Germany has nothing like the same skew, with the cartogram and map little different.10 A key focus of work among economic geographers is the importance of agglomeration effects – that is, increasing returns to economic scale at the spatial level.11 If those effects are powerful, and if workers are one of their most important sources, we would expect cartograms to have similar properties when looked at by population, income (per head) and wealth (per household). More should not only be merrier but wealthier. 6  For example, Case and Deaton (2017). For example, Viscek, Shlesinger and Matsushita (1994). McCann (2016), Centre for Cities (2019), What Works Centre for Local Economic Growth (2018). 9 See Dougenik, Chrisman and Niemeyer (1985). 10 Put differently, the correlation between geographic area size and population in the UK is in fact slightly negative (-0.05) while it is relatively high and positive (0.7) in Germany. 11 Viladecans-Marsal (2004) and Rosenthal and Strange (2003), example. 7 8  4  All speeches are available online at www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches  4  Chart 1a: Map (LHS) and cartogram (RHS) of population in the UK  5  All speeches are available online at www.bankofengland.co.uk/speeches  5  Chart 1b: Map (LHS) and cartogram (RHS) of population in Germany  Sources: Eurostat and Bank calculations. Notes: Charts show population in 2018 for NUTS 1 regions. Cartograms resized by population. As Charts 2 and 3 show, broadly-speaking that is the case. The income per head cartogram suggests a shrunken North and a swollen South.

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