systemically important banks. once up and running, it will make available common resources for the necessary interventions. as with supervision, tasks will be divided between the area ’ s single resolution board and the national authorities in accordance with banks ’ characteristics. a number of institutions will be involved in making decisions : the commission, the european council, the ecb, and national supervisory and resolution authorities. the complexity of the process calls for smooth and effective decision - making procedures. any resolution of very big and complex banks will also require the preparation of an adequate backstop at european level that can be activated at short notice. it may also prove necessary to increase the resources of the single resolution fund, which is financed by the banks. the inclusion of a bail - in provision in the directive marks a radically new approach to resolving bank crises, whereby the necessary resources should be drawn first of all from the bank ’ s shareholders and creditors in order to keep costs down for the taxpayer. the aim is to prevent implicit state subsidies from becoming an incentive for opportunistic behaviour and to strengthen market discipline. under this approach a wide range of bank liabilities could be bailed - in except, in particular, insured deposits and covered bonds. bis central bankers ’ speeches investors must be made aware of the risks inherent in the new crisis management system, and customers, especially those less able to pinpoint these risks correctly, must be properly informed of the fact that if they hold instruments other than deposits and guaranteed liabilities, they may have to contribute to the resolution of a bank. in this new context, initiatives to restrict purchases of the riskiest instruments to professional investors may merit consideration. the time limit for transposing the directive expired at the end of 2014 and the bail - in provisions must be incorporated into italian law by 1 january 2016. these deadlines must be met as a matter of urgency : not just to avoid sanctions by european institutions but also because their transposition is essential to guarantee legal certainty and to enable the authorities to perform their new tasks using the tools assigned to them by european legislation. in this transitional phase, in which new tools cannot yet be used and the traditional mechanisms for intervention are being obstructed or made inoperable by european rules, resolving bank crises caused by recession or malfeasance has been made more difficult. we hope for the rapid passage of the enabling law now before parliament in order for the government to issue the necessary decrees to adapt italy ’ s legislative framework to this new

gender equality and a development model for the sustainable use of natural resources. women are therefore the ideal interlocutors for the adoption and dissemination of sustainable practices and it is precisely because of their sensibility that agenda 21 for the promotion of sustainable development recommends increasing “ [ … ] the proportion of women decision makers, planners, technical advisers, managers and extension workers in environment and development fields ”. a prerequisite for increasing female participation is improving conditions overall for women. a world bank study shows that in countries where women are better educated, there is greater success adapting to the negative effects of climate change. 10 indicators from the global gender gap, referring in particular to economic participation and opportunity, on the one hand, and political empowerment on the other, show depressingly low figures for women in sub - sahara africa, the middle east, and north african countries ( below 0. 5 with reference to economic participation, 0. 2 with reference to political empowerment ) and reveal an enormous disparity with respect to men. 11 the united nations ’ program for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation ( unredd ) – which aims to make it more economic to conserve and manage forest resources correctly than to deplete them. a review can be found in the volume published by unep ( united nations environmental program ), 2004, women and the environment. tarantola a. m. ( 2009 ), economia solidale e sviluppo sostenibile nell ’ era della post globalizzazione, remarks addressed to the fondazione sorella natura, rome, 26 june. in the recent tragic flooding in pakistan, 85 per cent of the victims were women and children. mandelbaum j., the female victims of pakistan's flood, salon, 20 august 2010 ( www. salon. com / life / broadsheet / 2010 / 08 / 20 / pakistan _ floods _ women _ victims _ open2010 ). world bank ( 2010 ), adaptation to climate extremes in developing countries : the role of education. world economic forum ( 2010 ), the global gender gap report 2010. 2. the industrial world : a green economy led by women? in industrialized countries, the availability of high quality forms of energy has greatly reduced the amount of time and effort that women must dedicate to housework. women here no longer are required to interact directly, and on a daily basis, with the environment to meet family needs. nonetheless, there is substantial