in a nutshell, it is evidence that the euro area financial crisis has not eroded trust in the euro as a currency. however, central banks are currently facing important challenges in using information from markets for inflation protection to support monetary policy decisions ( see slide 7 ). during the crisis, and especially after the bankruptcy of lehman brothers, inflation - linked markets were characterised by high volatility and low market liquidity, which made it very difficult for policy - makers to infer signals about the level of inflation expectations, as perceived by market participants. also, they have not escaped the trend towards fragmentation which has been a common feature of euro area capital markets throughout this crisis. during the euro area sovereign bond market crisis, and especially in the second half of 2011, country - specific developments were increasingly apparent. in particular, the rising yield spread between french and german bonds meant that the euro area real yield curve estimated on french and german bonds became biased. the technical solution was to split the estimation of the real yield curve into the country - specific yield curves before aggregating back to a euro area real yield curve. i believe our colleagues will present this new approach in more detail during the workshop. finally, regarding the markets for inflation options, we still need to understand better to what extent we can trust the signals extracted from these markets as being accurate information on the inflation and deflation tail risks perceived by investors. we need to understand the impact of particularly large players in the options market on shorter - term price developments and need to find ways to assess the maturity of these markets. our goal should be to be able to routinely extract probability density functions for inflation expectations based on a robust methodology, as we already do for short - term interest rates or stock indices. this would be particularly useful to inform our policy making process in a world where risk management plays a key role in policy decisions. having briefly sketched out our analysis and concerns, i would like to stress that the ecb has a strong interest in the developments in markets for inflation protection. they provide us with tools for monitoring inflation expectations in the euro area for various horizons at a high frequency. such tools are unique and that is why we need to make sure that we interpret the information from inflation markets correctly and understand the broader context of the observed developments. i trust this workshop will give you a good opportunity to reflect on these issues. i would like to wish you some interesting and productive discussions. bis central bankers ’ speeches bis central bankers ’ speeches bis central

slide 2 ). the outstanding amount in these three euro area countries combined has reached €350 billion so far in 2012 and the market is well established. apart from products linked to national cpi indices, a large part of these markets consist of bonds linked to the euro area hicp, which we use at the ecb for our analyses of inflation expectations. apart from the inflation bond market, there is a growing swap market ( see slide 3 ). the inflation - linked swap market has gained liquidity and, for us policy - makers, it is another source of signals about inflation expectations and it helps us to understand their term structure. finally, an interesting, but still developing market is the market for inflation options. it potentially can deliver signals on the probabilities of various inflation outcomes, as priced by investors, but the liquidity and segmentation of inflation options remain a significant challenge. let me now say a few words on how we use signals extracted from markets for inflation protection for our daily analysis ( see slide 4 ). the ecb monitors inflation expectations by using surveys and implied signals from swap and bond markets. market - based indicators are more volatile than survey - based indicators. in part, the volatility is related to noise due to the bis central bankers ’ speeches market turbulence experienced in recent years. however, movements in market - based measures provide information on inflation expectations beyond what is contained in survey information. in particular, monitoring developments in inflation risk premia can help to assess inflation concerns among market participants. looking at the developments in market - based measures of medium to long - term inflation expectations in the euro area during the crisis, inflation expectations seem to be well - anchored in spite of market turbulence and uncertainties regarding future developments ( see slide 5 ). as the chart shows, the anchoring is confirmed by stable survey - based measures as well. comparing euro area data with that of the united states and united kingdom, inflation expectations in the euro area derived from inflation - linked markets seem to have been relatively stable during the financial crisis, in fact more stable than for the other two currency areas ( see slide 6 ). for the euro area in particular, inflation expectations have remained very well anchored following the non - standard liquidity provision measures undertaken by the ecb. the anchoring of expectations at relatively low levels probably reflects continued negative output gaps in the euro area as well as confidence that the ecb will be able and willing to drain liquidity if and when necessary to control inflation.