29  All speeches are available online at www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches  29  Table 1: Estimates for Job Destruction and Creation from Automation (MIT (2018))  Jobs Destroyed  When  Where  Jobs Created  Predictor  2016  Worldwide  900,000 to 1,500,000  Metra Martech  2018  US jobs  3,078,340  Forrester  2020  Worldwide  1,000,000-2,000,000  Metra Martech  2020  Worldwide  1,800,000  2,300,000  Gartner  2020  Sampling of 15 countries  7,100,000  2,000,000  World Economic Forum (WEF)  2021  Worldwide  1,900,000-3,500,000  The International Federation of Robotics  2021  US jobs  9,108,900  Forrester  2022  Worldwide  1,000,000,000  Thomas Frey  2025  US jobs  24,186,240  2025  US jobs  3,400,000  2027  US jobs  24,700,000  2030  Worldwide  2,000,000,000  2030  Worldwide  400,000,000800,000,000  2030  US jobs  58,164,320  PWC  No Date  US jobs  13,594,320  OECD  No Date  UK jobs  13,700,000  IPPR  13,852,530  13,604,760  Forrester  ScienceAlert  14,900,000  Forrester  Thomas Frey  555,000,000890,000,000  McKinsey  Source: MIT Technology Review (2018) - https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610005/every-study-we-could-find-on-what-automationwill-do-to-jobs-in-one-chart/  30  All speeches are available online at www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches  30  Chart 6: Wage premium for cognitive skills Real wage level of full time U.S. male workers relative to 1963 2.0 High School Dropout High School Graduate Some College Bachelor's Degree Greater than Bachelor's Degree  1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8  1963  1968  1973  1978  1983  1988  1993  1998  2003  2008  Sources: Autor (2014).

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