janet yellen : semiannual monetary policy report to the congress testimony by ms janet l yellen, chair of the board of governors of the federal reserve system, before the committee on banking, housing, and urban affairs, us senate, washington dc, 14 february 2017. * * * chairman crapo, ranking member brown, and other members of the committee, i am pleased to present the federal reserve ’ s semiannual monetary policy report to the congress. in my remarks today i will briefly discuss the current economic situation and outlook before turning to monetary policy. current economic situation and outlook since my appearance before this committee last june, the economy has continued to make progress toward our dual - mandate objectives of maximum employment and price stability. in the labor market, job gains averaged 190, 000 per month over the second half of 2016, and the number of jobs rose an additional 227, 000 in january. those gains bring the total increase in employment since its trough in early 2010 to nearly 16 million. in addition, the unemployment rate, which stood at 4. 8 percent in january, is more than 5 percentage points lower than where it stood at its peak in 2010 and is now in line with the median of the federal open market committee ( fomc ) participants ’ estimates of its longer - run normal level. a broader measure of labor underutilization, which includes those marginally attached to the labor force and people who are working part time but would like a full - time job, has also continued to improve over the past year. in addition, the pace of wage growth has picked up relative to its pace of a few years ago, a further indication that the job market is tightening. importantly, improvements in the labor market in recent years have been widespread, with large declines in the unemployment rates for all major demographic groups, including african americans and hispanics. even so, it is discouraging that jobless rates for those minorities remain significantly higher than the rate for the nation overall. ongoing gains in the labor market have been accompanied by a further moderate expansion in economic activity. u. s. real gross domestic product is estimated to have risen 1. 9 percent last year, the same as in 2015. consumer spending has continued to rise at a healthy pace, supported by steady income gains, increases in the value of households ’ financial assets and homes, favorable levels of consumer sentiment, and low interest rates. last year ’ s sales of automobiles and light trucks were the highest annual total on record

. in contrast, business investment was relatively soft for much of last year, though it posted some larger gains toward the end of the year in part reflecting an apparent end to the sharp declines in spending on drilling and mining structures ; moreover, business sentiment has noticeably improved in the past few months. in addition, weak foreign growth and the appreciation of the dollar over the past two years have restrained manufacturing output. meanwhile, housing construction has continued to trend up at only a modest pace in recent quarters. and, while the lean stock of homes for sale and ongoing labor market gains should provide some support to housing construction going forward, the recent increases in mortgage rates may impart some restraint. inflation moved up over the past year, mainly because of the diminishing effects of the earlier declines in energy prices and import prices. total consumer prices as measured by the personal consumption expenditures ( pce ) index rose 1. 6 percent in the 12 months ending in december, still below the fomc ’ s 2 percent objective but up 1 percentage point from its pace in 2015. core pce inflation, which excludes the volatile energy and food prices, moved up to about 1 - 3 / 4 percent. my colleagues on the fomc and i expect the economy to continue to expand at a moderate 1 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches pace, with the job market strengthening somewhat further and inflation gradually rising to 2 percent. this judgment reflects our view that u. s. monetary policy remains accommodative, and that the pace of global economic activity should pick up over time, supported by accommodative monetary policies abroad. of course, our inflation outlook also depends importantly on our assessment that longer - run inflation expectations will remain reasonably well anchored. it is reassuring that while market - based measures of inflation compensation remain low, they have risen from the very low levels they reached during the latter part of 2015 and first half of 2016. meanwhile, most survey measures of longer - term inflation expectations have changed little, on balance, in recent months. as always, considerable uncertainty attends the economic outlook. among the sources of uncertainty are possible changes in u. s. fiscal and other policies, the future path of productivity growth, and developments abroad. monetary policy turning to monetary policy, the fomc is committed to promoting maximum employment and price stability, as mandated by the congress. against the backdrop of headwinds weighing on the economy over the past year, including financial market stresses that emanated from