spanish experience, ” iza journal of european labor studies, 1 ( 1 ) : 1 - 29. 9 see bosler c. and n. petrosky - nadeau, ( 2016 ), “ job - to - job transitions in an evolving labor market ”, frbsf economic letter, november 14. 10 see speech by lane, p. ( 2017 ), macro - financial risk management, dublin, september. 11 this is likely to partly reflect the large job losses of lower - skilled employees seen over the crisis as a consequence of the longer - term secular trend towards upskilling which accelerated during the crisis. 12 ecb staff calculations based on eurostat data. skill mismatch indicator is computed on the basis of the summation of differences in the skill shares of the unemployed and employed across three skill groups ( less than primary, primary and lower secondary education ; upper secondary and post - secondary non - tertiary education ; and tertiary education ). 13 oecd ( 2015 ), “ adults, computers and problem solving : what ’ s the problem? ”, oecd publishing, paris. 14 using data on the 2015 pisa scores in mathematics from the oecd and 2015 youth unemployment data calculated by eurostat. 15 ecb economic bulletin, issue 6 / 2017. 16 no country for young people? youth labour market problems in europe ”, edited by juan j. dolado, a voxeu. org ebook, 2015. 17 see cahuc, p., s. carcillo, u. rinne and k. f. zimmermann ( 2013 ), “ youth unemployment in old europe : the polar cases of france and germany ”. iza journal of european labor studies, 2, pp. 1 - 23. 18 no country for young people? youth labour market problems in europe ”, edited by juan j. dolado, a voxeu. org 6 / 7 bis central bankers'speeches ebook, 2015. 19 eurostat data for 2016 shows that the openness of eu ( and euro area ) economies to intra - eu ( and intra - euro area ) trade, measured as the ratio of the aggregate value of goods and services imports from and exports to the eu ( and the euro area ) to gdp, is negatively correlated with youth unemployment. 20 see cernat l. and f. mustilli ( 2017 ), “ trade and labour adjustment in europe : what role for the european globalization adjustment fund? ”, d

“ in ftc study, five percent of consumers had errors on their credit reports that could result in less favorable terms for loans, ” news release, ( february 11, 2013 ), https : / / www. ftc. gov / newsevents / press - releases / 2013 / 02 / ftc - study - five - percent - consumers - had - errors - their - credit - reports ; federal trade commission, “ ftc issues follow - up study on credit report accuracy, ” news release, ( january 21, 2015 ), https : / / www. ftc. gov / news - events / press - releases / 2015 / 01 / ftc - issues - follow - study - credit - report - accuracy ; and bureau of consumer financial protection, data point : credit invisibles ( washington : bureau of consumer financial protection, may 2015 ), https : / / files. consumerfinance. gov / f / 201505 _ cfpb _ data - point - credit - invisibles. pdf. the primary federal statutes governing fair lending are the equal credit opportunity act ( ecoa ) and the fair housing act ( fha ). see, also lael brainard, “ where do consumers fit in the fintech stack? ” ( speech at the fintech risks and opportunities conference, ann arbor, mi, november 16, 2017 ), https : / / www. federalreserve. gov / newsevents / speech / files / brainard20171116a. pdf. u. s. department of the treasury, “ opportunities and challenges in online marketplace lending ” ( washington : u. s. department of the treasury, may 2016 ), https : / / www. treasury. gov / connect / blog / documents / opportunities _ and _ challenges _ in _ online _ marketplace _ lending _ white _ paper. pdf. - 11a recent example illustrates the risk of unwittingly introducing bias into an ai model. it was recently reported that a large employer attempted to develop an ai hiring tool for software developers that was trained with a data set of the resumes of past successful hires, which it later abandoned. because the pool of previously hired software developers in the training data set was overwhelmingly male, the ai developed a bias against female applicants, going so far as to exclude resumes of graduates from two women ’ s colleges. 24 importantly, the equal credit opportunity act ( ecoa ) and the fair credit reporting act ( fcra )