samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
allowing expatriate workers the freedom to change their employers for the first time. we are also embarking on a major reform of our educational institutions, such as establishing the bahrain polytechnic, as we realise that there is still much work to be done to provide our young people with the types of vocational skills that they need to flourish in the modern world. underpinning all of these initiatives is our continuing commitment to political reform. as you will have seen in the news, in late october we held elections for the lower house of parliament, and these passed off peacefully and with a 67 % turnout of the electorate. outside the kingdom, some commentators had questioned our commitment to maintaining a system of constitutional government. however, their skepticism was unfounded, and our commitment to political reform remains strong. let me conclude by thanking you for coming to bahrain and for attending the dinner this evening. it is testament to the continuing strong ties between britain and bahrain, a relationship that we have always valued in the past and will continue to value in the future. thank you for your attention.

. let me conclude by wishing the graduating students all the best in their future careers, and to wish you all a very successful conference.
louis kasekende : the benefits of regionalism opening remarks by mr louis kasekende, deputy governor of the bank of uganda, at the meeting of the technical officials of the association of african central banks ( aacb ) – eastearn africa region, kampala, 2 february 2011. * * * i am here to represent the governor of the bank of uganda, prof. emmanuel tumusiime - mutebile who would have wished to be here at this opening. however due to a conflict in his schedule, he is unable to make it and please accept his apologies. the bank of uganda is very privileged to be the current chair of the aacb eastern africa sub region and indeed to be your host for this meeting of technical officials. as you are aware, africa has embraced regionalism with various regional groupings like comesa, eac, sadc, and ecowas. we believe that as a region, we should leverage regionalism as a means to generating efficiencies in our economies and to support development of the continent. we should also take note of the shift of power in the global economy to countries like china that has a population of about one billion people and may soon have an average per capita income of over us $ 30, 000. africa on the other hand, has a population of about one billion people, but with 54 countries, some of which have a population of less than one million people. average income of africa is about us $ 400. in order for africa to contribute effectively to the global agenda, there is need to derive a strong single voice at international level using regionalism instead of 54 varying voices. these instead generate a lot of “ noise ” but not necessarily “ voice ”. further more, for africa to compete effectively in the global trading environment, there is need to adapt technology and gain economies of scale. this also requires exploiting opportunities generated by regionalism. the recent global financial crisis provides more lessons for africa on the need to strengthen continental cooperation. as the global crisis unfolded, the developed countries saw a need to coordinate their policies with strong emerging economies under the aegis of the g20. through the cooperation and policy coordination, the g20 was able to avert a global financial meltdown and to avoid a long drawn - out global recession. it is for these reasons, that africa should also strengthen regional and continental level organisations to lead policy coordination and strengthen the voice of africa in global meetings. it will not be possible

especially in the 1970s and 1980s when the economy collapsed. the industry hung on and survived during the economic turmoil of those years and then rose, phoenix like, to recover in the 1990s. with the same spirit of enterprise, hard work and cooperation we can help to ensure that the next half century is one of prosperity, sustainable growth and structural transformation for the ugandan economy. thank you very much for listening. bis central bankers ’ speeches
has developed into a modern financial city. one of the five - year strategic objectives identified in the city ’ s integrated development programme is improving the profile of johannesburg, both on the continent and internationally, as a core centre of finance, business and trade. this is to be attained by, among other things, improved liaison with key partners in the business community to define what the city can do over the longer term to help consolidate, protect and enhance johannesburg ’ s position in this regard. 4. a globally competitive city - region although the smallest in size compared to the other provinces, gauteng is the economic and financial powerhouse of south africa and the centre of the country ’ s commerce and industry. the gauteng province contributes 34, 2 per cent of the country ’ s gdp, 47, 2 per cent of all employee remuneration and 51, 4 per cent of all institutions ’ turnover. johannesburg accounts for 40 per cent of the economy of gauteng and enjoys the unchallenged status of being the economic capital of the country and the subcontinent. johannesburg is the continent ’ s only world city and a regional motor in the global economy. the city ’ s share of the national economy constitutes about 16 per cent. it is, therefore, obvious that the economic performance of a city like johannesburg becomes critical not only to the province in which it resides but to the country as whole. to a very large extent, it is the economic logic stemming out of this reality that informs the growth and development strategies of both the city and the province. central to both strategies is the strengthening of gauteng ’ s position as a global city - region, in recognition of the pivotal role played by cities in modern economies, political, social and environmental trends. city regions are not based on administrative boundaries but rather lay emphasis more on social and economic functional geography. also, some recent research suggests that strong city - regions are a necessary – even though they may not be a sufficient – condition for ensuring optimal economic growth. final report of a study entitled : a framework for city - regions, commissioned in december 2004 by the office of the deputy prime minister in the united kingdom. the gauteng growth and development strategy recognises the advantages of co - operating internally to compete externally. to this end, it advocates the development of a strategy to build gauteng as an integrated globally competitive region where the economic activities of the different parts of the province complement each other in consolidating gauteng as an

high and sustainable rates of economic growth and employment and maintenance of overall macroeconomic stability. thank you for your attention.
even at the very last minute. as a true european myself, i only hope that this time will not be different! thank you very much for your attention.

njuguna ndung ’ u : financial sector collaboration opening remarks by prof njuguna ndung ’ u, governor of the central bank of kenya, at the breakfast meeting for domestic financial sector regulators, nairobi, 31 august 2009. * * * hon. deputy prime minister and minister for finance board members and chief executive officers of rba, cma and ira, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen : it is my pleasure to be with you this morning and i am indeed honored to be accorded this opportunity to give brief remarks at this important breakfast meeting where the domestic financial sector regulators will be signing the memorandum of understanding ( mou ) on financial sector collaboration. at the onset, allow me to extend my gratitude to the hon. deputy prime minister and minister of finance for agreeing to grace the ceremony and deliver a key note address. in the same token, let me take this opportunity to recognise the work of the technical committee on collaboration which has been instrumental in organising the event. ladies and gentlemen, the monetary affairs committee is a caucus of central bank governors under the east african community monetary union which is mandated, among others, to harmonize regulatory regimes and supervisory frameworks in the region in the banking sectors. during the 12th monetary affairs committee ( mac ) governors ’ meeting held in kigali, rwanda in may 2009, my fellow governors and i celebrated the execution of the mou amongst the five central banks, which was put into effect in early 2009. it was indeed pleasing for governors to note that the bank of uganda had already signed an mou with other domestic financial sector regulators in uganda. other mac governors were therefore urged to implement a similar arrangement with their respective domestic regulators by june 2010. this is to demonstrate that collaboration amongst domestic regulators is in line with regional aspirations. consequently the celebrations that we mark today will enable cbk achieve a milestone set by mac governors ahead of the set time of june 2010. i cannot thank my fellow domestic regulators enough. but for the kenyan side, let me commend rba and edward odundo for the time and effort he has put on this initiative. as you are aware, there has been increased integration of economic and financial markets globally. globalization is creating new business opportunities and opening new markets. however, the forces of globalization and the ensuing competition are prompting financial companies to engage in business operations that make group management and risk aggregation more challenging. similarly, a new concept of cross - ownership and trading is emerging in our market, thus blur
, i very much welcome your questions. bis central bankers ’ speeches

imf was there when ireland, portugal, greece and cyprus were under attack. in an unstable world, the imf is more necessary than ever. our crisis management tool, the european stability mechanism, deserves to be strengthened. it could become a true european stability fund, with greater resources and an independent advisory capacity. european crises would also have to be managed in a more transparent way, involving the european parliament more closely. protectionist and populist movements are gaining support among voters in europe. how should we respond to this frustration? europe was a great success when it came to building the single market and the euro, and welcoming the former communist countries. but it was unable to help workers facing globalisation and technological change. we need to take advantage of the return of growth to create a space for european rules which foster the mobility of employees, protect their rights and enable them to be educated and trained across europe. why are the ecb and the national central banks ignoring bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, which are being increasingly used for trade? we aren ’ t ignoring them. at the moment crypto - currencies don ’ t pose any monetary risk because the amounts involved are marginal. they are speculative financial instruments which create risks of a financial or even criminal nature. the central banks are following their development very closely because they can spread very rapidly, especially in countries which are moving away from banknotes and coins. and if tomorrow the future president of the ecb was a german national, would that be a serious matter? the nationality of the ecb ’ s president is irrelevant. what matters is that the person can do the job. 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches
non - paper payments, over a period of time various systems have been put in place to meet the remittance requirements of different segments of users. the national electronic funds transfer or neft as it is popularly known, is a pan - india system today. though it began its journey a decade ago as a local eft system, it later expanded to cover larger areas. there are not too many systems of comparison even in other countries. our vision – 2018 envisages further efficiency enhancements in neft. 2 / 7 bis central bankers'speeches 15. apart from neft, the immediate payment service ( imps ) and real time gross settlement system ( rtgs ) also facilitate funds transfer requirements of users. while the former is a 24x7 immediate funds transfer system the latter is essentially a financial market infrastructure which processes large payments including customer payment transaction where value is above 2 lakh. in all these systems, a system of positive confirmation has been put in place whereby the sender is also advised or intimated about the credit accorded to the beneficiary. 16. with improvements in it systems of banks and their core banking systems, integration of various delivery channels has been made possible. the banking facilities are now easily available online including for payment purposes. the ubiquity of mobile phones, combined with cost efficiency in their usage, has led to an increase in number of mobile internet users. taking advantage of this, an increasing number of payment facilities are being integrated through the mobile channel. for instance, customers can use their net banking application on their smartphone and send money on - the - go using imps or neft. 17. while all these changes have been taking place from the perspective of customer initiated transactions, a whole set of changes have also been introduced from the perspective of government payments. from financial inclusion perspective as well as digitising government payments thus enhancing efficiency and transparency, the use of aadhaar for beneficiary identification and authentication in payments has played an important role. 18. accordingly, to facilitate bulk and repetitive government benefit payments and subsidy payments to aadhaar - seeded bank accounts of identified beneficiaries, the apbs i. e. aadhaar payments bridge system has been put in place. npci manages this system with linkage to pfms through accredited government banks and sponsor banks of nach. 19. similarly, the aadhaar enabled payments system ( aeps ) facilitates operations from aadhaar seeded bank accounts

management bis central bankers ’ speeches
##b in particular, are doing everything they can to support the functioning of the financial system. moreover, market participants and other actors should be assured that the cooperation within the global network of central banks has been excellent and highly conducive to addressing the ongoing challenges. thank you for your attention.

handbook of macroeconomics, elsevier, vol. 2a : 923 – 1012. laeven, luc, and fabian valencia ( 2012 ). systemic banking crisis : an update. imf working paper 12 / 163, washington dc. rey, helene ( 2013 ). dilemma not trilemma : the global financial cycle and monetary policy independence. voxeu. org / article / dilemma - not - trilemma - global - financial - cycle - and - monetarypolicy - independence verein fur socialpolitik ( 2015 ). leitlinien und empfehlungen des vereins fur socialpolitik fur ex post wirkungsanalysen. september. www. socialpolitik. de / docs / vfs - leitlinien _ ex _ postwirkungsanalysen. pdf wissenschaftlicher beirat beim bundesministerium fur wirtschaft und energie ( 2013 ). evaluierung wirtschaftspolitischer fordermaßnahmen als element einer evidenzbasierten wirtschaftspolitik. berlin. 1 see, e. g., basel committee on banking supervision ( 2010 ). 2 for an evaluation framework applicable to a range of regulatory policies in the european union, s e e ec. europa. eu / smart - regulation / guidelines / toc _ guide _ en. htmec. europa. eu / smartregulation / guidelines / toc _ guide _ en. htmec. europa. eu / smart - regulation / guidelines / toc _ guide _ en. htm. the german economic association ( verein fur socialpolitik 2015 ) and the academic advisory council to the german ministry of economics ( wissenschaftlicher beirat 2013 ) have likewise developed criteria for good, evidencebased policymaking. 3 for a review of this discussion, see buch and holtemoller ( 2014 ). 4 examples include the health systems evidence from the mcmaster health forum ( www. healthsystemsevidence. org ), the cochrane library ( www. cochranelibrary. com ), or, for development economics, j - pal ( www. povertyactionlab. org / ) or the international initiative for impact evaluation ( www. 3ieimpact. org ). 5 buch, busssiere, and goldberg ( 2017 )
and cheap settlement solutions for europe. let me close my remarks by telling you a little story from china that might be good to keep in mind for future phases of the t2s project : once upon a time there was a host who offered his guests a pot of wine. as there didn ’ t seem to be enough for everyone, one guest suggested that each of them should draw a snake on the ground and the first guest to finish the snake should drink the pot. one guest finished his snake and was about to start drinking, when he said : “ i can add some feet to it. ” while he was still drawing, another guest finished his snake, grabbed the pot and drank the wine, whereas the guest who had added feet to the snake didn ’ t get any wine at all. to come back to t2s, i believe that a big challenge in the next phase will be to resist the temptation to “ add feet ” to t2s in the sense of too much specific features and thereby spoil it all. let us take the chinese story as a warning and let us continue to keep t2s lean, even if this implies compromises and sacrifices! this is the only piece of advice i want to give to “ my advisors ”, with whom i am very, very satisfied. i hope that all the pieces of the puzzle of opinions, letters of intents and decisions will be put together in the next few weeks so that we get the “ green light ” for our future cooperation with you.

by lek 69. 3 billion, compared to the growth by lek 52 billion over the previous year. in 2006 the annual credit growth was 56. 7 percent, providing good support for economic needs. the relatively high pace of banking system lending to the economy has also continued over the first quarter of the current year, drawing our attention, as the regulatory authority of the banking activity, to the need to monitor any risks this expansion may comprise. more concretely, this growth has led to decrease of capital adequacy rate and liquidity ; however, banks have continued to be well - capitalised, liquid and profitable. quarterly stress - tests carried out by us have indicated that the country ’ s banking system is flexible against any probable shocks relating to exchange rate, interest rates or credit quality. the bank of albania has continued to prudentially monitor the rapid credit growth, enhancing its banking supervision. in this framework, the establishment of the credit registry, expected to be carried out within december 2007 is of special importance. currently, we are working for completing the legal framework that will enable the registry establishment and functioning. at the same time, the decision is already made on selecting the company that will provide technical solutions to the registry. we are confident that all these measures will contribute to the maintaining of credit quality and the financial stability of our country. wishing you a fruitful workshop, i give the floor to mr. watson. thank you!
by pronounced volatility of the dinar, although the nbs intervened by selling eur 3. 7 bln net cumulatively over three years. since 2013 to date, eur 1. 4 bln net have been sold in interventions, at significantly weaker daily volatility of the dinar exchange rate against the euro, with special attention paid to movements in the fx market and the spillover of effects from international markets. by responding in a timely fashion, the nbs aims to mitigate short - term and temporary shocks affecting exchange rate volatility, while being mindful of the need to rationally spend fx reserves. i believe this is also underpinned by the data that we put forward – eur 3. 7 bln ( for the same period ) versus eur 1. 4 bln in interventions, net. it is noteworthy that – unlike in the earlier times, the achieved and maintained relative stability of the exchange rate is an important pillar for the improvement of the business and investment climate. thus, last year as well, the nbs was carefully monitoring and assessing the magnitude of external shocks, responding when necessary in order to cushion these shocks at home. depending on the direction and intensity of pressures, we intervened in the fx market on both sides – as both the buyer and the seller of foreign currency. having bought eur 970 mln and sold eur 450 mln in 2015, we ended the year with fx reserves of the nbs and of the republic of serbia bolstered by more than half a billion euros. the stability of the national currency is also conducive to a higher degree of dinarisation of the financial system, which is a common objective of us all. economic policy makers have long been advocating a greater use of the dinar, but the growth in dinar deposits and dinar lending to households has been particularly noticeable only lately. it may sound little to some, but if we say that dinar savings are 2. 6 times higher today compared to end - 2012, this result is no longer so negligible. the share of dinar in total savings is still not high, but it climbed from 1. 9 % to 4. 3 %. more than two thirds of new household loans ( 67. 5 % ) in 2015 were extended in dinars. we are happy to see that the achieved price stability and the relative stability of the exchange rate have encouraged dinarisation, but we know it is a

achieved so far allow us to reaffirm yet again the nbs ’ s commitment to actively contributing to economic recovery, higher employment and the standard of living in the period ahead, while at the same time safeguarding price and financial stability. the results speak for themselves. we expect them to be acknowledged, just as we expect that all of you, people of influence, resolve and knowledge will help our nation to overcome that feature of temporariness, of not being persistent in either financial reforms or in its presence on the world political scene. thank you. bis central bankers ’ speeches
provision measures have improved system liquidity in the past weeks and stabilized broad funding conditions. however, risks to the growth outlook continue to be tilted to the downside and currently a ushaped recovery is expected. the challenge, therefore, is to provide tangible boost to the economy through the appropriate combination of fiscal response and monetary measures. rest assured, macroeconomic policy measures are in place to address downside risks associated with the covid - 19 pandemic. in line with this, the bsp will continue to work with market participants and relevant government agencies to ensure that its policy responses remain timely and appropriate particularly during these challenging times. thank you. 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches

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