##power women. c ) public sector governance • accelerate governance reform - institutions to manage development interventions. • decentralize delivery of services with financial and administrative powers. • control corruption and promote transparency and accountability. d ) environmental management • build appropriate policy and institutional framework. developed countries developed countries have to carry out the following responsibilities. • trade barriers are a major impediment to global well being. trade policy reforms particularly in removing agriculture subsidies will be a major source of gains for the world economy and poor countries. • liberalization of services trade, including migration will help raising incomes in developing countries. • a substantial increase in oda from the present level of $ 58 - 60 billion in 2002. or 0. 23 % of gni in line with the monterrey consensus to 0. 7 percent of gni. • improving the allocation of aid - selectivity on basis of country performance. • increasing the effectiveness of aid through improved alignment and harmonization. • providing aid in forms that are responsive to country circumstances and needs. • provide debt relief and debt sustainability to heavily indebted poor countries. international financial institutions and the un family • work towards debt sustainability for the heavily indebted poor countries. • increase financial and technical assistance to sub - saharan africa. • put in place crisis prevention and crisis management mechanism. • help build capacity building in poor countries. • play advocacy role vis a vis developed countries. ngos and voluntary groups • actively participate in the provision and financing of basic services to the poor. • mobilise the poor and the target groups for participation, empowerment and capacity development. • learn from the successes and failures of the innovative models of delivery to the poor. • share and disseminate critical success factors in mobilizing communities and voluntary groups. • complement the efforts of the governments, international organizations in verifying the progress and results of the mgd. academia, research institutions and statistical agencies • timely statistics on the development outcomes, fill in the gaps in data collection, and build statistical capacities in the developing countries. • research on transmission mechanisms and relative weights of the various determinants of growth and poverty reduction and interrelationships among them. media groups • communicate, highlight and disseminate widely the success stories of projects and programs of countries, and innovative models of delivery of services and outreach to the poor. • promote awareness and keep a vigilant eye on the various stakeholders in meeting their commitments. conclusion to conclude, the global partners must now onwards focus

ishrat husain : financing human development in pakistan speech by mr ishrat husain, governor of the state bank of pakistan, at the pakistan development forum, islamabad, 25 april 2005. * * * pakistan has committed to achieve its mdgs by 2015 through a variety of interventions e. g. real per capita income growth, expansion of schooling particularly for the female population, increasing pupil - teacher ratio, improving sanitation access, increased immunization coverage, improving nutritional status of the children, providing electricity to the villages. empirical studies assessing the progress made so far indicate that growth of real consumption expenditure per capita and large targeted intervention in child survival, malnutrition and schooling over and above the more general intervention could take pakistan closer to achieving these goals. failing this, it will be quite difficult to attain any of the mdgs. financial assistance to poor families conditional on their making investment in their children ’ s human capital can bring about the desired results in improving child schooling, health and nutritional out comes. conceptually, the economists think in terms of production function i. e. a set of inputs are deployed to produce one unit of output. in case of mdgs the inputs such as teachers, doctors and para medical staff, generation transmission and distribution of water and collection of waste and garbage, supply of immunization shots etc. produce expansion of school, improved access to health, nutrition, water supply and sanitation, immunization coverage etc. some of these inputs are additive while other interact with each other in a positive way making the output greater than the sum of all the inputs e. g. provision of inputs for potable water supply and sanitation interact with inputs for heath in a way that the outcomes of improved access to health, water and sanitation are positively correlated. therefore instead of thinking independently of financing for education, financing for health, financing for water supply and sanitation we should think in terms of financing mdgs and include all expenditures on inputs that are deployed for achieving the outputs or outcomes embedded in the mdgs. institutionally, federal government ministries, provincial departments, district government departments are all organized vertically and do not conform to the conceptual issue that i have outlined. thus there is a disconnect between optimally efficient utilization of financing and the actual delivery of these programs. the other issue is that we have to design the correct measure to capture expenditures on human development. so far we have focused on a partial measure i. e. public expenditures - the amounts allocated out