samchain/econo-pairs-v1 huggingface dataset:
This includes properly designed incentive structures that must reflect risk outcomes. Financial institutions are also required to regularly review their risk management methodologies and processes to account for the changing business environment. This aims to ensure that risk management does not become something one does to check off a box on a list and then forgets about. A second notable observation has been the broader focus of risk management. While financial risks remain a key focus of risk management practices, risks from reputational, human capital and environmental concerns can have equally significant repercussions for a firm’s business. Recovering from reputational damage is a hugely expensive endeavour, takes a long time, and success is often not assured. We have observed in our own work that where institutions take a broader view of risk management in these areas, conversations around the role of risk management at the senior management and board levels are more likely to shift beyond avoiding losses, to enhancing strategic opportunities for improving the institution’s competitive position. This itself can have a mutually reinforcing effect of directing more resources towards risk management and creating better synergies between business and risk functions. While more firms are acknowledging the importance of reputational, human capital and environmental risks, actions however have generally not measured up. Many companies still have weak succession plans in place and remain vulnerable to key-man risks.

In the long run, we will need to rebalance our economy away from domestic spending and towards exports, to reduce our trade deficit, to repay our debts, and to raise the rate of national saving and investment. So you are probably puzzled by the fact that we seem to be doing exactly the opposite of that today. Almost four years ago now, I called this the “paradox of policy” – policy measures that are desirable in the short term appear diametrically opposite to those needed in the long term. Although we cannot avoid the long-term adjustment to our economy, we can try to slow the pace of the adjustment in order to limit the immediate damage to output and employment. Loose monetary policy today will eventually give way to a tighter stance of policy as the economy recovers. In confronting the paradox of policy, the Bank has had to show some of the same fleetness of foot and ability to feint as my Cambridge contemporary, Gerald Davies. So let me try to explain this evening what monetary policy can do and what it can’t. BIS central bankers’ speeches  1  In doing this I am not going to pretend that I shall be entertaining. But these are serious times and you deserve a serious explanation of what we at the Bank can do and what we can’t, or shouldn’t. Let me start with what monetary policy can do. When banks extend loans to their customers, they create money by crediting their customers’ accounts.
This cannot go on for ever, and if there is a sudden turnaround it could have substantial negative effects on the real economy. This applies in particular if a situation were to arise where house prices fall and households’ net wealth shrinks. Once households have reached a situation where they consider that they need to consolidate their balance sheets by reducing their debts, it is difficult to break off this process with the aid of monetary policy. This can be clearly seen in the United States right now, for instance. I do not believe in a wait-and-see strategy that could mean that the repo rate needs to be raised even faster further ahead. A slightly higher interest rate now could make households begin to adjust and contribute to a more subdued development. To me, this is a wellbalanced monetary policy. This is fairly self-evident, but let me nevertheless emphasise: My aim is of course as always to try to attain the Riksbank’s objectives – that inflation and inflation expectations should be firmly anchored around the target and that developments in the real economy should be stable. But to achieve this, I would like to take into account risks that I perceive exist and to put them in a slightly longer perspective than the usual forecast horizon – as I currently see good reason to do this.

The second main focus of the Allsopp review is the stark imbalance between the coverage, timeliness and quality of statistics on the services sector relative to those on manufacturing. Suppose you were interested in studying the economic behaviour of the UK textiles industry - which accounts for around one-third of one percent of UK output. The good news is there’s plenty of coverage in the national accounts, although you have some decisions to make. Are you interested in clothing, or carpets and rugs? And if clothing, are you interested in knitted and crocheted garments…or work wear…or outerwear?…or indeed underwear? Each of these has its own data set: the array of sub-categories is truly impressive. However, suppose instead that you were interested in the retail sector, and wanted to know, for example, how much the large supermarket chains have contributed to GDP in recent years, or what inroads they have made into the non-food market. No dice. Although the retail sector nowadays accounts for over 5% of UK output - so it is nearly 20 times the size of the textiles industry - more detailed data are not produced for the UK national accounts. The need for better service sector statistics goes well beyond any interest we might have in detail for its own sake. In the UK, early estimates of GDP rely heavily on measuring output. Since the service sector accounts for more than 70% of UK output, the quality of early GDP estimates is inextricably linked to the quality of service sector statistics.
The second contract involves the client purchasing the commodity acquired by the bank on a deferred payment basis and agreeing to a payment schedule. The second type of financing is financial leasing or Ijara, with terms similar to those offered by other leasing companies. Participation banks currently constitute only a small part of the Turkish banking sector, accounting for 3.7 percent, 4.2 percent, and 5.2 percent of total banking sector assets, deposits, and loans, respectively, at the end of 2008. However, they have been expanding rapidly in recent years. The share of participation banks’ assets in total banking sector rose from 1.9 percent in end-2002 to 3.7 percent in end-2008. They have provided finance to mainly small and medium size dynamic firms. At present, participation banks are regulated according to the same standards as conventional banks. Accordingly, they are regulated and supervised by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency. Distinguished Guests, While Islamic finance is well settled as a mode of operation, with already living examples, there is no consensus view on the role of Islamic finance on price and financial stability. On the financial stability side, although there has been a wide consensus that the establishment of a powerful regulation and supervision system is vital to resume financial stability, there are contradictory views on the support of the Islamic financial institutions to financial stability. On the other hand, the role of Islamic finance on price stability has not been fully covered by the recent empirical studies.

Ladies and Gentlemen, In the Turkish context, the Islamic finance practices are embodied in a uniquely defined compartment of the banking system. These banks are called as the “participation banks” in Turkey and they constitute an integral part of the Turkish banking system. There are four Islamic banks categorized as participation banks, and 45 conventional banks in Turkey as of  BIS Review 124/2009  1  September 2009. It is crucial to highlight that the participation banks are not considered as an alternative to the conventional banks. While they are functioning similar to deposit banks, their fund collecting and lending processes differ significantly. Participation banks are authorized by the Turkish Banking Act to collect funds from the public under the “profit and loss participation accounts” and the “special current accounts”. The profit and loss participation accounts are essentially a version of the Islamic financial instrument, where the bank utilizes the funds deposited by account holders to fund specific business activities. Any profits earned are shared between the account holder and the bank, in proportion to an agreed ratio. Participation banks in Turkey mainly offer two types of lending. The first type of financing is Murabaha, which is a transaction consisting of two sales contracts. The first contract involves a bank client requesting the bank to undertake a Murabaha transaction and promising to buy the commodity specified by him or her if the bank acquires that commodity.
Developments in technology, both to enhance resilience of existing payments and to innovate in new forms of payments, are important to support the Bank in advancing its objectives. This is equally true for physical and electronic payments. In my previous role as Chief Cashier, I led our work to issue banknotes printed on polymer. We harnessed innovative technology both in the security features selected, and in introducing a tactile feature on the new £ polymer banknote to help blind and vision impaired people identify our notes. This meant we exploited technology to produce banknotes which are not only secure, but inclusive. And now we are assessing how we can embrace diverse technologies through RTGS Renewal. Although the Bank has concluded that Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is not yet sufficiently mature to provide the core for the next generation of RTGS, we still place a high priority on ensuring the new service is capable of interfacing with DLT. In summer 2018 we ran a Proof of Concept12 with four firms to develop payment arrangements using innovative technologies. Importantly, the results demonstrated that participants using such technologies could connect to and settle in RTGS. This has informed our thinking on how RTGS could support settlement in a more diverse range of systems, and provided broader insight into the range of functionality the Bank might need to offer to support this sector.

This will bring significant and long term benefits for a wide range of firms. In particular, the Bank and Pay.UK will introduce a Common Credit Message across CHAPS, Bacs and FPS which will bring message harmonisation for the UK’s main interbank payment systems and compatibility with the emerging international consensus. We will provide improved user functionality in the new RTGS service and build a flexible infrastructure capable of adapting easily to new and changing requirements, enabling us to respond to continued innovation from new fintech firms as well as established players. Improved functionality will include read and write APIs and richer payment and liquidity data. In 2017 we brought the operation of CHAPS into the Bank to strengthen end-to-end risk management and to enhance the safety and security of the £ of payments that flow through CHAPS on an average day. We are increasingly able to draw on the diverse set of tools and expertise available within the Bank, e.g. cyber security skills, to support CHAPS. We are starting to reshape the requirements that apply to CHAPS direct participants, reflecting the expanding range of participants: up from 14 in 1987 to 34 today. CHAPS access criteria and requirements already accommodate a wider range of participants than five years ago – including three Financial Market Infrastructures and one non-bank payment service provider.
I just came back from a trip to Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, which are part of the New York Fed’s district. The overwhelming feedback I received from community leaders there was how useful they found our research reports for thinking about how to strengthen their local economy. An example closer to home is the work we do looking at the credit behavior of households at the zip code level. Analysis from the New York Fed is used by Financial Empowerment Centers across New York City to support people on low and middle incomes get out of financial trouble and build a credit profile. It also acts as a barometer for the success of programs, which helps practitioners learn which interventions are most effective. 2/4  BIS central bankers' speeches  Convene As well as connecting people with research and data, we play an important role creating spaces where different stakeholders convene, discuss the challenges and opportunities facing their communities, and share best practices. This is where our workforce development program comes in, and it’s an area where Federal Reserve Banks from across the country have been collaborating to share knowledge among key stakeholders. The work we’re doing bringing together schools and local employers is also in this vein. We owe it to young people to ensure that their investments in education pay off and that there’s a job at the end of all their hard work and study.

Alex Brazier: Nurturing resilience to the financial cycle Speech by Mr Alex Brazier, Executive Director for Financial Stability Strategy and Risk of the Bank of England, at the Property Investor’s Banquet, London, 19 October 2015. *  *  *  I am grateful to Martin Arrowsmith, Oliver Burrows, Neil Crosby, Kishore Kamath, Magda Rutkowska and Robert Sturrock for their assistance in preparing these remarks. My Lord Mayor, Lady Mayoress, Ladies and Gentlemen. It is a great honour to join you this evening. It’s clear why you are celebrating. A crane-filled skyline to the City. New office space completion in Central London: a ten-year high; More than thirty schemes underway: a twenty-year high; And transactions that are near a record high. Half of them financed by capital attracted from overseas. Commercial property is punching well above its weight in attracting capital to Britain. Those capital inflows are helping to sustain steady growth while our major trading partners lag behind. So your industry is contributing to the livelihoods of people up and down the country. But while that’s true in the good times, it’s true in the bad times too: when commercial real estate catches a cold, the whole economy starts to shiver. It’s not just that the construction industry suffers and jobs are lost, or that banks are injured, impairing their lending to the rest of the economy. It’s that small businesses see their own property fall in value – assets that are vital to secure their borrowing.
In the last HCSF communiqué in December 2015, for example, we indicated, on the subject of the property market, that “the price adjustment in the residential market since 2012 appears appropriate, whereas commercial real estate prices remain high”. We are ready, when needed, to take action with macroprudential measures, to prevent and mitigate any systemic risks that might arise. Monetary policy is thus doing a great deal to counter weak inflation and support economic activity – it is our duty and we will continue to do so with steadfast resolve: we are consistent in our objective, ready to act with the right instruments, and alert to any possible risks. However, I would also like to stress that “monetary policy cannot be the only game in town”. Other economic policies also have a role to play. This is precisely what the members of the G20 reiterated in Shanghai on 27 February: “Monetary policies will continue to support economic activity and ensure price stability, consistent with central banks’ mandates, but monetary policy alone cannot lead to balanced growth”. Where there is sufficient margin to do so, fiscal policy must support demand – this is not currently the case in France, but it is in other countries in Europe. Moreover, structural reforms remain absolutely vital in France, to encourage creations of jobs and of businesses and thus bring the economy back to full potential. Our country can’t wait any longer; its unemployed, its young people – such as yourselves – can’t wait any longer.

11.07.2022  Welcoming remarks to the conference on econometric methods and empirical analysis of microdata in honour of Manuel Arellano Pablo Hernández de Cos Governor  Good morning, and welcome to this conference on econometric methods and empirical analysis of microdata in honour of Manuel Arellano, one of our country’s leading economists and a key figure in the field of econometrics at international level. Let me take this opportunity to, once again, congratulate professor Arellano on all his important achievements. We are indeed very honoured at the Banco the España to have Manuel with us at the CEMFI. In his recent acceptance speech at the award ceremony of the King of Spain’s Prize for Economics, Manuel Arellano argued that a nation without good administrative data is like a hospital system without access to advanced magnetic resonance equipment. I couldn’t agree more with this comparison. To have an accurate diagnosis of the problems of an economy it is crucial to be able to observe economic reality in sufficient detail. And, the analysis of an economy in high resolution is possible thanks to the empirical analysis of data, of microdata in particular, using, of course, the appropriate econometric methods. Indeed, in recent decades, the analysis of microdata has revolutionised research in the social sciences1 and policy evaluation. The availability of granular data, together with the development of innovative econometric methods, has radically changed the way researchers approach and understand social issues.
Unlike inflation targeting, should inflation temporarily fall below 2% for any reason, the central bank will have to ensure that it rises above 2% in the future so that the price level returns to its target path. This strategy forces the central bank to correct in the future any past inflation deviation from the value consistent with the price-level target. 7  See Chapter 3 of the Banco de España's Annual Report 2018 for a detailed discussion of make-up strategies. 9  A less radical strategy, but kindred in spirit, is that known as average inflation targeting. In this case, the central bank targets average inflation running at its target rate over a given period. Unlike traditional inflation targeting, it includes a component for making up for past deviations, but only over a specific period of time. This contrasts with price-level targeting, where all past deviations should be compensated for, regardless of how long ago they occurred. One characteristic of these make-up strategies is their symmetry, understood as the central bank’s commitment to react equally to both undershooting — which, as we have seen, are the really problematic deviations in the current context — and overshooting. In other words, after a period of above-target inflation the central bank would have to reduce inflation below the target, which would require depressing economic activity and employment. Given that such a commitment may not be entirely credible, it has recently been proposed that such strategies be temporary.

Faced with this situation, the digital euro could be a vehicle for retaining the option whereby citizens have access to the central bank’s safe money and avoiding the risks that would arise from total dependence on private means of payment. However, before launching a digital euro we must resolve many questions. Only thus will we be in a position to respond to the challenges and react swiftly where necessary. For one thing, we have to acquire practical experience regarding the possibilities technology offers for the operational design of this digital euro. Within the Eurosystem we must consider, among other matters, what the most appropriate technology would be, how we should shape it to ensure maximum resilience and how we would have to involve the private sector in the provision of the digital euro. Purely technical issues aside, we must further analyse the macroeconomic and financial consequences of a digital euro in the different scenarios identified, as there are basic aspects regarding the potential impact of the digital euro on the economy that would have to be clarified before taking a decision on issuing it. By way of example, I would highlight the need to minimise the adverse impact that potential banking disintermediation would have on financial stability, or the possible effects of the digital euro on situations of financial instability. These aspects probably require an additional analytical push to ensure that these unwanted secondary effects can be avoided.
In his February 10 testimony, Chairman Bernanke described a possible approach for managing the size of the balance sheet. In particular, he indicated that he does not currently anticipate that the Fed will sell any of its asset holdings until the economic recovery is more firmly established and policy tightening has gotten underway. Until that time, the portfolio would shrink only through asset redemptions. Chairman Bernanke noted that the Fed’s holdings of agency debt and MBS are being allowed to roll off the balance sheet, without reinvestment, as those securities mature or are prepaid, and that the FOMC may choose to redeem some of its holdings of Treasury securities in the future, as well. With this approach, the FOMC would be shrinking its balance sheet in a gradual and passive manner. That, in my view, is a crucial message for the markets. It should limit any reversal of the portfolio balance effects described earlier, effectively putting reductions in asset holdings in the background for now as a policy instrument. As long as this approach is maintained, it would leave the adjustment of short-term interest rates as the more active policy instrument – the one that would carry the bulk of the work in tightening financial conditions when appropriate. This approach is cautious in several dimensions. First, a decision to shrink the balance sheet more aggressively could be disruptive to market functioning.

Zamani Abdul Ghani: Malaysia – seizing the opportunity to evolve Opening remarks by Mr Zamani Abdul Ghani, Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Malaysia, at the Seminar on Financing for Overseas Project, Kuala Lumpur, 14 January 2010. *  *  *  I am pleased to be invited today to officiate this Seminar on Financing for Overseas Project. On behalf of Bank Negara Malaysia, I wish to thank and congratulate the EXIM Bank, the ICD and the CIDB for their efforts in organizing this important and invaluable Seminar. The continuous collaboration among Malaysian private and public related organizations with the IDB and its related organizations demonstrate the solidarity of the Muslim Ummah and the community at large towards achieving a strong and sustainable economic development. This also reflects the growing importance of cross border trade and investment among the OIC member countries. We, at Bank Negara Malaysia, are pleased to note that over 200 participants from more than 100 companies in Malaysia are participating in this Seminar. Today’s Seminar which brings together participants in the related industries, not only provide information on the business opportunities abroad, but also serves as an excellent platform to establish new networking links as well as sharing of innovative ideas and invaluable experiences. Malaysia has always accorded and will continue to accord a high priority on enhancing collaboration with the OIC member countries towards fostering intra-OIC trade and investment. Realizing the large business opportunities in the OIC countries, Malaysia entered into an MoU with the IDB in 2004.