The synchronized recession which ensued has made it even more urgent not only to ensure that our financial systems are resilient and able to absorb external shocks but that sufficient attention and resources are also available for achieving the financial inclusion agenda. We are now entering a period of improved international economic and financial conditions. However, even in times of economic stability, financial inclusion is a demanding endeavour. Firstly, the outreach needs to be comprehensive to include the low income and underserved segments, given that that they are generally geographically dispersed and have low levels of financial literacy. Secondly, micro finance institutions need to generate sufficient sustainable returns to cover the high costs involved in providing such services and the lack of potential for economies of scale so as to remain viable. Thirdly, such financial institutions also face the challenges of obtaining sustainable and competitive funding. Recognising the challenges in addressing these issues to achieve financial inclusion, this programme, which started more than two years ago, is an outcome of a proposal I made at the Langkawi Commonwealth Partnership for Technology Management (CPTM) Heads of Government meeting in 2007, which discussed the subject of poverty eradication through human capital development. The purpose of the Financial Inclusion Advisers programme was to provide practitioners and regulators in the area of financial inclusion with practical ideas via the sharing of knowledge and experiences on developing institutional structures, creating an enabling environment and enhancing financial literacy.

This guideline provided the definition of the features of basic savings and basic current accounts that had to be made available by the commercial banking institutions. This was aimed at ensuring that all segments of society had access to basic deposit and transaction services at a reasonable cost. Further, a framework for microfinance was also formulated to enable the provision of micro financing by financial institutions to micro enterprises. Micro financing rates are not capped to allow for it to be commensurate with the higher administrative costs involved in providing such services to micro borrowers. This is to allow financial institutions to remain viable and to remain sustainable. Third, a diverse set of delivery channels have been introduced to ensure widespread access to financial services. The Central € branching policy has encouraged financial institutions to establish an extensive branch network across the country to ensure widespread physical access to financial services. In 2008, there were 9 bank branches per 1,000 square kilometres and 24 ATMs per 1,000 square kilometres in Malaysia. In comparison, the global median is 7 bank branches per 1,000 square kilometres and 15 ATMs per 1,000 square kilometres respectively. Financial institutions are also encouraged to apply technology to further enhance the delivery of financial services. The increased usage of internet and mobile banking has also accelerated the migration to electronic payments and has widened the access of financial services in the more remote areas. Fourth, is the enhanced financial literacy and consumer protection.