samchain/econo-pairs-v2 huggingface dataset:
got a job as a methods analyst, which is essentially an internal efficiency consultant. it wasn ’ t much, but it was a start and i went from there. my second bit of advice is to take the time to find out what really interests you. this means you may want to try a few different things before settling on a particular career path. when i left new college i certainly didn ’ t know where i was headed. i only made the decision to become a professional economist two years later when i was deciding between law school and economics. and i didn ’ t decide to opt for more policy - related work rather than become an academic until i entered the job market from berkeley five years later. the important point is that if you like what you are doing, you almost certainly will be successful at it. my third bit of advice is to be true to yourself. it is a lot easier to keep things straight and be happy if your public persona and private persona are not in conflict – you are one integrated person. being true to yourself also means facing up to problems and mistakes early. early on in my career as a professional economist, i got involved in writing a paper about tax reform with the head of the firm ’ s research department. the night the paper went to the printers, i woke up with complete clarity that there was a mistake in the paper. the mistake did not affect the conclusions of the paper. it just slightly changed all the numbers and was obscure enough that no one would probably catch it. what to do? i decided to take my medicine. i walked into the office of my co - author the next morning and said that we needed to throw out the 10, 000 copies of the paper that had been printed. the head of research – leon cooperman – was known for his – let me say this delicately – strong personality. but rather than blowing up at me, he said fine, let ’ s fix it. facing up to the error must have actually worked in my favor since i won his respect. a few months later, he introduced me to robert rubin – who, as you know, went on to become the u. s. secretary of treasury. and through robert rubin i met all sorts of interesting people in the clinton administration. my fourth bit of advice is to continue to build your human capital. that means seeking out jobs and opportunities that give you new experiences and skills. keep up with your mentors and continue to cultivate relationships and build your network.

. ’ ” ). 3 richard dzina, advancing the fed ’ s wholesale services in an era of unprecedented challenge and change, remarks at securities industry and financial markets association ’ s operations conference and exhibition 2017, boca raton, florida, may 9, 2017. 4 final report of neal batson, in re enron corp., no. 01 – 16034 ( s. d. n. y. bankr. nov. 4, 2003 ), at 115. 5 association of the bar of the city of new york, “ report of the task force on the lawyer ’ s role in corporate 6 / 7 bis central bankers'speeches governance ” ( 2006 ), 95. 7 / 7 bis central bankers'speeches
on the activities of non - banks as a basis to inform more targeted policy measures. the question of how to evolve the role of non - bank financial institutions to continue to contribute in sustainable way to financial inclusion is a complex one. while we can agree that a different approach to regulation from that applied to banks is justified, it cannot be at the expense of protection for financial consumers, and risks to financial stability. this middle ground is what is needed, taking into account the specific context of our own economies. the role of financial education another important strategy for financial inclusion is the enhanced role of financial education. this is not only to encourage greater participation in the mainstream financial system, but also to keep individuals already in the mainstream from being financially excluded in future as a result of changes in the financial landscape. in a recent report by the oecd, a lack of awareness of different types of financial products, low level of confidence and poor knowledge of how products work were identified as barriers to financial inclusion. these factors will become more acute in an increasingly more complex and technology - driven financial system. effective financial education will however, require more innovative approaches, broader partnerships involving the government, educators, and non - governmental organisations collaborating with regulators and the financial industry. the afi network provides an important platform to examine these and other issues. conclusion through the afi platform, we have a unique opportunity to work together to improve lives through financial inclusion and to have an enduring impact on global issues and developments. in this connection, a specific outcome of this forum will be the commitment of afi members to an accord. this accord will build on maya declaration of 2009 to extend the commitment of afi members to take the financial inclusion agenda a step further forward towards achieving the vision of a truly inclusive financial system. let me conclude by expressing on behalf of bank negara malaysia our deep gratitude to her majesty queen maxima for gracing this event. i would also like to thank the distinguished speakers and resource persons who have travelled from various parts of the world to share with us your valuable insights. to all participants, i hope this will be a memorable event, and one that will generate new knowledge and new ideas to spur your own country ’ s journey to deeper financial inclusion. once again, “ selamat datang ” to kuala lumpur and thank you for being here. bis central bankers ’ speeches

and inclusive protection landscape into reality. once again, i look forward to seeing aii drive the insurance and takaful sector to greater heights. thank you. 5 / 5 bis - central bankers'speeches
a banking union will help to accomplish this objective. in particular, the governing council emphasises that the future single supervisory mechanism and a single resolution mechanism are crucial elements for moving towards re - integrating the banking system and therefore require swift implementation. to sum up, taking into account today ’ s decisions, the economic analysis indicates that price developments should remain in line with price stability over the medium term. a cross - check with the signals from the monetary analysis confirms this picture. bis central bankers ’ speeches with regard to fiscal policies, the spring 2013 deficit and debt data notifications by euro area countries indicate that the average government deficit declined from 4. 2 % of gdp in 2011 to 3. 7 % in 2012. over the same period, the average government debt rose from 87. 3 % to 90. 6 % of gdp. in order to bring debt ratios back on a downward path, euro area countries should not unravel their efforts to reduce government budget deficits and continue, where needed, to take legislative action or otherwise promptly implement structural reforms, in such a way as to mutually reinforce fiscal sustainability and economic growth potential. such structural reforms should target improvements in competitiveness and adjustment capacities, as well as aim to increase sustainable growth and employment. we are now at your disposal for questions. bis central bankers ’ speeches

have to take such difficult decisions as president of the ecb? trichet : i have had to take difficult decisions throughout my career – including as president of the paris club in the 80 ’ s and chairman of european monetary policy committee in the 90 ’ s as well as governor of the banque de france. i have been involved in just about all of the crises of the last 30 years. but it is true that the decisions taken today, in the context of the worst global crisis since world war ii at the level of the euro area as a whole are of an extreme importance ; it is for my colleagues and me an immense responsibility.
sectors in the long term. the banking system, in general, is matured enough to discern between good and bad borrowers, thus minimising problems arising from moral hazard and information asymmetry. yet, the constant financing and the reallocation of capital provide the basis for the development and restructuring of the economy. in this regard, banks would need to identify profitable sectors, which may guarantee added value for the economy and employment, and support them with funds. third, in parallel to the improvement in the allocation of funds, more efforts are needed for the financial inclusion of the population. the improvement in access to finance, coupled with concrete initiatives to deep financial education of the population, with which it is in a complete symbiotic relationship, helps enterprises and households to capitalise their growth potential, by generating profit for themselves and gains for the economy. lastly, modernisation and innovation should be an important and long - term priority of the banking sector. a constant evolution would provide the premises for a sector that is competitive and efficient and avant - garde with regard to technological development in albania. taking into account the insofar substantial impact of the banking sector on the advancement and diffusion of innovation to other sectors, this investment would be necessary and profitable to both the financial industry and the overall albanian society. forward looking, i remain confident that the banking sector will know to rise to these challenges 2 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches and that the conclusions of today ’ s conference will serve as another stepping stone in this regard. thank you! 1 ms. anila denaj, minister of finance and economy 3 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches

is already in place ; all that needed to be done was minimal reconfiguration of the existing systems to capture these additional types of financial transactions. the bangko sentral ng pilipinas, in fulfilling the third pillar of its mandate, will continue to work to improve the operations of the philpass to better address all the concerns of our stakeholders. we are well aware, however, that we cannot do this alone. we look forward to your continued support and partnership. thank you!
world convene to discuss topics such as on the global economy and monetary policy. i intend to continue to conduct monetary policy appropriately toward achieving the price stability target while considering all conceivable adverse effects and positive effects from every angle as well as taking full consideration of these notable changes in the environment and risks on which to place emphasis. see jerome h. powell, " challenges for monetary policy : remarks at a symposium hosted by the federal reserve bank of kansas city, " federal reserve bank of kansas city, august 2019, https : / / www. federalreserve. gov / newsevents / speech / files / powell20190823a. pdf.

the view that these also are signs of positive changes. as i have explained so far, i have the sense that, although we still have some distance to go to achieve the price stability target of 2 percent, there are some signs that the momentum toward achieving the target could strengthen again. in other words, i feel that we are approaching an important phase where firms'and households'tolerance of price rises could based on empirical analysis, the following paper concludes that individuals'expectations of future inflation rates are influenced by the inflation rates that they actually have experienced. jess diamond, kota watanabe, and tsutomu watanabe, " the formation of consumer inflation expectations : new evidence from japan's deflation experience, " bank of japan working paper series, no. 19 - e - 13, august 2019, http : / / www. boj. or. jp / en / research / wps _ rev / wps _ 2019 / data / wp19e13. pdf. improve, and expected inflation rates could rise further. therefore, i believe that it is extremely important to encourage this development. 2. baseline scenario of the outlook for prices with regard to the outlook for prices, the year - on - year rate of change in the cpi for all items less fresh food is likely to increase gradually toward 2 percent, mainly on the back of the output gap remaining positive and medium - to long - term inflation expectations rising. the medians of the policy board members'forecasts of the year - on - year rate of change in the cpi for all items less fresh food presented in the july outlook report was 1. 0 percent for fiscal 2019, 1. 3 percent for fiscal 2020, and 1. 6 percent for fiscal 2021. 3. risks to prices specific risk factors to prices are developments in firms'and households'medium - to long - term inflation expectations, the fact that the responsiveness of prices of some items to the output gap is low, and developments in foreign exchange rates and international commodity prices going forward. my recent concern is that, amid significant downside risks concerning overseas economies, negative effects would be exerted on prices through the third risk factor in the case of disruptions in global financial markets. ii. the bank's monetary policy next, i will talk about the bank's monetary policy. a. current monetary policy framework the bank has set the price stability target at 2 percent in terms of the year - on - year rate of change in the
significant. however, that does not prevent us from treating digital disruption as a risk to the inflation outlook like any other. arguably, this has already been happening in practice. our economies have begun to return to normal after the trauma of the global financial crisis. but the process of interest rate normalization has been much more gradual than traditional models with embedded taylor rules would advocate. taking a gradual, data - dependent approach to policy is an obvious form of risk management in the face of augmented uncertainty. importantly, this approach does not mean keeping interest rates unchanged until inflation pressures emerge. that would virtually guarantee falling behind the inflation curve. rather, it means following a more gradual approach to normalizing interest rates than traditional models would advocate, thereby balancing the risks around future inflation. the central risks that affect that balance are, on the one hand, the possibility that inflation could accelerate as we approach full capacity and, on the other hand, the possibility that digitalization of the economy is boosting aggregate supply and holding inflation pressures at bay. the bottom line is that digital technologies are disrupting central banking along with everything else. digital disruption is likely to be a major preoccupation of central bankers for the foreseeable future. 3 / 3 bis central bankers'speeches

global trade policy developments and their implications for the inflation outlook. again, we need to bear in mind that this risk is two - sided. with that, governor poloz and i would be happy to take your questions. 2 / 2 bis central bankers'speeches
open. thank you.

savenaca narube : fiji ’ s economic performance and challenges ahead summary of a presentation by mr savenaca narube, governor of the reserve bank of fiji, to the 2006 national economic summit, suva, 28 september 2006. * * * 1. how have we performed • economic growth has been volatile over the past decades. however, there have been pockets of years where sustained high economic growth has been achieved. • when benchmarked against pacific economies and selected asian economies, fiji can do much better • factors that contribute to this lacklustre performance are : o smallness / isolation o natural disasters o loss of preferential access o slow reforms o low productivity and efficiency o slow policy implementation o political instability • nevertheless, investment is growing • however, economic growth in recent years is being driven by consumption causing some imbalances : o strong consumption demand is feeding through to our imports o unfortunately, at the same time our exports have not been performing well, thus widening our trade gap o services account is growing and is providing some relief to these imbalances o however, it is still not enough to counter the increasing current account deficit and overall pressure on the balance of payments account • expansionary fiscal policy has supported economic growth in past years • inflow remains low 2. risks to sustainable growth • fiji faces several risks to sustainable economic growth • risk 1 : political instability • risk 2 : unsustainable debt levels o • this could be a short - term risk if the government reduces its deficit and we undertake reforms risk 3 : stagnating exports and escalating imports is unsustainable o this could also be a short - term risk if we act now to remove the barriers to exports, look for import substitution where relevant and put in place policy measures now to dampen demand 3. what policies are available to reduce these short term risks? • the two major pillars of policy are : • • o fiscal – government o monetary – reserve bank of fiji what has the rbf done? o raised interest rates o tightened liquidity o issued credit guidelines o tightened borrowing limits by non - residents however, monetary policy is not enough because : o heavy reliance on monetary policy will result in further interest rate increases o the full effect of interest rates on demand takes a long time o further interest rate hikes could slow and dampen investment • hence, monetary and fiscal policies must work together and share the burden of sustainability • fiscal policy has a greater influence on the economy :
t rabi sankar : fintech & regulation speech by mr t rabi sankar, deputy governor of the reserve bank of india, at the business standard summit, mumbai, 21 december 2022. * * * inputs from shri suvendu pati, chief general manager, fintech department, shri chandan kumar, general manager, department of regulation and shri k vijaykumar, general manager, department of payments and settlement systems are gratefully acknowledged. 1. year - ends are usually a time for introspection and 2022 clearly offers a lot of food for thought. on the bright side, humanity seems to be finally putting the horrors of covid behind it. the rest of the story is not so bright. the specter of war and geopolitical tension has reared its head again. we were told in the late 1990s that business cycles were dead and inflation has been conquered. after the financial crisis in advanced economies, the focus shifted to deflation. when 2021 was drawing to a close the consensus among policymakers was that rising prices was a transient episode. that changed fast as inflation zoomed to multi - decade highs and was back in contention as the primary macroeconomic problem to be fixed. rising interest rates, volatile exchange rates led by a strong dollar and the consequent rise in debt burden has turned the narrative on its head. inflation, it would appear, is giving a reality check to economists and policymakers alike. 2. in the much narrower world of fintech, with a much shorter history, one story - the story of cryptocurrencies, runs in parallel. we were closing 2021 with a narrative that'tradfi'( traditional finance ) was slow, inefficient and clumsy and'defi'( decentralised finance ) and daos ( decentralised autonomous organisations ) was the path forward, riding on cryptocurrencies with their blockchain technology. crypto prices, in their own jargon, were mooning and investors were hodling. since may 2022, cryptos have lost more than two - thirds of their value, and the ecosystem is unravelling. the technology that was designed to herald the end of governments and regulators and intermediaries is frantically seeking to be regulated! arthur clarke, the science - fiction writer, said, " any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic. " he would have perhaps used the word'voodoo'if he were to

##atility. the need of the hour is to build resilience and strength of the balance sheets and participate in both primary and secondary markets including corporate bonds actively. the moot point is as to how research and seminars can be converted in to action. the reserve bank recognizes pds as valuable stakeholders and would continue to work closely in achieving common goals. 10. i wish the conference a great success. bis central bankers ’ speeches
it. that is what we must strive for in canada. we will also need to maintain a stable macroeconomic environment that combines low inflation and a prudent fiscal policy. this will help foster a climate conducive to initiatives in innovation, risk - taking, and investment that can contribute to sustained productivity gains. i can assure you that the bank of canada will continue to do its part, by keeping inflation low and stable.

mark carney : summary of the latest monetary policy report update opening statement by mr mark carney, governor of the bank of canada, at a press conference following the release of the monetary policy report update, ottawa, 22 january 2009. * * * good morning. we are pleased to be here with you today to discuss the january monetary policy report update, which we published this morning. the outlook for the global economy has deteriorated since the october monetary policy report, with the intensifying financial crisis spilling over into real economic activity. heightened uncertainty is undermining business and household confidence worldwide and further eroding domestic demand. major advanced economies, including canada's, are now in recession, and emerging - market economies are increasingly affected. commodity prices – especially energy prices – have fallen as a result of substantially weaker global demand. stabilization of the global financial system is a precondition for economic recovery. to that end, governments and central banks are taking bold and concerted policy actions. there are signs that these extraordinary measures are starting to gain traction, although it will take some time for financial conditions to normalize. in addition, considerable monetary and fiscal policy stimulus is being provided worldwide. canadian exports are down sharply, and domestic demand is shrinking as a result of declines in real income, household wealth, and confidence. canada's economy is projected to contract through mid - 2009, with real gdp dropping by 1. 2 per cent this year on an annual average basis. as policy actions begin to take hold in canada and globally, and with support from the past depreciation of the canadian dollar, real gdp is expected to rebound, growing by 3. 8 per cent in 2010. a wider output gap through 2009 and modest decreases in housing prices should cause core cpi inflation to ease, bottoming at 1. 1 per cent in the fourth quarter. total cpi inflation is expected to dip below zero for two quarters in 2009, reflecting year - on - year drops in energy prices. with inflation expectations well - anchored, total and core inflation should return to the 2 per cent target in the first half of 2011 as the economy returns to potential. global developments pose significant upside and downside risks to the inflation projection. on the upside, the global economy could be stronger, if global fiscal stimulus turns out to be more expansionary than expected, or if aggressive policy actions taken across major economies restore confidence more quickly than projected. on the downside, the global recession could be deeper and more protracted because