Lowering the barriers to entering the financial sector, the free circulation of information and fiercer competition have also brought financial markets closer to a situation of pure and perfect competition, which is beneficial to all consumers. Last but not least, the growth of market financing has allowed savings to be channelled directly into investment. Reducing the share of bank financing, and consequently that of money creation, has enabled a less inflationary financing of the economy. Thus increased, monetary stability has produced tangible and positive effects and contributed decisively to a strong and sustainable growth of the world economy. Thus, these developments have resulted in increased monetary stability and a more efficient allocation of resources. However, while globalisation and financial integration have decisively contributed to improving overall economic efficiency, experience also suggests that financial cycles may have tended to amplify relative to business cycles over recent years. In particular, financial markets have experienced in some circumstances somewhat erratic developments. The rapid emergence of the "new economy" bubble in 1999 and early 2000 – followed by a series of sharp corrections – illustrated the potential of markets for providing funding to the real economy (particularly to the most innovative sectors); but it also demonstrated the tendency of markets to over-react, moving from excessive optimism to disproportionate pessimism, with the ensuing negative consequences for the behaviour of firms and households. As a result, financial authorities have been confronted with boom-bust episodes which must be carefully monitored, since they could affect global monetary and financial stability.

The COVID-19 pandemic and recent developments in Ukraine, events that successively hit sharply the equilibrium state in each field of life worldwide, including economy and finances, trigger challenges to: managers of public finances; families and personal finances; as well, to everybody. This “New reality” for the 21st century has shocked financial markets and the increasing geopolitical tensions are continuing to generate consequences that may vary from relatively contained to very serious ones. Nowadays, almost the entire global economy is facing unexpected shocks, which have driven to hard and complex crisis. After a two-year pandemic period and the extraordinary measures undertaken by governments and financial authorities, the war in Ukraine has caused a new shock. These events, coupled with the implemented sanctions, have hit the global production, supply chain and public confidence, driving to an immediate effect in the upsurge of commodities 1/3  BIS central bankers' speeches  prices, like oil, petrol and food. It caused a chain of consequences, leading to an immediate and strong increase of inflation in worldwide economies, including the Albanian economy as well. To this end, they will impact the direct and indirect economic and financial equilibriums which demand for time and crucial interventions from authorities. In response, policy makers, governments and central banks across the world have already activated a set of measures for mitigating the impact of these successive and robust shocks on the economy.