samchain/econo-pairs-v1 huggingface dataset:
It first seems reasonable to me to avoid, in this matter and at this stage, any Treaty change. We could keep the 3% deficit target, which is a useful anchor, and even the 60% debt target. But the rule of a 1/20 annual linear adjustment towards the latter target has become unrealistic because it is too strict, especially for highly indebted countries. And, instead of the structural deficit which no one really understands, or even knows how to calculate accurately we could set a ceiling on the growth rate of public spending as an operational target. At constant tax rates, this amounts to much the same thing in economic terms, and was the main thrust of the reform put forward in 2019 by the European Budget Committee (EBC) chaired by Niels Thygesen. These rules should not simply be seen as a constraint imposed by Brussels, but should be widely internalised, 'taken up' in our French budgetary debate, as they are in our national interest. 2. Adding a European stabilisation and investment capacity Allow me to imagine a successful exit from the forthcoming tough European and Franco-German - negotiations: the southern European countries - including France - accept domestic rules for fiscal discipline; the northern countries including Germany - accept a European fiscal capacity.

For the path of the Swedish economy in the coming years, no other single factor is therefore anything like as important as the total wage trend. The picture of the negotiations that are now beginning is mixed and tensions do exist. Since the previous survey in September, all the interviewed groups’ expectations of the annual wage rise have been revised upwards for all time horizons. Wage expectations are highest among the employee organisations. Moreover, the wage demands that have been presented are higher than before the previous round of negotiations. It is evidently becoming more difficult to find people with the appropriate competence for the jobs that are advertised. This presumably makes the risk of future wage drift greater than in previous years. All this could be a sign that we are approaching a situation where, bit by bit, aggregate wage costs in the Swedish economy start to accelerate, albeit from moderate levels. •  When it comes to judging inflationary pressure in the coming years, a central concept is total resource utilisation. The available amount of unutilised resources is crucial for the domestic generation of inflationary pressure, at least as long as inflation expectations are parked around our 2% target. In the coming years it is highly probable that, for the first time in a long while, our estimates of total resource utilisation - the output gap - will show that the gap has closed and the economy has reached or even moved above the capacity ceiling.
And that, of course, my Lord Mayor includes the holders of your high office over so many years - and it includes the City Corporation. We at the Bank have enjoyed tremendous moral and practical - not to mention gastronomical - support in all our efforts to promote the reputation and prosperity of the City, and I hope that you may feel that we have been equally supportive of initiatives that you have taken to the same end. From my perspective it’s been a very warm and constructive relationship which I have no doubt will continue. You, Gavyn, have certainly contributed to that relationship during your period in office and I am grateful to you for that. But more than that you have maintained the finest traditions of the Mayoralty in the lead that you have given to the City. You have taken on an exhausting - and in this case I really mean exhausting - program - both at home and around the world in promotion of our interests and you have still found time, with the Lady Mayoress, to entertain us right royally this evening. We are all most grateful to you. So to you all - as I make the transition from Who’s Who? To Who’s He? - I say thank you and farewell until we meet again - as I very much hope we will if ever Vanessa and I manage to tear ourselves away from Cornwall.

This means that movements in the Libor that are not in line with the SNB’s monetary policy objectives have to be countered with a change in repo rates. Thus, over the course of the turbulence, we consistently offset changes in Libor risk premia with changes in the repo rate, as shown in chart 4. For this reason, the Libor remained in the middle of the target band during the whole episode. The Swiss franc Libor was much more stable during the turmoil than the Libor for other currencies. This simply means that we were able to protect the Swiss economy from part of the crisis-induced increase in risk premia. Libor criticised Recently, some market observers have questioned the information value of the Libor. The Libor for all major currencies is fixed daily in London by the British Bankers Association  2  BIS Review 80/2008  (BBA) on the basis of a survey of top-rated international banks. Critics argued that some banks would report unduly low Libor rates, in an effort to talk up their creditworthiness. Others claimed that the rates were too high because the panel of reporting banks was not sufficiently representative. These criticisms almost exclusively concerned the dollar Libor. The BBA has found no evidence of a systematic distortion of the Libor, and has announced that it is leaving the fixing method for the Libor unchanged. However, it will strengthen governance of the Libor fixing process, especially the monitoring of individual banks’ reports.
Another area important for Islamic finance is the investment in research and development (R&D). The promotion of international strategic alliances through smart partnerships can create greater synergy that will bring about new approaches, new technologies and new areas of specialization. Such collaborative efforts amongst Islamic financial institutions would strengthen the ability to leverage on the industry's expertise. The introduction of innovative Islamic financial products in a specific jurisdictions can be expanded to other jurisdictions, which in turn, will contribute to broaden and deepen Islamic financial markets and thus strengthen the overall development of the Islamic financial industry. In addition, collaboration between academic researchers and the practitioners will enable the practical application of such research findings. In the area of education and training in Islamic finance, there is now a critical shortage of talent in the Islamic financial industry. Collaboration between training institutions is vital to developing the pool of expertise in Islamic finance that subscribes to common standards. Establishing a network of mutual co-operation and collaboration would strengthen the efforts among the institutions of higher learning across regions in the areas of curriculum development, research, training, exchange of ideas and information, and resources in Islamic finance. Such partnerships in connecting the knowledge communities between regions would facilitate this process. In the area of Shariah, the progressive convergence of Shariah views and rulings, the mutual recognition of financial standards and products across jurisdictions would be major driver towards greater international financial integration.

18.05.2022  Welcoming remarks Pathways to Gender Equality in Central Banks Margarita Delgado Deputy Governor  Dear ladies and gentlemen, I feel very honored to participate in the opening of this conference co-organized with the International Economic Association, Banco de la República and Banco de España. The development of initiatives, such as this one that gives visibility to issues related to gender diversity, are key to finding solutions to the waste of talent that involves not taking this diversity into account, consequently putting economic growth at risk and depriving economies of opportunities to develop. Ensuring diversity and, in particular, gender balance, must be a priority in our organizations and, with this commitment, we work at the Banco de España, where we have made significant progress in recent years. By the end of 2021, 51% of our total staff were females, and it is noteworthy that, in one decade (since 2012), that proportion has increased in nearly 10 percentage points. More than 4 years ago, in April 2018, Banco de España joined Bank Al Maghrib, the central bank of Morocco, to organize the first international meeting between international central banks with the aim of studying and fostering female leadership in central banks.
Prasarn Trairatvorakul: Unleash prosperity through regional connectivity Address by Dr Prasarn Trairatvorakul, Governor of the Bank of Thailand, at the “AEC+3 Summit and Expo”, jointly sponsored by Kasikornbank, the International Trade Promotion Department, the Board of Investment and The Economist magazine, Bangkok, 2 November 2014. *  *  *  Chairman Banthoon, Distinguished Guests, Ladies and Gentlemen, 1. First of all, I would like to thank Kasikornbank for inviting me to speak here at the AEC+3 Summit. This event comes at an opportune time in light of the excitement surrounding the ASEAN Economic Community. 2. As single entities, the countries of ASEAN are characterized by their diverse size and development. As a unified bloc, however, the picture changes dramatically: ASEAN is the world’s third in terms of population and the world’s fifth in terms of trade and investment flows. Being the world’s most diverse economic region is also a key strength which has hurled ASEAN into an important player in the global supply chain. 3. Much has been achieved already, yet much more is still within our reaches. But to reach our potentials, we need to enhance on connectivity, not only within ASEAN but also with our Plus Three partner countries. It is on this theme of connectivity that I will focus this evening: I will first provide a snapshot of what has been achieved under ASEAN financial connectivity.

I hope that these reports will be interesting reading and thank you for having me here today. 6  BIS central bankers’ speeches  BIS central bankers’ speeches  7  8  BIS central bankers’ speeches  BIS central bankers’ speeches  9  10  BIS central bankers’ speeches  BIS central bankers’ speeches  11  12  BIS central bankers’ speeches  BIS central bankers’ speeches  13  14  BIS central bankers’ speeches
The first criterion states that the interest rate should be set with a view to stabilising inflation at target or bringing it back to target after a deviation has occurred. The specific time horizon for stabilising inflation at target will depend on the disturbances to which the economy is exposed and their duration. The second criterion states that the interest rate path should provide a reasonable balance between the path for inflation and the path for overall capacity utilisation in the economy, i.e. that the inflation targeting regime is flexible. Flexible inflation targeting builds a bridge between the long-term objective of monetary policy, which is to provide an anchor for expectations of low and stable inflation, and the objective of stability in the economy. The third criterion states that monetary policy should be robust and should seek to mitigate the risk of a build-up of financial imbalances. The criterion is an expression of the lack of a complete understanding of how the economy functions or the shocks to which the economy may be exposed. The consideration of robustness can therefore be interpreted as a form of insurance against adverse outcomes. Norges Bank does not have independent objectives for asset price inflation or debt growth. However, by mitigating the risk of financial imbalances, we may also achieve more stable developments in inflation, output and employment over time. In the case of conflicting objectives, the choice of interest rate path will involve a trade-off between different considerations.

Øystein Olsen: The conduct of monetary policy Introductory statement by Mr Øystein Olsen, Governor of Norges Bank (Central Bank of Norway), at the hearing before the Standing Committee on Finance and Economic Affairs of the Storting (Norwegian parliament), Oslo, 21 May 2013. *  *  *  Please note that the text below may differ from the actual presentation. I would like to thank the Chairman of the Committee and thank you for this opportunity to report on the conduct of monetary policy in connection with the Storting’s deliberations on the Government’s Financial Markets Report. My statement here today is based on the Bank’s Annual Report, but also on the Executive Board’s assessments for the period to the most recent monetary policy meeting and new information. When I was here last year, the key policy rate had been reduced by 0.25 percentage point to 1.5 percent in March. The key policy rate has since been kept unchanged. The key policy rate is low because inflation is low and because external interest rates are at very low levels. The year 2012 was characterised by weak growth among Norway’s trading partners and turbulence in financial markets. Uncertainty about global economic developments, particularly in Europe, was high. Key rates in many countries were close to zero, and both the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve announced that key rates would be kept low for a long period. Economic developments in many advanced economies remained weak into 2013.
It is our task to ensure that the temporary effects remain temporary and do not become entrenched. Do we only focus on inflation? Another question that has arisen in the recent debate is to what extent the Riksbank should take production and employment into consideration. Let me first say that when it comes to the relation between low and stable inflation and good growth, one does not exclude the other. The actual purpose of the inflation target is to provide the conditions for good economic growth that is sustainable in the long term. Furthermore, the Riksbank shall also give some consideration to developments in production and employment in the individual interest rate decisions, as long as it appears possible to attain the inflation target. Monetary policy is flexible. We are no “inflation nutters” as my British colleague Mervyn King has put it. The Riksbank cannot stabilise inflation at 2 per cent all of the time. Sudden increases in oil, food, clothing or any other kind of prices can push up inflation. Our interest rate policy is then designed so that inflation can be expected to be back on target within a couple of years, not next week. The fact that it may take some time before inflation is back at 2 per cent provides some scope to take into account production and employment. The Riksbank thus has some scope to give consideration to developments in economic activity. This is something we actually do.

It's hard now to imagine that we had no formal banking supervision at all in this country until about twenty years ago. But for the most part such regulation today does not tell us what we can and cannot do, rather it sets the criteria that we must meet, and the behavioural standards we are expected to observe, in doing whatever it is that we choose to do. It leaves much more room for both consumer and producer choice, including producers from overseas, and much more room, and more incentive, therefore for competition and innovation. And, in that less prescriptive, more permissive, environment, the new technologies have brought about massive changes in traded instruments, in the way in which markets operate and are organised and in payments, settlements and delivery arrangements and so on, which, while not without occasional problems, have overwhelmingly on balance brought massive benefits in terms of market efficiency. In reflecting on this whole process in the UK, there are a number of characteristics of the general approach that I think have been important. The first relates to the extent to which it was market-driven. No attempt was made as far as I am aware - certainly not by the Bank - to tell market players what they should do individually or in organising themselves collectively.
Indeed, the perverse dynamics are as follows: high interest rate differentials induce capital inflows to arbitrage those differences; then policymakers strive to avoid the appreciation, which in general is thought to be transitory, since the sustainability of exchange rate management is limited; the incentives for inflows increase as not only the interest rate differential is large, but also the expectations of appreciation; finally, the appreciation takes place, which validates the expectations of arbitrageurs. This process goes for a while and may be accommodated gradually or ended by a sudden stop. In this process there are “excess” inflows and “excess appreciation”, and the issue is how to avoid those excesses. According to the simple dynamics I have just described a first line of defense to avoid excess fluctuations of capital flows is to maintain exchange rate flexibility. This prevents investors from speculating against an authority that will be defending the parity only transitorily. Moreover, by introducing volatility it increases the risks of a one sided bet on the exchange rate. An inflation commitment may also help to stabilize flows. As I discussed before, massive inflows that appreciate the currencies will result in a loosening of monetary policy that should reduce the incentives for carry trade. In contrast, if capital inflows generate a boom of activity, without inflationary consequences due to the appreciation of the currency, there could be the temptation to tighten monetary policy, aggravating the problem of massive inflows. To control expenditure without increasing pressures on the exchange rate, fiscal policy should help.

4  BIS Review 113/2009  To begin this discussion, I should emphasize that capital inflows to capital-scarce economies are a good thing. We know that capital flows to institutionally strong economies are beneficial (Prasad et al., 2002). Therefore, the role of policy is not to impede capital flows, but to avoid the creation of a bubble in domestic assets with consequences on resource allocation. 5 In this regard, to have in place sound prudential regulation during periods of abundance of capital is essential for financial stability, as we are reminded by the crisis in Chile in the early 1980s, the Mexican crisis of the mid-1990s, the Asian crisis, and more recently, the crisis in Eastern Europe. Even if one could accept that monetary tightening could be an appropriate response to combat an asset price bubble such as the recent housing price bubble, with all the caveats I discussed before, the problem is more acute in small open economies. Tightening monetary policy may have perverse effects, since it induces further capital inflows and strengthens the currency. In this case, the interest rate is not the most adequate instrument with which to burst the bubble.
Norman T L Chan: Symposium on Financial Stability – opening remarks Opening remarks by Mr Norman T L Chan, Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, at the HKMA Financial Stability Symposium, Hong Kong, 30 May 2013. *  *  *  Good Morning Ladies and Gentlemen, 1. Welcome to the HKMA Financial Stability Symposium. The Symposium marks the 20th Anniversary of the HKMA, which is a very young central banking institution comparing with its peers. It is very timely and appropriate for the HKMA to convene this Symposium on Financial Stability because Hong Kong, like many of our Asian neighbours, have learnt from our own bitter experience in the few years after 1997 just how painful and devastating financial crisis can become. So it is clearly our common wish to do what we can to reduce the risks of financial crisis recurring or at least mitigate the damage that it can cause to the financial system and the economy when it occurs. 2. In this connection, it may perhaps be useful to look back and observe how the mainstream thinking on financial stability have changed or evolved since the time when the HKMA was set up in 1993. I would list a couple of key issues below: (i)  there was the belief that financial crises would only occur in the developing economies because they had weak financial institutions and poor regulatory regimes. Advanced economies would be immune as they had mature financial institutions and robust regulatory systems.

With a clear view of the important role that insurers have in serving and supporting the economy, there is every potential for this to be realised. 4  BIS central bankers’ speeches
Monetary and financial stability The global financial system has developed at an unprecedented pace in the last two or three decades. During this time, many countries have undergone significant processes of financial liberalisation that have contributed to deeper and wider markets, in terms of both the number of participants and the assets traded on them. In the international sphere, financial liberalisation has led to a growing number of countries gaining access to global capital markets and to a stepping up of the economic and financial links among different regions. Technological progress has also played an important role. The ability of market participants to obtain and process vast amounts of information almost instantaneously and to conduct complex transactions at low cost has grown enormously. In short, all these changes have significantly increased the possibilities for risk-sharing among economic agents. And, as such, there is ample consensus that this process of financial deepening brings tangible benefits for businesses, households and governments alike. There is little doubt either that this phenomenon will continue its course over the foreseeable future. In parallel to the changes on the financial landscape, we have also witnessed a remarkable performance by our monetary policy frameworks in terms of attaining and maintaining low and stable inflation, with noticeable effects on economic welfare. I believe that those achievements are largely permanent. I further consider that, as stressed by Alan Blinder in the introduction to his insightful paper, the debate over some of the core principles for sound monetary policy practice seems to be resolved for now.

Here I would like to make also four points. 2.1 Stress testing is an important tool in our supervisory toolkit in Europe In Europe, the EU-wide stress test is mainly a micro prudential exercise whose main objective is the identification of risks for both supervisors and banks. For European supervisors, it has become a concrete support to the Supervisory Review and Evaluation Process (also known as SREP in Europe) and to the assessment of capital planning. For banks, it should complement and challenge their internal capital adequacy assessment process (ICAAP). In a more heterogeneous market than in the US and given the micro prudential nature of the exercise, the EU stress test framework has been instrumental to establishing a level playing field across banks with a constrained methodology while at the same time taking into account the specificities of some business models with a bottom-up approach allowing supervisory dialogue. 2.2 EU-wide stress tests have helped improving market confidence in the EU banking sector’s resilience EU-wide stress tests have gradually and consistently improved market confidence in the EU banking sector’s resilience. This year, an EU-wide stress test was conducted on large European banks. Starting from an already deteriorated macroeconomic environment at the end of year 2020, the exercise confronted banks with a very severe adverse scenario, which envisioned a protracted GDP contraction in a low interest rates environment.