##s. however, japanese institutional investors ’ preference for jgbs is strong partly in response to the international financial regulations, and partly due to a lack of attractive domestic investment opportunities. therefore, as the bank continues to purchase large - scale assets, that effect on the interest rate formation has been more strongly pronounced especially after the expansion of the qqe. in fact, the yield curve has flattened further, with the yield in the medium - term zone falling into negative territory albeit temporarily, and the super - long end of the yield curve also declining considerably. meanwhile, an increase in the volatility of the interest rate has been observed recently. i have been monitoring carefully how that shape of the yield curve will influence a variety of asset prices and investors ’ asset allocation as a policy effect. on the other hand, i have been monitoring the side effects – such as the effects on financial system stability, including the broadly - defined settlement system, and the market functioning. also a smooth restoration of markets ’ price discovery function will be an issue from somewhat a longer perspective, in the process of seeking for an exit from qqe, as the bank purchases about 90 percent of the total amount of jgbs ’ market issuance on a gross basis. second, my understanding is that in the assessment of the achievement of the bank ’ s price stability target, what is important is not to focus on the specific price indicators, but to examine whether various economic entities such as firms and households change their bis central bankers ’ speeches behavioral patterns based on the assumption of a certain level of inflation with monitoring a wide range of indicators including those related to wages carefully. it seems that there is no silver bullet for estimating people ’ s medium - to long - term inflation expectations, and therefore whether or not they have started to heighten their expectations, which have consistently remained lower than those in the united states and the euro area, can only be judged qualitatively from various economic entities ’ behavioral patterns. in that regard, households have had an outstandingly sticky preference for extremely inexpensive goods and services under deflation. however, such preference is not so strong as that in the past, and firms ’ price - setting behavior has also been changing in a positive manner. more importantly, a basic wage - setting mechanism – base salaries are revised in line with price increases, which was almost forgotten under deflation – has started to revive in labor - management wage negotiations. it could lead to a breakthrough in changing people ’ s

fixed idea under deflation that base salaries would not rise. that would have positive effects on peoples ’ medium - to long - term inflation expectations. in addition, my understanding is that what is essential to achieve the price stability target is a rise in productivity by the efforts of various entities to carry out structural reform and a resultant increase in the potential growth rate as well. on that basis, the inflation rate would increase moderately and wages would continuously improve in line with the increase in productivity, and consequently people would enjoy benefits from the overcoming of the deflation. the driving force for an increase in productivity is capital investment, and i expect that the recent tight labor market conditions are likely to act as a catalyst for the change of firms ’ behavior. third, securing the credibility of fiscal management is important in ensuring the ultimate success of the qqe. in that regard, the joint statement by the government and the bank released in january 2013 stated that the government will steadily promote measures aimed at establishing a sustainable fiscal structure. my understanding is that the government continues to make efforts toward fiscal consolidation in the fiscal 2015 budget draft. the bank ’ s purchases of jgbs are curried out only in the context of the conduct of monetary policy and not in any way to finance the fiscal deficit. it is thanks to the government ’ s efforts toward fiscal consolidation that the bank ’ s such explanation is persuasive. if market participants have concern over the government ’ s efforts toward fiscal consolidation, the effects of the qqe will be dampened, due to an expansion in risk premiums. once risk premiums expand, it would be difficult to control. some market participants mention that there is little room for the expansion in risk premiums in the jgbs market due to the bank ’ s large - scale purchases. however, the expansion in risk premiums may not be limited to the jgbs market. the government ’ s efforts toward fiscal consolidation are likely to be important from a longerterm perspective as well, when the bank achieves the price stability target and seeks for an exit from the qqe. the bank expects that the government will continue to steadily promote measures aimed at establishing a sustainable fiscal structure. the qqe is a highly difficult policy. while containing a rise in nominal rates through the massive purchases of the jgbs, the bank is trying to heighten the people ’ s inflation expectations which would result in lowering the real interest rates. my assessment is that the qq