these markets : but there is no corresponding data matrix at the global level. it will be important that the emir dataset can be linked to other datasets to understand the total balance sheet exposures. the adoption of common identifiers, such as the legal entity identifier ( lei ), across the various granular data initiatives is critical to facilitate these linkages. another challenge posed by globalisation is the dual roles played by multinational firms in production and in the international financial system. 1 it is increasingly difficult to interpret national economic and financial accounts, given the mis - match between the global - level integrated 1 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches activities of international firms and the residency - based concepts that underpin national accounting. in particular, the scale of cross - border intra - firm transactions is a severe challenge in working out the implications of observed balance of payments flows. the wide spread use of special purpose entities in the financial transactions of multinational firms further adds to the difficulty in accurately capturing the underlying trends. at european and global levels, developing a shared understanding among statisticians of the international activities of multinational firms is a high priority due to the threat to the relevance of statistics. the statistical system will also need to become more agile, as the activities of multinational firms evolve at a rapid pace and the underlying rules and manuals can take several years to catch up. so, from a financial stability perspective, in identifying next steps for escb statistics, an important priority is to continue the painstaking work to develop sufficient momentum and trust across jurisdictions to enable more data sharing at a global level across these various dimensions. let me turn to the data requirements for effective macroprudential policymaking. in particular, let me focus on borrower - based measures such as loan - to - value ( ltv ) or debt - to - income ( dti ) ceilings that can help improve the stability of mortgage markets. since risks are concentrated in the higher - risk tail of the distribution of mortgage loans, it is very helpful to have granular, loan - byloan data in calibrating borrower - based measures. in particular, a full risk assessment requires a capacity to match loan data with borrower characteristics such as income level, employment status, household composition, non - mortgage debts and other financial assets and liabilities. in relation to gaining an overview of the aggregate debts of a household, it is important to highlight the value of a comprehensive consumer credit register. since loan balances and

services are widely available, not just for households but also for retailers and companies. there are more than 20 million cards in sweden and just over two hundred thousand card terminals. recently mobile card terminals and opportunities to accept card payments by mobile phone have also arisen. this chart, which shows how often households say they have not been able to pay by card or cash, illustrates the high level of acceptance among payees. a large majority say that they are unable to pay by either card or cash less than once a month. close to atms and good internet connections cash should not only be possible to use in shops. households also need to be able to withdraw cash and the retailer has to be able to deposit his daily takings. this makes the physical distance to service points and atms important. the average distance for a shopowner to the nearest service point to deposit his daily takings is 6 km for sweden as a whole and more than 10 km for jamtland county, which has the longest distances. the distances for cash withdrawals are less ; around 4 km for the country as a whole and around 7 km in norrbotten county. for electronic payments, access to the internet is the equivalent of geographical proximity. it is also becoming increasingly important for both households and companies to have good internet connections to be able to make and receive payments. in sweden as a whole, around 500 households and companies are unable to have access to the internet. given that we are a sparsely - populated, but geographically large, country, this is nevertheless an impressively small figure. of course, what i have just said does not mean that individual shops and households may have much longer distances, that the fees paid by a shop - owner for card payments or for handling daily takings can be perceived as high or that it is not a problem for those who are unable to have access to the internet. i shall shortly return to the challenges we have identified on the market, but before i do so i would like to say a few words about current trends and developments. trends and changes sweden is in the forefront i said earlier that sweden is in the forefront with regard to using other payment services than cash, and this is illustrated in this chart, which summarises the situation in a few selected countries. 5 the picture that appears is that use of cash is much lower in sweden than in most other countries and that the use of cards, primarily bank cards, is higher. the situation is roughly the same in