their industry is. either way, we see jobs being added in a range of industries. employment in health care and social assistance has been increasing for a while ; the rollout of the ndis is an important driver of this, but not the only one. more recently, we have also seen employment increase in a number of business services industries. construction employment had also been strong for a while, reaching the highest share of total employment in more than a century of records. https : / / www. rba. gov. au / speeches / 2019 / sp - ag - 2019 - 03 - 26. html 2 / 17 3 / 26 / 2019 what's up ( and down ) with households? | speeches | rba graph 2 one can be reasonably confident in the steer the labour market data are giving us, because it is coming from multiple, independently collected data sets. the employment and unemployment data come from the abs's survey of households. but a survey of businesses, also from the abs, tells us that the number of job vacancies has been a very high share of the total jobs available. separate private - sector surveys of businesses tell us that many firms plan to hire more workers. many of our own liaison contacts also tell us that they are hiring. and as the labour market gradually tightens, we are beginning to see the effects in wages growth. this has been low for some time, but is gradually trending up now, especially in the private sector ( graph 3 ). part of this shift is that fewer workers are subject to wage freezes than was the case a year or so ago. minimum and award wage rises have also increased. along with other countries, it's taking longer and a lower unemployment rate to start seeing faster wages growth than historical experience might have suggested. indeed, we still think australia is a little way off the levels of the unemployment rate that would induce materially faster wages growth. but as the experience of other countries has also shown, if the labour market tightens enough, wages growth does eventually pick up. https : / / www. rba. gov. au / speeches / 2019 / sp - ag - 2019 - 03 - 26. html 3 / 17 3 / 26 / 2019 what's up ( and down ) with households? | speeches | rba graph 3 household consumption spending is slowing in contrast to the positive picture implied by the labour market, growth in household income has been slow, and growth in consumption has weakened

, barrages, link canals constructed during the last five decades has enabled the country to double the area under cultivation to 22 million hectares. tubewell irrigation provides almost one third of additional water to supplement canal irrigation. • the road and highway network in pakistan spans 250, 000 km - more than five times the length inherited in 1947. modern motorways and super highways and four lane national highways link the entire country along with secondary and tertiary roads. • natural gas was discovered in the country in the 1950s and has been augmented over time. as of now, almost 26 billion cubic meters of natural gas is generated, transmitted and distributed for industrial, commercial and domestic consumption. • private consumption standards have kept pace with the rise in income. there are 30 road vehicles for 1000 persons in 2001 relative to only one vehicle for the same number of population in 1947. phone connections per 1, 000 persons have risen to 28. 6 from 0. 4. tv sets which were nonexistent adorn 26. 3 out of every 1, 000 houses. these achievements in income, consumption, agriculture and industrial production are extremely impressive and have lifted millions of people out of poverty levels. but these do pale into insignificance when looked against the missed opportunities. the largest setback to the country has been the neglect of human development. had adult literacy rate been close to 100 instead of close to 50 today, it is my estimate that the per capita income would have reached at least $ 1000 instead of $ 500. pakistan ’ s manufactured exports in the 1960s were higher than those of malaysia, thailand, philippines and indonesia. had investment in educating the population and upgrading the training, skills and health of the labour force been up to the level of east asian countries and a policy of openness to world market would have been maintained without any break, pakistan ’ s exports would have been at least $ 100 billion instead of paltry $ 12 billion. had the population growth rate been reduced from 3 percent to 2 percent, the problems of congestion and shortages in the level of infrastructure and social services would have been avoided, the poor would have obtained better access to education and health and the incidence of poverty would have been much lower than what it is today. but as if this neglect of human development was not enough, the country slacked in the 1990s and began to slip in growth, exports, revenues, and development spending and got entrapped into deep morass of external and domestic indebtedness. as a result the