconomic policy issues was in vain. given the impact of poland ’ s dismal pension system on the country ’ s fiscal accounts, i was thrown back to deal with my unloved special field – pension reform. by including measures such as minimum social welfare provisions in my recommendations, i was able to convince the skeptics in the polish government. it was a very busy time with just a few hours of sleep a day. jeffrey sachs, who advised the new noncommunist government of poland, appeared frequently at our team dinners to convince our mission chief of rapid privatization ensuing the closure of many uncompetitive factories. but as i predicted, economic shortages and inflation were short lived, and the offer of consumer goods improved very soon – unfortunately, at the cost of cuban cigar supply. looking at images of warsaw from before and after transformation makes me sure that poland did most things right. despite a nonnegligible number of nostalgics lamenting the demise of the “ good old days ”, this years ’ 30th anniversary of the fall of the iron curtain is a cause for unqualified celebration. the ceei 2019 will pay tribute to this historic event by revisiting the political and economic transformation that has taken place in central, eastern and southeastern europe ( cesee ) over the last 30 years. even though in 1989, francis fukuyama called the bold victory of economic and political liberalism the “ end of history ”, he later revised his judgment. indeed, history has not ended yet, and the future will certainly have a few more tricks in store. this is why, during the next two days, we will also explore key challenges cesee will be facing in the years and decades to come. vienna is a perfect location for this debate. why? because austria has traditionally served as a bridge between the eastern and western half of the european continent due to its geographical position at the heart of europe and its strong historical and cultural ties with the cesee region. at the same time, austria has benefited a great deal from the economic and political transition in the region. having identified the economic potential in cesee at an early stage, austrian business expanded into the new markets and many of them developed into key players there, especially in the banking

evercloser trade and financial linkages with western europe turned into a curse for cesee. the economic shock quickly spilled over and harshly hit most of the cesee countries despite their heterogeneity. countries where the strong – and, in several cases, excessive – pre - crisis expansion had been driven by unsustainable levels of consumption and borrowing were affected the most. in this context, i would like to stress the crucial role of the so - called vienna initiative, to which austrian authorities also made significant contributions. at the peak of the crisis, all relevant stakeholders came together to coordinate their actions and thus prevent the imminent risk of a large - scale and chaotic withdrawal of cross - border bank groups from the cesee region, which could have triggered massive systemic bank crises. it goes without saying that the three decades of transition have not been just a walk in the park. despite great and respectable achievements, the transformation path has been perceived by many as too long, too difficult and too painful. failures and uncertainties regarding the shift to capitalist liberal democracies, unfulfilled promises and unrealistic expectations have caused various social, economic and political ramifications. while their form and extent vary from country to country, such consequences are reflected to an unforeseen extent in nostalgia and mounting attacks against democratic institutions and liberal values. this brings me to what i see as the major challenges in cesee when looking ahead. the national populism that has increasingly been taking hold in the cesee countries resonates particularly well with those who feel “ lost in transition. ” while the cesee countries have caught up impressively toward western european income levels over the last 30 years, partially substantial income gaps persist. moreover, since economic growth has slackened as a legacy of the global seite 3 von 6 financial crisis, convergence has slowed down. therefore, it is of utmost importance for the region to continue fostering convergence by spurring inclusive economic growth. to increase dampened productivity and capital formation, efforts should focus particularly on investments in infrastructure, human capital endowment and innovation but also on improving the institutional, legal and business environment that supports a schumpeterian process of creative destruction. this is all the more important as potential growth will additionally be strongly limited in the medium to long run by adverse demographic developments, which pose another big challenge for the cesee countries. in most of the region, the population is shrinking, mainly due to low life expectancy and low birth