samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
##saka stock exchange i am informed that due to the phenomenal growth of the bank, management and shareholders have agreed to move the bank up the ladder to the listed tier of lusaka stock exchange very soon. this has become necessary in order to raise more requisite capital and enhance the bank ’ s profile and oversight. this is an important step as it will mean that the bank will broaden public participation in its ownership and other public institutions will now participate as well. i therefore call upon zambians and parastatals to take up shares in the bank. i am told that the bank is about to venture into new products such as women empowerment loans and islamic banking. we at the central bank welcome innovations such as empowerment loans but urge caution with products such as islamic loans since an innovation of this nature needs close collaboration with the regulatory authority. 7. closing remarks in closing, mr managing director, having celebrated your 10th anniversary i urge you not sit on your laurels. may this be a time of serious reflection as you chart your path towards celebrating your next 10 years and beyond! i look forward to investrust bank plc being represented in other countries as well. regarding the strategic planning session that we are gathered here for, i wish to commend you, mr managing director for coming up with this initiative. every organization needs to plan its future actions and activities. this is a process that must be embraced by all top management. although only senior managers are represented here today it is my expectation that what ever you will be discussing will have benefited from lower levels of your bank. for your plan to succeed it is important that all senior managers embrace the plan whole heartedly. with these remarks, i declare the strategic planning conference of investrust bank plc officially open. i thank you all.

enemy and he is us. ” these words are a timely reminder of the responsibility we all share towards life on earth. in response to the severe threat stemming from global heating, the central bank has taken important steps, some of which are described the new chapter on sustainability in our annual report. but this also has wider applicability. we have made a concerted effort to build up iceland ’ s financial defences against external shocks. these defences certainly helped us to respond effectively to the pandemic, and they will help us to weather the economic repercussions of the war in europe. but no one can rescue us from ourselves – from our own mistakes – except us. iceland ’ s worst problems in terms of monetary and economic policy and financial stability – or rather, instability – have been self - imposed. it is therefore critical that we learn from the mistakes of the past, and that we do not repeat them. because nothing other than our own mistakes can prevent a continuing period of prosperity in iceland.
asia ’ s vibrant potential. he set out some impressive figures such as the amount of foreign reserves held by asian economies, the amount of portfolio and direct investment going into and coming out of the region, and the high level of rates of private - sector saving, which is increasingly institutionalised and professionally managed. certainly, hong kong is a prime example of the enormous potential that is being realised in asia. because of the openness of its economy and the vitality of its business environment, hong kong serves as an important reference point for the world. hong kong has captured the world ’ s attention artistically as well, especially through the recent work of the screenwriter and director wong kar - wai. his recent film, 2046, has rightly enjoyed acclaim, but it is the film ’ s unique perspective on time that might be interesting to contemplate today. in his film, as many of you may know, an author writes a book about the future, but gradually we realise that he is actually exploring his past. with apologies to mr wong and with deep respect for his beautiful film, i might venture to say that we can draw some parallels with our discussion today. as i have just suggested, i believe that in order to secure financial stability in the future, we must explore and understand the risks that have endured since the past. if i may draw on my own artistic license, i ’ d like to reinterpret the premise of mr wong ’ s film slightly. let ’ s consider an author, perhaps a central banker or a supervisor, who lives in the year 2046 and has the benefit of the perspective provided by the passage of the first half of this century. what might such an author write about the main determinants and evolution of financial stability during the first five decades of the twenty - first century? it is my hope that in that book of the future, the basel ii framework would be portrayed as a revolution in our approach to financial regulation. it would represent the introduction of a new regulatory and supervisory paradigm, one premised on the need to begin to depart from blunt requirements and instead to develop rules that incorporate nuance, rules that align capital requirements more closely to the actual degree of economic risk a bank faces. our author might write that basel ii represented an important step forward in continuing to replace static rules with rules that offer incentives for firms to improve constantly their internal governance and management of risk. and that it marked a milestone in the trend toward leveraging the power

stronger recovery of our economy and minimising the structural damage caused by this crisis. to attain these goals, not only must fiscal policy continue to provide adequate support for households and firms in the short term, but the european funds must be allocated to high added - value investment projects, accompanied by a structural reform programme designed to strengthen the economy ’ s long - term growth. indeed, the european funds should also be used to finance the structural improvements required by the spanish economy. thank you very much for your attention.
policy independence. thank you for your attention. bis central bankers ’ speeches

of manufacturers reported at least a partial shutdown of their operations early on in the pandemic. layoffs were widespread. the initial job loss of more than 20 percent in new york city exceeded the national decline of 15 percent. 2 you'll hear more about how the employment situation has evolved over the past four years from my colleague jaison abel in a few minutes. 1 / 3 bis - central bankers'speeches i lived and worked here in lower manhattan, so i remember just what that drastic change felt like. the city went from being packed at all hours of the day to being almost unrecognizable. here at the new york fed and in offices just like ours across the city, only essential workers came to work in person. and neighborhood businesses and services - and the employees that supported them - suffered as a result. but after that chapter came a remarkable rebound. to be clear, things are not exactly the same as they were prior to the pandemic. the city had to adapt to changes in office attendance and commute patterns, and the fallout is still lingering. but we are back on our feet, and the current reality is far different from the onset of pandemic and the period that followed. one indication that's important for our conversation today is that we've recovered the jobs lost during the pandemic and then some. now, shows and venues are packed. it's hard to get restaurant reservations at certain places. apartment vacancies are low. and office workers are back, even if in some cases it's only a few days a week. when we first hosted this conference in 2022, the discussion focused on remote work and the city's infrastructure, with a particular focus on an equitable recovery. the overarching question that shaped our conversations in that moment was, " what is the future of new york city? " now, that question has shifted. there's no doubt that new york city has a great future. so today, we're asking, " what kind of future do we want to build for new york city? " the future will build and expand on what has worked so well for the city in the past. the foundational aspects that have made new york so successful for so long are still present. the excitement and enthusiasm that draw people to live and work here have not changed. at the same time, many of the challenges have not changed either. for example, the high cost
of businesses and the health of the economy as a whole. therefore, let us be united in working for a better and brighter future for malaysia. greater governance and transparency will get us there. thank you. 5 / 5 bis central bankers'speeches

for bank negara malaysia, we will also play our role by ensuring that the regulatory and supervisory framework will provide the necessary environment to prevent, detect and prosecute financial crimes. for us, fighting financial crime is not just about increasing the compliance cost of banks through greater reporting requirements. instead, we are committed to ensure that the financial sector is well - equipped to support our law enforcement agencies in order to avert these threats. since the beginning of this year, we have published red flag and typologies reports on several type of crimes including terrorism and proliferation financing, corruption and fraud. these reports aims to provide insights and create awareness, amongst the reporting institutions, of the trends, methods, and techniques used in these crimes. enhanced understanding of such risks would assist reporting institutions in identification and early detection in order to assist law enforcement agencies to combat such crimes. while improving understanding is crucial, it also needs to be complemented with concrete actions that would improve the effectiveness of preventive and enforcement actions. for example, this could be done by incorporating and overlaying these insights into the transaction monitoring process and customer profiling. the implementation of the financial action task force ( fatf ) recommendations will allow more effective actions to be undertaken. both aspects of compliance, that is, technical and effectiveness, are equally important. the philosophy behind the intended outcomes is the integrated manner in which countries should combat financial crimes. this would require cooperation from all parties involved and encompass the whole eco - system of combating financial crime : investigation, prosecution, conviction and confiscation. no stone should be left unturned. fatf in its 2015 evaluation, recognised malaysia as having high technical compliance but called on malaysia to ensure greater effectiveness in producing the desired outcomes of our system especially in the area of investigation, prosecution, and forfeiture of laundered properties. understanding of new and emerging risks and having a comprehensive toolkit 2 / 5 bis central bankers'speeches my second point is the need to have a deep understanding of new and emerging risks and a comprehensive toolkit to effectively execute our shared responsibility to eradicate financial crime. all of you may have heard this many times, but it is worth restating that the rapid advancement in technology is a major running story for our age. while this presents wonderful opportunities for economic development, it also creates attendant risks and fresh set of challenges. as such, it is important for the industry to be aware of the trade - offs that come with adoption of these technologies.
marriner s. eccles ( 1932 ), “ depression : its causes, effects and suggested remedies, ” speech delivered at the utah state bankers convention, june 17, marriner s. eccles papers, fraser, federal reserve bank of st. louis, pp. 6 – 7. 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches

normal times, when it is working well, the government bond market reflects what investors think about the economy and future interest rates. but when the market isn ’ t working well, it makes it harder to price other assets. it ’ s vitally important that government of canada debt markets are in tip - top shape, so when the bank takes policy actions — like raising or lowering our policy interest rate — these actions will transmit through the economy and we will be better able to achieve our inflation target. effects on our balance sheet all the programs i ’ ve mentioned are designed to keep debt markets functioning, ensure cash is available to those who need it and provide a stabilizing force to boost canadians ’ confidence. as a result of our actions, the bank ’ s balance sheet has grown from about $ 120 billion in early march to over $ 460 billion. it ’ s not new for central banks to expand their balance sheets to satisfy an increased need for liquidity. in fact, this is a key reason why central banks were established — to be a lender of last resort, providing liquidity across the economy. but some people worry this expansion of the balance sheet will lead to runaway inflation. in this environment, we are more concerned with low inflation — and potentially deflation — given the depth of the economic downturn. i want to make it clear that we still have our policy rate at our disposal if inflation were to heat up. it can be raised to influence borrowing costs, credit growth and economic activity, regardless of the size of our balance sheet. early, positive signs with all the programs i ’ ve mentioned and their effects on our balance sheet, i ’ m sure you ’ re wondering what kind of results we ’ re seeing. we published our financial system review a few weeks ago, and we included some early indicators. i ’ m pleased to report that many key financial markets that had been showing signs of significant liquidity stress now appear to have good functioning restored. bid - ask spreads and yield spreads in many markets have narrowed significantly. this tells us that market liquidity has improved. in addition, financial institutions now have better access to funding liquidity in markets. this has had positive, measurable impacts on canadians. in the early days of the pandemic, when lenders had a hard time accessing cash, they passed along their higher borrowing costs to the people and businesses who wanted to borrow from them — even as the bank of canada ’ s policy interest rate fell. after
##z hu si pt lu ie es cy fi se el be it nl uk fr dk at de 0. 0 0. 3 0. 5 0. 8 1. 0 1. 3 1. 5 1. 8 2. 0 2. 3 2. 5 taxes on immovable property % of gdp 2. 8 3. 0 3. 3 3. 5 source : eurostat, esrb report figure 9. gini coefficient and gdp per capita, 2015 gdp ( current prices, pps per capita ) euro area 19 czech republic poland hungary romania bulgaria gini coefficient source : eurostat figure 10. housing cost overburden rate - romania percent 1st 47 % 44. 9 % 24 % 1st q 2nd q 3rd q 4th q 5th q note : percent of population with costs more than 40 % of disposable income costs include rental or mortgage interest payments, cost of utilities such as water, source : eurostat figure 11. savings behavior in romania - 2016 percent 82. 7 25. 9 19. 1 6. 6 14. 4 11. 6 2. 9 2. 5 0. 3 eur 0 - 2, 200 eur 2, 200 - 11, 000 eur 11, 00022, 000 % in total number of depositors eur 22, 000100, 000 % in total deposits > eur 100, 000 source : bdgf figure 12. access to mortgage loans percent 12. 3 4. 0 2. 0 1. 5 0. 9 1st q. 2nd q. 3rd q. 4th q. 5th q. note : share of households with mortgage loans in total households, by income quintiles source : ministry of finance, central credit registry, credit bureau figure 13. access to credit mar - 17 oct - 16 may - 16 dec - 15 jul - 15 feb - 15 sep - 14 apr - 14 nov - 13 jun - 13 jan - 13 aug - 12 mar - 12 oct - 11 may - 11 dec - 10 jul - 10 feb - 10 sep - 09 apr - 09 nov - 08 jun - 08 jan - 08 aug - 07 mar - 07 percent interest rate of mortgage loans, ron ( % ) interest rate for new mortgage loans, ron ( % ) robor 3 m price to income source : eurostat, nbr, credit bureau figure 14. mortgage credit and the gross savings rate percent percent figure 15. share of local currency mortgages percent " first house " ( % gdp ) mortgage credit other than " first

house " ( % gdp ) gross saving ( % gdp ) ( rhs ) source : nbr, fngcimm, world bank dec. - 16 mar. - 16 iun. - 15 sep. - 14 mar. - 13 dec. - 13 iun. - 12 sep. - 11 dec. - 10 mar. - 10 mortgage credit ( % gdp ) iun. - 09 sep. - 08 share of outstanding ron mortgage - backed credit ( % ) share of new ron mortgage - backed credit ( % ) source : nbr, credit bureau figure 16. macroprudential measures february 2004 : dsti caps ( 30 % for consumer loans and 35 % for mortgage loans ) and ltv cap ( 75 % ) october 2006 : extending the prudential measures to nbfis august 2005 : maximum total dsti limit at 40 % august 2008 : requirements regarding the dsti caps should be set taking into account interest rate risk and fx risk january 2007 : higher risk - weight ( 100 % ) for commercial real - estate march 2007 : self - regulation regime ( banks establish dsti and ltv maximum levels in their internal norms ) december 2012 : extending the measures to nonfinancial companies lending october 2011 : ltv caps ( 60 % - 85 % ) and stress test parameters for dsti caps january 2016 : - ccob buffer of 0. 625 % - > gradual increases in equal steps until 2019 - o - sii buffer of 1 % for systemically important banks - ccyb buffer of 0 % source : nbr
january 17, 2019 bank of japan opening remarks at the g20 symposium in tokyo masayoshi amamiya deputy governor of the bank of japan good morning, g20 finance and central bank deputies, professors, and distinguished guests. welcome to tokyo. this year, japan assumes the g20 presidency for the first time. today's symposium is one of the kick - off events under japan's presidency. on behalf of the co - organizers, the bank of japan and the japanese ministry of finance, i would like to express our sincere gratitude for your participation in this symposium. as one of the medium - to long - term policy issues that will be discussed under japan's g20 presidency, we chose " aging and its policy implications. " the g20 had some opportunities in the past to discuss aging in the context of other policy issues such as growth strategies and global imbalances. this year, we have decided to focus on aging itself and discuss it in a comprehensive manner for two reasons. first, aging is a common policy challenge for all g20 members. currently, japan is the most aged country among the g20 membership. however, it is almost certain that in many other g20 countries, including emerging economies, the ratio of elderly people will increase in the future. aging and shrinking populations can have a huge impact on a country's economic activity and the distribution of its output. they also have a substantial impact on the flow of capital and labor between countries at different stages of aging. moreover, labor market conditions, social security systems, and economic policies are different across countries, and these affect each country's economic activity and social welfare in different ways. therefore, it is essential that we share our experiences and deepen our understanding of where the problem lies and how policies can address it. above all, since future demographic changes can be predicted with some degree of certainty, we can prepare policy responses to their medium - to long - term trends in advance through constructive discussion. the second reason for our focus on aging is that its impact on the economy will differ depending on policy responses. aging is an important risk factor for the economy in that it can negatively affect future economic activity. however, given the appropriate policy responses, it can also have a positive impact on the economy. in the first place, longevity is surely to everyone's benefit. the fact that we can live longer in good health has been achieved through human endeavor in fields such as medical technology and in the spread of education

structural balance - to - potential gdp ratio. source : imf. net government debt ( right scale ) - 5 - 6 real gdp ( right scale ) - 6 cy 08 ratio to nominal gdp, % ratio to nominal gdp, % structural balance ( y / y chg., left scale )
hands of state governments. co - operative banks are typically small and their failures are dealt adequately with through liquidation by the deposit insurance and credit guarantee corporation ( dicgc ) which insures some of their depositors. this duality also needs to be addressed as part of the broader banking sector reforms to improve credit culture and reduce fraudulent lending. 8 / 8 bis central bankers'speeches

certain amendments in the banking regulation act, 1949 have been proposed. iv. way forward 28. the changing landscape of the banking industry will unfold in the backdrop of a strong regulatory and supervisory regime with increased intensity and tech - enabled supervision of banks. the challenge before banks is to make the best use of technology and innovation to bring down intermediation costs while protecting their bottom lines. further, artificial intelligence ( ai ), machine learning ( ml ) and big data are becoming central to financial services innovation. they can also help in fraud detection and in identifying better ways of monitoring use of funds by borrowers, track suspicious transactions, etc. by processing large datasets. 29. one of the challenges for policy makers, especially in countries like india, is to ensure that new innovations in banking sector serve the customer by reducing the cost of financial services and enhancing the range and access to products in a manner that is safe. advanced analytics and real - time monitoring of emerging cybersecurity risks will be critical in detecting potential threats and enabling pre - emptive action. 30. as the indian banking sector is propelled forward to a higher orbit, banks would have to strive hard to remain relevant in the changed economic environment by reworking their business strategies, designing products with the customer in mind and focusing on improving the efficiency of their services. the possibilities are enormous. we should be seized of the issues and act in time. 1 arner, d. w., barberis, j., & buckley, r. p. ( 2015 ). the evolution of fintech : a new post - crisis paradigm. georgetown journal of international law, 47, 1271. 2 gupta, a., & xia, c. ( 2018 ). a paradigm shift in banking : unfolding asia ’ s fintech adventures '. banking and finance issues in emerging markets ( international symposia in economic theory and econometrics, volume 25 ). 3 www. rbi. org. in / scripts / publicationreportdetails. aspx? urlpage = & id = 946 4 bank for international settlements ( 2019 ), ‘ annual economic report ’, june. 6 / 6 bis central bankers'speeches