6/8  BIS - Central bankers' speeches  Companies' one-time inputs can be automatically mapped across a range of major sustainability standards and frameworks, allowing them to cater to different investor requirements. Sustainability reports can also be automatically generated from these inputs. MAS will draw on the learnings from ESGenome to ensure that the ESG Disclosure Portal caters over time to the reporting needs of a broader universe of corporates, notably small and medium-sized enterprises, supply chain partners and suppliers. The ESG Registry draws on a blockchain solution to record and maintain the provenance of green certifications issued by various sectoral bodies. Titled ESGpedia, the ESG Registry was developed with the help of local Green FinTech firm STACS and launched in May this year. It allows banks to access green certifications issued by various bodies for their green and sustainable financing decisions. MAS will continue to work with STACS and our industry partners to build up the Registry's network of certifications, thereby providing more confidence to the users of these data. The Data Orchestrator aims to aggregate ESG data from multiple data sources. This will include major ESG data providers, utilities providers, sectoral platforms, and of course the ESG Data Registry. The Data Orchestrator will provide consentbased access to these sources. It will also allow new data insights to be generated through data analytics to better support investment and financing decisions. We aim to launch the Data Orchestrator next year.

Quality data is foundational in our fight against greenwashing and in enabling relevant stakeholders to make effective ESG-investment decisions. Third, it helps to catalyse green and transition finance flows. There is a significant gap between ESG data needs and the ESG data available. We need good data on firms' carbon footprint, historical carbon emission trends, and compliance with their respective transition targets. We also need data on the climate-related risks their physical assets are vulnerable to. But the ESG data acquisition process is often manual, tedious and costly. ESG data verification is at a nascent stage. This impacts the credibility of reporting. FinTech can be a key enabler in addressing these ESG data challenges. 5/8  BIS - Central bankers' speeches  Data acquisition. FinTech firms are offering solutions that connect directly via Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) to sustainability projects, such as waste management systems, to retrieve relevant environmental and energy consumption data more efficiently and directly. Data provenance. Distributed ledger technology is being explored to address the issue of verifiability and traceability in data. Data for reporting. FinTech firms are offering automated reporting tools while staying agile to adapt to various reporting standards. For example, Matter Analytics offers reporting solutions that help asset managers and banks automatically generate customised and comprehensive impact reports for their clients. FinTechs are providing financial institutions with good data and analytics to evaluate and compare ESG performance. For example, Intensel uses artificial intelligence to examine and monitor climate data and satellite imagery to identify financial risks related to climate change.