, the percentage of correct answers given by " those who recognized themselves as having received financial education " offered by school or workplace was frequently higher than those who did not, and they also exhibited more desirable financial behavior ( chart 8 ). however, the proportion of those who received financial education is still not so high ( chart 9 ). in recent years, owing to the efforts of the people concerned, the proportion among the youngest respondents, the 18 - 29 age group, who received financial education is higher than among the older generations, and has increased slightly from the time of the previous 2016 survey. yet the reality is that it is still less than 20 percent. as i recall, it used to be considered taboo in japan to talk about money to children, but this tendency seems to have faded considerably in recent years. i would like to emphasize that financial education is to learn about money so as to understand the workings of the world they live in and make reasonable assessments and judgments in life. the contents of financial education have been greatly expanded in the new courses of study that will be implemented in primary schools in fiscal 2020, and later in secondary schools and high schools. at universities as well, an increasing number of faculty want their students to have the opportunity to participate in financial education before they graduate. also, the proportion of those who were taught how to manage their finances by their parents or guardians at home is higher among younger age groups than among older generations. as i mentioned at the outset, the momentum to improve financial literacy through financial education is increasing worldwide. amid this trend, the central council for financial services information has been carrying out various activities to promote financial education. the main activities are grassroot initiatives undertaken in coordination with its local committees, such as providing visiting lectures on financial literacy at educational institutions from kindergarten to university, and holding seminars for workers or teachers. the number of people who participated in lectures or seminars offered by the council and other related organizations such as the financial services agency, the japanese bankers association, and the japan securities dealers association totaled around 600, 000 during fiscal 2018. in addition, the council publishes pamphlets and booklets for different age groups to meet their respective needs ( chart 10 ). it also publishes a quarterly public relations magazine about various topics on money, titled kurashi - juku kin'yu - juku ( " first steps toward financial literacy for everyday life " ; available only in japanese ). all of these are provided free of charge, and we would be very pleased

the development of digital services, remote work, and online trade has accelerated, the demand for some professions is declining, while the demand for others is growing. therefore, unemployment that has risen during the crisis period might be structural in nature : staff shortages in some sectors might be coupled with higher unemployment rates in other industries. this might induce proinflationary pressure, even if unemployment stays close to prepandemic rates. what does this mean for our monetary policy? 1 / 7 bis central bankers'speeches firstly, russia is one of the countries where the economy is bouncing back fast and has almost reached its pre - crisis level. furthermore, russia is one of the first states which started to tighten its monetary policy. our economy is now close to its potential. if we had continued accommodative monetary policy, it would not have promoted growth any longer, but would have only provoked bubbles in the market. as inflation has risen both globally, and inside the country due to internal and sufficiently steady factors, we need to take committed efforts to bring inflation back to the target. secondly, monetary policy significantly promoted the fast rebound of the russian economy. i mean not only and not so much the reduction in the key rate in spring 2020. the main thing is the result of inflation targeting over recent years. we were able to shift towards countercyclical monetary policy and aid the economy during the crisis, rather than combat the soaring risks of inflation, as we used to before, exactly because we had been maintaining inflation close to the target for a rather long period of time. this reassures us that we have made the right choice and that our monetary policy instruments enable us to achieve our goals in very diverse circumstances. thirdly, shifts in the economy and peoples ’ and businesses ’ expectations and behaviour might require central banks to adjust all their policies, including monetary policies. to this end, most central banks, first of all those pursuing inflation targeting policies, carry out regular in - depth analysis of their goals and instruments, that is, a review of their monetary policies. this year, we are going to make such a review as well. we have been targeting inflation for five years by now. over this period, we were able to maintain inflation close to the target for quite a long time. by the moment, the financial sector and, largely, the society and businesses have a better understanding how this works. professional market participants have their inflation expectations anchored at the long - term target, and, importantly