november 2018 and as of november 2019. gdp is gross domestic product ; pce is personal consumption expenditures ; core pce excludes food and energy items. gdp growth and inflation projections are four−quarter percent changes through 2019 : q4 ; the unemployment rate projection is for 2019 : q4. source : federal reserve bank of philadelphia, survey of professional forecasters ( retrieved from https : / / www. philadelphiafed. org / research−and−data / real−time−center / survey−of− professional−forecasters ), and real−time data set : full−time series history ( retrieved from https : / / www. philadelphiafed. org / research−and−data / real−time−center / real−time−data ). figure 2. estimates of the neutral rate of interest and the natural rate of unemployment have been falling fomc blue chip neutral real rate of interest ( r * ) cbo natural rate of unemployment ( u * ) percent percent 2. 5 6. 0 2. 0 5. 5 1. 5 5. 0 1. 0 4. 5 0. 5 4. 0 note : the federal open market committee ( fomc ) data are quarterly, extend through september 2019, and are projections of these measures over the longer run. the blue chip data are biannual, extend through june 2019 for r * and october 2019 for u *, and are projections for 6 to 10 years in the future. the congressional budget office ( cbo ) data are biannual and extend through august 2019. for the left panel, the projections are for 10 years in the future ; the right panel shows the natural rate projection for the current quarter at the time of the projection. the neutral real interest rate is the 3−month treasury bill rate projection ( cbo ) or the federal funds rate projection ( fomc and blue chip ) minus the source ’ s inflation projection. source : for fomc, summary of economic projections, available on the board ’ s website at https : / / www. federalreserve. gov / monetarypolicy / fomccalendars. htm ; for blue chip, wolters kluwer, blue chip economic indicators and blue chip financial forecasts ; for cbo, congressional budget office ( the budget and economic outlook ) and federal reserve bank of st. louis ( alfred ). figure 3. overall and core personal consumption

elvira nabiullina : review of recent inflation developments in russia and economic outlook statement by ms elvira nabiullina, governor of the bank of russia, in the follow - up to the board of directors meeting, moscow, 6 september 2019. * * * today, the board of directors has decided to reduce the key rate to 7 % p. a. if economic conditions are in line with our forecast, we will look into further key rate reduction at one of the upcoming meetings. let me dwell on the main factors behind the decision. first. annual inflation has already approached 4 %. our estimates suggest that as of the year - end it will fall within the range of 4. 0 - 4. 5 %. meanwhile, inflation is forecast to stand at 3. 5 - 4. 0 % in the opening months of next year. this is largely associated with the fact that the vat rate increase will be factored out from the calculation of annual inflation. this may be considered as a purely technical factor. sustainable trends point to inflation of about 4 %. second. inflation expectations of households and businesses remain elevated. therefore, we stay focused on their dynamics. right now, i will not highlight the figures we released last week. however, i would like to note that previously we abstained from posting the results of surveys on household inflation expectations during ‘ the week of silence ’. we have discussed this issue and from now on we will publish these data as soon as they are released. it is essential that the market promptly receives the information which the board of directors consults when making its decision. the bank of russia will continue to publish its analytical commentary that summarises and estimates expectations of households, businesses and analysts, after ‘ the week of silence ’. third. monetary conditions are continuing to loosen. we expect that both previous and today ’ s key rate decisions will underpin this trend. market expectations for interest rates shifted downwards on the back of the signals in the followup to the board meetings in june and july. this was also driven by the shifting expectations for monetary policies of the us fed and the ecb as the economic growth outlook for the us and euro area deteriorated. the decline in interest rates comes with an easing of non - price lending conditions in terms of maturities and volumes. the easing of both price and non - price monetary conditions contributes to expansion in lending. according to our estimates, corporate lending will rise by 7 - 10 % while retail lending will increase