don ’ t amount to a return to pre - crisis conditions. loan impairment rates are still high and property markets in the us and europe are still weak, and these things have contributed to some ongoing nervousness in global credit markets. in addition to all that there is a particular focus at present on sovereign debt. a number of countries are running with very high levels of government debt in relation to their gdp and large fiscal deficits ; and there is obviously considerable focus on the sustainability of those positions and the risk of default. i ’ m not going to make any predictions as to how that might evolve, partly because the situation is subject to ongoing change and policymakers in the various countries are still developing their responses. but i would make two points regarding potential implications for australia : first, the australian banks have only limited direct exposures to sovereign debt in the countries regarded as being most at risk. so potential effects on australian banks ’ overall asset quality are not an issue. a second channel of possible effect would be if there were some generalised disruption in global wholesale funding markets. here it is important to note that, in the post - crisis environment, the australian banks have significantly strengthened their positions. they have increased their reliance on domestic deposit funding, lengthened the average term of their wholesale funding, and correspondingly reduced their reliance on short - term wholesale debt. these changes will help to bis central bankers ’ speeches make them more resilient to any disruptive event in international credit markets, should it occur. let me make a few more general remarks about the australian financial system in the current environment. i ’ ve already made the point that australian banks came through the crisis in good shape. bank profits did decline during the downturn but they have since recovered, largely as a result of declining loan loss charges. arrears rates in some areas have continued to creep up, but asset quality generally remains good ( especially by international standards ). despite the uncertainties about europe that i ’ ve already referred to, conditions in funding markets for the australian banks have improved since the crisis, and so has system - wide growth in deposit funding. domestic securitisation markets have been recovering. these developments have helped smaller lenders to regain some of the market share lost during the crisis period. aggregate lending by banks has been relatively subdued in the past few years. lending to the housing sector has continued to expand, but at a slow pace, while business lending has tended to fall, with businesses relying more on internal

areas of good management in macroeconomic and regulatory policies : australia ’ s strong fiscal position allowed plenty of scope for countercyclical action to support growth during the world downturn. monetary policy was well - positioned to cut rates aggressively at the height of the crisis. and our financial system has been well served by apra ’ s relatively conservative prudential approach. australian banks were held to higher standards than many of their international counterparts, and we ’ ve been well served by a prudential regulator prepared to ask banks tough questions about the risks they were taking. the upshot is that, although there was some deterioration in banks ’ asset quality bis central bankers ’ speeches around mid - decade, this was nowhere near as pronounced as it was in the us and europe. in saying all that, i also like to make the point that the resilience of the financial sector and the real economy are inter - related. the banks performed well partly because the economy itself kept growing ; and the economy in turn was resilient partly because there was no major deterioration in the balance - sheet quality of our banks. one of my responsibilities at the rba is to oversee production of the half - yearly financial stability review, which reports on developments and risks in the financial system ( both globally and domestically ). i ’ d like to pick up some of the themes from our recent reports. the most intense phase of the financial crisis is now some way behind us. it corresponded roughly to the six - month period from september 2008 to march 2009, which was just following the collapse of lehman brothers ( along with a number of other high - profile failures in the us and europe ). that six - month period was the period of sharpest falls in world equity prices, and the most serious dislocation in credit markets. global banks posted major losses, and there was a sharp contraction in trade and output across the us, europe and asia. since then, financial conditions have generally been improving, along with the recovery in the global economy itself. global economic growth has picked up to a strong pace overall, led by china, india and a number of other economies of the developing world. in the most heavily crisis - affected countries, indicators of financial sector performance have improved across a range of fronts : banks have generally returned to profitability asset quality in the banking system has begun to recover equity markets have recovered from their early - 2009 troughs and conditions in credit markets have improved. these are encouraging signs, but they certainly