accepting card payments. we are not yet there with the sepa for cards, i. e. a harmonised, competitive and innovative european card payments area. without wanting to pre - empt the discussions at this conference, i would first like to highlight three areas that are critical to the realisation of the sepa for cards : standardisation, interoperability and security. secondly, i would like to touch upon the issue of innovation and how it will impact cards. sepa for cards : standardisation, interoperability and security in 2015 the euro retail payments board ( erpb ) took stock of the market initiatives which are developing technical standards for payment cards in the eu, basing its conclusions on a detailed report by the cards stakeholders group. as a result, the erpb issued some recommendations on the implementation of the requirements developed in the sepa cards bis central bankers ’ speeches standardisation volume ( scs volume ) in respect of different domains ( terminal - to - acquirer, card - to - terminal, terminal security ). progress with these recommendations will be further monitored. interoperability concerns both the technical compatibility of cards and card terminals ( one of the domains for which the erpb has issued recommendations ) and cards processing. given the presence of multiple card schemes, multiple banks and multiple processors in europe, the eurosystem has repeatedly called for the development of a framework for the processing of card payments as well as an interoperability framework for sepa - compliant card transaction processing. the technical interoperability of card processors and card schemes – based on european standards – is a key issue when it comes to realising the sepa for cards. and technical interoperability is required by the eu ’ s regulation on interchange fees for card - based payment transactions ( ifr ), which will apply as of june 2016. schemes and processors that want to survive in the sepa for cards will have to become “ pan - european ” by moving towards interoperability based on european standards. as regards the third critical area, security and the fight against fraud related to card payments in sepa countries have been high on the agenda of the eurosystem. the work of france ’ s observatoire de la securite des cartes de paiement ( observatory for payment card security ) has been a benchmark in that area. furthermore, since 2012, the ecb has published the eurosystem ’ s findings on card fraud in an annual report.

what we have observed is that two - thirds of all fraud losses on cards issued within sepa countries is related to cnp transactions. this fraud involves card payments for purchases made via the internet, the phone network or by email. hence, the adoption of appropriate mitigation measures, such as the implementation of strong customer authentication, is indispensable to avoid a further rise in cnp fraud in the single euro payments area. the guidelines on the security of internet payments of the european banking authority ( eba ) published in december 2014 impose a minimum set of security requirements to be implemented by payment service providers. these guidelines are themselves based on the recommendations issued by the european forum on the security of retail payments ( secure pay ). accordingly, i encourage all participants – not only payment service providers but also e - merchants – to keep up their efforts to improve the protection of internet payments and swiftly adopt strong authentication solutions. the drawing up of level 2 regulatory technical standards and guidelines by the eba, in close cooperation with the ecb, will provide the market with further guidance on security issues related to internet payments. impact of innovation on cards as i have said in the introduction, the emergence of innovative payment solutions will impact payment behaviour and the usage of cards and other traditional payment instruments in the years to come. innovative card - based solutions for contactless proximity payments, ecommerce wallets or mobile person - to - person payments have the potential to further boost card usage by replacing cash payments, particularly vis - a - vis person - to - person payments and small purchases. at the same time, the card industry will be challenged by strong competition from innovative payment solutions based on payment instruments other than cards. one of these challenges is instant payments. the erpb has decided that the european payments council should develop an instant payment scheme for euro payments that is based on the sepa credit transfer. with regard to e - commerce, another challenge arises from the emergence of new payment service providers. payment initiation services and online payment integrators are expected to enter the payments chain with their service offerings. then there is the challenge of distributed ledger technologies. these technologies, of which blockchain is probably the best - known example, can potentially have a profound impact on the bis central bankers ’ speeches whole financial “ ecosystem ”. their adoption has the potential to disrupt both the use of “ traditional ” payment instruments and services and the payments processing industry. the eurosystem welcomes more choice for consumers and