Hence the successive waves of depreciations of structured products, imposed by accounting rules, with these depreciations in turn fuelling doubts about counterparty risks and solvency, liquidity constraints and further falls in asset prices. The second reality is that recent financial innovation served mainly to increase leverage in the system. Signs of this are many. Banks’ balance sheets became overstretched. Off-balance sheet vehicles without any equity proliferated. Monoline insurers guaranteed volumes of  BIS Review 9/2009  1  structured products way beyond what their equity position could bear. As you know, leverage works both ways. It amplifies gains as well as losses. Amplified gains took the form of the US property boom. Amplified losses are with us now. The whole deleveraging process still underway has meant, since its start, that financial institutions unable to raise capital had to suffer very considerable depreciations on some products, which in some instance wiped out their net worth, bringing them to failure. Against this background, what about French banks? Of course, they are not immune to the crisis. Direct or indirect exposures to toxic assets implied that they too had to record writedowns; sometimes substantial ones. The liquidity shortage is also hurting and the prolonged market disruptions have raised their refinancing costs. That said, our banks are sound and robust and still exhibit high solvency ratios, above minimum prudential requirements. Overall, they remain profitable. This is so not least because they benefit from regular sources of income.

A society: •  that spurs continuous innovation in payments technology;  •  that gives consumers maximum convenience and confidence in making payments;  •  that enables firms to increase productivity through payments integrated with business processes; and  •  where swift, simple, and secure payments is a reality for everyone. MAS has been working closely with the financial industry and other government agencies to drive electronic payments. We have also engaged KPMG Advisory to study Singapore’s payments landscape; KPMG’s report will be released later today. Let me elaborate on the four key strategies to create an e-payments society: •  streamlined regulation;  •  inclusive governance;  •  interoperable infrastructure; and  •  pervasive digitisation. Streamlined regulation – targeted, activity based, risk appropriate First, we will streamline our regulatory framework for payments; strengthen consumer protection; and make regulation more targeted based on the specific payment activities that businesses undertake. The existing regulatory framework for payments cuts across the Money-Changing and Remittance Businesses Act (“MCRBA”) and the Payment Systems (Oversight) Act (“PS(O)A”). The MCRBA was introduced in 1979, an era when bricks-and-mortar money changers and remittance agents were the norm. •  For more than three decades, it has served us well. •  We have a thriving remittance industry that provides an essential service to residents, including the many foreign workers in Singapore. The PS(O)A was enacted in 2006, with the objective of keeping our key payment systems safe and efficient.