It is the nature of the leadership that is exercised at the international level, and the actions initiated, that will determine the effectiveness and relevance of the role of the international financial institutions in the global economy. In Asia, significant progress has been made at the regional level in strengthening the underlying economic structures and fundamentals. The economies in Asia continue to be among the fastest growing in the world, and thus contributing to the rebalancing of global growth and stability. In addition to promoting domestic sources of growth, economies in Asia have also enhanced regional economic and financial cooperation, including measures to strengthen regional surveillance and financial support mechanisms, and to deepen the regional capital market. The greater economic and financial integration in Asia has been a mutually reinforcing force in strengthening growth in the regional economies. Intra-regional trade and investment flows in Asia have continued to increase significantly in recent years. Progress has also been made in the further deregulation and liberalisation of the economic and financial sector, thereby increasing the potential for the Asian economies to contribute to global growth and stability. Malaysia's own performance has been favourable, with continued steady growth being experienced. The Malaysian economy has continued to shift to new areas of comparative advantage, to new areas of growth, with the private sector being the main driver of growth. Resources have continued to shift towards the services sector, towards strengthening linkages in the manufacturing sector, and to the resource-based industries and the agricultural sector.

Nothing will replace an appropriate carbon price. Second, we are acting in the very name of our mandate: our consideration for climate change is neither an abuse of our mission, nor a mere militant conviction, and we will act with the same technical credibility and professionalism as we do in our traditional domains. I. Not “too much”: what it is our duty to do In a somewhat “proliferating” environment, let me suggest some clarification, with a two-dimensional quadrant. The vertical axis – the most obvious one – relates to our missions as supervisors and includes both climate-related risks for financial institutions and opportunities – linked to green finance. The horizontal axis relates to our missions as central bankers and includes responsible investment of our nonmonetary portfolio and monetary policy. For many central banks, implementing responsible investment strategies has numerous benefits: central banks can then practice what they preach as supervisors, protect their own balance sheets and contribute to financing the green economy. Since 2019, the Banque de France has been the first Eurosystem central bank to publish a yearly dedicated reportii on our responsible investment policy. And we turn our words into action: the Banque de France is completely exiting coal by 2024. As regards green finance, climate change creates opportunities for investors: the expected transition to a lower-carbon economy is estimated to require around $ trillion of investments a year. I will now focus on the top right of the quadrant: climate-related risks of financial institutions and the greening of monetary policy.