Resilience needs to be further improved for three reasons: First, the big banks’ loss potential relative to their capitalisation continues to be substantial. Second, while the Swiss big banks’ risk-weighted capital ratios are above the average for large globally active banks, the same cannot yet be said for their leverage ratios. Third, it can be expected that regulatory developments at both international and national level will result in increased capital requirements. 1 The Swiss big banks should prepare for these developments. RWA problem identified, but not yet resolved In the capital regulation of banks, risk-weighted assets (RWA) play a key role. As mentioned in previous Financial Stability Reports, both markets’ and authorities’ confidence in RWA calculated using banks’ internal models has steadily declined. A number of studies have shown that, in some instances, model-based RWA do not properly reflect a bank’s economic risks.2 As a consequence, capital ratios calculated using model-based RWA may overstate the true level of resilience. 1  Based on the review of the Swiss “too big to fail” regulations by the group of experts on the further development of the financial market strategy (Brunetti group of experts), the Federal Council has instructed the Federal Department of Finance to prepare legal adjustments, which primarily concern more stringent capital requirements. Cf. media release of the Federal Council, 18 February 2015. 2  For instance, international studies have revealed significant differences in RWA between banks using the model-based approach.

These have been complemented with initiatives to deepen the bond and equity markets, resulting in a more diversified financial infrastructure. Another priority area has been the development of the Islamic financial system as a viable component of the financial system. With more than two decades experience in developing Islamic finance, Malaysia today has a comprehensive Islamic financial system with all the core components of banking, takaful and the money and capital markets, and supported by a strong legal and supervisory framework. The assets mobilised by the Islamic banking sector have increased significantly to account for about 10% of the total assets of the banking system. In the Islamic capital market, outstanding Islamic bonds amounted to about 45% of the total outstanding bonds. As our domestic financial system develops and strengthens, Malaysia has gradually moved towards a more deregulated and liberalised environment. In the regulation of the banking institutions, a balance will be made between promoting competition and innovation, and maintaining prudence and stability. Regulations will continuously be reviewed to provide greater operational flexibility for banking institutions without compromising prudential objectives. The introduction of the new interest rate framework reflects the move to promote more efficient pricing in the banking system. As progress is achieved in enhancing the capacity and capability of domestic institutions, the financial sector will continue to be gradually liberalised. Moving forward, further deregulation will be undertaken to simplify and liberalise regulations and administrative rules for businesses.