growth that picks up over the next several quarters as the restraint from fiscal policy diminishes. committee participants also saw inflation moving back toward our 2 percent objective over time. if the incoming data were to be broadly consistent with these projections, we anticipated that it would be appropriate to begin to moderate the monthly pace of purchases later this year. and if the subsequent data continued to confirm this pattern of ongoing economic improvement and normalizing inflation, we expected to continue to reduce the pace of purchases in measured steps through the first half of next year, ending them around midyear. at that point, if the economy had evolved along the lines we anticipated, the recovery would have gained further momentum, unemployment would be in the vicinity of 7 percent, and inflation would be moving toward our 2 percent objective. such outcomes would be fully consistent with the goals of the asset purchase program that we established in september. i emphasize that, because our asset purchases depend on economic and financial developments, they are by no means on a preset course. on the one hand, if economic conditions were to improve faster than expected, and inflation appeared to be rising decisively back toward our objective, the pace of asset purchases could be reduced somewhat more quickly. on the other hand, if the outlook for employment were to become relatively less favorable, if inflation did not appear to be moving back toward 2 percent, or if financial conditions – which have tightened recently – were judged to be insufficiently accommodative to allow us to attain our mandated objectives, the current pace of purchases could be maintained for longer. indeed, if needed, the committee would be prepared to employ all of its tools, including an increase the pace of purchases for a time, to promote a return to maximum employment in a context of price stability. as i noted, the second tool the committee is using to support the recovery is forward guidance regarding the path of the federal funds rate. the committee has said it intends to maintain a high degree of monetary accommodation for a considerable time after the asset purchase program ends and the economic recovery strengthens. in particular, the committee anticipates that its current exceptionally low target range for the federal funds rate will be appropriate at least as long as the unemployment rate remains above 6 – 1 / 2 percent and inflation and inflation expectations remain well behaved in the sense described in the fomc ’ s statement. as i have observed on several occasions, the phrase “ at least as long as ” is a key component of the policy

rate guidance. these words indicate that the specific numbers for unemployment and inflation in the guidance are thresholds, not triggers. reaching one of the thresholds would not automatically result in an increase in the federal funds rate target ; rather, it would lead the committee to consider whether the outlook for the labor market, inflation, and the broader economy justified such an increase. for example, if a substantial part of the reductions in measured unemployment were judged to reflect cyclical declines in labor force participation rather than gains in employment, the committee would be unlikely to view a decline in unemployment to 6 – 1 / 2 percent as a sufficient reason to raise its target for the federal funds rate. likewise, the committee would be unlikely to raise the funds rate if inflation remained persistently below our longer - run objective. moreover, so long as the economy remains short of maximum employment, inflation remains near our longer - run bis central bankers ’ speeches objective, and inflation expectations remain well anchored, increases in the target for the federal funds rate, once they begin, are likely to be gradual. regulatory reform i will finish by providing you with a brief update on progress on reforms to reduce the systemic risk of the largest financial firms. as governor tarullo discussed in his testimony last week before the senate banking, housing, and urban affairs committee, the federal reserve, with the other federal banking agencies, adopted a final rule earlier this month to implement the basel iii capital reforms. 2 the final rule increases the quantity and quality of required regulatory capital by establishing a new minimum common equity tier 1 capital ratio and implementing a capital conservation buffer. the rule also contains a supplementary leverage ratio and a countercyclical capital buffer that apply only to large and internationally active banking organizations, consistent with their systemic importance. in addition, the federal reserve will propose capital surcharges on firms that pose the greatest systemic risk and will issue a proposal to implement the basel iii quantitative liquidity requirements as they are phased in over the next few years. the federal reserve is considering further measures to strengthen the capital positions of large, internationally active banks, including the proposed rule issued last week that would increase the required leverage ratios for such firms. 3 the fed also is working to finalize the enhanced prudential standards set out in sections 165 and 166 of the dodd - frank act. among these standards, rules relating to stress testing and resolution planning already are in place, and we have been actively engaged in stress tests and reviewing the “ first - wave ” resolution plans