So given that, once one has waded into the ocean and implemented a negative nominal rate, how low can rates realistically go? Unfortunately, there is no simple answer. As I have noted in this talk, negative nominal rates introduce a number of legal, operational, and economic frictions associated with. These complications limit the pass-through of negative nominal policy rates to households and businesses. In addition, because the negative rates are costly in terms of resources, they limit the potential stimulus to aggregate demand. Negative nominal rates may also adversely affect the profitability of financial institutions and thus make financial conditions less accommodative than they would be otherwise. Addressing the complications of negative nominal interest rates includes redesigning debt securities; in some cases, redesigning financial institutions; adopting new social conventions for the timeliness of repayment of debt and payment of taxes; and adapting existing financial institutions for the calculation and payment of interest, the transfer and valuation of debt securities, and many other operations. These innovations will require considerable time, resources, and effort. A benefit-cost analysis thus must weigh the potential advantages of negative rates against the costs of pushing back the tide of all of these conventions and institutions that have proven useful under positive nominal interest rates. That calculation likely will differ across countries, across institutional environments, and across the expected levels and duration of negative rates. 10  BIS central bankers’ speeches

I should mention here that though copper mining has again become prominent in terms of exports and to some extent employment, Government strategies and policies are focusing on reducing the country’s dependence on copper mining through economic diversification as articulated in the FNDP (2006-2010). In our diversification efforts, due attention will be paid to those that have high potential for creating employment. This will make our economy resilient to future external shocks and ensure sustained development, and have a required impact on the quality of life of the Zambian people. Manufacturing Ladies and Gentlemen, the Zambian Government has demonstrated its commitment to the development of a vibrant but competitive manufacturing sector in this year’s national budget. This is in line with its commitment to facilitate increased value addition which is one of the key ingredients in achieving sustainable development in the country. To this effect, several measures and incentives aimed at enhancing the competitiveness of the sector will be provided in conformity with the future growth objectives. One such example is the Government’s move to implement a new initiative called the Multi-Facility Economic Zone (MFEZ). This will replace the Export Processing Zones (EPZ), as special industrial zones for both export-oriented and domestic-oriented industries. The zones will have all the necessary infrastructure for the easy commencement and conduct of manufacturing activities. In addition, several concessions will be provided for those companies that will operate in the MFEZ.