behaviour of investors and their risk tolerance, which grew with the search for yield. alternative asset classes began getting large injections of liquidity. real estate, high risk credit products, private equity and art, for instance, saw their prices rise considerably, which increased the potential for financial bubbles. capital flows to and from emerging markets have also been surging. in the past five years, emerging markets have seen capital inflows almost six fold, raising challenges for many economies. b. bernanke in a speech given in 2004 indicated that among the explanations for the great moderation ( the decline in economic volatility in the past years ) were structural changes led by deeper financial markets, a more stable monetary policy and good luck. this environment contributed to a new trend in financial innovation, mainly through securitization and a change in banking strategy to the so called “ originate - to - distribute model ”. this model allowed banks to originate loans, pool credit risks and sell them on to investors. the securitization of mortgage loans became an important platform for the originate - to - distribute model. initially, a problem that started in the us housing market, spread rapidly across borders and across other financial markets, particularly to where credit risk had been transferred but not exclusively. there continues to be a generalized uncertainty related to valuation losses of securitized products ( $ 250 - 600 billion ), the use of credit ratings, possible spillover effects to other financial institutions ( including monoliners ) and the overall impact of the turmoil on global economic growth. the recent developments in the us and in foreign financial markets are stimulating considerable review and analysis. regulators, supervisors, central banks, accounting boards, rating agencies and academics are trying to distil lessons from the crisis. to help address and coordinate this endeavour, the financial stability forum for instance, has set up a working group on market and institutional resilience. this group has analyzed the causes of the market turbulence and proposes policy directions to strengthen financial resilience. the results of the report will be available in april 2008. the quality of financial globalization matters if markets remain fragmented, not all the fruits of financial globalization can be reaped. consequently, we probably need to work more in a concerted fashion to enhance the quality of globalization. let me address some lessons from the recent turmoil : • first, i would stress that complacency in risk management is often fertile soil for financial distress. complacency spread through global

markets has contributed to over - optimistic assumptions for market liquidity conditions and led to a great reliance in rating agencies. • second, in the past, liquidity risk management had not been at the centre stage. most improvements in liquidity risk management were tailored for each country. today, there is consensus among supervisors and the banking industry that liquidity risk management needs to be upgraded to capture the implications of a more globalized financial system and the rapid growth in financial innovation. • third, the originate - to - distribute model encountered several shortcomings : the suboptimal incentives in the chain of origination, acquisition and distribution led to a poor assessment of risks, based on the expectation that credit risk could be quickly transferred through securitization. another important weakness was the inadequate information on products and the quality of underlying assets. moreover, the model ’ s dependency on market liquidity made it extremely vulnerable. • fourth, recent events that have led to changes in the implementation of monetary policy through open market operations. g10 central banks took coordinated measures to bring money market rates back down to target levels. • finally, from our specific experience at the dutch central bank, i must add that the combination of central bank and supervisor led to a successful internal communication structure and to timely interaction with the financial industry during recent events. follow - up issues to conclude, the pace of financial developments has accelerated with financial globalization. consequently, we must remain exceptionally alert and flexible to encounter adverse dynamics that may threaten financial or economic stability. in my opinion, developments that should be followed closely are the strengthening of risk management and the implementation of basel ii. there are other interesting issues to follow - up such as the role of sovereign wealth funds in a context of globalized financial markets. i trust that the panellists will focus on this and other interesting issues in the coming hours.