diff --git "a/dev/dev/simple_wiki.dev" "b/dev/dev/simple_wiki.dev" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/dev/dev/simple_wiki.dev" @@ -0,0 +1,60000 @@ +Bocas del Toro (meaning "Mouths of the Bull") is a province of Panama. The province is in the northwestern part of the country, bordering Costa Rica. The provincial capital is the city of Bocas del Toro on Colón Island. +History. +Christopher Columbus, looking for a way to the Pacific Ocean during its fourth voyage to the Americas, visited this region in 1502 and named the island known now as Colón Island as "Isla del Drago" (the Dragon's Island). +During colonial times, Bocas del Toro was part of the Veraguas province. When the country was part of Colombia, the government made the district of Bocas del Toro in 1834. In 1850, Bocas del Toro became part of Chiriquí but later was made part of the Colón province. +On 16 November 1903, Bocas del Toro was separated from the Colón province and became one province. In 1941, it was divided in two districts, Bocas del Toro and Crimamola. In 1970, the district of Bocas del Toro became the district of Changuinola, the Bastimentos district was eliminated and three new districts were created. +The limits of the districts were changed in 1997 when the Ngäbe-Buglé "comarca" was created. +Location. +The Bocas del Toro province borders the Caribbean Sea to the north, Limón Province of Costa Rica to the west, Chiriquí Province to the south, and Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca to the east. The Sixaola river forms part of the border with Costa Rica. +Geography. +Bocas del Toro province has an area of . The province includes the Bocas del Toro Archipelago, a group of islands in the Caribbean Sea; the main islands of the archipelago are: +Protected areas. +The national parks in the province are "Isla Bastimentos National Marine Park" (), which contains most of Bastimentos islands and some smaller nearby islands, and "La Amistad International Park" (), which spans the Costa Rica–Panama border. Bocas del Toro contains most of the Panamanian section of the park, which covers . The Costa Rican section of the park covers . +Demographics. +The people of the province are known as "Bocatoreños" (women:"Bocatoreñas"). +The Bocas del Toro province had a population, in 2010, of 125,461, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. +Evolution of the population in Bocas del Toro province +Administrative divisions. +The Bocas del Toro province is divided in four districts, which are divided into 30 "corregimientos". The new district of Almirante was created on 8 June 2015 with territory of the Changuinola district. +Economy. +The main economic activity in the mainland of the province is farming, with plantain as the main commercial crop. In the islands, the main activities are fishing and tourism. + += = = Marta Becket = = = +Marta Becket (August 9, 1924 – January 30, 2017) was an dancer, choreographer and painter. She was born in New York City. She performed for more than 40 years at her own theater, the Amargosa Opera House in Death Valley Junction, California. She retired in 2012. +The 2000 documentary movie about Becket's life, "Amargosa" won a 2003 Emmy Award for cinematographer Curt Apduhan, in addition to the movie's numerous festival awards and nominations. +Becket died on January 30, 2017 at her home in Death Valley Junction, California from congestive heart failure, aged 92. + += = = James S. C. Chao = = = +James Si-Cheng Chao (; born December 29, 1927) is a Chinese-American businessman and philanthropist. His daughter, Elaine, previously served as the 18th United States Secretary of Transportation. +Career. +He is the founder of the Foremost Group, a New York-based shipping, trading, and finance enterprise. The James S.C. Chao Scholarship is named after him. Active philanthropists, Chao and his wife, Ruth Mulan Chu, established the Mulan Foundation in 1984 to provide scholarships to help students in the U.S. and China access higher education. +Chao has served for more than a decade as Chairman of both the Chiao-Tung University Alumni Association in America and the Chiao-Tung University Alumni Foundation of America from 1988 to 1999. +Personal life. +Chao married Ruth Mulan Chu in 1951. Chu died in 2007 from lymphoma. They had six children. They immigrated to the United States in 1961. He now lives in New York City. + += = = John Wetton = = = +John Kenneth Wetton (12 June 1949 – 31 January 2017) was a British singer-songwriter and bass guitarist. He was born in Willington, Derbyshire. He rose to fame with bands Mogul Thrash, Family, King Crimson, Roxy Music/Bryan Ferry, Uriah Heep, and Wishbone Ash. He was known for playing the bass guitar. +Wetton died in his sleep at his home in Bournemouth, Dorset on 31 January 2017 from colon cancer. He was 67. He was survived by his wife, Lisa and son, Dylan. + += = = Philip M. Bilden = = = +Philip Michael Bilden (born 1964) is an American business leader. He is a private equity pioneer in Asia. Bilden is also a national security and cybersecurity advocate, and philanthropist. +Bilden was nominated to serve as the 76th Secretary of the Navy by President Donald Trump on January 25, 2017. He withdrew his nomination on February 26, 2017. + += = = James Comey = = = +James Brien "Jim" Comey, Jr. (born December 14, 1960) is an American lawyer. He was the 7th Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from September 4, 2013 until May 9, 2017 when he was fired by President Donald Trump. +Comey was the U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of New York from January 2002 to December 2003, and later, the United States Deputy Attorney General, from December 2003 to August 2005. As Deputy Attorney General, Comey was the second-highest-ranking official in the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), and ran its day-to-day operations. +Early life. +Comey was born in Yonkers, New York. He grew up in Allendale, New Jersey. He graduated from the College of William and Mary in 1982, majoring in chemistry and religion and later from the University of Chicago with a Juris Doctor. +Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (2013–2017). +In September 2013, Comey was appointed Director of the FBI by President Barack Obama. +Investigation on Hillary Clinton and 2016 election. +Comey was responsible for overseeing the FBI's investigation of the Hillary Clinton email controversy. His role in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, particularly with regard to his public communications, was highly controversial. His decisions have been regarded by many analysts, including Nate Silver of FiveThirtyEight, to have likely cost Clinton the election. +Dismissal. +Comey was fired by President Donald Trump on May 9, 2017 reportedly days after Comey asked increased funding from the Justice Department for the FBI's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The Justice Department called the "New York Times" report that Comey asked for more funding "totally false". In a statement by the White House, they released a statement saying that "removing Comey will help bring the Russia investigation to end" quickly and rapidly, and that it would be ended soon. +Personal life. +Comey and his wife Patrice Failor are the parents of five children. He was raised in a Roman Catholic household. +Comey was a member of the Republican Party until 2016 when he announced that he was an Independent. + += = = E. Ahamed = = = +E. Ahamed (29 April 1938 – 1 February 2017) was an Indian politician. He served as Minister of State for External Affairs in the Manmohan Singh government from 2004 through 2014. He represented the Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency of Kerala and is the National President of the Indian Union Muslim League (IUML) from 2009 until his death in 2017. He was born in Malappuram, Kerala. +Ahamed died at the age of 78 at a hospital in Delhi, India after suffering from cardiac arrest during President Pranab Mukherjee's address to the parliament. + += = = Filostrato (poem) = = = +Filostrato is a poem by 14th-century Italian poet Giovanni Boccaccio. It tells about Troilo's love for Criseyda. The historical importance comes from two reasons. One reason is that it is one of the first long poems written in ottava rima. The second is that it was a source for Geoffrey Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde". Ottava rima is a strophe built of eight lines and rhymed abababcc. +Boccaccio's poem was based on "Roman de Troie" by Benôit de Sainte Maure, "Historia troiana" by Guido delle Colonne, a similar story by Binduccio dello Scelto and "Historia Troiae" by Filippo Ceppi. + += = = Concha Ibáñez = = = +Concha Ibáñez Escobar, also, Conxa Ibáñez (26 March 1926 – 22 December 2022) is a Catalan painter and writer. She is known as a landscape artist. She has painted scenes in Catalonia, Castile, Andalusia, the Balearic Islands, the Canary Islands, Venice, Greece, Maghreb, Cuba, New York City. +Her illustrations in oil or engraving accompanied the works of the writers Baltasar Porcel, Miquel de Palol, Marta Pessarrodona, Cesareo Rodriguez-Aguilera and Josep Maria Carandell. +Ibáñez was born in Canet de Mar, Catalonia. She died on 22 December 2022, at the age of 93. + += = = Etel Adnan = = = +Etel Adnan (24 February 1925 – 14 November 2021) was a Lebanese-American Feminist writer, poet, essayist, and visual artist. +Honors. +In 2003, Adnan was named "arguably the most celebrated and accomplished Arab American author writing today" by the academic journal "MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States". +Legacy. +Besides her literary works, Adnan worked on visual works in a variety of media, such as oil paintings, movies and tapestries, which have been exhibited at galleries across the world. +Personal life. +She lived in Paris and Sausalito, California. Adnan openly identifies as lesbian. +Adnan died in Paris on 14 November 2021, at the age of 96. + += = = Grethe Bartram = = = +Maren Margrethe Thomsen, known as Maren Margrethe "Grethe" Bartram and "Thora" (23 February 1924 – ) was a Danish war criminal. +She was known for informing on at least 53 people from the Danish resistance movement during the Second World War. It resulted in the early communist resistance groups being dismantled and many of their members being sent to concentration camps. Bartram informed on her brother, husband and close friends. +Bartram was given the death penalty after the war but was later pardoned and the sentence was changed to life in prison. In 1956 she was released and moved to Halland in Sweden where she lived under her married name. +Bartram's was announced on 31 January 2017. She had died at her home in Halland, aged 92. + += = = Neil Gorsuch = = = +Neil McGill Gorsuch (born August 29, 1967) is an American judge and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since taking office on April 10, 2017. Before, he served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit from August 8, 2006 through April 9, 2017. +On January 31, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Gorsuch to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, to fill the seat left vacant after the death of Justice Antonin Scalia. On April 3, the Senate Judiciary committee approved his nomination with a 11-9 vote. On April 7, 2017, the Senate confirmed Gorsuch's nomination to the Supreme Court with a bipartisan 54–45 affirmative vote with three Democratic Senators joining all of the Republican Senators. He was sworn in on April 10, 2017. +Early life. +Gorsuch was born in Denver, Colorado. His mother, Anne Gorsuch Burford, served as head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency during the Ronald Reagan administration from 1981 through 1983. +Gorsuch graduated from the Georgetown Preparatory School and received a B.A. from Columbia University (where he was the founder and first chief editor of alternative newspaper "The Fed" and won a Truman Scholarship). He earned his J.D. from Harvard Law School and Doctorate of Legal Philosophy from Oxford University. +Early career. +Before joining the Tenth Circuit, Gorsuch had been a Deputy Associate Attorney General at the U.S. Department of Justice since 2005. From 1995–2005, Gorsuch was in private practice with the law firm of Kellogg, Huber, Hansen, Todd, Evans & Figel. +United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (2006–2017). +Gorsuch was nominated by President George W. Bush on May 10, 2006 to replace Judge David M. Ebel, who took Senior status in 2006. Gorsuch was confirmed by voice vote by the U.S. Senate on July 20, 2006. Gorsuch was Bush's fifth appointment to the Tenth Circuit. He resigned on April 9, 2017 to serve in the Supreme Court. +Associate Justice to the Supreme Court (2017–present). +Nomination. +In September 2016, during the U.S. presidential election, then-candidate Donald Trump included Gorsuch in a list of 21 current judges whom Trump would think about nominating to the Supreme Court if elected. +In January 2017, after President Trump was elected, some unnamed Trump advisers listed Gorsuch in a shorter list of eight of those names, who they said were the leading contenders to be nominated to replace the seat vacated by the late Justice Antonin Scalia. +On January 31, 2017, President Trump announced his nomination of Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. Trump formally transmitted the nomination to the Senate on February 1, 2017. +Hearings and vote. +On April 3, the Senate Judiciary committee approved his nomination with a 11-9 vote. On April 6, 2017, Democrats filibustered (prevented cloture) the confirmation vote of Gorsuch, after which the Senate Republicans invoked the "nuclear option" and removed the option of a filibuster for Supreme Court nominees. On April 7, 2017, the Senate confirmed Gorsuch's nomination to the Supreme Court with a bipartisan 54–45 affirmative vote with three Democratic Senators joining all of the Republican Senators. +Swearing in. +Gorsuch was sworn into office on Monday, April 10, 2017, in two ceremonies. The Chief Justice of the United States John G. Roberts administered the first oath of office in a private ceremony at 9:00 a.m. at the Supreme Court. At 11:00 a.m., Justice Anthony Kennedy administered the second oath of office in a public ceremony at the White House. +Personal life. +Gorsuch and his wife, Louise, have two daughters, Emma (born 1999) and Belinda (born 2001). They live in Boulder, Colorado. + += = = Frank Pellegrino (actor) = = = +Frank Joseph Pellegrino (May 19, 1944 – January 31, 2017) was an American actor, restaurateur and writer. He was best known for his roles in "Goodfellas", "Law & Order" and "The Sopranos". He was the co-owner of the restaurant Rao's in New York City. He also wrote cookbooks. +Pellegrino was born in the East Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. His son, Frank "Frankie" Pellegrino Jr., was also a restaurateur. +Pellegrino died from lung cancer on January 31, 2017 in Manhattan. He was 72. + += = = David Burhani = = = +David Burhani (17 November 1990 – 30 January 2017) was a Tanzanian footballer. He played as a goalkeeper for Prisons, Mbeya City, Maji Maji and Kagera Sugar of the Tanzanian Premier League. +Burhani died on 30 January 2017 in Mwanza at the age of 26. + += = = Side chain = = = +A side chain in organic chemistry is a chemical group. It is attached to the molecule's "main chain" or backbone. A side chain is also known as a pendant chain. +Alkyl (saturated hydrocarbon) group side chains are represented by the placeholder R. Other non-carbon groups can be represented by X, Y, or Z. + += = = John N. Mather = = = +John Norman Mather (June 9, 1942 – January 28, 2017) was an American mathematician. He was known for his work on singularity theory and Hamiltonian mechanics. He worked at Princeton University. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He studied at Princeton and Harvard University. +Mather died on January 28, 2017 in Princeton, New Jersey at the age of 74. + += = = Bharati Mukherjee = = = +Bharati Mukherjee (July 27, 1940 – January 28, 2017) was an American writer. She was a professor in the department of English at the University of California, Berkeley. She was known for her books about the experiences of being an immigrant. She was well known for her book "Jasmine" (1989). +Mukherjee was born in Calcutta, West Bengal, India. She later studied in the U.S. and Canada. She was married to writer Clark Blaise. They had two children. +Mukherjee died from problems caused by rheumatoid arthritis and takotsubo cardiomyopathy on January 28, 2017 in Manhattan. She was 76. + += = = Eli Zelkha = = = +Elias "Eli" Zelkha (May 4, 1950 – January 8, 2017) was an Iranian-American entrepreneur, venture capitalist and professor. He was the inventor of ambient intelligence, an idea from computer science to create an environment of machines that meaningfully interact with people. He studied at Colgate University and Stanford University. +Zelkha was born in Tehran, Iran and he was of Jewish faith. He was married to Alice and had three children. +Zelkha died on January 8, 2017 in Woodside, California at the age of 66. + += = = Tabor = = = +Tabor or tabret () refers to a portable snare drum played with one hand. The word "tabor" is simply an English variant of a Latin word meaning "drum" It has been used in the military as a marching instrument. It has also been used in parades. + += = = Queenstown, New Zealand = = = +Queenstown () is a resort town in Otago in the south-west of New Zealand's South Island. It has a population of 13 200 (2015). The town is built around an inlet called Queenstown Bay on Lake Wakatipu. It has spectacular views of nearby mountains. These include The Remarkables, Cecil Peak, Walter Peak, Ben Lomond and Queenstown Hill. It was named after Queen Victoria. + += = = Sandy Gandhi = = = +Sandy Gandhi (born Sandra Aranha; 28 January 1958 – 1 February 2017) was an Australian comedian and columnist. She was based in Byron Bay, New South Wales. She called herself "Australia's Most Easterly Indian". She was best known for her stand-up comedy based on an Indian character she acted as. She was also an entertainment editor for "The Echo". She appeared on "Australia's Got Talent". +Gandhi was born in New Delhi, India. She grew up in Bangalore and Melbourne. +Gandhi died on 1 February 2017 in Byron Bay at the age of 59. + += = = Deke Leonard = = = +Roger "Deke" Leonard (18 December 1944 – 31 January 2017) was a British rock guitarist. He began his career in the 1960s. He was best known a member of the bands Man and Iceberg. He was born in Llanelli, south Wales. +Leonard died on 31 January 2017 at the age of 72. + += = = Rhondda = = = +Rhondda or Rhondda Valley is a former coal mining community in Wales. The area is actually two valleys: the larger Rhondda Fawr valley (mawr large) and the smaller Rhondda Fach valley (bach small). The singular term 'Rhondda Valley' and the plural 'Rhondda Valleys' are both commonly used. +Rhondda Fawr. +The larger of the two valleys, the Rhondda Fawr, extends from Porth and rises through the valley until it reaches Blaenrhondda, near Treherbert. The villages that make up the Rhondda Fawr are: +Rhondda Fach. +The Rhondda Fach is the smaller of the two valleys. Villages include Wattstown, Ynyshir, Pontygwaith, Ferndale, Tylorstown and Maerdy. The settlements that make up the Rhondda Fach are as follows: + += = = Porth = = = +Porth is a village in the Rhondda Valleys, Wales. Porth is at the joint of the Rhondda Fawr and Rhondda Fach, Porth sees itself as the capital of the Rhondda. +History. +On 11 April 1877 the Tynewydd Colliery was the scene of a mine disaster that led to a mine rescue operation following which four first-class and twenty-one second-class Albert Medals for Lifesaving were awarded. A build-up of water in old Cymmer Colliery resulted in flooding of the Tynewydd mine. Only fourteen of 100 miners employed at the mine were working underground at the time of the accident. Four of the trapped miners were rescued after eighteen hours. +The nearby village of Dinas Was the site of the first coal mine in the Rhonddda. +Transport. +From Porth you can travel by bus to places such as Cardiff, Treochy, Pontypridd, Porth has a train station in Hannah Street. +Schools. +There are schools in Porth. Porth Infants for 3-6 yrs old. Porth Juniors for 6-11 yrs old. Porth County Community School for 11-18 yrs old (opened in 1973).Michael Sheen (the Welsh actor) visited PCCS in May 2009. + += = = Cymmer, Rhondda Cynon Taf = = = +Cymmer is a village in the Rhondda Valley Wales. Cymmer is in the lower Rhondda Valley about half way between Treorchy and Pontypridd. +History. +Cymmer, which is now seen as a part of Porth takes its name from the old Welsh word that describes a spot where two rivers of the same name join. +Before coal mining, not many people lived in Cymmer. Cymmer was one of the first villages within the Rhondda Valley. The Lewis colliery had many examples of the pithead gear in South Wales Rhondda Heritage Park now has the only pithead gear in the Rhondda. In 1847 George Insole opened his first mine in Cymmer. In 1855 he opened a second pit in Cymmer near the old pit. +The Cymmer Mining Explosion 1856. +Tuesday 15th July 1856 at the Old Pit in Cymmer, there was an explosion which was Britain’s largest mining accident at that time. One hundred and sixty men and boys lowered down the shaft to begin their shift when the explosion took place. 114 people were killed. The explosion was caused by miners carrying open flames which lit pockets of gas. +Important Buildings in Cymmer. +Cymmer chapel The earliest independent Chapel in the Rhondda appointed its first Minister in 1752. Little is known of its earlier history although it is known to have been made in 1740. +St John Church is in a prominent position on the hillside above the earlier settlement of Cymmer centred round the Cymmer Chapel. +Transport. +Cymmer is on the A4119 road half a mile from its junction with the A4058 road. + += = = Ynyshir = = = +Ynyshir is a village in Rhondda, Wales which neighbours Porth. Its name means "Long Meadow" or "Long Island". +History. +Before the 18th century only a few farms were found in Ynyshir. In 1845 the first deep coal mine was made in the village, it was the first coal mine to be opened in the Rhondda Fach valley. Ynyshir was part of the British coal empire. +Ynyshir village began along the west side of the Rhondda Fach river on the land owned by Ynyshir farm, later followed by the building of houses east of the river on land owned by Maendy and Penrhiw farms. By 1900 much of the village which you can see today was in place. +In 1841 the Taff Vale Railway reached the next village, Dinas and with the train this meant the owners of the coal mines could send their coal across South Wales. +Important Buildings. +Ynyshir was home to several chapels/churches, namely Ainon Chapel (Welsh Baptist), Bethany Chapel (English Baptist), Moriah Chapel (Calvinistic Methodist), St Anne's (Church in Wales), Saron Chapel (Welsh Independent), Ynyshir Welsh Wesleyan Methodist Chapel, Bethel Chapel (Welsh Baptist), Penuel Chapel (English Independent), Tabernacle Chapel (Congregational Methodist) and Ynyshir English Wesleyan Methodist Chapel. +Education. +In 1882, the first boys school was made. Then, a girls and infants school was made in 1903. In 2009 the new modern £5.5 million Ynyshir Community Primary School located on Llanwonno Road was opened; this was to replace the previous Ynyshir Junior School and later in 2010 also replaced the old Ynyshir Infants School off Gynor Place. The first head teacher of the school was Miss Morgan and the present head teacher is Miss Phillips. +Transport. +Ynyshir has bus links. The nearest city is Cardiff. Ynyshir has no train stations. The closest train station is Porth. Ynyshir's main A road is the A4223 that was built in 2005. + += = = Trealaw = = = +Trealaw is a village in the Rhondda, South Wales. + += = = Klootschieten = = = +Klootschieten ("Ball shooting" in English) is a sport played in the Netherlands and Frisia, Lower Saxony, Germany. In the game, players try to throw a ball (called a kloot) as far as they can. One version is played on frozen fields during the winter. A heavier ball is used when played on streets. A third version is played while standing still. The game is often played by teams of from three to five players. Two teams play at a time. Each team acts as the other's jury. + += = = German Americans = = = +German Americans is a ethnic group of American citizens of German ancestry. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2013 there were 46 million Americans who claimed some German ancestry. In parts of the Northern United States they outnumber any other ethnic groups. In Wisconsin, for example, 41% of the population is German-American. They are the largest ethnic group in the United States. +There are also Germans Americans of Danube Swabians Background + += = = Étienne Tshisekedi = = = +Étienne Tshisekedi wa Mulumba (14 December 1921 – 1 February 2017) was a Congolese politician. He was the leader of the Union for Democracy and Social Progress (UDPS). He served as the Prime Minister of Zaire three times: in 1991, 1992–1993 and 1997. He was born in Kabeya Kamwanga, Belgian Congo. +Tshisekedi died from a pulmonary embolism on 1 February 2017 in Brussels, Belgium at the age of 95. + += = = Paul-Eerik Rummo = = = +Paul-Eerik Rummo (born 1942) is an Estonian politician and poet. He was born in Tallinn. His father, Paul-Eerik Rummo, was a writer. He studied philology at Tallin University. He worked as literary critic for some theatres. He was a secretary of Estonian Writers Society from 1987 to 1989. In 1994 he joined Estonian Reform Party. He became a member of parliament. The he was a minister of culture in cabinet of Mart Laar. He published many books of poetry, for example "Ankruhiivaja" ("Anchor Heaver", 1962). + += = = Dan Spiegle = = = +Dan Spiegle (December 12, 1920 – January 28, 2017) was an American comic book and cartoon artist. He was born in Cosmopolis, Washington. He was best known for comics based on movie and television characters from a group of companies including Dell Comics, DC Comics and Marvel Comics. He was known for illustrating the Jonah Hex and Scooby-Doo comic books. +Spiegle died on January 28, 2017 at the age of 96. + += = = Guitar Gable = = = +Gabriel Perrodin (August 17, 1937 – January 28, 2017), known as Guitar Gable, was an American Louisiana blues, swamp blues and swamp pop singer-songwriter and musician. He was best known for recording the original version of "This Should Go On Forever", and his part in the vibrant swamp blues and pop scene in Louisiana in the 1950s and early 1960s. +Gable died in hospital at Opelousas, Louisiana, on January 28, 2017, aged 79. + += = = Aleksander Jackowski = = = +Aleksander Jackowski (19 January 1920 – 1 January 2017) was a Polish cultural anthropologist, ethnographer, and art critic. He worked at the University of Warsaw until his death in 2017. +Early life. +Jackowski was born in Warsaw, Poland. During World War II, Jackowski was sent by the Soviet government to serve with the General Berling Army in Serbia. He returned to Warsaw in 1945 after the war ended. He graduated from a university in Warsaw. +Career. +Until 1948, he worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as the director of the Minister’s Cabinet managing the Press and Information Department. In 1948, he became the deputy editor in chief of the weekly “Odrodzenie” (Renascence). From the end of 1949, he was the Deputy Director and Head of the Department of Folk and Naïve Art at the Art Institute in the Polish Academy of Sciences. +In his later years, he worked as a professor and anthropology expert at the University of Warsaw until his death. +Death. +Jackowski died in Warsaw on 1 January 2017, aged 96. + += = = Air France Flight 358 = = = +On August 2, 2005, Air France Flight 358 was an Airbus A340 that overran the runway at Toronto Pearson International Airport, due to the pilots deploying the thrust reversers too slowly. Despite 12 people sustaining injuries, all 309 people on board the plane survived. +Aftermath. +Following the accident many flights departing from and arriving at Pearson were cancelled, and many other flights to Toronto Pearson were diverted to other Canadian airports such as Ottawa, London, Hamilton and Winnipeg. Many of the large aircraft were diverted to Montreal, as well as Syracuse, New York, and Buffalo, New York. Flights from Vancouver had to turn around. Around 540 flights were cancelled. + += = = Bobby Freeman = = = +Robert Thomas "Bobby" Freeman (June 13, 1940 – January 23, 2017) was an African-American soul and R&B singer-songwriter and record producer. He was best known for his two Top Ten hits, the first in 1958 on Josie Records called "Do You Want to Dance" and the second in 1964 for Autumn Records, "C'mon and Swim". +Freeman was born in Alameda County, California. He was raised in San Francisco, California. He studied at Mission High School. He began his career in 1956 when he was 16 years old. Bobby was well known and liked as a local figure in Richmond California in the early 60's. Freeman died in San Francisco, California on January 28, 2017, aged 76. + += = = Marcel Prud'homme = = = +Marcel Prud'homme (November 30, 1934 – January 25, 2017) was a Canadian politician. He was a member of the Senate of Canada for La Salle, Quebec from 1993 until his resignation in 2009. Before, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada from 1963 through 1993 for Saint-Denis. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. He served as a Liberal in the MP from 1963 through 1993 and as an Independent from 1993 until his death in 2017. +In 2007, he was awarded the Order of Friendship of Russia. +Prud'homme died in Ottawa, Ontario on January 25, 2017 from a heart attack, aged 82. + += = = Desmond Carrington = = = +Desmond Herbert Carrington (23 May 1926 – 1 February 2017) was a British actor and broadcaster. He was best known for his weekly evening show, "The Music Goes Round", on BBC Radio 2. His show went out on Sundays for 23 years from 1981 to 2004, when it moved to Tuesdays – then to Fridays. He retired in his final broadcast on 28 October 2016. He was known for playing Dr. Chris Anderson in the British soap opera "Emergency – Ward 10". He was born in Bromley, Kent. +Carrington died at his home in Perthshire, Scotland on 1 February 2017 from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 90. + += = = Ken Morrison = = = +Sir Kenneth Duncan "Ken" Morrison CBE (20 October 1931 – 1 February 2017) was an English businessman. He was the Life President and former chairman of Morrisons (Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC), the fourth largest supermarket group in the United Kingdom since 1956. +Morrison died on 1 February 2017 from a short-illness at his home in Myton-on-Swale, North Yorkshire, aged 85. + += = = Abdulkadir Kure = = = +Abdulkadir Kure (26 February 1956 – 8 January 2017) was a Nigerian politician. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He served as Governor of Niger State from 29 May 1999 to 29 May 2007. +Kure was born in Lapai, Niger State. He was married to Zainab Abdulkadir Kure. They had two daughters and four sons. +Kure died on 8 January 2017 in Germany at the age of 60. + += = = José Antonio Alonso = = = +José Antonio Alonso Suárez (28 March 1960 – 2 February 2017) was a Spanish politician and judge. He was a member of the Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He was the Minister of the Interior from 2004 to 2006 and the Minister of Defence from 2006 to 2008. He was born in León, León. +Alonso died from lung cancer on 2 February 2017 in Madrid. He was 56. + += = = Albano Bortoletto Cavallin = = = +Albano Bortoletto Cavallin (25 April 1930 – 1 February 2017) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Lapa, Paraná. +Bortoletto Cavallin became a priest in 1953. He served as the Bishop of Guarapuava from 1986 to 1992. He later served as the Archbishop of Londrina from 1992 until his retirement in 2006. +He died from surgical problems on 1 February 2017 in Londrina, Paraná. He was 86. + += = = Stig Grybe = = = +Stig Rudolf Grybe (18 July 1928 – 1 February 2017) was a Swedish actor and comedian. He was born in Stockholm. He was best known for his voice work and dubbing. He also appeared in original Swedish productions. He began his career in the 1940s. He appeared in 22 Swedish movies between 1947 and 2011. +Grybe died after a short illness on 1 February 2017 at the age of 88. + += = = Ramón Martínez Pérez = = = +Ramón Martínez Pérez (6 February 1929 – 6 January 2017), also known as Romaní, was a Spanish footballer. He played as a midfielder for Sevilla and Granada of La Liga. He also played for CD Málaga and made two appearances for the national team in 1952. +Martínez Pérez died on 6 January 2017 at the age of 87. + += = = Ahmed Aboutaleb = = = +Ahmed Aboutaleb, Arabic: ���� ��� ���� , (born August 29, 1961 in Beni Sidel) is a Dutch politician of Moroccan descent. He is a member of the Labour Party (PvdA) and the current mayor of Rotterdam. +Aboutaleb migrated to the Netherlands in 1976. He studied telecommunication and worked as a journalist and a civil servant. He was also director of Forum, an organisation aimed at multicultural issues. +From 2004 to 2007 he was an alderman of Amsterdam and from 2007 to 2008 deputy minister for social affairs and employment in the Fourth Balkenende cabinet. +Since January 2009 he has been mayor of Rotterdam. +Ahmed Aboutaleb is a Muslim, and married with four children. + += = = David Copperfield = = = +David Copperfield is a novel by Charles Dickens. Like his other novels, it first came out as a series in a magazine under the title "The Personal History, Adventures, Experience and Observation of David Copperfield the Younger of Blunderstone Rookery". +The story is told in the first person. Some of the greatest Dickens characters appear in the novel, such as the evil clerk "Uriah Heep". Other villains in David's life are his brutal stepfather, "Edward Murdstone", and "Mr. Creakle", the headmaster of the boarding school that Murdstone sends him to. +The evil characters are balanced by the good characters, such as "Peggotty" – the faithful servant of the Copperfield family and a lifelong companion to David. Others include David's aunt "Betsy Trotwood" and her friend "Mr. Dick". "Agnes Wickfield" is a close friend of David since childhood, and later becomes David's second wife and mother of their children. "Mr. Micawber" is a gentle and friendly man who goes to debtors' prison, but in the end makes a success as a sheep farmer in Australia. He is based on Dickens's own father. + += = = Dadou = = = +The Dadou is a river in southwestern France, right tributary of the Agout river. It flows through the Tarn department, in the Occitanie region. +Geography. +The Dadou river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of . +Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Montdragon in the Tarn department. +Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Montdragon (49 years) +Course. +The source of the Dadou is on the "Monts de Lacaune", in the southern Massif Central, in the "commune" of Saint-Salvi-de-Carcavès, Tarn department, at an altitude of about . +The Agout flows, in general, to the west through the Tarn department and 26 "communes". Some of the "communes" are Montdragon, Graulhet, Briatexte, Lacaze, Rayssac, Saint-Julien-du-Puy, Vénès, Saint-Genest-de-Contest, Le Masnau-Massuguiès, Saint-Salvi-de-Carcavès, Laboutarie, Lombers, Réalmont, Saint-Lieux-Lafenasse, Saint-Antonin-de-Lacalm, Le Travet, Teillet, Arifat, Mont-Roc, Paulinet, Giroussens, Saint-Jean-de-Rives, Ambres, Saint-Gauzens, Puybegon, Montredon-Labessonnié. +Finally, it flows, as a right tributary into the Agout river at Ambres, near Saint-Jean-de-Rives, in the Tarn department, at of altitude. +Main tributaries. +The main tributaries of the Dadou are: +Left tributaries: +Right tributaries: + += = = Oran = = = +Oran (Arabic: �����‎‎ - Wahrān, Berber: ������ - Wahren) is a city in western Algeria, on the coast. In 2010, about 853,000 people were living there. +It is the capital of Oran Province and was established in 903. +Oran is the second biggest city in Algeria after Algiers. It is well-known because of its business activities and culture. + += = = Boston accent = = = +The Boston accent is a local accent of Eastern New England English. It is spoken specifically in the city of Boston, its suburbs, and much of eastern Massachusetts. Eastern New England English also traditionally includes New Hampshire and Maine. The accent originated with the Puritans who came to the area from East Anglia in the 17th century. It was also influenced by 19th and 20th century immigrants from Ireland. This resulted in the distinct r-dropping (locally called "wicked natural") dialect found in modern costal Massachusetts. +Non-rhoticity. +The traditional Boston accent is non-rhotic, particularly in the early 1900s. Recent studies have shown that younger speakers tend to use more of a rhotic accent than older speakers from the Boston region. The Boston accent is pronounced with a “broad A”. The letter "r" is dropped only in certain words like 'car' and 'hard'. For example, a person might “pahk the cah in Hahvahd yahd.” +Lexicon. +Some words used in the Boston area are: + += = = Flag of Portland, Oregon = = = +The city flag of Portland, Oregon, consists of a green field on which is placed a white four-pointed star from which radiate blue stripes, each bordered by L-shaped yellow lines. Narrow white lines separate the blue and yellow elements from each other and from the green background. Officially the flag has a height of 3 feet and a length of 5 feet. +City ordinance 176874, adopted September 4, 2002, sets the design and what it means. Green stands for "the forests and our green City"; yellow for "agriculture and commerce"; blue for "our rivers". Portland is on the Willamette River near its joining with the Columbia River. City Ordinance 186794, adopted September 3, 2014, updated the proportions and the Pantone color specifications: White, PMS 279 (Blue); PMS 349 (Green); and PMS 1235 (Yellow). +The flag was designed in 1969 by a longtime Portland resident, graphic designer R. Douglas Lynch (1913–2009). The version of the flag adopted at that time included, over Lynch's objections, a dark blue canton containing the city seal in yellow and white; in 2002 Lynch and fellow members of the Portland Flag Association persuaded the city council to simplify the design to better reflect his original intent. + += = = Patria (novel) = = = +Patria is a Spanish dramatic novel written in 2016 by Fernando Aramburu. +The novel is set in a small rural village from Gipuzkoa, Basque Country where the ETA established their totalitarian regime. This situation affects two families that were friends in the past, but not in the present. +Summary. +On the day that ETA announces that it will abandon the armed struggle, Bittori visits the cemetery to tell the grave of her husband, El Txato, assassinated by the terrorists, that she has decided to return to the house where they lived. + += = = Princess Françoise, Mademoiselle d'Estouteville = = = +Princess Françoise of Monaco ("Marie Françoise Thérése"; 20 July 1728 – 20 June 1743) was a member of the House of Grimaldi and a daughter of the-then reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco. She was known as "Mademoiselle d'Estouteville". +Brief life. +Given the names "Marie Marie Françoise Thérése", she was the youngest daughter of the-then reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her consort Prince Jacques I of Monaco. She known as "Mademoiselle d'Estouteville" taken from one of her father's dukedoms. She never married and died as a result of smallpox in Paris. + += = = Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva = = = +Marisa Letícia Lula da Silva (née Casa; 7 April 1950 – 3 February 2017) was the second wife of President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. She served as the First Lady of Brazil from 2003 to 2010. She was born in São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo. She had four children, three of which were fathered by Lula. +Letícia died from a stroke on 3 February 2017 in São Paulo at the age of 66. + += = = Predrag Matvejević = = = +Predrag Matvejević (7 October 1932 – 2 February 2017) was a Bosnian Croatian writer and political activist. His book, "Mediterranean Breviary: A Cultural Landscape" (1987), was a bestseller in many European countries. It was also translated into more than 20 languages. He was born in Mostar. +Matvejević died on 2 February 2017 in Zagreb at the age of 84. + += = = Jeff Sauer = = = +Jeffrey "Jeff" Sauer (March 10, 1943 – February 2, 2017) was an American ice hockey player and coach. He was the head coach at the Colorado College from 1971 to 1982 and the University of Wisconsin from 1982 to 2002. He was born in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin. +Sauer died from pancreatic cancer on February 2, 2017 at the age of 73. + += = = Cor van der Hoeven = = = +Cornelius "Cor" van der Hoeven (12 May 1921 – 1 February 2017) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a midfielder for DWS and Ajax. He also made three appearances with the national team. He was born in Amsterdam. +Van der Hoeven died on 1 February 2017 in Amsterdam at the age of 95. + += = = Imljani = = = +Imljani (������), is a village in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Skender Vakuf Municipality. It consists of a few hamlets spreading on the Undervlašić's plateau, above the canyons of Ilomska and Ugar rivers. Actually, it covers the sub-plateau in the area of the angle between Korićanske stijene and Ugarske stijene ("Rocks of Ugar"). + += = = Marie Anne Éléonore de Bourbon = = = +Marie Anne Éléonore de Bourbon (Marie Anne Éléonore Gabrielle; 22 December 1690 – 30 August 1760) was a granddaughter of King Louis XIV and was a nun at the Abbey of Saint-Antoine-des-Champs. Baptised with the names "Marie Anne Gabrielle Éléonore", she signed as Marie Gabrielle Éléonore (see right). +Background. +Born at the Palace of Versailles the oldest daughter of Louis, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé, "Monsieur le duc" and his wife Louise Françoise de Bourbon As the result of her father, she had the rank of a Princess of the blood, which entitled her to the style of "Her/Your Serene Highness". A younger sister of hers was The Princess of Conti. In her youth she was known by both "Mademoiselle de Condé" and "Mademoiselle de Bourbon", being the oldest princess of the Condé branch of the House of Bourbon, and a brother of hers acted as Prime Minister of France during the reign of Louis XV +Nun. +On 6 May 1706 at the age of 16, she was made a nun at the Royal Abbey of Fontevraud in Anjou. She was later made the Abbess of Saint-Antoine-des-Champs in 1723 and was known as Madame de Bourbon. Saint-Antoine-des-Champs had been an abbey since the 13th century. +Later life. +As the result of being a nun, Marie Gabrielle Éléonore never married and had no children as a result. She died in the Parisian suburb of Villejuif and was buried at the Abbey of Saint-Antoine-des-Champs. + += = = Debra Baptist-Estrada = = = +Debra Baptist-Estrada is a port commander from Belize. In 2016 she received the International Women of Courage Award. +Work. +Estrada was Port Commander of Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport, the only international airport in Belize. For 20 years, she worked in the immigration department. In 2015 she helped U.S. officials to find a smuggling organization. The organization was smuggling drugs and people to the United States and Europe. Then she was transferred to the northern border of Belize. She worked as an immigration officer at the Santa Elena Border in Corozal. She continued to refuse bribes and enforce the immigration laws. + += = = Sara Hossain = = = +Sara Hossain is a lawyer from Bangladesh. In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award. +Life. +Hossain received a bachelor's degree from Oxford University in 1988, and a Barrister-at-Law degree from Middle Temple in 1989. She joined the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in 1992, working in the areas of constitutional law, public interest, and family law. +Work. +Hossain helped write the laws on violence against women. She also worked on court cases against fatwas by village courts, forced veiling of women, and non-medical test for virginity in sexual assault cases. + += = = Flash Airlines Flight 604 = = = +Flash Airlines Flight 604, a Boeing 737-300, was a flight from Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt, to Paris, France, via Cairo. On January 3, 2004 the plane crashed into the Red Sea just moments after take-off at Sharm El Sheikh International Airport. All 135 passengers and 13 crew members on-board the plane died. The cause of the crash remains disputed, but it was suggested to be spatial disorientation by the Captain. +The crash remains Egypt's deadliest air-disaster, until the bombing of Kogalymavia Flight 9268, with 224 deaths. The crash is also the worst crash of a Boeing 737-300. +The flight took off at 04:44 Eastern European Time (0244 GMT) from runway 22R at the Egyptian resort en route to Paris via Cairo. After taking off, the aircraft should have climbed and initiated a left turn to follow the air corridor to Cairo designated by the Sharm el-Sheikh VOR station. The captain appeared surprised when the autopilot was engaged, which he immediately switched off again. The copilot warned the captain that the bank angle was increasing. At a bank angle of 40 degrees to the right, the captain said "OK come out". +The ailerons were briefly returned to neutral before being commanded to increase the bank to the right, likely by the captain in a state of surprise. The aircraft reached an altitude of 5,460 feet (1,660 m) with a 50-degree bank when the copilot exclaimed "Overbank" repeatedly when the bank angle kept increasing. The bank angle was 111 degrees right, while the pitch attitude was 43 degrees nose down at an altitude of 3,470 feet (1,060 m). +The observer on the flight deck, also a pilot, but a trainee on this 737 variant, shouted "Retard power, retard power, retard power", to get the captain to pull the throttles back so that the aircraft stopped gaining speed. Both throttles were moved to idle; the captain appeared to regain control of the airplane. However the speed increased, activating the overspeed warning. +At 04:45, the aircraft impacted the water about 8.2 nautical miles (15.2 km) south of the airport. The impact occurred while the aircraft was in a 24 degree right bank, 24 degree nose-down attitude, travelling at 416 knots (770 km/h, 478 mph,) and pulling 3.9g (38 m/22). All 148 passengers and crew were lost. +Most of the passengers aboard the flight were French tourists from the Paris metropolitan area. A provisional passenger list, dated January 5 January 2004, stated that twelve entire French families had boarded the flight. + += = = Fatemeh Ekhtesari = = = +Fatemeh Ekhtesari (Farsi: ����� ������� )(born 1984 or 1985) is a poet from Iran. She is known for poems about Iranian women. +Fatemeh Ekhtesari was arrested with Mehdi Mousavi in 2013. They were put in solitary confinement and interrogated. In January 2015, they were released on bail. Ekhtesari received a prison sentence of 111⁄2 years and 99 lashes. +Ekhtesari's writing was approved by the Ministry of Islamic Guidance. However, Ekhtesari said she shook hands with male participants at a poetry event in Sweden. This is illegal in Iran. Ekhtesari made the statement during interrogation, but during the trial, she denied the charges. +More than 100 poets signed a letter asking for a pardon. In 2016, Ekhtesari and Musavi escaped from Iran. + += = = Asim Basu = = = +Asim Basu (; 30 November 1935 – 1 February 2017) was an Indian theatre artist and director, painter and playwright. He was known for his set design work in Ollywood movies and designing Oriya book covers and movie posters. He was awarded at the 2012 Parampara Awards. He was born in Balasore district, Odisha. +Basu died from a lung infection on 1 February 2017 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha at the age of 81. + += = = Lou Rowan = = = +Louis Patrick "Lou" Rowan (2 May 1925 – 3 February 2017) was an Australian Test cricket match umpire. He umpired a total of 25 Test matches between 1963 and 1971. He also umpired the first One Day International match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 5 January 1971. He was also a police detective in Queensland. He was born in Murwillumbah, New South Wales. +Rowan died on 3 February 2017 on the Gold Coast, Queensland at the age of 91. + += = = Hassan Joharchi = = = +Hassan Joharchi (‎; 28 July 1968 – 3 February 2017) was an Iranian actor. He began his career in the 1980s. He was known for roles in "Oo yek freshteh bood" (2005), "Shoghe parvaz" (2012) and "Ensanha" (2012). He was born in Tehran. He was married with two children. +Joharchi died from a cardiac arrest due to liver disease on 3 February 2017 in Tehran. He was 48. + += = = Elliot Sperling = = = +Elliot Sperling (January 4, 1951 – January 29, 2017) was an American historian and academic. He was one of the world's leading historians of Tibet and Tibetan-Chinese relations. He was also a well known human rights activist. He spent almost thirty years at Indiana University's Department of Central Eurasian Studies. He was born in New York City. +On February 2, 2017, it was announced that Sperling died in late January at the age of 66. + += = = Kneževo, Bosnia and Herzegovina = = = +Kneževo, previously called Skender Vakuf, is a small town in Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. +Geography. +Kneževo is situated between the rivers Ugar, Vrbas and Vrbanja and surrounded by the mountain masiff of Čemernica, Ranča in the west, Vlašić in the south and Ježica in the north-east. The municipality has an official altitude of , but really ranges from . Kneževo is southeast of Banja Luka by the M56 motorway. +The mountainous region in the south is forested and impracticable; its limestone mountains reach a height of . +History. +In Imljani and Javorani, Roman basilica have been found, as well as the Roman road from Servitium (Banja Luka) to Levsaba (Travnik) in the vicinity were also found. Tombstones of the Stećak type date back to the 14th and 15th centuries, when the area was part of the Kingdom of Bosnia. In 1463 the town became part of the Ottoman Empire and Islam was to become the dominant religion of the region. The Old Mosque was significant and one of the first in the region. It was destroyed, along with the New Mosque, in 1992 during the Bosnian War. +In the Korićani Cliffs massacre of 21 August 1992, some 200 Bosniaks and Croats detainees were massacred by the Bosnian Serbs Police and Army forces (in deep cliff in the canyon of Ilomska) river. +After the Bosnian War, part of the municipality was split off to form the Dobretići municipality of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity. +Demographics. +According to the results of the 2013 population census in Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were 3.958 inhabitants in Skender Vakuf town, and 10.428 inhabitants in the Skender Vakuf Municipality. + += = = Čemernica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) = = = +Čemernica (altitude ) is a mountain in Central Bosnia, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is surrounded by the river Vrbas, and its confluences of the Ugar and Vrbanja rivers. It is south of Banja Luka. It is in the transitional areas which connects the municipalities of Mrkonjić Grad, Skender Vakuf and Banja Luka. At Čemernica's foothills there are the cities of Kotor Varoš (northeast) and Skender Vakuf (east). There is also the village of Bočac (west), including the hydroelectric power plant reservoir of "Bočac". + += = = Zabrđe, Kotor Varoš = = = +Zabrđe is a populated place in the Kotor Varoš municipality of Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2013 census, 611 people live there. + += = = Grabovica, Kotor Varoš = = = +Grabovica is a settlement on the Vrbanja river in central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kotor Varoš municipality. The new village is on the mouth of the Grabovička rijeka. The old village is about upstream of the Vrbanja's tributary. Grabovica is at an altitude of about . It is from Banja Luka. Grabovica is about from Kotor Varoš. It is also about from Šiprage. +During the War in Bosnia, in Grabovica's Elementary school about 200 Bosniaks "disappeared" from the Večići village and its surrounding settlements. Their mass grave has not been discovered. + += = = Tunceli = = = +Tunceli is a district in Turkey. It is the capital of Tunceli Province. In 2012, about 31,000 people were living there. + += = = Lufengosaurus = = = +Lufengosaurus is a genus of early sauropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of China. It lived in the earliest Lower Jurassic in what is now southwestern China. +Lufengosaurus was an omnivore. The largest "Lufengosaurus" skeleton is long, high and wide. It weighted about . It could probably walk upright based on its powerful rear legs. +It was the first complete dinosaur skeleton mounted in China, and first time a dinosaur was depicted on a stamp. + += = = Fusome = = = +Fusome is a term from microbiology that describes a way different cells communicate with each other. Fusomes are simple openings, or pores, in the walls of certain types of cells. These allow certain chemical compounds to pass through. + += = = Cartago Province = = = +Cartago is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the central part of the country. The provincial capital is the city of Cartago. +Location. +The Cartago province is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the east and north by the Limón province and on the south and west by the San José province. +Geography. +Cartago is the second smallest province of Costa Rica, only the Heredia province is smaller. It has an area of . +There are two mountain ranges in the province: the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range"), also known as Volcanic Central mountain range, and the Talamanca mountain range. +There are several volcanoes in the province; among them are the Irazú, high, and the Turrialba, high. +Some rivers in the province are Reventado, Reventazón, Palomo, Grande de Orosi, Macho, Tiribí, Chirripó, Tuis and Pejibaye. +Demographics. +A person from the province is known as "cartaginés" (woman: "cartaginesa"). +The Cartago province had a population, in 2011, of 490,903 for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The canton of Cartago, with 147,898 inhabitants, is the canton with more inhabitants. +Evolution of the population in Cartago +Administrative divisions. +The Cartago province is divided in 8 cantons, which are divided into 47 Districts. +Economy. +An important economic activity in the province is farming. Important crops in the province are potato, coffee, sugarcane, Macadamia nut, pejibaye and ornamental plants. +Cartago has attracted many export-orientated manufacturing companies, especially within the industrial zone, the largest in the country. +There are eight dams in the province to produce hydroelectricity. + += = = Robert Dahlqvist = = = +Jens Robert Dahlqvist (16 April 1976 – 3 February 2017), nicknamed "Strängen" and "Strings", was a Swedish guitarist and singer. He was best known as a member of the rock bands The Hellacopters, Thunder Express and Dundertåget. He was born in Uddevalla, Västra Götaland County. +Dahlqvist died on 3 February 2017 at the age of 40. + += = = Rob Stewart (filmmaker) = = = +Rob Stewart (December 28, 1979 – January 31, 2017} was a Canadian photographer and filmmaker. He was best known for writing, directing and narrating the documentary "Sharkwater" (2006). He was born in Toronto, Ontario. +Stewart went missing diving at Alligator Reef off the coast of Florida, United States on January 31, 2017. His dead body was found on February 3. He was 37. + += = = Sang Chul Lee = = = +Sang Chul Lee (February 29, 1924 – January 28, 2017) was a Canadian Christian minister. He served as 32nd Moderator of the United Church of Canada from 1988 to 1990. He was born in Siberia, the son of Korean parents. He was married and had three daughters. +Lee died on January 28, 2017 in Newmarket, Ontario at the age of 92. + += = = Mario R. Ramil = = = +Mario R. Ramil (June 21, 1946 – January 30, 2017) was an American judge. He served as an Associate Justice of the Hawaii State Supreme Court from 1993 to 2002. He was the second Filipino American to serve the position. +Ramil was born in Novaliches, Quezon City, Philippines. He moved to the San Francisco Bay Area when he was ten years old. He moved to Hawaii in 1975. He was married and had two children. +Ramil died from cancer on January 30, 2017 at the age of 70. + += = = Eiður Svanberg Guðnason = = = +Eiður Svanberg Guðnason (7 November 1939 – 30 January 2017) was an Icelandic politician and diplomat. He served as Ambassador of Iceland to Australia from 28 November 2003 until 22 February 2007. He was born in Reykjavík. +Eiður died on 30 January 2017 in Garðabær at the age of 77. + += = = Gordon Aikman = = = +Gordon Lewis Aikman (2 April 1985 – 3 February 2017) was a British political researcher and campaigner. He was a Director of Research for the Better Together campaign that took place during the Scottish independence referendum in 2014. During that campaign, he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. He later went on to campaign to raise awareness of the disease. +Aikman was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife. He was married to Joe Pike. +Aikman died from motor neurone disease on 3 February 2017 at the age of 31. + += = = Georgi Taratorkin = = = +Georgi Georgievich Taratorkin (; 11 January 1945 – 4 February 2017) was a Russian actor. He appeared on stage and on screen. He appeared in 25 movies from 1967 until his death. He was known for roles in "Sofiya Perovskaya" (1967), "Crime and Punishment" (1970), "A Very English Murder" (1974), "Little Tragedies" (1987) and "Dyuba-Dyuba" (1992). He was born in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, USSR. +Taratorkin died after a long illness on 4 February 2017 in Moscow at the age 72. + += = = Yoshiro Hayashi (politician) = = = + was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He served as the Minister of Health and Welfare from 1982 to 1983 and the Minister of Finance from 1992 to 1993. +Hayashi was born in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture. He studied at the University of Tokyo. He had a son and a daughter. His son, Yoshimasa, was also a politician. +Hayashi died from multiple organ failure on 3 February 2017 at the age of 89. + += = = Aito Mäkinen = = = +Aito Mäkinen (4 January 1927 – 30 January 2017) was a Finnish movie director, screenwriter and movie producer. He directed more than 45 movies between 1963 and 1999. His 1964 movie, "Onnelliset leikit", appeared at the 4th Moscow International Film Festival. He was born in Turku. +Turku died on 30 January 2017 in Helsinki at the age of 90. + += = = Marquesas Islands = = = +The Marquesas Islands are a group of islands in the pacific ocean. They are a part of French Polynesia. The islands are located south of the Equator, about 1.600 km northeast of Tahiti. The total land area is 1274 km2. In 2012, 9264 people lived on the Marquesas Islands. +The Marquesas consist of fourteen bigger islands and a number of smaller ones. They are commonly split into two groups: A northern one with the main islands Nuku Hiva, Ua Pou and Ua Huka, and a southern one, made of Hiva Oa, Tahuata and Fatu Hiva. +The islands are of volcanic origin; there are high mountains and deep valleys on many islands. The climate is hot, with an average temperature of 28 degrees centigrade, and a lot of rainfall. Tropical rainforest grows on many islands, + += = = Cerium(IV) oxide = = = +Cerium(IV) oxide is an oxide of the rare earth metal cerium. Its formula is CeO2. It is white or light yellow in color. It is an important commercial product. It is used as an intermediate in the purification of the element from the ores. It reacts with carbon monoxide at high temperature to get cerium(III) oxide. +Preparation. +Cerium(IV) oxide can be made by the oxidation of cerium(III) oxide. Also, it can be made by heating cerium(IV) hydroxide. +Uses. +It can be used as an oxidizing agent. It can be used in oxidation of natural gas. +It glows at high temperature. This allows it to be used in gas mantles to replace harmful thorium(IV) oxide. + += = = Jaguarundi = = = +The jaguarundi ("Puma yagouaroundi") is a small wild cat native to Central and South America. It is a smaller relative of the better-known cougar, and has many local names. +The cat is still widespread throughout the Amazon Basin, and is listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List since 2002. It is sometimes found in Mexico and southern Texas, and as far south as northern Argentina and these cats have been introduced to the state of Florida and state of Alabama in 1980's. +Jaguarundis are mostly daytime animals. They are comfortable in trees, but hunt on the ground. +According to a 2006 genomic study of Felidae, an ancestor of today's "Leopardus", "Lynx", "Puma", "Prionailurus", and "Felis" lines migrated across the Bering land bridge into the Americas about 8.0 to 8.5 million years ago. + += = = West Kalimantan = = = +West Kalimantan () is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of the island of Borneo. Its capital city is Pontianak. The province has an area of with a recorded 2010 census population of 4,395,983. The latest official population estimate (as of January 2014) is 4,546,439. + += = = Jacques I, Prince of Monaco = = = +Jacques Goÿon, Count of Matignon ("Jacques François Léonor"; 21 November 1689 – 23 April 1751) was Count of Thorigny and Matignon. He was also the Prince of Monaco as Jacques I after his marriage to Princess Louis Hippolyte of Monaco. He also built the Hôtel Matignon. +Life. +Jacques was born in Normandy. His father was the Count of Matignon. Jacques became the Count of Matignon in 1675 when his father died. Jacques married Princess Louise Hippolyte Grimaldi of Monaco. +Issue. +The children of the couple were technically given the surname of "Goyon" after their father however they were sometimes also known under the surname of Grimaldi too. +Name and title. +Jacques was baptised with the names "Jacques François Léonor". Using the name Jacques, his surname was Goyon. His title was "Comte de Matignon". This is French for "Count of Matignon". Therefore the mixture of Goyon and Matignon is unnecessary, and incorrect. + += = = Starboy (album) = = = +Starboy is the fifth studio album by Canadian alternative R&B singer-songwriter The Weeknd. It was released on November 25, 2016. It entered the US "Billboard" 200 album chart at number one. "Starboy" had the third-best first-week sales of 2016 in the US, selling over 348,000 album-equivalent copies in its first week. +Singles. +Three singles have been released from the album so far: "Starboy", featuring French electronic duo Daft Punk, which reached number one in the US and Canada; "I Feel It Coming", which also features Daft Punk; and "Party Monster". + += = = MVG Class B = = = +The MVG Class B is a type of train used on the Munich U-Bahn. They are used on every line. +The MVG Class B began service in 1981. +There are 63 trains with two cars each. Five trains have been withdrawn. + += = = We've Only Just Begun = = = +"We've Only Just Begun" is a pop ballad by The Carpenters. +The song is often used for a wedding song. It was first played in a wedding-themed commercial in the winter of 1970. It was released in September, 1970. It had Karen Carpenter's lead vocals and overdubbed harmonies by her and his brother Richard Carpenter. "We've Only Just Begun" peaked at #1 on the Cash Box singles chart. It also hit #2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song helped the Carpenters win two Grammy Awards including Best New Artist. They also won a Grammy for Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals. + += = = Nickelodeon Animation Studio = = = +Nickelodeon Animation Studio is an American animation studio owned by Paramount Global. It has created many television programs for Nickelodeon, such as "SpongeBob SquarePants (1999-present)", "The Fairly OddParents (2001-2017)", "Rugrats (1991-2004)" and ", (2005-2008)", among others. + += = = MVG Class A = = = +The MVG Class A is a type of train used on the Munich U-Bahn. They are the oldest trains on the Munich U-Bahn. +The MVG Class A began service in 1971. They are used on every line. +There are 194 trains with two cars each. 18 trains have been withdrawn. + += = = Heredia Province = = = +Heredia is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the north-central part of the country. The provincial capital is the city of Heredia, in the Central Valley near the city of San José, Costa Rica, the national capital. +Location. +The Heredia province is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the east by the Limón province, on the south by the San José province, on the west by the Alajuela province and to the north by Nicaragua +Geography. +Heredia is the smallest province of Costa Rica. It has an area of . +The northern part of the province is formed by plains but the southern part is in the Central Valley and the foothills of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range"), also known as Volcanic Central mountain range. +The highest mountain in the province is the Barva volcano, high.. +The longest river in the province is the Sarapiquí river, long. Other rivers in the province are: Virilla, Chirripó, Río Sucio, Sardinal, Peje y San Juan. +Demographics. +A person from the province is known as "herediano" (woman: "herediana"). +The Heredia province had a population, in 2011, of 433,677 for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The canton of Heredia, with 123,616 inhabitants, is the canton with more inhabitants. +Evolution of the population in Heredia +Administrative divisions. +The Heredia province is divided in 10 cantons, which are divided into 43 Districts. +Economy. +An important economic activity in the province is farming. Important crops in the province are coffee, strawberry, pineapple, plantain, among others. + += = = Desmosome = = = +A desmosome is a cell structure for cell-to-cell adhesion. They are localized spot-like adhesions on the outer sides of plasma membranes. +Desmosomes help to keep cells together in a sheet. They are found in epithelial tissue, like multilayer squamous epithelium. The intercellular space is relatively wide up to about 30 nm. + += = = Cell junction = = = +Cell junctions join cells in some biological tissues. +They have long protein chains, The proteins keep connections between neighbouring cells or between a cell and other structures. They also control substance transport outside cell surfaces. +Vertebrates have three main types of cell junction: + += = = Basil Hetzel = = = +Basil Stuart Hetzel, (13 June 1922 – 4 February 2017) was an Australian medical researcher. He was best known for his work in the fight against iodine deficiency. The disease is a major cause of goitre and cretinism around the world. He studied and worked at the University of Adelaide. +Hetzel was born in Adelaide, South Australia. He and his first wife, Mary Helen Eyles, had five children. She died in 1980 from cancer. He later married Anne Fisher in 1983. +Hetzel died on 4 February 2017 at the age of 94. + += = = Björn Granath = = = +Björn Gösta Tryggve Granath (5 April 1946 – 5 February 2017) was a Swedish actor. He was born in Gothenburg. He began his career in the 1960s. He appeared in over fifty movies between 1968 and 2017. +Granath died after a short illness on 5 February 2017 in Stockholm at the age of 70. + += = = Sonny Geraci = = = +Sonny Geraci (November 22, 1947 – February 5, 2017) was an American musician and singer. He was best known as lead singer of bands The Outsiders and Climax. He was also known as Peter Emmett during the 1980s. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio. +Geraci died on February 5, 2017 at the age of 69. + += = = Miltos Papapostolou = = = +Miltiadis "Miltos" Papapostolou () (September 9, 1935 – February 2, 2017) was a Greek football player and manager. +He managed Egaleo, AEK Athens, Greece and Olympiacos. His career in management began in 1972. He retired in 1989. He was born in Domokos, Greece. +Papapostolou died on February 2, 2017 in Athens, Greece, aged 81. + += = = Dritëro Agolli = = = +Dritëro Agolli (13 October 1931 – 3 February 2017) was an Albanian poet, writer, and politician. He was the former president of the defunct Albanian League of Writers and Artists. +Early life. +Agolli was born in Devoll, Albania. He studied in Leningrad in the Soviet Union. +Career. +Agolli wrote primarily poetry, but also short stories, essays, plays, and novels. He was head of the Albanian League of Writers and Artists from the purge of Fadil Paçrami and Todi Lubonja at the Fourth Plenary Session of the Albanian Party of Labour from 1973 until 1992. +Death. +Agolli died on 3 February 2017 in Tirana, Albania from lung disease, aged 85. + += = = Luis Gómez-Montejano = = = +Luis Gómez-Montejano (24 August 1922 – 5 February 2017) was a Spanish football executive. He was the President of Real Madrid from 26 April to 3 July 2006. He was born in Madrid. +Gómez-Montejano died on 5 February 2017 at the age of 94. + += = = Shumon Miura = = = +Shumon Miura (12 January 1926 – 3 February 2017) was a Japanese novelist. +Early life. +Miura was born in Tokyo City. He attended the University of Tokyo. +Career. +In 1951, Miura published his first book. He then married fellow Third Generation writer Ayako Sono in 1953. With her, he wrote many books about Catholicism and religion. Miura began teaching at Nihon University in 1967, the same year he was awarded the Shinchosha Prize. +From 1985 to 1986, he was commissioner of the Cultural Affairs Agency. In 1999, the Japanese government designated Miura a Person of Cultural Merit. In 2004, Miura was appointed to lead the Japan Art Academy. He stepped down in 2014. +Death. +Miura died of pneumonia on 3 February 2017, aged 91, at a hospital in Tokyo. + += = = Benny Perrin = = = +Jesse Bennett "Benny" Perrin (October 20, 1959 – February 3, 2017) was a professional American football safety. He played four seasons for the St. Louis Cardinals in the National Football League from 1982 through 1985. He was born in Orange County, California. +Perrin played for the legendary University of Alabama football coach Bear Bryant from 1978 through 1981. He won the NCAA National Championships in 1978 and 1979. +Perrin committed suicide at the age of 57 on February 3, 2017 in Decatur, Alabama. + += = = Lars-Erik Berenett = = = +Lars-Erik Berenett (23 December 1942 – 1 February 2017) was a Swedish actor. He was well known for his title role in the movies about Roland Hassel and for his role as Harald Bovallius in the soap opera "Skilda världar". Also, he is best known for his leading role in the series "Jordskott". +From 1971 to 1976, he was married to Evabritt Strandberg, with whom he had a son, Matti Berenett. Later he married Maria Kulle. +Berenett died in Stockholm, Sweden on 1 February 2017, aged 74. + += = = Marc Spitz = = = +Marc Spitz (October 2, 1969 – February 4, 2017) was an American music journalist, author and playwright. +Spitz's writings on rock and roll and popular culture appeared in "Spin" (where he was a Senior Writer) as well as "The New York Times", "Maxim", "Blender", "Harp", "Nylon" and the "New York Post". He was a contributing music writer for "Vanity Fair". +Spitz died on February 4, 2017 in Manhattan, New York, at the age of 47. + += = = Amteka = = = +Amteka is a village in the Chirang district in the state of Assam in India. The village covers an area of . It has a population of 5,646. + += = = Puntarenas Province = = = +Puntarenas is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the western part of the country, covering most the Pacific Ocean coast of Costa Rica. The provincial capital is the city of Puntarenas. +Location. +The Puntarenas province borders with the Alajuela, San José and Limón provinces to the north, with Panama to the east; with the Pacific Ocean to the south, and with the Pacific Ocean and the Guanacaste to the west. +Geography. +Puntarenas is in the western part of the country, covering most of Costa Rica's Pacific Ocean coast, and is the largest province of Costa Rica. It is the province with more islands: Chira, Bejuco, Caballo, Venado, Cedros, Cuchillos, Negritos, San Lucas, Herradura, Violín, Isla del Caño and the Coco Island. The province has an area of . +The highest mountain in the province is the "Cerro Dúrika" on the border with the Limón province; it is high (). +Some of the rivers that flow through the province are Ario, Lagarto, Barranca, Grande de Tárcoles, Grande de Térraba, General, Coto Brus, Naranjo, Barú, Parrita, Savegre, Aranjuez and Coto. +Demographics. +A person from the province is known as "puntarenense" (men and women). +The Puntarenas province had a population, in 2011, of 410,929 for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The canton of Puntarenas, with 115,019 inhabitants, is the canton with more inhabitants. +Evolution of the population in Puntarenas +Administrative divisions. +The Puntarenas province is divided in 11 cantons, which are divided into 60 Districts. +Economy. +Important economic activities in the province are farming and fishing. + += = = Electric locomotive = = = +An electric locomotive runs on electricity as the name suggests. Electric locomotives cost the least to buy and operate. However, the railway electrification system is very expensive, so only tracks used by many trains per day are usually electrified. Thus, electrics are only the second next used type, behind diesel locomotives. +Electric locomotives get their power from three main sources: overhead lines, an on-board battery, or a third rail. +There are many different types of electric locomotives. Battery-electric locomotives are powered by on-board batteries. They are used in situations where other types of engines could be dangerous. + += = = Sean Spicer = = = +Sean Michael Spicer (born September 23, 1971) is an American political strategist. He was the 30th White House Press Secretary and Communications Director for President Trump until his resignation on July 21, 2017. +Spicer was communications director of the Republican National Committee from 2011 to 2017 and its chief strategist from 2015 to 2017. On December 22, 2016, Spicer was named as Trump's White House Press Secretary and two days later Spicer was also named as the White House Communications Director. He assumed both positions with Trump's inauguration on January 20, 2017. +On July 21, 2017, Spicer announced his intention to resign as White House Press Secretary, and formally left the White House on August 31, 2017. + += = = Heckler & Koch MSG90 = = = +The Heckler & Koch MSG90 is a semi-automatic military sniper rifle. It is based on the PSG-1 from Heckler & Koch. The MSG90 shoots 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition. MSG90 stands for "Militärisches Scharfschützengewehr". The 1990 part is the year was the sniper rifle was made. +History. +The Heckler & Koch MSG90 was first introduced in 1987. It uses a delayed blowback design the same as many other H&K rifles. Based on the Heckler & Koch PSG1, it is designed for military and police use. It was designed to meet the military specifications of the US Army's M24 Sniper Weapon System. +It has several improvements over the PSG1. The barrel is lighter and shorter. It is made using the cold hammer forging process. The stock is adjustable and of a different shape. The trigger is wider and has a trigger pull set from the factory. It does not have open sights but comes with a 10-power Telescopic sight. +Where the PSG1 did not stand up to rough handling on the battlefield, the MSG90 is designed just for that kind of service. The model MSG90A1 has a threaded barrel designed to accept a suppressor. The later MSG90A2 was a lighter and sturdier design. + += = = Hans van der Hoek = = = +Johannes Willem "Hans" van der Hoek (5 May 1933 – 4 February 2017) was a Dutch footballer. He was under contract at Feyenoord (1950-1960), SC Enschede (1960-1961), and ADO (1961-1962). He was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. +van der Hoek died in Rotterdam, Netherlands on 4 February 2017, aged 83. + += = = Edward Shames = = = +Colonel Edward Shames (June 13, 1922 – December 3, 2021) was a United States Army enlisted man and officer. He later served in the U.S. Army Reserve. +During World War II he was assigned to the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. Shames is the last surviving officer of Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment. +Shames died on December 3, 2021 in Norfolk, Virginia at the age of 99. + += = = Edward Tipper = = = +Private First Class Edward J. Tipper Jr. (August 3, 1921 – February 1, 2017) was an American military person. He was a former private of the Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment in the 101st Airborne Division, United States Army during the Second World War. +He was one of the 140 original Toccoa men of Easy Company. Tipper was portrayed in the HBO miniseries "Band of Brothers" by Bart Ruspoli. Tipper's life story was featured in the 2009 book "We Who Are Alive and Remain: Untold Stories from Band of Brothers". +Tipper was born in Detroit, Michigan. He signed up to the United States Army because of the Attack on Pearl Harbor. He studied at the University of Michigan and at Northern Colorado University. Tipper died on February 1, 2017 in Lakewood, Colorado, aged 95. + += = = Gurudev Kalicharan Brahma Academy = = = +Gurudev Kalicharan Brahma Academy (Bodo: ������� ������� ������ �������) is a private school in Chirang district of Assam state in India. +It was started in 2009 by Amteka Primary Brahma Dharma Committee. +History. +The primary section of school was founded in 2009 with the high school being established in 2014. + += = = George E. Smith = = = +George Elwood Smith (born May 10, 1930) is an American scientist and applied physicist. He is known for being the co-inventor of the charge-coupled device (CCD). +He was awarded a one-quarter share in the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics for "the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit—the CCD sensor, which has become an electronic eye in almost all areas of photography". + += = = Rosa Taikon = = = +Rosa Taikon (30 July 1926 – 1 June 2017) was a Swedish Romani silversmith and actor. Taikon was born in Kalderash, Sweden. She was the sister of Katarina Taikon. +Her silver jewelry has been exhibited in many galleries and museums such as the National Museum of Fine Arts and Röhsska Museum +Taikon was also a movie actress. She has appeared in "Marianne" (1953), "Motorkavaljerer" (1950), "Kyssen på kryssen" (1950) and "Smeder på luffen" (1949). +Taikon died on 1 June 2017 in Sweden at the age of 90. + += = = Steve Lang = = = +Steve Lang (March 24, 1949 – February 4, 2017) was a Canadian rock musician. He was the bass guitarist for the band April Wine from 1976 to 1984. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was the father of musician Erin Lang (born 1979). +Lang died on February 4, 2017 at the age of 67. + += = = Carmen Contreras-Bozak = = = +Carmen Contreras-Bozak (December 31, 1919 – January 30, 2017) was an American military technician. During World War II, she became the first Hispanic person to serve in the Women's Army Corps. She served from 1942 to 1945. +Contreras-Bozak was born in Cayey or Ponce, Puerto Rico. She later moved to New York City. She was married to Theodore John Bozak until his death in 1991. They had three children. +Contreras-Bozak died on January 30, 2017 in Land O' Lakes, Florida at the age of 97. + += = = Crewe railway station = = = +Crewe railway station is a railway station in the town of Crewe in Cheshire, England. It opened in 1837 and is one of the most significant train stations in the world. It has twelve platforms and a modern passenger entrance containing a bookshop and ticket office. It is a major junction on the West Coast Main Line and acts as a rail gateway for North West England. It is a Grade II listed building. +The station is managed by Avanti West Coast, who also provide the majority of trains that stop there. Northern Trains, East Midlands Railway, West Midlands Trains and Transport for Wales also provide regular trains from the station. CrossCountry provide one early morning train a day. +Crewe's location was chosen after Cheshire towns Winsford and Nantwich had rejected a proposal for the station to be built there. +As a result of the station's significance, the town of Crewe is now famous for its railways and railway infrastructure. The town's football club, Crewe Alexandra, is nicknamed The Railwaymen. + += = = Ichnogenus = = = +An ichnogenus is a trace fossil. The names are a category of taxonomy for fossil traces whose origin is not exactly known. They are a part of taxonomy called ichnology. +Very common trace fossils are dinosaur trackways and fossil burrows of worm-like creatures in ancient sea floors. + += = = José Gea Escolano = = = +José Gea Escolano (14 June 1929 – 6 February 2017) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in El Real de Gandia, Community of Valencia. +Gea Escolano became a priest in 1953. He served as the Bishop of Ibiza from 1976 to 1987. He was later the Bishop of Mondoñedo-Ferrol from 1987 until his retirement in 2005. +Gea Escolano died on 6 February 2017 in Valencia, at the age of 87. + += = = Roger Walkowiak = = = +Roger Walkowiak (2 March 1927 – 6 February 2017) was a French road bicycle racer. He was a professional rider from 1950 until 1960. He won the 1956 Tour de France. He was born in Montluçon, Allier. +Walkowiak died on 6 February 2017 in Vichy, Allier, at the age of 89. + += = = Subgenus = = = +A subgenus is a category in taxonomy which is not often used. In biological classification, it is a group above species, but below the genus. + += = = Ritchie Yorke = = = +Ritchie Yorke (12 January 1944 – 6 February 2017) was an Australian writer, broadcaster, historian and music journalist. He was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He worked for publications such as "Rolling Stone", "The Sunday Mail" and "Billboard". He was well known for his work in the United Kingdom and Canada. In 1969, he was at the Bed-In of John Lennon and Yoko Ono in Montreal, Quebec. +Yorke died from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 6 February 2017 in Brisbane. He was 73. + += = = Vanessa (butterfly) = = = +Vanessa is a genus of brush-footed butterflies. It has an almost world-wide distribution. +It includes the famous red admiral species, and the painted ladies of the subgenus "Cynthia". + += = = Klagenfurt = = = +Klagenfurt am Wörthersee (; ; ), usually known as just Klagenfurt ( ) is a city in Austria. It is the capital of Carinthia. It is also a district of Carinthia. About 99,000 people lived there in 2016. + += = = Wilhelm Eduard Weber = = = +Wilhelm Eduard Weber (24 October 1804 – 23 June 1891) was a German physicist. He and Carl Friedrich Gauss invented the first electromagnetic telegraph. + += = = Eisenstadt = = = +Eisenstadt (Hungarian: "Kismarton", Austro-Bavarian: "Eisnstod", Croatian: "Željezno") is a city in Austria. It is the capital and a district of Burgenland. About 14,000 people are living there (2016). +It is near the Hungarian border. + += = = Sankt Pölten = = = +Sankt Pölten (; ), mostly abbreviated to the official name St. Pölten, is a city in Austria. It is a district of Lower Austria. Almost 58,000 people lived there (2023). It lies in the Mostviertel region. Since 1986, it has been the capital of Lower Austria. It is the biggest city of the Bundesland. + += = = Tyrol (region) = = = +"For other uses, see Tyrol." +Tyrol (German: "Tirol", Italian: "Tirolo", Ladin: "Tirol") is a (historical) region in the Alps. It is the very northern part of Italy and a western part of Austria. +It borders to the Italian region of Lombardy, the Swiss canton of Graubünden and the Austrian state of Vorarlberg in the west, the German state of Bavaria in the north, the Austrian states of Salzburg and Carinthia in the east, and the Italian region of Veneto in the south. +The region of Tyrol is similar to the former County of Tyrol. This county was part of Austria-Hungary till 1919. After World War I it was divided between Austria (North Tyrol) and Italy (South Tyrol). Nowadays these expressions have different meanings (see below). +It is split up into: +A. Tyrol (state) (a state of Austria): +B. Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol (a region of Italy): +Since 1996 the region of Tyrol has been a Euroregion, called Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino Euroregion (German: "Europaregion Tirol-Südtirol-Trentino", Italian: "Euregio Tirolo-Alto Adige-Trentino"). +The region of Tyrol is also divided into three languages. In East and North Tyrol German is spoken. South Tyrol is primarily German with a little Italian and Ladin, Trentino is primarily Italian with a little German and Ladin. +The region of Tyrol is a very mountainous area. It belongs to three ranges of the Eastern Alps. A great part of the Southern Limestone Alps (among them the Dolomite Alps) and also a southern part of the Central Eastern Alps cover the Italian part of Tyrol, whereas the middle of the Central Eastern Alps and a great part of the Northern Limestone Alps (among them the southern Allgäu Alps) cover the Austrian part of Tyrol. +Several well-known geographical locations lie in Tyrol. For example the Brenner Pass, a mountain pass on the border of Austria and Italy, Lake Garda, the biggest lake of Italy and partially in Tyrol, and various places, in the state of Tyrol: Innsbruck (its capital) and Lienz, and in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol: Trento (its capital), Bolzano / Bozen and Merano. + += = = Iran Air Flight 655 = = = +Iran Air Flight 655 was an Iranian passenger flight from Tehran to Dubai. The aircraft was an Airbus A300 with 274 passengers and 16 crew members on-board. On July 3, 1988 the plane was shot down by the USS Vincennes in the Persian Gulf during the Iran–Iraq War. At the time the Vincennes was exchanging fire with small Iranian gunboats. During the skirmish, flight 655 took off from Bandar Abbas International Airport. The airport was used by both civilian and military flights. +The Vincennes mistook the civilian aircraft for an Iranian Air Force Grumman F-14 Tomcat fighter on an attack run. The Vincennes attempted to warn the aircraft several times but received no reply. However, the warnings were sent on a military frequency to a non-existent F-14 Tomcat. The Airbus crew did not have access to those channels and would not have heard the warnings. The Vincennes fired two missiles which both struck the fuselage of the plane. All 290 occupants on-board were killed. + += = = Boy Asistio = = = +Macario "Boy" Asistio Jr. (April 6, 1936 – February 6, 2017) was a Filipino politician. He served as the Mayor of Caloocan, a city in Metro Manila region of Philippines, from 1980 to 1986. He was reelected for the port in 1988 till 1995. Asistio unsuccessfully ran as mayor in the elections again in 2013 and 2016. +Asistio died on 6 February 2017 at the age of 80 at the Metro Antipolo Hospital and Medical Center in Antipolo, Philippines. He was in coma and admitted to the intensive care unit. + += = = Hans Rosling = = = +Hans Rosling (27 July 1948 – 7 February 2017) was a Swedish medical doctor, academic, statistician, and public speaker. +He was the Professor of International Health at Karolinska Institutet and was the co-founder and chairman of the Gapminder Foundation. He helped develop the Trendalyzer software system. He rose to international fame after producing a TED Talk in which he promoted the use of data to explore development issues. +Rosling died on 7 February 2017 in Uppsala, Sweden from pancreatic cancer, aged 68. + += = = Smail Hamdani = = = +Smail Hamdani (11 March 1930 – 6/7 February 2017) was an Algerian politician. He was Prime Minister of Algeria from 15 December 1998 to 23 December 1999. +Hamdani became a member of the National Liberation Front (FLN). In 1962 when Algeria gained independence, he was named as chief of staff of the provisional government led by Abderrahmane Farès. Under the presidency of Ahmed Ben Bella, Hamdani was appointed ambassador to Belgium. +Hamdani died in his sleep either on the night of 6 February or on morning of 7 February 2017 from a heart attack, aged 86. + += = = Svend Asmussen = = = +Svend Asmussen (28 February 1916 – 7 February 2017) was a jazz violinist from Denmark. He was known as "The Fiddling Viking". He played and recorded with many of the greats of Jazz, including Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman and Stephane Grappelli. He played publicly until 2010 when he had a blood clot, his career having spanned eight decades. +Asmussen died on 7 February 2017, aged 100. + += = = Tzvetan Todorov = = = +Tzvetan Todorov (; ; March 1, 1939 – February 7, 2017) was a Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist. +He was the author of many books and essays, which have had a significant influence in anthropology, sociology, semiotics, literary theory, thought history and culture theory. +Todorov died on February 7, 2017 in Paris, aged 77. + += = = Richard Hatch = = = +Richard Lawrence Hatch (May 21, 1945 – February 7, 2017) was an American actor, writer, and producer. He was best known for his role as Captain Apollo in the original "Battlestar Galactica" television series, and also as Tom Zarek in the 2003 remake of "Battlestar Galactica". +Hatch was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his role as Apollo. Early in his career, Hatch won an Obie Award for his role in the musical "PS Your Cat Is Dead". +Hatch was also known for his role as Philip Brent in "All My Children" and as Inspector Dan Robbins in "The Streets of San Francisco". +Hatch was born in Santa Monica, California. He worked in Chicago, Illinois during his early stage career. Hatch died on February 7, 2017 from pancreatic cancer under hospice care in Los Angeles, aged 71. + += = = Sotsha Dlamini = = = +Sotsha Ernest Dlamini (27 May 1940 – 7 February 2017) was a Swazi politician. He served as Prime Minister of Swaziland from 6 October 1986 to 12 July 1989. +Biography. +He was born in Mankayane. He became prime minister after being appointed by Dzeliwe of Swaziland in 1986. He replaced Bhekimpi Dlamini, who resigned in 1986. Dlamini served as prime minister when tensions of apartheid was growing. +Dlamini died on 7 February 2017 from complications of a fall at a hospital in Mbabane, Swaziland, aged 76. + += = = Richard Lyon (U.S. Admiral) = = = +Richard "Dick" Lyon (July 14, 1923 – February 3, 2017) was an American politician and retired United States Navy admiral. He served as Mayor of Oceanside, California from 1992 through 2000. Lyon was the first admiral of Special Warfare ("SEAL"). +Lyon was born in Pasadena, California. He was selected a member of the United States Olympic swim team for the 1940 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, but the 1940 games were canceled due to the outbreak of World War II. Lyon graduated from Yale University in 1944. +Lyon died on February 3, 2017 in Oceanside, California, aged 93. + += = = Steve Sumner = = = +Steven Paul Sumner (2 April 1955 – 8 February 2017) was an England-born New Zealand football player. He was born in Blackpool, Lancashire. Sumner was captain of the New Zealand national team during the country's first successful campaign to qualify for the World Cup in 1982. +In 1991 he was inducted into the New Zealand Soccer Media Association Hall of Fame and was then awarded FIFA's top award, the FIFA Order of Merit, before the opening of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, along with Johan Cruyff and former South African president Thabo Mbeki. +Sumner died on 8 February 2017 in Auckland, New Zealand from prostate cancer, aged 61. +Honours. +Club. +Christchurch United +Manurewa +Gisborne City + += = = Mark Rylance = = = +Sir David Mark Rylance Waters (born 18 January 1960) is an English actor, theatre director and playwright. He was the first artistic director of Shakespeare's Globe in London, from 1995 to 2005. +His movie appearances include "Prospero's Books" (1991), "Angels and Insects" (1995), "Institute Benjamenta" (1996), and "Intimacy" (2001). Rylance won the Academy Award and the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Rudolf Abel in "Bridge of Spies" (2015). He played the title role in Steven Spielberg's "The BFG" (2016). +In 2016, he was named in the "Time" 100 list of the most influential people in the world. + += = = Guillermo Lasso = = = +Guillermo Alberto Santiago Lasso Mendoza (born 16 November 1955) is an Ecuadorian businessman and politician. Lasso was the 47th President of Ecuador from 24 May 2021 until 23 November 2023. He was the presidential candidate for the 2013, 2017 and 2021 elections for the party Creating Opportunities. +In 2013, he came in second place with 22.68% of votes. President Rafael Correa won with 57.17% of votes. In early 2017, he said that he would be running for president again. He would be against his former vice president Lenín Moreno and other candidates. In February 2017, both Lasso and Moreno made it to a run-off election on April 2, 2017. He lost the election with 49% of the vote. +In 2020, Lasso announced his candidacy for the presidency again in the 2021 election. He came in second place, so he moved to the second round of the election in February 2021, against Andrés Arauz. He won the election in the April 2021 run-off. +During his presidency, he helped create COVID-19 vaccination programs and economic relief forms. During his presidency there was also an increase of food and fuel prices. His economic policies caused a series of protests across the country. His administration has been criticized for the government's response to indigenous protests. Lasso's approval ratings have been very low during his presidency. +Personal life. +Lasso was born in Guayaquil, Ecuador's largest city. His parents were Enrique Lasso and Nora Mendoza. He studied Economics and graduated from the San José La Salle High School. In 1980, he married María de Lourdes Alcívar. They have five children. +In August 2022, Lasso announced that he was diagnosed with melanoma near his eye and he was going to have surgery in the United States. The surgery was successful, and he returned to Quito for more treatment. +Banking career. +Lasso was the largest shareholder in Banco de Guayaquil. He was executive president for more than 20 years. +Political career. +Lasso was Governor of the Guayas Province from 1998 through 1999. He was appointed by President Jamil Mahuad to be Superminister of Economy and Energy. He was in this role from August through September 1999. In 2003, President Lucio Gutiérrez hired Lasso to be an Ambassador for a few months +In the 2013 presidential election, Lasso ran against then-President Rafael Correa. He lost the general election in a landslide. +2017 presidential campaign. +In early 2017, Lasso announced his second presidential campaign to replace President Correa for Creating Opportunities in the 2017 presidential elections. His campaign's theme was to create 1 million more jobs in Ecuador. +Lasso lost the election after winning 49% of the vote to Moreno's 51% of the vote. +2021 presidential campaign. +In 2020, Lasso announced his third presidential campaign to replace his 2017 rival Lenin Moreno. He was at first seen as the front-runner but Rafael Correa-supporting candidate Andrés Arauz became his rival. In February 2021, Arauz won the majority of votes to go to the second round. Lasso came in second place beating Yaku Pérez Guartambel. Lasso then beat Arauz in the run-off in April. +Presidency. +Lasso became Ecuador's 47th president on 24 May 2021. He became the country's first center-right president since Sixto Durán Ballén's presidency (1992–1996). His main focus for his first 100 days was to increase the country's vaccination rate during the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. +In June 2022, a series of protests against Lasso's economic policies and raising fuel prices began, mainly led by indigenous Ecuadorians and students. +In May 2023, the National Assembly officially began a second impeachment process against Lasso. On 17 May 2023, Lasso dissolved the National Assembly by forcing "muerte cruzada". This is the first time an Ecuadorian president used this measure. Two days later, Lasso said he would not run for president in the 2023 election. On 15 October 2023, former National Assembly member and businessman Daniel Noboa was elected to replace Lasso. + += = = Neil Gehrels = = = +Cornelis A. "Neil" Gehrels (October 3, 1952 – February 6, 2017) was an American astronomer. He worked in the field of Gamma ray astronomy. He was the Chief of the Astroparticle Physics Laboratory at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center from 1995 until his death. +Gehrels was born in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. He grew up in Tucson, Arizona. His father, Tom (1925–2011), was also an astronomer. +Gehrels died on February 6, 2017 at the age of 64. + += = = Timothy West = = = +Timothy Lancaster West CBE (born 20 October 1934) is an English movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his roles as Bradley Hardacre in "Brass", as King Francis in "", as Commissioner Berthier in "The Day of the Jackal" and as Stan Carter in "EastEnders". + += = = Arthur Lehning = = = +Paul Arthur Müller-Lehning (23 October 1899 – 1 January 2000) was a Dutch writer, historian and anarchist. He was born in Utrecht. He was known for French translations of Mikhail Bakunin works. In 1992, he won the Gouden Ganzenveer, and in 1999, the P. C. Hooft Award. +Lehning died on 1 January 2000 in Lys-Saint-Georges, Indre, France. He was 100. + += = = Paul Di'Anno = = = +Paul Andrews (born 17 May 1958), better known by his stage name Paul Di'Anno, is a British singer. He is best known as the first lead singer of heavy metal band Iron Maiden from 1977 to 1981. +Di'Anno was born in Chingford, London. In 2011, he was jailed for fraud. + += = = Ólöf Nordal = = = +Ólöf Nordal (3 December 1966 – 8 February 2017) was an Icelandic politician. She was a member of the Independence Party. She served as the Minister of the Interior from 4 December 2014 to 11 January 2017. +Ólöf was born in Reykjavík. She was married to Tómas Már Sigurðsson and had four children. +Ólöf died from pancreatic cancer on 8 February 2017 in Reykjavík. She was 50. + += = = Tara Palmer-Tomkinson = = = +Tara Palmer-Tomkinson (23 December 1971 – 8 February 2017) also known as T P-T, was an English socialite, "it girl", television presenter, model and charity patron. +Early life. +Palmer-Timkinson was born in Hampshire. She studied at Sherborne School for Girls in Dorset. After graduating, she moved to London where she worked at a bank. +"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!". +In 2002, Palmer-Tomkinson made an appearance on the British television series "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", finishing as runner up. In November 2005, Palmer-Tomkinson presented her third behind the scenes series on ITV2 for the hit show "I'm a Celebrity... Get Me out of Here! Now". +Other works. +Palmer-Tomkinson was a contestant on "Comic Relief Does Fame Academy" for the BBC. +Palmer-Tomkinson played the piano, as was demonstrated at events at the Queen Elizabeth Hall with the National Symphony Orchestra, at the Royal Albert Hall with Mozart, and at The Coliseum during a Leonard Bernstein Tribute. +Palmer-Tomkinson was also a writer. She wrote "The Naughty Girl's Guide To Life" (2007) , "Inheritance" (2010) and "Infidelity" (2012). +Death. +In January 2016, Palmer-Tomkinson was diagnosed with brain cancer. +On 8 February 2017, she was found dead at her home in London, aged 45. The cause was a perforated ulcer. + += = = Alan Simpson (scriptwriter) = = = +Alan Simpson, OBE (27 November 1929 – 8 February 2017) was an English scriptwriter. He was born in London. He was best known for the Galton and Simpson comedy writing partnership with Ray Galton. He wrote the BBC sitcom "Steptoe and Son" (1962–1974), "Hancock's Half Hour" (1954–1961) and the first two series of "Comedy Playhouse" (1961–1963). +Simpson was appointed an OBE in 2000 and he and Galton received a BAFTA Fellowship on 8 May 2016. +Simpson died on 8 February 2017 in London from lung disease, aged 87. + += = = Ray Galton = = = +Raymond Percy "Ray" Galton, OBE (17 July 1930 – 5 October 2018) was an English scriptwriter. +Galton was best known for the Galton and Simpson comedy writing partnership with Alan Simpson. He, along with Simpson, wrote the BBC sitcom "Steptoe and Son" (1962–1974), "Hancock's Half Hour" (1954–1961) and "Comedy Playhouse" (1961–1975). +Galton died on 5 October 2018 at his Paddington, London home from dementia, aged 88. + += = = Mikhail Tolstykh = = = +Mikhail Sergeyevich Tolstykh (; July 19, 1980 – February 8, 2017), better known by his callsign Givi (�����), was a Ukrainian commander in the pro-Russian Somalia Battalion in the War in Donbas. He served as Lieutenant colonel. +On February 16, 2015, Tolstykh was included by the European Council in their sanctions list. +Tolstykh was killed on February 8, 2017 in Donetsk, Ukraine by a rocket launcher explosion, aged 36. + += = = Antonín Přidal = = = +Antonín Přidal (13 October 1935 – 7 February 2017) was a Czech translator and writer. He translated works from English, Spanish and French to Czech. He was also a journalist and university lecturer. He was born in Prostějov, Czechoslovakia. +He worked at the Janáček Academy of Music and Performing Arts since 1991. In 1998, he received the Prize of Ferdinand Peroutka. His most notable works include "Všechny moje hlasy" (1967) and "Sudičky" (1968). +Přidal died on 7 February 2017 in Brno, Czech Republic from a stroke, aged 81. + += = = Richard B. Wright = = = +Richard B. Wright, CM, (March 4, 1937 – February 7, 2017) was a Canadian novelist. His break-through 2001 novel was "Clara Callan". He won three major literary awards in Canada for "Clara Callan": The Giller Prize, the Trillium Book Award, and the Governor General's Award. +Wright died on February 7, 2017 at a hospital in St. Catharines, Ontario from complications of a fall. He was 79 years old. + += = = Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza = = = +Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza (, born 7 September 1981) is a Russian politician, critic, activist and journalist. +Since 2012, he served as Senior Policy Advisor at the Institute of Modern Russia. He is an elected member of the Coordinating Council of the Russian Opposition. He serves on the federal council of the Republican Party of Russia – People's Freedom Party and the Solidarnost pro-democracy movement. +Kara-Murza is a coordinator of Open Russia, which promotes civil society and democracy in Russia. +On 2 February 2017, Kara-Murza was hospitalized for sudden multiple organ failure and was placed on life-support. +His father was television host and Putin critic Vladimir Kara-Murza Sr.. + += = = Arabesque (group) = = = +Arabesque was a disco girl group. It was created in 1977 in Frankfurt, West Germany. When the trio formed in 1977, it had members: Karen Ann Tepperis, Mary Ann Nagel and Michaela Rose. They released a single called, "Hello Mr. Monkey". It became very successful in Asia, especially Japan and Korea. +Shortly after the release, Mary Ann Nagel decided to leave the group.Her spot was taken by Heike Rimbeau. In 1978, they released the successful album, "Friday Night". Karen Ann Tepperis had a son in 1978 and left the group. A former gymnast named Jasmin Vetter replaced her. Heike left the group in 1979 due to her pregnancy. A country singer named Elke Brückheimer replaced Heike for a few months. Finally in June 1979, Sandra Ann Lauer was accepted into the group. The trio had members Michaela, Jasmin and Sandra from 1979, until they split. +The first album they released with Sandra was "City Cats". In 1980, they released their most successful album, "Marigot Bay". Apart from it being popular in Asia, it was the first album that was successful in their native country. That same year they released "Midnight Dancer". In 1981, "In For A Penny, In For A Pound" was released. "Caballero" was released in 1982. Their last 3 albums had different musical genres than just disco. "Why No Reply", "Dance Dance Dance" and "Time To Say Goodbye" were not as successful as their previous albums. Two songs from their last album, "Ecstasy" and "Time to Say Goodbye" became very popular in the 1980s. +Arabesque split up in 1984 because Sandra wanted to sing by herself. Jasmin and Michaela formed their own group called "Rouge". It lasted until 1988. + += = = Val Demings = = = +Valdez Venita "Val" Demings (née Butler; March 12, 1957) is an American police officer and politician. +She was the member of the United States House of Representatives from between 2017 to 2023. She served as Chief of the Orlando Police Department, the first woman to hold the position. She was the Democratic nominee in both 2012 and 2016 to represent Florida's 10th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives, the latter of which Demings won. +In June 2020, Demings became one of the final four finalists for Joe Biden's running mate for the 2020 election. +In May 2021, Demings announced her plans to run for the United States Senate, challenging Republican incumbent Marco Rubio in the 2022 election. She won the Democratic nomination in the August 2022 primaries. She lost the election to Rubio in November 2022. + += = = Ron Rifkin = = = +Ron Rifkin (born Saul M. Rifkin; October 31, 1939) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Arvin Sloane on the spy drama "Alias", Saul Holden on the American family drama "Brothers & Sisters" and District Attorney Ellis Loew in Curtis Hanson's Oscar winning movie, "L.A. Confidential". +Awards. +In 1991, he won a Drama Desk Award. In 1998, he won a Tony Award. + += = = Mohamud Muse Hersi = = = +Mohamud Muse Hersi (, ‎; 1 July 1937 – 8 February 2017), nicknamed "Adde", was a Somali politician. He was the President of the Puntland region from 8 January 2005 to 8 January 2009. He was a military general until the 1970s. +Muse Hersi died on 8 February 2017 in the United Arab Emirates, aged 79. + += = = Windsor Davies = = = +Windsor Davies (28 August 1930 – 17 January 2019) was a British actor. He was best known for his roles as Battery Sergeant Major Williams in the sitcom "It Ain't Half Hot Mum" (1974–81). He was also known for his roles in "Never the Twain", "Doctor Who" and the "Carry On" movies. He retired from acting in 2004. +Biography. +Davies was born in Canning Town, East London. He moved to Wales in 1939. He was married to Eluned Davies. She died in September 2018. They had five children. He lived in France. He died on 17 January 2019 at the age of 88. + += = = Brendan Rodgers = = = +Brendan Rodgers (born 26 January 1973) is a Northern Irish football manager and former player. He was the manager of Premier League club Leicester City. He managed Liverpool from 2012 to 2015, finishing second in the Premier League in 2014. He was sacked in October 2015. In 2016, he joined Scottish Premiership club Celtic. In his two-and-a-half seasons with Celtic, he won two domestic trebles. In 2019, he left Celtic to manage Leicester City. He has also managed Watford, Reading and Swansea City. In his playing days, he played for Ballymena United and Reading before retiring at the age of 20 due to injury. +Rodgers was born in Carnlough. His son, Anton (born 1993), is a footballer. + += = = States of Austria = = = +The Republic of Austria (German: "Republik Österreich") is a federal republic that is divided into nine states (German: "Bundesländer"): + += = = Power Rangers (movie) = = = +Power Rangers (also called Saban's Power Rangers) is an American superhero movie. It was directed by Dean Israelite. It was written by John Gatins, Kieran Mulroney, Michele Mulroney, Matt Sazama and Burk Sharpless. The movie is based on the Power Rangers media franchise. Actors in the movie are Dacre Montgomery, Naomi Scott, RJ Cyler, Becky G, Ludi Lin, Bill Hader, Bryan Cranston and Elizabeth Banks. +This was the first Power Ranger movie since 1997. The movie has many of the characters from the TV show "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" but with new actors. The maker of the TV show, Haim Saban, helped to make the movie. The movie was released in the United States on March 24, 2017. A reboot of the film is also in development. +Plot. +Five young people with attitude are put together to become a new version of a group of goodies called the Power Rangers. The Earth must be protected by them from Rita Repulsa, a powerful witch. Rita is attacking to get the Zeo Crystal. She has an army of stone monsters called Putties and a giant golden monster called Goldar. +Cast. +Cameos. +Goldar and the Putty Patrol are in the movie too. +Further reading. +PR Mini Production Notes FINAL(saved copy) + += = = Arrondissements of the Vaucluse department = = = +There are 3 arrondissements in the Vaucluse department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. +If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. Arrondissements are further divided into communes. +The arrondissements of Vaucluse are: +History. +The changes in the Vaucluse department are: + += = = Luxembourg (region) = = = +The region of Luxembourg consists of the country of Luxembourg and the Belgian province of Luxembourg. It makes part of the Low Countries. +Till 1839 both parts were a unity. + += = = Koila Moila = = = +Koila Moila is a village in the Chirang district of Assam state in India.It is situated 31 km away from the district headquarter of Kajalgaon and 202 km from state capital Dispur. +Town. +Bijni and Bongaigaon Town are the nearest to Koila Moila. + += = = Arrondissement of Apt = = = +The arrondissement of Apt is an arrondissement of France, in the Vaucluse department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Apt. +History. +When the Vaucluse department was created on 1793, the "arrondissement" of Apt was part of that original department. In 1926, the subprefecture of Apt was moved to Cavaillon but returned to Apt in 1933. +Geography. +The "arrondissement" of Apt is in the most southern of the "arrondissements" of the Vaucluse department. It has the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department to the east, the Var department to the southeast (for a very short distance), the Bouches-du-Rhône department to the south and west, the Avignon "arrondissement" to the northwest and the Carpentras "arrondissement" to the north. +The "arrondissement" of Apt is the largest "arrondissement" of the department in area, , but the one with fewest people living in it (128,448 inhabitants) and a density of inhabitants/km2. +Composition. +Cantons. +After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". +In the "arrondissement" of Apt, only the Cheval-Blanc canton does not has all its "communes" in the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": +Communes. +The communes of the arrondissement of Apt are: +The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: + += = = Lumberton High School = = = +Lumberton High School is a high school located in Lumberton, North Carolina for grades 9-12 (freshman-senior). It is run by the Public Schools of Robeson County, as it is in Robeson County, North Carolina. It offers the following courses: + += = = Convoy = = = +A convoy is a group of vehicles, typically motor vehicles or ships, traveling together for mutual support and protection. Often, a convoy is organized with armed defensive support. Civilian convoys may be organized, for example when driving through remote areas. A convoy also allows an organized group to arrive together with their equipment. They can start working together immediately, for example at an emergency. A convoy on land is sometimes called a caravan. +Convoys at sea came into widespread use when warships were made as a different kind of ship. They endangered enemy merchant ships that were not protected by friendly warships. + += = = Luther Strange = = = +Luther "Big Luther" Johnson Strange III (born March 1, 1953) was the junior United States Senator from Alabama. He served as the 49th Attorney General of the U.S. state of Alabama from 2011 through 2017. Strange was a candidate for public office in both 2006 and 2010. +Early life. +Luther was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He studied at Tulane University earning his BA and JD degrees. +Political career. +In 2006, Strange ran for Lieutenant Governor of Alabama and defeated George Wallace, Jr. in the Republican primary. Strange then lost the general election to Democrat Jim Folsom, Jr.. In 2010, Strange defeated incumbent Attorney General Troy King in the Republican primary, before going on to win the general election on November 2, 2010, against Democrat James Anderson. +United States senator (2017–2018). +On December 6, 2016, Strange announced his candidacy for the seat held by Jeff Sessions after then-President-Elect Donald Trump had announced on November 18, 2016 that he would be nominating Sessions to the office of Attorney General of the United States. Strange was appointed as Senator on February 9, 2017, by Alabama governor Robert J. Bentley to fill out the seat after Sessions resigned to become Attorney General. +At tall, Strange is the tallest U.S. Senator in history. +2017 special election. +Strange ran for a full term in the 2017 special election and advanced to the Republican primary runoff, where he lost to the former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama, Roy Moore. +Personal life. +Strange is married to Melissa Strange. They have two children. + += = = Dana Boente = = = +Dana James Boente (, ; born February 7, 1954) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Acting Attorney General of the United States from January 30, 2017 until February 9, 2017. He served as the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia from September 2013 to January 2018. + += = = Rod J. Rosenstein = = = +Rod J. Rosenstein (born January 13, 1965) is an American lawyer and politician of Jewish descent. He is the 37th United States Deputy Attorney General serving from April 26, 2017 through May 11, 2019. He was the United States Attorney for the United States District Court for the District of Maryland and a former nominee to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. +Then President-Elect Donald Trump nominated Rosenstein to serve as United States Deputy Attorney General for the United States Department of Justice on January 13, 2017. He was confirmed by the Senate on April 25, 2017 by a vote of 94-6. +Rosenstein submitted his official resignation as Deputy Attorney General on April 29, 2019, taking effect on May 11, 2019. + += = = Serge Baguet = = = +Serge Baguet (18 August 1969 – 9 February 2017) was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer. He started his professional cycling career in 1991. He worked for Lotto for five years and one year for Vlaanderen 2002. He was born in Brakel. +Baguet was diagnosed with colon cancer in 2014. He died on 9 February 2017 in Sint-Lievens-Houtem, at the age of 47. + += = = Brendan McGahon = = = +Brendan McGahon (22 November 1936 – 8 February 2017) was an Irish politician. He was a Fine Gael politician. +He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Louth constituency. He was called a 'colourful' figure and with a reputation as a social conservative. McGahon was first elected to Dáil Éireann at the November 1982 general election and retained his seat until retiring at the 2002 general election. He was known for being against gay rights. + += = = Packy (elephant) = = = +Packy (April 14, 1962 – February 9, 2017) was an Asian elephant at the Oregon Zoo in Portland, Oregon, United States. He was famous for having been the first elephant born in the Western Hemisphere in 44 years. +Packy was euthanized after suffering from tuberculosis at the Oregon Zoo on February 9, 2017, at the age of 54. + += = = Arrondissement of Avignon = = = +The arrondissement of Avignon is an arrondissement of France, in the Vaucluse department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Avignon. +History. +When the Vaucluse department was created on 1793, the "arrondissement" of Avignon was part of that original department. +Geography. +The "arrondissement" of Avignon is in the northwest of the Vaucluse department. It includes the exclave of Valreás that is to the north of the department surrounded by the Drôme department. +It has the Carpentras "arrondissement" to the east, the Apt "arrondissement" to the southeast, the Bouches-du-Rhône department to the south, the Gard department to the west, the Ardèche department to the northwest and the Drôme department to the north. +The "arrondissement" of Avignon is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department in area, , but the one with more people living in it (296,303 inhabitants) and a density of inhabitants/km2. +Composition. +Cantons. +After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". +In the "arrondissement" of Avignon, the Cheval-Blanc, Le Pontet and Vaison-la-Romaine cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": +Communes. +The communes of the arrondissement of Avignon are: +The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: + += = = Arrondissement of Carpentras = = = +The arrondissement of Carpentras is an arrondissement of France, in the Vaucluse department, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Its capital is the city of Carpentras. +History. +When the Vaucluse department was created on 1793, the "arrondissement" of Carpentras was part of that original department. +Geography. +The "arrondissement" of Carpentras is in the northeast of the Vaucluse department. It has the Drôme department to the north and east, the Apt "arrondissement" to the south and the Avignon "arrondissement" to the southwest and west. +The "arrondissement" of Carpentras is the second largest "arrondissement" of the department in area, , and the second in population (129,623 inhabitants); it has a density of inhabitants/km2. +Composition. +Cantons. +After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". +In the "arrondissement" of Carpentras, the Le Pontet and Vaison-la-Romaine cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": +Communes. +The communes of the arrondissement of Carpentras are: +The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: + += = = John Cullum = = = +John Cullum (born March 2, 1930) is an American actor and singer. +Early life. +Cullum was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. He studied at the University of Tennessee. +Career. +Cullum's career began in 1960 in a debut role in the musical "Camelot". +He has appeared in many stage musicals and dramas, including "On the Twentieth Century" (1978) and "Shenandoah" (1975), winning the Tony Awards for Best Leading Actor in a Musical for each. +He played Holling Vincoeur on the television drama series "Northern Exposure" (6 seasons). It earned him an Emmy Award nomination as Best Supporting Actor in a Drama. He was featured in fifteen episodes of the NBC television series "ER" as Mark Greene's father. He was the farmer in the landmark television drama "The Day After". +He has made multiple guest appearances on "Law & Order and " as attorney, now judge, Barry Moredock, and appeared as Big Mike in several episodes of "The Middle". +Recently, Cullum appeared in "Casa Valentina" (2014), "Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt" (2015) and in "Christine" (2016). +In 1975, he won a Drama Desk Award. +Personal life. +Cullum has been married to Emily Frankel since 1959. They have one son, JD Cullum (John David Cullum), who is also an actor. + += = = John Salt (bishop) = = = +John William Salt (30 October 1941 – 7 February 2017) was an English Anglican bishop. He was born in Stoke-on-Trent and became a deacon in 1966 and a priest in 1967. He was the Bishop of St Helena from 1999 to 2011. During his time as bishop, he lived on the island of Saint Helena, which is in the South Atlantic Ocean. +Salt returned to the United Kingdom after he retired. He died on 7 February 2017 in Walsingham, Norfolk, at the age of 75. + += = = Sudan Liberation Movement/Army = = = +The Sudan Liberation Movement or Sudan Liberation Army is one of the rebel groups active in the Darfur conflict. As of 2017, it is split into several smaller fractions. + += = = John Whetton = = = +John H. Whetton (born 6 September 1941) is a retired British middle-distance runner. He is best known for winning gold in the 1500 metres at the 1969 European Athletics Championships. He also reached the 1500 metre final in both the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics. +Whetton was born in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. + += = = Mario Fasino = = = +Mario Fasino (26 July 1920 – 17 January 2017) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy party. He served as the President of the region of Sicily from 20 September 1969 until 22 December 1972. He was born in San Severo, Apulia. +Fasino died on 17 January 2017 in Palermo, Sicily, at the age of 96. + += = = Ugo Crescenzi = = = +Ugo Crescenzi (25 April 1930 – 9 January 2017) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy party. He served as the President of the region of Abruzzo twice—from 3 September 1970 until 23 March 1972 and 16 July 1973 until 31 May 1974. He was born in San Benedetto del Tronto, Marche. +Crescenzi died from kidney failure on 9 January 2017 in Chieti, Abruzzo, at the age of 86. + += = = Malcolm Shabazz = = = +Malcolm Shabazz (October 8, 1984 – May 9, 2013) was a grandson of Malcolm X. He was killed in Mexico City, Mexico on the 9th of May, 2013. He was murdered by an unknown person while on a trip for more rights for Mexican construction workers relocating to the USA. +In 1997, when he was 12 years old, Shabazz set fire to the apartment of his grandmother, Betty Shabazz, causing her death. She suffered burns over 80 percent of her body. The police found Malcolm wandering the streets, barefoot and smelling of gasoline. + += = = Obed Dlamini = = = +Obed Mfanyana Dlamini (4 April 1937 – 18 January 2017) was a Swazi politician. He served as Prime Minister of Swaziland from 12 July 1989 to 25 October 1993. He was born in Mhlosheni. +Dlamini died from an illness on 18 January 2017 in Johannesburg, South Africa. He was 79. + += = = Thomas Barlow (Kentucky) = = = +Thomas Jefferson "Tom" Barlow III (August 7, 1940 – January 31, 2017) was an American politician. Born in Washington, D.C., he was a Democrat. He represented Kentucky in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 1995. +Barlow died on January 31, 2017 in Paducah, Kentucky, at the age of 76. + += = = Lev Navrozov = = = +Lev Navrozov (; 26 November 1928 – 22 January 2017) was a Russian writer, historian and polemicist. He was a leading translator of Russian texts into English under the Soviet regime. He moved to the United States in 1972. He later published a best-selling memoir, "The Education of Lev Navrozov". He became a Soviet dissident. +Navrozov born in Moscow. He was the father of poet Andrei Navrozov +Navrozov had Parkinson's disease. He died on 22 January 2017 in Brooklyn, New York, at the age of 88. + += = = Utrecht University = = = +Utrecht University (Dutch: "Universiteit Utrecht"), shortened to UU, is a public university in Utrecht, a city in the province of Utrecht, the Netherlands. +Utrecht University was established in 1636 (its predecessor in 1634). +It has about 32,000 students. +Its focus is on all sorts of sciences. + += = = Erasmus University Rotterdam = = = +Erasmus University Rotterdam (Dutch: "Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam"), shortened to EUR, is a public university in Rotterdam, a city in the province of South Holland, the Netherlands. +Erasmus University Rotterdam was established in 1973 (its predecessor in 1913). +It has about 29,500 students. +Its focus is on medicine and social sciences. + += = = Neural network = = = +Neural network can be: + += = = Maastricht University = = = +Maastricht University (Dutch: "Universiteit Maastricht"), shortened to UM, is a public university in Maastricht, a city in the province of Limburg, the Netherlands. +Maastricht University was established in 1976. +It has about 21,000 students. +Its focus is on medicine, neuroscience and social sciences. + += = = Tilburg University = = = +Tilburg University (Dutch: "Universiteit van Tilburg", not used anymore), shortened to TiU, is a Roman Catholic public university in Tilburg, a city in the province of North Brabant, the Netherlands. +Tilburg University was established in 1986 (its predecessor in 1927). +It has about 19,000 students. +Its focus is on social sciences. + += = = Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom = = = +The Deputy Prime Minister (or DPM) is, when appointed, the second highest ranking executive officer of the government of the United Kingdom. He or she would be the deputy chief of the Cabinet. +Unlike other countries, the position of Deputy Prime Minister is not always needed or appointed. The Prime Minister chooses whether or not they want to have a deputy. +The position was created in 1942: Clement Attlee was the first Deputy Prime Minister. The present holder of this position is Oliver Dowden from 21 April 2023. There have been times when the post has been very important. Its introduction in the Second World War is the most obvious case. + += = = Tromelin Island = = = +Tromelin Island is an island in the Indian Ocean. It is located off the shore of Madagascar and not far from Réunion. +The island is an overseas territory of France, but Mauritius claims that the island is theirs. + += = = John M. Hayes = = = +John Michael Hayes (6 September 1940 – 3 February 2017) ForMemRS was an American scientist. He was a professor emeritus at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. He was born in Seattle, Washington. +Hayes died on 3 February 2017 from pulmonary fibrosis in Berkeley, California, aged 76. + += = = Yuriy Poyarkov = = = +Yuriy Mikhaylovich Poyarkov (, 10 February 1937 – 10 February 2017) was a Ukrainian volleyball player. He competed for the Soviet Union in the 1964 Summer Olympics, in the 1968 Summer Olympics, and in the 1972 Summer Olympics. +Poyarkov died on his 80th birthday on 10 February 2017 in Kharkiv, Ukraine. + += = = Raymond Smullyan = = = +Raymond Merrill Smullyan (; May 25, 1919 – February 6, 2017) was an American mathematician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist philosopher, and magician. +Smullyan was born in Far Rockaway, New York. His first career was stage magic. He then earned a BSc from the University of Chicago in 1955 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959. He was one of many logicians to have studied under Alonzo Church. +Smullyan died on February 6, 2017 in Hudson, New York at the age of 97. + += = = Tom Raworth = = = +Thomas Moore Raworth (July 19, 1938 – February 8, 2017) known as Tom Raworth, was a British poet and visual artist. He published over forty books of poetry and prose during his life. His work has been translated and published in many countries. Raworth was a key figure in the British Poetry Revival. +Raworth died at his home in London, England on February 8, 2017 from prostate cancer-related complications, aged 78. + += = = Valeriu Bularca = = = +Valeriu Bularca (14 February 1931 – 7 February 2017) was a retired Romanian wrestler. He competed at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and won a silver medal in 1964. In 1961 he became the first Romanian wrestler to win a world title. He collected six national titles between 1957 and 1964. +After retiring from competitions he worked as a wrestling coach at CS Steagu Roșu in Brașov. +Bularca died in Brașov on 7 February 2017, aged 85. + += = = Mike Ilitch = = = +Michael Ilitch Sr. (July 20, 1929 – February 10, 2017) was an American entrepreneur. He was the founder and owner of the international fast food franchise Little Caesars. He also owned the sports teams Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL) and Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball (MLB). +From 1994 until her death in 2005, Ilitch paid Rosa Parks' rent to help her live in a safer part of Detroit. +Ilitch was born in Detroit, Michigan. His parents were Macedonian. He was married to Marian Ilitch from 1955 until his death. The couple had seven children. +Ilitch died on February 10, 2017, at a hospital in Detroit. He was 87. + += = = André Salvat = = = +André Salvat (16 May 1920 – 9 February 2017) was a French colonel. He was a veteran of World War II, the First Indochina War and the Algerian War. He was made a Companion of the Liberation for his World War II service. He was also a Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. He retired in April 1973. He was born in Prades, Pyrénées-Orientales. +Salvat died on 9 February 2017 in Perpignan, at the age of 96. + += = = Angry Grandpa = = = +Charles Marvin Green Jr. (October 16, 1950 – December 10, 2017), better known as Angry Grandpa or simply AGP, was an American internet personality and former firefighter. With his son, Michael, he had a YouTube channel, "TheAngryGrandpaShow", that had over four million subscribers. +Life and death. +Green was born on October 16, 1950 in Chatham County, Georgia. He had bipolar disorder and suffered from skin cancer. +In October 2017 , Green was hospitalized for cirrhosis, kidney stones and pneumonia. His health began to get worse when he suffered from high ammonia levels. He died at his home in Summerville, South Carolina on December 10, 2017 of problems caused by cirrhosis. He was 67 years old. + += = = Morgan Spurlock = = = +Morgan Valentine Spurlock (born November 7, 1970) is an American documentary filmmaker, humorist, television producer, screenwriter and political activist. He is best known for the directing and starring in the documentary "Super Size Me" (2004). +The movie earned him an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature nomination. He also directed "Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden?" (2008), "The Simpsons 20th Anniversary Special – In 3-D! On Ice!" (2010), ' (2011), ' (2011) and "" (2013). +Spurlock was born in Parkersburg, West Virginia. He grew up in Beckley, West Virginia. He has been married twice and has two sons. He is an agnostic. + += = = University of Groningen = = = +The University of Groningen (Dutch: "Rijksuniversiteit Groningen"), shortened to UG, is a public university in Groningen, a city in the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. +The University of Groningen was established in 1614. +It has about 34,000 students. +Its focus is on all sorts of sciences. + += = = Radboud University Nijmegen = = = +Radboud University Nijmegen (Dutch: "Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen"), shortened to RU, is a public university (until 2020 Roman Catholic) in Nijmegen, a city in the province of Gelderland, the Netherlands. +Radboud University Nijmegen was established in 1923. +It has about 23,000 students. +Its focus is on all sorts of sciences. + += = = Chidambaram = = = +Chidambaram is a town and municipality in Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. It is the headquarters of the Chidambaram taluk. +Geography. +Chidambaram covers an area of and had a population of 62,153 as of 2011. Annamalai University, established in 1929 in Chidambaram, is one of the oldest and most prominent universities in the state. This town is known famous for the great Thillai Nataraja Temple. + += = = Piet Keizer = = = +Petrus Johannes "Piet" Keizer (14 June 1943 – 10 February 2017) was a Dutch professional footballer who played as a left winger. As part of the "Total Football" Ajax Amsterdam team of the 1960s and 1970s, Keizer was particularly notable during the successive managerial tenures of Rinus Michels and Stefan Kovacs (1965–1973). He is widely considered one of the greatest players in Dutch football history. Dutch writer Nico Scheepmaker once said: "Cruyff is the best, but Keizer is the better one". UEFA website has described Keizer as "the genius on the left wing, the skillfull flanker, the superb foil to Johan Cruyff". He was in the shadow of Johan Cruijff, with whom he formed the so-called royal couple. Keizer made frequent use of the scissor movement. Cruyff, in his posthumously released autobiography, placed Keizer, as left winger, in his "ideal squad". +Club career. +Keizer totalled 490 official matches for Ajax, scoring 189 goals between 1961 and 1974. He played predominantly on the left-wing and with Ajax won 3 consecutive European Cups (1971, 1972, 1973), having lost the 1969 European Cup final to A.C. Milan. Also with Ajax, he won 6 Eredivisie titles, 5 KNVB Cups, 2 European Super Cups, 1 Intercontinental Cup and 1 Intertoto Cup. +In August 1973, under new Ajax manager George Knobel, the Ajax players voted in a secret ballot for Keizer to be the team's next captain, ahead of Johan Cruyff. Just weeks later Cruyff left Ajax to join Barcelona. +International career. +With the Dutch national team, Keizer played 34 times, scoring 11 goals. He made his international debut in an 8-0 friendly win against the Netherlands Antilles in 1962. Keizer was selected by Netherlands manager, Rinus Michels, to play for the Dutch squad during the 1974 FIFA World Cup, but only started in the 0-0 draw against Sweden. He wasn't used for the rest of the tournament and the World Cup final against Germany. +Keizer suddenly retired from football in October 1974, shortly after a row over tactics with Ajax manager Hans Kraay. +Personal life. +On 13 June 1967, Keizer married Jenny Hoopman. The couple have two sons. +Keizer died after a long battle with lung cancer in February 2017. + += = = Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil = = = +Filmfare Award for Best Actor is given by the filmfare as part of its annual Filmfare Awards South for Tamil film lead actors. The Filmfare Awards South Awards were extended to "Best Actor" in 1972. The year indicates the year of release of the film. + += = = Hans Kraay Sr. = = = +Hans Kraay Sr. (born Johan Hendrik Kraay; 14 October 1936 – 27 October 2017) was a Dutch footballer, manager and sports journalist. He played as a defender. He played for DOS, Feyenoord and the Netherlands national football team. He also managed Ajax, AZ Alkmaar, Sparta Rotterdam and Feyenoord. +Kraay was born in Utrecht. His son, Hans Kraay Jr. (born 1959), was also a footballer and manager. He died in Tiel at the age of 81. + += = = Hans Kraay Jr. = = = +Hans Kraay Jr. (born 22 December 1959) is a Dutch former footballer, football manager and television presenter. He played as a defender. He played for AZ, SBV Excelsior, HFC Haarlem, NAC Breda, RKC Waalwijk, Helmond Sport, FC Eindhoven, De Graafschap, FC Dordrecht, Telstar and FC Den Bosch. He has also managed lower league teams since 1999. +Kraay was born in Utrecht. His father, Hans Kraay Sr. (1936–2017), was also a footballer and manager. + += = = Edward Bryant = = = +Edward Winslow Bryant Jr. (August 27, 1945 – February 10, 2017) was an American science fiction and horror writer. He was best known for winning two Nebula Awards in 1978 and 1979. He was born in White Plains, New York. He grew up in Wyoming. +Bryant had type 1 diabetes. He died from an illness on February 10, 2017 in Denver, Colorado. He was 71. + += = = Hiag Akmakjian = = = +Hiag Akmakjian (July 17, 1926 – January 10, 2017) was an American writer, painter and photographer. He wrote several books including "Snow Falling from a Bamboo Leaf: The Art of Haiku" (1979), "30,000 Mornings" (1999) and "Cleo" (2016). +Akmakjian was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. His parents were refugees of the Armenian Genocide. He was married to Margaret Akmakjian. They had a son, Nicolas. +Akmakjian died from lung cancer in Wales, at the age of 90. + += = = Arabesque = = = +Arabesque is an artistic decoration. It uses "surface decorations based on... interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines. Another definition is "Foliate ornament, used in the Islamic world, typically using leaves... combined with spiralling stems". +Arabesques are usually of a single design which can be 'tiled' or repeated as many times as desired. +The term "arabesque" is used as a technical term by art historians for decoration in Islamic art from about the 9th century onwards, and European decorative art from the Renaissance onwards. Note that Islamic geometric patterns are a different style from arabesques. + += = = Arabesque (disambiguation) = = = +Arabesques are an important design for surface decoration. The word is also used for: + += = = Arabesque (ballet) = = = +The arabesque is a basic ballet positions. It has been used since the 18th century. The dancer stands on one leg (the supporting leg) with the other leg (the working leg) turned out and extended behind the body. There are many variations on this figure which are described in the standard ballet technique books. + += = = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam = = = +Issai Munnetra Kazhagam is a state political party in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry known for minority appeasement and anti-Hindu tactics. It is a anti-Dravidian party founded by C. N. Annadurai in 1949 as a break away faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam (known as Justice Party until 1944) headed by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy, a notable anti-Hindu. Since 1969, DMK has been headed by Karunanidhi, who has served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu several times. DMK holds the distinction of being the first party other than the Indian National Congress to win state-level elections with a clear majority on its own in any state in India. Present President of DMK Party is M. K. Stalin. + += = = Monstera deliciosa = = = +Monstera deliciosa is a species of the genus Monstera, which is commonly found in tropical Central America. The term deliciosa in the species name means delicious, and refers to the edible fruit of the plant. The plant is a vine (a climbing plant). Originally, the plant was found the Mexican states of Oaxaca, Veracruz, and Chiapas. It also grows in Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Panama. +It is also commonly grown as a houseplant. Wild plants can now also be found in the Southern United States (mainly Florida), Malaysia, India, Australia and the western part of the Mediterranean basin (Portugal, Morocco, and Madeira). +In the wild, there seem to be at least two forms: One has larger leaves, and looks more like a bush, the other has smaller ones, and resembles a vine. + += = = Buffalo Niagara International Airport = = = +Buffalo Niagara International Airport is an airport serving the Buffalo area in New York State. It serves the Buffalo area and nearby areas in Southern Ontario. + += = = Icelandair = = = +Icelandair is the national flag carrier of Iceland. They currently fly to 37 North American and European destinations with Boeing 757 or Boeing 767 aircraft. +Their main hub is at Keflavik International Airport in Reykjavik. +Fleet. +As of December 2016, Icelandair used an all-Boeing fleet. It was made up of the following aircraft: + += = = Jiro Taniguchi = = = + was a Japanese manga writer and artist. He was best known for manga series "A Distant Neighborhood" (1998–1999), "The Summit of the Gods" (2000–2003) and "A Zoo in Winter" (2005–2007). He was born in Tottori, Tottori Prefecture. +Taniguchi died on 11 February 2017 in Tokyo, at the age of 69. + += = = MVG Class C = = = +The MVG Class C is a type of train used on the Munich U-Bahn. They are used on every line. +The MVG Class C began service in 2002. +There are 18 trains with six cars each. + += = = Sione Lauaki = = = +Sione Tuitupu Lauaki (22 June 1981 – 12 February 2017) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played for the All Blacks between 2005 and 2008. At a club level, he played for the Chiefs, Bayonne and Clermont. He was born in Haʻapai, Tonga. He grew up in Auckland. +Lauaki was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems while playing for Bayonne. He died on 12 February 2017, at the age of 35. + += = = Fab Melo = = = +Fabricio "Fab" Paulino de Melo (20 June 1990 – 11 February 2017) was a Brazilian professional basketball player. He played as a center. In the United States, he played for the Boston Celtics of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and Syracuse Orange. In Brazil, he played for LSB and Brasília of the Novo Basquete Brasil (NBB). +Melo was born in Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. He moved to the U.S. and graduated from high school in 2010. +Melo died from an apparent heart attack on 11 February 2017 in Juiz de Fora. He was 26. + += = = John Barnes (footballer) = = = +John Charles Bryan Barnes (born 7 November 1963) is a Jamacian-born English former footballer, rapper, manager and now commentator. He played as a left winger. He was best known for playing for Liverpool between 1987 and 1997. He won three league titles, an FA Cup and a League Cup during his time playing at Liverpool. He also played for Watford, Newcastle United, Charlton Athletic and the England national team. He also managed Celtic, the Jamaica national team and Tranmere Rovers. +Barnes was born in Kingston, Jamaica. He moved to London at the age of 12. He was married to Suzy until their divorce. They had four children. With his second wife, Andrea, he has three children. He lives on the Wirral. +Honours. +As player. +Liverpool +As manager. +Jamaica + += = = Tom Pryce = = = +Thomas Maldwyn "Tom" Pryce (11 June 1949 – 5 March 1977) was a British racing driver. +Biography. +Pryce was born in Ruthin, Denbighshire, Wales. He married his wife, Fenella, in 1975. After his death, a memorial was set up in Pryce's hometown. +Pryce won the 1975 Race of Champions, a non-championship Formula One (F1) race. He is the only Welsh driver to win a Formula One race. Besides his F1 win, he was also known for his unusual death at the 1977 South African Grand Prix. He made 42 Formula One World Championship entries between 1974 and 1977. He was a member of the Token team and later the Shadow team. +Death. +Pryce died on 5 March 1977 in Midrand, South Africa, at the age of 27. He was competing in the South African Grand Prix. His teammate, Italian Renzo Zorzi retired his car after an engine fire. Two marshals ran across the track to help Zorzi. One of the marshals, Frederik Jansen van Vuuren, however, was hit by Pryce's car. The fire extinguisher van Vuuren was holding hit Pryce's head. Both men died instantly. The event was filmed. + += = = Paragahadeniya = = = +Paragahadeniya is a small town in the North Western Province of Sri Lanka. + += = = Bob Paisley = = = +Robert "Bob" Paisley (23 January 1919 – 14 February 1996) was an English footballer and manager. He played for Liverpool as a left half between 1939 and 1954. He later managed Liverpool between 1974 and 1983. Paisley and Carlo Ancelotti are the only managers to have won the European Cups three times. He won 20 major honours with Liverpool as a manager. +Paisley was born in Hetton-le-Hole, County Durham. He married Jessie in 1946. The couple had two sons and a daughter, Robert, Graham and Christine. +Paisley was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1992. He died on 14 February 1996 in Liverpool, at the age of 77. + += = = 2017 United Kingdom general election = = = +A general election was held on the 8 June 2017 to elect all 650 members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. It ended in a hung parliament, with the Conservative Party winning the most seats. They made a confidence-and-supply agreement with the Democratic Unionist Party so they could pass a vote of no confidence. Theresa May stayed as prime minister. +Labour won a lot of seats from the Conservatives. This was the first time Labour had gained seats since 1997. The election happened because Parliament voted for a snap election after the 2016 Brexit referendum. +Date. +The next general election was due to be held on 8 May 2020. Theresa May announced on 18 April 2017 that she wanted it to be held on 8 June . The House of Commons voted in favour of this proposal on 19 April 2017 allowing the election to take place in June 2017. +Results. +Exit poll. +BBC News, ITV and Sky News all released an exit poll at 10pm. This poll predicted the Conservatives would be the largest party but lose their majority. +Exit poll results: +Final results. +The final results were very similar to the exit poll. +When the election was called the Conservative Party had a big lead in the polls and they were expected to win by a landslide. As the campaign went on the Labour Party closed the gap in the polls and the Conservatives lost their majority in the House of Commons. +Important MPs who lost their seats include former Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg, former First Minister of Scotland Alex Salmond and The leader of the SNP in the House of Commons Angus Robertson. + += = = J. D. Tippit = = = +J.D. Tippit was a police officer in Dallas, Texas, murdered on the 22nd of November, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald. This was the same day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. + += = = El amor brujo = = = +El amor brujo (Translation "Love, the Magician") is a ballet in one act and two scenes of Manuel de Falla music. Choreography: Pastora Imperio. Libretto by Gregorio Martínez Sierra. First performance in Madrid, Spain, at the Teatro Lara April 15, 1915. +It was written after the famous dancer Pastora Imperio expressed to him the desire to expand his repertoire with a new song and a dance. +Plot. +The story, told to the librettist's mother Pastora Imperio, is based on a popular legend. He stars a gypsy named Candela that has been abandoned recently by a man who believed he loved her. So she turns to a witch so that prepare a love potion to bring back her man from her; she goes to the lair of this witch, but finds it empty, so you sudden witch herself and the spell fails. The man who had betrayed her appears in the den of a sudden, he does not recognize the mistakes for the witch and he is afraid. Candela warns him that he had recently launched a curse on him that can be broken only by returning from its previous woman. The man, who has fear of the witch, promises that will do so, then recognizes Candela, but now the spell worked and he can no longer do without her now that he has in hand. +Music. +Falla, who draws profusely and with exquisite wisdom to the historical repertoire of Spanish music has given us one of his most beautiful pieces with its Amor Brujo, rich melodies and tempo changes; Although the story is very exciting and quite short, the music, the choreography and environments create a very gypsy and manage to transport the viewer completely. Many pieces of the De Falla Ballet were highly appreciated by pianists and became famous. One of them, "The dance ritual del Fuego" (Ritual Fire Dance), was the horse of battle of the composer. + += = = Live at Leeds = = = +Live at Leeds is a live album by The Who. It was recorded at Leeds University on 14 February 1970. At the time of the recording The Who were in the prime of their career and were widely hailed as the greatest live band that had ever played. They were said to be quite tight that night. The original album consisted of six songs. In 1995, an extended 14-track remaster and re-mix of the original master was made, occupying nearly all of the storage capacity offered by a compact disc (app. 80 minutes), and later there was a deluxe edition and a 4-CD set. "Live at Leeds" consistently holds the top spot on critics' lists of the greatest live albums of all time. + += = = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam = = = +Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam is a regional political party formed by Tamil film actor Vijayakanth in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu, along the lines of the regional Dravidian political parties. He announced the party's formation on 14 September 2005 at Madurai. The party head office is in Koyambedu, Chennai.This party contested in all 234 seats in the Tamil Nadu state assembly election in May 2006 with Vijayakanth contesting in Vridhachalam constituency. The party polled almost 30 lakh votes . All the candidates of the DMDK, with exception of Vijayakanth, lost the elections in 2006. The party won 29 seats in the 2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election and became the opposition party with Vijayakanth as the Leader of the Opposition. + += = = Naam Tamilar Katchi = = = +Naam Tamilar Katchi is a Tamil nationalist party in the state of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. This party's main idol or symbol is Velupillai Prabhakaran. Naam Tamilar Katchi promote Tamil Nationalism and oppose Dravidian politics in Tamil Nadu. Naam Tamilar Katchi supports regional politics and opposes Indian national parties.In 1958, Adithanar founded the We Tamils party with the platform of forming a sovereign Tamil state. During the Civil War in Sri Lanka, this party was made an organisation supporting Tamil Eelam people. On 18 May 2010, it was formed as a party once again by the chief coordinator Seeman. During the formation of the party, Seeman added that "we are not founding the Naam Tamilar party, we are continuing with what S. P. Adithanar founded. + += = = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam = = = +Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a political party active in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry. It was established by Vaiko in 1994. Vaiko was a member of Rajyasabha and a party activist of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. In 1994, he was forced out of the parent body as he was seen as a threat to DMK chief Karunanidhi's son M.K. Stalin. Vaiko along with some district secretaries announced the decision to start rival DMK ultimately leading to naming of the part as MDMK.in 2022,this party merger with mdmk. + += = = Pattali Makkal Katchi = = = +Pattali Makkal Katchi is a socio-democratic political party currently active and 3 rd largest party in Tamil Nadu, India. It is known for its fights against any kind of social injustice. Pattali Makkal Katchi was founded by Dr S Ramadoss an activist on 16 July 1989.PMK contested in the 2014 Lok Sabha election in an alliance with Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance and its candidate Anbumani Ramadoss won from Dharmapuri Lok Sabha constituency, where he is one of two non-AIADMK MPs from Tamil Nadu the other being from its alliance party BJP. + += = = Carbon sink = = = +A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that stores carbon-containing chemical compounds for a long period. Carbon sinks absorb more carbon than they release. +A forest, ocean, or other natural environments produce surplus carbon. Carbon sinks are very important in our environment. They can be natural or man-made. Soil, ocean, forest and the atmosphere all store carbon and this carbon moves in a continuous cycle. The largest carbon sinks become swamps, bogs, and eventually coal measures. +In the regular carbon cycle, CO2 comes from the atmosphere and then is taken by plants and uses it in the process of photosynthesis. + += = = Tim Raines = = = +Tim Raines (born September 16, 1959) is a professional baseball coach and former player. He was a seven-time All-Star with the Montreal Expos. His 808 stolen bases rank 5th in Major League Baseball (MLB) history. +In 2017, he was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. + += = = Laura Innes = = = +Laura Innes (born August 16, 1957) is an American actress and television director. She played the Dr. Kerry Weaver in the NBC medical drama series "ER". She also played Bunny Mather in the TV sitcom "Wings". +Innes is also a stage actress. +Innes was born in Pontiac, Michigan. + += = = Tactopoda = = = +Tactopods are members of a proposed clade of ecdysozoans called Tactopoda. Various studies support the tactopods. + += = = Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 = = = +Ethiopian Airlines Flight 961 was a domestic passenger flight from Addis Ababa to Nairobi, with stopovers at Brazzaville, Lagos, and Abidjan. On November 23, 1996 the Boeing 767 was hijacked by three Ethiopians that were seeking asylum in Australia. However the plane ran out of fuel, and crash-landed in the Indian Ocean near the Comoros Islands. Of the 175 occupants on-board 125 people including the hijackers were killed, and 50 people survived. + += = = Al Jarreau = = = +Alwin Lopez "Al" Jarreau (March 12, 1940 – February 12, 2017) was an American jazz singer. He won seven Grammy Awards and was nominated for over a dozen more. He was best known for his album "Breakin' Away" (1981) and singing the theme song of the late-1980s television series "Moonlighting". He was also a performer in the charity song "We Are the World" (1985). He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. +Jarreau had been treated for exhaustion the week before his death. He died from respiratory failure on February 12, 2017 in Los Angeles, California. He was 76. + += = = Quentin Moses = = = +Quentin Moses (November 18, 1983 – February 12, 2017) was an American football player. He played as a linebacker. He played for the Oakland Raiders, Arizona Cardinals and Miami Dolphins in the National Football League from 2007 to 2010. He was born in Athens, Georgia. +Moses was one of three people who died in a house fire on February 12, 2017 in Monroe, Georgia. He was 33. + += = = Dave Adolph = = = +Dave Adolph (June 6, 1937 – February 12, 2017) was an American football coach. He held coaching positions at National Football League teams including the Cleveland Browns, Oakland Raiders, Kansas City Chiefs and San Diego Chargers. He was born in Akron, Ohio. +Adolph died on February 12, 2017, at the age of 79. + += = = Krystyna Sienkiewicz = = = +Krystyna Waleria Sienkiewicz (14 February 1935 – 12 February 2017) was a Polish actress and singer. She was born in Ostrów Mazowiecka. Her career began in 1955. In 1958, Sienkiewicz was in her first movie, "Farewells" by Wojciech Has. From that moment she appeared in more than 20 movies, including "Jutro premiera" (1962), "Lekarstwo na miłość" (1967) and "Rzeczpospolita Babska" (1969). +In 2007 she received the Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis. In 2007 she received the Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis. +Sienkiewicz died in Warsaw, Poland on 12 February 2017, aged 81. + += = = Jarmila Šuláková = = = +Jarmila Šuláková (27 June 1929 – 11 February 2017) was a Czech folk singer. She was an important figure of Moravian traditional music. She was sometimes called the "queen of the folk song". She was born in Vsetín, Czech Republic. From 1994 to 2011 she regularly performed with the folk-rock group . +Šuláková died on 11 February 2017 in Vsetín at the age of 87. + += = = Chavo Guerrero Sr. = = = +Salvador Guerrero III (January 7, 1949 – February 11, 2017) better known as Chavo Guerrero or Chavo Guerrero Sr., and also known during the 21st century as "Chavo Classic", was a professional wrestler. He was born in El Paso, Texas. +He was best known for his work in Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), American Wrestling Association (AWA) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and for being the father of third generation wrestler Chavo Guerrero Jr.. He was the oldest son of Salvador "Gory" Guerrero, and part of the Guerrero wrestling family. +He was the oldest WWE Cruiserweight Champion. On June 15, 2004, he was fired by WWE for no-showing multiple "SmackDown!" house shows. +On February 11, 2017, Guerrero died of liver cancer in El Paso at the age of 68. + += = = John Howes = = = +John Forman Howes ORS (June 19, 1924 – February 4, 2017) was an American educator. He was the Professor of Asian Studies at the University of British Columbia (UBC) for over 30 years. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. In 2003, Howes was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun by the Emperor of Japan for his outstanding contributions to the Canada-Japan community. After retirement from UBC, he taught at Obirin University, near Tokyo. +Howes died on February 4, 2017 in Vancouver, British Columbia, aged 92. + += = = Arrondissements of the Guyane department = = = +There are 2 arrondissements in the French Guiana department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. +If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. +Arrondissements are further divided into communes. +The arrondissements of French Guiana are: + += = = Arrondissement of Cayenne = = = +The arrondissement of Cayenne is an arrondissement of France, in the French Guiana department. Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of Cayenne. +History. +When the French Guiana became an oversea department of France in 1946, Cayenne was the only "arrondissement" in the department. +Geography. +The "arrondissement" of Cayenne is in the eastern half of the department. It has the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to east and south, and the Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni "arrondissement" to the west. +The "arrondissement" of Cayenne is the has an area of and a population of 164,489 inhabitants. +Composition. +The "arrondissement" of Cayenne has 14 "communes"; they areː + += = = Arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni = = = +The arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is an arrondissement of France, in the French Guiana department. Its capital, and subprefecture of the department, is the city of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. +History. +The "arrondissement" of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni was created in 1969. +Geography. +The "arrondissement" of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is in the western half of the department. It has the Atlantic Ocean to the north, the Cayenne "arrondissement" to the east, Brazil to the south, and Surinam to the west. +The "arrondissement" of Cayenne has an area of and a population of 87,849 inhabitants. +Composition. +The "arrondissement" of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has 8 "communes"; they areː + += = = Melanne Verveer = = = +Melanne Verveer is the Executive Director of the Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. She served as the U.S. Representative to the UN Commission on the Status of Women. She also served as the first U.S. Ambassador for Global Women’s Issues. She co-wrote the book "Fast Forward: How Women Can Achieve Power and Purpose". She has received many awards, including the U.S. Secretary of State’s Award for Distinguished Service. + += = = Yitzhak Livni = = = +Yitzhak Livni (17 October 1934 – 12 February 2017) was an Israeli media personality and journalist. He served as editor of the magazines "Bamahane Nahal" (1956–1961) and "Bamahane" (1961–1971). He was the head of IDF's radio station Galatz (1968–1974). He was also the CEO of the Israel Broadcasting Authority (1974–1979). +Livni was born in Łódź, Poland. He moved to Tel Aviv as a child. He was married to poet Dahlia Ravikovitch in the 1960s. He was later married to Knesset member Eti Livni. They had three children. +Livni died on 12 February 2017, at the age of 82. + += = = James Hunt = = = +James Simon Wallis Hunt (29 August 1947 – 15 June 1993) was a British racing driver. He was best known for winning the Formula One World Championship in 1976. He later became a commentator after retiring from racing in 1979. +Biography. +Hunt was born in Belmont, Surrey. He was well known for lifestyle and behaviour on and off the track. He was married to Suzy Miller and later Sarah Lomax. The couple had two children, Tom and Freddie. He was also engaged to Helen Dyson before his death. He was also a close friend of Niki Lauda. +Hunt began his career in the 1973 season. He entered 93 F1 races. He won a total ten official F1 races. In 1976, he won the Formula One World Championship, winning six of the official races. He won the Dutch Grand Prix (1975, 1976), Spanish Grand Prix (1976), French Grand Prix (1976), German Grand Prix (1976), Italian Grand Prix (1976), Canadian Grand Prix (1976), United States Grand Prix (1976, 1977) and Japanese Grand Prix (1977) races. During his career, he raced for Hesketh (1973–1975), McLaren (1976–1978) and Wolf (1979). He retired in 1979. +Hunt later became a commentator. He was known for commentating on F1 races with Murray Walker. He was played by Australian actor Chris Hemsworth in the movie "Rush" (2013). +Hunt died from a heart attack on 15 June 1993 in Wimbledon, London, at the age of 45. + += = = Ring toss = = = +Ring toss is a common game where rings are tossed around a peg, or bottle. It is mostly played in carnivals. + += = = Wiesław Adamski = = = +Wiesław Adamski (26 July 1947 – 10 February 2017) was a Polish sculptor. He was best known for his work on small sculptures, medals, portraits and blacksmithing. His works had been shown in Helsinki, Poltava, Berlin, Madrid, Washington, Warsaw, Rotterdam and Paris. One famous work by him is a potato monument in Biesiekierz. He was born in Szczecinek County. +Adamski died on 10 February 2017 in Wałcz, at the age of 69.hhhh + += = = Evionnaz = = = +Evionnaz is a municipality of the district of Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. + += = = Finhaut = = = +Finhaut is a municipality of the district Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. + += = = Massongex = = = +Massongex is a municipality in the district of Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. + += = = Keat Chhon = = = +Keat Chhon (; born 11 August 1934) is a Cambodian politician. He is a member of the Cambodian People's Party. He represented Phnom Penh in the National Assembly of Cambodia in 2003. He was the Minister for Economy and Finance from 1994 to 2013. He was also the Deputy Prime Minister of Cambodia from 2008 to 2016. +Keat was born in Kratié Province. He is married to Lay Neari and has two children. + += = = Mex, Valais = = = +Mex was a municipality in Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. +On 1 January 2013, Mex became part of the municipality Saint-Maurice. + += = = Salvan, Switzerland = = = +Salvan is a municipality in the district of Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. + += = = Goms, Valais = = = +Goms is a municipality of the district of Goms in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. +On 1 January 2017, the former municipalities of Blitzingen, Grafschaft, Münster-Geschinen, Niederwald and Reckingen-Gluringen merged into the new municipality of Goms. + += = = Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi = = = +Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi is a political party in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The party's vote base is mainly concentrated in the Kongu Nadu region of Tamil Nadu. It was a splinter party of Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam.On 21 March 2013, E. R. Eswaran launched new Party Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi, he also became the General Secretary of new party. He contested the May 2009 Loksabha elections as a Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam candidate in the Coimbatore constituency and came third, securing more than one lakh votes. He also came third in the 2009 by election for Thondamuthur Assembly Constituency. + += = = People's Welfare Front = = = +The People's Welfare Front is a Tamil Nadu political alliance formed in October 2015. It consists of four political parties: Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist), Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi, and Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The alliance is expected to contest Tamil Nadu and 2016 Puducherry Legislative Assembly elections as one unit. Later it made an electoral alliance with Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam and Tamil Maanila Congress. + += = = Eilat Airport = = = +Eilat Airport (, also known as J. Hozman Airport; ), or "Hozman Airport", is an airport in Israel. It is in the coastal city of Eilat, in the south of the country. +Eilat Airport is a public airport, mainly for internal flights. It was established in 1949. + += = = Lactate dehydrogenase = = = +Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). It catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvic acid and back +This is an important function because lactic acid builds up in muscle tissue. LDH works to prevent muscle fatigue and failure in various ways. +Each LDH molecule is made of four subunits. There are somewhat different types of LDH in different tissues. The main type in the lungs has two M subunits and two H subunits (2H2M). The M and H subunits are coded by two different genes. The M subunit is coded by LDHA on human chromosome 11, and the H subunit is coded by LDHB on chromosome 12. + += = = Million Reasons = = = +"Million Reasons" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Lady Gaga. It is the seventh track on her fifth studio album, "Joanne". The song became the second single from the album on October 28, 2016, after "Perfect Illusion". +The song first reached number 52 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Gaga performed the song as the second-to-last song from her Super Bowl 51 halftime show, before "Bad Romance". After her show, "Million Reasons" reentered at number four on the Hot 100. It became her 10th top-five and 14th top-ten song in the US. She performed it as the encore song on the piano on the Joanne World Tour. +The Recording Industry Association of America certified the song Platinum for sales and streams of over one million copies in the US alone. + += = = Barbara Carroll = = = +Barbara Carroll (born Barbara Carole Coppersmith; January 25, 1925 – February 11, 2017) was an American jazz pianist and singer. Her career began in 1947. She was best known for her jazz trio, which had Benny Goodman in the line up. She also performed piano on Broadway plays. She was born in Worcester, Massachusetts +Carroll died on February 11, 2017, at the age of 92. + += = = Damian (musician) = = = +Damian Davey (born Damian Baker; 30 September 1964 – 12 February 2017), better known as simply Damian, was an English pop musician. He was best known for his 1989 song "The Time Warp", a cover version of the original track from "The Rocky Horror Show". He also did a cover of the song "Wig-Wam Bam" by the Sweet. He was born in Manchester. +Damian died from cancer on 12 February 2017, at the age of 52. + += = = Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni = = = +Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is a commune and subprefecture of the French Guiana, an overseas region and department of France in northern South America. +Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is a border town in northwest French Guiana. It is the second most populous city of French Guiana, after Cayenne. +Name. +The name was given in 1856 by the Governor of French Guiana, Auguste Laurent Bauding, after his father and grandfather. Because the town is on the side of the Maroni river, the name was completed as is now: "Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni". +History. +The town was made a "commune" in 1949. In 1969, it was made the capital of the new arrondissement of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni. +Geography. +Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is a city in northwestern French Guiana to the west of Cayenne, on the Maroni River (in Dutch: "Marowijne"), opposite the town of Albina in Suriname which can be reached by ferry or small boats. +The "commune" has an area of ; at the city hall, the altitude is . It includes some islands in the river: "Île Portal", "Île de la Quarantaine" and "Île aux Lépreux". +The Maroni river flows through the "commune", to which it gives part of its name. Many of its tributaries also flows the "commune": Crique Sparouine (on the southern border), Crique Bastien, Crique Serpent, Crique des cascades, Crique Awara, Crique Balaté, Crique Margot, Crique Chameau, Crique aux bœufs lamentins and Crique Vaches (on the northern border). +Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is surrounded by the "communes" Mana to the north and east, Grand-Santi to the south and southwest and Apatou to the northwest. +Climate. +Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has a Tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification: Af) in which there is no dry season - all months have mean precipitation values of at least . +The average temperature for the year in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is . The warmest month, on average, is September with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . +The average amount of precipitation for the year in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is October with an average of . +Demographics. +The inhabitants of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni are known, in French, as "Saint-Laurentins" (women: "Saint-Laurentines"). +The "commune" of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has a population, in 2014, of 44,169; its population density is of inhabitants/km2. +Evolution of the population in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni + += = = Jan Grabowski = = = +Jan Grabowski (27 May 1950 – 13 February 2017) was a Polish speedway rider. From 1970 to 1980, he represented Falubaz Zielona Góra. He won two bronze medals at the Team Speedway Polish Championship, in 1973 and 1979, with the team. He later became a speedway coach. He was born in Myślibórz. +Grabowski died on 13 February 2017 in Zielona Góra, at the age of 66. + += = = Keith Kellogg = = = +Joseph Keith Kellogg Jr. (born May 12, 1944), known as Keith Kellogg, is a retired general officer in the United States Army. President Donald Trump put Kellogg in charge of the presidential transition agency action team for defense. He was named a foreign policy advisor to then presidential candidate Trump in March 2016. +He was named Acting United States National Security Advisor on February 13, 2017 following the resignation of Michael T. Flynn. + += = = Clint Roberts = = = +Clint Ronald Roberts (January 30, 1935 – February 13, 2017) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He was a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for South Dakota from 1981 to 1983. He was born in Presho, South Dakota. +Roberts died from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on February 13, 2017 in Pierre, South Dakota, at the age of 82. + += = = Loukianos Kilaidonis = = = +Loukianos Kilaidonis (; 15 July 1943 – 7 February 2017) was a Greek composer, songwriter and singer. +Kilaidonis was born in Athens. He studied at the Leonine Lycium of Patissia. afterwards he went to Thessaloniki where he studied architecture at Aristotle University of Thessaloniki for two years, where he finished his studies at the National Metsovo Polytechnic. +Kilaidonis never did work in architecture because he started a career in music. His first work was the album "Our city" in 1970. Two years later he made the album "Red Thread" with Nikos Gatsos and the singers Manolis Mitsias and Dimitra Galani. +Kilaidonis died in Marousi, Greece on 7 February 2017 from a respiratory infection, aged 73. + += = = Ren Xinmin = = = +Ren Xinmin (; December 5, 1915 – February 12, 2017) was a Chinese rocket scientist. He was a specialist in astronautics and liquid rocket engine technology. He worked at the University at Buffalo. +Early life. +Ren was born in Ningguo, China. He studied at Southeast University and at the University of Michigan. +Career. +Ren was the technical director of the Long March 1 rocket. It was used for the successful launch of China's first satellite, and chief designer of Chinese store able propellant rocket engine. He was also the chief designer for Long March 3 launch vehicle, Fengyun, and SJ (Shijian) series satellites. +Ren was elected Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. +Ren, Huang Weilu, Tu Shou'e and Liang Shoupan were bracketed together as "four venerable pioneers of astronautics (����)" in China. They were granted the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Merit Medal" in 1999. +Death. +Ren died on February 12, 2017 in Beijing, aged 101. + += = = Harvey Lichtenstein = = = +Harvey Lichtenstein (April 9, 1929 – February 11, 2017) was an American arts administrator. +He was best known for his 32-year tenure (1967–99) as president and executive producer of the Brooklyn Academy of Music, or BAM. He led the institution to a renaissance, championing contemporary performance, establishing the Next Wave Festival, and providing a vital venue for dance, theater, music, and collaborations that bridged disciplines. When Lichtenstein retired, the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation made the decision to honor his considerable accomplishments by foregoing its own naming rights and dedicating the BAM Harvey Theater in his honor. +Lichtenstein was born in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Brooklyn College and at Black Mountain College. Lichtenstein died in Manhattan, New York on February 11, 2017 from complications of a stroke, aged 87. + += = = Lucky Pulpit = = = +Lucky Pulpit (foaled February 10, 2001 – February 13, 2017) was an American Thoroughbred stallion. He stood at Harris Farms in Coalinga, California. +Lucky Pulpit was a son of the Blue Grass Stakes winner Pulpit, who in turn is a son of 1992 United States Horse of the Year A.P. Indy. Lucky Pulpit was the sire of the 2014 Kentucky Derby and 2014 Preakness Stakes winner and subsequent 2014 Horse of the Year, California Chrome. +Lucky Pulpit died of a heart attack in Arcadia, California on February 13, 2017, aged 16. + += = = Åsleik Engmark = = = +Åsleik Engmark (27 December 1965 – 12 February 2017) was a Norwegian comedian, actor, singer and writer. He was best known for his work as one of the co-founders of the Norwegian cabaret group Lompelandslaget. In Norwegian dubbing, he was well known for voicing Timon in the "The Lion King" series, Mike Wazowski in the "Monsters, Inc." and Woody in the "Toy Story" series. He was born in Oslo. +Engmark died of an illness on 12 February 2017 in Brussels, Belgium, at the age of 51. + += = = Tsuyoshi Yamanaka = = = + was a Japanese freestyle swimmer. He won a total of five Olympic medals, four silvers and a bronze. He won medals at the 1956 (Melbourne), 1960 (Rome) and 1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo). He was born in Wajima, Ishikawa Prefecture. +Yamanaka died from pneumonia on 10 February 2017 in Tokyo, at the age of 78. + += = = Bobby Murdoch (footballer, born 1936) = = = +Bobby Murdoch (25 January 1936 – 12 February 2017) was an English footballer. He played as a striker. He played for Liverpool, Bolton Wanderers, Barrow, Stockport County, Carlisle United, Southport and Wigan Athletic. He was also a player-manager for the amateur club South Liverpool. He was born in Garston, Liverpool. +Murdoch died on 12 February 2017, at the age of 81. + += = = Sara Coward = = = +Sara Coward (30 January 1948 – 12 February 2017) was a British actress. She was born in Eltham, London. She was known for her role as Caroline Sterling in the BBC radio soap opera "The Archers". She first appeared in the series in 1977. She had the role as a regular from 1979 until September 2016. She also appeared in the TV series "Inspector Morse", "Hetty Wainthropp Investigates" and "Rumpole of the Bailey". +Coward was told she had breast cancer in 2013. She died on 12 February 2017 in Warwickshire, at the age of 69. + += = = Communist Party of India (Marxist) = = = +The Communist Party of India (Marxist) is a Communist party in India. The party emerged from a split from the Communist Party of India in 1964. The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from 31 October to 7 November 1964. The power of CPI(M) is concentrated in the states of Kerala, West Bengal and Tripura. At present in 2016, CPI(M) is leading the state governments in Tripura and Kerala. It also leads the Left Front in West Bengal. + += = = Beam balance = = = +A beam balance is a device used to measure mass. An object is put into a disk on one side that hangs from one end of a bar. It is balanced with weights at the other end. It has a lever at the middle just for support with two equal arms and a pan suspended from each arm at the end of the beam by equal length of strings. More so it can be used to measure various object.it is a very useful machine . it is used by shopkeepers to weight the material which the customer is buying. +A beam balance is a type of scale that uses a beam with weights suspended from its ends to measure the weight or mass of an object. The object to be weighed is placed on one end of the beam, and weights are added to the other end until the beam is in equilibrium, meaning that the two sides are balanced. +They are designed to measure the weight or mass of an object by suspending it from a beam. + += = = M. K. Stalin = = = +Muthuvel Karunanidhi Stalin (better known as M. K. Stalin; often referred to by his initials MKS) (born 1 March 1953) is an Indian politician,present Chief minister of Tamilnadu and President of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party. He became the 1st Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from 2009 to 2011.Stalin is the third son of famous Tamil Nadu politician Karunanidhi, and was born to his second wife, Dayalu Ammal. Stalin became the Minister for Rural Development and Local Administration in the Government of Tamil Nadu after the 2006 Assembly elections. On 29 May 2009, Stalin was nominated as Deputy Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu by Governor Surjit Singh Barnala. Stalin serves as the Treasurer and the Youth Wing President of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. On 3 January 2013, M. Karunanidhi named him as his heir apparent, ending a long time confusion about who would take over the party reins after Karunanidhi's death. He was the Mayor of Chennai from 1996 to 2002. + += = = Goyescas = = = +Goyescas is a Spanish opera with music by Enrique Granados and libretto by Fernando Periquet y Zuaznabar. It is based on the piano work by Granados which is also called "Goyescas". As the melodies had already been created for the piano work, the words of the opera had to be chosen to fit them. +The opera was first performed in New York, on January 28, 1916. It is not performed as often as the piano version. +Story. +Granados was inspired by the paintings of Francisco Goya. + += = = Sarah Knauss = = = +Sarah DeRemer Knauss (née "Clark"; September 24, 1880 – December 30, 1999) was an American supercentenarian, and the world's oldest living person between the death of Canadian woman Marie-Louise Meilleur on April 16, 1998, and her own death from natural causes aged 119 years, 97 days. Knauss is the oldest American ever and the third-oldest person in history, behind Jeanne Calment and Kane Tanaka. +She, also along with Danish-born Americanman Christian Mortensen, who died just 9 days after Meilleur, were the last two living people born before 1884. During the last 40 days of her life, she was also the last living person born before 1885. +Biography. +Knauss was born as Sarah DeRemer Clark on September 24, 1880, as the third of seven children in Hollywood, Pennsylvania, US. Her family then later moved to South Bethlehem, Pennyslavia. +Her only child, Kathryn, was born in 1903 and died in 2005, aged 101. After 64 years of marriage, her husband died in 1965 at the age of 86. +Knauss was a very short woman. She was tall. +At the age of 104, she moved in with her daughter, Kathryn Knauss Sullivan. At the age of 106, she was no longer able to walk and got about via wheelchair. She remained in relatively good health well into her 119th year, except for being almost totally deaf. +Death. +On December 30, 1999, Knauss died from natural causes in her sleep at around 3:00 p.m., while sitting in the chair in her room. She died 2 days before the year 2000 started. With her death, British woman Eva Morris become the oldest living person in the world. + += = = Bilice, Kotor Varoš = = = +Bilice is a populated place in the Kotor Varoš Municipality of Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. + += = = Baština, Kotor Varoš = = = +Baština is a populated place in the Kotor Varoš Municipality of Central Bosnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina. + += = = Jonathan Russell = = = +Jonathan Russell (February 27, 1771 - February 17, 1832) was a United States Representative from Massachusetts (March 4, 1821 - March 3, 1823). He graduated from Brown University (then Rhode Island College) in 1791. He was also appointed by James Madison to the Diplomatic Service in France in 1811. Russell was one of the five commissioners who negotiated the Treaty of Ghent with Great Britain in 1814, ending the War of 1812. Jonathan Russell died in Milton, Massachusetts on February 17, 1832 (aged 60). His final resting place is in the Russell Family Cemetery (Milton, Massachusetts). + += = = Inferior temporal gyrus = = = +The inferior temporal gyrus is the part of the brain that helps you process shades + += = = Ta Phong Tan = = = +Tạ Phong Tần (born September 15, 1968 in Vĩnh Lợi District, Bạc Liêu Province) is a Vietnamese blogger. She was a member of the Vietnamese Communist Party and an officer in the Vietnamese security forces. In 2013 she received an International Women of Courage Award. +In 2006, she started a blog “Truth and Justice.” She wrote about news and politics. In 2011, she went to prison. She was convicted of propaganda against the state. +She was freed from prison on September 19, 2015. She went to live in the United States. + += = = Stefán Karl Stefánsson = = = +Stefán Karl Stefánsson (; ; 10 July 1975 – 21 August 2018) was an Icelandic actor and singer. He was best known for playing antagonist Robbie Rotten on the children's television series "LazyTown". +Career. +Stefán Karl's career started in 1994. At the age of 19, he worked as a puppeteer for television. During his years as a puppeteer, he had also been studying at the Drama Academy of Iceland. However, he was not satisfied with how Iceland views their drama standards. He remembered that his principal at his high school said that "acting is not about making faces and changing your face". He did not agree with his high school principal. +Later, Stefán Karl had been invited by Magnús Scheving, an Icelandic gymnast, to portray one of the characters in the second "LazyTown" play. Scheving created the plays because he was concerned that Iceland's younger generation is not doing enough exercise. Stefán Karl explained that "[Scheving] wanted the kids to get healthier, so he created this musical called "LazyTown". He played Sportacus, the fitness fanatic, and I was Robbie Rotten, the guy who liked to stay indoors and sleep". After initial success with the musical, Nickelodeon eventually made a deal with the creators of "LazyTown" to air the first 40 episodes of "LazyTown" along with a special studio built in Iceland. During the first few years of "LazyTown" in the early 2000s, Stefán Karl initially knew no English, but soon became fluent. +Personal life. +Stefán Karl lived in Los Angeles with his wife Steinunn Ólína Þorsteinsdóttir, three daughters, and one son. In June 2018, he was awarded the Order of the Falcon. He had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Tourette syndrome. +Illness and death. +Stefán Karl announced in October 2016 that he had been diagnosed with bile duct cancer. On the same month, GoFundMe campaign was subsequently created by "LazyTown" head writer Mark Valenti to pay his living costs when he became too ill to work. The campaign was popularized by various YouTube users uploading parodies of Stefán Karl's work. This eventually made the songs "We Are Number One" and "The Mine Song" from "LazyTown" become Internet memes. In August 2017, Stefán Karl stated he was in remission. He clarified on his GoFundMe campaign that while his metastases had been removed after successful liver surgery in June 2017, he still had the disease and had refused further adjuvant therapy. +In March 2018, Stefán Karl was diagnosed with inoperable bile duct cancer, and said that he was undergoing chemotherapy to increase the length of his life. In April 2018, he announced that he personally chose to stop his chemotherapy, and then began to shut down all his social media accounts. +He died on 21 August 2018 at the age of 43. His wife stated that Stefansson didn't want to a funeral when he died. Instead, she had said that his body will be secretly scattered into a distant ocean. +Legacy. +It was announced by his manager, Cheryl Edison, that the Stefán Karl Academy & Center for the Performing Arts will be opened in Switzerland in the year 2019 as a memorial to his career. +Filmography. +Stefán Karl has been credited in various works including plays, television series, films, and games. +Films. +According to IMDb: + += = = Pusheen = = = +Pusheen is a cartoon cat and an internet meme. She is seen in comic strips and sticker sets on Facebook. Some of the stickers are animated. Pusheen was created in 2010 by Hilary Duff a comic strip on her website, Everyday Cute. +The original comic strip series used characters modeled after her owners, Belton and Duff. Also included was their dog named Care, and Pusheen, a female chubby gray tabby cat based on Belton's cat that now lives with her parents in Oregon. Pusheen's name comes from the word "puisín", which means kitten in Irish. +Social media. +Pusheen is an example of the popularity of cats on the Internet and in social media. An exhibition at the New York City Museum of the Moving Image used Pusheen along with other celebrity cats such as Grumpy Cat, Keyboard Cat and Lil Bub as examples. +The Facebook page for Pusheen has over 8.9 million followers as of March 2020. +The brand has expanded with merchandise from Barnes & Noble, Hot Topic, and Petco. Pusheen is also now seen on: Instagram, Pinterest, and Twitter. The Pusheen Corp has created a mobile app to go along with their sticker collection that started on Facebook. Also, the company has started releasing GIFs on their website several times a month. + += = = Mary Akrami = = = +Mary Akrami is an activist from Afghanistan. She started the Afghan Women Skills Development Center, a women's shelter in Kabul. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award. +Life. +Akrami grew up in Kabul, Afghanistan. During the war with the Taliban, her family left Afghanistan and went to live in Pakistan. Akrami got a BBA degree in Administration and Economy from Peshawar in Pakistan. +Work. +Akrami worked with a group of women to start classes in English and computer literacy for Afghan women in refugee camps. They got help from the Aurat Foundation (an NGO in Pakistan) and the Afghan Women Skills Development Center (AWSDC). +In 2001, Akrami went to the Afghan Civil Society meeting in Bonn, Germany. After the war, she went back to +Afghanistan and started an economic development project for women in the small village of Ghazni. In April, she started a women's shelter with the help of Norwegian church Aid (NCA). The shelter provides psychological counseling and legal aid. +To promote human rights for women, they started a peace building program in the Parwan province. They started 12 peace committees 6 and 1 central Shura in each district. Women have 50% representation in the peace committees. + += = = Hans Trass = = = +Hans-Voldemar Trass (2 May 1928 – 14 February 2017) was an Estonian ecologist and botanist. He was a member of the Estonian Academy of Sciences from 1975 until his death. He was the president of the Estonian Naturalists' Society from 1964 to 1973 and 1985 to 1991. He was awarded the Acharius Medal by the International Association for Lichenology in 1992. +Trass was born in Tallinn. He was married to Estonian Raine Loo. The couple had a son, composer and organist Toomas Trass. +Trass died on 14 February 2017, at the age of 88. + += = = Ricardo Arias Calderón = = = +Ricardo Arias Calderón (4 May 1933 – 13 February 2017) was a Panamanian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Party. He served as the first Vice President of Panama from 1989 to 1992. +Arias was born in Panama City. He studied at Yale and the Sorbonne. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Theresa and had four children. +Arias died on 13 February 2017 in Panama City, at the age of 83. + += = = The Proclaimers = = = +The Proclaimers are a Scottish folk rock band. The members are twin brothers, Charlie and Craig Reid (born 5 March 1962). They are best known for the songs "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)", "Sunshine on Leith", "I'm on My Way" and "Letter from America". They are also known for singing with a Scottish accent. +The Reid brothers were born in Leith. They are fans of Hibernian and support Scottish independence. + += = = Jared Kushner = = = +Jared Corey Kushner (born January 10, 1981) is an American real estate investor and developer and newspaper publisher. He was the senior advisor to his father-in-law, President Donald Trump. +Career. +With White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus and Chief Strategist Steve Bannon, he forms Trump's leadership team. Kushner is said to be President Trump's most trusted advisor, showing "unwavering loyalty" to his father-in-law. +In August 24, 2017, Jared Kushner visited Israel to meet Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. He went to Palestine to meet President Mahmoud Abbas in an attempt to restart a peace process in the Middle East. +Kushner married Trump's daughter Ivanka Trump in 2009. They have three children. + += = = Woody Johnson = = = +Robert Wood "Woody" Johnson IV (born April 12, 1947) is an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom from 2017 until 2021. He is a great-grandson of Robert Wood Johnson I (co-founder of Johnson & Johnson), and the owner of the New York Jets of the National Football League. +Johnson was nominated to be the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom by then President-elect Donald Trump on January 19, 2017. + += = = Israel Kamakawiwoʻole = = = +Israel Kaʻanoʻi Kamakawiwoʻole (May 20, 1959 – June 26, 1997) was an American singer and musician. He was also known as Bruddah Iz. He is best known for his versions of the songs "Somewhere over the Rainbow" and "What a Wonderful World", recorded in 1988 and released in 1993. He also played the ukulele to his songs. He was a Native Hawaiian and supported independence of the U.S. state to become a sovereignty. +Kamakawiwoʻole was born in Honolulu. He was married to Marlene. The couple had a daughter, Ceslieanne (born ). +Kamakawiwoʻole had health issues because of his obesity. He died on June 26, 1997, in Honolulu, at the age of 38. + += = = Elisabeth Rehn = = = +Märta Elisabeth Rehn (née Carlberg; born 6 April 1935) is a Finnish politician. She is a Swedish-speaking Finn, and was a member of the Swedish People's Party. She was the Minister of Defence from 1990 to 1995. She was also an Undersecretary General of the United Nations from 1995 to 1999. +Rehn was born in Helsinki. She was married to Ove Rehn from 1955 until his death in 2004. They had four children. She has survived cancer twice. + += = = Talking Body = = = +"Talking Body" is a 2014 electropop song from singer and songwriter Tove Lo. The song was released to American contemporary hit radio on January 13, 2015 by Republic Records. The song comes from her studio album "Queen of the Clouds" (2014). +The song is about trying to seduce someone into sex. +"Talking Body" hit #12 on "Billboard" Hot 100. + += = = Bang Bang (Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj song) = = = +"Bang Bang" is a pop-soul ballad from Jessie J, Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj. The song is about female empowerment, sex and feminism. +The song was released on July 29, 2014 as the lead single from Jessie J's studio album "Sweet Talker" (2014). The song is also off Grande's album "My Everything" (2014). +"Bang Bang" began at #1 in the United Kingdom. It hit the Top Ten in several countries, like Australia, Canada and the United States. +It won Favorite Song of the Year at the 2015 Kids' Choice Awards on Nickelodeon. + += = = Albion, Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Albion is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 1,197. + += = = Alma, Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Alma is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 1,033. + += = = Province of South Carolina = = = +The Province of South Carolina (also known as the South Carolina Colony) was originally part of the Province of Carolina in British America. In 1776 the province became the U.S. state of South Carolina. +The Carolinas were named for King Charles II of England. The colony was first named "Carolana". Charles II had given the land to a group of eight nobles called the Lords Proprietors. In 1712 the Carolina Province split into the Province of North Carolina and Province of South Carolina. Both provinces became British royal colonies in 1729. +Lord Charles Montagu (1741-1784) was Royal Governor of the Province of South Carolina from 1766 to 1773. + += = = Bear Bluff, Wisconsin = = = +Bear Bluff is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 155. + += = = Brockway, Wisconsin = = = +Brockway is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 3,035. + += = = City Point, Wisconsin = = = +City Point is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 177. + += = = Cleveland, Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Cleveland is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 1,486. + += = = Curran, Wisconsin = = = +Curran is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 301. + += = = Franklin, Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Franklin is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 519. + += = = Garden Valley, Wisconsin = = = +Garden Valley is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 395. + += = = Garfield, Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Garfield is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 756. + += = = Hixton (town), Wisconsin = = = +Hixton is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 620. + += = = Irving, Wisconsin = = = +Irving is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 853. + += = = Knapp, Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Knapp is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 303. + += = = Komensky, Wisconsin = = = +Komensky is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 505. + += = = Dinocephalosaurus = = = +Dinocephalosaurus is a genus of long necked, aquatic Archosaurs which lived in the Triassic seas. Its fossils are found in 244 ± 1.3 million year old rocks. +Didocephalosaurus means "terrible headed lizard". The first specimen found was just a skull, discovered near Xinmin in Guizhou Province, China in 2002. The second specimen found nearby, and was the head and much of the postcrainal skeleton, minus the tail. "Dinocephalosaurus" is the "first record of protorosaurid reptile (Order Protorosauria) from the Middle Triassic of China". +A new specimen found in Yunnan Province, southern China, showed evidence of live births (ovoviviparity). This is the earliest known example of this in the large group of tetrapods which includes dinosaurs, crocodiles, pterosaurs and birds. + += = = Manchester, Wisconsin = = = +Manchester is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 825. + += = = Melrose, Wisconsin = = = +Melrose is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 470. + += = = Millston, Wisconsin = = = +Millston is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 168. + += = = North Bend, Wisconsin = = = +North Bend is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 491. + += = = Northfield, Wisconsin = = = +Northfield is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 674. + += = = Springfield, Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Springfield is a town in Jackson County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 693. + += = = Ashwaubenon, Wisconsin = = = +Ashwaubenon is a village in Brown County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 the population was 16,991. + += = = Auburndale, Wisconsin = = = +Auburndale is a village in Wood County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 the population was 702. + += = = Avoca, Wisconsin = = = +Avoca is a village in Iowa County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020, the population was 553. + += = = Bagley, Wisconsin = = = +Bagley is a village in Grant County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020, the population was 356. + += = = Baldwin, Wisconsin = = = +Baldwin is a village in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020, the population was 4,291. + += = = Cady, Wisconsin = = = +Cady is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 880. + += = = Cylon, Wisconsin = = = +Cylon is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 708. + += = = Eau Galle, St. Croix County, Wisconsin = = = +Eau Galle is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 1,253. + += = = Emerald, Wisconsin = = = +Emerald is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 831. + += = = Erin Prairie, Wisconsin = = = +Erin Prairie is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 673. + += = = Forest, St. Croix County, Wisconsin = = = +Forest is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 638. + += = = Glenwood, Wisconsin = = = +Glenwood is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of the 2020 census the population was 747. + += = = Hammond, Wisconsin = = = +Hammond is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020 the population was 2,565. + += = = Kinnickinnic, Wisconsin = = = +Kinnickinnic is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020 the population was 1,815. + += = = Pleasant Valley, Wisconsin = = = +Pleasant Valley is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020 the population was 567. + += = = Rush River, Wisconsin = = = +Rush River is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020 the population was 500. + += = = St. Joseph, Wisconsin = = = +St. Joseph is a town in St. Croix County, Wisconsin, USA. As of 2020 the population was 4,178. + += = = Manfred Kaiser = = = +Manfred "Manni" Kaiser (7 January 1929 – 15 February 2017) was a German footballer. He played as a a midfielder. He played for Wismut Gera, Wismut Aue and the East Germany national team. He was born in Zeitz. +Kaiser died on 15 February 2017 in Lindau, at the age of 88. + += = = Helen Sharman = = = +Dr. Helen Patricia Sharman OBE FRSC (born 30 May 1963) is a British chemist. She became the first British astronaut and the first woman to visit the Mir space station in 1993. +She worked as a research and development technologist for GEC in London and later as a chemist for Mars Incorporated dealing with nice properties of chocolate. +Sharman was born in Grenoside, Sheffield. + += = = Azerbaijan State Russian Drama Theatre = = = +Azerbaijan State Russian Samed Vurgun Drama Theatre (, ), is a drama theatre in Baku, Azerbaijan performing plays in the Russian language. The plays of the theatre are mainly from Russian literature, and the rest are plays from Azerbaijani and European writers. The theatre was founded in 1937 and in 1956 was renamed after the Azerbaijani poet Samed Vurgun. The theatre show plays not just for adults, but for children too. + += = = Guiana Shield = = = +The Guiana Shield is a geographic region found in northeast South America. It is one of the three cratons of the South American Plate. It is a 1.7 billion-year-old Precambrian geological formation that forms part of the South American northern coast. +The higher elevations on the region are called the Guiana Highlands, which is where there are mesas or "table" mountains called "tepuis". +Names. +"Guiana" and "The Guianas" are often used as collective names for Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, and sometimes even includes the portions of Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil which are on the Guiana Shield. +Geography. +The Guiana Shield is In six countries; they are, from west to east: +The Guiana Shield is roughly bounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Orinoco river to the north and west, the Negro river (an important tributary of the Amazon river) to the southwest, and the Amazon river to the south. +Mountains. +The Guiana Highlands is formed by small plateaus and mountain ranges. The western part of the Highlands, mainly in Venezuela, is where are the higher mountains. From west to east, the mountains ranges and plateaus are: +The highest point in the Guiana Shield is Pico da Neblina () in Brazil at . Pico da Neblina is the highest summit of the larger "Serra do Imeri", a plateau on the Venezuela-Brazil border; it is also the highest mountain in Brazil. +Rivers and waterfalls. +Many rivers start on the Guiana Highlands and most of them flow to the north, into the Atlantic Ocean. Some of them are: +In the region there are some notable waterfalls such as the Angel Falls, high, in Venezuela, and the Kaieteur Falls, high, on the Potaro River in the Pacaraima Mountains of Guyana. +Climate. +As a whole, the Guiana Shield region has a tropical climate characterized by a relatively high mean annual temperature over at sea level. Because of the Guiana Shield is just north of the equator, its climate varies primarily according to elevation and the effects of the trade winds. The trade winds blow from the east and northeast, off of the Atlantic Ocean onto northeastern South America. +The heaviest rains usually occur between May and August, whereas the rainy season from December to January is shorter and less intense, with rains mostly along the coast. In areas where there is only one rainy season, the driest part of the year is January to March; in areas where there are two rainy seasons the driest months are March and October. However, even during most dry seasons, frequent storms provide adequate moisture to allow evergreen tropical moist forests to persist in most low elevation parts of the region. +The climate data for Santa Elena de Uairén weather station () in La Gran Sabana at an altitude of are:. +Plant and animal life. +Since the individual peaks in the Guiana Highlands have been isolated from each other for millions of years, many plants and animals have evolved in a different way on each mountain. +Many of the mountains are covered in permanent clouds and mist washing all the soil away, and leaving barren rock and water. Because of this many plants are carnivorous and feed on insects and small animals. +So far over 2,000 species of plants been found, and more than 50% are endemic to this region, meaning they are found only here, and many are only found on one peak. +Mineral resource. +Some minerals are found in large amounts in the Guiana Shield; diamonds, gold and bauxite are some of them. The large-scale mining of these, and other minerals, is creating some environmental problems. +Protected areas. +In the Guiana Shield, there are several protected areas, as National parks or reserves; some of them are: + += = = Saudia Flight 163 = = = +Saudia Flight 163 was a scheduled passenger flight from Karachi to Jeddah, via Riyadh. On August 19, 1980 the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar with 287 passengers and 14 crew members on-board, caught fire seven minutes after take-off. Although the plane made an emergency landing at Riyadh International Airport, all 301 people on-board died of smoke inhalation, with the aircraft later destroyed by the fire. + += = = Violet Brown = = = +Violet Brown (née Mosse; 10 March 1900 – 15 September 2017) was a Jamaican supercentenarian who at the time of her death, at the age of , was the oldest verified living person in the world from the death of Emma Morano on 15 April 2017 until her death in 5 months later. +She was also the first verified supercentenarian from Jamaica and the oldest verified Jamaican person ever. Brown was born when Jamaica was a part of the British Empire and was the last living former subject of Queen Victoria. +Life. +Her date of birth was variously reported as 4 March 1900, 10 March 1900, and 15 March 1900. However, it was officially recognised as 10 March 1900 by the Guinness World Records. +Her son, Harland Fairweather (April 15, 1920 – April 19, 2017), was known as the oldest person with a parent alive. +Death. +Brown died on 15 September 2017 at a hospital in Montego Bay, Saint James Parish, Jamaica of heart failure caused by dehydration at the age of 117. She was the 4th oldest recorded person in history at her death, behind Jeanne Calment, Sarah Knauss and Marie-Louise Meilleur. + += = = Prince William Sound = = = +Prince William Sound is a body of water in the Gulf of Alaska. A sound is a small body of water that comes in from the ocean. Prince William Sound is on the south side of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its biggest port is Valdez, at the south end of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other towns on the sound include Cordova and Whittier. +James Cook went in Prince William Sound in 1778. He named it Sandwich Sound, after the Earl of Sandwich. The Sound's name was changed in the same year. It was then named after George III's third son Prince William Henry. Prince William was then 13 years old. He was in the Royal Navy. +Most of the land near Prince William Sound is part of the Chugach National Forest. Chugach is the second largest U.S. National Forest. Prince William Sound is ringed by the Chugach Mountains. These mountains are steep. The coast is complex. It has many islands and fjords. It also has some glaciers. +In 1964, a tsunami hit the sound. It was caused by the Good Friday earthquake. It killed many people in the town of Chenega. It destroyed the town of Valdez. +In 1989, the oil tanker "Exxon Valdez" ran aground. It caused a large oil spill, which damaged the environment. It killed around 250,000 seabirds, nearly 3,000 sea otters, 300 harbor seals, 250 bald eagles and up to 22 killer whales. + += = = Infante Henrique, Duke of Coimbra = = = +D. Infante Henrique, Duke of Coimbra (6 November 1949 – 14 February 2017) was an Infante of Portugal. He was a member of the former Portuguese Royal Family as the youngest son of Duarte Nuno, Duke of Braganza, and Princess Maria Francisca of Orléans-Braganza. Infante Henrique was fifth in the line of succession to the former Portuguese throne. His elder brother, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza, is head of the House of Braganza, which ruled Portugal until 1910. +Henrique died on 14 February 2017 in Lisbon, aged 67. + += = = Anthony Lake = = = +William Anthony Kirsopp "Tony" Lake (born April 2, 1939) is an American politician, author, academic, and former American diplomat, Foreign Service Officer, and political advisor. +Lake was the executive director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). He has been a foreign policy advisor to many Democratic U.S. presidents and presidential candidates. He served as National Security Advisor under U.S. President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997. Lake is known as being one of the individuals who developed the policy that led to the resolution of the Bosnian War. +He also held the chair of Distinguished Professor in the Practice of Diplomacy at the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, in Washington, D.C. +Lake converted from Christianity to Judaism. + += = = Stuart McLean = = = +Andrew Stuart McLean, OC (April 19, 1948 – February 15, 2017) was a Canadian radio broadcaster, humorist, monologist, and author. He was best known as the host of the CBC Radio program "The Vinyl Cafe". +He was often called as a "story-telling comic". He had written many serious stories. He was known for his voice and his ability to change his popular stories to make them different on every show. +McLean was diagnosed with melanoma in November 2015. He died on February 15, 2017 from the disease in Toronto, aged 68. + += = = Peter Simonischek = = = +Peter Simonischek (6 August 1946 – 29 May 2023) was an Austrian movie and stage actor. He appeared in more than sixty movies, beginning in 1980. Simonischek was known for his role as Winfried Conradi/Toni Erdmann in the 2016 movie "Toni Erdmann". He won the European Film Award for Best Actor and was nominated for a London Critics Circle Film Awards for Best Actor and a Toronto Film Critics Association Awards for Best Actor. +Simonischek died on 29 May 2023 from a short-illness in Vienna, Austria at the age of 76. + += = = Bruce Lansbury = = = +William Bruce Mageean Lansbury (12 January 1930 – 13 February 2017) was an English-American television producer. His career lasted over 30 years, starting from the 1960s to the 1990s. He was known for producing many famous television shows such as "The Wild Wild West", "", "Knight Rider" and "Murder, She Wrote". +Early life. +Lansbury was born in London. He was the grandson of former Labour Party leader George Lansbury. He was the younger brother of actress Angela Lansbury. He became a citizen of the United States in 1954. +Career. +His career began in 1953, but became frequent in the 1960s. He retired officially in 1996, but returned to write a screenplay for a TV movie about "Murder, She Wrote" in 2003. +Lansbury served as producer of 69 episodes of "The Wild Wild West", from 1966-69, and 38 episodes of "", from 1969-1972. Lansbury served as producer of "Wonder Woman", "Knight Rider" and executive producer for the science fiction series "The Fantastic Journey". +His name appears in the closing credits of "The Brady Bunch", "Happy Days" and "The Odd Couple" as "Vice President of Creative Affairs" for Paramount Television. +Lansbury served as producer of 88 episodes of "Murder, She Wrote", starring his sister, Angela. He was also a writer for 15 episodes of the show. +Death. +Lansbury died on 13 February 2017 at his home in La Quinta, California from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 87. + += = = Pete McCloskey = = = +Paul Norton "Pete" McCloskey, Jr. (born September 29, 1927) is an American politician. He served in the U.S. House of Representatives representing California from 1967 to 1983. He ran on an anti-war platform for the Republican nomination for President in 1972 but was defeated by incumbent President Richard Nixon. +In April 2007, McCloskey switched his affiliation to the Democratic Party. He is a decorated United States Marine Corps veteran of combat during the Korean War, being awarded the Navy Cross, the Silver Star, and two awards of the Purple Heart. + += = = Jenny Slate = = = +Jennifer Sarah "Jenny" Slate (born March 25, 1982) is an American, actress, voice actress and author. +She is best known for her role as Donna Stern in "Obvious Child", as well as being the co-creator of the "Marcel the Shell with Shoes On" short movies and children's book series. +She is also known for her season as a cast member on "Saturday Night Live" from 2009 to 2010 and for her appearances in shows such as "House of Lies", "Married", "Parks and Recreation", "Bob's Burgers", "Hello" "Ladies", "Kroll Show", and "Girls and Star vs. the forces of evil as Pony Head." +In 2017, she voiced Harley Quinn in "The Lego Batman Movie". +Slate was born in Milton, Massachusetts. She studied at Milton Academy and Columbia University. In 2012, Slate married Dean Fleischer-Camp. They divorced in 2016. In 2021, she married Ben Shattuck. + += = = Grant Hackett = = = +Grant George Hackett (born 9 May 1980) is a former Australian swimmer. He is best known for winning the men's 1500 metres freestyle race at both the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. He retired after the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. +Hackett was born in Southport of the Gold Coast, Queensland. He was married to singer Candice Alley from 2007 to 2013. The couple have twin children, born in 2009. + += = = Aoi festival = = = +The Aoi Festival or Aoi Matsuri (��) is one of Kyoto's most three famous festivals. The other two are the Gion Festival and Jidai Matsuri. The Aoi Festival takes place on May 15 each year. The main attraction of the festival is a large parade in Kyoto. Over 500 people dress in the aristocratic style of the Heian Period (794-1185) for the parade. They walk from the Imperial Palace to the Kamo Shrines. Aoi is Japanese for "Hollyhock" The festival is named after the Hollyhock leaves that are worn by the people in the parade. +History. +The Aoi Matsuri began in the 7th century. This was before Kyoto was made the national capital in 794. Its exact origins are not known. It is likely that natural disasters were happening, These were believed to be caused by the deities of the Kamo Shrines. After the Emperor made offerings to the gods, the disasters ended and a tradition was begun. The festival's official name is Kamo Matsuri because of the shrines. +The festival grew in popularity. During the Heian Period, when people used the word festival, they meant the Aoi Matsuri. In modern times, the parade shows the high regard that the festival has. There are people riding horses, large bouquets of flowers, decorated carts pulled by oxen, and many women in kimono with the year's Saiō. +Saiō. +The Saiō was a young female member of the imperial family. She was the high priestess of the Kamo Shrines. During festivals, the Saio performed rituals at the shrines. In modern times, an unmarried woman from Kyoto is chosen each year to be Saio. She must go through purification ceremonies before the festival. She is taken through the procession on a palanquin. + += = = Pointer aliasing (computer programming) = = = +Pointer aliasing is where two or more pointers reference the same memory location. It can cause issues with optimizing compilers. + += = = Stećak = = = +Stećak (������, ; plural: Stećci, ������, ) are monumental tombstones made in medieval Bosnia. +History. +The Stecci are relared to the Vlachs who lived in the Dinaric Alps of Herzegovina since the Middle Ages. Most of the Stecci were created after the X century and until the Turk invasion of the Balkans. According to the scholar Wenzel the Stecci are the clear evidence of the existence of a romance territory in the area between Italy and Romania, that now has disappeared. +Data. +The tombstones are mostly in Bosnia and Herzegovina with a smaller amount in the border area of Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. About 60,000 are found within the territory of the modern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The rest of 10,000 are found in what are today Croatia (4,400), Montenegro (3,500), and Serbia (4,100). The stećak are at more than 3,300 odd sites with over 90% in poor condition. + += = = Alderman = = = +An alderman is a politician in local government. Together with the mayor aldermen govern municipalities, they are the local executive power. +Aldermen are usually chosen by the people of a municipality or by the municipal council. + += = = Deputy mayor = = = +A deputy mayor is a politician who governs the local government, together with the mayor. They can be considered as the executive local power. + += = = Vernayaz = = = +Vernayaz is a municipality in the district Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. + += = = Vérossaz = = = +Vérossaz is a municipality in the district of Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. +Villages. +Aussays, Bassays, La Doey and Vésenau + += = = Šibovi = = = +Šibovi (������) is a settlement in the Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republika Srpska entity, Kotor Varoš Municipality. +According the data on Census Year of 1991, in this poulated place leaved 671 cititens. + += = = Hot stick = = = +A Hot stick is a tool used by Utility Workers (known as Linemen or Linesmen) dealing with high voltage electricity. It is an insulated pole made usually from Fiberglass, measuring anywhere from 5ft-10ft, up to about 40ft in length. It can have different tools attached to the end of it, making it possible to do everything from tightening bolts and nuts, through to testing voltage or removing and replacing fuses. +Hot sticks are usually used when the installation being worked on is live, or "hot". Most electrical work on High Voltage networks is done whilst the power is still active, making equipment like this a very important piece for safety purposes. Working "hot" saves electricity users from being disconnected while routine maintenance is taking place. + += = = Source region = = = +Source Region in meteorology is a region where air masses get their specific humidity and temperature. A source region could be land or water. It is called maritime and continental air masses if the air masses sit over water and land, respectively. + += = = Josef Augusta (ice hockey) = = = +Josef Augusta (24 November 1946 – 16 February 2017) was a Czechoslovak ice hockey player and coach. He won a silver medal at the 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria. He later was head coach of Czech national hockey team at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. He was the father of Patrik Augusta. He was born in Havlíčkův Brod. +Augusta died from pancreatic cancer on 16 February 2017 in Jihlava, at the age of 70. + += = = Alexander Acosta = = = +Rene Alexander "Alex" Acosta (born January 16, 1969) is an American attorney. Acosta was the 27th United States Secretary of Labor serving from April 28, 2017 until July 19, 2019. He was the dean of the Florida International University College of Law from 2009 through 2017. He is Republican. On February 16, 2017, he was announced as President Donald Trump's nominee for the United States Secretary of Labor. +On February 16, 2017, after the withdrawal of Andrew Puzder's nomination, President Donald Trump nominated Acosta to serve as United States Secretary of Labor. He resigned on July 19, 2019 due to his connections to the Jeffrey Epstein and his plea deal. +Early life. +Acosta was born in Miami, FloridaJanuary 16,1969 as Rene Alexandria Acosta. His parents are Cuban immigrants and we're excited to welcome their daughter into the world.By the age of 6 (s)he realized he was in the wrong body and his immigrant parents accepted his decision and Rene became Alexander on July 26,1981. He studied at Harvard College and Harvard Law School earning both a B.S. and J.D. degree. +Law career. +Acosta was appointed by President George W. Bush to the National Labor Relations Board and later served in that administration as the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights and United States Attorney for the Southern District of Florida. +United States Secretary of Labor (since 2017). +After the unsuccessful nomination of Andrew Puzder to be United States Secretary of Labor, President Donald Trump nominated Acosta to fill the position on February 16, 2017. +On April 27, 2017, Acosta was confirmed by the U. S. Senate by a 60–38 vote. Acosta announced on July 12, 2019 his resignation effective July 19, following criticism of his role in the Jeffrey Epstein sex traffic case. +Personal life. +Acosta is married to Jan Elizabeth Williams. They both live in McLean, Virginia and have two daughters, Delia and Rosalia. + += = = Cipriano Chemello = = = +Cipriano Chemello (19 July 1945 – 14 February 2017) was an Italian cyclist. he won the Olympic bronze medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics in team pursuit with Lorenzo Bosisio, Giorgio Morbiato and Luigi Roncaglia. He was born in Crespano del Grappa, Veneto. +Chemello died on 14 February 2017 in Bassano del Grappa, Veneto, at the age of 71. + += = = Michael Cole (public relations) = = = +Michael Cole is a former BBC journalist. He was their Royal Correspondent. After leaving the BBC, he worked as Director of Public affairs for Harrods. He was also spokesman for Harrod's owner Mohamed Al Fayed. +Cole began his career in newspapers. He then worked in television. He worked for the BBC from 1968 to 1988. +In 1973, the BBC sent him to Israel. His job there was to report on the Yom Kippur War. +After leaving the BBC he started to work for Harrods. He left Harrods in 1998. He left to take early retirement. He was then 55 years old. +He is now chair of his own company. It is called Michael Cole & Company Limited. It is a public relations and broadcasting company. +He has also written for the East Anglian Daily Times newspaper. He has appeared as a panellist on "Have I Got News for You". + += = = Antisuppressor = = = +Antisuppressor is a mutation with the response against suppression effects of nonsense suppression or suppression chemicals. +In 1976, Rieger, Michaelis, and Green have been stated: + += = = Gelek Rimpoche = = = +Kyabje Gelek Rimpoche (26 October 1939 – 14 February 2017) was a Tibetan-American Buddhist lama. He was born in Lhasa, China. Gelek was a nephew of the 13th Dalai Lama, Thubten Gyatso. He was tutored by many of the same masters who tutored the current (14th) Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso. +He was the founder and president of Jewel Heart, "a spiritual, cultural, and humanitarian organization that translates the ancient wisdom of Tibetan Buddhism into contemporary life". +Rinpoche died in Ann Arbor, Michigan on 14 February 2017 from heart failure caused by open-heart surgery, aged 77. + += = = J. G. Hertzler = = = +John Garman "J. G." Hertzler Jr. (born March 18, 1950) is an American actor, author, screenwriter, politician and activist. He is best known in the "Star Trek" community for his role on "" ("DS9") as the Klingon General (and later Chancellor) Martok. +Hertzler was born in Savannah, Georgia. He was raised in St. Joe, Missouri and in El Paso, Texas. Hertzler studied at Bucknell University, at the University of Maryland, and at American University. He is a Democrat. He has one child. +In November 2013, Hertzler was elected as a board member of the Ulysses, New York town council. He was elected as an official council member in 2016. He supported Bernie Sanders in the 2016 presidential election. +On June 8, 2017, Hertzler announced his candidacy as a U.S. House Representative for New York's 23rd congressional district in the 2018 elections. As part of his campaign appearances, he plans to act "in the persona of Mark Twain", to present his ideas "through the brilliant humorist for all ages". He stated that this was a tribute both to Twain, who resided once in Elmira, and to actor Hal Holbrook, who had portrayed Twain on stage for more than six decades. + += = = Nicole Bass = = = +Nicole Bass-Fuchs (August 10, 1964 – February 17, 2017) was an American bodybuilder, actress, professional wrestler and manager. She worked for companies such as Extreme Championship Wrestling, World Wrestling Federation, Xtreme Pro Wrestling and the National Wrestling Alliance. She made many appearances as a guest on "The Howard Stern Show". She was a member of Stern's Wack Pack. +Bass was born in Queens, New York. She married Richard "Bob" Fuchs in 1985. Fuchs died in 2013. +Bass was taken to the hospital in New York City after having a stroke in February 2017. She was said to be brain dead on February 16, 2017 after having a heart attack. Her life support was removed on February 17, dying at the age of 52. + += = = Loren Wiseman = = = +Loren Wiseman (March 7, 1951 – February 14, 2017) was an American wargame and role-playing game designer, game developer and editor. He was born in Bloomington, Illinois. Wiseman co-founded Game Designers' Workshop with Frank Chadwick, Rich Banner, and Marc Miller on June 22, 1973. +Wiseman received the Origins Award for Best Role-Playing Adventure for "Twilight: 2000 Going Home". He was inducted into the Origins Hall of Fame in 2003. He was honored as a "famous game designer" by being featured as the king of clubs in Flying Buffalo's 2010 Famous Game Designers Playing Card Deck. +Wiseman died on February 15, 2017 in Normal, Illinois from heart failure at the age of 65. + += = = Yellowjacket = = = +The yellowjacket (or yellow jacket) is a wasp from the genera "Vespula" and "Dolichovespula". In some English-speaking countries, they are called wasps. Most are black and yellow. Some are black and white. +Yellowjackets are sometimes confused with bees because they have rather similar colouring. Yellowjackets have a stinger with a small barb. They may sting repeatedly. +The diet of an adult yellowjacket is usually sugars and carbohydrates. They are important predators of other insects because they feed their larvae (grubs) with chewed-up insects. +They are native to North America and parts of Canada, Australia and New Zealand. + += = = Jannis Kounellis = = = +Jannis Kounellis (; 24 March 1937 – 16 February 2017) was a Greek-Italian contemporary artist. He was a painter and sculptor. He moved to Rome in 1956. He was best known for his work during the Arte Povera movement in the 1960s. He had art exhibitions in cities including Rome, London, New York City, Athens, Herning and Berlin. He was born in Piraeus. +Kounellis died on 16 February 2017 in Rome, at the age of 80. + += = = Public utility = = = +A Public utility (often called a "utility") is an organization which manages and looks after the equipment and facilities used to provide a service. Often, they also use that equipment and facilities to provide the same service. Public utilities can be small groups based in a local community or large businesses owned by a government. +The word "utilities" can also mean the services provided by these companies. Examples are things like Gas, Water, Sewerage, Electricity, Television, and Telephone services. Cellphone and Internet services are also being included more often in this definition. + += = = Siegfried Herrmann = = = +Siegfried Herrmann (7 November 1932 – 14 February 2017) was a German long-distance runner. He competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics (Melbourne) and the 1964 Summer Olympics (Tokyo). He was the men's 3000 m world record holder from 5 August to 27 August 1965. He was an athletics coach from 1976 until 2000. He was born in Unterschönau, Thuringia. +Herrmann died on 14 February 2017 in Erfurt, Thuringia, at the age of 84. + += = = Ban Bong River = = = +Khlong Ban Bong is a river in the middle of Thailand. It empties into the Pa Sak River. + += = = Unreachable code = = = +Unreachable code is a section of code in a program that can never be executed. +Having unreachable code is bad because it wastes space on the disk, memory, and CPU cache. +Luckily, many modern compilers alert the programmer with a warning or error whenever it detects unreachable code. +Example. + void beepForever() { + while (true) { + System.out.println("Beep!"); + System.out.println(":'("); +In this example, ":'(" will never be printed because the loop never exits. + += = = The Guianas = = = +The Guianas (; ; ) are a region in northeastern South America along the Atlantic coast, divided in several territories and independent countries. +Geography. +The Guianas are on the Guiana Shield, a Precambrian geological formation that is limited to the south and to the east by Brazil, to the west by Venezuela and to the north by the Atlantic Ocean. +The Guianas includes the following three territories, from west to east: +Two other territories are sometimes added: +History. +The territories of the Guianas were made colonies from the 17th century by England, Netherlands, France, Portugal and Spain, resulting in its present division. The colonies were then: +Countries. +Guyana. +Guyana (officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana) is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Suriname to the east and Venezuela to the west. It has an area of with a population of 735,909 (estimate for July 2016). The population density is of inhabitants/km2. The official language is English. +The largest cities (2012 census) are: Georgetown (118,363 inhabitants), Linden (27,277 inhabitants) and New Amsterdam (17,329 inhabitants). +The highest point is Mount Roraima () at high. It is in the Pacaraima Mountains, a mountain range in the southwest of the country. +The largest river of the country is the Essequibo river; it starts in the Acarai Mountains and flows to the north for into the Atlantic Ocean at from Georgetown, the capital city of Guyana. +Suriname. +Suriname (officially the Republic of Suriname, ) is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north, French Guiana to the east, Guyana to the west and Brazil to the south. It has an area of with a population of 585,824 (estimate for July 2016). The population density is of inhabitants/km2. The official language is Dutch. +The largest cities (2012 census) are: Paramaribo (240,924 inhabitants), Koewarasan (27,713 inhabitants) and De Nieuwe Grond (26,161 inhabitants). +The highest point is Julianatop () at high. It is in the Sipaliwini District in the center of the country. +The largest river of the country is the Courantyne river; it starts in the Acarai Mountains and flows to the north for about into the Atlantic Ocean between Guyana and Suriname. +French Guiana. +French Guiana () is an overseas department and region of France. It is bordered by Surinam to the west, Brazil to the south and east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the north. It has an area of , with a population of 252,338. The population density is of inhabitants/km2. The official language is French. +The largest cities (2014) are: Cayenne (55,817 inhabitants), Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni (44,169 inhabitants) and Matoury (31,934 inhabitants). +The highest point is Bellevue de l'Inini () at high. +The main rivers of the French Guiana are: + += = = Vijayakanth = = = +Narayanan Vijayaraj Alagarswami (25 August 1952 – 28 December 2023) better known by his stage name Vijayakanth, was a Tamil actor and politician. He was the Leader of the Opposition of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 2011 to 2016. Before becoming a politician, he was a film actor in Tamil cinema from 1979 to 2010. He was the founder of Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam and served as a Member of Legislative Assembly representing the constituency of Rishivandiyam, previously Virdhachalam. +Vijayakanth died from pneumonia caused by COVID-19 at a hospital in Chennai, India on 28 December 2023, at the age of 71. + += = = Pan Am Flight 759 = = = +Pan Am Flight 759 was a domestic flight from Miami to San Diego with stopovers at New Orleans and Las Vegas, the plane was operated by a Boeing 727 with 145 people on-board. On July 9, 1982 the plane as forced down by a microburst shortly after takeoff, and crashed into a suburb of Kenner. All 145 people on-board the plane along with eight more on the ground died in the crash. + += = = Microburst = = = +A Microburst is a downdraft that moves in a way opposite to a tornado. It is found in thunder storms. And it can be dangerous to an aircraft. +The typical microburst has an average duration of about 15 minutes from the time it is detected until it disappears, its divergence in the first 7 minutes is when it reaches a maximum in wind intensity; the descent occurs below the base of the storm or very close to it, and may have a radius of descent in the first minutes after it hits the ground from about 500 m. + += = = Michael Novak = = = +Michael Novak (September 9, 1933 – February 17, 2017) was an American Catholic philosopher, journalist, novelist and diplomat. He wrote more than forty books on the philosophy and theology of culture. He was known for his book "The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism" (1982). In 1994, he was awarded the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion. He mostly wrote books and articles about capitalism, religion, and the politics of democratization. +Novak was born in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He was married to Karen Laub-Novak. He had three children. +Novak died from complications of colon cancer on February 17, 2017 in Washington, D.C., at the age of 83. + += = = Dick Bruna = = = +Hendrik Magdalenus "Dick" Bruna (23 August 1927 – 16 February 2017) was a Dutch writer, illustrator and graphic designer. He wrote and illustrated over 200 children's books. He was best known for creating the character Miffy (). His last book, "Queen Miffy", was published in 2007. He was born in Utrecht. +Bruna died on 16 February 2017 in Utrecht, at the age of 89. + += = = European hornet = = = +The European hornet ("Vespa crabro") is a large eusocial wasp in Europe. It is the only true hornet in North America. European hornets are usually known as pests by humans who come in contact with them. +They are known for making nests out of plant material and other fibers to create paper nests. +This species stings in response to being stepped on or grabbed. However, they usually avoid conflict. They are also defensive of their hive. They are sometimes aggressive around food sources. +European hornets eat large insects, mostly wasps and large bees. +Care should be taken, because the hornets may sting without warning. The pain from the sting may persist for a few days with swelling. + += = = Börge Hellström = = = +Börge Lennart Hellström (25 September 1957 – 17 February 2017) was a Swedish writer. He was an ex-criminal. He was best known as a founding member of the organisation "Kriminellas revansch i samhället" (KRIS). The organisation aims to fight crime and give support to former criminals. He was also one half of the writing duo Roslund & Hellström. With journalist Anders Roslund, he published seven books between 2004 and 2016. +Hellström lived in Värmdö Municipality. He died from cancer on 17 February 2017, at the age of 59. + += = = Kiss It Better (Rihanna song) = = = +"Kiss It Better" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on March 31, 2016, as the third single from her eighth studio album, "Anti". The song is a pop rock and R&B power ballad about wanting to make up with a lover. +The song managed to reach number 62 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 46 on the UK Singles Chart. Even though the song charted lowly in the US, it was still certified Platinum by the RIAA for sales and streams of over one million copies there. It was also nominated for a Grammy Award for Best R&B Song at the 59th Annual award ceremony in 2017. +Music video. +The music video for "Kiss It Better" was released on March 31, 2016. The video was shot in black and white and shows Rihanna in various angles, at some points nude. Different silks are used throughout the video. + += = = Ep Wieldraaijer = = = +Egbert Roelof "Ep" Wieldraaijer (31 March 1927 – 16 February 2017) was a Dutch politician of the Labour Party (PvdA). +Wieldraaijer served in the House of Representatives from 1963 to 1974. Subsequently he served in the European Parliament from 1973 to 1974. +After being an alderman of Almelo from 1974 to 1978, he served a ten-year term as mayor of Avereest (Overijssel). +Wieldraaijer was born in Borne (Overijssel) and died in Enschede (same province), aged 89. + += = = Joop Gouweleeuw = = = +Job Johannes "Joop" Gouweleeuw (5 September 1940 – 29 January 2017) was a Dutch judoka. He competed in 93 kg event at the 1965 and 1966 European Judo Championships. He won a silver medal in 1965 and gold medal in 1966. He also competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. He was born in Delft, South Holland. +Gouweleeuw died on 29 January 2017 in Delft, at the age of 76. + += = = Djelloul Khatib = = = +Djelloul Khatib (8 October 1936 – 6 February 2017) was an Algerian independence activist and politician. During the Algerian War, he tried to make the National Liberation Army more professional. After the ending of the war, he became involved in politics. He served as the governor of Batna, Constantine and Oran. He was also the Algerian Ambassador to Spain and Argentina. He was born in Algiers. +Khatib died on 6 February 2017, at the age of 80. + += = = Veyrier = = = +Veyrier is a municipality of the Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It borders France. About 11,000 people were living in Veyrier in 2015. +The municipality includes the localities of Pinchat, Vessy and Sierne. + += = = Krinau = = = +Krinau was a municipality in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. +In 2013 Krinau became a part of the municipality of Wattwil. + += = = NASCAR on Sky = = = +Nascar on Sky was the branding used for telecasts of Nascar races produced by Sky Sports, and televised on Sky Sports 1, Sky Sports 2, Sky Sports 3, Sky Sports Xtra (later renamed as Sky Sports 4) in the United Kingdom. + += = = Lineman (technician) = = = +A lineworker (or powerline worker), is a trained tradesperson who builds and maintains power distribution and telephone networks and their infrastructure, such as supporting poles and pylons. +The word lineworker refers to those who work in generally outdoor installation and maintenance jobs. Those who install and maintain electrical wiring inside buildings are electricians. +Linework can be dangerous. Personal protective equipment diminishes the risk of injury or death. PPE has the serious limitation that it does not eliminate the hazard at the source and may result in employees being exposed to the hazard if the equipment fails. + += = = Tom Regan = = = +Thomas "Tom" Regan (November 28, 1938 – February 17, 2017) was an American philosopher and writer. He was best known for his animal rights activism. He wrote the non-fiction book "The Case for Animal Rights" (1983). He also made the term "subjects-of-a-life" popular. He taught philosophy at North Carolina State University (NCSU) from 1967 to 2001. +Regan was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was married to Nancy Tirk. He had two children, Bryan and Karen. +Regan died from pneumonia on February 17, 2017 in Rockingham, North Carolina, at the age of 78. + += = = Erland Kops = = = +Erland Kops (14 January 2017 – 17 February 2017) was a Danish badminton player. He was one of the best players of the sport. He was best known for winning eleven titles at the All England Open Badminton Championships, between 1958 and 1969. He also played 44 national matches for Denmark from 1957 to 1972. He was added to the Badminton Hall of Fame in 1997. He was born in Copenhagen. +Kops died on 17 February 2017, at the age of 80. + += = = Motte Aldeberg = = = +The Motte Aldeberg is a Motte. It is called often only Alde Berg. The location is in the Helpensteiner Bachtal between the town subdivisions Arsbeck and Rödgen of Wegberg in the Heinsberg Rural District in North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the biggest and best preserved Motte in Europe and is located between the rivers Meuse and Rhine. + += = = Hotepsekhemwy = = = +Hotepsekhemwy was an early Egyptian king, the first ruler of the Second Dynasty. It is not known how long he ruled. The Turin King List has him ruling for 95 years. The Ancient Egyptian historian Manetho reports that the reign of "Boëthôs" lasted for 38 years. Egyptologists now believe Hotepsekhemwy ruled for either 25 or 29 years. +Name sources. +Hotepsekhemwy's name has been found at Saqqara, Giza, Badari and Abydos, on clay seal impressions, stone vessels and bone cylinders. Several stone vessel inscriptions mention Hotepsekhemwy along with the name of his successor Raneb. +The Horus name of Hotepsekhemwy may give clues to the politics of the time. The Egyptian word "Hotep" means "peaceful", "to be pleased", and also "conciliation" or "to be reconciled". So Hotepsekhemwy's full name may be read as "the two powers are reconciled" or "pleasing in powers". This suggests a significant political meaning. "The two powers" could be Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt as well as to the major deities Horus and Seth. +From the reign of Hotepsekhemwy onward it became a tradition to write the Horus name and the nebty name in the same way. The Horus name has a clearly defined, symbolic meaning in its translation. Horus- and nebty names being the same might also show, that the Horus name was used when becoming king. +Family. +The name of Hotepsekhemwy's wife is unknown. There could be a son, Perneb, who had the titles “son of the king” and “priest of Sopdu”. The clay seals with Perneb's name and titles were found in a gallery tomb which belonged to two kings equally, Hotepsekhemwy and his successor, Raneb. It is not possible to know which was his father. +Identity. +Hotepsekhemwy is known from lists made at the time of Ramesses II. The name "Bedjau" is found on the Abydos king list, "Bedjatau" from Giza, "Netjer-Bau" from the Sakkara king list and the name "Bau-hetepju" is on the Turin King List. A similar name, "Bedjatau", is on a short king list found on a writing board from the mastaba tomb G1001 of the high official Mesdjeru. "Bedjatau" means "the foundryman". This is thought to be a misreading of the name "Hotepsekhemwy". The hieroglyphic signs used to write "Hotep" are very similar to the signs of a pottery kiln and a chick in hieratic writings. The signs of two "Sekhem"sceptres were misread as a leg and a drill. This kind of misreading may have happened in the case of King Khasekhemwy, where the two sceptres in the Horus name were misread as two leg-symbols or two drill-signs. The Abydos king list copies this Old Kingdom name form of “Bedjatau”. The names "Netjerbau" and "Bau-hetepju" are problematic, since Egyptologists can't find any name source from Hotepsekhemwy's time that could have been used to form them. +Reign. +Little is known about Hotepsekhemwy's reign. Evidence shows he may have gained the throne after a period of political strife. During this time there were several kings who only ruled for a very short time, such as Horus "Bird" and Sneferka. Sneferka could be a name used by king Qaa for a short time. The tomb of king Qaa was robbed at the end of First dynasty, and was restored during the reign of Hotepsekhemwy. The robbing of the cemetery and the conciliatory meaning of the name Hotepsekhemwy may be clues of a dynastic struggle. The kings Sneferka and Horus “Bird” were left out of later king lists, perhaps because their struggles for the Egyptian throne led to the collapse of the first dynasty. +A new royal residence called "Horus the shining star" built for Hotepsekhemwy. He also built a temple near Buto for the god "Netjer-Achty" and founded the "Chapel of the White Crown". The white crown, the hedjet, is a symbol of Upper Egypt. This is a clue to the origin of Hotepsekhemwy's dynasty, and shows a likely source of political power. There is no mention of a Sed festival,which shows that Hotepsekhemwy cannot have ruled longer than 30 years. The Sed festival was celebrated as the anniversary for a reign of 30 years. +The ancient Egyptian historian Manetho reported that during his reign, "a chasm opened near Bubastis and many perished". Although Manetho wrote in the 3rd century BC – over two thousand years later – the story may be based on fact, as the region near Bubastis is known to be seismically active. +Tomb. +The location of Hotepsekhemwy's tomb is unknown. Some Egyptologists believe it could be the giant underground "Gallery Tomb B" beneath the funeral passage of the Unas-necropolis at Saqqara. Many seal impressions of king Hotepsekhemwy have been found in these galleries. Others think that "Gallery Tomb B" is the burial site of king Raneb. Several seal impressions of this ruler were also found there. + += = = The Love of Captain Brando = = = +The love of Captain Brando () is a 1974 Spanish movie. It was directed by Jaime de Armiñán. +Plot. +Fernando, an old Republican exiled, returns to the imaginary town of Trescabañas after 35 years of absence. Aurora, the attractive young school teacher of the small town, is rejected by the bigoted neighbors, who see a "dangerous" source of corruption of their students in her methods. Juan, her 13 years old pupil, takes refuge in the imaginary world of his adolescent fantasies to escape from the reality. +The film tells the impossible love between Fernando, Aurora and Juan. +Reception. +The movie was shown at the Berlin Film Festival. It was praised by both the jury and the spectators. Armiñán won the Golden Bear as Best Film. + += = = Tomas Lindahl = = = +Tomas Robert Lindahl FRS FMedSci (born 28January 1938) is a Swedish scientist specialising in cancer research. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with American chemist Paul Modrich and Turkish chemist Aziz Sancar for mechanistic studies of DNA repair. +Lindahl was professor of medical chemistry at the University of Gothenburg 1978-82. He moved to England and joined the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK) as a researcher in 1981. From 1986 he was the first Director of Cancer Research UK's Clare Hall research institute in Hertfordshire. Since 2015 this has been part of the Francis Crick Institute. +When the Royal Society elected him as a Fellow, his achievements were extraordinary (though rather technical): + += = = Bullet cluster = = = +The Bullet cluster (1E 0657-558) consists of two colliding clusters of galaxies. Strictly speaking, the name "Bullet cluster" refers to the smaller subcluster, moving away from the larger one. It is at a co-moving radial distance of 1.141 x 109 parsecs (3.7 billion light-years). +Gravitational lensing studies of the Bullet cluster are claimed to provide the best evidence to date for the existence of dark matter. However, this interpretation of the gravitational lensing results is disputed. Observations of other galaxy cluster collisions, such as MACS J0025.4-1222, are similarly claimed to support the existence of dark matter. +Mordehai Milgrom, the original proposer of MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics), has posted on-line a rebuttal of claims that the Bullet Cluster proves the existence of dark matter. Milgrom claims that MOND correctly accounts for the dynamics of galaxies outside of galaxy clusters, and even in clusters such as the Bullet Cluster it removes the need for most dark matter, leaving only a factor of two which Milgrom expects to be simply unseen ordinary matter (non-luminous baryonic matter) rather than cold dark matter. Without MOND, or some similar theory, the matter discrepancy in galaxy clusters is a factor of 10, i.e. MOND reduces this discrepancy five-fold to a factor of 2. + += = = Skyros = = = +Skyros is an island of the east coast of Greece. It is the southernmost island of the Sporades, an archipelago in the Aegean Sea. Around the 2nd millennium BC and slightly later, the island was known as "The Island of the Magnetes". Later it was called "Pelasgia" and "Dolopia". Finally it got the name Skyros. At it is the largest of the Sporades. The island has a population of about 3,000 (in 2011). The Hellenic Air Force has a major base in Skyros, because of the island's strategic location in the middle of the Aegean. It is a popular tourist location. Skyros is the resting place of Rupert Brooke, the British poet. +In Skyros lives a small horse whose height is about 90 to 110 centimeters. This horse is a rare breed and does not exist anywhere else in the world. This fact makes it a valuable animal species and is of great scientific interest. It is a petite and fine-boned animal. His head is somewhat thick, but with large intelligent eyes and large nostrils. The neck is very strong and thick in proportion to the shoulder blades and sternum, which are narrow and sharp. The head looks like a single piece, with the very muscular neck, thick and triangular where it meets the head. His mane is long and rich with a color always darker than the skin and mixed with silver hairs. + += = = Garden of the Sanhedrin Tombs = = = +The Tombs of the Sanhedrin is a series of tombs in Jerusalem, Israel. The tombs are cut into the rock underground. It was named after the Sanhedrin - courts of judges that were chosen in every city of ancient Israel. +History. +The cave was cleared in 1903 by the American archaeologist G. A. Burton. In 1950, archaeologist Yotam Julius Rothschild finished excavating the cave (clearing it out completely, so he could see what was inside). In the cave was a coffin with the name "Isaac" written on it. The coffin was taken to France, and today it is in the Louvre Museum in Paris. +Many burial caves were found in the Sanhedrin caves. The whole area is part of the necropolis, a very big, underground cemetery used during the Second Temple period in Jerusalem. There are a few reasons why this area in Jerusalem has so many burial caves. First, the area was used for stone quarrying - taking huge pieces of stone out of the ground to use them to build things. This left large caves. Also, at the time, rich people in Jerusalem liked the idea of burial caves. This made the idea of a necropolis easier and popular. + += = = Anti (album) = = = +Anti is the eighth studio album by Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on January 28, 2016 as a download and for streaming on the music website Tidal. The song was released by Roc Nation and Rihanna's own label, Westbury Road. "Anti" is her first studio album since 2012's "Unapologetic". +It was believed that Rihanna's songs released in 2015—"FourFiveSeconds" (featuring Kanye West and Paul McCartney), "Bitch Better Have My Money", and "American Oxygen"—would be released as a part of "Anti". However, these songs were ultimately released as singles by themselves. +The "Los Angeles Times" reported that the album was downloaded over one million times in only 14 hours of its release. The standard and deluxe versions were made available on iTunes a day after the standard edition was released on Tidal. The album first appeared at number 27 on the "Billboard" 200 album chart and reached number one the next week. This is Rihanna's second US number-one album after "Unapologetic". +"Anti" was certified platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America less that 48 hours after its release. On April 29, 2016, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the album double platinum for shipments and streams equal to 2 million copies. As of July 2016, "Anti" and rapper Drake's album "Views" are the only albums released in 2016 to be certified double platinum in the US. "Anti" became the fifth-best performing album in the US in 2016. +Singles. +Rihanna tweeted that the album's lead single was "Work", featuring Canadian rapper Drake. The song ultimately reached number one on the iTunes charts of over 70 countries. "Work" was at the top of the "Billboard" Hot 100 for nine weeks in a row, making it the longest-running number-one single of 2016 by a lead female artist. It became Rihanna's 14th and Drake's second number-one song in the United States. It was also at the top of the charts in Canada and France, while reaching number two in the UK and number five in Australia. "Work" was the fourth-best performing song of 2016 in the US. It has become certified 5× Platinum by the RIAA. +"Kiss It Better" and "Needed Me" were announced as the second and third singles from "Anti". "Kiss It Better" performed moderately on the charts, while "Needed Me" became Rihanna's 29th top-ten song in the US. It reached number seven there and was ranked number 13 on the "Billboard" Year-End Hot 100 of 2016. "Kiss It Better" was certified Platinum by the RIAA, while "Needed Me" reached 4× Platinum status. +"Love on the Brain" was announced as the fourth single from "Anti". It reached number eight in the US. "Love on the Brain" is Rihanna's 30th top-ten hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was certified Platinum in the US. +Background. +On October 8, 2015, Rihanna uploaded the title and artwork to the album, which is a childhood photo of Rihanna on her first day of daycare. She worked with artist Roy Nachum, who edited the image, added a gold crown over her eyes, and painted over her in red and white. The back cover uses the same photo shot from the back. The album was also known as "#R8". Rihanna said that whilst she was recording the album, she would like to make another vintage album like her fourth studio album, "Rated R" (2009). + += = = Artemi Panarin = = = +Artemi Sergeyevich Panarin (born October 30, 1991) is a Russian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL). +He has also played for Russia. He won a silver medal with them during the 2015 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships and won a gold medal with them during the 2011 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Panarin played parts of 9 seasons in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played for HC Vityaz, Ak Bars Kazan, and SKA Saint Petersburg. +On January 31, 2013, HC Vityaz traded Panarin to SKA Saint Petersburg in exchange for a fifth-round draft pick in the 2013 KHL Junior Draft. On April 29, 2013, Panarin signed a two-year contract extension with SKA. During his last season with the team, Panarin recorded 20 points in 20 postseason games. He helped the team win their first-ever Gagarin Cup. +On April 29, 2015, Panarin signed a two-year entry level contract with the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL). On October 7, 2015, Panarin made his NHL debut in a 3–2 loss against the New York Rangers. In the game, he scored his first career NHL goal, on his first shot. He was given the third star of the game. + += = = Harry Gallatin = = = +Harry Junior "The Horse" Gallatin (April 26, 1927 – October 7, 2015) was an American professional basketball player and coach. Gallatin played nine seasons for the New York Knicks in the NBA from 1948 to 1957, as well as one season with the Detroit Pistons in 1958. +In 1954 Gallatin led the NBA in rebounding, and was named to the All-NBA First Team. Gallatin was named to the All-NBA Second Team in 1955. Gallatin played in seven NBA All-Star Games. A member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, he was also a member of the SIU Edwardsville Athletics Hall of Fame, the Truman State University Athletics Hall of Fame, the Missouri Basketball Hall of Fame, the Illinois Basketball Hall of Fame, the Mid-America Intercollegiate Athletics Association (MIAA) Hall of Fame, the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) Hall of Fame, and the SIU Salukis Hall of Fame. +Gallatin died from surgical complications in Edwardsville, Illinois, aged 88. + += = = W. R. Mitchell = = = +William Reginald "Bill" Mitchell (15 January 1928 – 7 October 2015) was a British writer. He was the editor of "Dalesman" magazine for twenty years. Over a sixty year period, Mitchell wrote over 200 books. He was born in Skipton, North Riding of Yorkshire. +Mitchell died from a short-illness in Skipton, North Yorkshire at the age of 87. + += = = The Reptile Room = = = +The Reptile Room is a book written by Lemony Snicket (real name Daniel Handler) in 1999. It is the second book in "A Series of Unfortunate Events". It is about three children whose parents die. They are placed in the care of Uncle Montgomery, but following them is a villain called Count Olaf who wants to steal their money. +Plot. +Mr. Poe takes Violet, Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire to live with Montgomery Montgomery ("Uncle Monty"). He is a nice person and he works with snakes. He gives the children a bedroom each, and shows them the "Reptile Room.” Made of glass, it is filled with snakes and reptiles. At the end of the room is a library. The children are very happy living with Uncle Monty. +The children are going to Peru in a few days with Uncle Monty. One day, he says his assistant will be coming to replace his former assistant. His assistant Stephano is really Count Olaf in disguise: he has covered his ankle tattoo and shaved off his eyebrow. Count Olaf kills Uncle Monty. +Olaf wants to take the children to Peru, where he can steal their money easily. When he is taking the children to a ferry in his car, it crashes into Mr. Poe's car. The Baudelaires try to tell Mr. Poe that Stephano is Olaf, but he does not believe them. They go back to Monty's house and look at his body; there are two bite marks in his face. A doctor called "Lucafont" comes and tells them Montgomery died of snakebite, but Violet unlocks Olaf's luggage and finds evidence that Olaf killed Monty; he used the very venomous Mambu du Mal poison. She tells Mr. Poe but Olaf runs away. +Reception. +"Publishers Weekly" said: "Luckily for fans"..." readers eager for more misfortune can turn to The Reptile Room, for an even more suspenseful tale". It has elegant "drawings of Gothic gargoyles and mischievous eyes" to illustrate the story. + += = = Christine Arnothy = = = +Christine Arnothy (20 November 1930 – 6 October 2015) was a Hungarian-born French writer. She has written many books, including "J'ai quinze ans et je ne veux pas mourir" (1955) ('I am Fifteen and I Do Not Want to Die'). Arnothy eventually married Claude Bellanger (1909–1978). Arnothy was born in Budapest, Hungary. + += = = Home (soundtrack) = = = +Home: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album by Barbadian singer Rihanna and various artists for "Home". It was released on March 23, 2015, by Westbury Road and Roc Nation. +Credits and personnel. +Executive producer +Executive music producers +Executive in charge of music for DreamWorks Animation +A&R +A&R coordination +A&R administration +Creative direction +Marketing +Business and legal affairs +DreamWorks Animation music departmentMusic clearances +Director of music +Music coordinators +Music business affairs +All songs mastered by Chris Gehringer at Sterling Sound, NYC + += = = Paul Prudhomme = = = +Paul Prudhomme (July 13, 1940 – October 8, 2015), also known as Gene Autry Prudhomme, was an American celebrity chef. His specialty was Creole cuisine. +He was the chef of K-Paul's Louisiana Kitchen in New Orleans. He had previously owned and run several other restaurants. He created several products, including hot sauce and seasoning mixes, and wrote a number of cookbooks. +Prudhomme was born in Opelousas, Louisiana. He died in New Orleans, Louisiana from a short-illness at the age of 75. + += = = Daniel Webster (Florida politician) = = = +Daniel Alan Webster (born April 27, 1949) is an American politician. He has been a member of the United States House of Representatives since 2011. +On September 28, 2015, Webster announced that he was running for Speaker of the House to replace John Boehner. He lost the race to Wisconsin congressman Paul Ryan. + += = = Jason Chaffetz = = = +Jason E Chaffetz (; born March 26, 1967) was the U.S. representative for . He was elected in 2008. He is a member of the Republican Party. + += = = The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise = = = +"The Last Voyage of the Starship Enterprise" is a comedy routine. It was first shown during episode 22 of the first season of "Saturday Night Live" on May 29, 1976. The routine is twelve minutes long. It was written by Michael O'Donoghue consulting with actor John Belushi. They included a realistic model of the "USS Enterprise" bridge from the TV show "Star Trek". Dress rehearsal was hard. The writer was not sure if Belushi would be able to do a good parody of William Shatner's performance as Captain Kirk. The routine was a success. O'Donoghue immediately congratulated Belushi after his performance. +The sketch became an instant classic hit among "Star Trek" fans and science fiction fans. The 1977 book "Saturday Night Live" included a copy of a note from "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry where he called the comedic bit "delicious". The routine was released on a 1985 "Saturday Night Live" videotape that combined "The Best of John Belushi". It was released again with the same title in DVD format in 2011. +Reviews. +In his book "Metapop", author Michael Dunne called the comedic bit one of the most famous scenes from "Saturday Night Live". The "Chicago Sun-Times" called it a really intelligent parody of "Star Trek". "Huffpost TV" called it one of "the most famous parodies" of "Star Trek". "The A.V. Club" said the sketch was really well-done comedy. +"The New Yorker" movie critic Anthony Lane wrote that Belushi did a perfect acting job. "The Hollywood Reporter" interviewed Tom Hanks and Elliott Gould in 2015. Gould called the sketch a favorite. Hanks said it was one of the top five best of all time. "Rolling Stone" ranked every "Saturday Night Live" cast member by talent in 2015, and John Belushi was placed at number one. "Rolling Stone" said the Captain Kirk parody was one of Belushi's best. + += = = Gehenna = = = +Gehenna is a valley around Jerusalem. In the Hebrew Bible it is known as the Valley of the Son of Hinnom. The Valley of Hinnom is the modern name for the valley surrounding the Old City of Jerusalem, including Mount Zion. It meets the Kidron Valley near the southeastern corner of the city. It ends near Mamilla neighbourhood in the west. +An ancient river, Gai Ben-Hinnom, passes through the valley. + += = = Do It for Love = = = +Do It for Love is the fourth studio album by English recording artist Alesha Dixon. It was released on 9 October 2015 in the United Kingdom by Precious Stone Records. It is also her second album to be released using her full name. + += = = Vatican Radio = = = +Vatican Radio (in Italian: ) is the official radio service of the Vatican City. It broadcasts in 47 languages on short wave, medium wave, FM, satellite radio and on the Internet. Some other radio stations broadcast part of programmes of Vatican Radio too. They began broadcasting in 1931. + += = = Lake County, California = = = +Lake County is a county in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 68,163. The county seat is Lakeport. +The county takes its name from Clear Lake. Clear Lake is the largest natural lake entirely within California. +Lake County is surrounded by 6 counties. Napa County is to the south. Sonoma County is to the south west. Mendocino County is to the north west. Glenn County is to the north east. Colusa County is to the east. Yolo County is to the south east. Lake County is north of the San Francisco Bay Area. +Lake County was formed in 1861 from parts of Napa and Mendocino counties. +In September and October 2015, a wildfire called the Valley Fire burned more than 76,000 acres of land in Lake County, Napa County, and Sonoma County. The fire destroyed almost 2,000 buildings and threatened almost 7,500 buildings. The fire killed 4 people and left 3,000 people homeless. The damage is estimated at "hundred of millions of dollars". + += = = Get Rich or Die Tryin' = = = +Get Rich or Die Tryin is the debut studio album of American rapper 50 Cent. It was released on February 4, 2003, by Aftermath Entertainment and Shady Records. +Critical reception. +"Get Rich or Die Tryin" gained positive reviews. At Metacritic, it holds an aggregate score of 73 out of 100, based on 19 reviews, which were "generally favorable reviews". +Personnel. +Credits for "Get Rich or Die Tryin" adapted from Allmusic. + += = = Ravindra Jain = = = +Ravindra Jain (28 February 1944 – 9 October 2015) was an Indian music composer and lyricist. +He won the Filmfare Best Music Director Award in 1985. Jain was one of the most notable Hindi music directors. He started his career in the early 1970s, composing for hit movies such as "Chor Machaye Shor" (1974), "Geet Gaata Chal" (1975), "Chitchor" (1976) and "Ankhiyon Ke Jharokhon Se" (1978). +Jain died of multiple organ failure at the age of 71. + += = = Du Runsheng = = = +Du Runsheng (; July 18, 1913 – October 9, 2015) was a Chinese military officer, revolutionary leader, politician, and economist. He was described as "China's father of rural reform". +Du was a member of the 12th and 13th National People's Congress and a member of the Central Advisory Commission from 1987 through 1992. +He was born in Taigu County, Shanxi. He died in Beijing, China, at the age of 102. + += = = Chop suey = = = +Chop suey is a dish in American-Chinese cuisine. It is made with meat, often chicken, fish, pork or beef. There are also eggs and vegetables in it. It is usually served with rice or noodles. +There are many myths about chop suey. One is that in the 19th century it was invented by Chinese-American cooks working for the Transcontinental Railroad. +Chop suey appears in an 1884 article of the "Brooklyn Eagle" by Wong Chin Foo. + += = = Hot chicken = = = +Hot chicken, also known as Nashville hot chicken, is a type of fried chicken. It is a specialty of Nashville, Tennessee. In typical preparation, it is pieces of breast, thigh, leg or wing. The pieces are marinated in a water-based blend of seasoning, floured. They are prepared with a sauce with cayenne pepper. +Hot chicken is often served with white bread and pickles. There are many restaurants in Nashville that serve their own versions of the dish. Its popularity has spread outside the Southern United States. +In 2016, KFC began serving hot chicken in its restaurants across the United States. + += = = Spacetoon = = = +Spacetoon is an Arabic television channel. It was launched in the United Arab Emirates in 2000, broadcasting to the Arab world. The channel airs Arabic dubbed versions of television programs and movies such as \Fairly OddParents, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Kids Incorporated , Spongebob Squarepants, The Electric Company, Rugrats, All Grown Up!, The Smurfs, Fraggle Rock, Transformers, Barney & Friends and Hey Arnold!. +Programming Planets. +Action. +As of December 30th, 2019 +Adventures. +As of December 30th, 2019 +Comedy. +As of December 30th, 2019 +Zomoroda. +As of December 30th, 2019 +Sports. +As of December 30th, 2019 +Science. +As of December 30th, 2019 + += = = Richard F. Heck = = = +Richard Fred Heck (August 15, 1931 – October 10, 2015) was an American chemist. He was known for the discovery and development of the Heck reaction, which uses palladium to catalyze organic chemical reactions that couple aryl halides with alkenes. +Heck was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry on October 6, 2010, with the Japanese chemists Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki, for their work in palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions in organic synthesis. +Heck died on October 10, 2015 in Manila in hospital, aged 84. He suffered a bout of severe vomiting earlier in the week. + += = = Unified Modeling Language = = = +The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a general-purpose, developmental, modeling language in the field of software engineering. UML is used to provide a standard way to show what the design of a system looks like. +UML was originally developed to standardize the different notational systems and approaches to software design. It was developed by Grady Booch, Ivar Jacobson and James Rumbaugh at Rational Software in 1994–95, with further development led by them through 1996. +In 1997, UML was adopted as a standard by the Object Management Group (OMG), and has been managed by this organization ever since. In 2005 the Unified Modeling Language was also published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as an approved ISO standard. +There are different types of diagrams, which serve different purposes: +UML is mostly about diagrams, and finding a common language to describe these diagrams. + += = = Jim Diamond = = = +James "Jim" Diamond (28 September 1951 – 8 October 2015) was a Scottish singer-songwriter, best known for his three Top 5 hits. The first was "I Won't Let You Down" (1982), as the lead singer in the trio PhD, with Tony Hymas and Simon Phillips. His solo performance, "I Should Have Known Better", was a United Kingdom number one in 1984. +On 10 October 2015, the BBC News website announced that Diamond died in his sleep in London at the age of 64. + += = = Polish People's Republic = = = +Polish People's Republic was an official name of Poland from 1952 until 1989. It was on the Stalinist model, ruled by the Polish United Workers' Party. +As with most Communist governments, the Polish government tolerated religious beliefs, but in 1950, Minister for Religious Affairs, Antoni Bida accused the Polish Church of hostility to the state. Conflict began and continued right up the collapse of the People's Republic of Poland, and with it communism in Poland, in 1989. +In June 1956, there was a workers strike, which was put down violently. 75 people were killed. On October 19, 1956 arrived leaders of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. There was a political breakthrough and new Communists became the leaders. +Year 1980 was one of heavier years in history of country. A lot of protests led to created a "Solidarność" independent labor union, which in 1989 caused fall of communism in Poland. + += = = (There's) Always Something There to Remind Me = = = +"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me" is a pop song written in the 1960s by Burt Bacharach and Hal David. The song is about breaking up with a lover and wanting to forget about them. However, something always reminds the singer of them. +The song was originally recorded by Dionne Warwick. Lou Johnson charted his version first in the summer of 1964. His version peaked at #49. Other versions of the song were by Sandie Shaw and . The latter was a Top 20 single. The Naked Eyes song peaked at #8 on "Billboard" Hot 100 in June 1983. + += = = Bill Flores = = = +William H. "Bill" Flores (born February 25, 1954) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for Texas from 2011 to 2021. +On September 5, 2019, Flores announced his intent to retire in the 2020 election cycle. + += = = Darrell Issa = = = +Darrell Edward Issa (; born November 1, 1953) is an American businessman and politician. He is the U.S. Representative for California's 50th congressional district since 2021. Before, he was the Republican U.S. Representative for California's 49th congressional district, from 2001 to 2019. +In January 2018, Issa announced his retirement from Congress. On September 19, 2018, President Donald Trump nominated Issa as Director of the United States Trade and Development Agency. +On September 26, 2019, Issa announced that he was running for California's 50th congressional district in the 2020 election. He won the general election in November 2020. + += = = Lynn Westmoreland = = = +Leon Acton "Lynn" Westmoreland (born April 2, 1950) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for Georgia, serving from 2007 through 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He previously represented Georgia's 8th congressional district from 2005 to 2007. + += = = Mike Conaway = = = +Kenneth Michael Conaway, known as Mike Conaway (born June 11, 1948), is the U.S. Representative for Texas, serving since 2005. He is a member of the Republican Party. + += = = Dave Reichert = = = +David George "Dave" Reichert (; born August 29, 1950) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for Washington's 8th district serving from 2005 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. +In June 2023, Reichert filed paperwork to run for Governor of Washington in 2024. + += = = October 2015 Speaker of the United States House of Representatives election = = = +The United States House of Representatives was a scheduled election for Speaker of the House for October 29, 2015, during the 114th U.S. Congress. The election was caused by the announcement of Speaker John Boehner's resignation, set for October 30. The Speaker of the House follows the Vice President in line of succession to the presidency of the United States in accordance with the Presidential Succession Act. Paul Ryan was elected speaker and took office on October 29, 2015. +Background. +Kevin McCarthy, the House Majority Leader and second-in-command to the Speaker, was initially viewed as the front runner to win the Speakership. However, due to the opposition of the Freedom Caucus, McCarthy dropped out of the race on October 8, and the caucus vote was postponed. Paul Ryan and Daniel Webster of the Republican Party and Nancy Pelosi of the Democratic Party remain declared candidates. +Candidates. +Declared. +These are the official declared candidates: +Publicly expressed interest. +The following potential candidates has expressed interest in running for speaker within the past month: +Potential candidates. +The following received speculation about a possible candidacy in at least two reliable sources: +Withdrawn. +The following individual did initially run for the position, but withdrew some time later: +Declined to run. +The following noteworthy individuals received some speculation to a possible run, but ultimately ruled themselves out: + += = = James Corden = = = +James Kimberley Corden OBE (born 22 August 1978) is an English actor, comedian, producer, writer and television host. He hosts the late-night television talk show "The Late Late Show with James Corden" on CBS. +In 2018, Corden voiced Peter Rabbit in the 2018 live-action/animated movie "Peter Rabbit". +Corden lives in Los Angeles, California with his family. He also has a home in Belsize Park, London. + += = = John Kline = = = +John Paul Kline, Jr. (born September 6, 1947) is an American politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from from 2003 to 2017. A member of the Republican Party, Kline was the Chairman of the House Committee on Education and the Workforce. + += = = Shaggy (singer) = = = +Orville Richard Burrell CD (born October 22, 1968), better known by his stage name Shaggy, is a Jamaican reggae fusion rapper/singer and deejay. He is best known for his hit singles "Boombastic", "It Wasn't Me", "Hey Sexy Lady", and "Angel". +Early life and education. +Burrell was born on October 22, 1968 in Kingston, Jamaica. At the age of 18, he and his family moved to the Flatbush area of Brooklyn, New York. In 1987, he took singing courses in Brooklyn and was discovered a year later, while singing in the streets with friends. +Military career. +Shaggy was also in the United States Marine Corps and got the MOS of 0811 (field artillery cannon crewman). Shaggy served with a firing battery from the 10th Marine Regiment during the Gulf War. Shaggy worked on his signature singing voice in the Marine Corps and it is also where he got the idea for his song "Boombastic". + += = = Pure Pleasure = = = +Pure Pleasure is the debut album released by Jamaican singer Shaggy. The album was released on August 24, 1993. + += = = American Oxygen = = = +"American Oxygen" is a song recorded by Rihanna. It was supposed to be from her eighth studio album "Anti" (2010), but the song was later released by itself. It was written by Alex da Kid, Candice Pillay, Sam Harris and Rihanna; Alex da Kid and Kanye West produced it. +Background. +The writing of the song began in 2014, and it continued into 2015. Sam Harris who wrote the song felt that Rihanna would be good to sing it as she originally was a black female immigrant in America. He was also "choked up" when he heard Rihanna sing it as he idolized her. + += = = Wait Your Turn = = = +"Wait Your Turn" is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her fourth studio album, "Rated R" (2009). It was written by Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Saul Milton, Will Kennard, James Fauntleroy II, Takura Tendayi, and Rihanna herself. Stargate (Eriksen and Hermansen) and Chase & Status (Milton and Kennard) produced the song. + += = = Uncle B = = = +Uncle B is the debut studio album by English hip hop group N-Dubz. The album is dedicated to N-Dubz's first manager and father of Dappy, Byron Contostavlos. He died shortly before the band were signed to their second record label All Around the World. The album was released 17 November 2008. This is even though the group started recording it in 2006. The delay was because to the group changing record label from LRC to All Around the World. + += = = David Perron = = = +David Perron (born May 28, 1988) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Vegas Golden Knights, Pittsburgh Penguins, Anaheim Ducks and Edmonton Oilers. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Perron played 1 season with the St-Jérôme Panthers of the Quebec Junior AAA Hockey League (QJAHL) and 1 season with the Lewiston Maineiacs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). During his time with the Maineiacs, he was the leading scorer and scored 39 goals and 83 points. The team was able to win the President's Cup and also competed in the Memorial Cup. He was drafted 26th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. +On October 2, 2007, the Blues decided to add Perron to the roster after he had an impressive training camp. On November 3, 2007, he scored his first NHL goal against the Chicago Blackhawks in a 3-2 loss. On July 21, 2010, the Blues re-signed Perron to a two-year $4.3 million contract. He only played 57 games during the 2011–12 NHL season because of an injury. On July 5, 2012, he signed a four-year, $15.25 million contract with the Blues. +On July 10, 2013, the Blues traded Perron to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Magnus Pääjärvi and a 2014 second-round draft pick. He played 116 games in 2 seasons with Oilers. +On January 2, 2015, the Oilers traded Perron to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Rob Klinkhammer and a first-round pick. + += = = Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse = = = +Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse is the fourteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on May 23, 2014, through Def Jam Recordings. It hit number 3 on the Billboard 200 charts for the week ending June 1, 2014. During that week 58,000 copies were sold. It was her final album on the Def Jam label. + += = = Amelia Bence = = = +Amelia Bence (born María Amelia Batvinik; 13 November 1914 – 8 February 2016) was an Argentine movie actress. She was one of the divas of the Golden Age of Argentine Cinema (1940–1960). She is known for her roles in "Los ojos más lindos del mundo" (1943), "Todo un hombre", "Camino del infierno" (1946), "A sangre fría" (1947), "La otra y yo" (1949) and "Danza del fuego" (1949). +Bence was born in Buenos Aires. She was Jewish. Bence died on 8 February 2016 in Buenos Aires from congestive heart failure at the age of 101. + += = = Guido Gorgatti = = = +Guido Gorgatti (5 December 1919 – 11 May 2023) was an Italian-born Argentine movie and television actor. His career began in 1935. Gorgatti is known for his roles in "Somos todos inquilinos" (1954), "El Gaucho" (1964) and "Mingo y Aníbal contra los fantasmas" (1985). +Gorgatti was born in Rovigo, Italy. He was raised in Buenos Aires. Gorgatti turned 100 in December 2019, and died on 11 May 2023 in Buenos Aires at the age of 103. + += = = Tony Rafty = = = +Tony Rafty (born Anthony Raftopoulos; 12 October 1915 – 9 October 2015) was an Australian artist. He specialized in drawing caricatures. He sketched sportsmen and women at every Olympic Games from 1948 (in London) to 1996 (in Atlanta). +Rafty was born in Paddington, New South Wales, Australia. His parents were Greek immigrants. +In 1981 Rafty became the world’s first caricaturist to have subjects appear on national stamps, with caricatures of sportsmen Victor Trumper , Walter Lindrum , Sir Norman Brookes and Darby Munro appearing on stamps issued by Australian Post. +Rafty died on 9 October 2015 in Sydney, Australia from complications of pneumonia, three days before his 100th birthday. + += = = Steve Mackay = = = +Steve Mackay (September 25, 1949 – October 11, 2015) was an American tenor saxophone player. He was best known for performing with The Stooges. His most famous songs are in the Stooges' second album "Fun House". Mackay was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. +Mackay died in Daly City, California from sepsis at the age of 66. + += = = The Land of Gorch = = = +The Land of Gorch is a series of stories in episodes from the first season of the comedy television show "Saturday Night Live". It was special because it included Jim Henson's Muppets. Before he worked on "Sesame Street", Henson had made his puppet characters for a more adult audience, including his show "Sam and Friends". His characters were regular appearances on the late-night-comedy television shows including "The Ed Sullivan Show". After "Sesame Street", Henson was afraid that he would only be able to get work in the future on children's television series. His friend and advisor Bernie Brillstein, who also represented Gilda Radner, Dan Aykroyd, and John Belushi, helped him move over from his prior work to "Saturday Night Live". +The idea behind "The Land of Gorch" was that it had Muppet characters in a far-away place, who were members of a royal family. They behaved rudely, with many references to drug abuse, sex, and drinking alcohol. Characters included King Ploobis and Queen Peutra and children, and servants Scred and Vazh. These characters often spoke to their wise prophet Mighty Favog for advice. +The staff of "Saturday Night Live" disagreed with Henson's ideas. Writers Michael O'Donoghue, Alan Zweibel, and Al Franken often tried to avoid writing the weekly sketches involving "The Land of Gorch". Henson felt they were trying to write for situational comedy and were not keeping true to his own ideas. Frank Oz agreed in the end that the match was not perfect between "Saturday Night Live" and "The Land of Gorch", and was thankful that by the end of the year he and Henson were able to move on to "The Muppet Show". +Influence and reviews. +"The Land of Gorch" influenced many later creations by Jim Henson. His feature film "The Dark Crystal" used both puppetry techniques and story ideas from the sketches. The Jim Henson Company television show "Dinosaurs" later contained similar story ideas previously seen in "The Land of Gorch", including a plot-line about environmentalism. +Commentators talking about "The Land of Gorch" agreed that the reception was bad — "The A.V. Club" wrote that it became an open joke between the staff that no one wanted to continue having the sketches on "Saturday Night Live". "San Francisco Chronicle" called the characters the opposite of Kermit the Frog, and compared them to trolls. "DVD Talk" called the feature the worst mistake made in the first season of the "Saturday Night Live". "Vogue" described the characters as early versions of Muppets and the world they inhabited as quite dark. Academic Michael J. Bernsten wrote in his essay "The Muppetry of Nightmares" that the idea failed because the characters were not funny and did not have strong values. + += = = Gareth = = = +Gareth was one of the Knights of the Round Table in King Arthur's Court. In Sir Thomas Mallory's classic story, "Le Morte D'Arthur" ( French for "the death of Arthur"), Gareth is given the nickname of "Beaumains" by Sir Kay. After one year, Gareth revealed his identity as Sir Gawain's brother and went on a quest as a gift from Arthur. +He was named a knight by Sir Lancelot after a jousting and sword fighting challenge. He dies in the same story, which is the last in the series. + += = = Yabby = = = +Yabby or Yabbie is a name given in Australia to two different kinds of crustacean. + += = = The Return (Bathory album) = = = +The Return (the full name is The Return of the Darkness and Evil; sometimes called The Return...) is the second studio album released by the Swedish extreme metal Bathory. It was released on vinyl on 27 May 1985, through Combat Records. The album was very important in the death metal and black metal scene. + += = = Plant hormone = = = +Plant hormones (or Phytohormones) are chemicals that regulate plant growth. In the UK they are called 'plant growth substances'. The best known plant hormone is auxin. +Plant hormones are signal molecules produced within the plant. They occur in extremely low concentrations. Hormones regulate cellular processes in targeted cells. Hormones also govern the formation of flowers, stems, leaves, the shedding of leaves, and the development and ripening of fruit. +Plants, unlike animals, lack glands that produce and secrete hormones. Individual cells can produce hormones. They affect which tissues grow upward and which grow downward, leaf formation and stem growth, fruit development and ripening, plant longevity, and even plant death. Hormones are vital to plant growth, and, lacking them, plants would be mostly a mass of undifferentiated cells. So they are also known as growth factors or growth hormones. +Phytohormones are found not only in higher plants, but in algae too, with similar functions. They also occur in fungi and bacteria, where they may be used to induce beneficial reactions in host plants. + += = = Auxin = = = +Auxins are a class of plant hormones (or plant growth substances) with some morphogen-like characteristics. Auxins have a main role in coordination of many growth and behavioral processes in the plant's life cycle. they are essential for plant body development. +Auxins and their role in plant growth were first described by the Dutch scientist Frits Warmolt Went. Kenneth V. Thimann isolated auxin and found its chemical structure to be indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). Went and Thimann co-authored a book on plant hormones, "Phytohormones", in 1937. +There are synthetic auxins, and in big doses they can be used as herbicides. Agent Orange is a mixture of synthetic auxins. + += = = Muse (Grace Jones album) = = = +Muse is the third studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones. The album was release d in September 4, 1979 by Island Records. +Background. +"Muse" was the last of Jones's disco and R&B albums that was recorded with producer Tom Moulton. Her first album to feature that sound was with her debut "Portfolio" (1977). After "Muse" Jones moved on to making reggae and electronica sounding albums in the 1980s. + += = = Warm Leatherette (Grace Jones album) = = = +Warm Leatherette is the fourth studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones. The album was released on 9 May 1980 through Island Records. +Background. +For the album Jones worked with reggae producers Sly and Robbie. The album is different from Jones' first three albums as they were mainly disco and R&B. This album had reggae and electronica sounds. Chris Blackwell planned to make a record with "a harsh sound that was heavy with Jamaican rhythm". +Track listing. +LP release. +Side A +Side B + += = = Nightclubbing (Grace Jones album) = = = +Nightclubbing is the fifth studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones, released on May 11, 1981 by Island Records. +Background. +The album includes reggae-oriented covers of the songs by Flash and the Pan, Bill Withers, Iggy Pop, and Ástor Piazzolla, as well as several new tracks, three of which were co-written by Jones. The album was Jones' second album to use a reggae, electronica and R&B sound. +Commercial reception. +Chart performance. +2014 Deluxe Edition: + += = = Living My Life (Grace Jones album) = = = +Living My Life is the sixth studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones. The album was released on 7 November 1982 by Island Records. +Background. +"Living My Life" was Jones' third reggae, electronica and R&B album. It was also her last album to be recorded using those genres. Her next set of albums would mainly be recorded in a funk and R&B style. +Track listing. +Side A +Side B + += = = Release (music) = = = +In the music industry, a release usually is a creative output from an artist available for sale or distribution. It is a broad term covering the many different forms music can be released in. Music can be released as singles, extended plays or as albums. A popular medium for releases is the Compact Disc (CD). +Musical performers often self-release (self-publish) their recordings without the involvement of an established record label. Some artists or groups who enjoy local or small scale popularity have started their own labels in order to release their music. Others simply sell the music directly to customers. One example is when it is sold at their live concerts. With the growth of the Internet, many musical acts have sold their recordings over the Internet without a record label. Unlike self-publishing a novel, which usually means that publishers did not want to publish it, even well-known musicians will choose to self-release recordings. Music managers are increasingly getting involved in music releases. +The word can also mean the event at which an album or single is first offered for sale. A release is sometimes called an album launch, or single launch. + += = = Diane Black = = = +Diane Lynn Black ("née" Warren; born January 16, 1951) is an American politician. She was the U.S. Representative for from 2011 to 2019. +On August 2, 2017, Black announced her intention to run for Governor of Tennessee in the 2018 election. She lost the Republican nomination to businessman Bill Lee in the primaries. + += = = Marsha Blackburn = = = +Marsha Wedgeworth Blackburn (born June 6, 1952) is an American politician. She is the senior United States Senator of Tennessee since January 3, 2019. +A member of the Republican Party, she represented in the United States House of Representatives from 2003 to 2019. +In October 2017, Blackburn announced that she would run for the United States Senate seat being vacated by Bob Corker in the 2018 election. In August 2018, she became the Republican nominee. She defeated Democrat Phil Bredesen. + += = = Peter Roskam = = = +Peter James Roskam (born September 13, 1961) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for , from 2007 to 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party. He lost re-election in 2018 to Sean Casten. +He served as the Chief Deputy Majority Whip from 2011 to 2014, ranking fourth among House Republican leaders. He has also served in the Illinois Senate and the Illinois House of Representatives. He was Chairman of the House Ways and Means Subcommittee on Oversight. + += = = Benjamin A. Gilman = = = +Benjamin Arthur "Ben" Gilman (December 6, 1922 – December 17, 2016) was an American politician. He was a Republican United States Representative from New York. +Early life. +He was born in Poughkeepsie, New York. Gilman graduated from Middletown High School in Middletown, New York in 1941 and received a B.S. from the Wharton School Finance at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946. He also earned an LL.B. from New York Law School. Gilman served in the United States Army Air Corps from 1942 until 1945 during World War II. +Political career. +He was elected to Congress in 1972 to represent New York's 26th congressional district, defeating John G. Dow, a Democratic incumbent who had been serving in the New York's 27th congressional district (which included most of the territory and population of the new 26th district), and served from January 3, 1973 until January 3, 2003. During his time in Congress, he was chair of the House Committee on International Relations (104th through 106th Congresses). +Personal life. +Gilman has been married three times, to the former Jane Prizant (1927–2000), a lawyer and daughter of a well-known actor of the Yiddish theater (), Rita Kelhofer, and Georgia Tingus. He had five children. +Gilman died at a hospital in Wappingers Falls, New York on December 17, 2016 from complications of hip surgery, aged 94 + += = = Levent Kırca = = = +Zeki Levent Kırca (September 28, 1948 – October 12, 2015) was a Turkish comedian, stage and movie actor. He was a columnist of the newspaper "Aydınlık". He was also a politician of the left-wing Patriotic Party (). +Kırca was born in Samsun on September 28, 1948. He died of liver cancer in Istanbul on October 12, 2015. + += = = Abdallah Kigoda = = = +Abdallah Omar Kigoda (25 November 1953 – 12 October 2015) was a Tanzanian CCM politician and Member of Parliament for Handeni constituency. He served from 1995 to 2015. He served as the Minister of Industry and Trade. +Kigoda died on 12 October 2015 while undergoing treatment in India for cancer, aged 61. + += = = Sarepta, Louisiana = = = +Sarepta is a town in Webster Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Homer, Louisiana = = = +Homer is the parish seat of Claiborne Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Columbia, Louisiana = = = +Columbia is the parish seat of Caldwell Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Cameron, Louisiana = = = +Cameron is the parish seat of Cameron Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Russia men's national volleyball team = = = +Russia national volleyball team is the national volleyball team of Russia. The team's best achievements are the four Gold Medal olympic in (1964, 1968, 1980, 2012) and six Gold Medal world championship in (1949, 1952, 1960, 1962, 1978, 1982). + += = = Thibodaux, Louisiana = = = +Thibodaux is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is the parish seat of Lafourche Parish. This is in the northwestern part of the parish. +The population was 15,948 at the 2020 census. + += = = Asterisk = = = +The asterisk (*) is a snowflake-like typographic symbol or glyph. +It is so-called because it looks like an image of a star. Computer scientists and mathematicians often speak it as star. Example: "the A* search algorithm". +In English, an asterisk is usually five-pointed or six-pointed in typefaces, and six- or eight-pointed when handwritten. It can be used as censorship. It is also used on the internet to correct one's spelling, in which case it appears after the correct word. + += = = Typeface = = = +In typography, a typeface is a family of fonts. Every glyph in a typeface shares certain design features. Typefaces have names, such as "Times New Roman", "Garamond", "Baskerville". +Every font of a typeface has specific details (such as size and weight) and is used in a particular way. The reason for having different fonts is to give the designer or printer choices which suit various needs. The most basic of all needs is to have the text legible and readable. +There are many versions of typefaces which are out of copyright. "ITC Garamond" is a different typeface from "Adobe Garamond" or "Monotype Garamond". These are all versions of the typeface Garamond, originally created in the 16th century. There are thousands of different typefaces in existence, with new ones being developed constantly. +The art and craft of designing typefaces is called "type design". In digital typography, type designers are sometimes also called "font developers" or "font designers". +Every typeface is a collection of glyphs, each of which represents an individual letter, number, punctuation mark, or other symbol. There are typefaces tailored for special applications, such as map-making or astrology and mathematics. +A very widely used typeface is "Times New Roman". This is a serif typeface commissioned by the British newspaper "The Times" in 1931. This typeface was later adapted for use in book printing, and again for use as a computer face. There are now many different versions of this typeface. + += = = Amleto = = = +Amleto is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Franco Faccio and libretto by Arrigo Boito, after William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet". It was first performed in Genoa, on May 30, 1865, and a revised was performed in Milan, on February 12, 1871. It was revived in 2014 in Baltimore (Maryland) and also performed in 2016 at the Bregenzer Festspiele. + += = = Hinglish = = = +Hinglish (�������) is a language that combines words from the English language with those of South Asia. The name Hinglish itself is a portmanteau of "Hindi" and "English". It is spoken on the Indian subcontinent and the United Kingdom. It borrows words from other languages such as Punjabi, Urdu and Hindi. At first it was spoken only by what Indians refer to as "ABCDs" (American-Born Confused Desi). Now it is spoken by about 350 million speakers. It is heard on television and in advertisements in India. Coca-Cola's ad in Hinglish is "Life ho to aisi" (Life should be like this). Pepsi's ad is "Yeh Dil Maange More" (the heart wants more). Domino's Pizza asks "Hungry kya?" (Are you hungry?). It has become a hybrid language many Indians speak naturally and without giving it any thought. +The first book written in Hinglish, "All we need is Love", is by Richa Devesar. It was published in March of 2015. +References. +<br> + += = = Sorry I'm Late (album) = = = +Sorry I'm Late is the second studio album by English recording artist Cher Lloyd. It was released on 23 May 2014 by Epic Records, Syco Music and Mr. Kanani. Lloyd herself co-wrote five songs on the tracklist, working with new producers and songwriters such as Beth Ditto and Tove Lo. It is her last album released through Epic and Syco. +Background. +On 16 October 2013, Lloyd told "Billboard" that the title of her second studio album is "Sorry I'm Late". She explained, "I think it has two meanings. [...] It's been a long time since I've actually done anything new, but for me, it's as a person. I mean, I've spent a whole lot of time trying to figure out who I am, and I think everybody goes through that." Lloyd confirmed that "Sorry I'm Late", which was originally due for release in November, was pushed back until early 2014, despite the record being done. +The explicit version of the album artwork depicts Lloyd smoking while sitting in a bathtub; censored pressings of the record remove the smoke. + += = = Lamar Odom = = = +Lamar Joseph Odom (born November 6, 1979) is an American basketball player. His team, the Los Angeles Lakers, won the NBA Championships in 2009 and 2010. He has also played basketball for the Dallas Mavericks, Miami Heat and the Spanish team Laboral Kutxa. +Odom was born in South Jamaica, Queens. Between 2009 and 2013 he was married to television star Khloe Kardashian. The couple has since split. +On October 13, 2015, Odom was hospitalized after being discovered unconscious at the Love Ranch South brothel in Crystal, Nevada. He was in a coma and placed on life support in a hospital in Las Vegas for a few days before regaining consciousness. He had suffered several strokes and kidney failure. He was transferred from Las Vegas to a Los Angeles hospital by medical transport. +References. +<br> + += = = Christian Democrats (Sweden) = = = +The Christian Democrats (, KD) is a Christian democratic political party in Sweden. The party was founded in 1964. It did not enter parliament until 1985 in an electoral cooperation with the Centre Party. They entered on the Christian Democrats' own accord in 1991. The leader since 25 April 2015 is Ebba Busch Thor. She succeeded Göran Hägglund, who had been the party's leader since 2004. The four most important issues for the party are: +The party name was for a long time abbreviated KDS until 1996, when the new abbreviation became KD. This was because the name changed from the "Christian Democratic Unity" to the "Christian Democrats". +The Christian Democrats were a minor party in the centre-right Alliance coalition government led by Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt until his resignation in 2014. + += = = Fashion week = = = +A fashion week is a fashion industry event lasting about one week. This is where fashion designers, brands or "houses" show their latest clothing in runway shows to buyers and the media. These events let the rest of the industry know what's "in" and what's "out" for the season. +The most prominent fashion weeks are held in the four fashion capitals of the world. These are the New York, London, Milan and Paris. +Other notable fashion events are held in cities around the world. These include Berlin (Berlin Fashion Week) and São Paulo (São Paulo Fashion Week), among many others. +References. +<br> + += = = Bluehenge = = = +Bluestonehenge or Bluehenge (also known as West Amesbury Henge) is a prehistoric henge and stone circle monument. +It was discovered by the Stonehenge Riverside Project about south-east of Stonehenge in Wiltshire, England. All that remains of the site is the ditch of the henge and a series of stone settings, none of which is visible above ground. +Excavation revealed two flint chisel arrowheads in a style commonly used during 3400-2500 BC. The stones have been put up in that period. It is estimated that there may have been as many as 27 stones in a circle 33 feet (10 m) wide. +The site was excavated in August 2008 and again in August 2009. It is considered an important find by archaeologists. +The name "Bluestonehenge" is from the small stone chips found in some of the stone settings. These bluestones are also found in Stonehenge and consist of a wide range of rock types originally from Pembrokeshire West Wales, some away. Archaeologists think any bluestones in the circle may have been removed around 2500 BC and used at Stonehenge, which had major rebuilding at about that time. +The stone circle settings were surrounded by a henge, comprising an ditch and outer bank which appears to date from approximately 2400 BC. + += = = 2014 FIFA World Cup Group B = = = +Group B of the 2014 FIFA World Cup consisted of Spain, the Netherlands, Chile, and Australia. This group contained the finalists of 2010 FIFA World Cup: Spain (reigning champion) and the Netherlands (runners-up). Play began on 13 June and ended on 23 June 2014. The Netherlands and Chile progressed to the knockout stage, while Australia and Spain were eliminated after suffering two defeats in their opening two matches. Chile was eliminated by Brazil in the second round after penalties, while the Netherlands made their way to the semi-finals in which they lost to Argentina on penalties. The third place match was won by the Netherlands with a convincing 3–0 victory against Brazil. + += = = Anna Pendleton Schenck = = = +Anna Pendleton Schenck (January 8, 1874 - April 29, 1915) was an architect. She was the business partner of Marcia Mead (1879-1967) and they started the first female architectural firm in New York City in 1914. They were successful from the very start. They won the City Club prize which gave them national recognition. +Biography. +She was born on January 8, 1874 in Brooklyn, New York to Noah Hunt Schenck and Ann Pierce Pendleton. +She attended Columbia University and was one of the first female graduates. +She died on April 29, 1915 at New York Hospital. + += = = Eloise Blaine Cram = = = +Eloise Blaine Cram (June 11, 1896 - February 9, 1957) was in charge of the parasites of poultry section of the zoological division of the Bureau of Animal Industry at the United States Department of Agriculture. +Biography. +She was born in Davenport, Iowa on June 11, 1896 to Ralph Warren Cram (1869-1952) and Mary Belle Laventure (1874-1948). She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Chicago in 1919. She was awarded her Ph.D. from George Washington University in 1925. In 1920 became a zoologist for the Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) specializing in the parasites of poultry. In 1936 she went to work for the Zoology Laboratory at the National Institutes of Health. She died in San Diego, California on February 9, 1957. +References. + += = = Mary Margaret O'Reilly = = = +Mary Margaret O'Reilly (October 14, 1865 - December 6, 1949) was the acting director of the Mints and Assay Office of the United States Department of the Treasury and later assistant treasurer. She was known as the "sweetheart of the Treasury". +Biography. +She was born on October 14, 1865 in Springfield, Massachusetts. She started work at the mint in 1904. +A presidential executive order allowed her to work past her mandated retirement age. +She retired at age 73 in 1938. She died in Washington, D.C. on December 6, 1949. + += = = Judy Lee Klemesrud = = = +Judy Lee Klemesrud (June 11, 1939 - October 12, 1985) was a writer for "The New York Times" from 1966 till her death in 1985. +Biography. +Klemesrud was born in Thompson, Iowa to Glee (1909-1986) and Theo S. Klemesrud (1902-1995). She had a brother, Tom Theo Klemesrud and a sister, Candace K. Klemesrud (1947-1989). Her father owned the "Thompson Courier" and the "Rake Register" in Iowa. +Klemesrud attended the University of Iowa from 1958 until she graduated in 1961. She later went to Columbia University to attend the School of Journalism. While attending the University of Iowa, she worked as an editor at "The Daily Iowan". She then spent 4 years as a reporter for the "Chicago Daily News". She worked at "The New York Times" from 1966 until her death in 1985. She also wrote for such magazines as: "Esquire", "Cosmopolitan", "Ladies' Home Journal", "Redbook", and "The New York Times Magazine". +Klemesrud died of cancer in 1985 at the age of 46. + += = = Adam Kinzinger = = = +Adam Daniel Kinzinger (born February 27, 1978) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative from Illinois between 2011 to 2023. He is a member of the Republican Party. +After President Donald Trump lost in the 2020 presidential election, Kinzinger became known for his criticisms Trump's claims of voter fraud and attempts to overturn the results. +Kinzinger was one of the 10 Republicans who voted to impeach Trump for incitement of insurrection in his second impeachment. He was one of only two Republicans to vote to create a select committee to investigate the 2021 United States Capitol attack. +On October 29, 2021, Kinzinger announced he would not be running for Congress in 2022. + += = = Sue Lloyd-Roberts = = = +Susan Ann "Sue" Lloyd-Roberts CBE (27 October 1950 – 13 October 2015) was a British television journalist. She worked for BBC programs and, earlier in her career, worked for ITN. +Lloyd-Roberts died on 13 October 2015 at University College Hospital in London from leukemia, aged 64. + += = = Nurlan Balgimbayev = = = +Nurlan Utebovich Balgimbayev (20 November 1947 – 14 October 2015) was the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from 10 October 1997 to 1 October 1999. He was the President of the Kazakhstan Oil Investment Company from February 2002. +On 14 October 2015, Balgimbayev died in Atyrau at the age of 68 of cancer. + += = = Ryan Zinke = = = +Ryan Keith Zinke (born November 1, 1961) is an American politician. He is member of the Republican Party. He is the member of the United States House of Representatives for Montana's 1st congressional district since 2023. He was the 52nd United States Secretary of the Interior from 2017 to 2019. +Zinke served as a member of the Montana State Senate, representing Senate District 2 from 2009 to 2011. He was the Republican congressman for Montana's at-large congressional district having won in the 2014 election. He resigned as a U.S. representative on March 1, 2017. +On December 15, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that Zinke would leave the position as Interior Secretary by the end of 2018. He left the office on January 2, 2019. +Early life. +Zinke was born in Bozeman, Montana and raised in Whitefish. He is the son of Jean Montana (Harlow) Petersen and Ray Dale Zinke, a plumber. +Zinke earned a B.S. in geology in 1984 at the University of Oregon. Zinke later earned an M.B.A. from National University in 1993 and an M.S. in global leadership from the University of San Diego in 2003. +United States representative (2015–2017). +In Congress, Zinke has supported the deployment of U.S. ground troops to combat ISIL, "abandoning" the Affordable Care Act, and cutting regulations. He supported a Republican effort to repeal the estate tax. +Zinke "frequently votes against environmentalists on issues ranging from coal extraction to oil and gas drilling" and received a 3 percent rating from the League of Conservation Voters. +United States Secretary of the Interior (2017–2019). +On December 13, 2016, President-elect Donald Trump picked Zinke for the position of United States Secretary of the Interior. Zinke was confirmed on March 1, 2017, becoming the first Navy SEAL to occupy a Cabinet position. +As Secretary, Zinke opened more federal lands for oil, gas and mineral exploration and extraction. Zinke's spendings as Secretary of the Interior, which included expensive flights, raised ethical questions and controversy, and were investigated by the Interior Department’s Office of Inspector General. On October 30, 2018, the investigation into Zinke was referred to the Justice Department by Interior's Inspector General. +Trump announced on December 15, 2018, that Zinke would leave his post by the end of 2018. He was replaced by his deputy David Bernhardt. +United States representative (since 2023). +On April 29, 2021 it was reported that Zinke had filed to run for Montana's newly reformed 2nd congressional district. He was elected to the U.S. House in November 2022. +Personal life. +Zinke has been married to Lolita Hand. They have three children. Zinke is Lutheran. + += = = Clare Tree Major = = = +Clare Tree Major (1880 - October 10, 1954) was an English American actress, author, and stage director. She started the Children's Theatre of New York in 1924. +Biography. +She was born in 1880 in England. She migrated to the United States in 1914. In 1924 she started the Children's Theatre of New York. In 1925 she produced the play The Little Poor Man. +She died on October 10, 1954. + += = = Gleipnir = = = +In Norse mythology, Gleipnir was the third chain used to tie up Fenrir, the wolf. Fenrir was the son of Loki and Angrboða, the giantess. The first two chains, named Lædingr and Dromi, were forged by Thor and did not hold him. Gleipnir was created by the sons of Ivaldi and did hold Fenrir. It was as thin as spider's silk. Gleipnir was made from six things: +This was probably used to explain why all of those things are impossible. +The gods lured Fenrir to the island of Lyngvi. They challenged him to be bound by Gleipnir. To show Fenrir it was no trick, Týr put his hand in Fenrir's mouth. When he could not break Gleipnir's grip on him and they refused to let him out, Fenrir naturally bit off Týr's hand. Fenrir was to remain bound by Gleipnir until Ragnarök (the final great battle of the gods). + += = = Eliseo Arredondo = = = +Eliseo Arredondo de la Garza (May 5, 1870 - October 18, 1923) was a Mexican lawyer, politician and diplomat. He was the interim governor of the Mexican state of Coahuila and the Secretary of the Interior during the presidency of Venustiano Carranza in 1914. He was appointed the Ambassador of Mexico to the United States in 1916. +Biography. +Arredondo was born on May 5, 1870 in Nava, Coahuila. He was a cousin of Venustiano Carranza. +Arredondo was appointed as the Secretary of the Interior during the presidency of Venustiano Carranza in 1914. He was appointed the Ambassador of Mexico to the United States in 1916. +Arredondo died on October 18, 1923 in Mexico City. + += = = End zone = = = +The end zone refers to the scoring area on the field, according to gridiron-based codes of football. It is the area between the end line and goal line bounded by the sidelines. There are two end zones. Each one is on an opposite side of the field. It is bordered on all sides by a white line indicating its beginning and end points. Usually padded orange square markers are placed at each of the four corners as a visual aid. Canadian rule books use the terms "goal area" and "dead line" instead of "end zone" and "end line" respectively. But the latter terms are the more common in Canadian English. In American football the end zone is 10 yards deep. Canadian football end zones are 20 yards; 10 yards deeper than those in American football. Sports like association football and ice hockey require the puck or ball to pass completely over the goal line to count as a score. Canadian and American football merely need the nose of the ball to break the vertical plane of the outer edge of the goal line. + += = = Chris Knight = = = +Chris Knight is an American country music singer from Slaughters, Kentucky. In 1997 Decca Records released his self-titled debut album. +References. +<br> + += = = Red-and-green macaw = = = +The red-and-green macaw ("Ara chloropterus"), is a large mostly-red macaw of the "Ara" genus. This is the largest bird of the "Ara" genus. It is commonly found in the forests and woodlands of northern and central South America. They are found in flocks of 30 or more birds in the lowland areas. On forested slopes they form smaller flocks of two to three pairs. The flock roosts in trees at night. During the day they fly long distances to find fruit and seeds to eat. They spend a good part of the day resting, noisily arguing among themselves. Like other macaws, in recent years there has been a decline in its numbers due to habitat loss. They are hunted for food, feathers or are illegally captured for the parrot trade. +References. +<br> + += = = Baku Zoo = = = +Baku Zoo () is a state zoo in Baku. It is the oldest zoo in Azerbaijan. When it opened in 1928, it was in Lunacharski Park. In 1942 it was moved to its present location. It belongs to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Azerbaijan and to the Municipality of Baku city. The total area of the zoo is . The zoo is currently home to over 1,200 animals. There are over 160 species. It will soon be replaced by a new zoo near Güzdək on the Absheron Peninsula. The new larger zoo will house the animals in their natural surroundings. + += = = Kenneth D. Taylor = = = +Kenneth Douglas "Ken" Taylor, OC (October 5, 1934 – October 15, 2015) was a Canadian diplomat, educator and businessman. He was best known for his role in the 1979 covert operation called the "Canadian Caper" which helped free some hostages during the Iran hostage crisis. +Taylor died in New York City from colon cancer at the age of 81. + += = = Robert M. White = = = +Robert Mayer "Bob" White (February 13, 1923 – October 14, 2015) was an American meteorologist and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's first administrator from 1970 to 1977. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts. White was also the director of the United States Weather Bureau from 1963 to 1965, director of the Environmental Science Services Administration from 1965 to 1970, president of the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research from 1980 to 1983, and president of the National Academy of Engineering from 1983 to 1995. + += = = Nate Huffman = = = +Nathaniel Thomas Huffman (April 2, 1975 – October 15, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He played most of his career outside of the United States with Maccabi Tel Aviv. Huffman played for the Toronto Raptors from 2002 through 2003. +On September 29, 2015, Huffman announced that he had stage 4 bladder cancer and his "condition is terminal". He died on October 15, 2015. + += = = Michael McCaul = = = +Michael Thomas McCaul, Sr. (born January 14, 1962) is the U.S. Representative for , serving since 2005. Since the beginning of the 113th Congress, he has been the Chairman of the House Committee on Homeland Security. He is a member of the Republican Party. + += = = Elbert Glover = = = +Elbert Glover is a researcher and writer. He mainly writes about tobacco addiction. He is the director of the Tobacco Research Center at the West Virginia University. + += = = Dither fish = = = +Dither fish are aquarium fish used by cichlid owners to make some species of cichlids less afraid. +Dither fish usually swim around the top of a fish tank. This behavior makes afraid fish less afraid. Fish that are not afraid hide less. The scared fish think (correctly) that no predators are in the tank. +The technique is based on the ability of cichlids in an aquarium to use the behaviour of other fish species as a sign that the place they are in is safe. Good dither fish are usually schooling species, such as some "Danio" species, barbs and some tetra species. + += = = Obsidian Entertainment = = = +Obsidian Entertainment is an American video game developer. It was ed in 2003 after the closure of Black Isle Studios. + += = = Lucasfilm Games = = = +Lucasfilm Games (formerly LucasArts) is an American video game publisher and licensor. Until 2013, it was also a video game developer. +History. +The company was founded in May 1982 as Lucasfilm Games, the video game development group of Lucasfilm Limited, the film production company of George Lucas. +Early years (1982–1987). +Lucasfilm Games could not develop "Star Wars" games in its early years because Atari had the license for "Star Wars" and because of that, Lucasfilm Games had to develop unique games and had their first projects published by other companies. Lucasfilm's early titles include: "Ballblazer" and "Rescue on Fractalus" both games were released in 1984, "Koronis rift" released in 1985. +In 1987, Lucasfilm Games created the SCUMM engine which stands for "Script Creation Utility for Maniac Mansion" which would be used in many of LucasArt's future adventure games. The SCUMM engine was first developed for the game "Maniac Mansion" which was released in 1987. +Acquisition by Disney. +On October 30, 2012, LucasArts was acquired by The Walt Disney Company through the acquisition of its parent company Lucasfilm in a deal for $4.05 billion. +On January 11, 2021, it was announced that the company would be renamed back to Lucasfilm Games. + += = = Lake County, Illinois = = = +Lake County is a county in northeast Illinois. As of the 2020 census, the population was 714,342. Some of the main cities are Waukegan and Libertyville. + += = = Slave to the Rhythm (Grace Jones album) = = = +Slave to the Rhythm is the seventh studio album by Jamican singer Grace Jones, released on 28 October 1985 by Island Records. +Information. +Planned as "a biography" in the album's booklet, "Slave to the Rhythm" is a concept album, produced by ZTT Records founder and producer Trevor Horn. "Slave to the Rhythm" was released in 1985, three years after her last album "Living My Life" as she had taken a break and began to act in movies such as "Conan the Destroyer" in 1984 and in the James Bond film "A View to Kill" in 1985. The album was her first set of funk and R&B albums. +Track listing. +Original vinyl & CD, and 2015 remaster pressings. +Side A +Side B + += = = Burning of Parliament = = = +The Burning of Parliament was a great fire in London on 16 October 1834. The Palace of Westminster, the medieval royal palace used as the home of the British parliament, was largely destroyed. The blaze was caused by the burning of small wooden tally sticks. They had been used as part of the accounting procedures of the Exchequer until 1826. The sticks were disposed of in a careless manner. They were thrown in the two furnaces under the House of Lords, which caused a chimney fire in the two flues that ran under the floor of the Lords' chamber. The fire smoldered under the floor for most of the day. The senile housekeeper and a careless Clerk of Works ignored all the warning signs of the pending disaster. This led the Prime Minister to call it "one of the greatest instances of stupidity upon record". +The fire spread rapidly throughout the buildings. It became the worst fire to occur in London between the Great Fire of 1666 and the Blitz of the Second World War. the event attracted large crowds which included several artists who provided pictorial records of the event. The fire lasted for most of the night. The House of Lords and the House of Commons were destroyed along with most of their libraries, art collections and records. + += = = John Soane = = = +Sir John Soane (10 September 1753 – 20 January 1837) was an English architect. He was knighted in 1831. He was the greatest architect of his day. His house in Lincoln's Inn Fields is now Sir John Soane's Museum and is open to the public. On 15 November 1821 Soane was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. + += = = Goring-on-Thames = = = +Goring-on-Thames is a village and civil parish in South Oxfordshire. + += = = South Oxfordshire = = = +South Oxfordshire is a district in Oxfordshire, England. About 140,000 people live in South Oxfordshire. It was created on 1 April 1974. + += = = William Whitelaw (Perth MP) = = = +William Whitelaw (Perth MP) (28th June 1918 - 1 July 1999) was a Conservative politician from Scotland. He served some Cabinet positions such as Home Secretary and deputy leader of the British Conservative Party during Margaret Thatcher's time as PM. +Whitelaw was likely appointed by Thatcher in some positions to get the Scottish to vote for her as he was Scottish and Thatcher was very unpopular in the area. + += = = William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw = = = +William Stephen Ian Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw was a politician and a deputy prime minister from England, sometimes known as Willie Whitelaw. He held a number of roles in the cabinet of Margaret Thatcher during her time as Prime Minister. + += = = Angus Deaton = = = +Angus Deaton (born 19 October 1945) is a Scottish economist. He is from Edinburgh. He won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. He attended Fettes College. He has two children. He also went to Princeton University and the University of Bristol. + += = = Elizabeth Ramsey = = = +Elizabeth Ramsey (December 3, 1931 – October 8, 2015) was a Filipina comedian, actress and singer. She was known for her trademark Visayan-accented dialogues. She performed them in English and Tagalog. She was regarded as the Philippines' Queen of Rock and Roll. She became famous in 1958 after winning a singing contest in "Student Canteen". +Ramsey was born in San Carlos City, Negros Occidental. She died from a sudden hyperglycemic attack at age 83. + += = = Skhid = = = +“Skhid” - journal of analysis and new ideas (). From 1995 to 2014 the Journal was published in Donetsk (Ukraine). From the late 2014 to date it has been published in Mariupol of Donetsk Region (Ukraine). Profile: “Skhid” highlights the results of research in economics, history and philosophy. Languages of the publication: Ukrainian, Russian and English. Periodicity: 6 issues a year. +During the years of activity (1995-2019) the journal managed to attract authoritative authorship while providing opportunities for young authors to publish research results. +Scientometrics: INDEX COPERNICUS VALUE (ICV) 2015 - 64,77 2014 - 64.29 + += = = Island Life (Grace Jones album) = = = +Island Life is the first greatest hits album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones, it released in December 1985. It includes songs from her first seven albums. The albums' artwork is Jones' is her most iconic artwork. The album was later re-released in 1996 under the name of "Island Life 2" and included two remixes of a new song called "Sex Drive" which was originally going to appear on a album called "Black Marilyn" which was due out in the 1990s but never got released. +Track listing. +Standard release. +Side A +Side B +Notes: 7" edits of "Do or Die", "Pull Up to the Bumper" and "Slave to the Rhythm" are included. "Love Is the Drug" appears in Eric "E.T." Thorngren's remix. +UK cassette release. +Side A +Side B + += = = Inside Story (Grace Jones album) = = = +Inside Story is the eighth studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones, released on November 14, 1986 by Manhattan Records, it was her only album to be released on that label. +Background. +Released under new contract with Manhattan Records, for "Inside Story" Jones worked with the music producer Nile Rodgers of Chic (Jones had previously tried to work with the band during her disco era.) The release of "Inside Story" was Manhattan Records' "most extensive marketing and merchandising campaign ever". +Track listing. +All songs were written by Grace Jones and Bruce Woolley. +Side A +Side B + += = = Stella Glow = = = + is a for the Nintendo 3DS. It is the last game finished development on. It was published in Japan by Sega, in North America by , and it will be released in Europe by . +The game features character designs by Ideolo and Masato Shako, music created by and Shunsuke Tsuchiya, and the voices and singing talents of , , among others. +Gameplay. +Like Imageepoch's earlier game series "", "Stella Gow" is tactical role-playing game where the player moves characters under his or her control on a grid and fight against an opposing team of characters or creatures. The battle grid possesses varied elevations and is presented from a top-down . +Witch characters possess "song magic", which they use in combat. Before a witch's song magic can be used, it must first be unlocked by the player. The player must enter a witch and defeat a boss creature inside. +Players also have access to "Free Time", which they have use to speak to characters, partake in jobs in order to earn money, enhance the skills of witches via "tuning", or search the city for items. Partaking in these activities costs "action points", and players only have access to three action points to spend during each "Free Time" session. other activities, such as buying equipment and "orbs" for characters, do not cost action points. +Scenario and story. +"Stella Glow" takes place in a world with song-driven magic. This song magic brought prosperity to the world, but in turn, this prosperity also brought problems and war to the world. God then took song magic away from the people. Thousands of years later, song magic reappeared in the hands of five witches. One of these witches is Hilda, who wishes to crystallize the world and leads the Harbingers. Opposing her are the Regnant Knights and the four other witches. +Alto is the main protagonist and a resident of Mithra, along with Lisette. When Mithra is crystallized, Alto joined Regnant Knights in order to undo the damage done to his home. +Development. + announced the development of "Stella Glow" in October 2014 and its release was meant to coincide with Imageepoch's 10th anniversary. +Hideyuki Mizutani produced the game, and Dai Oba directed it. Ideolo and Masato Shakado created the artwork. Several voice actors contributed to over twenty different Song Magic tracks. +In November 2014, Imageepoch completed development on "Stella Glow". +When Imageepoch encountered problems with sells and marketing, Imageepoch approached Sega, and in March 2015, Sega announced that it would publish the game. +In May 2015, Imageepoch filed for bankruptcy. +On May 20, Sega released a demo for "Stella Glow" on Japan's . +On June 5, 2015, Sega released "Stella Glow" in Japan. +On June 15th, Atlus announced that it would be releasing an English version to a North American audience by the holiday season. Atlus had Konomi Suzuki record an English version of "Stella Glow"'s opening theme "Hikari no Metamorphopsis" for the North American release. +On October 27th, Atlus released a demo for the English language version to the North American Nintendo eShop. +Promotions. +For the North American release, Atlus created a special launch edition of the game. Include in this package is a collectible outer box, a soundtrack, a cloth poster, and charm depicting Bubu, a pig-like mascot character. +Atlus also created an exclusive theme for those who purchased a digital copy of the game through the Nintendo eShop. This special theme features the witches Hilda, Lisette, Popo, Sakuya, Mordimort on the upper screen and Bubu on the lower screen. + += = = Bulletproof Heart (Grace Jones album) = = = +Bulletproof Heart is the ninth studio album by Jamaican recording artist Grace Jones, it was released on October 13, 1989 by Capitol Records, it was her first album on the label. It would be her last album until 2008's "Hurricane". +Background. +On "Bulletproof Heart" Jones would work with producer Chris Stanley, who at that time had become her first husband. +"Bulletproof Heart" met with negative reviews, with critic Robert Christgau calling it "incongruous". +Track listing. +Notes: All songs were written by Grace Jones and Chris Stanley, except where noted. "Crack Attack" features rapper Freedom, and "Don't Cry Freedom" is a duet with Chris Stanley, although they're not credited as such in track listing on the album sleeve. +LP version. +Side A +Side B + += = = The Ultimate (Grace Jones album) = = = +The Ultimate is a second greatest hits album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones released in 1993. The album would have the same songs as her 1985 "Island Life" greatest hits album, as well as four other songs. "The Ultimate" was released only in the Netherlands, where it enjoyed success. +Track listing. +Note: Edits of "Slave to the Rhythm", "Do or Die" and "The Fashion Show" are included. + += = = Edward the Exile = = = +Edward the Exile (17 January 1016 — 19 April 1057) also known as Edward the Atheling was the heir apparent to the Kingdom of England. He was the oldest child of King Edmund II of England and Ealdgyth. He spended most of his life in exile in Hungary following his father being killed at the Battle of Assandun during Cnut the Great's invasion of England in 1016. +Life in exile. +After the Danish conquest of England in 1016, Canute had Edward and his brother, Edmund, sent to the Swedish court of Olof Skötkonung. Edward was a baby at the time. Canute's agents apparently had orders to have the children murdered. But they were quickly taken to Hungary where neither Canut or his agents could reach them. He was brought up at the Hungarian court. Edward married Agatha, a relative of Emperor Henry II. +Edward the Confessor, King of England, had no children. Edward, his nephew, was his nearest living relative. The King wanted to make Edward his heir. In 1057, the king's messengers reached Edward living in Hungary. Edward agreed to return to England and in 1057 arrived in London with his family. But a few days after their arrival Edward was killed. +Family. +He and Agatha had three children, Edgar the Atheling, Margaret of Scotland and Cristina, Abbess of Romsey Abbey. In the summer of 1068 his son Edgar took his mother and sisters and escaped to Scotland. +References. +<br> + += = = Tribes of Arabia = = = +The following is a list of tribes of Arab people from the geo-cultural region of Arabia. + += = = I'll Remember = = = +"I'll Remember" is a song by American singer Madonna, it was released on March 8, 1994 by Warner Bros Records. It went to number one in Canada and Italy and number two in the United States. It was from the 1994 movie "With Honors". + += = = 2014-15 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball = = = +The 2014–15 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team represented the University of Kentucky in their 39th season. They played their home games at the Rupp Arena. The team was led by John Calipari for 6 seasons in a row. +The 2014-2015 team won all 31 games in the regular season, similar to what the Witchita State team did the year before. They were the first team in NCAA basketball to begin a season with a record of 38-0 (38 wins and no losses). After the regular season, the 2014-2015 team made it to the Final Four, playing against the Wisconsin Badgers for the second year in a row. The Final Four tournament was held in Indianapolis. +The 2014-2015 Kentucky Wildcats men's basketball team lost to Wisconsin in the Final Four, finishing their season 38-1, so they did not have a perfect record and were not the champions that year. + += = = Max Domi = = = +Maxwell Johannes Domi (born March 2, 1995) is a Canadian ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Columbus Blue Jackets. He also played for the Arizona Coyotes and Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba and grew up in Toronto, Ontario. His father Tie Domi also played in the NHL for 16 years. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Domi played 1 season with the St. Michael's Buzzers of the Ontario Junior Hockey League (OJHL) and 4 seasons with the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). On September 23, 2011, Domi made his OHL debut. He scored a hat-trick and an assist in a 8–0 win over the Saginaw Spirit. He helped the Knights win the OHL Championship in 2012 and also won a bronze medal with Team Ontario at the 2012 World U-17 Hockey Challenge. +Domi won a gold medal with Team Canada at the 2012 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament. He helped the Knights win their second OHL Championship in a row and won gold with Team Canada at the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship. He was named Best Forward of thew tournament. +He was drafted 12th overall by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Coyotes on July 14, 2013. On October 10, 2015, Domi made his NHL debut with the Arizona Coyotes and scored his first NHL goal in a 4–1 win over the Los Angeles Kings. +Personal life. +Domi was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes. He wears the jersey number 16 in homage to Bobby Clarke, a hockey player who also had the disease. + += = = Presumption of innocence = = = +The presumption of innocence, is sometimes referred to by the Latin expression Ei incumbit probatio qui dicit, non qui negat (the burden of proof is on the one who declares, not on one who denies). It is the principle that one is considered innocent unless proven guilty. In many nations, presumption of innocence is a legal right of the accused in a criminal trial. It is also regarded as an international human right under the UN's Universal Declaration of Human Rights, article 11. and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, article 14. This places the burden of proof on the prosecution. They have to collect and present enough compelling evidence to convince the trier of fact (a jury or judge) that the accused is guilty beyond reasonable doubt. If reasonable doubt remains, the accused is to be ted. Under Justinian Codes and English Common law, the accused is presumed innocent in criminal proceedings. In civil proceedings (like breach of contract) both sides must issue proof. Under Anglo-American Common Law, the accused is always presumed innocent in all types of proceedings. Proof is always the of the accuser. Sharia law, also called Islamic Law, is the third most common type of law in the world. It also has a presumption of innocence. + += = = Grey-crested finch = = = +The grey-crested finch ("Lophospingus griseocristatus") is a bird that can be found in Argentina and Bolivia. + += = = Hold Me (Teddy Pendergrass & Whitney Houston song) = = = +"Hold Me" is a 1984 recording of a song performed as a duet by Teddy Pendergrass and Whitney Houston. The ballad is on both Teddy Pendergrass' 1984 album "Love Language", from which it was released as a single, and Whitney Houston's 1985 self-titled debut album. +The original arrangement of the song, titled as "In Your Arms", written by Linda Creed & Michael Masser, is on Diana Ross's 1982 album "Silk Electric", under the name "In Your Arms". + += = = Greatest Love of All = = = +"The Greatest Love of All" is a song written by Michael Masser and Linda Creed and originally recorded by George Benson for the 1977 Muhammad Ali biopic "The Greatest". (A live version by Benson appears on 1978's Weekend in L.A.). The song was also recorded in 1979 by Shirley Bassey, for her album "The Magic Is You". +The song was further popularized by Whitney Houston under the title "Greatest Love of All". The song was recorded by the American recording artist for her debut album, self-titled "Whitney Houston", which was released in February 1985, by Arista Records. +Creed wrote the lyrics in the midst of her struggle with breast cancer. The words describe her feelings about coping with great challenges that one must face in life, being strong during those challenges whether you succeed or fail, and passing that strength on to children to carry with them into their adult lives. Creed eventually succumbed to the disease in April 1986 at the age of 37; at the time her song was an international hit by Houston. +The song became a major hit, topping the charts in Australia, Canada and the US, while reaching the top 20 in most countries, including Italy, Sweden and UK. It remains her third biggest US hit, after "I Will Always Love You" and "I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)". All three songs, in order of their former popularity, re-entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, after Houston's death, debuting the same week at numbers 7, 35 and 41, respectively, giving Houston three posthumous chart hits. +Whitney Houston version. +Clive Davis, founder of Houston's label Arista Records, was initially against Houston recording the song for her debut studio album, "Whitney Houston", but he eventually gave in after persuasion from Houston and Masser. It was released as the B-side to the single "You Give Good Love", a previous Top 5 hit by Houston. The song was eventually released as a single in its own right. The song, released on March 18, 1986, was the seventh release from Houston's debut album, and spent three weeks at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in May of that year. +Houston's album version features a piano intro, while the single version begins with a keyboard intro. After the single became a success, it replaced the original album version on subsequent pressings of the album. However, the original version was restored for the 2010 Deluxe Anniversary Edition reissue of the album. + += = = Saving All My Love for You = = = +"Saving All My Love for You" is a 1985 song written by Michael Masser and Gerry Goffin with arrangement by Gene Page. It was originally a minor hit for Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr. in 1978 on their album "Marilyn & Billy". A cover of the song was done by American recording artist Whitney Houston, for her album "Whitney Houston", which was released on February 14, 1985 by Arista Records. The song was the second single from the album in the United States and third worldwide. + += = = All at Once (Whitney Houston song) = = = +"All at Once" is a song written by Michael Masser and Jeffrey Osborne and recorded by Whitney Houston. It was released as a single in Japan and several European countries in 1985–1986. While it did not receive an official single release in the United States, the song did receive significant radio airplay there. +It became the first hit for Whitney Houston in the Netherlands in April 1985. +The song is a heartbreak ballad about a lover who leaves without warning and the damage it does. Houston performed the song at the 1987 American Music Awards. + += = = Legal burden of proof = = = +The burden of proof () is a level of proof that a party seeking to prove a fact must reach before it is accepted in a court of law. +In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution. A defendant is not required to prove his or her innocence. The standard the prosecution must reach is proof of their version of the facts beyond a reasonable doubt. In a civil trial the burden of proof is on the one bringing the case to court, called the plaintiff. In a civil trial the burden of proof is on the plaintiff. The standard that must be met is that the "preponderance of the evidence" (weight of the evidence) is enough to prove their case. +Affirmative defense. +If a defendant in a civil or criminal case wants to provide an alternative set of facts to those provided by the prosecution or the plaintiff, this is called an "affirmative defense". This shifts the burden of proof to the defendant to prove his or her version of the facts. The defendant would seek to excuse or justify his or her actions that brought the lawsuit. Common affirmative defenses include entrapment, Self-defense, unclean hands, insanity, and the statute of limitations. +Preponderance of the evidence. +Preponderance of the evidence, also known as the "balance of probabilities" is the standard required in most civil cases. It is also used in family court for determinations solely involving money, such as child support under the Child Support Standards Act. +The standard is met if the proposition is more likely to be true than not true. The standard is satisfied if there is greater than fifty percent chance that the proposition is true. Lord Denning, in "Miller v. Minister of Pensions", described it simply as "more probable than not." Until 1970, this was also the standard used in juvenile court in the United States. This is a far lower burden than "beyond a reasonable doubt," the threshold a prosecutor must meet in criminal trials. +Beyond a reasonable doubt. +This is the highest standard used as the burden of proof in common law countries. It usually only applies in criminal proceedings. If there is a real doubt, based upon reason and common sense after careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence (or lack of evidence) in a case, then the level of proof has not been met. If the jury, or judge in a bench trial, has no doubt as to the defendant's guilt, or if their only doubts are unreasonable doubts, then the prosecutor has proved the defendant is guilty. + += = = Clinton, Louisiana = = = +Clinton is the parish seat of East Feliciana Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Rebecca Shelley = = = +Rebecca Shelley (January 20, 1887 - January 21, 1984) was a pacifist who lost her American citizenship when she married a German national. She was the publisher of Modern Poultry Breeder. +Biography. +She was born in Sugar Valley, Pennsylvania on January 20, 1887 to William Alfred Shelly. In 1904 her family moved to Michigan. In 1907 she attended University of Michigan and majored in the German. She graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1910. +In 1922 she married Felix Martin Rathmer, a German born electrical engineer and she lost her American citizenship. She refused to take the naturalization oath because it contained the phrase "bear arms in defense of the country". She did not regain her citizenship until 1944. She became a widow in 1959. +She died on January 21, 1984, the day after her birthday, at the Leila Y. Post Montgomery Hospital in Battle Creek, Michigan. + += = = Doctor of Letters = = = +Doctor of Letters (; D.Litt.; Litt.D.; D. Lit.; or Lit. D.) is an academic degree. It is a higher doctorate which, in some countries, may be considered to be beyond the Ph.D. and equal to the Doctor of Science (Sc.D. or D.Sc.). It is awarded in many countries by universities and learned bodies. It is given in recognition of achievement in the humanities, original contribution to the creative arts or scholarship and other merits. Cambridge University requires a candidate to "give proof of distinction by some original contribution to the advancement of science or of learning." When awarded without an application by the conferee, it is awarded as an honorary degree. A Doctor of Letters is a commonly awarded honorary degree. + += = = Dodge Caliber = = = +The Dodge Caliber was a compact hatchback that was sold from 2006 to 2012 by Chrysler. It was often categorized as a station wagon or a crossover (due to its limited AWD). The Caliber was the replacement of the Dodge Neon. It was built on the Chrysler PM/MK platform which was also used on the Jeep Compass, Jeep Patriot, and Mitsubishi models as well. The Caliber was discontinued in 2012 and replaced by the Dodge Dart, which was a badge engineered sedan used on Alfa Romeo models. + += = = Anne-Marie Lizin = = = +Anne-Marie Lizin (5 January 1949 – 17 October 2015) was a Belgian politician. He served as the President of the Senate of Belgium from 2004 to 2007. +Career. +From 1970 to 1976 she was an alderman of Ben-Ahin, and from 1980 to 1982 from Huy. From 1983 to 2009 she was mayor of Huy. +In 1979, Lizin was elected as an elected Member of the European Parliament. In 1988, she was elected into the Belgian government, and served in office for eight years. In 2003, she became President of the Commission for External Relations and Defence of the Belgian Senate. +In 2004, she was appointed President of the Senate of Belgium, before finally becoming Senator in July 2007. She was the first female President of the Belgian Senate (2004–2007). +On 27 January 2009 she was banned from the Socialist Party after a corruption case. +Death. +Lizin was hospitalized in Paris on 7 October 2015. She later died in Huy, on 17 October 2015 at the age of 66. + += = = Ralph Andrews = = = +Ralph Herrick Andrews (December 17, 1927 – October 16, 2015) was an American television producer. He was best known for producing the hit 1960s game show "You Don't Say!", the 1970s game show "Celebrity Sweepstakes", and the original 1987 version of "Lingo". +On October 16, 2015, Andrews died of Alzheimer's disease in Ventura, California at the age of 87. + += = = Neill Sheridan = = = +Neill Rawlins Sheridan (November 20, 1921 – October 15, 2015), also called Wild Horse was an American professional baseball player. He was born in Sacramento, California and played in the minor leagues from 1943 to 1954. Sheridan played for the Boston Red Sox in 1948. +Sheridan died of pneumonia in Antioch, California, aged 93. + += = = Mike Pompeo = = = +Michael Richard Pompeo (born December 30, 1963) is an American politician. Pompeo was the 70th United States Secretary of State, serving from April 2018 to January 2021. He was the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency from January 2017 to April 2018. He has been the U.S. Representative for from 2011 through 2017. He is a member of the Republican Party. He has also served as a Kansas representative on the Republican National Committee. +On November 18, 2016, he was selected by President-elect Donald Trump to be Trump's nominee for Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The United States senate confirmed his nomination and he assumed office on January 23, 2017. On March 13, 2018, Trump announced his intention to nominate Pompeo as the new United States Secretary of State, succeeding Rex Tillerson after March 31, 2018. On April 26, 2018, Pompeo was confirmed by the Senate in a 57–42 vote, and was sworn in the same day. +Early life. +Pompeo was born in Orange, California in 1963. On his father's side, his ancestors include Italian immigrants. +He attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point where he majored in Mechanical Engineering, graduating first in his class in 1986 and serving in the Regular Army as an Armor Branch cavalry officer from 1986 to 1991. He received his J.D. from Harvard Law School, where he was an editor of the Harvard Law Review. +United States Representative (2011–2017). +In the 2010 Kansas Republican primary for the 4th District Congressional seat, Pompeo defeated State Senator Jean Schodorf (who received 24%), Wichita businessman Wink Hartman (who received 23%), and small business owner Jim Anderson (who received 13%). In the general election, Pompeo defeated Democratic nominee State Representative Raj Goyle. Pompeo received 59% of the vote (117,171 votes), to 36% for Goyle (71,866). +Pompeo has been on the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence and Committee on Energy and Commerce, and the following 3 subcommittees: the Subcommittee on Commerce, Manufacturing and Trade, the Subcommittee on Energy and Power, and the Subcommittee on the CIA. He is also on the House Select Committee on the Events Surrounding the 2012 Terrorist Attack in Benghazi. +Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (2017–2018). +On November 18, 2016, President Trump announced that he would nominate Pompeo to be the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. +On January 23, 2017, the United States senate approved of Pompeo's nomination and soon afterwards assumed the position of CIA Director replacing John O. Brennan. +United States Secretary of State (2018–2021). +On March 13, 2018, President Trump fired Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and nominated Pompeo to replace him. +During Easter weekend 2018, Pompeo visited North Korea and met with Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un to discuss the 2018 North Korea–United States summit between Kim and Donald Trump. +Pompeo was confirmed by the United States Senate on April 26, 2018 and sworn-in the next day by United States Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito. +In May 2018, Donald Trump greeted three American detainees that were released by Kim Jong-Un while Pompeo brought them back to the United States from North Korea. The next day, Trump announced on Twitter that he will meet Kim on June 12, 2018 in Singapore for peace talks. +Personal life. +Pompeo is married to Susan Pompeo. They have one child together. They live in Wichita, Kansas. + += = = Luciano García Alén = = = +Luciano García Alén (1928 – 16 October 2015) was a Spanish physician, researcher and ethnographer. He was known for studying the Galician culture. He was born in Pontevedra, Galicia, Spain. +Alén died in Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain, aged 87. + += = = Sergei Filippenkov = = = +Sergei Aleksandrovich Filippenkov (; 2 August 1971 – 15 October 2015) was a Russian football manager and player. +Filippenkov died of a heart attack during a friendly match between former players on 15 October 2015. + += = = Francesc de Paula Burguera = = = +Francesc de Paula Burguera i Escrivà (13 July 1928 – 16 October 2015) was a Spanish journalist and politician. He was born in Sueca, Valencia. Burguera served in the Congress of Deputies from 1977 to 1979, representing his hometown district. He was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi in 1999. +Burguera died of heart failure in Valencia, Spain, aged 87. + += = = Pontevedra = = = +Pontevedra () is a Spanish city in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. It is the capital of both the "Comarca" (County) and Province of Pontevedra, and of the Rias Baixas in Galicia. As of 2014, the population was 82,946. + += = = Larry N. Vanderhoef = = = +Larry Neil Vanderhoef (March 20, 1941 – October 15, 2015) was an American biochemist and academic. He was the 5th chancellor of University of California, Davis serving from 1994 through 2009. He was born in Perham, Minnesota. +Vanderhoef died on October 15, 2015 from complications of a stroke in Davis, California, aged 74. + += = = MV Derbyshire = = = +The MV "Derbyshire" was an ore-bulk-oil combination carrier. It was built in 1976. It was the last in the series of the "Bridge"-class ships. It was registered at Liverpool. It was owned by Bibby Line. +The ship was lost on 9 September 1980 during Typhoon Orchid. All 42 crew members and two of their wives were killed during the sinking. +"Derbyshire" was launched in 1975. It went into service the following year. + += = = Jordi Miralles = = = +Jordi Miralles i Conte (27 April 1962 – 14 October 2015) was a Spanish politician. He was born in Barcelona. He represented the district in the Parliament of Catalonia from 2003 to 2012. He was a member of the United and Alternative Left. +Miralles died in Bellvitge, Spain of meningitis, aged 53. + += = = Phil Lesh = = = +Phillip Chapman Lesh (born March 15, 1940) is an American musician. He was one of the founding members of the Grateful Dead, with whom he played bass guitar throughout their 30-year career. After the band's disbanding in 1995, Lesh continued the tradition of Grateful Dead family music with side project Phil Lesh and Friends. +In October 2015, Lesh revealed that he had undergone surgery as treatment for bladder cancer. He stated that his prognosis was good and that he expected to make a full recovery. + += = = Non-denominational Muslim = = = +Non-denominational Muslims (), also known as non-sectarian Muslims, are Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or cannot be readily classified under one of the identifiable Islamic schools and branches. Such Muslims do not think of themselves as belonging to a denomination but rather as "just Muslims" or "non-denominational Muslims." Unlike Sunnis, Shias, and Ibadis, non-denominational Muslims are not affiliated with any school of thought (madhhab). +While the majority of the population in the Middle East identify as either Sunni or Shi'a, a significant number of Muslims identify as non-denominational. According to a 2012 study by the Pew Research Center, Muslims who do not identify with a sect and identify as "just Muslim" make up a majority of the Muslims in eight countries: Kazakhstan (74%), Albania (65%), Kyrgyzstan (64%), Kosovo (58%), Indonesia (56%), Mali (55%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (54%), Uzbekistan (54%), and a plurality in four countries: Azerbaijan (45%), Russia (45%), Nigeria (42%), and Cameroon (40%). They are found primarily in Central Asia. Kazakhstan has the largest proportion of Muslims who do not identify with a sect, who constitute about 74% of the Muslim population. According to "WorldAtlas", 30% of Moroccans are non-denominational Muslims, while two-thirds belong to the Sunni denomination. Southeastern Europe also has a large number of Muslims who do not identify with a sect. + += = = Public good = = = +In Economics, a public good is a kind of common good. Public goods have two main properties: +Examples for public goods are fresh air, knowledge, street lighting, or a fireworks display. +Public goods are an example of market failure: If all actors maximize their gain, this does not produce an efficient solution. +It is obvious that because the goods are non-excludable, it means that a producer sees no benefit in producing or providing the good on the market, this is because it is impossible to make a profit from it as people who have not paid for the good. For this reason, the government may intervene to provide it. There are relatively few examples of "purely" public goods, however some examples are: +The reason that the government feels the need to provide these goods is because the Marginal Social Benefit is greater than the Marginal Private Benefit, and so because there are positive externalities in consumption, it will always be under consumed in the market mechanism, + += = = Common good (economics) = = = +In Economics common goods are a kind of good. Common goods have two properties: +An example for a common good is wild fish. + += = = Corona = = = +A corona is an aura of plasma which surrounds the sun and other stars. The Sun's corona extends millions of kilometres into space and is most easily seen during a total solar eclipse. It is also observable with a device called a coronagraph. The word "corona" is a Latin word meaning "crown", from the Ancient Greek ������ (korōnē, “garland, wreath”). +The Sun's corona is much hotter (by a factor from 150 to 450) than the visible surface of the Sun. The photosphere's average temperature is 5800 kelvin compared to the corona's one to three million kelvin. The corona is 10−12 times as dense as the photosphere, and so produces about one-millionth as much visible light. The corona is separated from the photosphere by the relatively shallow chromosphere. The exact mechanism by which the corona is heated is still the subject of some debate. The outer edges of the Sun's corona are constantly being blown away by the open magnetic flux generating the solar wind. + += = = Motal = = = +Motol (, , , ) also Motal, is a township in Ivanava Raion of Brest Region of Belarus. It is located about west of Pinsk, on the Yaselda River. + += = = Oulad Ziane = = = +Oulad Ziane is a Bedouin tribe of Banu Hilal group. It was installed in the south of Casablanca by the Almohad caliphs. It was divided into two parts: Moualine el Oued and Moualine Deroua. + += = = Henriette Reker = = = +Henriette Reker (born 9 December 1956 in Cologne) is a German lawyer and independent politician, elected mayor of Cologne in 2015. +She served as deputy mayor of Gelsenkirchen since 2000. In 2010 she was appointed a mayoral deputy for social affairs, integration and the environment of the city of Cologne. Supported by CDU, FDP and The Greens she is running for the office of the Mayor of Cologne. +At a public event on 17 October 2015, the day before the mayoral elections, she was seriously wounded when a 44-year old man stabbed her in the neck with a knife, while shouting against refugees. A day after the attack, Reker was elected mayor of Cologne after gaining 52.66% of the votes. She is the first female mayor elected in Cologne's history. + += = = Gamal El-Ghitani = = = +Gamal el-Ghitani, (9 May 1945 – 18 October 2015) was an Egyptian author of historical and political novels and cultural and political commentaries. He was the editor-in-chief of the literary periodical "Akhbar Al-Adab" ("Cultural News") from 2011 until his death in 2015. +He died on 18 October 2015 at the El Galaa Hospital For Armed Forces Officers Families in Cairo from a heart attack, aged 70. + += = = Carrie (2002 movie) = = = +Carrie is a 2002 NBC television movie and remake of the movie Carrie based on the best-selling novel by Stephen King. The movie was a backdoor pilot for a possible television series and the ending of the novel was changed to allow for a continuing series; but no followup series was ever produced. Carrie was remade again in 2013. + += = = Northwestern State University = = = +Northwestern State University of Louisiana also known as (NSULA) is a college in Natchitoches, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Murfreesboro, Tennessee = = = +Murfreesboro is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee. +Famous people from there, includes Chris Young (country singer-songwriter, born 1985). + += = = Washington, Arkansas = = = +Washington is a city in the U.S. state of Arkansas. + += = = Donaldsonville, Louisiana = = = +Donaldsonville is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Tākaka = = = +Takaka is a small town on the South Island of New Zealand. It is the main town in the Tasman District. + += = = Morgan Rielly = = = +Morgan Frederick Rielly (born March 9, 1994) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was born in West Vancouver, British Columbia and grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Rielly played parts of 3 seasons with the Moose Jaw Warriors of the Western Hockey League (WHL). In the 2010–11 WHL season, Rielly recorded 28 points in 65 games played. He missed most of the 2011–12 season because of a torn anterior cruciate ligament. He returned to the team during the end of their playoff run against the Edmonton Oil Kings. Even though Rielly missed most of the season, he was still able to finish ranked fifth in the North American skaters category by the Central Scouting Bureau. +He was drafted 5th overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 2012 NHL Entry Draft. Rielly was able to keep a spot on the Maple Leafs roster at the start of the 2013–14 NHL season. On October 5, 2013, Rielly made his NHL debut in a 5–4 shootout win against the Ottawa Senators. On December 16, 2013, he scored his first NHL goal against Marc-André Fleury of the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 3–1 loss. + += = = Wallace = = = +Wallace may refer to: +People. +Given name +Surname + += = = Shawn Mendes = = = +Shawn Peter Raul Mendes (born August 8, 1998) is a Canadian singer-songwriter and model. He became known in 2013, when he began posting cover versions of songs by artists such as Justin Bieber on the video sharing app Vine. In 2014, he signed a recording contract with Island Records. +Mendes released his first single, "Life of the Party". The song peaked at number 1 on the real-time "Billboard" Twitter Trending 140 chart. Mendes also released a four-track EP, "The Shawn Mendes EP". It charted at number 5 on the "Billboard" charts. +He is known for the songs "Life Of The Party", "Stitches" (his biggest hit and a UK number-one), and "Treat You Better", "There's Nothing Holding Me Back",“In My Blood”, “If I Can’t Have You” and most recently “Senorita” with camila cabello . +Mendes has now had two world tours for his albums Handwritten and Illuminate and is very commonly known all over the world. +He went on his third world tour for his new self-titled album "Shawn Mendes". The tour started March 7, 2019 and finished in December 21, 2019. +He is also a very talented photographer as he had photographed a photo of Josiah Van Dien, which was released on Tuesday 26th February 2019, he most likely had taken the photo for fun. Mendes has his own fragrance and was recently in a movie called "Lyle, Lyle, Crocodile". He has also recently been seen with American actress Sabrina Carpenter. Mendes maintains homes in Los Angeles, California and Toronto, Canada. + += = = Mdakra = = = +Mdakra is a Bedouin tribe of Banu Hilal group. It was installed in Morocco in the Merinid area and consisted of Ahlaf and Melilla. + += = = Benedetta Cappa = = = +Benedetta Cappa (14 August 1897 – 15 May 1977) was an Italian futurist artist. She had exhibitions at the Walker Art Center and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum. +Biography. +Cappa was born on 14 August 1897 in Rome, Italy. She became very interested in Futurism while studying under one of the movement's leading figures, Giacomo Balla, in Rome in 1917. She married Filippo Tommaso Marinetti in 1923 and they had three daughters: Vittoria, Ala and Luce. Cappa, now using her married name Benedetta Cappa Marinetti, was the first woman artist to have her work featured in the 1930 Biennale catalog. This was a large-scale art exhibition held every two years. In 1932 she presented seven paintings at the Venice Biennale. She exhibited at the Petit Palais in Paris in 1935 and the national art exhibition in Rome the same year. She was a leading artist in the Futurism movement. +Cappa died on 15 May 1977 in Venice, Italy at age 79. + += = = Harriet Sylvia Ann Howland Green Wilks = = = +Henrietta Sylvia Ann Howland Green Wilks (January 7, 1871 – February 5, 1951) was one of the wealthiest women in the United States. +Biography. +Green was born in Hoboken, New Jersey on January 7, 1871. Her parents were Henrietta Howland Robinson and Edward Henry Green. Her brother was Edward Howland Robinson Green (1868–1936). She married Matthew Astor Wilks (1844–1926), great grandson of America's first millionaire, John Jacob Astor. They were married in Morristown, New Jersey February 23, 1909; she was 32 and he was 63. When her brother died in 1935, she inherited his estate, rather than the estate going to his widow. +She died on February 5, 1951 leaving an estate of $94,965,229 ($443 million in 2007 dollars). The list of assets included 36 pages of bonds, eight pages of blue chip stocks, and $31 million in a non-interest bearing checking account. Her will was found in a tin cabinet with four bars of soap. She gave just $5,000 to her closest genetic relative, a cousin, but the court awarded her $140,000 during probate. The rest was divided between 63 charities and educational institutions. + += = = Tom Smith (Pennsylvania politician) = = = +Thomas Joel "Tom" Smith (October 20, 1947 – October 17, 2015) was an American Republican politician, farmer and businessman. +Political career. +He was first a Democrat for four years before becoming a politician. Smith switched parties in 2011 and ran for the United States Senate in 2012 as a Republican, losing to the current Democratic Senator Bob Casey, Jr.. +Death. +Smith died at his home in Shelocta, Pennsylvania, aged 67. + += = = Ore-bulk-oil carrier = = = +An ore-bulk-oil carrier, also called a combination carrier or OBO, is a ship that carries wet or dry cargo. The idea is to reduce the number of empty voyages in which large ships carry cargo one way and are empty for another. +OBO carriers are today not as common as in the 1970s and 1980s. +One of the most famous OBO carriers is the "Derbyshire". It sank during a typhoon in 1980 in the Pacific. + += = = Ex post facto law = = = +An "ex post facto" law (Latin for "after the fact" or "from after the action") is a law that changes the legal consequences (or status) of actions that were committed before the law went into effect. In criminal law, an "ex post facto" law may criminalize actions that were legal at the time they were committed, or may make a crime worse by bringing it into a more severe category than it was in when it was committed. +In criminal law. +It may make the punishment prescribed for a crime, more severe. It may also add new penalties or it may extend a sentence. It may change the rules of evidence in order to make conviction for a crime likelier than it would have been when the deed was committed. , a form of "ex post facto" law, commonly called an "amnesty law", may certain acts. A pardon has a similar effect in a specific case. Other legal changes may lessen or eliminate possible punishments (for example by replacing the death sentence with lifelong imprisonment) ly. Such legal changes are also known by the Latin term in mitius. +US Constitution. +The United States Constitution s "ex post facto" laws. Two clauses in the constitution prohibit "ex post facto". Article 1 Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution states: 'No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed,'. Section 10 says: 'No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law. . .' +In civil law. +"Ex post facto" laws relate only to criminal laws passed by legislations. It does not apply to civil laws "that affect private rights adversely." In 2003 the US Supreme court noted the difference between civil and penal laws. In the case of Smith v. Doe, the court questioned the constitutionality of the Alaska Sex Offender Registration Act's retroactive requirements. Alaska's Megan's Law was applied to sex offenders before the law went into effect. It required offenders to register with the local police. It also required public notification via the Internet. The court made a legal precedent in deciding the intent of the law was civil and non-punitive. That it was to protect the public saftey by "protecting the public from sex offenders." +Europe. +The European Parliament prohibits "ex post facto" legislation by all member nations. They determined ""Ex post facto" legislation may also violate citizens’ right to effective legal redress and a fair trial..." +In English law, "ex post facto" laws are very rare. One example was the War Crimes Act 1991 by the Parliament of England. It allowed British citizens to be put on trial for war crimes that took place during World War II. + += = = Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire = = = +Between 1519 and 1521, Spanish conquistadors, led by Hernán Cortés, overthrew the Aztec Empire. This event is called the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Cortés helped old enemies of the Aztecs defeat them in one of the most important events in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. +The Spanish conquest was devastating to the Aztec people. By 1680, 94% of the Aztec population had died (due to diseases and viruses). +End of the Empire. +In 1515, two of the states in the Aztec Empire rebelled. This was nothing new for the Aztecs. However, this time, the Tlaxcala and Huexotzingo rebels beat the Aztec military. +Then, in April 1519, Spanish conquistadors, led by Cortés, arrived on the coast of Mexico. In August they marched to Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire. At first, Montezuma II, the Aztecs' ruler, invited the Spanish into Tenochtitlan, and things were friendly. Even when the Spanish made Montezuma II a prisoner, the Aztecs stayed friendly. +However, soon, while Cortés was away, Spanish soldiers attacked and killed many Aztecs during a festival. When Cortés got back, he got Montezuma II to tell the Aztecs to stop fighting the conquistadors. By this time, though, the Aztecs had made Montezuma II's brother, Cuauthemoc, the king. Nobody did what Montezuma II said. They kept fighting the conquistadors, and they killed two out of every three Spanish soldiers. In July 1520 the Spanish survivors fled to Tlaxcala, where enemies of the Aztecs protected them. +Ten months later, Cortés came back to Tenochtitlan with more Spanish soldiers but mostly Tlaxcaltecas and other indigenous enemies of the Aztecs. They started a siege of Tenochtitlan, so that no food or supplies could get in. After 91 days, without any food, and with disease throughout the city, Cuauhtemoc finally surrendered to the Spanish on August 13, 1521. The Spanish destroyed Tenochtitlan. They started a Spanish colony that they named New Spain. The Aztec Empire had ended. +Weapons. +There were many different reasons why the Spanish were able to take over the Aztec Empire. +Different weapons were used through the battle to help Cortes overrule the aztecs. +First, their weapons and armor were better than the Aztecs'. Aztec warriors had only cotton armour and shields made of wood or reeds to protect them. The Spanish had metal armor and shields. +For weapons, Aztec warriors had a few choices: +None of these weapons could compare to the conquistadors' guns and steel swords. Their horses and war dogs gave them even more of an advantage against the Aztecs. +Religion. +As early as 1528, reports have said that Montezuma II thought Hernán Cortés was the Aztec god Quetzalcoatl. Aztec legends said that Quetzalcoatl would return as a man, and Cortés had arrived on Quetzalcoatl's birthday. Aztec writings from the time say that when Montezuma II greeted Cortés, he gave an abdication speech, giving up the Aztec throne to "Quetzalcoatl-Cortés": +As historian David Carrasco explains: Motecuhzoma II is welcoming "Quetzalcoatl-Cortes ... back to his city in order to reoccupy the throne which has been guarded by Montezuma and the other [kings] ... The ancient prophecy has been fulfilled and the returning lord is invited to occupy his throne and visit the palace. There could hardly be a clearer statement of returning the sovereignty to the original king." +Other causes. +Some historians say that the Spanish conquistadors were not the only reason the Aztec Empire fell apart. By 1519, the Empire had other problems that made it easier for Spain to take it over. For example: +Cortes wanted to conquer the aztecs for gold glory and god. +Because of these things, many people in the Aztec Empire were unhappy. Some of them helped the Spanish conquistadors take over the Empire. Some historians, like Brian Fagan and Nadia Durrani, say that the Empire would have fallen apart even if the Spanish had never come. However, because so many people had died of smallpox, there were also not enough people left to fight against the conquistadors when they did come. +After the Empire. +Under Spanish control, the Aztec Empire did not exist any more. The Spanish tried to change the Aztecs into Catholics and make them act like Spanish people. They made it easier to change from Aztec rule to Spanish rule by letting many Aztec nobles become Spanish nobles. +The conquistadors rewarded people who had helped them defeat the Aztecs. Many received an Encomienda, a village full of Aztecs who were forced to work for them. This was not much different from what many serfs had done during the Aztec Empire. However, workers were badly abused, and many died. Because of this, a Spanish bishop named Bartolomé de las Casas suggested using African slaves to work in New Spain instead. Later, when he saw how much worse African slaves were treated, las Casas changed his mind about this. +By 1680, 94% of the Aztec population had died. This happened for a few reasons: +After taking over the Aztec Empire, the Spanish conquistadors moved on to take over other parts of Mesoamerica. During the same 160 years from 1520 to 1680 between 85% and 95% of Mesoamerica's native population died. + += = = Hero (Mariah Carey song) = = = +"Hero" is a song by Mariah Carey. It is from her third album, "Music Box". The song was released on October 19, 1993. It became Carey's eighth number-one song in America. It was the fifth best-performing song of 1994 there. "Hero" is a pop and R&B ballad. Although Carey explained that she was unhappy with the song, she realizes how important the song is to her fans and performs it live at her concerts because of its uplifting message. + += = = Bob Houbregs = = = +Robert J. "Bob" Houbregs (March 12, 1932 – May 28, 2014) was a Canadian professional basketball forward-center. He stood at 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m). Houbregs was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for the Milwaukee Hawks, Baltimore Bullets, Boston Celtics, and Fort Wayne/Detroit Pistons. +Houbregs played college basketball at the University of Washington with the Huskies. In 1953, he was named NCAA Player of the Year. He was also named as a Consensus All-America selection and helped lead the Huskies to the Final Four. +After retiring in 1958, Houbregs became the general manager of the Seattle SuperSonics. He served as the general manager from 1970 until 1973. +Houbregs was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1987 and into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2000. +On May 28, 2014, Houbregs died in Olympia, Washington. He was 82. + += = = Cosham = = = +Cosham is a northern suburb of Portsmouth. Cosham High Street is the main shopping centre, where you will find lots of shops and amenities. There is a police station and fire station close to the high street. Cosham train station is close by and there is a frequent bus service too. + += = = Stuxnet = = = +Stuxnet is cyber weapon and computer worm. It was used to sabotage Iran’s nuclear program with what would seem like a long series of unfortunate accidents. It was first released in 2006. It became known only after the release of the second version. In 2010, an error in the code led the virus to spread outside the test labs and infect computers around the world. +Both the United States and Israel have been accused of developing and releasing Stuxnet. In 2012 the US confirmed that it developed Stuxnet with Israel. +Stuxnet targets PLCs. They control machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or centrifuges for separating nuclear material. Stuxnet works by targeting machines using the Microsoft Windows operating system and networks. It then looks for Siemens Step7 software. Stuxnet reportedly compromised Iranian PLCs, collecting information on industrial systems and causing the fast-spinning centrifuges to tear themselves apart. Stuxnet reportedly ruined almost one-fifth of Iran's nuclear centrifuges. +Stuxnet is typically introduced to the target environment via an infected USB flash drive. The worm then spreads across the network, scanning for Siemens Step7 software on computers controlling a PLC. If it doesn't find a target, Stuxnet becomes dormant inside the computer. +Stuxnet is special for different reasons: +Even though it targeted PLCs only very few were infected. The software is written to infect a specific set of PLC, with well-defined modules. In the case of a personal computer, it will infect any computer running the right software. + += = = King Kong (character) = = = +King Kong is a giant gorilla monster movie character, resembling a huge gorilla. The character first appeared in the 1933 film "King Kong" and the novel by Delos W. Lovelace. The movie is a classic adventure-fantasy horror monster movie franchise. The film was remade in 1976 and once again in 2005. The character has become one of the world's most famous movie icons. Kong has inspired countless spin-offs, comic books, team ups with other monsters and more. There was even a stage play. His role in the different movies varies, ranging from a rampaging monster to a vegetarian or anti-hero monster who only wants to be left alone. other animated films include, "The Mighty Kong", Kong: King of Atlantis and Kong: Return to the Jungle. television series include, The King Kong Show, Kong: The Animated Series, Kong: King of the Apes, Skull Island: The Series. other influences of those films, Unknown Island (1948), Mighty Joe Young (1949/1998), Konga (1961), Shikari (1963), The Mighty Gorga (1969), Ape (1976), Queen Kong (1976), Goliathon (1977), (1977), King of The Lost World (2005), The Abominable (2007), Bigfoot (2012), Rampage (2018), Konga TNT (2020), Ape Vs. Monster (2021). + += = = Hurricane (Grace Jones album) = = = +Hurricane is the tenth studio album by Jamaican singer Grace Jones. It was released on November 3, 2008. "Hurricane" was her first album of new songs in nineteen years. +Information. +Grace Jones' previous album, "Bulletproof Heart", was released in 1989. She tried to make several new albums in the 1990s but they were never released. Jones decided "never to do an album again". +Companies. +Phonographic Copyright (p) – PIAS / Wall Of Sound Ltd. +Copyright (c) – Bloodlight Inc. +Recorded at – Exponential studios +Recorded at - Microcosm studios +Recorded at – 2 Kilohertz +Recorded at – Matrix studios, London +Mixed at – Strongroom (a division of Air Studios (Lyndhurst) Ltd.) +Mixed at – Microcosm studios +Mastered at – Gateway Mastering +Album notes. +"Well Well Well is dedicated to the memory of Alex Sadkin +The album is dedicated to the memory of my dad, Bishop Robert W. Jones" + += = = Template (disambiguation) = = = +Template may mean: + += = = Hassan El Fad = = = +Hassan El Fad (born 24 November 1962, in Casablanca) is a Moroccan actor and comedian. He is known for his humor and comedy shows. He has a gift in playing the saxophone. +His first one-man show was "When I grow up, I'll be a Ninja Turtle (1997)". after the of his first one-man show, he specialized in doing comic serial shows such as; "chaine Ci BiBi/Chanily Tv","Canal 36". In 2008 El fad presented a new one -man show "Doctor Escargot (Doctor Snail). +Career. +In 2009, he presented Hassan O Rbato, a show featuring many traditional artists, recorded directly from Jemaa el-Fna square in Marrakech. In 2010, El Fad collaborated with director Abdelhak Chabi to create the series Fad TV, a spoof of sketches in 30 episodes. Hassan is working for the first time with young actors such as Badia Senhaji, Fouad Sad-Allah, Hamid Morchid, Oussama Mahmoud Ghadfi and the Moroccan singer Said Moskir. In 2011, Hassan El Fad collaborated with operator Wana Corporate and created Bayn Show, a series in the form of Quiz TV, which was broadcast on YouTube and then on the 2M channel. + += = = The Ultimate Collection (Grace Jones album) = = = +The Ultimate Collection is a 3 disc CD collection of songs recorded by Jamaican singer Grace Jones. It was released on November 13, 2006 by Universal Music Group. +Track listing. +Disc 1 +Disc 2 +Disc 3 + += = = The Grace Jones Story = = = +The Grace Jones Story is a collection of songs recorded by Jamaican singer Grace Jones, recorded from 1977 to 1993. The collection does not include any tracks from 1985 "Slave to the Rhythm" album due to licensing issues with ZTT Records. +Track listing. +Disc One +Disc Two + += = = The Collection (Grace Jones album) = = = +The Collection is a of songs by Grace Jones. It was released by Universal's sister record label Spectrum in 2004. + += = = The Universal Masters Collection (Grace Jones album) = = = +The Universal Masters Collection is a collection of songs recorded by Jamaican Grace Jones, released in Europe. It mainly features songs from Jones' reggae and R&B albums. + += = = X (Chris Brown album) = = = +X is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Chris Brown; it was released on September 16, 2014, by RCA Records. +Credits and personnel. +Credits from AllMusic. + += = = Bleed Like Me = = = +Bleed Like Me is the fourth studio album recorded and produced by alternative rock group Garbage. It was released on April 11, 2005 by Universal Music Group label Geffen in North America and by Warner Bros. Records elsewhere. The group chose a straight rock sound that was like Garbage's live performances. +The first recording sessions for "Bleed Like Me" took place in March 2003. But Garbage quietly split up for four months starting October 2003. They reunited under producer John King in Los Angeles. There was a guest appearance by Dave Grohl on "Bad Boyfriend". Garbage recruited drummer Matt Walker and bassist Justin Meldal-Johnsen for new recording sessions. They completed the album by the end of 2004. +The band received critical praise and high chart positions for its lead single "Why Do You Love Me". "Bleed Like Me" had a strong opening week globally. It debuted in the top five in eight countries, including the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States. + += = = Bob Casey Jr. = = = +Robert Patrick "Bob" Casey, Jr. (born April 13, 1960) is an American attorney and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He serves as the senior United States Senator from Pennsylvania, in office since 2007. He previously served as Pennsylvania Auditor General from 1997 to 2005 and as Pennsylvania Treasurer from 2005 to 2007. +Casey was diagnosed with prostate cancer in January 2023. + += = = Ali Treki = = = +Ali Abdussalam Treki (‎; 1938 – 19 October 2015) was a Libyan diplomat during Muammar Gaddafi's regime. Treki served as one of Libya's top diplomats since the 1970s. +He was Foreign Minister from 1976 to 1982 and again from 1984 to 1986. He has been Permanent Representative to the United Nations on several occasions. He was the President of the United Nations General Assembly from September 2009 to September 2010. +Treki died in Cairo on 19 October 2015. + += = = VivaColombia = = = +VivaColombia is a low-cost carrier from Colombia. It was founded in 2008 Its first flight was in 2012. Ryanair is the owner of VivaColombia. As of October 2015, VivaColombia flies to 10 cities and has 8 Airbus A320 airplanes. + += = = Cayman Airways = = = +Cayman Airways is the flag carrier of the Cayman Islands. Its main office and largest hub is in Grand Cayman. +History. +Cayman Airways started flying on August 7, 1968. The airline's first plane was a Douglas DC-3. It's first international charter flight to Miami International Airport was in 1972. In 1978, the airline bought its first jet - the BAC 1-11. As of 2015, Cayman Airways has 5 airplanes. + += = = Indian summer = = = +Indian summer is a period of unusually warm and dry weather. It happens in autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. The United States National Weather Service describes Indian summer as weather conditions which are sunny and clear with higher than usual temperatures. That occurs between late September and the middle of November. +It is not known where the term came from. It may have come from regions inhabited by Native Americans (who used to be called Indians), or because the Native Americans first described it to Europeans. It also may have been based on the warm and hazy conditions in autumn when Native Americans hunted. + += = = Edgefield, Louisiana = = = +Edgefield is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is a rural suburb of Coushatta. It is the least populous municipality in Red River Parish. + += = = Martin, Louisiana = = = +Martin is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the second most populous municipality in Red River Parish (after Coushatta). + += = = Hall Summit, Louisiana = = = +Hall Summit is a village in Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the second least populous municipality in Red River Parish (after Edgefield). + += = = White Ship = = = +The White Ship () was a historic ship that sank in the English Channel. It went down near the Normandy coast off Barfleur, on 25 November 1120. Only two of those aboard survived. Those who drowned included William Adelin, the only surviving legitimate son and heir of King Henry I of England. William Adelin's death led to a succession crisis and a chain of events that changed the history of England. +Shipwreck. +The "White Ship" was a new ship captained by Thomas FitzStephen. His father Stephen FitzAirard had been captain of the ship "Mora" for William the Conqueror when he invaded England in 1066. FitzStephen offered his ship to Henry I of England to use it to return to England from Barfleur in Normandy. Henry had already made other plans, but allowed many members of his royal court to take the "White Ship." This included his only son, William Adelin. It also included his illegitimate son Richard of Lincoln, his illegitimate daughter Matilda FitzRoy, Countess of Perche and many other nobles. According to the chronicler Orderic Vitalis, the crew asked William Adelin for wine and he supplied it to them in great abundance. By the time the ship was ready to leave there were about 300 people on board although some had left before the ship sailed due to the excessive drinking going on. +The ship's captain, Thomas FitzStephen, was ordered by the revelers to catch up to and pass the king's ship which had already sailed. The "White Ship" was fast, of the best construction and had recently been fitted with new materials. This made the captain and crew certain they could reach England first. But when the ship left in the dark, its port side struck a submerged rock called "Quillebœuf" and the ship quickly sank. William Adelin got into a small boat and could have survived but he turned back to try to save his half-sister, Matilda (Countess of Perche), when he heard her cries for help. His boat filled with water when others tried to get in to save themselves, and William drowned along with them. According to Orderic Vitalis only two survived by clinging to the rock all night. One was a butcher from Rouen, the second was Geoffrey de l'Aigle. The chronicler further claimed that when Thomas FitzStephen came to the surface after the sinking and learned that William Adelin had not survived, he let himself drown rather than face the King. +One legend says that the ship was doomed because priests were not allowed to board it in the customary manner. +Descent into anarchy. +A direct result of William Adelin's death was the period known as the Anarchy. The "White Ship" disaster had left Henry I with only one legitimate child, a second daughter named Matilda. Although Henry I had forced his barons to swear an oath to support Matilda as his heir on several occasions, a woman had never ruled in England in her own right. Matilda was also unpopular because she was married to Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou. He was a traditional enemy of England's Norman nobles. Upon Henry's death in 1135, the English barons were not sure they wanted Matilda as queen Regnant. +One of Henry I's male relatives, Stephen of Blois, the king's nephew by his sister Adela, usurped Matilda as well as his older brothers William and Theobald to become king. Stephen had allegedly planned to travel on the "White Ship" but had left just before it sailed; Orderic Vitalis attributes this to a sudden bout of diarrhoea. +After Henry I's death, Matilda and her husband Geoffrey of Anjou, the founder of the Plantagenet dynasty, started a long and devastating war against Stephen and his allies for control of the English throne. The period called the Anarchy lasted from 1135 to 1153 with devastating effect, especially in southern England. +A historian who lived about that time William of Malmesbury wrote: + += = = Boat positions = = = +The front of a boat is called the bow, while the rear of a boat is called the stern. When looking towards the bow (while on the boat), the left-hand side of the boat is the port side. Starboard is the corresponding word for the right side of a boat. +Parts of a Boat: Boating Terminology. +Port and starboard are nautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of or direction from a vessel, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are clear references that do not depend on which way the observer is facing. +History. +The term "starboard" comes from the Old English "steorbord", meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their center-lines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship. Because more people are right-handed it was placed on the right-hand side. The term is similar to the Old Norse "stýri" (rudder) and "borð" (side of a ship). Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at wharf on the other side. For this reason the left side was called "port". +Formerly "larboard" was used instead of "port". This is from Middle English "ladebord" and the term "lade" is related to the modern "load". "Larboard" sounded very similar to "starboard" and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that "port" be used instead. "Larboard" continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers. In Old English the word was "bæcbord", which is used in other European languages, for example as the German "backbord" and the French term "bâbord" (derived in turn from Middle Dutch). +Navigational lights. +At night, the port side of a boat or aircraft is indicated by a red navigation light at the bow. The opposite side of the bow has a green one to help avoid collisions. The "International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea" state that a ship on the left must give way to a ship on its right. If the courses of two boats are intersecting, the helmsman usually gives way to a red light by going around the stern of the stand-on vessel (the vessel that does not need to change course). A saying for this is: +"If to starboard red appear,<br> +'tis your duty to keep clear...<br> +Green to green, red to red<br> +perfect safety, go ahead." + += = = Reasonable doubt = = = +Evidence that is beyond a reasonable doubt is the standard of evidence required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. Generally, the prosecutor has the burden of proof and is required to prove their case to this standard. This means that the version of events being presented by the prosecution must be proven to the extent that there could be no "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a "reasonable person" that the defendant is guilty. There can still be a doubt, but only to the extent that it would "not" affect a reasonable person's belief regarding whether or not the defendant is guilty. Beyond "the shadow of a doubt" is sometimes used interchangeably with beyond reasonable doubt. But this term extends beyond the latter, to the extent that it may be considered an impossible standard. The term "reasonable doubt" is most commonly used. +If doubt "does" affect a "reasonable person's" belief that the defendant is guilty, then the jury is not satisfied beyond "reasonable doubt". The precise meaning of words such as "reasonable" and "doubt" are usually defined within jurisprudence of the applicable country. A related idea is William Blackstone's formulation: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer". + += = = List of lakes of Azerbaijan = = = +This is a list of lakes of Azerbaijan. +The list includes only natural lakes. Artificial lakes such as reservoirs are not in this list. The Caspian Sea, which is the largest lake on Earth by both area and volume and which borders Azerbaijan on the east, is also not in this list. +There are around 450 lakes in Azerbaijan. All of them are small in area and volume. There are only 5 lakes with a surface area of more than . Most of these lakes are fresh water, but some of them are salt lakes. Some of these lakes were formed by tectonics, landslides, rivers (oxbow lake), and lagoons. In the mountainous areas, the lakes were formed by tectonics, landslides and glaciers (glacial lake). + += = = Adversarial system = = = +The adversarial system or adversary system is a legal system used in the common law countries. It is a system where two advocates represent their parties' positions before an impartial person or group of people. This is usually a jury or judge who attempt to determine the truth of the case. It is in contrast to the inquisitorial system used in some civil law systems (i.e. those deriving from Roman law or the Napoleonic code). This is where a judge or group of judges opens an official inquiry and decides the case. +The adversarial system is the two-part system under which criminal law courts operate. On one side is the prosecution who usually represents the government. The other side is the defense who represents the defendant. Each party may call witnesses and ask questions. Each party may present evidence based on legal ethics and that is approved by the court. For example, legal ethics prevent a lawyer from calling a witness they know will lie on the witness stand. Justice is served when the most effective adversary is able to convince the jury or judge that his or her case is the correct one. + += = = France Bučar = = = +France Bučar (2 February 1923 – 21 October 2015) was a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. From 1990 through 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament. +He was the one to formally declare independence for Slovenia on June 25, 1991. He was thought to be one of the founding fathers of Slovenian democracy and independence. He was also thought, together with Peter Jambrek, the main author of the current Slovenian constitution. + += = = Michael Meacher = = = +Michael Hugh Meacher (4 November 1939 – 20 October 2015) was a British Labour politician and academic. He was a lecturer in social administration at the University of Essex and the University of York. +He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1970 until his death, originally for Oldham West and then from 1997 for Oldham West and Royton. + += = = Lake Sarysu = = = +Sarysu ( meaning "Yellow Lake") is the largest lake of Azerbaijan. It is located in the Imishli and Sabirabad rayons (districts) of the Kur-Araz Lowland. +Overview. +Sarysu lake lies next to the Kura River from Imishli Rayon southeast to Sabirabad Rayon. It reaches a total length of . It is one of the four lakes present in the area. The water in the lake is fresh water. The lake inflows from Lake Ağgöl through a canal. It is also filled by groundwater and rain. It outflows to the Kura River. The outflow to Kura is regulated by a water-releasing station in Muradbəyli. + += = = Statute of limitations = = = +Statutes of limitations are laws passed by a legislative body in common law systems that set the maximum time after an event when a lawsuit may be filed. In civil law systems, similar provisions are typically part of their civil or criminal codes and known collectively as "periods of prescription". When the period of time specified in a statute of limitations passes, the statute of limitations provides an absolute defense to the legal claim. +The intention of these laws is to make sure legal cases are brought to trial in a reasonable length of time. +A statute of limitations restricts when a case may be filed, but is not a deadline for the completion of a case. If a case is filed during the period specified in the statute of limitations, the case may be heard and decided by the court even after that period expires. +Civil lawsuits. +The statute of limitations is determined by the cause of action, and different causes of action may have different limitations period even within the same state or country. The limitations period may be extended to ensure fairness to the parties, for example, if the person making the claim was a minor at the time the legal claim arose, or if the defendant committed a wrongful act to conceal the legal claim from the injured plaintiff. +Typically the statute of limitations must be raised by the defense after a lawsuit is filed. If the defense does not claim that the legal action is barred by the statute of limitations, a court may find that the defense has been waived and allow a late-filed lawsuit to continue. +Criminal prosecution. +When a statute of limitations expires (runs out) in a criminal case, if the defendant or judge raises a statute of limitations defense, the person can no longer be placed on trial for that cause. In many cases the statute of limitations is jurisdictional, so that a defendant can get a dismissal of a charge even if the defense is not raised, but in some cases the defendant risks waiving the statute of limitations defense if it is not raised before conviction. + += = = Mike Kelly (politician) = = = +George Joseph "Mike" Kelly, Jr. (born May 10, 1948), is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He has been the U.S. Representative for since 2011. + += = = Cory Wells = = = +Cory Wells (born Emil Lewandowski; February 5, 1941 – October 20, 2015) was an American singer. He was one of the three lead vocalists in the band Three Dog Night. He was born in Buffalo, New York. +Wells died suddenly in his sleep on October 20, 2015 at his home in Dunkirk, New York. He was 74 years old. + += = = Cause of action = = = +Under the law, a cause of action is a set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue to obtain money, property, or the enforcement of a right against another party. It means literally the cause or reason why a party can make a legal case under the law. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings a lawsuit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a Statement of Claim in English law, or a Complaint in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. A complaint identifies the court's jurisdiction, the alleged facts and the relief the plaintiff wants. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages. This is often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay or reimburse. +Filing. +To pursue a cause of action, a plaintiff pleads or alleges facts in a complaint, the pleading that starts a lawsuit. A cause of action generally includes both the legal theory (the legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered) and the remedy (the relief a court is asked to grant). Often the facts or circumstances that allow a person to seek judicial relief may create multiple causes of action. Although it is fairly easy to file a Statement of Claim in most jurisdictions. If it is not done properly, then the filing party may lose his case due to simple technicalities. +There are a number of specific causes of action, including: contract-based actions, statutory causes of action, torts such as assault, battery, invasion of privacy and fraud. The points a plaintiff must prove to win a given type of case are called the "elements" of that cause of action. For example, for a claim of negligence, the elements are: the (existence of a) duty, breach (of that duty), proximate cause (legal cause), and damages. If a complaint does not allege facts sufficient to support every element of a claim, the court, upon motion by the opposing party, may dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted. +Responding. +The defendant to a cause of action must file an "Answer" to the complaint in which the "claims" can be admitted or denied. The answer may also contain counterclaims in which the "Counterclaim Plaintiff" states its own causes of action. Finally, the answer may contain affirmative defenses. Most defenses must be raised at the first possible opportunity. Either in the answer or by motion or are considered to be waived. + += = = Narayani Zone = = = +Narayani () was one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, in the central south of the country. It was named after the Narayani River on the western border of the zone. +Geography. +Narayani occupied parts of the Terai, Inner Terai, and Hill regions of Nepal, but it did not cover any of the Mountain or Himalayan region. Narayani was rich in flora and fauna. Narayani River and Rapti River were the main rivers of Narayani zone. Bisharari and Garuda lakes were some of the few lakes in Narayani. +Narayani was divided into five districts: +Economy. +Narayani is the third largest industrial area of the country. +Important cities and towns. +Some important cities and towns are Birganj, Parwanipur, Jitpur, Alau, Hetauda, Bharatpur, Narayanghat, Kalaiya, and Gaur. + += = = Marion County, Indiana = = = +Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 977,203. The county seat is Indianapolis, the state capital and largest city. + += = = Nederland, Texas = = = +Nederland is a city in Jefferson County, Texas, United States. The population was 18,856 at the 2020 census. +The city was settled in 1897 along what is now Boston Avenue. It was incorporated in 1940. It was settled by Dutch immigrants on land sold by the Kansas City Southern railroad. It is part of the Beaumont−Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area. Nederland is also a part of an area known as "the Golden Triangle," which includes Beaumont, Port Arthur, and Orange. The city is next to the Jack Brooks Regional Airport in Port Arthur, which serves the nearby cities of Beaumont and Port Arthur. +Geography. +Nederland is located at (29.973113, -93.996715). +According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and 2.1% is water. +It is about east of Houston. +History. +Nederland was founded in 1897 by Dutch settlers as a repayment for financial services of Dutch bankers who financed the Kansas City Southern railroad line that runs through the center of the city. +Nederland's early economy was driven by rice and dairy farming. However, the depression of 1907 and overproduction caused the rice industry in the town to fail. +Government. +City government. +The City of Nederland completed a new $1.3 million City Hall building at 207 N. 12th street in September 2013. The previously City Hall was shared with Police and Fire services and received a $3.6 million upgrade for Police and Fire services only and is the Homer E. Nagel Public Safety Complex. The safety complex was completed in August 2014. +Nederland has a council-manager system of government. + += = = Frank Watkins = = = +Frank Watkins (February 19, 1968 – October 18, 2015) was an American heavy metal musician. He was the bass player for the death metal band Obituary. He also played for the Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth from 2007 until he died in 2015. His stage name was "Bøddel" while with Gorgoroth. +He started playing music when he was 12 years old. He joined Obituary in 1989. Other than music, Watkins decided to form a management company called Back From the Dead Productions which tried to help bands create a positive career in the music business. Watkins joined Gorgoroth in December 2007. He debuted with Gorgoroth at the Hole in the Sky festival on August 29, 2009. +In 2012, Watkins was diagnosed with primary central nervous system lymphoma. On October 18, 2015, Watkins died of that cancer. + += = = Disney Television Animation = = = +Disney Television Animation (DTVA) is the television animation production arm of the Disney Channels Worldwide. It creates, develops, and produces animated television series, films, specials and other projects. The Proud Family Louder and Prouder +This part of the company was started in 1984, as the Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group. This was part of a reorganization of The Walt Disney Company after Michael Eisner became CEO. The name was changed twice before 2011, when it became Disney Television Animation. + += = = East of England (European Parliament constituency) = = = +East of England was a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 7 MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation. +Boundaries. +The constituency was in-charge to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. +History. +It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, replacing a number of single-member constituencies. + += = = French Americans = = = +French Americans (French: "Américain français"), also called Franco-Americans (French: "Franco-Américains") are Americans who identify themselves to be of French or French Canadian descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of French or French Canadian descent. About 2 million speak French at home. An additional 750,000 U.S. residents speak a French-based creole language, according to the 2011 census. +Americans of French descent make up a substantial percentage of the American population. However French Americans are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due in part to the high degree of assimilation among Huguenot (French Protestant) settlers. Also, there is a tendency of French American groups to identify more strongly with "New World" regional identities. These include Québécois, French Canadian, Acadian, Cajun, or Louisiana Creole. This has prevented the development of a wider French American identity. + += = = Toni Brunner = = = +Toni Brunner (born 23 August 1974) is a Swiss politician. He is a member of the Swiss National Council. He was born in Wattwil. + += = = Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey = = = +Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey is a neighborhood of South Brunswick, New Jersey. + += = = South Brunswick, New Jersey = = = +South Brunswick, New Jersey is a township of New Jersey. +History. +South Brunswick Township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the community was mostly agricultural. It was named after the city of Braunschweig (called "Brunswick" in the Low German language), in the state of Lower Saxony, in Germany. +Geography. +According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2020, South Brunswick had a total area of 41.02 square miles (106.23 km2). This included 40.61 square miles (105.19 km2) of land and 0.40 square miles (1.04 km2) of water (0.95%). +Unincorporated areas in South Brunswick Township include: +Demographics. +At the 2020 United States Census, there were 47,043 people living in South Brunswick. +Transportation. +South Brunswick hosts U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 130, , , and Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike). + += = = List of people from New Hampshire = = = +The following are people who were born, raised, or who gained significant prominence for living in U.S. state of New Hampshire: + += = = List of people from Nevada = = = +Following is a list of notable people who were born in, raised in, or have lived for a significant period of time in the U.S. state of Nevada. + += = = List of people from New York = = = +The following is a list of prominent people who were born in the U.S. state of New York, lived in New York, or for whom New York is a significant part of their identity. + += = = List of people from Ohio = = = +The following is a list of famous people born in Ohio, and people who spent significant periods of their lives living in Ohio. +Politicians, public servants, public officeholders, etc.. +Robert L. Neal. Dayton Ohio Black Artist/Painter + += = = Lake County = = = +Lake County may refer to: +It is the name of twelve counties in the United States of America: + += = = Mini Estadi = = = +The Mini Estadi (English: Mini Stadium) is the home stadium of FC Barcelona B, officially named "Miniestadi", the reserve team of FC Barcelona. It is in Barcelona, Spain. It can hold 15,276 people. It also hosts games for the FC Barcelona women's team. + += = = Criminal procedure = = = +Criminal procedure refers to the rules that determine how the courts will process a criminal trial. While criminal procedure differs by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge and results in the or acquittal of the defendant. +Basic rights. +Many countries have a democratic system and use the rule of law. There are a number of common principles. In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution. That means it is up to the prosecution to prove that the defendant is guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. This is opposed to having the defendant prove he or she is innocent. It also means any doubt is resolved in favor of the defendant. This provision is known as the presumption of innocence. If charged with a felony, defendants have the following basic rights: + += = = Jamesburg, New Jersey = = = +Jamesburg is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 5,783. +Geography. +According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.883 square miles (2.289 km2). + += = = South Amboy, New Jersey = = = +South Amboy, New Jersey is a city on the right bank of the Raritan River in Middlesex County, New Jersey. + += = = South Plainfield, New Jersey = = = +South Plainfield, New Jersey is a borough of New Jersey. + += = = Lake Balboa, Los Angeles = = = +Lake Balboa, Los Angeles is a neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. + += = = List of people from Santa Monica, California = = = +This is a list of people from Santa Monica, California. + += = = West Los Angeles = = = +West Los Angeles is a district in the Westside region of Los Angeles County, California. + += = = I'm a Believer = = = +"I'm a Believer" is a ballad. It was composed by Neil Diamond. It was recorded by The Monkees in 1966. The single hit #1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It remained there for seven weeks. +Smash Mouth and Eddie Murphy did covers of the song in 2001. In 1985, singer Barbara Mandrell did her version. + += = = Garfield (character) = = = +Garfield is a fictional cartoon cat created in 1978 by Jim Davis. He is known for his love of lasagna and sleeping, and his dislike of Mondays and diets. He lives with his best friend, Odie, and Jon, his owner. In 2004, A live-action adaptation of Garfield was released in cinemas. An animated Garfield movie, starring Chris Pratt, is coming in 2024. Garfield is one of the most famous animated characters of all time and makes over $1 billion dollars annually from merchandise. +Character. +Fictional biography. +Garfield was born on June 19, 1978. His first owner, Mamma Leoni, got rid of him because of his appetite. From the moment he was born, he has loved lasagna. In almost every cartoon appearance, Garfield causes mischief. He did that in almost every episode of "Garfield and Friends" (1988-1995). +Name. +Garfield was named after Jim Davis' grandfather, James Garfield Davis, who in turn was named after US President James A. Garfield. + += = = Insanity defense = = = +In criminal trials, the insanity defense is the claim that the defendant is not responsible for his or her actions due to a mental illness. People who have been determined to be insane have been exempt from full criminal punishment since the Code of Hammurabi. There are different definitions of legal insanity in different jurisdictions. A finding of insanity usually results in the defendant being confined in a mental health facility instead of a prison. The first to use this defense was Daniel Sickles when he killed his wife's lover Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key) in 1859. +Application. +In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, use of the insanity defense is rare. However, insanity pleas have steadily increased in the UK. Mitigating factors, including things not eligible for the insanity defense like intoxication (or, more frequently, diminished capacity), may lead to reduced charges or reduced sentences. +The question of who bears the burden of proof is an issue in the United States. Before the John Hinckley, Jr. trial the burden of proof rested with the government in most states. Afterwards many of these states required the defense to prove the defendant was legally insane. Where the state still bears the burden of proof, the standard for the prosecution is beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the defense bears the burden, the standard is preponderance of the evidence (a lower standard). +Expert testimony. +The insanity defense is based on evaluations by forensic mental health professionals with the appropriate test according to the jurisdiction. Their testimony guides the jury (or judge in a bench trial). But they may not testify to the defendant's criminal responsibility. This is for the jury or judge to decide. Mental health experts may testify as to whether at the time of the crime the defendant understood what he did was wrong. If the defendant were acting under a delusion at the time and could still determine right from wrong, he is not insane and may be punished. + += = = List of Canadian actors = = = +This is an alphabetical list of notable Canadian actors. + += = = Harbor City, Los Angeles = = = +Harbor City, Los Angeles is a neighborhood of Los Angeles. + += = = Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium = = = +The Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium is the stadium of Real Madrid Castilla. They are the reserve team of Real Madrid. It was built in 2006. It has a capacity of 9,000. Future expansions are planning it to be able to seat 24,000. The stadium is named after club legend Alfredo di Stéfano. There is a statue of him at the entrance, created by Pedro Montes. + += = = Arbitration = = = +Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way of resolving disputes outside the courts. Litigation can be expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable. With arbitration the parties to a dispute agree to have the disagreement decided by a neutral third party. More often this is a panel of three arbitrators. Each party suggests one, then both arbitrators agree on a third arbitrator. The decision is the result of a majority vote. +Arbitration (hearing). +Arbitration includes an agreement in advance by both parties to comply with the decision of the arbitrator(s). The process includes a hearing in which both parties may be heard. The arbitrator(s) reviews the evidence in the case and makes a decision. One that is legally binding on both sides and enforceable in the courts. +Mediation. +Another form of alternative dispute resolution is mediation. Mediation and arbitration both use neutral third parties. For that reason they are sometimes confused. One difference is that a mediator does not make any decisions. Instead the mediator works towards getting both parties to agree. Unlike Arbitration, there is usually only one mediator. Another difference is that mediation is usually non-binding. Mediation is used more often in smaller disputes or when the matter is kept confidential. In some jurisdictions, mediation is required before a case can come to court. + += = = Algebraic topology = = = +Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Algebraic topology can be used in a number of other fields such as physics, branches of geometry and number theory. +Algebraic topology can be used to count "holes" in a shape: for example, a wedding ring and a hollow pipe both have one hole, but a figure-8 has two. This can also be done in different dimensions; a hollow sphere has a kind of "2-dimensional" hole. + += = = Kazimierz Łaski = = = +Kazimierz Łaski (December 15, 1921 – October 20, 2015) was a Polish-Austrian economist. He was one of the most famous representatives of Post-Keynesian economics in Austria. He was born in Warsaw, Poland. +Łaski died in Vienna, Austria at the age of 93. + += = = Marty Ingels = = = +Martin Ingerman (March 9, 1936 – October 21, 2015), known professionally as Marty Ingels, was an American actor, comedian, comedy, sketch writer, theatrical agent. He was known for his role in the 1960s television series" I'm Dickens, He's Fenster". He also voiced many cartoon characters and commercials, such as Pac-Man in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon of the same name. +Ingels was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He began his career in 1958. He was previously married to Jean Marie Frassinxlli from 1964 until their divorce in 1966. He then married actress Shirley Jones in 1977. Ingels died from a massive stroke at Tarzana Medical Center in Tarzana, Los Angeles, on October 21, 2015, at the age of 79. + += = = Mark Murphy = = = +Mark Murphy (March 14, 1932 – October 22, 2015) was an American jazz singer. He was born in Syracuse, New York, but spent most of his life in New Jersey. +He was won the 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2001 "Down Beat" magazine readers jazz poll for Best Male Vocalist of the Year. During his career, he had six Grammy award nominations for Best Vocal Jazz Performance. He was also known for his original lyrics to the jazz classics "Stolen Moments" and "Red Clay". +Murphy died on October 22, 2015 in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 83. + += = = Willem Aantjes = = = +Willem "Wim" Aantjes (; 16 January 1923 – 22 October 2015) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 26 May 1959 until 7 November 1978. +During World War II Aantjes became a member of the Germanic SS in order to escape forced labor. However, he refused participating in SS activities and was therefore imprisoned in a prison camp. +During his early political career, he was a member for the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and from 1977 as a dual member for the CDA. He served as the Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives from 22 June 1971 until 30 November 1972 when Barend Biesheuvel the Party leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party served as Prime Minister. +He served again as the Parliamentary leader from 19 December 1977 until 7 November 1978 when he resigned both his positions because of relevations of what happened in World War II. +Aantjes died in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 92. + += = = Marshawn Lynch = = = +Marshawn Lynch (born April 22, 1986) is an American football running back. He played in the National Football League (NFL) for the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. His aggressive running style has earned him the name "Beast Mode". +Early life. +Marshawn grew up in Oakland, California with his three siblings and his mother. His mother had to work multiple jobs in order to keep the family moving. Lynch's family had a history of being athletes, such as his mother, who had been a very good sprinter at the high school that Marshawn was attending at the time (Oakland Technical High School). Lynch played many different positions during high school, including Defensive Back, Quarterback, Wide Receiver, and Linebacker. + += = = Mario Beccaria = = = +Mario Beccaria (18 June 1920 – 22 November 2003) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy Party. He served as mayor of his city and as member of the Chamber of Deputies. +Beccaria died on 22 November 2003, aged 83. In Sant'Angelo Lodigiano it has been dedicated a street to him. + += = = Hurricane Patricia = = = +Hurricane Patricia of 2015 was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. The storm was headed for western Mexico. Its winds grew to Category 5 level and reached 215 mph. +Patricia had the highest hurricane winds since Hurricane Linda in 1997. +On April 25, 2016, the name "Patricia" was retired and replaced with "Pamela". + += = = Typhoon Vera = = = +Typhoon Vera, also called the Isewan Typhoon, was a super typhoon that struck Japan in September 1959. It was the strongest and deadliest typhoon ever in the country. It was also a severe setback to the Japanese economy (Japan was still recovering from World War II). Vera's wind speed was . +It was given the name "Vera" by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It caused extensive damage to Ise Bay ("Isewan" in Japanese) which is why it is called the Isewan Typhoon in Japan. Overall damage from the storm was ¥600 million. More than 5,000 people lost their lives in the typhoon. + += = = Ricardo Dolz y Arango = = = +Ricardo Dolz y Arango (January 3, 1861 - July 5, 1937‏) was the rector of and a member of the World Court. +Biography. +He was born on January 3, 1861 to Juan Norberto Dolz y Guzman and María de la Luz Arango Molina. He was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court in The Hague, Netherlands. He died on July 5, 1937 of a heart attack at his home in Havana, Cuba, at the age of 76. + += = = Damages = = = +In law, damages are an award, usually of money. It is to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury. The rules for damages can and frequently do vary based on the type of claim which is presented (e.g., breach of contract versus a tort claim) and the jurisdiction. Damages are not the same as court costs which includes the costs to bring a legal case to court. The losing party may also have to pay court costs. +Categories. +In common law countries, damages are usually categorized into compensatory (or actual) damages, and punitive damages. Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages and general damages. Special damages include economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses. General damages are noneconomic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Statutory damages are those required by statute. +Compensatory damages. +Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm suffered as a result of another's negligence (tort law). Expectation damages are used in contract law. In civil law countries, these are called "ordinary damages" and may be limited to actual loss. +Punitive damages. +Generally, punitive damages, which are also termed "exemplary damages" in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant. They are also to intended to be an example to others not to do the same thing. Punitive damages are awarded when it is determined that compensatory damages are not enough. Punitive damages are awarded over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their use. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution. +Punitive damages in most civil law countries are not awarded. +Statutory damages. +Statutory damages are an amount stated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Someone breaking the law can entitle the victim to a statutory award. This is even if no actual injury happened. +For example, United States Civil Code 18 USC §§2520 provides for statutory damages to victims of various wiretapping offenses. + += = = Equity (law) = = = +In common law countries equity is based on a judiciary assessment of fairness. It is what is often what is considered fair and right under natural law. It is used when the laws themselves do not address an issue or are inadequate in some way. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage. +History. +Common law in England can be traced back to the Norman conquest. The laws, such as they were then, did not address every concern. At first, a subject (of the king) had to petition the king to ask to be heard in his court. One of the first instances of this was in 1070 when Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury had a case against Odo, Earl of Kent, the king's brother. The archbishop petitioned that lands taken by Odo be restored. Rules of equity began when it became apparent that the common law courts could not solve all legal problems. The king set up courts of chancery (equity). By the 1800s the equity courts were becoming obsolete. In 1875 Parliament did away with the chancery courts altogether. +States in New England followed the English tradition of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others, however, combined their courts with both types of jurisdiction. This is what Congress did with respect to the US federal courts. United States bankruptcy courts are the one example of US federal courts which operate as courts of equity. + += = = Commoners = = = +The terms commoners, common people or the masses refers to ordinary people who are members of neither the nobility nor the priesthood. In a system of social classes, they are those without title or rank. Since the 20th century, the term "common people" has been used in its place. It refers to typical members of society in contrast to those who are highly privileged (in either wealth or influence). +History. +In Europe, a concept of common people started in the classical antiquity of ancient Rome around the 6th century BC. The Roman social division was into patricians (nobles) and plebeians (commoners). The division may have been instituted by King Servius Tullius as an alternative to the previous three noble tribes or clans, whose divisions had caused conflict. +The ancient Greeks generally had no concept of class and their leading social divisions were simply non-Greeks, free-Greeks and slaves. With the growth of Christianity in the 4th century AD, a new world view arose in European thinking about social division, which continued until at least early modern times. +Saint Augustine stated that social division was a result of the Fall of Man. The three leading divisions were considered to be the priesthood (clergy), the nobility, and the common people. That would sometimes be expressed as "those who prayed", "those who fought" and "those who worked". The Latin terms for the three classes ("oratores", "bellatores" and "laboratores") are often found even in modern textbooks, and have been used in sources since the 9th century. + += = = Lateral sulcus = = = +The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent structures of the human brain. +It divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain. A sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. +The lateral sulcus first appears around the fourteenth week of gestation. + += = = Principal Skinner = = = +Principal W. Seymour Skinner (born Armin Tamzarian) is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Harry Shearer. He is the principal of Springfield Elemantary School. +History. +Name. +He was named after the behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner. +Role in The Simpsons. +Skinner was a sergeant in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and now he is the principal of Springfield Elementary School. He has developed a love-hate relationship with Bart Simpson. + += = = Leon Bibb = = = +Leon Bibb (February 7, 1922 – October 23, 2015) was an American folk singer. He grew up in Kentucky, studied voice in New York, and worked on Broadway. His career began when he became a featured soloist of the Louisville Municipal College glee club as a student. He was known for performing at "Hootenanny", on "The Ed Sullivan Show" and performed with Bill Cosby on tours. +He lived in Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada since 1969. He died in Vancouver at the age of 93. + += = = Krunoslav Hulak = = = +Krunoslav Hulak (25 May 1951 – 23 October 2015) was a Croatian chess master. He was awarded the International Master title in 1974, and the grandmaster title in 1976. Hulak was born in Osijek, Croatia. +Hulak died in Zagreb, Croatia, aged 64. + += = = Speedway, Indiana = = = +Speedway is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. + += = = National Informatics Centre = = = +The National Informatics Centre (NIC) is a science and technology group that is part of India's government. It is regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). +It was founded in 1976. NIC is responsible for providing IT support to Goverment of India and it also maintains the National Portal of India that contains the Constitution of India. + += = = 1959 Mexico hurricane = = = +The 1959 Mexico hurricane was one of only two Category 5 Eastern Pacific hurricanes to make landfall in Mexico. It was first observed south of Mexico on October 23. The storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and a Category 4 the following day. The storm later turned toward the northeast and intensified to Category 5 level. It made landfall near Manzanillo, Mexico. +The hurricane caused at least $280 million in damage. More than 1,800 people lost their lives. + += = = Shel Dorf = = = +Sheldon "Shel" Dorf (July 5, 1933 – November 3, 2009) was an American comic-strip letterer and freelance artist. He is known for being the founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International. Dorf lettered the "Steve Canyon" comic strip for the last 12 to 14 years of the strip's run. + += = = Amancio Ortega = = = +Amancio Ortega Gaona (; born 28 March 1936) is a Spanish fashion businessman. He is the founding chairman of the Inditex fashion group. +He is best known for its chain of Zara clothing and accessories retail shops. He is the second richest person in the world just behind American billionaire Bill Gates, with a net worth of USD $78.6 billion. + += = = Brayden McNabb = = = +Brayden Luke McNabb (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres and Los Angeles Kings. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, McNabb played parts of 4 seasons with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL). McNabb played for Team Canada during the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and won a gold medal with Canada at the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament. +He was drafted 66th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Sabres on May 18, 2011. On November 26, 2011, McNabb made his NHL debut in a 5–1 win against the Washington Capitals. On December 26, 2011, he scored his first NHL goal against Tomáš Vokoun of the Washington Capitals in a 4-2 win. +On March 5, 2014, the Sabres traded McNabb, along with Jonathan Parker and two draft picks, to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Hudson Fasching and Nicolas Deslauriers. + += = = Pseudogene = = = +Pseudogenes are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. The term was coined in 1977. +Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional. It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role. +Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes). +Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome, so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years. + += = = Vigo County, Indiana = = = +Vigo County ( or ) is a county along the western border of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,153. The county seat is Terre Haute. + += = = Ján Chryzostom Korec = = = +Ján Chryzostom Korec, SJ (22 January 1924 – 24 October 2015) was a Slovak Jesuit Cardinal and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Nitra. He served in the church from 1990 through 2005. He was in jail for eight years (1960-1968) because of his activism against Communism. +Korec was born in Bošany, Czechoslovakia. He died in Nitra, Slovakia at the age of 91. + += = = Pseudepigrapha = = = +Pseudepigrapha (pseudo = false; graphe = writing) are falsely attributed works. They are written works not by their supposed author. +Apocryphal books are Jewish religious works thought to be written about 300 BC to 300 AD. They are distinguished by Protestants from the deuterocanonical (Catholic and Orthodox) or Apocrypha (Protestant). These books appear in the Septuagint and Vulgate but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant bibles. +The term has also been used by some Muslims who claim that most hadiths are fabrications created in the 8th and 9th century AD, and which are falsely attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. + += = = Defense (legal) = = = +In civil proceedings and criminal prosecutions under the common law, a defendant may raise a defense (or defence) in an attempt to avoid criminal or civil liability. It is an answer, made by a defendant to a plaintiff's action or a denial of a prosecutor's charges. It is also an answer in equity. +Civil law defenses. +Under common law, a defendant may raise any of the numerous defenses to limit or avoid liability. These include: +Criminal defenses. +In a criminal trial, there are a wide variety of defenses offered. Some of these include: +Many of the above are considered an affirmative defense in which case the burden of proof may be on the defendant to prove their innocence. Otherwise in a criminal trial the burden of proof usually rests with the prosecution. They must prove the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. + += = = Defense = = = +Defense or defence may refer to: + += = = Drama (Jamelia album) = = = +Drama is the debut studio album by British singer and songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom in June 2000. +Chart performance. +UK Album Chart Peak Position 39 + += = = Thank You (Jamelia album) = = = +Thank You is the second studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was first released on 29 September 2003 by Parlophone Records. +Track listing. +Original release +Re-release +French Edition Alternate Track +International Re-release Bonus Track +Japanese Edition Bonus Tracks + += = = Colin Gubbins = = = +Colin Gubbins was Major-General Sir Colin McVean Gubbins KCMG DSO MC (2 July 1896 – 11 February 1976). He was head of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the Second World War. +Gubbins was also responsible for setting up the secret Auxiliary Units, a civilian force to operate behind the German lines if the United Kingdom was invaded during Operation Sea Lion, Germany's planned invasion. + += = = Military Cross = = = +The Military Cross (MC) is the third-level military award given to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Armed Forces. Previously it was also awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries. +The MC is granted in recognition of "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members, of any rank in Our Armed Forces". In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that some awards, including the Military Cross, could be awarded posthumously. + += = = Walk with Me (Jamelia album) = = = +Walk with Me is the third studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records on 25 September 2006 in the UK and Europe. It was released on 17 March 2007 in Australia. + += = = Bad Ass Strippa = = = +"Bad Ass Strippa" is the debut single by Jentina from her self-titled debut album, "Jentina". It was released in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart. + += = = Mysterious (song) = = = +"Mysterious" is the third and final single by Jentina from her self titled debut album, "Jentina". It was released only in Italy where it reached number 49 on the Italian charts. + += = = Ashland, Concordia Parish, Louisiana = = = +Ashland is an unincorporated community in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Ashland, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana = = = +Ashland is a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the third least populous municipality in Natchitoches Parish (after Powhatan and Robeline, Louisiana) It was incorporated in 1963. A few residences and a convenience store to the north spill over into neighboring Bienville Parish. The population was 269 at the 2010 census but went down 28 percent to 194 in 2020. The median age is 51.8 years, as of 2020. Ashland is part of the Natchitoches Micropolitan Statistical Area but is located nearly forty miles to the north of the parish seat of Natchitoches. +History. +On September 2, 2011, a forest fire destroyed ten houses between Ashland and Creston, but residents escaped personal injury. According to Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry Mike Strain, the blaze scorched several thousand acres and was propelled by past drought conditions combined with high winds coming from the aftermath of Tropical Storm Lee in the Gulf of Mexico. + += = = Defence in depth = = = +Defense in depth (also known as deep or elastic defense) is a military strategy. The delaying tactic is intended not to stop the advance of an enemy but to slow it down. A defense in deep buys time by slowly yielding to the enemy and usually causes additional casualties. That may slow down an advancing army and cause it to lose momentum. +Examples. +Hannibal used the tactic at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Facing a much larger Roman army, he placed his less experienced soldiers in the centre and his most experienced fighters on both sides. When the Romans advanced, his centre gradually moved back, and the troops on the wings began to surround the Romans. That was the largest slaughter of Roman soldiers in the history of the Roman Republic. +The classic example is medieval hill forts and castles with rings of defenses (usually walls). The inner circles of defenders support the outer circles with missile fire. The attackers must breach all of the lines of defense and exhaust themselves in the process. +The German Army started to use the tactic in 1917, during World War I., and continued the tactic with a great effect against both the French Army and the British Army until July 1918. The arrival of the US Army, which joined the French and the British, ended the effectiveness of the tactic. +Strategy. +A properly-planned defense in depth may reduce or eliminate any advantage that attacking forces might havesuch as superior numbers. The defenders place the the attackers behind several layers of defense . The defenders then let the attackers wear down their forces, and the defenders slowly give ground and move back to the next layer of defense. +Carl von Clausewitz, Sun Tzu, and the martial art of Budō consider the preferred form of war to be defense. Clausewitz stated that provides the defenders with additional . A defence in depth may prevent an enemy from surrounding a position and provides an excellent opportunity to counterattack. +A defense in space is being absent when an enemy attacks. A defense in time is slowing down or blocking an enemy that attacks. +Delaying action. +A similar tactic is called a delaying action. when a smaller force to harasses a larger force to delay its advance and to inflict as much damage as possible to the larger force without directly engaging it. That allows the defending army's main force to disengage an enemy and to maintain good order. The main force is given the time necessary to set up a new defensive position. The small force protecting the larger force is called a rearguard. +A famous rearguard example was given in the "Song of Roland". The nephew of Charlemagne, Roland, commanded the rearguard at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. He and his men protected the rear of the Frankish army while it retreated to France. In his delaying action, Roland and all of his men were killed in an ambush. + += = = Defense (sports) = = = +In many team sports, the defence or defense is the action of those players responsible for preventing the other team from scoring. The term may also refer to the tactics involved in defense. It can also be a specialty team whose primary responsibility is defense. Similarly, a defense player or defender is a player who is tasked with stopping the other team from scoring. The defender also protects their own team's goalkeeper or goaltender. This is in association football, ice hockey, water polo and many other sports. +In American football the defense is the part of the team that is tasked with preventing the other team's ball carrier from scoring. The defense consists of 11 players. +References. +<br> + += = = Cody Eakin = = = +Cody Eakin (born May 24, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey centre. He plays in the National Hockey League (NHL). He has played for the Buffalo Sabres, Winnipeg Jets, Washington Capitals, Dallas Stars, and Vegas Golden Knights. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Eakin played parts of 4 seasons with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL). +He was drafted 85th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Capitals on October 20, 2009. +On November 1, 2011, Eakin was called up from the Hershey Bears. The same day, Eakin made his NHL debut in a 5-4 overtime win against the Anaheim Ducks. On November 4, 2011, Eakin scored his first NHL goal against Cam Ward of the Carolina Hurricanes. +On June 22, 2012, the Capitals traded Eakin along with a second round pick to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Mike Ribeiro. + += = = Nigella sativa = = = +Nigella sativa is a black cumin (also known as nigella or "kalonji"). It is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is from south and southwest Asia. "Nigella sativa" can grow to be tall. +The black cumin fruit has numerous seeds which are used as spice, sometimes as a replacement for original black cumin "Bunium bulbocastanum". These two plants are both called 'black cumin' on account of their seeds. + += = = 2007 New York Giants season = = = +The 2007 New York Giants season was the team's 83rd season in the National Football League. They finished with 10 wins and 6 losses. They finished second in the NFC East. They earned the fifth seed in the playoffs. +This Giants got into the playoffs in this season. The first playoff game was against the 4th-seeded Tampa Bay Buccaneers. It was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Giants won that game 24-14. Neither team met in the regular season or preseason. The next 3 games were opponents they faced in the regular season. +The second playoff game was against the Dallas Cowboys. It was played at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The Giants had lost their two previous games against the Cowboys, but this time they won 21-17. Tony Romo would throw an interception at the near end of the game. +The third playoff game was against the second-seeded Green Bay Packers. It was played at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Brett Favre threw an interception in overtime to Corey Webster. The interception is Favre's last pass as a Packer. The Giants won 23-20. +In Super Bowl XLII, the Giants played the New England Patriots. The Patriots had completed the regular season undefeated and were heavy favorites. The game is remembered for the Helmet Catch, when David Tyree caught the ball against his helmet in the fourth quarter. The Giants won the game 17-14. The game was an upset for the Patriots. It stopped the Patriots from becoming the NFL's first 19-0 team. +The team was the first NFL International Series participant to win a Super Bowl. They played the Miami Dolphins in the International Series. That was the first game to be played in London. +The 2007 Giants was the first NFC team to win three games on the road, followed by the Green Bay Packers 3 years later. +In two of their playoff games, the Giants wore blue jerseys against Tampa Bay and Dallas. +The 2007 Giants are remarked a cinderalla story. + += = = John Barnes Wells = = = +John Barnes Wells (October 17, 1880 - August 8, 1935) was "one of the best-known concert singers in New York." He was a popular singer. He was on many 78-rpm recordings released in the early 1900s. He starred in the 1903 musical theater production of "The Wizard of Oz". One of his last performances was in "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1933). +Biography. +He was born on October 17, 1880 in Ashley, Pennsylvania. He died on August 8, 1935 in Roxbury, New York. + += = = Superstar – The Hits = = = +Superstar – The Hits is the first greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia, released by Parlophone Records on 24 September 2007. +Information. +Jamelia said about the album "It seems the right time to put out a Greatest Hits and have all the best tracks I've recorded from the past ten years on one album". + += = = Jamelia – The Collection = = = +Jamelia – The Collection is the second greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. The album was released on July 27, 2009 on Parlophone Records. + += = = Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia = = = +The Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia (Serbo-Croatian: "Wikipedia na srpskohrvatskom jeziku", ���������� �� ��������������� ������) is the Serbo-Croatian version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. +There are also Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian Wikipedias. +It is 19th largest edition by article count. + += = = Minangkabau Wikipedia = = = +The Minangkabau Wikipedia is the Minangkabau version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. See List of Wikipedias. +It is the 31st largest edition by article count. + += = = Gene family = = = +A gene family is a set of several similar genes. They occur by the duplication of a single original gene. Usually they have similar biochemical functions. The idea that genes get duplicated is almost as old as the science of genetics. +One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits. The ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the �-globin and �-globin loci. These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen from a precursor gene being duplicated, about 500 million years ago. +The biggest gene family is said to be the olfaction genes. The homeobox genes are another important group. +Genes for the immune system include several gene families. They code for the major histocompatibility complex, and the immunoglobulins. The toll-like receptors are the main sensors of infection in mammals. + += = = 2007 New England Patriots season = = = +The 2007 New England Patriots season was the 38th season for the New England Patriots in the NFL. It was their 48th season overall. The Patriots won the AFC East for the sixth time. +In 2007, the Patriots won all sixteen of their regular season games. They became the first team with sixteen wins and no losses after beating the New York Giants 38-35. They were the fourth team to do this. +Before the Super Bowl, the Patriots had 18 wins and no losses (18-0). They played the 5th-seeded New York Giants. They had beaten the Giants 38-35 in the last regular season game. However, the Giants won the Super Bowl 17-14. +In 2015, the Patriots started 10-0 before losing in overtime to the Denver Broncos. +Schedule. +Playoffs. +The Patriots did not have to play in the wild card because of their undefeated season. + += = = Mane = = = +Mane may refer to: + += = = Myrna Loy = = = +Myrna Loy (August 2, 1905 – December 14, 1993) was an American movie, television and stage actress. She was known for her roles in "The Thin Man", "The Best Years of Our Lives", "After the Thin Man", "Libeled Lady", and in "Manhattan Melodrama". +Loy devoted herself to acting after a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a "femme fatale" or a woman of Asian descent. Her career prospects improved greatly after her portrayal of Nora Charles in "The Thin Man" (1934). +Although Loy was never nominated for a competitive Academy Award, in March 1991 she was presented with an Honorary Academy Award. +Loy was born in Helena, Montana. She was raised in Radersburg, Montana. Loy studied at Harvard-Westlake School. Loy died at a hospital in New York City during surgery at the age of 88. She was buried in Forestvale Cemetery in Helena, Montana. + += = = Dick Bavetta = = = +Richard W. "Dick" Bavetta (born December 10, 1939 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association (NBA). +Since starting in 1975, he had never missed an assigned game. He holds the league record for most officiated games. His game on April 12, 2013 in Washington was his 2,600th consecutive game as an NBA official. He retired in 2014. + += = = Flip Saunders = = = +Philip Daniel "Flip" Saunders (February 23, 1955 – October 25, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. During his career, he coached the Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons and Washington Wizards. He began his career as a coach in 1977. He retired in 2015 due to health reasons. +Saunders was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at the University of Minnesota. Saunders died of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minneapolis, Minnesota, aged 60. + += = = Roman Polák = = = +Roman Polák (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). He has also played for the St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, San Jose Sharks and Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Polák played parts of 1 season with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and half of 1 season with HC Vítkovice Steel of the Czech Extraliga. Polák played for Czech Republic during the 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships and the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He won a bronze medal at both tournaments. He was drafted 180th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. +On October 9, 2006, Polák made his NHL debut in a 2-0 loss against the Anaheim Ducks. On December 20, 2008, he scored his first NHL goal against Niklas Bäckström of the Minnesota Wild in a 4-2 win. On June 2, 2011, the Blues resigned Polák to a five-year contract extension. +On June 28, 2014, the Blues traded Polák to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Carl Gunnarsson and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft. +On June 15, 2020, Polák decided to sign a three-year contract and return to his old team, the HC Vítkovice of the Czech Extraliga (ELH). + += = = Evidence (law) = = = +In law, evidence is an object of some kind, a document of some kind, or the testimony of a person in a court of law. Evidence is used to show something is either true or false. Evidence has to follow rules in most jurisdictions. In the United States, for example, evidence was based on legal precedent until 1975. In that year Congress created the Federal Rules of Evidence. They became the official rules that all forms of evidence must follow in federal courts. Most states in the US use rules based on the federal rules. China, while a civil law country, has followed much of the US Federal Rules of Evidence in their " Uniform Provisions of Evidence". +A subpoena can be used to require a person or organization to provide documents used for evidence. +Admissibility of evidence. +In most jurisdictions there are exclusionary rules that automatically suppress certain kinds of evidence. For example, in the US, this may be evidence that violates the constitutional rights of a defendant. To be admissible in most jurisdictions, evidence must be relevant and it must be reliable. In most cases evidence that may prejudice a jury or judge against a defendant is inadmissible. + += = = Gourd = = = +Gourds are from the pumpkin family. They are about 15 to 12 inches long. Gourds are mostly found in the United States or in Mexico. Their shape is like a squash. Their color is orange, brown, or green. It is eaten in curries, spaghetti, tacos, and salad. + += = = Impartiality = = = +An part of any of the world's legal systems is impartiality. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial. +Judges and tribunals. +Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial. +Juries. +In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called "voir dire". Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called "striking" a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial. Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused. +Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States. +Many believe the Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin "judicium parium" does not mean a trial by jury. The word "judicium" in the language of the day meant a judge. The term "liber homo", usually translated as "freeman", at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person. + += = = Charles Russell = = = +Charles Russell (1817-1892), known as "Black Douglas", was an Australian bushranger, who became famous for robbing miners on the road between Bendigo and Melbourne. +Early life. +Russell was born in Bristol, England in 1817. After coming to Australia, he was well known as a prize fighter, boxing for money. He began robbing people on their way to and from the goldfields at Bendigo. One report claimed he robbed 16 people and chained them to a log. +In 1860, Wilhelmine Guischard wrote a book called "Black Douglas: An Australian Romance". +In 1926, his pistol was given to the police. Russell had forgotten it during a robbery in 1857. It was planned to be presented in the Castlemaine Art Gallery. + += = = Black Douglas = = = +The Black Douglas may refer to: + += = = Vivian Dandridge = = = +Vivian Alferetta Dandridge (April 26, 1921 – October 26, 1991) was an American singer, dancer and actress. She was the older sister of actress Dorothy Dandridge. She was a member of the Dandridge Sisters music group until it ended in 1940. She played Melisse in the movie "I Walked with a Zombie" (1943). She was in the 1940 movie "Irene". +Dandridge was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She died of a stroke at age 70 in Seattle, Washington. + += = = Moda Domani Institute = = = +Moda Domani Institute was a French higher studies establishment. The school was in Paris, France. It started in 2014. Moda Domani Institute was specialist in the fields of luxury, fashion and design. +The school closes in September 2020, replaced by ISG Luxury Management. + += = = Shigeru Yoshida = = = +Shigeru Yoshida (22 September 1878 – 20 October 1967) was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954. +He was the Ambassador to England in 1936. By 1939 he had fallen out of favor with the government. He was against the military expansion Japan was engaged in at the time. All he felt he could do was retire. He was later imprisoned for these same views. When General Douglas MacArthur became the military governor of Japan, Yoshida was called to Tokyo to become the new foreign minister. + += = = Andy Dalton = = = +Andrew Gregory Dalton (born October 29, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Carolina Panthers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU). In his final college game, the 2011 Rose Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers, Dalton led the Horned Frogs to a 21–19 victory. He left the TCU program as its all-time leader in wins. He also holds several statistical passing records. +Dalton was selected by the Bengals in the second round (35th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.2 million contract. Under a West Coast-style offensive scheme, Dalton and receiver A.J. Green, the Bengals' 2011 first-round selection from the University of Georgia, have become a great quarterback/receiver combination. Dalton and Green broke NFL records for completions (completed passes) and yards for a rookie quarterback/receiver combination. +Dalton is one of five quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons. The others are Cam Newton, Peyton Manning, Andrew Luck, and Russell Wilson. Dalton is also one of five to have passed for at least 20 touchdowns in each of his first three seasons. He joins Manning, Luck, Wilson, and Dan Marino. Dalton is the only quarterback to lead the Cincinnati Bengals to four consecutive Playoffs. He is just one of five quarterbacks to lead his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. He is also the Bengals franchise record holder for passing yards and touchdowns in a season. +Due to his red hair, Dalton has been nicknamed "The Red Rifle" by Bengals fans. + += = = Lisa Jardine = = = +Lisa Anne Jardine, CBE FRS FRHistS (née Bronowski; 12 April 1944 – 25 October 2015) was a British historian of the early modern period. +Early life. +Jardine was born in Oxford, England. She studied at Cheltenham Ladies' College, Newnham College, Cambridge, and the University of Essex. +Career. +From 1990 to 2011, she was Centenary Professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London. From 2008 to January 2014 she was Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA). +Personal life. +In 1969, she married scientist Nicholas Jardine, with whom she had a son and a daughter/ In 1982, she married the architect John Hare with whom she had one son. She was the cousin of television director Laurence Moody and actress Clare Lawrence Moody. +Death. +Lisa Jardine died of cancer on 25 October 2015, aged 71. + += = = Ed Walker (radio personality) = = = +Ed Walker (April 23, 1932 – October 26, 2015) was an American radio personality from Washington, D.C.. He hosted a weekly four-hour Sunday night program, "The Big Broadcast", on WAMU-FM, featuring vintage radio programs from the 1930s to 1950s, such as "Gunsmoke", "The Jack Benny Show", "The Lone Ranger", "Fibber McGee and Molly", and "Superman". +Walker began hosting "The Big Broadcast" in 1990 when his friend John Hickman retired hosting due to illness. The show, which started in 1964 as "Recollections", has been the longest running program on WAMU. The show ranks first in its timeslot, and its audience is "remarkably young for a public radio crowd." Walker was blind. +Walker died in Rockville, Maryland from cancer, aged 83. + += = = Marsha Hunt = = = +Marsha Virginia Hunt (October 17, 1917 – September 7, 2022) was an American movie, theater, and television actress. She was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives in the 1950s. She was known for her roles in "Johnny Got His Gun", "Raw Deal", "Born to the West", "Pilot #5", and in "Pride and Prejudice". +Hunt was born on October 17, 1917, in Chicago. She turned 100 in October 2017. +She was also supportive of humanitarian causes such as fighting world hunger. She has also donated to homeless shelters, supported same-sex marriage, raised awareness of climate change and supported peace in Third World countries. +In 1960, Hunt received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. +Hunt married producer Jerry "Jay" Hopper from 1938. They divorced in 1943. Hunt married her second husband, screenwriter and radio director Robert Presnell Jr. in 1946. She had a premature daughter who died in 1947. She and her second husband later became foster parents. They remained together until his death in 1986. +Hunt died on September 7, 2022 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 104. + += = = Ann Blyth = = = +Ann Marie Blyth (born August 16, 1928) is an American actress and singer. Her performance as Veda Pierce in the 1945 movie "Mildred Pierce", she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. +Blyth also appeared in "Our Very Own" (with Farley Granger), "The Great Caruso" (with Mario Lanza), "One Minute to Zero" (with Robert Mitchum), "The World in His Arms" (with Gregory Peck), "Rose Marie", "The Student Prince", "Kismet", "The Buster Keaton Story", and "The Helen Morgan Story" (with Paul Newman). + += = = Janis Paige = = = +Janis Paige (born September 16, 1922) is an American movie, musical theatre and television actress. She was born in Tacoma, Washington. Her career began in 1944. She retired in 2001. Paige made her live dramatic TV debut June 27, 1957, in "The Latch Key" on "Lux Video Theatre". +Paige appeared in many television shows during her career such as "87th Precinct (TV series)","The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom", "Trapper John, M.D.", "All in the Family", "Columbo" and "Caroline in the City", and in the 1975 television movie "John O'Hara's Gibbsville" (also known as "The Turning Point of Jim Malloy"). + += = = Barbara Hale = = = +Barbara Hale (April 18, 1922 – January 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as legal secretary Della Street on more than 270 episodes of the long-running "Perry Mason" television series. She was also known for her roles in "The Window", "The Giant Spider Invasion", "Jolson Sings Again", and in "Last of the Comanches". She won an Emmy Award in 1959. +Hale died at her home in Sherman Oaks, California on January 26, 2017 of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 94. + += = = Zwolle, Louisiana = = = +Zwolle is a small town in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the second most populous municipality in Sabine Parish (after Many) + += = = Ringgold, Louisiana = = = +Ringgold is a small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the second most populous municipality in Bienville Parish (after Arcadia) + += = = Gibsland, Louisiana = = = +Gibsland is a small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the third most populous municipality in Bienville Parish (after Arcadia and Ringgold). + += = = Injunction = = = +An injunction is a court order that either commands or prevents a party from doing a specific act. +US law. +Injunctions can be temporary or permanent. A restraining order and a preliminary injunction are examples of temporary injunctions. Either may be issued early in a lawsuit to prevent either party from doing anything that might unfairly influence the outcome of the litigation. A permanent injunction is usually issued after a case is settled. It enforces the final decision of the court. +Australian apprehended violence orders. +In the state of New South Wales, an apprehended violence order (AVO) may be issued against a person from whom another person fears violence. They can be issued to prevent physical abuse, harassment or stalking. Any person who violates an AVO may be charged with a criminal offence. +UK injunctions and super-injunctions. +While the United Kingdom has injunctions much the same as other countries they also have super-injunctions. This is an injunction (sometimes called a gag-order) that prevents journalists from writing anything about a court case. It also prevents them from reporting that the injunction itself has been issued. If any injunction in the UK prevents details of the order from being known it is also called a super-injunction. +Anti-suit injunctions. +In common law countries anti-suit injunctions are court orders used to prevent a court or tribunal from assuming jurisdiction or taking over an ongoing lawsuit. An anti-suit injunction may also be used to prevent a party from filing a second lawsuit in another jurisdiction at the same time as the first case. + += = = Tullos, Louisiana = = = +Tullos is a small town in La Salle and Winn Parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Abita Springs, Louisiana = = = +Abita Springs is a town in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Colville, Washington = = = +Colville (Ktunaxa: "xapqǂinik�") is a city in Stevens County, Washington, United States. The population was 4,917 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Stevens County. + += = = Vivian, Louisiana = = = +Vivian is a town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, United States and is home to the Red Bud Festival. The population was 3,073 at the 2020 census. it is the fourth most populous municipality in Caddo Parish (after Shreveport, Blanchard and Greenwood). + += = = Scott Barr = = = +Harvey Scott Barr, Jr. (August 21, 1916 – October 26, 2015) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Washington. Barr was born in Spokane. He served the 7th district in the Washington House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983, and the same district from 1983 to 1993 in the Washington State Senate. His term ended with his resignation in December 1993. He was a Republican. +Barr died in Colville, Washington on October 26, 2015 from natural causes, aged 99. + += = = Coushatta, Louisiana = = = +Coushatta is the parish seat of Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the most populous municipality in Red River Parish. + += = = Judgment (law) = = = +In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular decision. +The phrase "reasons for judgment" is often used interchangeably with "judgment." The former refers to the court's reasons for arriving at the judgment it did. The latter refers to the final court order. a judgement, whether by a court or a tribunal, is the final part of a court case. The judgement is also called a legal decision. + += = = Case law = = = +Case law in a legal system are those laws based on previous judicial decisions. This is opposed to decisions based on existing statutes or regulations. In countries using common law, it is generally uncodified meaning there are no collections of legal rules, and laws to rely on. Instead they rely on legal precedent. Precedents are previous legal cases that are used as examples for deciding the present case. They are also binding on lower courts where the facts and issues are similar. In countries that use civil law, their laws are codified, and there is much less reliance on case law. +Common law. +Judges make judicial decisions based on precedent, and their own understanding when there are few or no precedents. This is "judge-made law" as compared to statuary law, which is made by legislatures, and governments. In the United States the courts can rule statutes, and regulations unconstitutional if they go beyond the authority given by the constitution. In the United Kingdom judge-made law, or common law cannot rule against statutes made by an act of Parliament. The judiciary, and legislative branches are not coequal. Judges, however, have traditionally used one of three ways of interpreting statutes: +Civil law. +Judges make decisions by decisions based on the appropriate laws. They then investigate to learn all the facts. Finally they make a decision. Under civil law, judiciary decisions are not a critical part of forming civil laws. Under Dutch civil law for example, there are so many civil laws that it becomes difficult for lawyers and judges to know if they have found all the laws that apply to a case. Even with all the laws, not every situation is covered. The civil court will research everything it can on the subject, then make a decision. For this reason those who start a legal case never know for certain what the decision will be. + += = = Lien = = = +A lien ( or ) is a form of security interest attached to property to secure the payment of a debt to a creditor. A lien is usually a public record. The owner of the property is called the "lienee". The creditor or person holding the lien is called the "lienor" or "lien holder". +In the United States, the term lien generally refers to a wide range of legal interests. It includes other forms of mortgage or charge. In the USA, a lien is a "non-possessory" security interests meaning the lien holder does not usually possess the property. +In other common law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest. The holder of a lien right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged. In contrast to the usage of the term in the USA, in other countries it refers to a purely "possessory" form of security interest. When possession of the property is lost, the lien is released. + += = = Lanfranc = = = +Lanfranc (1005 1010 at Pavia — 24 May 1089 at Canterbury) was a cleric, teacher and jurist who became Archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror. +This celebrated Italian jurist gave up his career to become a monk at Bec in Normandy. In 1070 he became the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. This was the peak of an extraordinary life. +Life. +Lanfranc was born in the early years of the 11th century at Pavia in Italy. His father, Hanbald, held a rank equivalent to a magistrate. He was orphaned at an early age. Lanfranc was trained in the liberal arts. He crossed the Alps, and took up the role of teacher in France and eventually in Normandy. About 1039 he became the master of the cathedral school at Avranches. He taught for three years with much success. +In 1042 he gave this up to become a monk in the newly founded Bec Abbey. He became the first prior of Bec Abbey in 1045. He became a friend of William, Duke of Normandy and by 1050 his counselor. Lanfranc then became the abbot of St Stephen in Normandy. +In 1067, when Maurilius, Archbishop of Rouen, died, Lanfranc declined the position. He would not have been able to do so without the consent of William I. It is likely William had something bigger in mind for Lanfranc. In 1070 Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury was deposed by papal legates. William brought Lanfranc from Normandy to England to become the Archbishop of Canterbury. + += = = Five Nights at Freddy's (series) = = = +Five Nights at Freddy's is an American horror multimedia franchise created by Scott Cawthon, which began with the eponymous 2014 video game. +The original game ("Five Nights at Freddy's"), was followed by the sequels "Five Nights at Freddy's 2" (2014), "Five Nights at Freddy's 3" (2015), "Five Nights at Freddy's 4" (2015), ' (2016), "Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator" (2017), "Ultimate Custom Night" (2018), ' (2019), "" (2021)’’. +The franchise has been expanded into four spin-off series, "Five Nights at Candy's", "One Night at Flumpty's," "The Joy of Creation", "Popgoes"; "Into Madness", an upcoming AAA game; "Five Nights at Freddy's Plus", an upcoming remake of the first game; Special Delivery, a mobile game; novels, comic books, short films, a television series; "Freddy & Friends: On Tour!," and an upcoming film of the same name, comprising an all-encompassing fictional universe. The franchise maintains an active fanbase, known for its production of fan art and fangames, and merchandise for the games is available internationally. A horror attraction based on the franchise was featured in The Fright Dome for Halloween in 2016, and it also appeared in "Guinness World Records 2017: Gamer's Edition", where it set a record for the largest amount of sequels released in a year. + += = = Security interest = = = +A security interest is a legal claim on collateral. The collateral can be real estate, personal property or any asset. Collateral is usually used to secure a loan. +The borrower is the party who borrows the funds. The lender is the one who lends the money in return for a security interest. The lender can repossess the asset if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The lender can then sell the asset to repay the loan. A loan secured by collateral is called a "secured loan" (also called a lien). A loan with no collateral (such as a credit card) is an unsecured loan. There is nothing for the lender to repossess. +Different types. +There are different types of security interest or liens: + += = = William Benjamin Carpenter = = = +William Benjamin Carpenter MD MRCS CB FRS (29 October 1813 – 19 November 1885) was an English physician, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist. He was instrumental in the early stages of the unified University of London. +Carpenter was born on 29 Oct 1813 in Exeter, the eldest son of Dr Lant Carpenter, an important Unitarian preacher who influenced a "rising generation of Unitarian intellectuals". From his father, Carpenter inherited a belief in the essential lawfulness of the creation: this meant that natural causes were the explanation of the world as we find it. William embraced this "naturalistic cosmogeny" as his starting point. +Although qualified medically, he was best known for his work on marine zoology, notably the lower organisms such as Foraminifera and crinoids. These researches gave an impetus to deep-sea exploration, such as the 1868 oceanographic survey with "HMS Lightning" and later the more famous Challenger Expedition. +In the long term, however, he has become known as a founder of idea of the adaptive unconscious. He observed that the human perceptual system almost completely operates outside of conscious awareness. These same observations were also made by Hermann Helmholtz. Perhaps because these views were in conflict with the theories of Descartes, they were neglected for a hundred years. Carpenter noticed that the more he studied the mechanism of thought, the more clear it became that it operates largely outside awareness. He noticed that the unconscious prejudices can be stronger than conscious thought and that they are more dangerous since they happen outside of conscious. +He also noticed that emotional reactions can occur outside of conscious until attention is drawn to them: +He also asserted both the freedom of the will and the existence of the ego. +In the popular mind, he was perhaps better nown for his work against alcoholism, for which he won a prize of 100 guineas. It was one of the first temperance books. +In 1856 Carpenter became Registrar of the University of London, and held the office for twenty-three years. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath. + += = = Particle detector = = = +A particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to , , and/or high-energy particles. These particles can be made by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Particle detectors are used in particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of radiation. They can measure other things, such as the momentum, spin, or charge of the particles. +Description. +Detectors designed for modern accelerators are very big. They are also very expensive. They are called "counters" when they simply count particles, but do not measure anything else. Usually, particle detectors can also track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light). +Examples and types. +Many of the detectors invented so far are ionization detectors (such as gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors) and scintillation detectors. Other principles, such as Čerenkov light and transition radiation, have also been applied to detect particles. +Applications. +Some detectors are used to measure the amount of radiation so that people can protect themselves from it. Others are used to study nuclear and particle physics. +Detectors have also been used in archaeology. Muon detectors can "see" through solid material such as stone and concrete. Used this way, archaeologists and physicists discovered a room (a burial chamber) behind a wall underground in Naples, Italy. + += = = Civil and political rights = = = +In international law, civil and political rights are those rights a person has over their own autonomy (civil) and their right to have a part in their government (political). Civil and political rights are guaranteed to every person by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). +Civil rights. +Universal civil rights include: +Political rights. +Political rights include: + += = = Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen = = = +Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen () is a district in Bavaria, Germany. + += = = Hugo Schnars-Alquist = = = +Carl Wilhelm Hugo Schnars-Alquist (October 29, 1855 – August 20, 1939) was a German painter who painted scenes of the sea. His family were merchants and he started working as a merchant himself. Schnars-Alquist was a self-taught painter. In 1886 he was a student of Hans Gude at the Berlin Art Academy. In 1893 he was the German representative for the fine arts at the World's Columbian Exposition. Schnars-Alquist made many sea voyages which taught him how to paint the sea at different Latitudes and from rough sea to calm. He was a member of the jury at the Chicago and Melbourne art exhibitions. He received a Gold medal at Melbourne. Schnars-Alquist was a member of the Hamburg Geographical Society. He also belonged to the Institute for Maritime Studies at the University of Berlin. +Other websites. +<br> +Hugo Schnars-Alquist (1855 - 1939) + += = = Pleading = = = +Pleading is usually the first step in a lawsuit. This is when parties formally submit their claims and defenses. A "complaint" is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which starts the lawsuit. A complaint lists the relevant allegations of fact which leads to one or more legal causes of action. It also has a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed. This is called an "ad quod damnum" clause. In some situations, a complaint is called a "petition". In this case the party filing a complaint is called the petitioner and the other party is the respondent. In equity, sometimes called chancery, the initial pleading may be called either a "petition" or a "bill of complaint in chancery". + += = = Complaint = = = +In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that establishes the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit. A complaint must list the reasons for the plaintiff's case, and it must ask for a specific legal remedy. Once a complaint is filed with the court a summons (an order from the court) is notifies the defendant a lawsuit has been filed against them. Once a defendant receives notice of a complaint, they must reply within a specified period of time with an answer. Complaints are pleadings that must be written carefully to properly state the facts and legal basis for the claim. Usually this requires the help of an attorney. +In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be started by the filing of a complaint. This is also called a criminal complaint or felony complaint. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority. This is the same authority whose criminal laws were broken and who enforces criminal statutes. The government is sometimes called "the state", "the People" or "the Crown" (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most US jurisdictions, the document presented to and authorized by a grand jury is called an indictment. + += = = Vitamin B12 = = = +Vitamin B12 (or vitamin B-12) is also called cobalamin. It has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and in the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. +B12 is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Fungi, plants and animals (including humans) cannot produce vitamin B12. Only bacteria and archaea have enzymes for its synthesis, although animals can convert it to the version they need. +Many foods are a natural source of B12 because of bacterial symbiosis. It is produced by some of the gut flora of herbivores. Carnivores, of course, eat herbivores. Also algae and plants get it from symbiosis. So, by one route or another, animals must get vitamin B12 from bacteria (and archaea). +The vitamin is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin. It can be produced industrially only by bacterial fermentation-synthesis. +Vitamin B12 is a group of chemically related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt sitting in the center of a ring called a corrin ring. In the human body it is converted to the human physiological forms. +Vitamin B12 was discovered by its relationship to pernicious anemia, which is an autoimmune disease. Because an "intrinsic factor" is needed for B12 to be absorbed, its lack causes a vitamin B12 deficiency. Many other kinds of vitamin B12 deficiency have since been found. + += = = Louis Agassiz = = = +Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born and European-trained biologist and geologist. His work on natural history in Europe and the Americas was important. +His reputation now is less good, because he fought against the theory of evolution, and held wrong ideas about human races. He thought the different human races were of different origins. This idea is called "polygenism". Darwin's comment at the end is interesting: +After visiting Harvard University in mid-career, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1847 and became a professor of zoology and geology at Harvard. He founded its Museum of Comparative Zoology. +Agassiz made extensive contributions to ichthyology (including extinct species). He founded glaciology, the study of ice fields and ice ages. + += = = Maps.me = = = +MAPS.ME (formerly named MapsWithMe) is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. In November 2014 it was acquired by Mail.Ru Group and became part of its My.com brand. In September 2015 the app was open sourced. MapsWithMe was created by Yury Melnichek, Alexander Borsuk and Viktor Govako. + += = = Cruachan Power Station = = = +The Cruachan Power Station (also known as the Cruachan Dam) is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The turbine hall is located inside Ben Cruachan. Water is pumped between Cruachan Reservoir to Loch Awe, a height difference of . It is one of only four pumped storage power stations in the UK. It is capable of providing a black start capability to the National Grid. +Construction began in 1959 at the same time as the Hunterston A nuclear power station in Ayrshire. It was completed in 1965. Cruachan uses cheap off-peak electricity generated at night to pump water to the higher reservoir. It can then be released during the day to provide power as necessary. The power station is open to visitors. Around 50,000 tourists visit it each year. + += = = Steppe Geoglyphs = = = +The Steppe Geoglyphs are a number of Neolithic earth constructions in the Turgay Trough area of Turgai in northern Kazakhstan. There are at least 260 of these earthworks. +Many or all of them are smaller earthworks (mounds, trenches and ramparts) arranged with each other to make geometric and other shapes (composite figures). These shapes are squares, rings and three others. The composite figures range from slightly under 90 m in length to over 400 m in diameter. +Besides being made of earth dug out and piled up, some of the geoglyphs are made by placing stones next to each other. +Some of the large shapes have been given names, including Bestamskoe Ring, Ushtogaysky ("or" Ushtogay) Square, Turgay triradial swastika, Large cross Ashtasti, Ekedyn cross, Ashutasti ring, Kyzyloba line, Koga cross, and Shili square. +Optical dating (optically stimulated luminescence) was used to get a date for these structures. The results indicate that they date between eight and one thousand years ago. +The earthworks were discovered in 2007 by Dimitriy Dey. He found them when he was looking at Google Earth. He had been looking for pyramids or similar structures in Kazakhstan. The geoglyphs were first reported to the scientific community in 2014. +Road construction in 2013 damaged one of the structures. + += = = Right to a fair trial = = = +The right to fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. A trial in these countries that is considered unfair will typically be restarted, or its verdict thrown out. Some of the rights that make a trial fair are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are clearly stated in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They are also stated in Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and in Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is or is not a fair trial. For example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation. + += = = Due process = = = +Due process is the legal requirement that the government must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this is a due process violation, which offends the rule of law. +A judiciary process. +Due process has also been frequently interpreted as limiting laws and legal proceedings. This means that judges—instead of legislators—may define and guarantee basic fairness, justice, and liberty. This interpretation has proven controversial, and is seen as being closer to the concepts of natural justice, and procedural justice used in various other jurisdictions. This interpretation of due process is sometimes expressed as a command that the government must not be unfair to the people or abuse them physically. +History. +Due process developed from clause 39 of the Magna Carta in England. The Magna Carta called it "the law of the land" which became the more modern term due process. When English and American law gradually went in different directions, due process was not upheld in England, but did become part of the Constitution of the United States. It is found in the Fifth Amendment which says "No person shall...be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,". It is applied to all states by the Fourteenth Amendment. +In other legal systems. +Due process is not used in contemporary English law. But it recognizes two similar concepts are natural justice and the British constitutional concept of the rule of law. However, neither concept lines up perfectly with the American theory of due process. It contains many implied rights not found in the ancient or modern concepts of due process in England. +Islamic law provides for due process. It includes the presumption of innocence, the right to remain silent and a fair and public trial before a judge. There is no jury and both parties, the injured party and the accused, usually present their own cases. +Scandinavia gets high ratings by the World Justice Project. They were noted for their criminal justice system including their observance of due process. As of the 2013 "Rule of Law Index", the Scandinavian countries were rated higher than the US for due process. The three lowest rated countries in the index were Afghanistan, Zimbabwe and Venezuela. + += = = Saskia Post = = = +Saskia Post (1 January 1961 – 16 March 2020) was American-born Australian actress. She is best known for her leading role in the 1986 movie, "Dogs in Space", with Michael Hutchence. +Post also acted in the 1985 AFI Award winning movie, "Bliss" and in the 1991 movie "Proof". It was chosen as "Best Film" at the 1991 AFI Awards. +Early life and education. +Saskia Post was born in Martinez, California in 1961. Her family moved to Australia in 1975. In high school she studied acting and singing. After graduation, she spent a year attending acting workshops and dance classes in Sydney. Saskia then studied drama and arts at the University of New South Wales but dropped out after one year. She took acting classes at The Drama School in 1981. +Career. +Post got her first television role in 1982. She played Julianna Sleven, a Dutch refugee, in "The Sullivans". The program was an Australian drama television series about a middle-class Melbourne family and the effect World War II had on their lives. Post moved to Melbourne to work on the series for twelve months before leaving in 1984. That same year she had a role in the movie "One Night Stand", as Eva, a bank teller from the Czech Republic. +In 1985, Post appeared in the AFI Award winning movie "Bliss", as Honey Barbara's daughter. +Post had a leading role in the 1986 movie "Dogs in Space", directed by Richard Lowenstein. The movie is about a group of young musicians and music fans sharing a house in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond. Post plays Anna, the girlfriend of Sam (Michael Hutchence). Anna dies of a heroin overdose after trying the drug for a second time. +Post has also acted in many stage performances in Melbourne. These include "Endgrain", "Train to Transcience", "Could I Have this Dance?", "In Angel Gear", "Figures in Glass", "Skin" and "Vincent in Brixton". +Death. +Post died of cardiac arrest at the Alfred Hospital in Melbourne on 16 March 2020, aged 59. + += = = Roosevelt Island Bridge = = = +The Roosevelt Island Bridge is a bridge in New York. It is a lift bridge. It connects Roosevelt Island in Manhattan to Astoria in Queens. It crosses the East Channel of the East River. The bridge is the only route to the island for vehicles and foot traffic, except for public transportation. +History. +Construction of the bridge began on March 17, 1952. The cost was $6.5 million. It opened on May 18, 1955, as the Welfare Island Bridge. The name was changed to the "Roosevelt Island Bridge" in 1973. +Before the bridge was built, the only way vehicles could access Roosevelt Island was by using an elevator on the Queensboro Bridge. The elevator was torn down in 1970. +In 2001, the New York City Department of Transportation considered converting the Roosevelt Island Bridge into a fixed bridge. This was to reduce the cost of its maintenance. The bridge is rarely opened (raised for ships to go underneath), because most ships passing by Roosevelt Island use the West Channel of the East River. Most of the bridge openings occur in September during the General Assembly at the United Nations. During this time the West Channel is closed for security reasons. +Navigation. +When the bridge is raised for ships to go underneath, the distance between the water and the bridge is . The bridge is wide. Its total length, including approaches, is . The main span (distance across) is long. +The Roosevelt Island Bridge provides direct access to the 'Motorgate Parking Garage', which was designed to minimize vehicle traffic on the island. The garage was completed in 1974 and later expanded in 1990. + += = = List of World Heritage Sites in Chile = = = +The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites are places of importance to cultural or natural heritage. Below is the list of sites in Chile. +History. +UNESCO was created for the "conservation and protection of the world’s inheritance of books, works of art and monuments of history and science". The constitution of UNESCO was ratified in 1946 by 26 countries. +Chile agreed to take part in the World Heritage Convention in 1980. +List. +The World Heritage Site (WHS) list has developed over time. It is part of a process; and the list continues to grow. +As of 2014, there are 17 places in Chile which are on the World Heritage List. +There are 17 sites which are on a tentative list. +Tentative List. +The Tentative List consists of sites which have been nominated. The evaluation process is not yet completed. "" is the list. + += = = The Mighty Mighty Bosstones = = = +The Mighty Mighty Bosstones (informally known as The Bosstones) are an American ska punk band from Boston, Massachusetts which formed in 1983. The Bosstones are widely credited as one of the originators of the genre of ska punk, a style which mixes the rhythms of ska music with the fast tempo and distortion of punk rock and hardcore punk. + Their music is recognized for its prominent use of brass instruments as well as the deep, raspy voice of their lead singer Dicky Barrett. Their concerts are also notable for the presence of Ben Carr, a non-musician member of the Bosstones who dances onstage during the band's performances. +First becoming notable in the underground music scene, the Bosstones steadily grew in popularity throughout the mid-1990s. Their fourth album, 1994's "Question the Answers", sold over 500,000 copies and became a gold record. In 1995, they appeared in the hit movie "Clueless" and in 1997, the band released their most successful album, "Let's Face It", which sold over one million copies and spawned the hit single "The Impression That I Get", which charted at #1 on the Billboard Modern Rock Songs and entered the top 20 in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia. Although none of the Bosstones' future albums or singles were able to meet with the same kind of success, the band has kept a loyal following and continue to tour and record. +The Bosstones briefly disbanded in 2003, though reunited in 2007 to continue touring and recording. The band has released nine studio albums, three EPs and a live album. + += = = Jämtkraft Arena = = = +Jämtkraft Arena is an association football stadium in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was opened on 13 July 2007. Among the home teams are Östersunds FK and Östersunds DFF. + += = = Nya Parken = = = +Nya parken is a sports ground in the town of Norrköping int Sweden. It was opened in 1903 as Norrköpings idrottspark. IFK Norrköping, IK Sleipner and IF Sylvia play their soccer home games there. Games were also played there during the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 UEFA European Championship + += = = Norrporten Arena = = = +Norrporten Arena is a sports ground in the town of Sundsvall in Sweden. It was opened as Sundsvalls idrottspark on 6 August 1903 as. It is currently used mostly for association football games. It is the home ground for GIF Sundsvall. + += = = Old English poetry = = = +The earliest known English poem is a hymn on the creation. Bede says this was by Cædmon (flourished 658–680). He was, according to legend, an illiterate herdsman who produced poetry at a monastery at Whitby. This is probably the earliest written Anglo-Saxon poetry we have. +Much of the poetry of the period is difficult to date, or even to arrange chronologically. Estimates for the date of the great epic "Beowulf" range from AD 608 through to AD 1000, and there has never been agreement. +It is possible to identify some key moments. "The Dream of the Rood" was written before about AD 700, when parts were carved in runes on the Ruthwell Cross. Some poems on historical events, such as "The Battle of Brunanburh" (937) and "The Battle of Maldon" (991), seem to have been written shortly after the events, so they can be dated reasonably precisely. +Anglo-Saxon poetry is known by the manuscripts in which it survives. The most important manuscripts are from the late 10th and early 11th centuries. They are known as the Cædmon manuscript, the Vercelli Book, the Exeter Book, and the Beowulf manuscript. +"Beowulf" is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from devotional works to biblical paraphrase. +With one notable exception (the so-called "Rhyming Poem"), Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliteration for its structure. Any rhyme included is just ornamental. + += = = Jesus piece (jewelry) = = = +A Jesus piece is a spiritual or religious piece of jewelry which shows the face of Jesus. +Jesus pieces are popular in the Hip-Hop community. Many Hip-Hop artists and celebrities like The Notorious B.I.G. usually wear Jesus pieces, and will have them decorated with rare or expensive gems (jewels). +Less expensive Jesus diamond pieces are also sold. They are made of things like wood or inexpensive metals. +History. +The Notorious B.I.G.. +The first Jesus piece was worn by Christopher Wallace (The Notorious B.I.G.). It was made by Tito Caicedo, Wallace's jeweler (jewelry-maker). Wallace had Caicedo make many more Jesus pieces, paying him about $10,000 for each. Wallace had worn some of these Jesus pieces himself, and gave others pieces to his peers. The Jesus pieces were decorated with expensive gems, especially on Jesus's hair. + += = = Unfaithful (song) = = = +"Unfaithful" is a song by Barbadian singer Rihanna from her second studio album "A Girl like Me" (2006). It was written by Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith with the song's producers StarGate. The song was released by Def Jam Recordings on May 2, 2006, as the second single from the album. It is a R&B song that is about cheating, it was also different because it was the first ballad Rihanna had released. +Live performances. +"Unfaithful" has been performed by Rihanna many times, including on July 27, 2006, she performed the song on the MTV series, "Total Request Live". Rihanna opened the 2006 MOBO Awards on September 20, 2006 at the Royal Albert Hall in London with a performance of "Unfaithful". On November 15, 2006, Rihanna performed the song at the 2006 World Music Awards, which also took place in London. Rihanna wore a long, purple gown. The song was also sung on her first major North American tour (2006). On July 7, 2007, Rihanna together with other artists performed at the Live Earth Concerts, which were held to raise awareness of global warming. She performed "Unfaithful", "Shut Up and Drive", and "Umbrella". +"Unfaithful" was the twelfth song on the set list of Rihanna's Good Girl Gone Bad Tour (2007–2009), her first major world tour. Her performance in Manchester was released in the UK through iTunes and is featured on the "Good Girl Gone Bad Live" DVD. Rihanna was an opening act on some dates on Kanye West's Glow in the Dark Tour (2008–2009). Her set list featured "Unfaithful" and other songs from her 2007 release "Good Girl Gone Bad" including "Don't Stop the Music", "Shut Up and Drive" and "Umbrella". Following the release of her fourth studio album, "Rated R" (2009), in the UK, Rihanna performed a "Nokia" promotional concert at the Brixton Academy in London. She performed songs from the new release including "Russian Roulette", "Wait Your Turn" and "Hard", a song Rihanna performed with Young Jeezy. Rihanna performed "Unfaithful", and songs from her older albums, including "Disturbia", "Don't Stop the Music" and "Take a Bow", during this set. +In 2010, to promote her fourth album "Rated R", Rihanna went on her second worldwide tour, Last Girl on Earth Tour (2010–11). "Unfaithful", which she performed while standing on a stage set with red baroque style curtains in the background, was the thirteenth song on the set list. On December 11, 2010, Rihanna was invited to appear on series seven of the UK version of "The X Factor" to perform her new single "What's My Name?. She also performed "Unfaithful" with finalist Matt Cardle, who later won the series. In June 2011, Rihanna embarked upon the Loud Tour, her third major worldwide tour. "Unfaithful" was the fourteenth song on the tour's set list. Rihanna performed the song on a levitating stage while wearing a long yellow dress and with a fan blowing her skirt up, + += = = Jimmy Roberts = = = +James Wilfred "Jimmy" Roberts (April 9, 1940 – October 23, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman and forward. He went by both the nicknames of Jimmy and Jim. Roberts played for the Montreal Canadiens and for the St. Louis Blues. He won two Stanley Cups during his career. He retired in 1978 after a twenty year career. +Roberts died on October 23, 2015 of cancer in St. Louis, Missouri at the age of 75. + += = = Philip French = = = +Philip Neville French OBE (28 August 1933 – 27 October 2015) was a British movie critic and former radio producer. French began his career in journalism in the late 1950s, before becoming a BBC Radio producer, and later a movie critic. +He began writing for "The Observer" in 1963, and continued to write criticism regularly there until his retirement in 2013. +French was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in December 2012. He died of a heart attack at the age of 82. + += = = Nicolás Fuentes = = = +Nicolás Fuentes Fuentes (20 February 1941 – 28 October 2015) was a Peruvian football player. Fuentes made 17 appearances for the Peru national football team from 1965 to 1971, including playing at the 1970 FIFA World Cup. +Fuentes died from respiratory failure caused by diabetes in Lima, Peru, aged 74. + += = = Ernesto Boy Herrera = = = +Ernesto Boy Herrera (September 11, 1942 – October 29, 2015) was a Filipino politician. Herrera was born in Samboan, Cebu, on September 11, 1942. +He served as Senator of the Philippines. He has been a trade union leader, an advocate of law and order, and a legislator in the 8th, 9th and 10th Congresses. He served as the General Secretary of the Trade Union of Congress of the Philippines from 1983 until his death in 2015. +Herrera died from cardiac arrest in Makati, Philippines, aged 73. + += = = Willis Carto = = = +Willis Allison Carto (July 17, 1926 – October 26, 2015) was a known American figure on the American far right. He called himself aJeffersonian and populist, but was known for his promotion of conspiracy theories and Holocaust denial. +Early life. +Carto was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. +Career. +Carto was thought to be one of America's most influential political racial theorists through the Liberty Lobby and successor organizations which he helped create. Carto ran a group supporting segregationist George Wallace's 1968 presidential campaign which formed the basis for the National Youth Alliance which promoted Francis Parker Yockey's political philosophy. +Death. +Carto died from cardiac arrest in Virginia at the age of 89. + += = = Superstition (song) = = = +"Superstition" is a funk and R&B ballad from Stevie Wonder. The song hit #1 on "Billboard" Hot 100 in January 1973. It also hit #1 on the U.S. soul singles chart. +The song advises not to believe in theories such as superstitions and the song references how adults blame children for the bad luck they have faced - "thirteen month old baby broke the looking glass". The song became Stevie's signature song and is his most performed live. On the charts it was succeeded by Timmy Thomas's "Why Can't We Live Together" +The song has been covered by The Jackson 5, Jeff Beck, Stevie Ray Vaughan and JoJo, among others. + += = = Ants Antson = = = +Ants Antson (11 November 1938 – 31 October 2015) was an Estonian speed skater. He competed for the Soviet Union. +Antson had his best year in 1964, when he became European Allround Champion on the 1500 m at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, and set a new world record on the 3000 m. For his achievements that year, he received the Oscar Mathisen Award. He retired after the 1968 Winter Olympics. + += = = Västanfors IF = = = +Västanfors IF is a sports club in the town of Fagersta in Sweden. The club is nicknamed "Västanfläkt" ("Western Wind"). +The club mainly runs bandy, and soccer. It earlier also ran floorball. The team colours are red and white. The club was founded in 1916. +The club has played 32 seasons in the Swedish top division. It won the Swedish national championship in 1954. The club played in the Swedish bandy top division since 2007. In 2012 the club was relegated to Division 1 in 2012. +The club also ran floorball acticity during the 1980s. The women's floorball team won the Swedish national championship in 1983 and 1985 and also won a silver medal in 1984. + += = = Vertical-lift bridge = = = +A vertical-lift bridge or lift bridge is a type of movable bridge in which a span rises vertically while remaining parallel with the road surface. +The vertical lift offers several benefits over other movable bridges such as the bascule and swing-span bridge. They are generally easier to design and easier to build. They usually cost less to build for longer moveable spans. The counterweights in a vertical lift bridges are only required to be equal to the weight of the deck. Bascule bridge counterweights must weigh several times as much as the span being lifted. As a result, heavier materials can be used in the deck, and so this type of bridge is especially suited for heavy railroad use. +Although most vertical-lift bridges use towers, each with counterweights. Some use hydraulic jacks located below the deck. An example is the span bridge at St Paul Avenue in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. Another design used balance beams to lift the deck with pivoting bascules located on the top of the lift towers. An example of this kind is the La Salle Street Bridge in Chicago, Illinois, USA. +The biggest disadvantage to the vertical-lift bridge is the height restriction for ships passing under it. This is a result of the deck remaining suspended above the water. + += = = Rachel Platten = = = +Rachel Ashley Platten (born May 20, 1981) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her 2015 single "Fight Song". The song was successful worldwide, including in the United States, Australia and Canada. +Platten was born on Manhattan, New York City. She grew up in Newton, Massachusetts. + += = = Västerstrands AIK = = = +Västerstrands AIK is a sports club in Karlstad, Sweden. The club was founded on 11 October 1940. It only runs a women's bandy team. +The women's bandy team has won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2001, and 2002. It has also been runner-up several times. The team colours are black and yellow. + += = = Mel Daniels = = = +Melvin Joe Daniels (July 20, 1944 – October 30, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He played in the American Basketball Association (ABA) for the Minnesota Muskies, Indiana Pacers, and Memphis Sounds, and in the National Basketball Association for the New York Nets. Daniels was a two-time ABA Most Valuable Player and a seven-time ABA All-Star. He was enshrined in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 2012. +Daniels died on October 30, 2015, at the age of 71. He had recently undergone heart surgery. + += = = IFK Luleå = = = +IFK Luleå is an sports club in the town of Luleå in Sweden. It was founded on 20 September 1900. The club played in the Swedish men's top association football top division in 1971. + += = = IFK Holmsund = = = +IFK Holmsund is a sports club Holmsund in Sweden. It was founded on 8 June in 1923 The men's soccer team plays its home games at Kamratvallen. The club participated in the Swedish men's soccer top division in 1967. + += = = Metrojet Flight 9268 = = = +Metrojet Flight 9268 (KGL 9268/7K9268) was an international chartered passenger flight. On 31 October 2015, it left Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt flying to Saint Petersburg, Russia. It crashed in the Sinai desert 23 minutes after it took off. +It reached an altitude of 31,000 ft (9,400 m) when it disappeared from radar. The aircraft, an Airbus A321-231, was carrying 217 passengers and seven crew members. As well as the crew, 214 of those aboard were Russian. The remaining three were Ukrainian, mostly tourists. +All 224 people were killed. The crash became the deadliest in Egyptian history. +Passengers and crew. +Flight 9268 was carrying 217 passengers, of which 25 were children, plus seven crew members. The captain of the flight was 47-year-old Valery Yurievich Nemov and the first officer was Sergei Stanislavovich Trukhachev. According to the airline, captain Nemov had amassed more than 12,000 hours of flight time, including 3,800 hours on this aircraft type. First officer Trukhachev had 5,641 hours of flight time, including more than 1,300 hours on the aircraft type. + += = = No Gravity (Shontelle album) = = = +No Gravity is the second studio album by Barbadian recording artist Shontelle, released on September 21, 2010 by SRC Records. +Review. +"No Gravity" received mixed reviews. + += = = Växjö Lakers HC = = = +The Växjö Lakers HC is an ice hockey club in the town of Växjö in Sweden. It was established in 1997. The club won the Swedish national championship in 2015, 2018 and 2021. + += = = Fishers, Indiana = = = +Fishers is a city in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 98,977. + += = = Law of the land = = = +The phrase law of the land (Latin lex terrae) is a legal term. It means all of the laws in force within a country or region. The term was first used in the Magna Carta. It was used to mean the laws of the kingdom. This was distinct from Roman law or civil law. In the United States, the Constitution declares it is the "supreme law of the land." It is the same as due process of law as justified by the Constitution. +History. +While the Magna Carta first used the term, it did not actually become the law of the land until the reign of Edward I of England. It became closely associated with another phrase that helped define the law of the land' due process. During the reign of Edward II the Liberty of Subjects Act of 1354 stated: + The law of the land and the Liberty of Subjects act remained in use in England. Both were used in colonial charters and common law. They became part of US laws after the American colonies declared their independence from England in 1776. + += = = 1980 New Orleans Saints season = = = +The 1980 New Orleans Saints season was the team's 14th season in the National Football League. +History. +They were the first NFL team to finish a season with 1 win and 15 losses. +Their only win was against the New York Jets in week 15. They had trailed 7-13, but Archie Manning threw a touchdown to Tony Galbreath to lead 14-13 and would throw another one to win 21-20. Fans called their team the "Ain'ts" because of how they began with no wins and 12 losses by losing to the Rams 7-27. +One of the Saints' notable losses was in week 14 in San Francisco, California. The Saints were actually leading 35-7. However, the San Francisco 49ers ended up beating them in overtime, 38-35 on a game-winning field goal. The comeback is one of the best comebacks in NFL history. +8 other teams have finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses after the 1980 Saints. These teams include the 1989 Cowboys, the 1990 Patriots, the 1991 Colts, the 1996 Jets, the 2000 Chargers, the 2001 Panthers, the 2007 Dolphins, the 2009 Rams, the 2016 Browns, and the 2020 Jaguars. The Detroit Lions in 2008 and the Cleveland Browns in 2017 would exceed it by losing all 16 games. + += = = Legal process = = = +Legal process (or sometimes "process"), are the proceedings in any civil lawsuit or criminal prosecution. It also describes the formal notice or writ used by a court to exercise jurisdiction over a person or property. This process is usually "served" upon a party, to require that party to come to court. It may take the form of a summons, mandate, subpoena, warrant, or other written order issued by a court. + += = = Accounting software = = = +Accounting software is a program that can run on a computer to track the total value of a company. Accounting software can be downloaded to a computer or can be used through a browser window by logging into a website. +Before computers all accounting information was stored in books called "ledgers". A general ledger was the book where the accountant wrote down all payments that came into a company and all payments that were made. A common term for keeping track of this information is called "keeping the books". A bookkeeper is another term for an accountant, but can sometimes means a person who does accounting but maybe doesn't have as much formal education as an accountant. +Accounting software can automate many of the more menial tasks of accounting. For example, many accounting software companies automatically pull in bank information. Instead of having to put in the payments made and cashed received, the program does it for you. + += = = Maine Mendoza = = = +Nicomaine Dei Capili Mendoza, popularly known as Maine Mendoza or Yaya Dub, is a Filipina actress, comedienne, internet celebrity, host, and model. +Mendoza was discovered because of her viral Dubsmash Videos in the internet. In the noontime show Eat Bulaga's "Kalyeserye", she was cast as "Yaya Dub", the maid of Grandma Nidora (portrayed by actor Wally Bayola). Her accidental pairing to actor Alden Richards led to the formation of the love team "AlDub". +Biography. +Maine Mendoza was born in the province of Bulacan on March 3, 1995. Her parents were Mary Ann and Teddy Mendoza. She has two brothers and two sisters and all of their names start with "Nico." She finished her elementary education at St. Paul School of Sta. Maria Bulacan and high school at St. Paul College of Bocaue. She completed a bachelor's degree in Hotel, Restaurant and Institution Management major in Culinary Arts at De La Salle-College of St. Benilde. +Mendoza rose to popularity because of her viral Dubsmash Videos of celebrities like Kris Aquino. Her famous character "Yaya Dub" first appeared on July 5, 2015. Her character was accidentally paired to the actor Alden Richards which led to the formation of the love team "AlDub". In "Kalyeserye", the two communicated each other through the use of audio samples and handwritten messages shown on the split screen. Mendoza and Richards will have their first film together, "My Bebe Love", at the end of year 2015. This movie will be Mendoza's first film debut. + += = = Ölmbrotorp = = = +Ölmbrotorp is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 548 people lived there. + += = = Odensbacken = = = +Odensbacken is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,374 people lived there. + += = = Latorpsbruk = = = +Latorpsbruk is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 597 people lived there. + += = = Norra Bro = = = +Norra Bro is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 687 people lived there. + += = = Stora Mellösa = = = +Stora Mellösa is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 776 people lived there. + += = = Askersby = = = +Askersby is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 243 people lived there. + += = = Ekeby-Almby = = = +Ekeby-Almby is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,271 people lived there. + += = = Hampetorp = = = +Hampetorp is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 297 people lived there. + += = = Kilsmo = = = +Kilsmo is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 263 people lived there. + += = = Vintrosa = = = +Vintrosa is a locality in Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,343 people lived there. + += = = Lanna = = = +Lanna is a locality in both Lekeberg Municipality and Örebro Municipality in Örebro County in Sweden. In 2010, 537 people lived there. + += = = Tower house = = = +A tower house is a tower that has been built for two purposes: First, it has been built so that it is easy to defend, and secondly, it serves as living quarters. Tower houses first appeared in the Middle Ages, in mountainous or limited access areas. They were built there to both command and defend strategic points with a small force. At the same time, they were also used as an aristocrat's residence. Very often, a castle town was constructed around these houses. + += = = Sceptrum Brandenburgicum = = = +Sceptrum Brandenburgicum (or "Sceptrum Brandenburgium" – Latin for "scepter of Brandenburg") was a constellation. It was created in 1688 by Gottfried Kirch, astronomer of the Prussian Royal Society of Sciences. It represented the scepter (a symbol of royalty or power) used by the royal family of the Brandenburgs. It was located west of the constellation of Lepus. The constellation was quickly forgotten and is not official any more. It led to a star later being called "Sceptrum". That star is now called 53 Eridani. + += = = Judge Rinder = = = +Judge Rinder is a British reality television show. It has aired daily on ITV from 11 August 2014. Robert Rinder is the judge of the show. He judges cases about arguments that are usually about money, but it can be different. The program takes place in a small-claims courtroom. The show has the same format as American court shows like Judge Judy and Judge Mathis. A case takes an hour to film. It is edited down to fit a number of cases into the given time slot. +Series. +Series 2 and 3 episodes are being aired at the same time. A total of 100 episodes were ordered for the two series. + += = = Täby Church = = = +Täby Church () is a medieval church in Täby Municipality in Sweden. It was belongs to the Church of Sweden and was built during the 13th century. On its walls and ceilings are paintings by Albertus Pictor. + += = = Deaths in November 2015 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in November 2015. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months". + += = = Günter Schabowski = = = +Günter Schabowski (4 January 1929 – 1 November 2015) was an East German journalist and politician. He was an official of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the ruling party during most of the existence of the German Democratic Republic. +Schabowski gained worldwide fame in November 1989 when he improvised a slightly mistaken answer to a press conference question, raising popular expectations so rapidly that massive crowds gathered the same night at the Berlin Wall, forcing its opening after 28 years. +Schabowski died from complications of a stroke in Berlin, aged 86. + += = = Qubo = = = +Qubo (stylized as qubo) is an American children's entertainment brand owned by Ion Media. It included a 24-hour television channel available with an antenna, a video on demand service, and a weekly programming block on Ion Television under the name "Qubo Kids Corner", which was its sister network, along with the same block on another sister channel, Ion Plus. Qubo closed after Ion Media's acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company. +Qubo began in September 2006. It was developed by several companies together, including Ion Media Networks, Corus Entertainment, Scholastic Corporation, Classic Media, and NBC. It was to be a "building block for kids" (as stated by president Rick Rodriquez). Like Ion, Qubo would air blocks on NBC and in Spanish on Telemundo. This happened until 2012, when NBC was bought by the cable company Comcast and that company took off Qubo programming for a new block from Sprout, which Comcast already owned. Spanish audio was also available through a second audio program on the Qubo channel itself. It also had its shows on a website accessible on-demand. +Following Ion Media's acquisition by the E. W. Scripps Company, it ceased operations on February 28, 2021. + += = = Hans Modrow = = = +Hans Modrow (; 27 January 1928 – 10 February 2023) was a German politician. He was best known as the last communist premier of East Germany. He was the honorary Chairman of the Left Party. After the German reunification, Modrow served as a member of the European Parliament (1999–2004) and of the Bundestag. + += = = Tabitha St. Germain = = = +Tabitha St. Germain (born October 30, 1964), formerly known as Paulina Gillis Germain, Tabitha, or Kitanou St. Germain, is an American, Canadian Actress, Singer, Voice actress, and Comedienne. She is known for her voice roles in many TV shows, but most of all is "" for Rarity, Princess Luna, Granny Smith, and Derpy Hooves. She voices Wysteria and Minty from "My Little Pony". + += = = Gus Savage = = = +Augustus Alexander "Gus" Savage (October 30, 1925 – October 31, 2015) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois. He served as a representative from 1981 through 1993. Savage was born in Detroit, Michigan. +Savage died in Olympia Fields, Illinois at the age of 90. + += = = Frederick Muhlenberg = = = +Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg (; January 1, 1750 – June 4, 1801) was an American minister and politician. +He was the first Speaker of the United States House of Representatives serving from 1793 through 1795. He was a delegate to the Pennsylvania state constitutional convention and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania and a Lutheran pastor by profession. Muhlenberg was born in Trappe, Pennsylvania. +The claim that Muhlenberg, as House Speaker, prevented German from becoming an official language of the United States is false. + += = = My Name is Earl = = = +My Name Is Earl is an American sitcom. It was broadcast from September 20, 2005, to May 14, 2009 and was created by Greg Garcia. The series was produced by 20th Century Fox Television. In the United States, it is broadcast on the NBC television network. The series ended on May 14, 2009 after running for four seasons. Season four had ended with the caption 'To Be Continued'. The series' producer, 20th Century Fox Television, approached the Fox networks to continue the series. +Synopsis. +The show centers on Earl Hickey, a not-so-smart petty crook. He lives in fictional Camden county. Unexpectedly he wins the lottery. He is dancing in the street with joy over winning $100,000 when he is hit by a car. He decides this is karma paying him back for all the bad things he has done. Making a list of everyone he has wronged, he starts by righting the first wrong on his list. Suddenly the lottery ticket comes back into his possession again. This makes him think he was right about karma. He believes if he does good things to other people, good things will come to him. He uses his winnings to right his former wrongs, one at a time. +Awards and accolades. +Jason Lee was selected for the title role. He had co-starred in several Kevin Smith films. He also starred in "The Incredibles". The program quickly became one of NBC's highest rated new programs. In 2006, the pilot won Emmy Awards for Greg Garcia and Marc Buckland. In 2007, Jaime Pressly won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. The series received nominations for a Golden Globe Award (2006), British Academy Film Awards (2007 and 2008), and a People's Choice Award (2008). + += = = Abner J. Mikva = = = +Abner Joseph Mikva (January 21, 1926 – July 4, 2016) was an American judge, lawyer, academic and politician. He was a Democrat and of Jewish descent. He was known by many as an important liberal figure in Chicago and American politics. In later years, he was known for being a mentor to Barack Obama. +Mikva served as a U.S. Representative representing Illinois from 1969 through 1979. He was also a federal judge appointed by Jimmy Carter. He served as judge from 1979 through 1994. He later served as the White House Counsel for Bill Clinton serving from 1994 through 1995. He has also served as a law professor at Northwestern University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Illinois. +Mikva was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Mikva studied at the University of Chicago. He received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama on November 24, 2014. Mikva was married to Zorita Wise from 1948 until his death in 2016. They had three daughters. +Mikva died under hospice care in Chicago, Illinois from complications of bladder cancer on July 4, 2016, aged 90. He was also suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at the time of his death. + += = = Nonsan = = = +Nonsan is a city in Chungnam-do (South Chungcheong Province), South Korea. It is located at 36°12′N 127°5′E. +The population of Nonsan is 128,077. There are 55,451 households in the city. +Nonsan has a train station. Local, national, and express (KTX) trains stop there. The trains connect Nonsan to all big cities in the country. There are also bus stations in Nonsan. Some busses are for local service; others are for regional and for national service. An expressway connects the city to Daejeon and other cities. +The economy of Nonsan includes farming, fishing, Konyang University, an army training center, and food processing companies. Farming is the most important of these. +Rice is the most important crop. Other important crops include strawberries, ginseng, napa cabbage, watermelons, and Korean pears. Nonsan is known as the "strawberry capital of Korea," and holds a strawberry festival each year. +Attractions in greater Nonsan include Gwanchoksa (a Buddhist temple with a large statue of a standing Buddha), Baekje Military Museum, Tapjeong Reservoir, the ruins of Noseong Sanseong (Fortress), and Donam Academy, one of the nine neo-Confucian "seowons" from the Joseon Dynasty. There is also Nonsan Sunshine Land, south of the city proper. This is where the television series "Mr. Sunshine was filmed. It is now a re-created 1900s urban setting that tourists can visit" + += = = Jaws (novel) = = = +Jaws is a 1974 American novel by Peter Benchley. It is about a great white shark that eats several people in the ocean near a small town in Long Island, New York. Three men set out on a boat to hunt and kill the shark. Benchley was partly inspired by the adventures of a shark fisherman named Frank Mundus. +Millions of copies of the novel were sold. In 1975, a movie based on the book, also called "Jaws", was released. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. + += = = Fisherman = = = +A fisherman or fisher is a person who catches fish, and sometimes other animals that live in water. Catching fish is known as fishing. There are about 38 million fishermen. Fishermen usually catch fish so that they can sell the fish to make money, or so that they can eat the fish. Some fishermen do not fish for money or food, and instead fish as a hobby. + += = = The Taste = = = +The Taste was an American cooking reality television series on ABC. It aired from January 22, 2013, through January 22, 2015. It starred Anthony Bourdain, Ludo Lefebvre, Marcus Samuelsson, and Nigella Lawson. On May 7, 2015, ABC cancelled "The Taste" after three seasons. + += = = Nadine Velazquez = = = +Nadine Velazquez (born November 20, 1978) is an American actress and model. She was born in Chicago. She is best known for her role as Catalina Aruca in the NBC television series "My Name Is Earl". She also starred in "The League" and "Major Crimes". + += = = Greg Garcia = = = +Gregory Thomas Garcia (born April 4, 1970) is an American television producer and screenwriter. He was born in Arlington County, Virginia. He was the creator and producer of the comedy series, "Yes, Dear". He was the creator and executive producer of "My Name Is Earl". He also worked for the series "Family Matters". He was the consultant in "Family Guy". He produced the Fox series "Raising Hope". He left that series in 2013. + += = = Foundation series = = = +The "Foundation" series is a series of seven science fiction stories written by Isaac Asimov. They follow on from each other. +The three original books. +"Foundation" was originally a series of eight short stories published in "Astounding Magazine" between May 1942 and January 1950. According to Asimov, the premise was based on ideas set forth in Edward Gibbon's "The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire". +Asimov wrote the three books "Foundation", "Foundation and Empire" and the "Second Foundation" in 19501952. They dealt with a remarkable two-part idea. The Foundation was a research project, run by advanced social forecasting and social planning. It is based on the ideas of the character called Hari Seldon. Seldon developed "psychohistory". This method predicts the future, but only on a large scale. Seldon foresees the fall of the Galactic Empire, which includes the entire Milky Way, and a dark age lasting 30,000 years before a second great empire arises. +"Foundation and Empire" tells how the Empire was destroyed, and what followed. +The Foundation takes over what remains of the Empire, and applies its social science methods. The now peaceful galaxy is disrupted by an unpredictable event. A mysterious person arises. He is known only as "the Mule". The Mule is a mutant, and can sense and manipulate the emotions of others, often creating fear. He uses this ability to take over the independent systems bordering the Foundation, and conquers the Galaxy. +"Second Foundation" is about the Mule's search for the Second Foundation, which has been tucked away in a hard-to-find part of the galaxy. As the Mule comes closer to finding it, the mysterious Second Foundation comes out of hiding to face him. It is a collection of the most intelligent humans in the galaxy. Using its strongest minds, the Second Foundation wears down the Mule. His destructive attitude is adjusted to a benevolent one. He returns to rule over his kingdom peacefully for the rest of his life, without any further thought of conquering the Second Foundation. +The later books. +Thirty years later, he wrote the sixth and seventh books that tell what happened later. Then he wrote the first and second books that tell what happened before. +The books in order of the plot are: +An account of the series is as follows: +10,000 years in the future, all humans in the Galaxy live in an empire, ruled by an Emperor on the planet Trantor. Dr. Hari Seldon, a mathematician , arrives on Trantor to give a talk. He has an idea that the history of the human race can be predicted by mathematics, but the problem is too much for him alone. Seldon can see that the fall of the empire is coming and wants to help preserve the science of humans. +With the assistance of Dors Venabili, Yugo Amaryl and many others, Seldon spends his whole life to create a ‘Foundation’. This foundation is a colony of scientists on Terminus, which is an isolated planet far away from Trantor. Their job is to become the foundation for a new empire. He is also assisted by Eto Demerzel, a high government official, who is secretly a robot named Daneel Olivaw. Daneel is many thousands of years old. Seldon asks his grand-daughter Wanda, who has unusual mental powers, to help create a secret Second Foundation. +After Seldon’s death, the people on Terminus create new and powerful technology. They take over nearby planets and start trading with other planets. The Foundation fights the armies of the empire that attack them, but as Seldon thought would happen, the empire armies are defeated. +A mysterious man, known only as the Mule, has begun taking over planets belonging to the Foundation with his armies. No-one has seen him and no one knows how he manages to conquer them. Ebling Mis, a scientist, thinks he has discovered the reason; the Mule has mental powers that help him to make his enemies loyal to him. Mis has also discovered where the Second Foundation is located, but dies before he can tell anyone. +The leader of the secretive Second Foundation, who also has strong mental powers, comes face-to-face with the Mule, and adjusts his mind so that he will not conquer anymore and will leave the Foundation alone. +Golan Trevize, a politician on Terminus, travels by spaceship with Janov Pelorat, to find the Second Foundation. They visit many planets but find no evidence of it. But Pelorat thinks that it may exist on the planet known as Earth. +Meanwhile, Stor Gendibal, a prominent member of the Second Foundation, discovers that people with mental powers – known as Mentalics – exist. They are a force as powerful as the Mule was, and more powerful than even the Second Foundation. +Trevize and Pelorat discover a planet called Gaia, which is inhabited solely by Mentalics. Trevize is made to decide what the future of the galaxy will be. Gaia plans to absorb the entire Galaxy into one shared intellect. Gendibal is sent back home to the Second Foundation, which is actually secretly based on Trantor. +Trevize and Pelorat continue with the search for Earth with an inhabitant of Gaia known as Bliss. They search for a long time and eventually discover Earth. Earth no longer has any people living on it. They travel to the Earth's satellite, known as the Moon. There they meet a robot called Daneel Olivaw. +Olivaw explains that he has been guiding human history for thousands of years, and that he helped Seldon to set up the original Foundation. This is how the Seldon plan has remained on course. Olivaw tells them that his electronic brain cannot last much longer and that he is going to die. He explains that he must combine his mind with an organic (human) mind before this happens. +Isaac Asimov planned to continue the stories, but was unable to do so. Other authors have written stories to suggest what happened next. + += = = List of exoplanets = = = +This is a list of exoplanets. + += = = Aske (EP) = = = +Aske (Norwegian: ashes) is an extended play by the Norwegian black metal solo project Burzum. The EP was recorded in August of 1992 in Grieg Hall, Bergen, Norway. It was released in March of 1993 through Deathlike Silence Productions. +Background. +The cover of the EP is a photograph of the Fantoft Stave Church after it was burned down on 6 June 1992. It is believed that Varg Vikernes took the photo himself. In 1994 he was convicted of burning down the Fantoft Stave Church along with other historic churches. +The bass guitar on the EP was played by Samoth from the Norwegian band Emperor. + += = = Millionaires' Mile = = = +The Millionaires' Mile, Millionaire's Mile, Millionaires' Row, Millionaire's Row or Alpha Street is a term referring to exclusive residential neighborhoods of various towns. They are often located alone on a strip such as a riverside or a hilltop drive. They can also be located at a wide town boulevard. + += = = Linköpings FC = = = +Linköpings FC is an association football club in the town of Linköping in Sweden. it was established in 2003 when the Kenty DFF women's association football club decided to merge with the ice hockey club Linköpings HC under the new name Linköpings FC. The club won the Swedish women's association football national championship of 2009. + += = = Linköping Arena = = = +The Linköping Arena is an association football stadium in the town of Linköping in Sweden. It was opened in 2013 and has a capacity of 8 500 and hosted four games during the UEFA Women's Euro 2013 tournament. The stadium became home to Linköpings FC women's association football team after that tournament. The name was discussed for a while and the project was named the Arena Linköping before the name was changed to Linköping Arena. + += = = Lopez Tonight = = = +Lopez Tonight was an American late night talk show that premiered on November 9, 2009. It was hosted by George Lopez for four days this week until its cancellation on August 12, 2011. + += = = Kepler's laws = = = +Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three laws that describe the motion of planets around the sun: +Johannes Kepler found these laws, between 1609 and 1619. +Comparison to Copernicus. +Kepler's laws improve the model of Copernicus. If the eccentricities of the planetary orbits are taken as zero, then Kepler basically agrees with Copernicus: +The eccentricities of the orbits of those planets known to Copernicus and Kepler are small, so the rules above give good approximations of planetary motion; but Kepler's laws fit the observations better than Copernicus's. +Kepler's corrections are not at all obvious: +The eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth makes the time from the March equinox to the September equinox, around 186 days, unequal to the time from the September equinox to the March equinox, around 179 days. A diameter would cut the orbit into equal parts, but the plane through the sun parallel to the equator of the earth cuts the orbit into two parts with areas in a 186 to 179 ratio, so the eccentricity of the orbit of the Earth is approximately +which is close to the correct value (0.016710219) (see Earth's orbit). +The calculation is correct when perihelion, the date the Earth is closest to the Sun, falls on a solstice. The current perihelion, near January 4, is fairly close to the solstice of December 21 + += = = DJ Jazzy Jeff = = = +Jeffrey Allen Townes (born January 22, 1965), also known as DJ Jazzy Jeff, is an American record producer of hip hop and R&B. He is best known for taking part at the beginning of his career with Will Smith as DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. +DJ Jazzy Jeff graduated from the John Bartram High School in Philadelphia where his name is inscribed as one of the students outstanding. +DJ Jazzy Jeff is not to be confused with MC Jazzy Jeff, which, in fact, filed and won a lawsuit over the name Jazzy Jeff against Jeff Townes when Jive Records signed DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince. +He also participated in the series The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air as Jazz, making an appearance in several chapters. +Personal life. +Jeff married Lynette C. Jackson on July 31, 2010. He has two sons. + += = = Yes, Dear = = = +Yes, Dear is an American television series that aired from October 2, 2000 to February 15, 2006 on CBS. It starred Anthony Clark, Jean Louisa Kelly, Mike O'Malley and Liza Snyder. +In the US, the repetitions of the series can be seen on Nick at Nite, Nick Jr. (block as part NickMom) and CMT. In Canada, it's on Joytv. + += = = Shannon Woodward = = = +Shannon Marie Woodward (born December 17, 1984) is an American actress known for her roles as Sabrina in Raising Hope and Di Di Malloy in The Riches. She was born in Phoenix, Arizona. + += = = The Riches = = = +The Riches is an American television series on FX. It aired from March 12, 2007 to April 29, 2008. It is about a family of a father (Eddie Izzard), mother (Minnie Driver) and their three children as they swap their lives as travelers, crooks and thieves by pretending to be a wealthy family in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. + += = = Black Mark Productions = = = +Black Mark Productions (founded in 1991) is an independent record label company from Sweden. It has offices in Berlin, Toronto, Stockholm, and New York. The label is known for working with extreme metal bands, including Bathory and Edge of Sanity. The name of the label came from Bathory's album, "Under the Sign of the Black Mark". + += = = Gregg Palmer = = = +Gregg Palmer (born Palmer Edvind Lee; January 25, 1927 – October 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He was known for his roles in "Gunsmoke", "Death Valley Days", and "The Virginian". He guest starred five times on "Bonanza", NBC's longest-running western. He was born in San Francisco, California. +Palmer died at the age of 88 in Encino, California from unknown causes. + += = = Thomas Blatt = = = +Thomas "Toivi" Blatt (born Tomasz Blatt; April 15, 1927 – October 31, 2015) was a Polish-American writer and speaker. At the age of 16, Blatt was one of the few Jewish people to survive an uprising and escape from the Sobibor extermination camp in October 1943. +Following the World War II he settled in the United States. Blatt later wrote two books about Sobibor. His memoir, "From The Ashes of Sobibor" (1997), is about his experience in the camp. He also wrote "Sobibor, the Forgotten Revolt" (1997), a history based on his years of research. +Blatt died at his home in Santa Barbara, California on October 31, 2015 at the age of 88. + += = = Spacetoon Plus = = = +Spacetoon Plus is an Indonesian television channel. It specializes in anime and children programs. Spacetoon Group has 3 channels in Indonesia: Spacetoon, Spacetoon 2 and the now-defunct Spacetoon (Indonesia) today. +History. +The channel began broadcasting in April 2005. It has two primary headquarters. One opened in 2009 in Jakarta. + += = = Fellow traveller = = = +Fellow travellers were supporters of the Soviet Union who were not members of the Communist Party. +They were a varied group of western intellectuals, writers and bohemians who declared their sympathies for the Soviet Union at the height of Stalinism and into the 1970s of the 20th century. + += = = The Sands of Mars = = = +The Sands of Mars is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1951 and has been reprinted many times. +Plot. +Martin Gibson is a famous science fiction author. He has written stories about the planet Mars, but has not actually been there. He travels with the crew of a spaceship to visit Mars. +On Mars, Gibson meets the people who manage the human settlement on Mars. They are working hard to make the colony as self-sufficient as possible (so that they don't have to import supplies from Earth) +Gibson joins a party of men exploring the surface of Mars. They discover a small group of kangaroo-like creatures, which had not been seen before. They are vegetarians, living on native plants. +Researchers try to cultivate these plants to increase the oxygen content of the Martian atmosphere, so that in a few hundred years, people can live without spacesuits. +Gibson discovers that Jimmy Spencer, one of the crew of the spaceship, is his son. Spencer has fallen in love with Irene Hadfield, who lives on Mars. +Gibson decides to stay on Mars, fascinated with the importance of the planet as a self-sufficient world. + += = = Rottenbach (river) = = = +The Rottenbach is a river that flows through Thuringia, Germany. + += = = Lake Chad = = = +Lake Chad is a large, shallow, endorheic lake in the African Sahel. It has varied in size over the centuries. +Lake Chad shrank as much as 95% from about 1963 to 1998, but "the 2007 (satellite) image shows significant improvement over previous years". Lake Chad is economically important. It provides water to over 68 million people in the four countries surrounding it: Chad, Cameroon, Niger, and Nigeria. It is on the edge of the Sahara Desert. It is the largest lake in the Chad Basin, the largest drainage basin in Africa. +Fossils of an important extinct hominid were found in the dried lakebed of Lake Chad. This was "Sahelanthropus tchadensis". From evidence at the fossil site in Chad, it is thought to have lived about seven million years ago. + += = = VK (company) = = = +Mail.Ru Group (London Stock Exchange listed since November 5, 2010) is a Russian Internet company. It was started in 1998 as an e-mail service and went on to become a major corporate figure in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet. As of 2013, according to comScore, websites owned by Mail.ru collectively had the largest audience in Russia and captured the most screen time. Mail.Ru's sites reach approximately 86% of Russian Internet users on a monthly basis and the company is in the top 5 of largest Internet companies, based on the number of total pages viewed. Mail.ru controls the 3 largest Russian social networking sites. It operates the second and third most popular Russian social networking sites, Odnoklassniki and Moy Mir, respectively. Mail.ru holds 100% of shares of Russia's most popular social network VK and minority stakes in Qiwi, formerly OE Investments (15.04%). It also operates two instant messaging networks (Mail.Ru Agent and ICQ), an e-mail service and Internet portal Mail.ru, as well as a number of online games. + += = = Millennium Development Goals = = = +The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are the eight targets of the United Nations. They were decided in 2000. All 189 United Nations member states (there are 193 now), and at least 23 international organizations, said they would try to help achieve the goals by 2015: +Each goal had specific targets, and dates for reaching those targets. To help progress, the G8 finance ministers agreed in June 2005 to provide enough funds to the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the African Development Bank (AfDB) to cancel $40 to $55 billion in debt owed by poor countries. This was to allow them to use resources for improving health, education and reducing poverty. +Developed countries' aid for the MDGs rose during the period. More than half went for debt relief. Much of the rest went towards natural disaster relief and military aid, instead of development. + += = = Tiffany = = = +Tiffany (given name) is a feminine given name. +Tiffany might also refer to: + += = = Tiffany & Co. = = = +Tiffany & Company (better known as Tiffany or Tiffany's) is an American luxury goods company. Their main store is in New York City. +Tiffany sells jewelry, sterling silver, china, crystal, perfumes, watches and personal accessories, as well as some leather goods. Many of these goods are sold through direct-mail as well as at Tiffany stores. Tiffany is particularly known for its diamond jewelry. Tiffany markets itself as an judge of taste and style. +Founded in New York City in 1837, the store sold a wide variety of items as "Tiffany, Young and Ellis" in Manhattan. The name was shortened to Tiffany & Company in 1853 when Charles Tiffany took control. He established the firm's emphasis on jewelry. + += = = UEFA Super Cup = = = +The UEFA Super Cup is a match organised by UEFA. It is played every year. The winner of the UEFA Champions League plays against the winner of the UEFA Europa League. It is played in the middle of August. +History. +The UEFA Super Cup started in 1972, with the winner of the Champions Cup playing against the winner of the European Cup Winners' Cup. It was not recognized by UEFA because it had a team that was banned from UEFA competitions, Rangers F.C.. Since there was no stadium chosen to host the game, they played one match at one team's stadium, and one match at the other's. In 1973, the first Super Cup final to be recognized by UEFA was played between Ajax and Milan. On aggregate (the added score from the 2 matches), Ajax won 6-1. +In 1991, the UEFA Super Cup between Manchester United and Red Star Belgrade was only played at Old Trafford (Manchester United's stadium) because of the war in Yugoslavia. In 1992, the Champions Cup was renamed the UEFA Champions League. In 1995, the European Cup Winners' Cup was renamed the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. The tournament was made the same. In 1998, the tournament was made 1 match with a host stadium. In 1999, The Cup Winners' Cup was ended by UEFA. The last Super Cup to be played with the winner of the Cup Winners' Cup was between Manchester United, winners of the Champions League, and Lazio, the winners of the last ever Cup Winners' Cup. Lazio won 1-0. In the year 2000, the Cup Winners' Cup was replaced in the Super Cup by the UEFA Cup. The first match to be played this way was between Real Madrid, the winners of the Champions League, and Galatasaray S.K., winners of the UEFA Cup. Galatasaray won 2-1. +In 2009, the UEFA Cup was renamed the UEFA Europa League. The tournament stayed the same. +Trophy. +The UEFA Super Cup trophy is with UEFA at all times. A replica trophy is given to the winning club. Forty gold medals are given to the winning club and forty silver medals to the runners-up. +The Super Cup trophy has went through several changes in its history. The first trophy was presented to Ajax in 1973. In 1977, the original trophy was replaced by a plaque with a gold UEFA emblem. In 1987, the next trophy was the smallest and lightest of all the European club trophies, weighing 5 kg (11 lb) and measuring 42.5 cm (16.7 in) in height. The new model, which is a larger version of the previous trophy, was introduced in 2006 and weighs 12.2 kg (27 lb) and measures 58 cm (23 in) in height. + += = = Francine Hughes = = = +Francine Hughes (August 17, 1947 – March 22, 2017) is an American woman who suffered domestic abuse from her ex-husband named Mickey Hughes. She ended up killing him by setting fire to his bed on March 9, 1977. Mickey was killed and the house was destroyed in the fire. The story was made into a book and a movie. In No Child of Mine (where 35 year old Linda abused everyone), 35 year old Linda was acting like Mickey who lived with 13 year old Kerry (who didn't do anything wrong) in and for 13 years. +Background. +Hughes had suffered over a decade of beatings and verbal abuse from her husband. She divorced him, but every time she tried to keep him out of the house, he kept beating her. +After Mickey was in a serious car accident, she visited him in the hospital. She then allowed him back in the house to recover from his injuries. He started drinking and beating her again. +The Burning Bed. +On the day he died, he beat her badly then burned her textbooks for classes she was taking. That night Hughes poured gasoline on her husband's bed and set him on fire. She then drove to the police station so she could to the killing. After trial in Lansing, Michigan, Hughes was found not guilty by reason of temporary insanity. +Francine Hughes' story was made into a book by Faith McNulty. It was later made into a movie in 1984 titled "The Burning Bed". It starred Farrah Fawcett. + += = = Charles B. Rangel = = = +Charles Bernard "Charlie" Rangel (; born June 11, 1930) is an American politician. He served as the U.S. Representative for . A member of the Democratic Party, he was the second-longest serving member of the House of Representatives. He served from 1971 to 2017. +Rangel was the first African-American Chair of the influential House Ways and Means Committee. He is also a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus. + += = = Andrzej Ciechanowiecki = = = +Andrew Stanislaus (Andrzej Stanisław) Ciechanowiecki (28 September 1924 – 2 November 2015) was a Polish art historian, philanthropist, art collector, and antique dealer. +He is the founder of the Ciechanowiecki Foundation at the Royal Castle in Warsaw (1986). He is an Honorary Professor of the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw and a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He was honored with the Order of the White Eagle in 1998, Grand Cross of Polonia Restituta, war medals, Gloria Artis Gold Medal and other awards. +Ciechanowiecki died in London at the age of 91. + += = = Ahmed Chalabi = = = +Ahmed Abdel Hadi Chalabi (‎; 30 October 1944 – 3 November 2015) was an Iraqi politician. He was interim Minister of Oil in Iraq serving from 16 April 2005 to 1 January 2006. He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1 May 2005 to 20 May 2006. Chalabi failed to win a seat in parliament in the December 2005 elections. +Chalabi died on 3 November 2015 from a heart attack at his home in Kadhimiya, Baghdad, aged 71. + += = = We Shall Overcome (Bernie Sanders album) = = = +We Shall Overcome is an album of folk music recorded and released by Bernie Sanders in 1987. It was done when he was mayor of Burlington, Vermont. The album has since been released on iTunes and has attained a new wave of popularity as a result of Sanders' ongoing presidential campaign. +Background. +In 1987, Burlington-based musician Todd Lockwood was sipping coffee at Leunig's Bistro when he came up with the idea to ask the city's mayor, Bernie Sanders, to record a musical project at his studio, White Crow Audio. Lockwood called the mayor's office and left Sanders a message with a secretary. Sanders later called back to set up a meeting, where he told Lockwood "I have to admit to you this appeals to my ego." +Sanders made a list of ten songs he would be willing to record, five of which made the cut for the album. + += = = Matt Bevin = = = +Matthew Griswold "Matt" Bevin (born January 9, 1967) is an American businessman and politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He became the Governor of Kentucky on December 8, 2015. He left office on December 10, 2019. +Career. +Bevin became the President of Bevin Brothers Manufacturing Company in 2011. +In Kentucky's 2014 Senate election, Bevin was a Republican candidate and primary challenger to Mitch McConnell. At that time, McConnell was the Senate Minority Leader. +On November 3, 2015, Bevin was elected Governor of Kentucky. +On November 5, 2019, Bevin lost his re-election bid to State Attorney General Andy Beshear by less than 5,000. + += = = Bill Saluga = = = +William "Bill" Saluga (September 16, 1937 – March 28, 2023) was an American comedian. He was born in Youngstown, Ohio. He was a founding member, along with Fred Willard, Michael Mislove, George Memmoli, and Patti Deutsch of the improvisational comedy troupe Ace Trucking Company. +Saluga was best known for his cigar-smoking, zoot-suit-wearing television character “Raymond J. Johnson, Jr.”. He was famous for his catchphrase "You can call me Ray, or you can call me Jay, or you can call me Raymond J. Johnson, but you doesn't hasta call me Johnson!" +Saluga died of cardiopulmonary arrest in Los Angeles, California on March 28, 2023, at the age of 85. + += = = Pete du Pont = = = +Pierre Samuel "Pete" du Pont IV (January 22, 1935 – May 8, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician. He was born in Wilmington, Delaware. +He was the United States Representative for Delaware's at-large congressional district from 1971 to 1977. He then served as the 68th Governor of Delaware from 1977 to 1985. He is a member of the Republican Party. +du Pont ran for President of the United States in the 1988 U.S. presidential election. He lost the primaries to Vice President George H. W. Bush. +du Pont died on May 8, 2021 in Wilmington at the age of 86. + += = = Sprout = = = +Sprout is a brand for preschool-oriented programmes distributed by PBS Kids owned by PBS, Comcast, HiT Entertainment, and Sesame Workshop satellite and television network that is owned by the NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment Group subsidiary of NBCUniversal, itself a division of Comcast. + += = = A Fall of Moondust = = = +A Fall of Moondust is a science fiction novel written by Arthur C. Clarke. It was first published in 1961 and has been reprinted many times. +Plot. +The story takes place on the Moon in the near future. A group of tourists are travelling on the surface of the moon, which is covered by a thin layer of very fine dust, a fine powder drier (it contains less water) than a desert on Earth. The tourists are travelling in a vessel called "Selene", that skims along the surface. +A 'moonquake' (similar to an earthquake) causes the dust to collapse, and "Selene" sinks below the surface. They cannot make contact with Control to call for help, and they only have enough air for a few days. The people are also generating heat, which is dangerous. +Captain Pat Harris and his stewardess Sue Wilkins try to keep the passengers occupied while waiting to be rescued. They are helped by a retired explorer, Commodore Hansteen. +Back at control, Chief Engineer Lawrence prepares to search for the lost tourists, although he doesn't think it can be done in time. But the trail left by Selene is seen by telescope from a satellite high above the Moon. The rescue attempt goes ahead. +Lawrence and his team do find the sunken ship and dig down through the dust to cut a hole in the hull. The tourists are able to climb out to safety, but with seconds to spare before Selene fills with dust and also catches fire. +Pat Harris and Sue Wilkins get married. + += = = Nintendo entertainment system clone = = = +Nintendo entertainment system clones are hardware clones of the Nintendo Entertainment System and are rarely licensed. Nintendo has been cracking down on their production. Most of these consoles are manufactured in east Asia and are only sold in certain stores depending on their legality level. For example,a clone with pirated software built in is only sold at places like malls and flea markets. Ones that have original software built in are sold in places like dollar stores and pharmacies. Consoles that have no software built in and are intended to be a non-collector alternative to retro gamers are sold at used game stores. + += = = Razem = = = +Partia Razem (, "Together Party") is a left-wing Polish political party created in May 2015. It is one of the many parties that were involved in the Polish parliamentary election of 2015. The party supports labor rights and is against deregulation. It is democratically socialist and socialdemocratic. During the 2015 elections it has achieved 3.62% of the votes, but that was not enough to gain a seat in the parliament. +The colour of the party is red-violet. + += = = Warren Commission = = = +The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson on November 29, 1963. Its purpose was to the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963. +Commission report. +The Commission took its unofficial name—the Warren Commission—from its chairman, Chief Justice Earl Warren. According to published Transcripts of Johnson's presidential telephone conversations, some major officials did not want to form this commission. Also that several commission members took part only reluctantly. One of their chief reservations was that a commission would create more controversy and people's fears would be proved valid. +The 88th U.S. Congressional session passed Senate joint resolution 137 authorizing the Presidential appointed Commission to report on the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. +Its 889-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964. It was made public three days later. It concluded that President Kennedy was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. They also stated that Oswald acted entirely alone. The commission said that Jack Ruby also acted alone when he killed Oswald two days later. The Commission's findings have proven controversial. They have been both challenged and supported by later studies. + += = = Sebastian Nerz = = = +Sebastian Matthias Nerz (born 13 July 1983) is a German politician and bioinformatician. He was the leader of the Pirate Party Germany (Piratenpartei Deutschland) from May 2011 to April 2012. He left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014. He has since joined the Free Democratic Party. +Biography. +Nerz is the son of the physicians Rolf-Dieter and Christiane Uta Nerz, née Fiedler. He finished his high school education at Geschwister-Scholl-Schule in 2002. Nerz began his studies of bioinformatics at University of Tübingen in 2003 after finishing his mandatory civil service. In 2001 he became a member of the German Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in Tübingen, which he left in 2009. In June 2009 before the German federal election, he joined the Pirate Party, becoming a board member of its then newly founded Tübingen district assembly (). He also became the coordinator for regional politics in the Baden-Württemberg party association. From April 2010 to May 2011 he was the head of the regional party association. In 2010, he graduated with a diploma in bioinformatics. Nerz was elected the head of the party in May 2011. He was succeeded by Bernd Schlömer on April 28, 2012. Nerz left the Pirate Party Germany in February 2014. + += = = Federal University of Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées = = = +The Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées is a public university in Toulouse. UFTMP has 14 schools and it has 15 academic departments and gives much importance to scientific and technological research. + += = = Adam Wylie = = = +Adam Augustus Wylie (born May 23, 1984) is an American actor, voice actor, singer, Broadway musical performer and a former Crayola spokesman. He's known for voicing Peter Pan in "Jake and the Never Land Pirates". + += = = Howard Coble = = = +John Howard Coble (March 18, 1931 – November 3, 2015) was an American politician. He served as a U.S. Representative for , serving from 1985 to 2015. He was a member of the Republican Party. +Coble had skin cancer for many years. He was admitted to ICU in September 2015 after complications from skin cancer surgery. Coble died on November 3, 2015, in Greensboro, North Carolina at the age of 84 from complications of the surgery. + += = = René Girard = = = +René Noël Théophile Girard (; ; December 25, 1923 – November 4, 2015) was a French-American historian, literary critic, and philosopher of social science. His writings were based on anthropological philosophy. Girard was the author of nearly thirty books with his writings spanning many academic domains. His work was based on literary criticism, critical theory, anthropology, theology, psychology, mythology, sociology, economics, cultural studies, and philosophy. + += = = Meningococcal disease = = = +Meningococcal disease, also called meningococcal meningitis, is infections caused by the bacterium meningococcus ("Neisseria meningitidis"). If left untreated, the death rate is high. However, it can be prevented by vaccines. The disease is best-known for causing meningitis. It also causes blood infection, which then leads to sepsis. +There are over 2,600 cases of bacterial meningitis in the United States per year. In developing countries, there are over 333,000 cases per year. The case death rate is between ten and twenty percent. +Meningococcal disease is not as spreadable as the common cold. However, it can be passed between people through saliva. + += = = Eric Hobsbawm = = = +Eric John Ernest Hobsbawm, CH, FBA, FRSL (; 9 June 1917 – 1 October 2012) was a British Marxist historian. He worked on the rise of industrial capitalism, socialism, and nationalism. His best-known works include his trilogy about what he called the "long 19th century" (', ' and ""), "The Age of Extremes". + += = = We Bare Bears = = = +We Bare Bears is a children's TV show created by Daniel Chong. It premiered on Cartoon Network. +It is about 3 bear brothers: Grizzly, Panda, and Ice Bear (voiced by Eric Edelstein, Bobby Moynihan, and Demetri Martin), and their awkward attempts at communication with the human world in the San Francisco Bay Area. The series premiered on July 27, 2015. This series is Cartoon Network's first original series based on a comic.On August 12, 2015, Cartoon Network renewed the series for a second season. +Grizzly. +Grizzly "Grizz" Bear is a fictional character. Grizzly is an anthropomorphic grizzly bear. His entire body is completely covered in brown fur. Grizzly is has a bubbly and hyperactive personality His is loud and talkative. He is an older brother of Panda Bear and Ice Bear. He is voiced by Eric Edelstein. +Appearance. +His entire body is covered in brown fur. Grizz is in the middle in terms of height, he is taller than Panda but shorter than Ice Bear. +History. +Not much is known about Grizzly's past, though what is known is he was parentless from a very young age. It is unknown what happened to his parents or who they were. +Personality. +Grizzly is characterized as bubbly, hyperactive, loud, and talkative. +Reception. +The character recived mixed to negative reception. +Panda. +Panda Bear or Pan Pan is one of the protagonists of "We Bare Bears" created by Daniel Chong. Panda is voiced by Bobby Moynihan. He is a middle brother of Grizzly Bear and Ice Bear. +Appearance. +Being a panda, his body is covered in black and white fur on his head (excluding the ears) and a stripe across his belly. He is shorter than his brothers, with a wider frame than both. He is shown to have small black eyes surrounded by black fur. +Personality. +Panda is characterized as neurotic, artistic, and something of a drama queen. +Reception. +Panda’s characterisim receive positive reviews from Fans who considered him an icon. +Ice Bear. +Ice Bear is one of the protagonist of the show We Bare Bears created by Daniel Chong. Ice Bear is voiced by Demetri Martin. He is a younger brother of Grizzly and Panda. +Reception. +Ice Bear’s Character received Universal Acclaim + += = = Christmas carol = = = +A Christmas carol (also called a noël, from the French word meaning "Christmas") is a carol (song or hymn) whose lyrics are on the theme of Christmas. They are traditionally sung on Christmas itself or during the surrounding holiday season. +History. +Carols were first sung thousands of years ago in Europe. They were sung by pagans at the celebration of the Winter solstice. Later, medieval carols were sung in elaborate formal rituals (such as the Catholic Mass). As they are known today, Christmas carols date back to about the 19th century. The tradition of going from house to house was not a part of Christmas caroling at first. It dates back further to Anglo-Saxon traditions. the word "wassail" comes from the Anglo-Saxon toast "Wæs þu hæl", meaning "be in good health". Wassailing likely predates the Norman conquest in 1066. The wishing of good fortune to neighbors produced the song "Here We Come-A-Wassailing". Another song, "We Wish You a Merry Christmas", also comes from the Wassailing tradition. The two forms, singing and wassailing, came together during the Victorian era in England. They produced the modern custom of Christmas caroling. Today Christmas carols are a very known tradition. +Christmas carols in classical music. +In the 1680s and 1690s, two French composers added carols into their works. Louis-Claude Daquin wrote 12 noels for the organ. Marc-Antoine Charpentier wrote a few instrumental versions of noels, plus one major choral work "Messe de minuit pour Noël". Other examples include: + += = = Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology = = = +Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology (TJHSST, TJ, Jefferson) is a high school in Virginia, United States. The school is a public school. It is part of the Fairfax Country Public Schools (FCPS). TJHSST is a selective school, which means that only a small group of people can go to the school. To decide who can go to the school, applicants (people who wants to go to the school) need to take an admission test, get a teacher recommendation, write essays, write a resume (a paper telling about who you are), and have good grades before. TJHSST is a very good school. "U.S. News & World Report" said that the school was the best public high school in the country from 2007 to 2013. In 2014 and 2015, TJHSST was first place again in Newsweek's "America's Top Schools" ranking. + += = = Legal proceeding = = = +A legal proceeding is any legal matter that is before a judge or tribunal. Legal proceedings refer to all parts of a trial or hearing. +Legal proceedings for United States courts of appeals are called the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. They apply to all courts of appeal and since December 4, 1967 to the United States Supreme Court. + += = = Power kracker = = = +The Power kracker (known as "Powerzone" before 2011 and "Power blaster" before 2012) are a line of unlicensed Nintendo entertainment system clones manufactured by Sinango and released in 2010. It has a sticker on it saying "76000 in 1" and shows large amounts of false advertising (Screenshots from existing modern games,uncredited reviews,ETC)and contains 76 pirated Nintendo Entertainment System games repeated circa 1,000 times. The Power Kracker has been reported as a common Famiclone to find at swap meets\flea markets. The console resembles an Xbox 360 controller and includes a lightgun, while the Powerzone resembles a Penguin. + += = = A Study in Scarlet = = = +A Study in Scarlet is a detective mystery novel written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. It introduces his new characters, the detective Sherlock Holmes and his friend, Dr. John Watson. They became two of the most famous characters in literature. +Conan Doyle wrote the story in 1886, and it was published the next year. Holmes describes the story's murder investigation as his "study in scarlet": "There's the scarlet thread of murder running through the colourless skein of life, and our duty is to unravel it, and isolate it, and expose every inch of it". +The story and its main characters attracted little public interest when it first appeared. It was published in "Beeton's Christmas Annual" for 1887. Only 11 complete copies of the Annual exist now, and they have considerable value. Although Conan Doyle wrote 56 short stories about Holmes, "A Study in Scarlet" is one of only four full-length Holmes novels. The novel was followed by "The Sign of the Four", published in 1890. +"A Study in Scarlet" was the first work of detective fiction to have the magnifying glass as an investigative tool. +Plot. +1881 Dr John H Watson having received a medical degree is attached to the British army war in Afghanistan; however after being badly wounded and stricken with fever, he is sent back to England with a half-pay pension for a year. Finding that he must move to cheaper lodgings, he makes the acquaintance of Sherlock Holmes -an eccentric student of chemistry and crime; this however is a sideline-Holmes real profession is that of a private consulting detective-with an extraordinary memory for both observation and knowledge Holmes can deduce both a persons profession and where they have been. Detective Gregson of Scotland Yard letters Holmes to consult him on a murder case. Holmes and Watson go to the scene of the crime-Holmes deduces that the victim Enoch Drebber had been poisoned; that the murderer smoke cigars; was over six feet tall and had a florid complexion, and that the cause of the murder was a woman. Despite a false start, Holmes tries to trap the killer with a fake ring advertisement but fails. The second murder is of secretary Joseph Strangerson who was stabbed in his hotel room. One clue is a small pillbox containing two pills-one harmless and one a poison. Holmes has a cabman try to lift his trunk-and arrests the cabman Jefferson Hope by name as the killer. Taken to Scotland Yard, Hope- who is dying from a weak heart- confesses: over twenty years before he was engaged to marry the daughter of a wealthy farmer in Salt Lake City Utah; however Strangerson killed the father and Drebber forced the girl to marry him; she died within a month of a broken heart; Hope vowed revenge and after many years traced Drebber and Strangerson to Cleveland Ohio; the now wealthy Drebber had Hope imprisoned; when Hope was released he found that Drebber and Strangerson fled to Europe-; St Petersburg Russia; Cobenhagen Denmark; Paris, France and then to London. Hope got himself hired as a Cabman so he could spy out his query. Drebber and Stragerson split up; the drunken Drebber gets himself thrown out of his boarding house for trying to court the landlady's daughter. Hope takes Drebber in his cab to the murder scene and confronts Drebber with his real identity. He then forces Drebber to take a pill while he eats the second one. Drebber dies looking at his wives wedding ring; Hope then goes after Strangerson and offers him the same choice-Starangerson tries to strangle Hope who stabs him. Hope decides to earn a little more money to go back to America even though he admits he has nothing left to live for having accomplished his revenge, when he hears a Baker Street Irregeler [a gang of boy spies employed by Holmes] inquire for him by name for a cab job. That very night Hopes heart bursts in his cell; after Holmes and Watson read about it in the newspaper Watson begins to write for the public an 18-year career of Holmes consulting work. + += = = Garret Dillahunt = = = +Garret L. Dillahunt (born November 24, 1964) is an American actor. He has played the role of Burt Chance on the Fox sitcom "Raising Hope". Dillahunt played the role of Ty Walker in the sixth season of "Justified". +Biography. +Dillahunt was born on November 24, 1964 in Castro Valley, California. He grew up in Washington State. Dillahunt was a journalism major at the University of Washington. He then earned a Master's degree in Fine Arts (MFA) at New York University. +Dillahunt began acting in television in the early 1990s. He made several guest appearances in programs such as +"NYPD Blue" and "The X-Files". He later got a regular role playing two different characters on the HBO Network show "Deadwood". Dillahunt was cast to play Jesus Christ in the series "The Book of Daniel". +References. +<br> + += = = Molecular geometry = = = +Molecular geometry is the way atoms are arranged in a molecule. The three-dimensional arrangement determines many properties of that molecule. There are many different molecular structures. They are organised by the number of atoms involved and the angles between the bonds. +Types of molecular geometry. +The wide variety of different molecular structures depends on the number of atoms involved as well as the number of electron pairs, and these also determine the bond angles of the atoms. For example, a linear molecule will have a bond angle of 180° because the two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule are separated at a maximum angle of 180° equally opposite to each other. Bent molecules will have a bond angle of less than 180° but still have only two atoms bonded to the central atom of a molecule. That is because bent molecules have got electron pairs in the central atom that count as the electrons that will be separated from other atoms bonded to it. +Other shapes include: + += = = Jessie Hill = = = +Jessie Hill (December 9, 1932 – September 17, 1996) was an American R&B and Louisiana blues singer and songwriter. He was best known for his popular call and response song "Ooh Poo Pah Doo". As a singer, he recorded a successful single. In addition to his original, there have been over 100 cover versions made by other artists. +Early life. +Hill was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. While still a teenager, he played drums in local bands. In 1951, while still drumming, he started his own group, the House Rockers. At first, Professor Longhair played piano, then later it was Huey "Piano" Smith. Hill got different musicians for the House Rockers in 1958, and started singing. +Career. +The idea for the song "Ooh Poo Pah Doo" began from some music played by a local pianist, who had the nickname Big Four. Hill wrote the lyrics and melody. Over time, while performing it on stage, it became a longer song. Hill also added an opening part written by Dave Bartholomew. In the end, the song became "a nonsensical yet rollicking call-and-response workout that perfectly captures the energy of French Quarter life...". +Hill recorded a demo that he shopped to local record labels, finally recording a session at Cosimo Matassa's studio. The record was produced by Allen Toussaint. When it was released in early 1960, it became popular, especially during Mardi Gras in New Orleans. That year, the record sold 800,000 copies and reached the Top 5 in the US "Billboard" R&B chart. It was in the Top 30 in the "Billboard" Hot 100 pop chart as well. There have been over 100 cover versions of "Ooh Poo Pah Doo" recorded and performed live over the years by other popular musicians. +Other records he made in New Orleans were not as successful. He then moved to California and worked with other musicians from New Orleans, including Harold Battiste and Mac Rebennack. Songs he wrote there were recorded by Ike Turner and Tina Turner, (singing together as "Ike & Tina Turner"), Sonny Bono and Cher (singing together as "Sonny & Cher") and Willie Nelson. +Later life and death. +Stil living in California, a 1972 solo album was not successful at all. He ended up living in poverty and had a drinking problem. He moved back to New Orleans in 1977. He continued to drink alcohol and use narcotics. After he was arrested for drunk driving, he could no longer earn money driving his black Cadillac as a taxi. For a while he was homeless. There were several benefit concerts given to try to help him, but he did not recover from his failures. +Hill died of heart and renal failure in New Orleans in September 1996. He was 63. He is buried in Holt Cemetery in New Orleans, in a grave for the poorest citizens of the city. +Family. +Two of his grandsons are James and Troy "Trombone Shorty" Andrews. The pair performed "Ooh Poo Pah Doo" in Episode 7 of the HBO series "Treme". A third grandson, Travis "Trumpet Black" Hill, also performed as a trumpet player in New Orleans. He died from an infection while on tour in Tokyo on May 4, 2015. + += = = Stade Vélodrome = = = +The Stade Vélodrome is an association football stadium. It is in Marseille, France. It can hold 67,000 people. It was built in 1937 for the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France. It has been worked on many times, and has slowly turned into the stadium it is today. It is almost always used for Olympique Marseille matches. It was also used for the UEFA Euro 2016 in France. + += = = Alfonso und Estrella = = = +Alfonso und Estrella ("Alfonso and Estrella"), D. 732, is an German opera with music by Franz Schubert, and libretto by Franz von Schober. It was composed on 1821-22 in Vienna. And later was first performed in Weimar, on June 24, 1854. + += = = List of NFL teams that finished a season at 1–15 = = = +This is a list of the National Football League teams that finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses. 11 teams finished a season with 1 win and 15 losses. +Teams. +Notes. +The 1980 Saints and the 2016 Browns started 0–14 before recording their first win. The 2007 Dolphins started 0–13 before recording their first win. The 2000 Chargers started 0–11 before recording their first win. The 2001 Panthers and the 2020 Jaguars won their season opener before losing 15 straight. The 2020 Jaguars was the last instance of an NFL team finishing 1–15, as the NFL expanded to a 17-game season starting in 2021. + += = = Adriana Campos = = = +Adriana Campos (February 27, 1979 – November 3, 2015), was a Colombian television, movie and stage actress. She worked with RCN Televisión and Caracol Televisión as an actress of telenovelas. She was known for her role as Nicole Aguilar in "Vecinos". +Campos died in a car accident in Salgar, Antioquia with her husband, aged 36. + += = = Nora Brockstedt = = = +Nora Brockstedt (20 January 1923 – 5 November 2015) was a Norwegian singer. She was born in Oslo. Brockstedt represented Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 1960 and 1961, with the memorable songs "Voi-voi" and ["summer in Palma"] "Sommer i Palma". +Brockstedt died in hospital in Oslo from a long illness, aged 92. + += = = Mating = = = +Mating is the pairing of opposite-sex or hermaphrodite organisms. It is usually for sexual reproduction. Some definitions limit the term to pairing between animals. Other definitions extend the term to crossing in plants and fungi. It is usual for mating in plants or fungi to be called cross-fertilization, or "crossing" if the offspring have DNA from both genetic sources. +Copulation is the union of the sex organs of two sexually reproducing animals for internal fertilization. Fertilization is the actual fusion of gametes. +Mating may also lead to external fertilization. This is done by amphibians, most fish, many lower animals, and plants. Many aquatic species just spread their eggs and sperm in the water at one specific time of year. That time varies between species. +For some hermaphroditic species, copulation is not needed because the parent organism can self-fertilize (autogamy). In some flowering plants self-pollination can happen within the same flower, and some hermaphrodite animals self-fertilize. Many gastropods are hermaphrodite, and do simultaneous copulation in pairs. So do earthworms. +In some birds, mating includes behaviors such as nest-building and feeding offspring. The human practice of artificial insemination of domesticated animals is part of animal husbandry. + += = = Neptune Township, New Jersey = = = +Neptune Township, New Jersey is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey. + += = = Melissa Mathison = = = +Melissa Marie Mathison (June 3, 1950 – November 4, 2015) was an American movie and television screenwriter and an activist for Tibetan freedom. Her last movie produced and written was Disney's "The BFG" (2016). +She was best known for writing the screenplays for the movies "The Black Stallion" (1979); "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" (1982), for which she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay; and "Kundun" (1997), a biographical-drama movie about the Dalai Lama, the exiled political and spiritual leader of Tibet. +From 1983 to 2004, Mathison was married to Harrison Ford. She died on November 4, 2015 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 65 from neuroendocrine cancer, a rare form of pancreatic cancer. + += = = George Barris = = = +George Barris (November 20, 1925 – November 5, 2015) was an American designer. He build many famous Hollywood custom cars, most notably the Munster Koach and 1966 Batmobile. +Barris was married to Shirley Nahas from 1958 until her death in 2001. They had two children. He died on November 5, 2015, in his sleep at his home in Encino, California from cancer, at the age of 89. + += = = Woodbridge Township, New Jersey = = = +Woodbridge Township, New Jersey is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey. + += = = Hans Mommsen = = = +Hans Mommsen (5 November 1930 – 5 November 2015) was a German historian. He was the twin brother of historian Wolfgang Mommsen. Mommsen was known for his studies in German social history, and for his opinions of the Third Reich. He argued that Hitler was a "weak dictator". He also studied the Holocaust. + += = = This Land Is Your Land = = = +"This Land Is Your Land" is one of the best known folk songs in the United States. Its lyrics were written by American folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1940, based on a melody that already existed. Guthrie's melody was very similar to the melody of "Oh, My Loving Brother". This was a Baptist gospel hymn that had been recorded by the Carter Family as "When the World's On Fire", and had inspired their "Little Darlin', Pal of Mine." He used the same melody for the chorus and the verses. +Guthrie did not like Irving Berlin's song "God Bless America", sung at that time by Kate Smith. Guthrie was angry with the positive (smug) attitude of the song. He thought it was not realistic and the words sounded too proud of the country. The song was popular and was being played on the radio all the time. Tired of hearing it on the radio, he wrote a response originally named "God Blessed America For Me". +Guthrie rewrote the lyrics and the title over time and the song finally became "This Land Is Your Land". He sometimes added more overtly political verses in line with his views of communism than appear in recordings or publications. +Although Gutrie wrote the song in 1940, he did not record it until 1944. The song was not published until 1945, when it was included in a mimeographed booklet of ten songs with typed lyrics and hand drawings. The booklet was sold for twenty-five cents, and was copyrighted in 1951. +The first known professionally printed publication was in 1956 by Ludlow Music (now a unit of The Richmond Organization), which administered the publishing rights to Guthrie's song. Ludlow later issued versions with piano and guitar accompaniments. +In 2002, it was one of 50 recordings chosen that year by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. + += = = Toms River, New Jersey = = = +Toms River, New Jersey is a township in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is the county seat of Ocean County. +Toms River was originally known as Dover Township. It was called Toms River so much that they voted to officially change the name of the town on November 7, 2006. + += = = Shafiqa Quraishi = = = +Shafiqa Quraishi is an Afghan activist for women's rights. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award. +Life. +Shafiqa Quraishi graduated from the police academy in Kabul in 1982. In 2002, she started to rise inside the police department, after the fall of the Taliban. +Quraishi did not work from 1996 until 2001. Because of the Taliban in Afghanistan, women could not work. +Work. +In 2010, Quraishi became a police colonel and the director of Gender, Human and Child Rights in the Ministry of the Interior of Afghanistan. +In 2011, Quraishi became Afghanistan's most senior policewoman. +Quraishi started a group on the Afghan National Gender Recruitment Strategy. The goal of the group is to get 5,000 women to work in the Ministry of the Interior. +She also worked to help women with child care, health care, maternity care, security, and skills training. Quraishi got promotions for women in the Afghan National Police who were unfairly passed over for years. +Awards. +In 2010, Quraishi won the International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State. + += = = Readhimer, Louisiana = = = +Readhimer is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Paris-Saclay University = = = +The University of Paris-Saclay (UPSaclay) is a public university in Paris, France. UPSaclay has nine schools and two colleges. The university also has seven research departments. Called a mega-university, their goal is to reach the same level of excellence as MIT, Oxford, Cambridge and Harvard Universities. It is a center for scientific and technological research. UPSaclay students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards. The university was started in 2014. It is one of the most selective universities. The most popular major is engineering. It has already been called the "French Silicon Valley". Since October 2023, the university has been a partner of IPSA for double degrees in aerospace. + += = = Genome editing = = = +Genome editing is a type of genetic engineering. +DNA is inserted, replaced, or removed from a genome using artificially engineered nucleases, or "molecular scissors". The nucleases make specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at desired places in the genome. The cell’s own mechanisms repair the induced break(s) by natural processes. +At present there are four families of engineered nucleases being used. +To understand the function of a gene or a protein one interferes with it in a sequence-specific way, and watches its effects on the organism. However, in some organisms it is difficult or impossible to do site-specific mutation. Therefore more indirect methods have to be used. Examples are: +Genome editing was chosen by Nature Methods as the 2011 Method of the Year. The technique is already being used, but implanting modified embryos into a woman is not yet permitted. +The CRISPR/Cas9 method. +In 2017 this system was announced as one of the biggest scientific achievements of the year. Cas9 is an enzyme which, with a guide RNA, can put a new sequence of DNA into a genome. Sir John Skehel said "That might allow you to knock out a particular gene in a cell, or introduce a particular gene, or correct a particular mutated gene that you want to work better". + += = = Small interfering RNA = = = +Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 base pairs long. +siRNA plays many roles, but it is most notable in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the expression of certain genes. Genes are only affected if they have nucleotide sequences complementary to those of the siRNA. +siRNA functions by breaking down mRNA after transcription. This prevents translation of the gene into protein. siRNA also acts in RNAi-related pathways, e.g., as an antiviral mechanism or in shaping the chromatin structure of a genome. The complexity of these pathways is only now being worked out. + += = = Gene editing = = = +Gene editing may refer to: + += = = Harjit Sajjan = = = +Harjit Singh Sajjan PC OMM MSM CD MP (born September 6, 1970) is a Canadian Liberal politician. He was the Canadian Minister of National Defence. Sajjan is also a Member of Parliament representing the Vancouver South riding. He was a decorated lieutenant-colonel in the Canadian Armed Forces. Before becoming a politician he spent 11 years as a police officer and detective. +As a teenager, Sajjan was baptised as a Sikh. + += = = Pledge of Allegiance = = = +The Pledge of Allegiance of the United States is an expression of allegiance to the Flag of the United States and the republic of the United States of America. It was originally composed by Colonel George Balch in 1887. It was changed by Francis Bellamy in 1892. It was formally adopted by the Congress as the pledge in 1942. + += = = Liberty, Indiana = = = +Liberty is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,000. It is the county seat of Union County. + += = = Arcadia, Indiana = = = +Arcadia is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, there were 1,515 people living in Arcadia. + += = = List of awards and nominations received by Hugh Jackman = = = +Australian actor and singer Hugh Jackman has won international recognition for his roles in major films, notably as superhero, period, and romance characters. +Other accolades. +In November 2008, "People" magazine named Jackman that year's "Sexiest Man Alive." +On 21 April 2009, Jackman had his hand and footprint ceremony at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre. +He was awarded Best Performance By A Human Male award as Wolverine and a joint award for Best Cast award during the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards for the game X-Men Origins: Wolverine. +In December 2012, Jackman received a star on Hollywood's Walk of Fame. +References. +[hugh jackman won the golden globe awards in 2013] + += = = Isometry = = = +Isometry is a concept of geometry. Isometry means that one shape can be transformed into another, but metrics such as the arrangement of the points in relation to each other stay the same. An isometry is a special way of changing things that makes sure the distance between every two points stays the same in both places.An isometry is a special kind of function that moves points around from one place to another. Some of these ways include turning objects, moving them in a straight line, flipping them, sliding them, or not moving them at all. +Most transformation that repeats itself after every two moves can either be a mirror image or a rotation by half. Every movement in a flat surface can be made by reflecting it at most three times. Every small group of transformations has at least one point that doesn't move. To be an isometry, a function needs to keep the distances between all points in both places the same. The distance from x to y is the same as the distance from f(x) to f(y). +If you draw something and then move it a certain way, the distances between the points on the first drawing will be the same as on the new drawing. Isometries are useful tools in many areas of mathematics, such as studying shapes, patterns, and how numbers behave. Metric spaces are helpful in Math because they help us study things like symmetry, congruence, and transformations. + += = = Skeletal muscle = = = +Skeletal muscle is a form of "striated" (striped) muscle tissue. It is under the voluntary control of the somatic nervous system. Most skeletal muscles are attached to bones by bundles of collagen fibers that are known as tendons. It is one of three muscle types, the others being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. +Skeletal muscle is made up of individual muscle cells or myocytes, known as "muscle fibres". Muscle fibres do the work when muscles contract. A great deal is known about their structure and how they work. They contract when they get a nerve impulse. + += = = Chris Stapleton = = = +Chris Stapleton (born April 15, 1978 in Lexington, Kentucky) is an American country musician. +He studied engineering in college before quitting school to try to become a musician at age 23. He is now signed to Universal Music Group in Nashville. Stapleton has written six number-one songs. Those songs include the five-week number one single "Never Wanted Nothing More" recorded by Kenny Chesney, "Love's Gonna Make It Alright" recorded by George Strait and "Come Back Song" recorded by Darius Rucker. + += = = Cardiac muscle = = = +A cardiac muscle (heart muscle) is one of the three main types of muscle in vertebrates. It is involuntary: a person cannot control it consciously. Also, it is a in the walls of the heart. It makes up the tissue called the myocardium. +The other types of muscle are the skeletal and smooth muscle. The cells that make up cardiac muscle have one (74%) or two (24.5%) nuclei. The myocardium forms a thick middle layer between the outer epicardium layer and the inner endocardium layer. +Coordinated contractions of cardiac muscle cells in the heart force blood out of the atria and ventricles to the blood vessels of the left/body/systemic and right/lungs/pulmonary circulatory systems. This mechanism illustrates systole (contraction) of the heart. +Cardiac muscle cells, unlike most other tissues in the body, rely on the coronary arteries to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste products directly. There is no time for them to diffuse. +Problems of the myocardium. +The heart muscle can become sick and weak. For example, if a person has very high blood pressure (hypertension), part of the heart muscle can get overworked. The heart muscle becomes bigger and cannot do its job as well. This is called hypertrophy. +If a person has a problem with the system that controls the heart, the heart muscle may not beat the way it needs to. It may beat too slowly to get blood out to the body (this is called bradycardia). Or it may beat so fast that the heart does not have time to fill with blood and then squeeze the blood out to the body. This is called tachycardia (there are many kinds). +The heart gets blood through the coronary arteries. These are special blood vessels that carry blood only to the heart. In order to do its job, the heart muscle needs a constant supply of blood and oxygen from the coronary arteries. If these coronary arteries get blocked, blood flow to the heart muscle can stop. Without blood flow, the heart muscle gets no oxygen. If this lasts long enough, the part of the heart muscle which is not getting enough oxygen dies. This is called a myocardial infarction, or a heart attack. + += = = Selimiye Mosque = = = +The Selimiye Mosque (Turkish: Selimiye Camii) is an Ottoman imperial mosque, which is in Edirne, Turkey. The mosque was commissioned by Sultan Selim II, and was built by architect Mimar Sinan between 1569 and 1575. + += = = Dylan O'Brien = = = +Dylan O'Brien (born August 26, 1991) is an American actor and musician. He is best know for his role as "Stiles" Stilinski in the MTV series "Teen Wolf". O'Brien also plays Thomas in the science fiction adventures "Maze Runner Series". +Early life. +O'Brien was born in New York City. His parents are Lisa O'Brien, a former actress and Patrick O'Brien, a camera operator. He grew up in Springfield Township, New Jersey. When he was twelve his family moved to Hermosa Beach, California. His father has Irish ancestry. His mother has Italian, English and Spanish ancestry. When he graduated from Mira Costa High School in 2009, he planned to attend Syracuse University as a sport broadcasting , but he decided to move to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career. At fourteen, O'Brien began to post videos on his Youtube channel. Because of that, a local producer and director discovered him. +Career. +He went to several auditions. After meeting a manager he got one of the main roles in MTV's "Teen Wolf", a series based on the 1985 movie of the same name. He was originally planning to audition for the role of Scott, but after reading the script, O'Brien decided to audition for the role of Stiles. In 2013, O'Brien co-starred in the comedy movie "The Internship", with Vince Vaughn and Owen Wilson. O'Brien played the lead role as Thomas in "The Maze Runner", a movie adaptation of the novel of the same name. They began filming in the summer of 2013. At the end of October 2014, he started filming the sequel "" in New Mexico. It was released on September 18, 2015 in the United States. +Personal life. +O'Brien was in a relationship with the actress Britt Robertson. They met on the set of "The First Time" in 2011. In October of 2018, news broke that the couple had split.O'brien is know for keeping his life private from social media. Because of this, there is no news on his current relationship status. + += = = Rebecca Soler = = = +Rebecca Soler is an American voice actress who dubbed cartoons and anime for 4Kids Entertainment, Fox, Nickelodeon, Central Park Media and DuArt Film and Video. She grew up in Boston, MA and move it to Sugar Land, Texas. She is sometimes credited under the name "Jessica Paquet". + += = = Fenethylline = = = +Fenethylline, the generic name of Captagon, was first produced in the 1960s to treat hyperactivity, narcolepsy, and depression. It was banned in most countries by the 1980s for being too addictive. +It remains popular in the Middle East and is used as a stimulant in the area to aid in combat. +The drug is cheap and simple to produce, using ingredients that are easy and often legal to obtain, yet sells for up to $20 a tablet. A Lebanese psychiatrist, Ramzi Haddad, said that Captagon had "the typical effects of a stimulant", producing "a kind of euphoria. You're talkative, you don't sleep, you don't eat, you're energetic." + += = = Constitutionality = = = +Constitutionality refers to the agreement with a nations constitution, especially a law. When a law violates a constitution, it is unconstitutional. Most constitutional issues in the United States involve the Bill of Rights. These are the first 10 amendments to the US constitution. Something that is unconstitutional refers to an action by a government that s that government's authority. Most constitutions establish the powers that a government may have. Only a government action can violate a state or federal constitution. An example is the US Constitution that guarantees that the United States may not have an official religion. This is why holiday decorations at a city hall displaying only Christian images would be unconstitutional. + += = = Atlanta, Indiana = = = +Atlanta is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 712. + += = = Gunnar Hansen = = = +Gunnar Hansen (March 4, 1947 – November 7, 2015) was an Icelandic-American actor and author. He was best known for playing the mentally-ill cannibal Leatherface in "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974). +Hansen was born in Reykjavík, Iceland. He was raised in Maine and in Austin, Texas. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin. Hansen died of pancreatic cancer on November 7, 2015 at the age of 68. + += = = José Ángel Espinoza = = = +José Ángel Espinoza Aragón (October 2, 1919 – November 6, 2015), also known as Ferrusquilla, was a Mexican singer-songwriter and movie actor. He was the father of actress Angélica Aragón. He also was a composer working with the SACM (Society of Authors and Composers of Mexico) He was known for his roles in "House of Evil" and in "Two Mules for Sister Sara". He was born in Mazatlán, Sinaloa. +Espinoza died in Mexico City, Mexico from pneumonia, aged 96. + += = = Spectre (2015 movie) = = = +Spectre is a 2015 British-American spy movie and the twenty-fourth "James Bond" series produced by Eon Productions for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures. It is the fourth movie to feature Daniel Craig as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond and the second movie in the series directed by Sam Mendes following "Skyfall", and was written by John Logan, Neal Purvis, Robert Wade and Jez Butterworth. It is the last "James Bond" movie to be distributed by Columbia Pictures, as Universal Pictures will internationally distribute the next movie in the series, "No Time to Die". +The story sees Bond pitted against the global criminal organisation Spectre and their enigmatic leader Ernst Stavro Blofeld (Christoph Waltz), who plans to launch a national surveillance network to mastermind criminal activities across the globe. The movie marks Spectre and Blofeld's first appearance in an Eon Productions movie since 1971's "Diamonds Are Forever"; a character resembling Blofeld had previously appeared in the 1981 movie, "For Your Eyes Only", but, because of the "Thunderball" controversy, he is not named, nor is his face shown. Several "James Bond" characters, including M, Q and Eve Moneypenny, return, with new additions Léa Seydoux as Dr. Madeleine Swann, Dave Bautista as Mr. Hinx, Andrew Scott as Max Denbigh and Monica Bellucci as Lucia Sciarra. +"Spectre" was filmed from December 2014 to July 2015 in Austria, the United Kingdom, Italy, Morocco and Mexico. The action scenes prioritised practical effects and stunts, while employing computer-generated imagery made by five different companies. "Spectre" was estimated to have cost around $245 million—with some sources listing it as high as $300 million—making it the most expensive Bond movie and one of the most expensive movies ever made. +"Spectre" was released on 26 October 2015 in the United Kingdom on the same night of the world premiere at the London Royal Albert Hall. It was followed by a worldwide release, including IMAX screenings. It was released in the United States and Canada on 6 November, and received fairly positive reviews from critics who praised the movie's action sequences, cinematography, acting and musical score, but criticized the screenplay and pacing. The theme song "Writing's on the Wall", performed and co-written by Sam Smith, won an Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Original Song. "Spectre" grossed over $880 million worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-grossing movie of 2015 and the second-largest unadjusted total for the series after "Skyfall". +The next movie in the series, "No Time to Die", is set to be released on 2 April 2021, with Craig reprising his role for the fifth and last time and Cary Joji Fukunaga directing. + += = = Hamilton County, Indiana = = = +Hamilton County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 347,467. The county seat is Noblesville. + += = = 1993 San Marino Grand Prix = = = +The 1993 San Marino Grand Prix (known as the 13° Gran Premio di San Marino by the people putting on the race) was a Formula One motor race held on 25 April 1993 at the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari in Imola, Italy. It was the third race of the 1993 Formula One season. + += = = PSA Flight 182 = = = +Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) Flight 182 was a Boeing 727-214 commercial airliner, registration, that crashed with a private Cessna 172 light aircraft over San Diego, California on September 25, 1978. +It was Pacific Southwest Airlines' first fatal accident. The death toll of 144 makes it the deadliest aircraft disaster in California history. Until the crash of American Airlines Flight 191, it was also the deadliest plane crash in U.S. aviation history. +Both aircraft crashed into North Park, a San Diego neighborhood, killing all 137 people on both aircraft and seven people on the ground in houses, including two children. Nine others on the ground were injured and 22 homes were destroyed or damaged by the impact and the spreading of debris. +The Boeing 727 flew in on top of and behind the Cessna, unbeknownst to the Cessna pilots. The larger 727's right wing flaps and left main landing gear collided with the Cessna, which immediately exploded and fell to the ground below in flames. The burning PSA continued on for another few kilometeres before crashing in a residential area with high vertical speed and exploding, killing everyone on board instantly. + += = = Harrisville, New Hampshire = = = +Harrisville is a town in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population of the town was 984 at the 2020 census. It was founded in 1870. + += = = Gerhard Sommer = = = +Gerhard Sommer (24 June 1921 – 2019) was a SS-"Untersturmführer" (Second Lieutenant) in the 16th SS Panzergrenadier Division "Reichsführer-SS". He was involved in the massacre of 560 civilians on 12 August 1944 in the Italian village of Sant'Anna di Stazzema. He is on the Simon Wiesenthal Center's list of most wanted Nazi war criminals. +As of May 2006 Sommer was living in a nursing home in Hamburg-Volksdorf, Germany. In May 2015 Sommer was declared unfit for trial by prosecutors in Germany In He died in 2019. + += = = Tom Graveney = = = +Thomas William "Tom" Graveney OBE (16 June 1927 – 3 November 2015) was a leading English cricketer. He represented his country in 79 Test matches and scoring over 4,800 runs. In a career lasting from 1948 to 1972, he was the 15th person to score one hundred first-class centuries, and the first post-war player to do so. +Early life. +Graveney was born in Riding Mill, Hexham, Northumberland on 16 June 1927. His brother was Ken Graveney, also a cricketer. Graveney studied at the Bristol Grammar School. +Career. +He played for Gloucestershire and Worcestershire, and helped Worcestershire win the county championship for the first time in their history. His achievements for England after being recalled in 1966 have been described as "the stuff of legend." Graveney was a Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1953, captained England on one occasion and was awarded the OBE while still playing. +In later life he worked as a cricket commentator for BBC Television and was the first former professional to be President of the Marylebone Cricket Club. He was one of the first 55 players inducted to the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame in 2009. +Personal life. +Graveney was married to Jackie Graveney from 1952 until her death of Alzheimer's disease in 2013. Graveney's brother, Ken, died on 25 October 2015. A week after his brother's death, Graveney died on 3 November 2015 from Parkinson's disease at the age of 88. + += = = NoSQL = = = +A very common programming language for accessing a database is called SQL. Many of these databases use the mathematical concept of relations to store the data. NoSQL is a term for databases that do not use relations, to store the data in the database. Relational databases have the benefit of being able to guarantee that all the data stored in the database is consistent. The drawback of this is that the cost of indexing the data grows with the amount of data. +NoSQL approaches do not give strong guarantees about consistency, but they are able to better handle the situations where relational database systems have problems coping. +NoSQL is a non-relational DBMS, that does not require a fixed schema, avoid joins, and is easy to scale. +The purpose of using a NoSQL database is for distributed data stores with humongous data storage needs. +NoSQL is used for Big data and real-time web apps. For example, companies like twitter, Facebook, google collect terabytes of user data every single day. +NoSQL DBs could be grouped as follows, but these are archetypes rather than strict boundaries : + += = = Rhea Chiles = = = +Rhea Chiles (December 1, 1930 – November 8, 2015) was an American philanthropist and writer. She was the former First Lady of the State of Florida serving from 1991 to 1998. She was married to the late Governor Lawton Chiles. +In 1998, Chiles founded The Lawton Chiles Foundation, which carries on the commitment of her husband to benefit the lives of children in Florida. In 2009, Chiles was designated a Distinguished Floridian by the Florida Economics Club at an event hosted by former Florida Supreme Court Justice Major B. Harding and keynoted by former United States Senator Sam Nunn. +Chiles died from a long-illness at her home in Anna Maria Islands, Florida at the age of 84. + += = = Charles Duncan Michener = = = +Charles Duncan Michener (September 22, 1918 – November 1, 2015) was an American entomologist. He was born in Pasadena, California. He was a leading expert on bees, his "magnum opus" being "The Bees of the World". + += = = Maduluwawe Sobitha Thero = = = +Maduluwawe Sobitha Thero (; 29 May 1942 – 8 November 2015) was a Sinhalese Buddhist Bikku. He was a well-known socialist and social justice activist. He was a Buddhist style non-violent revolutionary and he led campaigns that toppled the Sri-Lankan government on several occasions. He was the chief monk of the Kotte Naga Vihara. He played a key role to bring a new government in 2015 defeating Mahinda Rajapaksa, where he supported a common candidate Maithripala Sirisena for presidency, and Ranil Wickremesinghe to form a new government. +Ven Sobitha died at the age of 73 on 8 November 2015 from multiple organ failure at the Mount Elizabeth Hospital in Singapore. + += = = Skandagupta = = = +Skandagupta () (died 467) was a Gupta Emperor of northern India. People do not know who his ancestors were. He faced some of the greatest challenges in the annals of the empire having to contend with the Pushyamitras and the Hunas (a name by which the "White Huns" were known in India). He died in 467. + += = = Piotr Domaradzki = = = +Piotr Krystian Domaradzki (June 21, 1946 – November 4, 2015) was a Polish-American journalist, essayist and historian. He had a longtime association with Chicago's Polish community. He worked for 30 years at "Dziennik Związkowy" ("Alliance Daily"), the oldest and largest Polish language newspaper in the United States. From October 2009 to March 2013, he served as the paper's editor-in-chief. He emigrated from Poland in 1984 and became a U.S. citizen in 1996. +Domaradzki died in Chicago, Illinois from complications following injuries sustained in a house fire, aged 69. + += = = Axes = = = +Axes can refer to: + += = = John Speraw = = = +John Speraw is an American volleyball coach. He is the head coach of the United States men's national volleyball team and the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He was the former coach of the University of California, Irvine volleyball program. There he led the team to three national titles in six years. Speraw graduated from UCLA in 1995 with a B.S. degree in microbiology and molecular genetics. + += = = The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie = = = +The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie is the 1962 debut album by Stevie Wonder (then known as "Little Stevie Wonder") on the Tamla (a label owned by Motown) label. Wonder was eleven years old when it was released. It was also the first album Wonder released in 1962, the second was "Tribute to Uncle Ray". +Background. +This is Wonder's only studio album in which he does not sing; he plays on percussion, the keyboard, and the harmonica. Wonder's mentors Clarence Paul and Henry Cosby wrote and produced the songs on "The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Wonder", with Wonder also co-writing two of the songs on the album. + += = = Tribute to Uncle Ray = = = +Tribute to Uncle Ray is the second studio album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder (then known as "Little Stevie Wonder") . It was released in October 1962, not long after Wonder's debut album "The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie", which was also released in 1962. +Background. +The album was released to match the success of Ray Charles who was also a blind African American R&B singer. +Track listing. +All songs composed by Ray Charles, except where indicated. + += = = Davidson County, Tennessee = = = +Davidson County is a county located in middle Tennessee. The state capitol, Nashville, is in Davidson County and is the county seat. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 715,884 people. + += = = With a Song in My Heart (Stevie Wonder album) = = = +With a Song In My Heart is Stevie Wonder's third album, released in 1963 on the Tamla label. The album was the first album of Wonder's not to be released as "Little Stevie Wonder" because he was getting older and taller. It was also the second album of Wonder's to be released in 1963. + += = = List of bridges in Azerbaijan = = = +This is a list of bridges in Azerbaijan. + += = = McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II = = = +The McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) AV-8B Harrier II is a single-engine ground-attack aircraft. It is the second generation of the Harrier Jump Jet family. It is capable of vertical or short takeoff and landing (V/STOL). The aircraft was designed in the late 1970s as an Anglo-American development of the British Hawker Siddeley Harrier, the first operational V/STOL aircraft. It can hover like a helicopter but can also fly like a jet at near supersonic speeds. It is named after the a bird of prey. It is primarily used on light attack or multi-role missions. These range from close air support of ground troops to armed reconnaissance. The AV-8B is used by the United States Marine Corps (USMC), the Spanish Navy, and the Italian Navy. A variant of the AV-8B, the British Aerospace Harrier II, was developed for the British military. Another is the TAV-8B, is a dedicated two-seat trainer. +The project that eventually led to the AV-8B's creation started in the early 1970s. It was a cooperative effort between the United States and United Kingdom (UK). it was aimed at working on solving the problems of the first-generation Harrier. Early efforts centered on a larger, more powerful Pegasus engine to improve the Harrier's performance. The UK dropped out of the project in 1975. +Following the withdrawal of the UK, McDonnell Douglas extensively redesigned the earlier AV-8A Harrier to create the AV-8B. While retaining the general layout of its predecessor, the aircraft uses a new wing, an elevated cockpit, a redesigned fuselage, one extra hardpoint per wing, and other structural and aerodynamic changes. The aircraft is powered by an upgraded version of the Pegasus, which gives the aircraft its V/STOL ability. The AV-8B made its maiden flight in November 1981 and entered service with the USMC in January 1985. Later upgrades added a night-attack capability and radar. This resulted in the AV-8B(NA) and AV-8B Harrier II Plus, respectively. An enlarged version named Harrier III was also studied, but was not built. The UK, through British Aerospace, re-joined the improved Harrier project as a partner in 1981. After corporate mergers in the 1990s, Boeing and BAE Systems have jointly supported the program. Approximately 340 aircraft were produced in a 22-year production program that ended in 2003. + += = = Pevensey = = = +Pevensey is a village and civil parish in the Wealden district of East Sussex, England. The main village is located 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Eastbourne, one mile (1.6 km) inland from Pevensey Bay. The settlement of Pevensey Bay forms part of the parish. It was here that William the Conqueror first landed on and invaded England in 1066 after crossing the English Channel from Normandy, France. +Name. +The name "Pevensey" was first recorded in 947 as "Pefenesea", meaning "River of [a man named] Pefen". It comes from the Anglo-Saxon personal name "Pefen" plus "eã", meaning "river". This is probably a reference to the now largely silted-up marshes. +History. +In the 290s the Romans built a fort at Pevensey, which they named Anderitum. In 471 Saxons attacked Pevensey and the fort was abandoned for centuries. When William the Conqueror invaded England in September 1066, he landed at Pevensey. The bay provided a safe haven for his fleet of 700 ships. The English army had been awaiting Duke William's arrival on the south coast all summer. With supplies running short King Harold allowed his soldiers to return home. When Harald Hardrada the king of Norway invaded northern England in late September, King Harold gathered his army and moved north to York, 250 miles away, to meet the invaders. William, meanwhile, moved his army and fleet to Hastings and built a castle while he awaited Harold and his army. +After the Battle of Hastings the Roman fort at Pevensey was occupied by the Normans. It was given to Robert, Count of Mortain (William's half brother). Robert de Mortain built his castle there. The castle was besieged several times during the 11th–13th centuries. Queen Elizabeth I ordered that it be demolished but the order was ignored. As late as 1942 small additions were made to the castle for the defence of Britain. It became a lookout over the channel for German aircraft during World War II. Today the castle is in the upkeep of English Heritage. + += = = Deem Bristow = = = +Deem Bristow (April 11 1947 - January 15 2005) was an American actor. He has done the voice of many characters in animated series and video games. He was best known for his role as Dr. Eggman in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series from 1998 to 2004. +Death. +Bristow died on January 15, 2005 from a heart attack in San Diego, California at the age of 57. + += = = Vladimir Alekno = = = +Vladimir Romanovich Alekno; (born in Polotsk on 4 December 1966) is a former Russian volleyball player and current volleyball coach. He coaches the Russia men's national volleyball team. He also leads a professional team in Kazan, Russia. +Alekno coached the national volleyball team in 2007-2008 and 2011-2012. Under his leadership, the Russian players won the gold medal in 2012 and the bronze medal in 2008 in the Summer Olympic Games. As well, they won the World League and the World Cup both in 2011. + += = = Daniel Castellani = = = +Daniel Jorge Castellani (born 21 March 1961) is a former Argentine volleyball player and coach, a member of Argentina men's national volleyball team in 1976-1988, bronze medalist of the Olympic Games Seoul 1988, a participant of the Olympic Games Los Angeles 1984, head coach of Sir Safety Perugia. + += = = Raúl Lozano = = = +Raúl Lucio Lozano (born September 3, 1956 in La Plata, Argentina) is a former Argentine volleyball player. He first coached for Estudiantes de La Plata. In 2005-2008 Lozano was the head coach of Poland's national volleyball team. He has also coached other top-level teams in Europe including teams from Italy, Greece, and Spain. He led the Polish national team to win a silver medal at the 2006 World championship held in Japan. His Polish team lost to Italy in the quarter final round of the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing. In 2009 he coached the German team for two years. He was then the head coach of Czarni Radom in Poland. +On November 17, 2015, it was announced that Raúl Lucio will coach the Iranian national volleyball team. He replaced Slobodan Kovac who is the former coach of the Iranian team. + += = = Jackie Evancho = = = +Jacqueline Marie "Jackie" Evancho ( ; born April 9, 2000) is an American classical crossover singer. Evancho plays piano, flute, and is also a songwriter. She gained wide recognition at an early age. Since 2009, Evancho has released an EP and five studio albums. She has one platinum and one gold album. Evancho has even performed at Carnegie Hall. +Between 2008 and 2010, Evancho entered several talent competitions. She made singing appearances, mostly in Pennsylvania. She also attracted interest on YouTube. In 2010, at age ten, she gained wider popularity with her performances in the fifth season of the "America's Got Talent" competition. She finished in second place behind Michael Grimm. Evancho starred in the 2012 movie "The Company You Keep" with Robert Redford. + += = = Bowerhill = = = +Bowerhill is a suburb of Melksham, Wiltshire, England. It is located to the south of the town. There is a small primary school, a Tesco store and a sports centre in the village. During World War II, Bowerhill was home of a major Royal Air Force Station, RAF Melksham. + += = = Stevie at the Beach = = = +Stevie at the Beach is the fourth album by American singer-songwriter Stevie Wonder released on the Tamla (Motown) label on June 23, 1964. He wouldn't release another album until "Up-Tight" which was released in 1966, two years later. + += = = Arden Hayes = = = +Arden Hayes (born January 30, 2008) is a middle school student from Southern California, United States. Because of his great knowledge of American presidents, he became famous at the age of five, in addition to reciting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address and being able to identify the countries of the worlds and their capitals. +His interest in American presidents, started when he was learning about who was born on his birthday, and he realized that he was born the same day that Franklin Delano Roosevelt. +On July 2, 2013, Arden appeared on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" to demonstrate his knowledge of the U.S. presidents. On November 5, 2013, Arden appeared again on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", and this time showed his knowledge of the countries of the world and their capitals, in addition to decline a free Sony Xperia Tablet Z because he preferred to wait until Christmas to receive an Apple iPad. He appeared on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" for third time on April 2, 2014, to show his knowledge of the elements in the periodic table. + += = = Ernst Fuchs = = = +Ernst Fuchs (February 13, 1930 – November 9, 2015) was an Austrian painter, draftsman, printmaker, sculptor, architect, stage designer, composer, poet, and singer. He was born in Vienna. He was one of the founders of the Vienna School of Fantastic Realism. In 1972, he bought the Otto Wagner Villa in Hütteldorf, which he restored and transformed. The villa was inaugurated as the Ernst Fuchs Museum in 1988. +Fuchs died at the age of 85 on November 9, 2015 in Vienna. + += = = Tommy Hanson = = = +Thomas J. "Tommy" Hanson Jr. (August 28, 1986 – November 9, 2015) was an American professional baseball pitcher in Major League Baseball (MLB). He played for the Atlanta Braves and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Hanson made his MLB debut with Atlanta that season, and played with the Braves through 2012. He pitched his final season in 2013 with the Angels, who had acquired him in a trade. +On November 9, 2015, Hanson was reported to be in a coma with "catastrophic organ failure." He died at Piedmont Hospital in Atlanta later that night at the age of 29. + += = = Pat Eddery = = = +Patrick James John "Pat" Eddery (18 March 1952 – 10 November 2015) was an Irish flat racing jockey and horse trainer. He was born in Newbridge, County Kildare. +He rode three winners of the Epsom Derby, and was Champion Jockey eleven times. He is co-holder of the record for most wins in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. He rode the winners of 4,632 British flat races, a figure passed only by Sir Gordon Richards. +Eddery died on 10 November 2015 from cirrhosis, aged 63. He had long battled alcoholism. + += = = Allen Toussaint = = = +Allen Toussaint (; January 14, 1938 – November 10, 2015) was an American musician, songwriter-composer, record producer, and influential figure in New Orleans R&B. +Many of Toussaint's songs became familiar through cover versions by other musicians, including "Working in the Coal Mine", "Ride Your Pony", "Fortune Teller", "Play Something Sweet", "Southern Nights", "Everything I Do Gonna Be Funky", "I'll Take a Melody", "Get Out of My Life, Woman" and "Mother-in-Law". +Early life. +Toussaint was born in Gert Town, New Orleans. He was raised in Gert Town and in New Orleans. His mother was Naomi Neville. +Career. +In 1960, Toussaint was hired as a record producer by a label in New Orleans. He was also looking for new talent to sign to the label, named Minit Records. Toussaint played piano, wrote, and produced many hit records in the early and mid 1960s for New Orleans R&B artists. Some examples are: +Honors. +In 1998, Toussaint was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and in 2009 into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame. On May 9, 2011, he was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame. +In 2013 he was awarded the National Medal of Arts by President Barack Obama. +Death. +Toussaint died while touring in Madrid, Spain after suffering a heart attack at his hotel, aged 77. +Toussaint’s two marriages ended in divorce. He is survived by his two children, son Clarence (better known as Reginald) and daughter Alison, and by several grandchildren. His children had managed his career in recent years. + += = = Laurent Vidal = = = +Laurent Vidal (18 February 1984 – 10 November 2015) was a French professional triathlete, three time French Champion (2009, 2011 and 2012) and two time Olympian. In Beijing 2008 he placed 36th while he took the 5th place in London 2012. He was born in Sete. +On 10 November 2015, Vidal died at the age of 31 after a heart attack in Gigean. + += = = United States courts of appeals = = = +The United States courts of appeals (or circuit courts) are the appellate courts of the Federal judiciary of the United States. A court of appeals decides appeals from the district courts within its federal judicial circuit. In some cases it decides appeals from other designated federal courts and administrative agencies. +Background. +The United States courts of appeals are considered among the most and courts in the United States. They have the ability to set legal precedent that affect millions of Americans. The United States courts of appeals have strong influence on U.S. law. The U.S. Supreme Court chooses to review less than 1% of the more than 10,000 cases filed with it ly. This means the United States courts of appeals makes the final decision in most federal cases. The Ninth Circuit in particular is very influential. It covers 20% of the American population. +There are currently 179 judges on the United States courts of appeals. These judges are d by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate. They have lifetime tenure, earning an annual salary of $213,300. There are thirteen United States courts of appeals. There are other tribunals that have "Court of Appeals" in their titles, such as the Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. They hear appeals in court-martial cases. The United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims reviews final decisions by the Board of Veterans' Appeals in the Department of Veterans Affairs. +Decisions of the United States courts of appeals have been published by the private company West Publishing in the "Federal Reporter" series since the courts were established. Only decisions that the courts choose for publication are included. The "unpublished" opinions (of all but the Fifth and Eleventh Circuits) are published separately in West's "Federal Appendix". They are also available in on-line databases like LexisNexis or Westlaw. More recently, court decisions are also available electronically on the official court websites. However, there are also a few federal court decisions that are classified for national security reasons. +U.S. Courts of appeals. +There are eleven ed circuits which are numbered one through eleven. The D.C. Circuit is the twelfth. The thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. It has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter. All of the courts of appeals also hear appeals from some government agency decisions and rulemaking. The largest share of these cases heard by the D.C. Circuit. The Federal Circuit hears appeals from specialized trial courts. These are primarily the United States Court of International Trade and the United States Court of Federal Claims. They also hear appeals from the district courts in patent cases and certain other specialized matters. + += = = André Glucksmann = = = +André Glucksmann (; 19 June 1937 – 10 November 2015) was a French philosopher, activist and writer. He was a member of the French new philosophers. +Early life. +Glucksmann was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, France to a Jewish family. He studied at the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud in Lyon, France. +Career. +Glucksmann became well-known during the 1970s for his support of the Vietnamese boat people. He was an outspoken critic of Nazism and communism. +Later in life, he was known for his views and beliefs of the September 11 attacks. He wrote a book about how god had nothing to do with the 9/11 attacks called "Dostoyevsky in Manhattan". Glucksmann supported military action in Afghanistan and Iraq. He was highly critical of Russian foreign policy, supporting a call for Chechen independence. +In August 2008 he co-signed an open letter with Václav Havel, Desmond Tutu, and Wei Jingsheng calling upon the Chinese authorities to respect human rights both during and after the Beijing Olympic Games. +Death. +She later joined America First Policies, a pro-Trump super PAC. +In May 2018, it was confirmed she was dating Donald Trump Jr., son of President Donald Trump. + += = = Ron Rivera = = = +Ronald Eugene Rivera (born January 7, 1962) is an American football coach. He is the head coach for the Washington Football Team of the National Football League (NFL). +Before becoming a coach, Rivera played college football at the University of California, Berkeley in the early 1980s, where he was recognized as an All-American linebacker for the Golden Bears. +Rivera was born in Fort Ord, California. In August 2020, he was diagnosed with an aggressive rare form of lymphoma. + += = = Roadster = = = +A roadster is a type of automobile. Like a convertible, a roadster has the soft top of a car with two doors. Roadsters were first made popular by Ford with the Model A. + += = = Takuma Sato = = = + is a Japanese professional racing driver. Sato has raced full-time in the IndyCar Series since 2010 for the Honda-powered KV, Rahal, Foyt, Andretti, and again starting from 2018, the Rahal teams. +He was born in Tokyo. +Sato won the 2017 and 2020 Indianapolis 500, making him the first Asian driver to win the Indy 500. He also became the first Japanese driver to win an IndyCar race. +He competed in Formula One from 2002 to 2008. + += = = Paul Wolfisberg = = = +Paul Wolfisberg (15 June 1933 – 24 August 2020) was a Swiss footballer and coach. He was born in Horw, Switzerland. Between 1950 to 1954 and 1955 to 1966, he played for FC Luzern. For one year between 1954 to 1955, he played for FC Biel-Bienne. +Between 1966 to 1973, he managed SC Buochs. In 1975 and again from 1978 to 1981, he managed Luzern. Between 1981 to 1985, he managed the Swiss national team. +Wolfisberg died on 24 August 2020 in Horw, aged 87. + += = = T10 cricket = = = +T10 cricket is a form of cricket where both teams have one innings of 10 overs each, and the game lasts about 90 minutes. +A few T10 leagues have been started, such as the T10 League in Abu Dhabi. + += = = Eyes of a Thief = = = +Eyes of a Thief () is a 2014 Palestinian French Algerian drama movie directed by Najwa Najjar and starring Khaled Abol Naga, Souad Massi, Nisreen Faour, Maisa Abd Elhadi, Areen Omari. + += = = Alphaville (movie) = = = +Alphaville: une étrange aventure de Lemmy Caution ("Alphaville: A Strange Adventure of Lemmy Caution") is a 1965 French Italian science fiction drama movie directed by Jean-Luc Godard and starring Eddie Constantine, Anna Karina, Akim Tamiroff, Christa Lang, Jean-Louis Comolli, Jean-Pierre Léaud, László Szabó. + += = = West Potomac Park = = = +The West Potomac Park is a park in Washington, D.C.. It is just west of the National Mall. It is home to some of Washington's most famous places, like the Jefferson Memorial, the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial, and the Tidal Basin. But, the park’s most famous attraction is cherry blossoms. +History. +Thousands of cherry trees bloom around the waters of the Tidal Basin, which reflect the trees’ images. The basin was created in the late 1800s to prevent the Potomac River from flooding. These pink and white flowers serve as a symbol of international friendship. +The original cherry trees were a gift from Japan. On March 26, 1912, more than 3,000 cherry trees arrived in Washington. Most were planted around the Tidal Basin. But cherry trees were also planted near the Washington Monument and the White House. +The park service maintains West Potomac Park, and helps protect the cherry trees. +Cherry Blossom Festival. +It is a wonderful gift that is over 100 years old now. The 1912 gift from the people of Japan has grown to this 3,800 trees. The cherry blossoms also serve as a symbol of the beginning of springtime. The trees burst with colors of soft pink and white. The blossoming of the cherry blossoms every spring is sort of the great springtime celebration, not only in the District of Columbia but throughout the United States. +Every year, Washington celebrates the arrival of spring with a two-week Cherry Blossom Festival. More than 1.5 million people from around the world visit the nation’s capital during the festival. They all hope to see the cherry trees at their “peak bloom.” Park officials define "peak bloom" as the period when 70 percent of Washington’s most common cherry tree variety -- the Yoshino trees -- are blooming. Yoshino cherry trees are one of 12 types of cherry trees in Washington. Peak bloom lasts several days each year. +Experts begin making peak bloom predictions in February. Visitors make their travel plans to Washington based on these predictions. + += = = Ranoidea callista = = = +Ranoidea callista is a tree frog from Papua New Guinea. Scientists saw it on Mount Trafalgar, about 220 meters above sea level. +The scientist who wrote the first formal paper about "Ranoidea callista", Fred Kraus, said this frog is related to "Litoria gracilenta" but it has different colors on its skin, lays eggs in streams, and has a different call. Kraus says that the frog does not only live on Mt. Trafalgar but in many places in New Guinea. + += = = Big Mouth (TV series) = = = +Big Mouth is a TV show. It was created by Nick Kroll There are 5 seasons in Big Mouth. + += = = Hurricane Laura = = = +Hurricane Laura was a deadly and destructive tropical cyclone. Hurricane Laura, the 1856 Last Island hurricane and Hurricane Ida are the strongest hurricanes to make landfall in Louisiana in terms of maximum sustained winds, and the strongest to affect Louisiana since Hurricane Camille brought category 5 winds to the rural southeast portion of the state. The twelfth named storm, fourth hurricane, and first major storm of the record-breaking 2020 Atlantic hurricane season, Laura formed from a tropical wave that moved off the coast of West Africa on August 16, and formed into a tropical depression by August 20. On August 21, Laura strengthened into a tropical storm, becoming the earliest twelfth named storm, and breaking 1995's Hurricane Luis's record by eight days. +Laura first moved over the Lesser Antilles and brushing Puerto Rico as a tropical storm. It made landfall in the resort city of Punta Cana, Dominican Republic, killing four people in the Dominican Republic and 31 in Haiti. The storm then moved over the entire island of Cuba, forcing the evacuation of more than 260,000 people. Then, the outer rainbands of Laura moved over parts of the Florida Keys and Southern Florida. It then moved over the warm Gulf of Mexico, strengthening slowly at first, before undergoing rapid intensification by August 26. Later that day, Laura became a major hurricane, and soon reached a peak intensity of , making it a Category 4 hurricane. +Then, just a couple of hours after reaching peak intensity, at 6:00 UCT on August 27, Laura made landfall in Cameron, Louisiana just below peak intensity with 150 mph (240 km/h) and a pressure of 939 mbar, at the same wind speed of the 1856 Last Island hurricane. It was the 10th strongest tropical cyclone to ever hit the United States in terms of wind speed, killed 42 people in the U.S, and caused $19 billion in damage on the Gulf Coast of the United States and inland areas. After landfall, Laura weakened, falling to tropical storm status later in the day, and tropical depression status over Arkansas the next day. On August 29, Laura weakened to a remnant low over Kentucky, before being absorbed by an extratropical cyclone over the East Coast. Overall, Laura caused $19.1 billion in damage and killed 81 people. Areas that were badly affected by Laura, mostly southeastern Texas and southwestern Louisiana, were badly affected by more flooding and strong winds during Hurricane Delta around six weeks later. + += = = Antarctic fur seal = = = +The Antarctic fur seal ("Arctocephalus gazella"), is a type of seal in the genus "Arctocephalus". Even though the name has Antarctic in it, it does not live in Antarctica. The Antarctic fur seal mostly lives in Subantarctic islands. +Description. +Adult males are dark brown in colour. Females and young ones tend to be paler, almost grey with lighter undersides. Young ones are dark brown at birth, almost black in color. +Males are larger than females. Males can grow up to 2 m (6.5 ft) long. Males can also weigh 133 kg (293 lb). Females can grow up to 1.4 m (4.6 ft) long. Females can weight 34 kg (74.9 lb). At birth, the average length is 67.4 cm (58–66). The average weight for young ones is 5.9 kg (4.9–6.6) in males and 5.4 kg (4.8–5.9) in females. +Male Antarctic fur seals live up to 20 years. Females can live up to 24 years. +Distribution. +Antarctic fur seals are thought to be the most abundant type of fur seal. The largest gathering happens on South Georgia. The estimate for South Georgia is 4.5-6.2 million Antarctic fur seal and 46,834 at Bouvetøya. +Breeding colonies are found at South Georgia, South Sandwich Islands, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Bouvetøya in the Southern Atlantic Ocean; Marion Island, Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Island and Heard Island in the Southern Indian Ocean; and Macquarie Island in the Southern Pacific Ocean. During winter, Antarctic fur seals range includes Antarctica to the Falkland Islands, and southern Argentina and Chile, reaching as far as the Mar del Plata and Gough Island. +Feeding. +In the Atlantic region, the Antarctic fur seal usually eats Antarctic krill. In the Indian Ocean, they mostly eat fish and squid. Sometimes, penguins are eaten by male Antarctic fur seals. + += = = Sarah Emma Edmonds = = = +Sarah Emma Edmonds (December 1841 – September 5, 1898), was a Canadian woman who claimed to have served as a man as a nurse and spy with the Union Army during the American Civil War. In 1992, she was enlisted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. +In 1864, Boston publisher DeWolfe, Fiske, & Co. published her account of her military experiences as "The Female Spy of the Union Army". +Born in 1841 in New Brunswick, at that point a British settlement, Edmonds grew up with her sisters on their family's homestead close to Magaguadavic Lake, not a long way from the State of Maine. Edmonds fled home at age fifteen to get away from a planned marriage and the maltreatment of her dad, who needed a child rather than a girl. Supported by her mother, who herself married young, Edmonds got away from the marriage and pretended to be a man to travel more easily. A male mask let Edmonds eat, travel, and work freely. Edmonds worked selling Bibles door to door. for a Bible book retailer and distributer in Hartford, Connecticut. +Her enthusiasm was started by a book she read in her childhood by Maturin Murray Ballou called "Fanny Campbell, the Female Pirate Captain", telling the story of Fanny Campbell on a privateer transport during the American Revolution while dressed as a man. Fanny stayed dressed as a man so as to seek after different experiences, to which Edmonds credits her longing to dress in drag. During the Civil War, on May 25, 1861, she enrolled in Company F of the second Michigan Infantry, otherwise called the Flint Union Grays. Later she masked herself as a man named "Franklin Flint Thompson," named after Flint, Michigan. She felt that it was her obligation to serve her nation. She from the start filled in as a male field nurse in campaigns under General McClellan, including the First and Second Battle of Bull Run, Antietam, the Peninsula Campaign, Vicksburg, Fredericksburg, and others. +She had an opportunity during the war when a Union spy in Richmond, Virginia was found and shot, and a companion, James Vesey, was executed in a snare. She exploited the open spot and the chance to vindicate her companion's demise. She applied for, and won, the situation as Franklin Thompson. There is no proof in her military records that she actually served as a spy, but there is plenty about it in her book. +Making a trip into hostile area to assemble data required many disguises.. One camouflage required Edmonds to utilize silver nitrate to color her skin dark, wear a dark hairpiece, and stroll into the Confederacy masked as an individual of color by the name of Cuff. Some other time she entered as an Irish vendor lady by the name of Bridget O'Shea, guaranteeing that she was offering apples and cleanser to the officers. Once more, she was "working for the Confederates" as a dark laundress when a bundle of authentic papers dropped out of an official's coat. At the point when Thompson came back to the Union with the papers, the commanders were enchanted. Some other time, she filled in as an investigator in Kentucky as Charles Mayberry, revealing a Confederacy operator. +Edmonds' profession as Frank Thompson came to an end when she traveled to Berry's Brigade so as to convey mail to Union powers. While trying to take an easy route, she was tossed into a ditch by her donkey and injured. In 1863, she contracted malaria. She thought if she went to a military emergency clinic she would be found out. She went to a private medical clinic, expecting to come back to military life once she had recovered. Then she saw banners posting Frank Thompson as a deserter. She chose to fill in as a female nurse at a Washington, D.C. clinic for injured troopers run by the United States Christian Commission. +In 1882, Edmonds began the process of clearing the charge of desertion from Thompson's record in order to receive a pension. She got a pension of $12 a month. + += = = Brown fur seal = = = +The brown fur seal ("Arctocephalus pusillus"), is a type of fur seal. It is also called the Cape fur seal, South African fur seal and Australian fur seal. +Description. +Adult male brown fur seals are dark gray to brown, with a darker mane of short, coarse hairs and a light belly. Adult females are light brown to gray, with a light throat and darker back and belly. The front flippers of the fur seal are dark brown to black. Pups are born black and molt to gray with a pale throat within 3–5 months. +Ecology. +Predators. +The brown fur seal's main predator is the great white shark. Other predators include, killer whales and southern elephant seals. Land predators include black-backed jackals and brown hyenas on the Skeleton Coast in Namibia. +In popular culture. +Cape fur seals are shown as "The Scoundrel" in the 2021 nature program "Penguin Town". + += = = Point of view (philosophy) = = = +A point of view is a specific attitude or manner through which a person thinks about something. This figurative usage of the expression dates back to 1760. +Every individual's perception or conception upon any particular action. This is known as point of view. This is based on their thought process and experience in their life. It may change from person to person. Many things may be judged from a personal, traditional or moral point of view (as in "beauty is in the eye of the beholder"). +On a large scale, it may be called worldview or philosophy (informally), and is caused by geography, history, religious beliefs and ideology. There are a number of classifications of world views. One approach is to regards world views as caused by human nature. + += = = Dracohors = = = +Dracohors is a group in taxonomy, the system scientists use to put living things in groups. It is below a phylum but above an order. It is a clade. The clade Dracohors contains dinosaurs, birds and Siledauridae. +The name "dracohors" comes from Latin: "draco" for "dragon" and "hors" for "group" or "circle." + += = = California sea lion = = = +The California sea lion ("Zalophus californianus") is a type of eared seal native to western North America. Its natural habitat ranges from southeast Alaska to central Mexico, including the Gulf of California. California sea lions are sexually dimorphic. They eat lots of fish and squid. Their main predators are killer whales and great white sharks. + += = = Judd Buchanan = = = +Judd Buchanan, (born 25 July 1929) is a Canadian politician and businessman. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada between 1968 and 1980. He represented the electoral area of London West in Ontario. During this time, he was a part of the Liberal Party. Buchanan was a part of the cabinet of Canada while Pierre Trudeau was the Prime Minister. From 1974 to 1976, he was the Minister of Indian Affairs, from 1976 to 1978 he was the Minister of Public Works and the Minister of State for Science and Technology. He was the President of the Treasury Board from 1978 to 1979. +Life. +Buchanan was born in Edmonton, Alberta. He went to university at the University of Alberta and the University of Western Ontario and got a Master of Business Administration. Before becoming a politician, he was an insurance broker at the London Life Insurance Company. Buchanan was elected for the first time in the 1968 federal election. He was elected again in the 1972, 1974, 1979, and 1980 elections. After the 1980 election, when Trudeau did not choose Buchanan to be in the cabinet, Buchanan decided to resign his job as a Member of Parliament. He got a job in Calgary working in the private sector. +Buchanan did more work after he stopped being a politician. He worked in the Canadian tourism industry. He helped the Canadian government create the Canadian Tourism Commission in 1994. He was made an Officer of the Order of Canada in 2000. + += = = Farmers to Families Food Box = = = +The Farmers to Families Food Box program is set up by the United States' government during the COVID-19 pandemic to help get fresh food from farmers to consumers. The food is put into "family-sized" boxes containing produce, dairy products and/or meat. The programs is run by the USDA (Department of Agriculture). It is part of the government's general response to the pandemic, called the Coronavirus Food Assistance Program run by the USDA. It was announced on April 15, 2020. According to the program's home page, over 70,000,000 boxes were invoiced between the start date and then end of August. As of the second week of August 2020, the program's budget was three billion dollars. +The USDA buys the produce from farmers. Then the food is sent to local packaging companies. These companies distribute the packages to local organizations such as NGOs and religious orga +nizations. The program sets no restrictions on which families may pick of the boxes. +Reception. +The program has been positively received. However, there has been some criticism. For example, the boxes weigh forty pounds. This can make it difficult for people without a car to get the boxes home. Also, the program initially only had boxes with produce, dairy products and meat. Since some people do not eat dairy or meat products, this created a problem. +It has also been stated that specialty-crop farmers have not been helped enough by the program. + += = = Ali-Asghar Hekmat = = = +Ali-Asghar Hekmat-e Shirazi (‎; 16 June 1892 - 25 August 1980) was an Iranian politician, diplomat and writer. Shirazi also served as the Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of Justice , and Iranian Minister of Culture under the government of Reza Shah and Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , the Shahs of Iran. Shirazi was also first Iranian ambassador to the republic of India and wrote many books about Indian history and culture. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, his books and works were refused and he was named as a Freemason a word that in Islamic world is a bad word. finally one of his books, "Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments", was recently reprinted by non government organization. + += = = Vanity Fair (magazine) = = = +Vanity Fair is a monthly magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. +The first version of "Vanity Fair" was published from 1913 to 1936. It was revived in 1983 and currently includes five international editions of the magazine. As of 2018, the Editor-in-Chief is Radhika Jones. + += = = Herbert Tabor = = = +Herbert Tabor (November 28, 1918 – August 20, 2020) was an American biochemist and physician-scientist. His works focused in polyamines and their role in human health and disease. +Tabor was a principal investigator at the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases where he led the pharmacological section. He was the editor-in-chief of the "Journal of Biological Chemistry" from 1971 to 2010. +Tabor was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1977. +Tabor died at his home in Bethesda, Maryland on August 20, 2020 at the age of 101. + += = = Bryan Lee = = = +Bryan Lee (March 16, 1943 – August 21, 2020) was an American blues guitarist and singer. He was also known by the nickname 'Braille Blues Daddy'. He was a known singer on Bourbon Street since the 1980s. +He died on August 21, 2020, at the age of 77. + += = = Manitowoc, Wisconsin = = = +Manitowoc () is a city in and the county seat of Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. The city is located on Lake Michigan at the mouth of the Manitowoc River. According to the 2020 census, Manitowoc had a population of 34,626. + += = = Rolf Gohs = = = +Rolf Ernst Gohs (26 October 1933 – 23 August 2020) was an Estonian-born Swedish comic creator. He was born in Estonia but moved to Sweden in 1946. +Gohs usually wrote his own stories as well. Early works such as "Mannen från Claa" ("The Man from Claa") and "Dödens Fågel" ("The Bird of Death") were well received. +He produced a comic book story about the legendary Children's Crusade directly for the Swedish Phantom comic book. +Gohs died on 23 August 2020, aged 86. + += = = Nursholeh = = = +Nursholeh (22 August 1957 – 23 August 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was Mayor of Tegal between 2017 and 2019. He lost his re-election bid in 2018. He was born in Tegal, Central Java. He was a member of the Golkar Party. +Nursholeh died on 23 August 2020, one day after his 63rd birthday in Tegal. + += = = Jack Tynan = = = +John Christopher Tynan (5 December 1925 – 23 August 2020) was a New Zealand field hockey player and cricketer. He represented New Zealand in field hockey between 1948 and 1956, including at the 1956 Olympic Games in Melbourne. +He played four first-class cricket matches for Wellington between 1952 and 1954. +Tynan died on 23 August 2020, aged 94. + += = = Harold Best = = = +Harold Best (18 December 1937 – 24 August 2020) was a Labour Party politician. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds North West from the 1997 general election until he retired at the 2005 general election. He was a trade unionist. +Best died on 24 August 2020, aged 82. + += = = László Cseh Sr. = = = +László Cseh Sr. (14 March 1952 – 24 August 2020) was a Hungarian swimmer. He competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics and the 1972 Summer Olympics. His son, László Cseh, is a six time Olympic medalist. +Cseh Sr. died on 24 August 2020 in Budapest, aged 68. + += = = László Cseh = = = +László Cseh (: born 3 December 1985, sometimes called Louis Czech in English-speaking countries) is a Hungarian competitive swimmer. He has won four silver Olympic medals and two bronze. He is a 33-time European Champion. His father, László Cseh Sr., also represented Hungary at the Olympics in swimming. + += = = Chitta Ranjan Dutta = = = +Chitta Ranjan Dutta, Bir Uttom () (1 January 1927 – 24 August 2020), also known as C R Dutta, was a Bangladeshi Major-General of the Bangladesh Army. He was a key commander of the Mukti Bahini during the Bangladesh Liberation War. +After independence, he was the armed forces commander in Rangpur and later went on to become the first Director-General of the Bangladesh Rifles (present-day Border Guards Bangladesh) in 1973. +Dutta was a well known minority rights advocate in Bangladesh. He was also the president of the Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council. +Dutta died at a hospital in Boca Raton, Florida on 24 August 2020 after falling at his home, aged 93. + += = = Gail Sheehy = = = +Gail Sheehy (born Gail Henion; November 27, 1936 – August 24, 2020) was an American author, journalist, and lecturer. She was the author of seventeen books and many high-profile articles for magazines such as "New York" and "Vanity Fair". +Many of her books focused on cultural shifts, including "Passages" (1976). Sheehy wrote many biographies including Hillary Clinton, both presidents Bush, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Soviet president Mikhail Gorbachev. +Sheehy died in Southampton, New York on August 24, 2020 from pneumonia-related problems at age 83. + += = = Ruhollah Hosseinian = = = +Hojatoleslam Ruhollah Hosseinian (, March 5, 1956 in Shiraz – August 25, 2020 in Tehran) was an Iranian principalist politician. +He was in the Iranian Ministry of Intelligence and National Security (or VEVAK) as deputy to Ali Fallahian and in April 2007 was appointed by President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as the security advisor to the president. +He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Islamic Revolution Document Center. From 2007 to 2009, he was a member of the Council for Spreading Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's Thoughts. He was also a member of parliament from 2008 to 2016. +Hosseinian died on August 25, 2020, after he had a history of heart problems. + += = = Mónica Jiménez = = = +Mónica Eliana Jiménez de la Jara (December 25, 1940 – August 25, 2020) was a Chilean Christian Democrat politician. She was born in Santiago de Chile. +From 2008 to 2010, she was Minister of Education during the Michelle Bachelet presidency. Between 2016 and 2018, she was the Chilean Ambassador to Israel. +Jiménez died from cancer in Santiago on August 25, 2020 at the age of 79. + += = = Sase Narain = = = +Sase Narain (27 January 1925 – 25 August 2020) was a Guyanese politician and lawyer. He was Speaker of the National Assembly of Guyana from 1971 to 1992. +In 1991, Narain became the first Speaker of Guyana’s National Assembly to remove a Member of Parliament after Minister of Agriculture Isahak Basir threw a drinking glass at Narain. +Narain died on 25 August 2020, aged 95. + += = = National Assembly (Guyana) = = = +The National Assembly is one of the two components of the Parliament of Guyana. Under Article 51 of the Constitution of Guyana, the Parliament of Guyana consists of the President and the National Assembly. +The National Assembly has 65 members elected using the system of proportional representation. + += = = Hippolyte Simon = = = +Hippolyte Simon (25 February 1944 – 25 August 2020) was a French Roman Catholic archbishop. He was Bishop of Clermont from 1996 to 2002 before becoming Archbishop, serving until 2016. +He was Vice-President of the Bishops' Conference of France from 2007 to 2013. He was born in Saint-Georges-de-Rouelley, France. +Simon died on 25 August 2020 in Caen, France at the age of 76. + += = = Oscar Cruz = = = +Oscar V. Cruz (November 17, 1934 – August 26, 2020) was a Filipino Roman Catholic prelate. He was archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines. He was the Archbishop Emeritus of Lingayen-Dagupan in Pangasinan, Philippines, from 1991 to 2009. He was born in Balanga, Bataan, Philippine Islands. +Cruz died on August 26, 2020 in San Juan, Philippines from COVID-19, aged 85. + += = = Pride & Prejudice (2005 movie) = = = +Pride & Prejudice is a 2005 romantic drama movie directed by Joe Wright. It is based on Jane Austen's 1813 novel of the same name. +The movie is about five sisters from an English family of landed gentry as they deal with issues of marriage, morality and lies. +Keira Knightley stars in the lead role of Elizabeth Bennet, while Matthew Macfadyen plays her romantic interest Mr. Darcy. The movie also stars Donald Sutherland, Judi Dench, Tom Hollander and Brenda Blethyn. +The movie was released on 16 September 2005 in the United Kingdom and Ireland and on 11 November in the United States. + += = = Matthew Macfadyen = = = +David Matthew Macfadyen (born 17 October 1974) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Mr. Darcy in Joe Wright's "Pride & Prejudice" (2005), and Daniel in the Frank Oz comedy "Death at a Funeral". +acfadyen currently stars as Tom Wambsgans in the HBO drama series "Succession". + += = = Talulah Riley = = = +Talulah Jane Riley-Milburn (born 26 September 1985), known professionally as Talulah Riley, is an English actress. +She has appeared in movies such as "Pride & Prejudice", "St Trinian's", "The Boat That Rocked", "", and "Inception". + += = = Rupert Friend = = = +Rupert William Anthony Friend (born ) is a British actor, director, screenwriter, and producer. He is known for playing CIA operative Peter Quinn in the Showtime political thriller series "Homeland". + += = = Dario Marianelli = = = +Dario Marianelli (born June 21, 1963) is an Italian composer. He is known for working with director Joe Wright many times. He was born in Pisa. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his musical score for "Pride & Prejudice". +In 2007, he won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for his work on "Atonement". + += = = Joe Wright = = = +Joseph Wright (born 25 August 1972) is an English movie director. +He is known for his works "Pride & Prejudice" (2005) and "Anna Karenina" (2012), the romantic war drama "Atonement" (2007), the action thriller "Hanna" (2011), Peter Pan origin story "Pan" (2015), and "Darkest Hour" (2017). + += = = Columbus Short = = = +Columbus Keith Short, Jr. (born September 19, 1982) is an American choreographer, actor, dancer and rapper. He choreographed Britney Spears's Onyx Hotel Tour. +He is best known for his roles in the movies "Stomp the Yard", "Cadillac Records", "Armored", and "The Losers". + += = = Pat McCluskey = = = +Patrick McCluskey (13 April 1952 – 24 August 2020) was a Scottish footballer. +In 1970, McCluskey began his professional career with Celtic. However, he went on loan that first season to Sligo Rovers in Ireland. He moved to second-tier Dumbarton in 1977 for £15,000, where he spent three seasons. + += = = Dr. Mabuse the Gambler = = = +Dr. Mabuse the Gambler is a 1922 German crime thriller movie directed by Fritz Lang and is based on the novels by Norbert Jacques. It stars Rudolf Klein-Rogge, Aud Egede-Nissen, Gertrude Welcker, Alfred Abel, Bernhard Goetzke, Paul Richter, Georg John, Hans Adalbert Schlettow. + += = = Is Paris Burning? = = = +Is Paris Burning () is a 1966 French American World War II drama movie directed by René Clément and was based on the Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre. It stars Kirk Douglas, Jean-Pierre Cassel, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Alain Delon, Charles Boyer, Simone Signoret, Glenn Ford, Anthony Perkins, Leslie Caron and was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1967. + += = = Operation Rolling Thunder = = = +Operation Rolling Thunder happened when the USA started bombing campaigns of North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. + += = = Guadalupe fur seal = = = +The Guadalupe fur seal ("Arctocephalus townsendi") is a type of fur seal in the genus "Arctocephalus". +Description. +Guadalupe fur seals are sexually dimorphic in size. Both males and females are dark brown or dusky black, with the hairs on the back of the neck being yellowish or light tan. The young ones are born with a black coat similar to that of adults. + += = = Harold Janeway = = = +Harold Janeway (February 3, 1936 – August 20, 2020) was an American politician and businessman. He was a Democratic member of the New Hampshire Senate, representing the 7th District from 2006 to 2010. He was born in Glen Cove, New York. +Janeway died of prostate cancer on August 20, 2020, in Webster, New Hampshire at the age of 84. + += = = Webster, New Hampshire = = = +Webster is a town in Merrimack County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 1,913 at the 2020 census. + += = = Samantha Lewthwaite = = = +Samantha Louise Lewthwaite (; born 5 December 1983), also known as Sherafiyah Lewthwaite or the White Widow, is a British woman who is one of the Western world's most wanted terrorism suspects. Lewthwaite, the widow of 7/7 London terrorist bomber Germaine Lindsay, is accused of causing the deaths of more than 400 people. +Lewthwaite was an alleged member of the Somalia-based radical Islamic militant group Al-Shabaab. +She is believed to have been behind an attack on those watching football in a bar in Mombasa during Euro 2012. In September 2013, it became aware that she is the mastermind behind the Nairobi Westgate shopping mall attack, though many people do not believe this. +She is nicknamed the "White Widow". + += = = Nancy Guptill = = = +Nancy Evelyn Guptill (April 28, 1941August 24, 2020) was a Canadian politician. She was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island from 1987 to 2000. She was a member of the provincial Liberal Party. +She represented the electoral districts of 5th Prince from 1987 to 1996 and St. Eleanors-Summerside from 1996 to 2000. She was elected speaker in 1993. +Guptill died on August 24, 2020, in Summerside, Prince Edward Island from a long-illness, aged 79. + += = = Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments = = = +Persian Inscriptions on Indian Monuments is a book written by Dr. Ali-Asghar Hekmat. It was published in 1956, 1958 and 2013. New print has the Persian texts of more than 200 stone inscriptions found on historical places in India, many of which are now listed as national heritage or UNESCO world heritage sites. +Third edition. +After being lost for over 50 years, a third edition of the book has been printed by Dr. Mohammad Ajam with 200 pictures. the book is important for students of Persian language and teachers. +Book contents. +In India, Persian inscriptions are usually found on buildings such as mosques , tombs,forts, palaces, gateways, water tanks, wells, gardens and bridges. Certain movable objects such as seals, signets, vases and eating pot. Most pre-Mughal Indian quranic and Persian inscriptions in India date from the last decade of the 12th century AD, when Muhammad Ghori (Guri) conquered Delhi and established his ruling there. However, a small number of inscriptions have been found in Haryana, Gujarat and Kerala which bear earlier dates. the persian language was official language of courts in India for 600 years . +Palaces, citadels. +The book explain Persian Inscriptions on many palaces and fort in India including: +Mausoleums. +The book describes 47 Mausoleum and tombs in India inscribed with Persian Inscriptions. +Persian inscription in the mosques. +The book had described Persian inscription in the 14 mosques in India including: +. Shah Jahan also built the Taj Mahal, at Agra and the Red Fort in Old Delhi, which stands opposite the Jama Masjid.it remained the royal mosque of the emperors until the end of the Mughal period. +Gallery. +some Pictures of the Indian important places which have Persian inscriptions and have been explained in the book: more pictures in flicker 3d pan white + += = = Juan Fernández fur seal = = = +The Juan Fernández fur seal ("Arctocephalus philippii") is a type of fur seal. It is the second smallest type of fur seal. They are only found on the Juan Fernández Islands and the Desventuradas Islands. + += = = New Zealand fur seal = = = +The New Zealand fur seal ("Arctocephalus forsteri") is a type of fur seal mostly found around southern Australia and New Zealand. They are also called the Australasian fur seal, South Australian fur seal, Antipodean fur seal, or long-nosed fur seal. + += = = Darragh Ennis = = = +Darragh Ennis (born 1980) is an Irish entomologist, neuroscientist, quizzer, and television personality. He is one of the six Chasers on the ITV game show The Chase. He is nicknamed The Menace and alternatively The Dublin Dynamo. He was a contestant on the show in 2017. In April 2020, Ennis became the first ever contestant in the UK to become a new Chaser. His Chaser debut aired on 19 November 2020. +Early life and science career. +Ennis grew up in Dublin, Ireland and studied at Maynooth University, graduating with a BSc in biology in 2002, and a PhD in ecology in 2008. After completing his doctorate, he worked as a biomedical scientist at ICON plc for a year before undertaking postdoctoral research at Concordia University in Montreal, Canada from 2010 until 2012. Since 2013, he has worked as a lab manager and research technician at the University of Oxford, where he specialises in researching the brains of insects. +Television. +In 2017, Ennis was a member of a winning team on "The Chase". He earned £9,000 in his Cash Builder round and defeated chaser Paul Sinha to take that money into the Final Chase. The other three contestants also advanced, but each of them took negative low offers from Sinha so that the final prize total was £6,300. Outraged viewers set up a GoFundMe campaign to compensate Ennis for his share of the money lost through his teammates' decisions. Ennis requested for all money to be donated to charity. +In April 2020, Ennis was announced as the sixth chaser on The Chase, alongside Mark Labbett, Shaun Wallace, Anne Hegerty, Paul Sinha and Jenny Ryan. His Chaser-debut episode was aired on 19 November 2020. His debut brought in 4.9 million viewers, making it the most watched episode of The Chase ever. +Personal life. +Ennis is married to his "university sweetheart", and they live together in Oxford with their two children. Ennis supports Dublin GAA and Liverpool FC. Ennis can speak German and Irish. + += = = Denys Shmyhal = = = +Denys Anatoliyovych Shmyhal (; born 15 October 1975) is a Ukrainian businessman and politician. +On 4 March 2020, he became the Prime Minister of Ukraine. +Biography. +Denys was born on 15 October 1975 in Lviv. In 1997, he graduated from the Lviv Polytechnic (engineering and economics). +1997-2005 he works as accountant in private sector. From June 2006 to August 2008, he was Director for the investment company "Comfort-Invest". +In 2008-2009, Shmyhal was General Director at "Rosaninvest LLC". +Shmyhal worked in multiple leading political roles in Ukraine's Lviv Oblast from 2009 until December 2013. +In 2009-2013 served as the head of the Department of Economics and the head of the Department of Economic Development, Investment, Trade and Industryat the Lviv Oblast Administration. +In 2015-2017 he was a Vice President of Lviv company Lvivkholod. +In 2018-2019, Shmyhal was a Director of the Burshtyn TES. +From August 2019 till February 2020 he was the Governor of Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast. +On 4 February 2020, he became the Minister of Regional Development of Ukraine. +In March 2020, Denys Shmyhal became the Prime Minister of Ukraine. +Personal life. +Shmyhal is married to Kateryna. The couple has two daughters. + += = = Neil Douglas (physician) = = = +Sir Neil James Douglas (28 May 1949 – 23 August 2020) was a Scottish medical doctor. He was president of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (RCPE) from 2004 to 2010 and chairman of the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges (AoMRC) from 2009 to 2012. +Douglas died on 23 August 2020 in Edinburgh, aged 71. + += = = Narendra Patel, Baron Patel = = = +Sir Narendra Babubhai Patel, Baron Patel, (born 11 May 1938) is a British obstetrician and cross bench peer. From 2006 to 2017, he was the Chancellor of University of Dundee. He was born in Lindi, Tanganyika Territory. +Patel became a Member of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in 1969, and a Fellow in 1988. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1999. +Patel received a knighthood in the 1997 Queen's Birthday Honours, and was created a life peer on 1 March 1999, as Baron Patel, of Dunkeld in Perth and Kinross. + += = = Dirk Mudge = = = +Dirk Frederik Mudge (16 January 1928 – 26 August 2020) was a Namibian politician. He was the chairman of the 1975–1977 Turnhalle Constitutional Conference. He also co-founded the Republican Party (RP) of Namibia as well as the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA). Mudge was a member of the Constituent Assembly and 1st National Assembly until he retired in 1993. Mudge is the founder of Namibia's Afrikaans daily "Die Republikein" and its publisher Namibia Media Holdings. +Mudge died in Windhoek, Namibia from COVID-19 on 26 August 2020, aged 92. + += = = National Assembly (Namibia) = = = +The National Assembly is the lower chamber of Namibia's bicameral Parliament. Since 2014, it has a total of 104 members. +96 members are directly elected through a system of closed list proportional representation and serve five-year terms. Eight additional members are appointed by the President. + += = = Parliament of Namibia = = = +Parliament is the law-making body of Namibia's legislature. It is made up of two chambers: + += = = National Council (Namibia) = = = +The National Council is the upper chamber of Namibia's bicameral Parliament. It reviews bills passed by the lower chamber and makes recommendations for legislation of regional concern to the lower chamber. +The 42 National Council members are chosen by regional councils, which are indirectly elected for a term of five years. Each of the 14 regional councils chooses three of its members to serve on the National Council. + += = = South American fur seal = = = +The South American fur seal ("Arctocephalus australis") is a type of fur seal. It breeds on the coasts of Peru, Chile, the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. + += = = Rand Beers = = = +Rand Beers (born November 30, 1942) is an American government official. He was Deputy Homeland Security Advisor to the President of the United States during the Barack Obama administration. +He also was acting United States Secretary of Homeland Security following the resignation of Secretary Janet Napolitano on September 6, 2013, until Jeh Johnson replaced her on December 23, 2013. + += = = Hidden-ear frog = = = +The hidden-ear frog or earless water-holding frog ("Ranoidea cryptotis") is a frog from Australia. It lives in the Kimberly region in the Ord and Fitzroy Valleys. It lives in Western Australia and small parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory. +The adult male frog is 3.4 to 4.6 cm long. The adult female frog is 3.6 to 4.8 cm long. This frog has a round body and a small head. It does not have any webbing on its front feet. This frog can be gray or brown. Adult frogs can have a mottled pattern. It has five stripes running across its body from the sides. They can be bright orange in color. +This frog waits for wet weather before it lays eggs. It lays its eggs in pools of water. The water can be very hot, 40°C. It can be white and full of clay. The tadpoles can be 4.6 cm long. They have five rows of teeth, two on the top and three on the bottom. The tadpoles take about one month to become frogs. + += = = Aunjanue Ellis = = = +Aunjanue L. Ellis (; born February 21, 1969) is an American actress. +Ellis is best known for her roles in movies "Men of Honor" (2000), "The Caveman's Valentine" (2001), "Undercover Brother" (2002), "Ray" (2004), "" (2008), "The Taking of Pelham 123" (2009) and "The Help" (2011). + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic in Namibia is part of the worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). +Early cases. +The Minister of Health and Social Services, Dr. Kalumbi Shangula, announced on 14 March 2020 that the virus had reached Namibia. A Romanian couple constituted the two first cases and recovered after 79 days after their initial diagnosis. +On 17 March 2020, President Hage Geingob declared a which caused the closure of all borders, suspension of gatherings and economic related resolutions. +No infections were reported from 6 April 2020 to 20 May 2020, however there was a notable increase in cases after this period - possibly due to local transmission. +Cases total. +As of August 2020, Namibia was within the top 20 number of countries with the most COVID-19 cases reported in Africa. +A total of 166 health care workers tested positive for the virus, increasing the pressure on the health system given that a shortage of health care workers existed even before the pandemic. +Quarantine. +On 31 July, the Health Minister announced a small end in quarantine protocols that would account for faster recovery rates. Patients with a positive COVID-19 result will automatically be regarded as recovered 10 days after their infection, given that they do not display symptoms anymore. +Vaccination campaign. +Vaccinations started on 19 March 2021, initially with 100,000 doses of the donated by China and 24,000 doses of the purchased through COVAX. + += = = Run out = = = +A run out is a way of getting a batter out in cricket. It involves hitting a wicket with the ball when no batsman is in the ground of that wicket; the batsman who is out is the one who is nearest to that ground, or if both batsmen are in a ground, the batsman who reached that ground second. Run outs can happen when batters are trying to score runs by running between the two grounds. +Mankading. +When a bowler is readying himself to bowl, the ball becomes live; if the nonstriker leaves the ground at the bowler's end before the bowler has thrown the ball, then the bowler can hit the wicket in this ground with the ball to "mankad" the nonstriker. +Stumping. +A stumping is a special type of run out in which the wicketkeeper (the fielder with gloves behind the striking batter) hits the wicket in the ground at the striker's end with the ball when the striker is out of that ground. +Stumpings are not allowed on no-balls; a striker who is not trying to run can only be run out on a no-ball if the wicketkeeper has another fielder help him. + += = = Bowled = = = +In cricket, a batter can be out bowled if the bowler delivers the ball to the batter and it hits the wicket behind the batter before touching anyone other than the batter. When the wicket is hit, one of its 5 sticks must fall to the ground for the batter to be out. A batter can't be bowled if the ball was not delivered legally. +A batter can also be out leg before wicket (LBW) if they use their body to prevent the ball from hitting the wicket. + += = = South American sea lion = = = +The South American sea lion ("Otaria flavescens"), is a type of sea lion. It is also called the Southern Sea lion and the Patagonian sea lion. The South American fur sea lion is found on the Ecuadorian, Peruvian, Chilean, Falkland Islands, Argentinean, Uruguayan, and Southern Brazilian coasts. It is the only member of the genus "Otaria". + += = = Pseudorandom number generator = = = +A pseudorandom number generator is a way that computers generate numbers. "There is no known way for a computer to generate numbers which are truly random". A computer algorithm can generate numbers which look random. +An analogy is a jar of (numbered) marbles. Humans can reach into the jar and grab "random" marbles. However, to understand pseudo random numbers, we must understand that this process is not random. We decided to reach into the bag based off of our brain giving us a signal to reach in this way, and the marbles themselves being arranged in a certain way. +Pseudo-random number generators are computer routines which tell the computer how to produce a number which "looks" random. +The initial position of the marbles is called the "seed." The seed is used to create the randomness. To come up with the seed some programs use time of day, while others convert background noise into a number. +When you need to get the next random number ("marble") the generator calculates it with some algorithm. It is based on the previous generated number, in turn, depending on the initial "seed." The algorithm is strict, it will always produce the same sequence of random numbers ("marbles") given the same initial "seed". + += = = Subantarctic fur seal = = = +The subantarctic fur seal ("Arctocephalus tropicalis"), is a type of fur seal. It found in the southern parts of the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. + += = = House of Bruce = = = +The House of Bruce began as the lords of Annandale. The most well known member was King Robert the Bruce. He beat the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn and became king. He died in 1329. He was succeeded by King David II, his son. He was deposed by Edward Balliol. +David II died at Edinburgh Castle at age 46. With him the House of Bruce ended. + += = = African civet = = = +The African civet ("Civettictis civetta") is a large type of civet in the family Viverridae. It is native to Sub-Saharan Africa . It is a Least Concern species. In some countries, it is threatened by hunting, and wild African civets are kept for producing civetone to make some types of perfume. + += = = Bete-ombro = = = +Bete-ombro, also known as tacobol, bets, or pau na lata, is a Brazilian form of street cricket. There are two teams of two players, one which has the bat, and the other having the ball, and there are two wickets. +Rules. +A player from one team throws the ball from one wicket to the other, while a player from the other team holding a bat stands at the other wicket. The batter can hit the ball and then run between the wickets to score runs, while his partner does the same but crossing him. If the ball is thrown at a wicket before a player from the batting team gets to it, then the teams swap. + += = = Plaquita = = = +La plaquita or la placa is a form of street cricket played in the Dominican Republic. It involves two teams of two players, and two wickets (which can be license plates, known as "placas" in Spanish). Players from one team run between the wickets to score runs, but can't score anymore if the wicket is hit with the ball when that team's players are too far away from the wicket. + += = = Run = = = +Run can mean: + += = = Bottom (TV series) = = = +Bottom is a British television sitcom created by Adrian Edmondson and Rik Mayall. It was first broadcast on BBC2 between 1992 and 1995. The show stars Edmondson and Mayall as two poor, perverted flatmates in Hammersmith, London. The show uses violent slapstick comedy. +Two stage shows between 1993 and 2003; and one movie, "Guest House Paradiso" (1999), were also made about "Bottom". In 2004, "Bottom" was voted number 45 in a poll for "Britain's Best Sitcom". +Episodes. +Series 3 (1995). +'*' = Episodes featuring only the two main characters +<br>'+' = Episodes where no part of the episode is set in the flat + += = = Alexander Taraikovsky = = = +Alexander Taraikovsky (26 March 1986 – 10 August 2020) was a participant in protests against the false numbers of the 2020 Belarusian presidential election. He was shot dead point-blank (from a very close range) by special forces officers on August 10, 2020, in Minsk. The government-run media tried to present it as something that happened through his own carelessness (failure to take the care that a cautious person usually takes). +He was shot by the police on the evening of August 10, 2020, near Pushkinskaya metro station in Minsk. +He was buried at Western cemetery in Minsk on August 15, 2020. The death of Taraikovsky caused more protests. +On December 21, 2020, the representative of the public initiative "Belarusian People's Tribunal" Igor Makar published the materials of the preliminary investigation. They claimed that Aleksandr Taraikovsky was deliberately and cynically killed by an employee of the Special Anti-Terrorist Unit "Almaz" Korovin Nikita Yuryevich ( born in 1993), with the complicity of other unidentified employees of this special forces unit. +On February 2, 2021, TUT.BY got the results of the audio test of the recording made by BYPOL. Nikolai Karpenkov the chief of GUBOPiK (a special police unit in Belarus) is heard to say that he was shot by the police. The expert test made it clear that the Nikolai Karpenkov's voice is on the record and there are no signs of changes made to it. +Reaction. +On September 17, 2020, European Parliament spoke on the situation in Belarus. It printed a decision, supported by many people in the parliament, calling for an "independent and effective investigation" into the death of Alexander Taraikovsky related to the protests. +On November 19, 2020, Jim Gilmore, United States Ambassador to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, spoke on a three-month end of the investigation into the death of Alexander Taraikovsky. He said that it is another sign of “the impunity with which Belarusian security forces pursue their violent crackdown on peaceful protesters.” +On November 26, 2020, European Parliament spoke on the situation in Belarus. It printed a decision calling for a "prompt, thorough, impartial and independent investigation into the death of Alexander Taraikovsky." + += = = Gerald Carr = = = +Gerald Paul "Jerry" Carr (August 22, 1932 – August 26, 2020) (Col, USMC, Ret.) was an American mechanical and aeronautical engineer, United States Marine Corps officer, naval aviator, and NASA astronaut. +He was Commander of Skylab 4, the third and final crewed visit to the Skylab Orbital Workshop, from November 16, 1973, to February 8, 1974. +Carr was born in Denver, Colorado. He studied at the University of Southern California and at Princeton University. +Carr died in Albany, New York on August 26, 2020, four days after his 88th birthday. + += = = Edward Gibson = = = +Edward George "Ed" Gibson (born November 8, 1936) is a former NASA astronaut, pilot, engineer, and physicist. +Gibson was selected as part of NASA Astronaut Group 4, the first group of scientist-astronauts. He was on the support crew of Apollo 12, the second Moon landing mission. He worked on the development of the Skylab space station. +In 1973–74, Gibson made his only flight into space as science pilot aboard Skylab 4, the third and final crewed flight to Skylab. He, along with Commander Gerald Carr and Pilot William Pogue, spent just over 84 days in space. +Gibson resigned from NASA in December 1974, but returned in 1977 to preside over the selection of scientist-astronaut candidates. Gibson retired from NASA for the last time in October, 1982. + += = = José Lamiel = = = +José Asensio Lamiel (29 January 1924 – 26 August 2020) was an Aragonese painter and sculptor. He was born in Calanda, Spain. +He studied at the San Carlos Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Valencia. +In the 1960s he moved to Colombia and worked there for six years. He also worked in the United States, before returning to Spain. In 1989 he was awarded the Cruz de San Jorge by the provincial government of Teruel. +Lamiel died on 26 August 2020 in Alcalá de Henares, Spain at the age of 96. + += = = Philippine Space Agency = = = +The Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA) is the organization within the government of the Philippines that sends satellites and other objects into outer space. +Beginning. +PhilSA was made by "Republic Act No. 11363" that became a law in August 8, 2019. +The Philippines did some space projects before PhilSA became an official organization. Philippines’ Advanced Science and Technology Institute (DOST-ASTI) put the first Filipino-made object into orbit, DIWATA-1, in 2016. The second was Agila 2 in 2018. +Site. +The buildings and other things for PhilSA are scheduled to be finished in 2022. In 2020, it operates in the Clark Special Economic Zone in Pampanga and Tarlac, which used to be an American air base. + += = = Winifred Mitchinson = = = +Winifred Mitchinson is a New Zealand born Model/Actress. She is best known for winning Playboy Playmate of the Year in 1988 for Australian Playboy Magazine. She modelled for Australian Playboy Magazine under the name of Desiree Brown. She married Scott Mitchinson in 1990, who she met on the Red Carpet of the premiere for Crocodile Dundee 2. They have one child named Alexander Mitchinson also known as Mc Medicinal, an actor & rapp artist. Scott worked as First Assistant Film Editor on Crocodile Dundee 2, which was directed by John Cornell. Scott also was First Assistant editor to Leon Gast, director for When We Were Kings, feature length academy award winning documentary about B B King & Muhummad Ali at the 3 day soul festival in Africa in 1974. + += = = Europa Europa = = = +Europa Europa (, lit. "Hitler Youth Salomon") is a 1990 German French Polish World War II drama movie directed by Agineszka Holland and based on the 1989 autobiographical novel by Solomon Perel. It stars Marco Hofschneider, Julie Delpy, Hanns Zischler, Piotr Kozlowski, André Wilms and was distributed by Orion Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1992. + += = = Ørnulf Tofte = = = +Ørnulf Tofte (12 February 1922 – 26 August 2020) was a Norwegian police officer. He was an important person in the Norwegian intelligence service during the Cold War. He was born in Oslo. +He was Assistant Chief of Police and Head of counter-intelligence in the Police Surveillance Agency. Tofte found several illegal Soviet spies and personally arrested Asbjørn Sunde, Gunvor Galtung Haavik and Arne Treholt. +Tofte died on 26 August 2020 in Bærum, Norway at the age of 98. + += = = Tim Renton = = = +Ronald Timothy Renton, Baron Renton of Mount Harry, (28 May 1932 – 25 August 2020) was a British Conservative Party politician. He was a Member of Parliament between 1974 to 1997. +He was Minister of State for Immigration between 1987 to 1989 in the Thatcher cabinet and as Minister for the Arts between 1990 to 1992 in the Major cabinet. +He was a member of the House of Lords between 1997 to 2016. +Renton died on 25 August 2020, aged 88. + += = = Helmuth Schmidt = = = +Helmuth Schmidt was an American con-man, swindler, and suspected serial killer. From 1913 to 1917 he was suspected in the swindling of at least three women and was connected in deaths of at least two other women[1 missing 1 dead]. After his death, following the search of his properties, he was connected to the disappearences of three more women, with additional located jewelry and watches indicating other possible victims in New York and Missouri. +Arrest and suicide. +Upon his arrest, Helmuth confessed that he had burned Steinbach's body, but alleged that she had killed herself with poison following his refusal to instantly marry her and a subsequent quarrel on March 11. Fearing that his wife and daughter would return soon from the cinema, Schmidt dragged the body to the cellar, lifted it through a window and then buried it under his porch. Three months after the incident, he claimed that he dug up the body, cut it up with a cleaver and then burned the pieces in the furnace. She was his last known victim. He committed suicide in his jail cell in 1918. + += = = Laurent Akran Mandjo = = = +Laurent Akran Mandjo (5 November 1940 – 25 August 2020) was an Ivorian Roman Catholic bishop. He was Bishop of Yopougon from 1982 to 2015. He was born in Songon, French West Africa. +Mandjo died on 25 August 2020 in Abidjan at the age of 79. + += = = Take the Money and Run = = = +Take the Money and Run is a 1969 American comedy movie directed by Woody Allen (who also stars) and also starring Janet Margolin, Marcel Hillaire, Lonny Chapman, Jan Merlin, James K Anderson, Mark Gordon, Mike O'Dowd. It was distributed by Cinerama Releasing Corporation. + += = = Tommy Joe Coffey = = = +Tommy Joe Coffey (November 18, 1936 – August 25, 2020) was an American-born Canadian Football League (CFL) player. He was a wide receiver and place kicker for the Edmonton Eskimos, Hamilton Tiger-Cats and Toronto Argonauts. He was born in Texas. His career lasted from 1959 to 1973. +Coffey died on August 25, 2020 at the age of 83. + += = = Erik Allardt = = = +"Erik" Anders Allardt (9 August 1925 – 25 August 2020) was a Finnish sociologist. Allardt was professor of sociology at the University of Helsinki between 1955 and 1991, and as chancellor of Åbo Akademi University between 1992 and 1994. He was born in Helsinki. +Allardt died on 25 August 2020 in Helsinki at the age of 95. + += = = Wolfgang Uhlmann = = = +Wolfgang Uhlmann (29 March 1935 – 24 August 2020) was a German chess grandmaster. He was East Germany's most successful professional chess player. +He won the German Democratic Republic (GDR) national championship 11 times from 1954 to 1986. He was the GDR's most outstanding player at the Chess Olympiads of 1956–1990, where he made 11 appearances. +At the 1964 event in Tel Aviv, he scored a combined 15 points out of 18, earning him the individual board one gold medal. +An individual bronze medal, for a combined score of 13 points out of 18, followed in 1966 at Havana. +Uhlmann died on 24 August 2020 from a fall, aged 85. + += = = Mark Sertich = = = +Mark Sertich (July 18, 1921 – August 24, 2020) was an American ice hockey player. Sertich died on 24 August 2020 in Duluth, Minnesota at the age of 99. +Biography. +Mark was born on July 18, 1921 in Duluth, Minnesota. His parents were from Yugoslavia, Croatians by nationality. He was first introduced to hockey at the age of 10. +Initially, he competed without skates, later winning them as a consolation prize for second place in one of the competitions.Later, in an interview, he recalled: “In the beginning, I played hockey without skates, in those days it was considered good luck if your parents could buy you at least a stick.”After graduating from school, Sertich got a job. +His father died, and so he had to provide for his family. +In 1942, he was drafted into the US Armed Forces, participated in the battles of World War II and was one of those who liberated the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. +After the war, Mark quickly adapted to civilian life - he returned to work as an office manager, and in his spare time began to develop hockey in his native Duluth. +He organized the construction of an outdoor hockey rink - he beat officials for money to buy building materials, prepared all the necessary documents. +The new ice rink became a center of attraction for local kids, Sertich created a children's hockey team and coached it for many years, and also led the Duluth Amateur Hockey Association permanently. + += = = Fauna (disambiguation) = = = +Fauna is a collective term for animal life. +Fauna may also refer to: + += = = Magdalen Redman = = = +Magdalen "Mamie" Redman (July 2, 1930 – August 22, 2020) was an American baseball catcher and utility infielder. She played from through in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She batted and threw right-handed. +Redman was born in Waupun, Wisconsin. She played for Kenosha Comets from 1948 to 1949 and for Grand Rapids Chicks between 1950 to 1954. +Redman died in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin on August 22, 2020 at the age of 90. + += = = Waupun, Wisconsin = = = +Waupun is a city in Dodge and Fond du Lac counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 11,344 at the 2020 census. + += = = Oconomowoc, Wisconsin = = = +Oconomowoc ( ") is a city in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 18,203 at the 2020 census. + += = = Nemertodermatida = = = +Nemertodermatida is a class of Acoelomorpha, comprising 18 species of millimetre-sized turbellariform, mostly interstitial worms. + += = = Miron Sher = = = +Miron Naumovich Sher (Russian: ����� �������� ���; June 29, 1952 – August 21, 2020) was an influential Ukrainian-born American chess grandmaster. In 1981, at age 29, Sher became a chess coach for the Russian national team, a role he held until 1985. +Sher became an international master in 1988 and a grandmaster in 1992. +In 1991, when the Soviet Union dissolved, Sher became a Russian citizen. +Sher died August 21, 2020, in New York City at the age of 68. +Other websites. +<br> + += = = A. R. Lakshmanan = = = +Arunachalam Chettiar Lakshmanan, B.A., B.L., (22 March 1942 – 27 August 2020) was an Indian politician and lawyer. He was a Judge of the Supreme Court of India between 2002 and 2007. He was Chairman of the Law Commission of India between 2006 and 2009. +Lakshmanan died on August 27, 2020 in Devakottai, Tamil Nadu from cardiac arrest, aged 78. + += = = Keri Kaa = = = +Hohi Ngapera Te Moana Keri Kaa (1942 – 26 August 2020) was a New Zealand writer, educator and activist for te reo Māori. +During her time in Wellington, Kaa was involved with the Haeata Women's Collective (a group of Māori women artists), the "Herstory" diary project, and the Waiata Koa collective. +Her children's book "Taka Ki Ro Wai", written in the Waiapu dialect of te reo, won the inaugural Māori language category in the New Zealand Post Book Awards for Children and Young Adults and honored in the National Design Awards for creative director Martin Page's work. +Kaa died on 26 August 2020, aged 78. + += = = Bluestar's Prophecy = = = +Bluestar's Prophecy is a teen fantasy novel in the "Warriors" series by Erin Hunter. This is the second "Warriors" "Super Edition" (a standalone story that is longer than most "Warriors" books). The main character is a cat named Bluestar. The book tells her life story, from her birth to the day she becomes leader of a group of cats called ThunderClan. It was published by HarperCollins and released on 28 July 2009. +Plot. +Bluestar is called Bluekit, Bluepaw, and Bluefur during different parts of her life. +"Bluestar's Prophecy" follows the life of Bluestar, the leader of ThunderClan. The book starts with a prologue that recounts Bluestar's death in "A Dangerous Path". The book then goes back to Bluestar's childhood, during which Goosefeather, the Clan's medicine cat, receives a prophecy about Bluepaw being a fire that will blaze through the forest, but who will be destroyed by water. A few moons later, Bluepaw's mother, Moonflower, is killed in a battle. +Bluestar's childhood is defined by her relationship with her sister, Snowfur, which is damaged when Snowfur falls in love with Thistleclaw, whom Bluefur finds arrogant and untrustworthy. Snowfur is later killed when she is hit by a car, leaving a heartbroken Bluefur to care for Snowfur's son, Whitekit. +Bluefur later meets a RiverClan warrior named Oakheart, and although they do not like each other at first, they eventually fall in love. They decide to spend one night together, but agree that for the good of their Clans, they will never meet again afterwards. One moon later, Bluefur is horrified to find out that she is expecting kittens. Thrushpelt, a ThunderClan warrior with feelings for Bluefur, offers to help her take care of her kits. Bluefur accepts his offer, allowing the rest of ThunderClan to believe that Thrushpelt is the father of her kits. +Sunstar, ThunderClan's leader, tells Bluefur that he was planning to make her ThunderClan's new deputy (second-in-command), but because of her kittens, he will promote Thistleclaw to deputy instead. After having a vision of Thistleclaw drenched in blood, Bluefur realizes that allowing him to become deputy and then leader would be deadly to the Clan. She decides to take her three kits to Oakheart and let them be raised in RiverClan. During this, one of her kits, Mosskit, freezes to death. Her other kits, Mistykit and Stonekit, make it to RiverClan. She explains the disappearance of her kits by pretending they have been taken by a starving fox. +Without her kits, Bluefur is made deputy. After Sunstar dies, she becomes leader, taking on the name Bluestar. After successfully leading ThunderClan for several seasons, she receives a prophecy from the ThunderClan medicine cat (healer), Spottedleaf: “Fire alone can save our Clan.” Later, while walking by a human town, she catches sight of a bright ginger house cat named Rusty. Recognizing him as the cat from Spottedleaf's prophecy, she names him Firepaw and takes him into ThunderClan. + += = = Ted Grace = = = +Edward Laurence Grace (13 March 1931 – 22 August 2020) was a Welsh-born Australian politician. He represented the Australian Labor Party (ALP) in the House of Representatives from 1984 to 1998, representing the seat of Fowler. Grace was born in Swansea, Wales. +Grace died on 22 August 2020 in New South Wales, aged 89. + += = = Cinderella (Disney character) = = = +Cinderella is a fictional Disney Princess. She is the main character of the 1950 Disney movie "Cinderella", which is based on the fairy tale of Cinderella. + += = = Yellowfang's Secret = = = +Yellowfang's Secret is a teen fantasy novel written by Cherith Baldry under the pen name Erin Hunter. It is the fifth "Super Edition" in the "Warriors" novel series. "Yellowfang's Secret" was first released in hardcover on 9 October 2012. It focuses on a cat named Yellowfang, who lives with forest cats who call themselves Clans. +"Yellowfang's Secret" follows Yellowfang, the ThunderClan medicine cat (healer), during her early life in ShadowClan. Yellowfang trains as a warrior apprentice (a cat who hunts and fights), but realizes that she would do better as a medicine cat. The story in the book takes place at the same time as the other Super Editions "Bluestar's Prophecy" and "Crookedstar's Promise". It is written for readers 8-12 years old. +Plot. +Yellowfang is called Yellowkit when she is born. She is born in ShadowClan. Her parents are Brightflower and Brackenfoot. Her siblings are Nutkit and Rowankit. Yellowfang has a special power: she feels other cats' pain as if it were hers. When she is small, both she and Nutkit have pain in their stomach one day, even though Nutkit is the only one who is really sick. +When Yellowkit is older, she is renamed Yellowpaw. A cat named Deerleap teaches her how to be a warrior, where she will hunt and fight for her Clan. She becomes close with a cat called Raggedpelt. The other cats do not like Raggedpelt because the think his father might have been a house cat (Clan cats do not like house cats because they think they are lazy). Yellowpaw tries to help Raggedpelt find out who his father was. But when they find out his father really was a house cat, things become worse for Raggedpelt. Hal, Raggedpelt's father, rejects Raggedpelt, and then Raggedpelt kills Hal. Another female cat, Foxheart, also likes Raggedpelt, but Raggedpelt likes Yellowpaw. +Yellowpaw is eventually renamed Yellowfang, and she completes her training and becomes a warrior. Sagewhisker, the ShadowClan medicine cat, convinces Yellowfang that her ability to feel other cats' pain would make her a very good medicine cat. At first, Yellowfang wants to stay as a warrior instead, but later she changes her mind. Yellowfang becomes Sagewhisker's apprentice and takes the medicine cat's vows. In this book, being a medicine cat means never having a mate or kittens. But Yellowfang stays with Raggedpelt in secret, against the rules. +Yellowfang finds out that she is pregnant. Because this is against the medicine cat rules, Yellowfang gives birth in secret. Only one kitten survives. She names the kitten Brokenkit and gives it to Raggedpelt. The Clan thinks Foxheart is Brokenkit's mother. However, he is nursed by a cat named Lizardstripe, who is mean to him. Her kittens also bully him. Brokenkit grows up angry and misguided. Eventually, Brokenkit becomes a warrior and is renamed Brokentail. He eventually becomes the deputy (second-in-command) of the Clan. Brokentail trains the young cats of his Clan harshly. When Raggedpelt (who has become leader of ShadowClan and is now called Raggedstar) tells Brokentail it is too much, Brokentail pretends to agree, but seceretly plans to kill him, so that he can become leader of the Clan. Brokentail's plan works, and he makes it look like cats from another Clan, WindClan, killed Raggedpelt. +Brokentail becomes Brokenstar. He rules ShadowClan cruelly. Using his father's death as an excuse, he has ShadowClan attack WindClan, eventually driving them out. He begins training kittens before they are six months old, which is against the rules the Clans live by. He tells old cats to leave the camp and fend for themselves, which is also against the Clan's rules. When a kitten dies in battle, Yellowfang speaks up against Brokenstar's cruelty, which leads Brokenstar to set up another plan: falsely accusing her of the deaths of two other kittens, and banishing her from the Clan. +Yellowfang leaves and she goes to ThunderClan territory, where, exhausted by rage and hunger, she is attacked by a ThunderClan cat named Firepaw. After a brief fight, Yellowfang admits defeat. Yellowfang is taken to the ThunderClan camp, where she slowly comes to love ThunderClan, and is eventually invited to stay there for good. +A bonus comic scene at the end of the book shows Yellowfang killing Brokenstar with a poisonous berry, in an attempt to put right everything she has done wrong in her life. +Reception. +Barnes & Noble said this book was "an epic stand-alone adventure." It has a ranking of 4.7 out of 5 stars on the Barnes & Noble website. + += = = Judith Ivey = = = +Judith Lee Ivey (born September 4, 1951) is an American actress and theatre director. She twice won the Tony Award for her roles in "Steaming" (1981) and "Hurlyburly" (1984). + += = = Tamara Tunie = = = +Tamara Tunie (born March 14, 1959) is an American actress, director, and producer. She is best known for her roles as attorney Jessica Griffin on the CBS soap opera "As the World Turns" (1987-1995, 2000-2007, 2009), and as medical examiner Melinda Warner in the NBC police drama "" (2000-2019). + += = = Youghiogheny River = = = +The Youghiogheny River , or the Yough (pronounced Yok ) for short, is a tributary of the Monongahela River in the U.S. states of West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. It drains an area on the west side of the Allegheny Mountains northward into Pennsylvania. + += = = Connellsville, Pennsylvania = = = +Connellsville is a city in Fayette County, Pennsylvania, United States, southeast of Pittsburgh on the Youghiogheny River, a tributary of the Monongahela River. It is part of the Pittsburgh Metro Area. The population was 7,031 at the 2020 census. + += = = Alma G. Stallworth = = = +Alma G. Stallworth (November 15, 1932 – August 25, 2020) was an American Democratic politician and businesswoman. She was in the Michigan House of Representatives from 1971 to 1974, 1983 to 1996 and from 2003 to 2004. She also founded the Black Caucus Foundation of Michigan in 1985. Stallworth was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. +Stallworth died on August 25, 2020 in Detroit, Michigan at the age of 87. + += = = Angolan genet = = = +The Angolan genet or miombo genet ("Genetta angolensis") is a type of genet. It only lives in Southern Africa. It is very common in Southern Africa. It is a Least Concern species. + += = = Asian palm civet = = = +The Asian palm civet ("Paradoxurus hermaphroditus") is a type of Viverrid. It comes from South and Southeast Asia. It is a Least Concern species. In Indonesia, it is threatened by poaching and illegal buying and selling of wild animals; buyers use it to make kopi luwak, a type of coffee that is eaten and excreted by the animal. + += = = Brown palm civet = = = +The brown palm civet ("Paradoxurus jerdoni"), is a type of palm civet. It is also called the Jerdon's palm civet. It only lives in the Western Ghats of India. + += = = Dancer in the Dark = = = +Dancer in the Dark is a 2000 musical drama movie directed by Lars von Trier and stars Björk, Catherine Deneuve, David Morse, Peter Stormare, Cara Seymour, Joel Grey, Jean-Marc Barr, Vincent Paterson, Željko Ivanek, Udo Kier. It was distributed by Fine Line Features and was nominated for an Academy Award in 2001. It stars many people from different countries, those being: Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Britain, France, Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Argentina, Norway, Taiwan, and Belgium. + += = = Kanuites = = = +Kanuites is an extinct genus of viverrid carnivore. It lived in Africa, during the Miocene epoch. The viverrids are a group of civet cats, and the group is rather cat-like in its form and life-style. +Description. +"Kanuites" was about long, and looked very similar to modern genets. It was probably an omnivore and may have had retractable claws, like a feline. It may have lived in trees for part of its life. + += = = University of Wrocław = = = +The University of Wrocław is a public university in Wrocław, Poland. It was started in 1702 by Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor), and has nearly 25,000 students. +History. +The first attempt to found a university in Wroclaw was in 1505. The initiator was Vladislav II. Due to wars, lack of money, the university was not opened. +In 1702, the Society of Jesus founded a university called Leopoldina. It had the only faculty of philosophy and �atholic theology. +In 1811, as a result of a reform, the universities in Breslau and Frankfurt an der Oder were merged. The university was called Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here students studied at 5 faculties — Catholic theology, Protestant theology, law, philosophy and medicine. The University of Breslau became the first German university to have both Catholic and Protestant faculties. +After the end of World War II, the German university in the city was closed and then transformed into a Polish state university, which was officially opened on June 9, 1946. +In 1952 ��� 1989 the university was named after the President of Poland Bolesław Bierut. +In 2001, there were celebrations in Wroclaw dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the foundation of the University. +General information. +The University of Wroclaw is a higher education institution in the Republic of Poland. +There are 10 departments that provide 44 areas of study, classes are mostly Polish, with only some in English. The University of Wrocław provides Bachelor, Master, and Doctoral level programmes. +Teaching at the university is conducted at the following faculties: + += = = Cape genet = = = +The Cape genet ("Genetta tigrina"), is a type of genet. It is also called the South African large-spotted genet. It only lives in South Africa. It is a Least Concern species. Like other genets, it is nocturnal and arboreal. It prefers riparian zones of forests, as long as these are not marshy places. + += = = Knife-footed frog = = = +The knife-footed tree frog, olive water-holding frog or desert collared frog ("Ranoidea cultripes") is a frog from Australia. It lives in the Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia. +The adult male frog is 4.1 cm long and the adult female frog is 4.3 cm long. Their front feet are not webbed and their back feet have only a little webbing. This frog digs in the ground to make a burrow, where it hides. This frog is gray-brown or olive-brown in color with a thin stripe in the middle of its back down its spine. +This frog lives on flood plains near small streams. It comes aboveground after rain. Scientists do not know what its tadpoles are like. + += = = Laurinburg, North Carolina = = = +Laurinburg is a city in and the county seat of Scotland County, North Carolina, United States. The population at the 2020 Census was 14,978 people. + += = = Clyde Hill, Washington = = = +Clyde Hill is a city located in King County, Washington. It is part of the Eastside region, located to the east of Seattle. The population was 3,126 at the 2020 census. + += = = Dahl's aquatic frog = = = +Dahl's aquatic frog, the northern waterfrog, Dahl's olive tree frog, Dahl's tree frog, floodplain frog, northern lagoon frog or aquatic frog ("Ranoidea dahlii") is a tree frog from Australia and New Guinea. Most of them live in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. There are a few more in Queensland and New Guinea. +This frog lives near bodies of water that either take months to dry up or do not dry up at all. During the day, it sits next to the water. When the weather is dry, it finds a crack in the ground to hide in. Scientists do not know what the eggs or tadpoles are like. + += = = Half dollar = = = +The United States Half dollar is the largest US coin currently produced and in circulation measuring at 1.2 inches in diameter and 0.08 inches in thickness. It is worth half of a dollar, or 50 cents. +It is worth the equivalent of 50 pennies, 10 nickels, 5 dimes, or 2 quarters. +The US president shown on the half dollar is John F. Kennedy +Half dollars are 2 times the weight of a US quarter dollar. +Half dollars were first minted in 1964 and are still being minted, however they are hard to find at most banks since not many people use half dollar coins anymore. + += = = Free culture = = = +Free culture is a concept and a movement that tries to help people share art very freely. It says copyright laws are too strict and tries to create a less limiting system. The word "free" In "free culture" means "freedom", not price. +The beginning of the movement is connected to Lawrence Lessig who has written a book named Free Culture and started Creative Commons, an organization that supports things like free culture and education. The movement is similar to free software movement but focuses on all art works, e.g. images or songs. Some free cultural works are for example the movie Big Buck Bunny or files at Wikimedia Commons. Wikipedia is also part of free culture because it uses a free license for its articles. +The rules. +Works, for example movies, that respect free culture are called "free cultural works" or simply "free works". These works have to allow anyone to: +The artist who creates something can make it free by adding a free license to it. Most famous free licenses are Creative Commons (CC) licenses. However, not all Creative Commons licenses are free (some for example prohibit commercial use or changing the work). The free CC licenses are CC0, CC-BY and CC-BY-SA. + += = = MOS Technology 6502 = = = +The MOS Technology 6502 is an 8-bit microprocessor developed by MOS Technology in 1975. When It was introduced it was highly praised for its cost and is still being produced to this day as the 65C02 by the Western Design Center (WDC). +Many popular home video games consoles and computers such as the Atari 2600, Atari XL, BBC Micro, Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System and other systems have used the 6502 and variants of it as its main processor. + += = = BBC Micro = = = +The BBC Micro or the Beeb was an 8-bit home computer from 1981. Acorn Computers developed and built the BBC Micro. Over 1.5 million units were sold during its lifespan. For many children in the UK, the BBC Micro was their first exposure to computers because many were in schools. An estimated 80% of schools in the UK had a BBC Micro computer. +Nine models of the BBC Micro were produced, and the Model B was the most common, the BBC Master series with an upgraded 128KB of RAM and other refinements and various other models such as RAM upgraded Model B's and a version for North America that outputted an NTSC video signal. + += = = Urban morphology = = = +Urban morphology is the field of research, study, study, and design of the form of human settlement and the process of their formation and change. This study seeks to understand the spatial structure and nature of: "metropolis, city, town, neighborhood, compound, or agricultural locality" of any kind, by examining the patterns of the component parts Its and the ownership or control and given of the form of land uses. Usually the analysis of the physical form focuses on the pattern of the street, the plot (or for example in UK "the plot") and the building patterns. Land use analysis specifically is usually conducted using cartographic sources and the development process is derived from a comparison of historical maps. Special attention is paid to how the physical shape of a city changes over time and how different cities compare to each other. Another significant part of this research profession deals with the study of the social forms that are expressed in the physical arrangement of a city, and vice versa, how the physical form produces or recreates various social forms. + += = = Cameo Kirby = = = +Cameo Kirby can refer to: + += = = Mother-of-pearl = = = +Mother of pearl is a smooth shining iridescent substance forming the inner layer of the shell of some molluscs, especially oysters and abalones, used in ornamentation. + += = = Olfactores = = = +Olfactores is a group, called a clade, in taxonomy. Taxonomy is the way scientists put living things in groups to show how they are related to each other. Olfactores is part of the phylum Chordata, animals with notochords. These are rods of tissue that form inside the developing embryo. In many organisms, the notochord helps the spine or nervous system grow, but some animals have only a notochord and no spinal bones. Olfactores contains Vetulicolia, Tunicata (Urochordata) and Vertebrata (also named Craniata). Most animals in Chordata are also in Olfactores. Only the animals in Cephalochordata are in Chordata but not Olfactores. +Scientists started to think taxonomy needed a special name for this group of living things in 2006. They studied large numbers of data and saw a pattern that said the organisms in Olfactores had a relationship with each other that they did not have with cephalochordates. The name "olfactores" comes from Latin word "olfactus" for "sense of smell." Scientists named this clade "Olfactores" because the animals in it grow a pharynx as part of their respiratory system and use it to breathe. Cephalochordates, for example the lancelet, do not have respiratory systems and they do not have any organs whose job is only to smell things. + += = = Jack Dryburgh = = = +Jack "Jackie" Dryburgh (14 January 1939 – 21 August 2020) was a British ice hockey player and coach and administrator. +He played for many clubs in Scotland and England during the 1950s and 1960s as well as coaching in Aviemore and Solihull. He was a member of the British Ice Hockey Association. She was added into the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991. + += = = Thomas Imrie = = = +Thomas "Red" Imrie (15 July 1937 – 24 August 2020) was a British ice hockey defender. He played in the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s. He also played for the Great Britain national team between 1961 and 1966. +Imrie was honored into the British Ice Hockey Hall of Fame in 1987. +Imrie died on 24 August 2020 at the age of 83. + += = = Douglas MacDiarmid = = = +Douglas Kerr MacDiarmid (14 November 1922 – August 26, 2020) was a New Zealand painter. He was known for his diversity and use of colour, and involved with key movements in twentieth-century art. He was born in Taihape, New Zealand. +MacDiarmid painted the portraits of Rita Angus and Theo Schoon among others. +In 2016, two of his paintings sold through Art+Object for a record price (for the artist) of more than $27,000 each as part of the Tim and Sherrah Francis Collection, the highest grossing art auction in New Zealand history. + += = = Joe Ruby = = = +Joseph Clemens Ruby (March 30, 1933 – August 26, 2020) was an American animator, television editor, writer, and producer. He was the co-founder with Ken Spears of television animation production company Ruby-Spears Productions. He was born in Los Angeles. He helped create "Scooby-Doo", "Dynomutt, Dog Wonder", and "Jabberjaw". +Ruby died of natural causes on August 26, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 87. + += = = David Bryant (bowls) = = = +David John Bryant (27 October 1931 – 27 August 2020) was a British bowls player. A three-time World (outdoors) singles bowls champion (in 1966, 1980 and 1988) and was also a three-time World indoors singles champion (in 1979, 1980 and 1981) and a four time Commonwealth Games singles gold medalist. He was born in Clevedon, North Somerset, England. +He was thought to be the greatest bowler of all time, winning 19 World and Commonwealth gold medals in total. +Bryant died on 27 August 2020, aged 88. + += = = László Kamuti = = = +László Kamuti (13 January 1940 – 27 August 2020) was a Hungarian fencer. He competed at four Olympic Games in 1960, 1964, 1968 and 1972. He was born in Budapest. +Kamuti died on 27 August 2020 in Budapest, aged 80. + += = = Eugene McCabe = = = +Eugene McCabe (7 July 1930 – 27 August 2020) was a Scottish-born Irish novelist, short story writer, playwright, and television screenwriter. He was born in Glasgow. He was known for his written works Cancer trilogy ("Cancer", "Heritage", "Siege") "Tales from the Poorhouse" and "King Of The Castle". +His 1992 novel "Death and Nightingales" has been called by Irish writer Colm Tóibín "one of the great Irish masterpieces of the century" +McCabe died on 27 August 2020 in London, aged 90. + += = = The Drones (Australian band) = = = +The Drones were an Australian rock band, formed in Perth by mainstay lead vocalist and guitarist, Gareth Liddiard in 1997. +Their second album, "Wait Long by the River and the Bodies of Your Enemies Will Float By" (April 2005), won the inaugural Australian Music Prize. +In October 2010 their third studio album, "Gala Mill" (September 2006) was listed at No. 21 in the book, "100 Best Australian Albums". Two of their albums have reached the top 20 on the ARIA Albums Chart, "I See Seaweed" (March 2013) and "Feelin Kinda Free" (March 2016). +The group went on hiatus in December 2016 with Kitschin and Liddiard forming a new group, Tropical Fuck Storm, in the following year. + += = = Arnaldo Saccomani = = = +Arnaldo Saccomani (August 24, 1949 – August 27, 2020) was a Brazilian music producer, multi-instrumentalist and composer. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil. A television personality, he was known for judging the reality shows "Ídolos" and "Qual é o Seu Talento?". +Saccomani died on August 27, 2020 from renal failure caused by diabetes at a hospital in Indaiatuba, Brazil at the age of 71. + += = = Indaiatuba = = = +Indaiatuba is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Campinas. The population is 251.600 (2019 est.) in an area of 311.55 km2. + += = = Shooting of Jacob Blake = = = +Jacob S. Blake is a 29-year-old African-American man who was shot by police in August 2020. He was hit by four of seven shots fired at his back during an arrest by police officer Rusten Sheskey. Blake did not die, but he cannot move his body below his waist. He is paralyzed. +The shooting happened in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on August 23, 2020, as officers were attempting to arrest Blake. There was an arrest warrant against Blake for criminal trespass, domestic abuse, and sexual assault. +During the encounter, Blake was tasered and scuffled with officers. He was shot as he opened the driver's door to his SUV and leaned in. Three of Blake's sons were in the backseat. +The shooting was followed by protests, property damage, arson, and shooting deaths in downtown Kenosha. +Both the state of Wisconsin and the U.S. federal government decided not to charge police officer Rusten Sheskey with a crime for the shooting. + += = = Kenosha unrest = = = +In August 2020, in the aftermath of the Jacob Blake shooting, protests in Kenosha, Wisconsin, United States and elsewhere occurred as part of the larger Black Lives Matter movement and reactions to other high-profile police killings of unarmed Black people in 2020. +Protests. +After police shot Jacob Blake, many people protested in Kenosha. It was not wholly a peaceful protest. Some people broke into shops and stole the things inside. Some shops were burned down. Armed civilian counter-protesters also came, some of them from other states. They said they wanted to protect businesses. +Responses. +On August 24, Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers activated the Wisconsin National Guard to protect fire fighters and critical infrastructure in Kenosha. +On August 25, one of the civilian volunteers shot three people, two of whom were later pronounced dead. The shooter was a 17 year old named Kyle Rittenhouse. Rittenhouse later walked towards police vehicles with his hands up and still armed with a semi-automatic rifle, but the police vehicles drove past him. Both the men he killed, Anthon Huber, 26, and Joseph Rosenbaum, 36, were white. Many conservatives thought Rittenhouse did not deserve to go to prison, and an online fund for his $2 million bail was filled. +Trial. +Kyle Rittenhouse's trial is scheduled to start on November 1. He is charged with homicide: first-degree reckless homicide, first-degree intentional homicide and attempted first-degree intentional homicide. He is also charged with carrying a weapon even though he was under 18 years old, which is illegal in that state. The largest punishment he could get is life in prison. + += = = Bob Armstrong = = = +Joseph Melton James (October 3, 1939 – August 27, 2020) was an American professional wrestler. In 2011, he was honored into the WWE Hall of Fame. He wrestled for the National Wrestling Alliance. +In his 50 year career, Armstrong held many championships throughout the Southeastern United States. He was born in Marietta, Georgia. +His four sons, Joseph, Robert Bradley, Steve and Brian, all became wrestlers. +Armstrong died on August 27, 2020 in Pensacola, Florida from bone cancer at the age of 80. + += = = Jay, Florida = = = +Jay is a town in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. The population was 524 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Pensacola–Ferry Pass–Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area. + += = = Brent, Florida = = = +Brent is a census-designated place (CDP) in Escambia County, Florida, United States. The population was 23,447 at the 2020 census. It is a principal city of the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent Metropolitan Statistical Area. + += = = Ferry Pass, Florida = = = +Ferry Pass is a census-designated place (CDP) in Escambia County, Florida. It is a community in Pensacola. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 29,921. The University of West Florida, located in Ferry Pass. + += = = University of West Florida = = = +The University of West Florida (West Florida or UWF) is a public university in Pensacola, Florida. It was opened in 1963 as a member institution of the State University System of Florida. +It is a research university without faculties of law or medicine, a space-grant institution, and the third largest campus in the State University System, at . +The main campus is a natural preserve that is bordered by two rivers and Escambia Bay. The university's mascot is an argonaut and its logo is the chambered nautilus. + += = = Lute Olson = = = +Robert Luther "Lute" Olson (September 22, 1934 – August 27, 2020) was an American Hall of Fame basketball coach. He was born in Mayville, North Dakota. +He was also honored in the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame (2006) and re-inducted in the class of 2019. +He was the head coach of the University of Arizona's men's team for 25 years. He was also head coach at the University of Iowa for nine years and California State University, Long Beach for one season. +On October 23, 2008, Olson announced his retirement from coaching. +Olson died on August 27, 2020 under hospice care in Tucson, Arizona from stroke-related problems at the age of 85. + += = = Mayville, North Dakota = = = +Mayville is a city in Traill County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,854 at the 2020 census. + += = = Hillsboro, North Dakota = = = +Hillsboro is a city in Traill County, North Dakota, United States. It is the county seat of Traill County. The population was 1,649 at the 2020 census. Hillsboro was founded in 1881. + += = = Anthony Provenzano = = = +Anthony Provenzano (May 7, 1917 – December 12, 1988), also known as Tony Pro, was an American mobster. He was a member of the Genovese crime family New Jersey faction. Provenzano was known for his dealings with Teamsters Union director Jimmy Hoffa due to Provenzano's job as an International Brotherhood of Teamsters president for Local 560 in Union City, New Jersey. He was born in New York City. +On December 12, 1988, Provenzano died of a heart attack at Lompoc Federal Penitentiary in Lompoc, California, aged 71. + += = = Avalanche Express = = = +Avalanche Express is a 1979 Irish American adventure movie directed by Mark Robson and was based on the 1977 novel of the same name by Colin Forbes. It stars Lee Marvin, Robert Shaw, Linda Evans, Maximilian Schell, Joe Namath, Horst Buchholz, Mike Connors, Claudio Cassinelli, Sky du Mont, David Hess, Günter Meisner, Cyril Shaps and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Bradley Jones = = = +Bradley or Brad Jones may refer to: + += = = Parenthood (1989 movie) = = = +Parenthood is a 1989 American comedy movie directed by Ron Howard and starring Steve Martin, Dianne Wiest, Mary Steenburgen, Jason Robards, Rick Moranis, Tom Hulce, Martha Plimpton, Keanu Reeves, Harley Jane Kozak, Joaquin Phoenix, Kevin Hart, Dennis Dugan. It was distributed by Universal Pictures and was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1990. It was spun off into two television adaptions in 1990 and 2010. + += = = Come Home with Me (movie) = = = +Come Home with Me () is a 1941 Danish drama movie directed by Benjamin Christensen. It stars Bodil Ipsen, Tudlik Johansen, Johannes Meyer, Grethe Holmer, Eigil Reimers, Mogens Wieth, Helga Frier. + += = = Dan Yochum = = = +Dan Yochum (August 19, 1950 – August 26, 2020) was an American-Canadian offensive lineman for the Montreal Alouettes from 1972 to 1980 and the Edmonton Eskimos in 1980. He played for the Canadian Football League. He won three Grey Cups for the Alouettes and was a four-time CFL All-Star. +Yochum was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. +Yochum was honored into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 2004. +Yochum died on August 26, 2020 at the age of 70. + += = = Harve Presnell = = = +George Harvey Presnell (September 14, 1933 – June 30, 2009) was an American actor and singer. He played Leadville Johnny in the Broadway musical "The Unsinkable Molly Brown" and its movie version. +He appeared in "Fargo" (1996), "Saving Private Ryan" (1998), and "Flags of Our Fathers" (2006). +In 1965, he won a Golden Globe Award. +Presnell died on June 30, 2009, aged 75, from pancreatic cancer at a hospital in Santa Monica, California. + += = = Peter Gallagher = = = +Peter Killian Gallagher (born August 19, 1955) is an American actor, musician and writer. He is best known for his roles as Sandy Cohen in the television drama series "The O.C." from 2003 to 2007, as Deputy Chief William Dodds on ", " Stacey Koons on the Showtime comedy-drama "Californication", and Nick on the Netflix series "Grace & Frankie". + += = = Erick Avari = = = +Erick Avari (born Nariman Eruch Avari; 13 April 1952) is an Indian–American actor. He is known for his roles in "Stargate" (1994), "Independence Day" (1996) and "The Mummy" (1999). + += = = Cao Chunan = = = +Cao Chunan (; August 15, 1930 – August 27, 2020) was a Chinese scientist. His works focused in corrosion and electrochemistry. He was a member of the Jiusan Society. In 1991, he became a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Cao was born in Changshu County, Jiangsu. +Cao died on August 27, 2020 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang at the age of 90. + += = = Józefa Hennelowa = = = +Józefa Maria Hennelowa (1 April 1925 – 22 August 2020) was a Polish publicist, journalist and politician. She was born in Wilno, Poland (now Vilnius, Lithuania). As a journalist, she worked for "Tygodnik Powszechny". Hennelowa was a member of the Sejm from 1989 to 1993. +Hennelowa died in Krakow, Poland on 22 August 2020, aged 95. + += = = Masud Yunus = = = +Mas'ud Yunus (1 January 1952 – 27 August 2020) was an Indonesian politician. He was born in Mojokerto, East Java. Yunus was a member of the Democratic Party of Struggle. Between 2013 to 2018, he was mayor of Mojokerto. +Yunus died on 27 August 2020 at a hospital in Mojokerto from COVID-19, aged 68. + += = = East Java = = = +East Java () is a province of Indonesia. It has a land border only with the province of Central Java to the west. + += = = Mojokerto = = = +Mojokerto ( ("Majakerta")) is a city in East Java Province, Indonesia. It is located 40 km southwest of Surabaya. + += = = Chaim Dov Keller = = = +Chaim Dov Keller (1930August 17, 2020) was an American Haredi rabbi, +Talmudic scholar, and journalist. He was the co-founder and co-rosh yeshiva ("dean") of the Telshe Yeshiva in Chicago. He wrote in Haredi newspapers such as the "Yated Ne'eman" in the United States. He was born in New York City. +Keller was diagnosed with COVID-19 in March 2020. He died on August 17, 2020 in Chicago, aged 90. + += = = David Simon = = = + David Simon is an American journalist, screenwriter and producer. +Biography. +David Simon's journalistic career began with articles in the school newspaper. After graduating from college in 1983, he came to "The Baltimore Sun", where he worked for twelve years. In the newspaper, Simon dealt with criminal issues. +In 1991, his first documentary, "Homicide: A Year on the Killing Streets. The book was based on his experiences shadowing the Baltimore Police Department homicide unit during 1988." Focusing on work in the series. Simon left the newspaper in 1995. +Simon was the creator, show runner, executive producer and head writer of the HBO drama series "The Wire". +Simon produced and wrote "Generation Kill" for HBO with Ed Burns.The miniseries is an adaption of the non-fiction book of the same name. It relates the first 40 days of the 2003 invasion of Iraq as experienced by 1st Reconnaissance Battalion and their embedded reporter, Evan Wright. +In 2014, HBO greenlit production for Simon's next project "Show Me a Hero." The miniseries is an adaptation of the nonfiction book of the same name by Lisa Belkin and tells the story of Nick Wasicsko, the youngest big-city mayor in the nation who finds himself thrust into racial controversy when a federal court orders to build a small number of low-income housing units in the white neighborhoods of Yonkers, New York. +Simon is married to writer Laura Lippman. + += = = Davies' tree frog = = = +Davies' tree frog ("Ranoidea daviesae") is a tree frog from Australia. They live on the Great Dividing Range in New South Wales. +The adult male frog is 5.3 cm long and the adult female is 6.3 cm long. This frog is gold-brown in color. Some frogs have green patches. It has a dark stripe from its nose over its eye and down its body. This frog has ears that are hard to see. It has fewer warts than other frogs in its family. +Davies' tree frog tadpoles are different from other tadpoles. Their mouths have no beaks or teeth. +There are fewer Davies' tree frogs than there were. The IUCN Red List says they are a vulnerable species. Scientists say there are fewer Davies' tree frogs because human beings have changed their places where they live from forests, because of predators, and because there are not enough Davies' tree frogs in one place for them to find unrelated partners and make healthy offspring. They also think the fungus disease chytridiomycosis could kill Davies' tree frogs but no scientist had seen any frogs sick with it as of 2007. + += = = List of rulers of Lithuania = = = +The President of Republic of Lithuania is a official head of government of Lithuania. + += = = Busch Gardens Williamsburg = = = +Busch Gardens Williamsburg is an amusement park located in James City County, Virginia, United States. + += = = SeaWorld Orlando = = = +SeaWorld Orlando is a theme park and marine zoological park in Orlando, Florida. + += = = Justin and the Knights of Valour = = = +Justin and the Knights of Valour is a 2013 Spanish computer animated comic epic movie produced by Kandor Graphics for Entertainment One Films. It stars Freddie Highmore, Saoirse Ronan, James Cosmo, Charles Dance, Tamsin Egerton, Antonio Banderas, Rupert Everett, Alfred Molina, Mark Strong, Angela Lansbury, David Walliams, Julie Walters and Olivia Williams. It was released on 13 September 2013. + += = = That Lady in Ermine = = = +That Lady in Ermine is a 1948 American musical movie directed by Ernst Lubitsch and stars Betty Grable, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Cesar Romero. The screenplay by Samson Raphaelson is based on the 1919 operetta "Die Frau im Hermelin" by Rudolph Schanzer and Ernst Welisch. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Clarke County, Virginia = = = +Clarke County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 14,783 people lived there. Its county seat is Berryville. + += = = INaturalist = = = +iNaturalist is an American website where people post scientific information about plants, animals and other living things. Usually, they send photographs of which living things they saw and say where and when they saw them. +iNaturalist works by crowdsourcing, by asking many, many people to work on the project. Some of the people who send information to iNaturalist are professional scientists and some are citizen scientists, ordinary people who want to help scientific projects. iNaturalist sends information to International Union for the Conservation of Nature and other projects that watch endangered animals and other populations. iNaturalist users can help park rangers and other people who work in forests find and identify invasive species, for example kudzu. According to one park ranger from the Great Smoky Mountains National Park in the United States, rangers usually already know an invasive plant is in their park, but iNaturalist and programs like it help them find out exactly where it is. Then they can gather people to remove it. +Parks, conservation programs and research teams in many countries have used iNaturalist, for example the United States, Canada and New Zealand. +History. +Students at the University of California at Berkeley founded iNaturalist in 2008. It was a master's thesis project. Since 2014, the California Academy of Sciences and the National Geographic Society have run iNaturalist together. +Platform. +People use their smart phones to look at or send information to iNaturalist, usually photographs. Then other users on the website figure out what the is in the picture. +Seek. +In 2020, iNaturalist launched a smaller program called Seek. Users with Seek can point their phones at a plant or animal and the program will try to tell them its name. According to iNature's Tony Iwane, "Seek's machine-learning model is based entirely on observations from . . the iNaturalist community, so it's really the hard work of thousands and thousands of people on iNaturalist that enables Seek to function." + += = = Prezi = = = +Prezi is a cloud presentation software developed in 2009. The service uses a zoomable user interface that allows you to operate data in 2.5 D and Parallax. +Prezi is used by 50 million users and 80% of Fortune Global 500 companies. The project was created in Budapest, and the very name "prezi" translated from Hungarian — abbreviated form of the word "presentation". +History. +The Prezi project (or Prezi.com) was created with the help of Kitchen Budapest and Magyar Telekom. Immediately after its launch, the company entered the international market. +During the first year, the company had virtually no funding. After 18 months in April 2009, Prezi launched in Budapest, and 5 months later opened an office in San Francisco. The founders of the company won a prize in the European competition of startups The Europas in the nomination "Best founder and co-founder of a startup". Among investors — Sunstone Capital, TED Conferences, and Accel Partners. +A Prezi iPhone app was launched in late 2012. +In March 2014, Prezi pledged $100M in free licenses to Title 1 schools as part of the Obama administration's ConnectED program +Prezi for Android was launched in 2015, and in June 2016. +Products. +Prezi is developed on Adobe Flash, Adobe AIR and Django, but since 2014 it is also possible to work on JavaScript. +The product has become extremely popular in education systems and among universities. It is used, in particular, by The Guardian and the TED conference. +Platforms. +The company runs on the Freemium model, so free users should publish their presentations publicly on the Prezi website. There is a paid service that avoids this. +Prezi Viewer is a program designed for the iPad that allows you to view presentations created on the Prezi Desktop. Up to 10 users can participate in Prezi Collaborate at the same time. +Nutshell. +The entertainment application Nutshell for iPhone allows you to glue photos into a comics with moving elements. +Nutshell creates a small square clip based on three images, which can then be posted to Instagram or Twitter. + += = = Blackadder = = = +Blackadder is a British sitcom that first broadcast on BBC1 between 1983 and 1989. There were four parts to the sitcom. All of them were set in different parts of history. All of the series starred Rowan Atkinson, as Edmund Blackadder; and Tony Robinson, as Baldrick. The four series were "The Blackadder", set at the end of the British Middle Ages; "Blackadder II", set in England during Queen Elizabeth I's rule; "Blackadder the Third", set during the British Regency; and "Blackadder Goes Forth", set during World War I. +"Blackadder Goes Forth" was at number 16 in the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes, which was a list made by the British Film Institute. "Blackadder" was at number 2 in the TV poll Britain's Best Sitcom in 2004. "Empire" magazine said it was the 9th-best television show of all time. +Rowan Atkinson said "Blackadder" is "the thing he found the least stressful" to do. + += = = George Polk Awards = = = +The George Polk Awards in Journalism are American journalism awards given every year by Long Island University in the U.S. state of New York. A writer for a PBS group blog named the awards as "one of only a couple of journalism prizes that means anything". +In 1949, Long Island University started the awards in memory of CBS journalist George Polk. Polk was murdered in 1948 while reporting on the Greek Civil War. In 2009, former "New York Times" editor John Darnton was named curator of the George Polk Awards. + += = = Zombie Land Saga = = = + is an anime television series. MAPPA, Avex Pictures and Cygames produced the anime. It aired in Japan between October 4 and December 20, 2018. It aired on AT-X, Tokyo MX, Sun TV, BS11, Saga TV, and TVQ. Munehisa Sakai is the director. Shigeru Murakoshi is the writer. MAPPA is the animator. +Plot. +In 2008, high school student Sakura Minamoto plans to become an idol. However, a truck kills her on the morning she goes to submit her application. Ten years later, Sakura is one of seven "legendary" girls from many parts of Japanese history who return as zombies in an idol group known as . They are brought back to life by a man who plans to revive Saga Prefecture. +Production. +Cygames announced the anime on July 5, 2018. On August 31, 2018, voice actor Mamoru Miyano announced the anime's cast members. +Crunchyroll streamed the Japanese version with English subtitles. Funimation simulcasted an English version of the anime. +A second season, titled "Zombie Land Saga Revenge", was announced on July 27, 2019. +Music. +The opening theme song is . The ending theme song is . Both songs are sung by Franchouchou (Kaede Hondo, Asami Tano, Risa Taneda, Maki Kawase, Rika Kinugawa, and Minami Tanaka). +Reception. +The opening theme song, "Adabana Necromancy", charted at #13 in the Oricon Singles Chart on December 10, 2018. It charted at #1 in the Billboard Japan Download Songs chart on the same day. +One of the anime's characters, Lily Hoshikawa, is transgender. "Anime News Network" named the revelation of Lily's gender identity as "the [eighth] episode's biggest talking point". "The Daily Dot" named Lily as "trans Twitter’s latest role model". +"Zombie Land Saga" won the 2019 Tokyo Anime Awards Festival award for Animation of the Year. +Other media. +A manga adaptation by Megumu Soramichi began on Cygames' "Cycomi" website on October 8, 2018. A stage adaptation, titled "Zombie Land Saga Stage de Do-n!", was scheduled for March 11 to 14, 2020. However, it was delayed to September 5 and 6 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. +A special featuring Franchouchou and Dempagumi.inc, , aired on September 1, 2020. +A visual fan book, , was released on September 3, 2020. It has a collaboration song between the two idol groups, . + += = = The Simpsons (season 2) = = = +The 2nd season of The Simpsons first started showing on the Fox network from October 11, 1990 to July 11, 1991. It has 22 episodes. The season started with the episode "Bart Gets an "F"" and ended with "Blood Feud". The season was first put on DVD for Region 1 on August 6, 2002, Region 2 on July 8, 2002, and Region 4 on July 24, 2002. The season's executive producers were Matt Groening, James L. Brooks, and Sam Simon. They were the executive producers for the first season. The episode "Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment" won a Primetime Emmy Award. +Production. +"Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish" was the first episode made in the season. "Bart Gets an "F"" was broadcast first because Bart Simpson was liked by many people in 1990. The 2nd season had a new opening sequence. It was shorter than the one before (which was about 90 seconds). In the opening sequence before, it showed Bart taking a bus stop sign. The opening sequence in the 2nd season shows Bart skateboarding past characters that were shown in the first season. There were three opening sequences made for this season. One was 75 seconds, one was 45 seconds, and one was 25 seconds. This was done so that editors of "The Simpsons" could do more with the length of each episode. +Many new characters were first shown in this season: Mayor Quimby, Kang and Kodos, Maude Flanders, Bill and Marty, Dr. Hibbert, Roger Meyers, Jr., Sideshow Mel, Lionel Hutz, Dr. Nick Riviera, the Blue Haired Lawyer, Rainier Wolfcastle, Troy McClure, Groundskeeper Willie, Hans Moleman, Professor Frink, and Comic Book Guy. +Ratings. +After the first season, Fox moved showings of "The Simpsons" from Sundays to Thursday so that more people would see it. It was to be shown on 8:00 PM, which started competition with "The Cosby Show". Producers of "The Simpsons" thought that the competition would make their ratings lower. In the summer of 1990, many news companies made stories about the competition. In this time, NBC had 208 television stations. Fox only had 133. +"Bart Gets an "F"" (the first episode of the season) got almost the same Neilsen rating as "The Cosby Show". The episode got a rating of 18.4 and "The Cosby Show" got a rating of 18.5. "Bart Gets an "F"" was watched by 33.6 million people, which was more than the "Cosby Show". It was the most watched show on that week. In that time, it was the most watched episode on the Fox network ever. The next episode ("Simpson and Delilah") got a Nielsen rating of 16.2, and "The Cosby Show" got a rating of 18.5 again. "Simpson and Delilah" also had more people who watched it when it was first shown. +The 3rd episode ("Treehouse of Horror") did not get as many people to watch it as "The Cosby Show" did. After that, "The Cosby Show" had higher ratings than most of the other episode of "The Simpsons" 2nd season. "Three Men and a Comic Book" was the only episode of this season to get a higher Neilsen rating than "The Cosby Show" did. That episode was 23rd and "The Cosby Show" was 26th in the ratings for that week. "The Simpsons" did not get higher ratings again until in the 3rd season with the episode "Homer at the Bat". "The Simpsons" stopped showing on Thursdays in the 6th season. +Episodes. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> + += = = The Book of the City of Ladies = = = +The Book of the City of Ladies or Le Livre de la Cité des Dames (published in 1405), is perhaps Christine de Pizan's most famous literary work. Pizan originally wrote Le Livre de la Cité des Dames in Middle French but it was later translated into English (1999). The book serves as her formal response to Jean de Meun's popular "Roman de la Rose". Pizan combats Meun's statements about women by creating an allegorical city of ladies. She defends women by collecting a wide array of famous women throughout history. These women are "housed" in the City of Ladies, which is an imaginary city from the book. As Pizan builds her city, she uses each famous woman as a building block for the walls and houses of the city. Each woman added to the city adds to Pizan's argument towards women as valued participants in society. She also advocates in favour of education for woman. +Summary. +Part I. +Part I opens with Christine reading from Matheolus's Lamentations, a work from the thirteenth century that addresses marriage wherein the author writes that women make men's lives miserable. Upon reading these words, Christine becomes upset and feels ashamed to be a woman. The three Virtues then appear to Christine, and tell her that she has been chosen by god to create a city for woman. +Part II. +In Part II, Lady Rectitude says she will help Christine "construct the houses and buildings inside the walls of the City of Ladies" and fill it with inhabitants who are "valiant ladies of great renown". As they build, Lady Rectitude tells Christine stories of powerful woman that will be housed inside the city. Lady Rectitude also refutes allegations that women are unchaste, inconstant, unfaithful, and mean by nature through her stories. This part closes with Christine addressing women and asking them to pray for her as she continues her work with Lady Justice to complete the city. +Part III. +In Part III, Lady Justice joins with Christine to "add the finishing touches" to the city, including bringing a queen to rule the city. Lady Justice tells Christine of female saints who were praised for their martyrdom. At the close of this part, Christine makes another address to all women announcing the completion of the City of Ladies. She beseeches them to defend and protect the city and to follow their queen (the Virgin Mary). She also warns the women against the lies of slanderers, saying, "Drive back these treacherous liars who use nothing but tricks and honeyed words to steal from you that which you should keep safe above all else: your chastity and your glorious good name". +A few women who were mentioned include: +Medusa, Helen of Troy, Polyxena, Florence of Rome, Isabeau of Bavaria, Joan of Armagnac, Margaret of Bavaria, Isis, Marie, Duchess of Auvergne, Margaret of Burgundy, Duchess of Bavaria, Marie of Savoy, Countess of Saint-Pol, Anne de Bourbon and The Virgin Mary. + += = = My Joy = = = +My Joy is a 2010 German Ukrainian Dutch road drama movie directed by Sergei Loznitsa and starring Victor Nemets, Olga Shuvalova, Vladimir Golovin, Maria Versami, Vlad Ivanov. + += = = The Restless Breed = = = +The Restless Breed is a 1957 American western movie directed by Allan Dwan and starring Scott Brady, Anne Bancroft. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Mister 880 = = = +Mister 880 is a 1950 American comedy movie directed by Edmund Goulding and stars Burt Lancaster, Dorothy McGuire, Edmund Gwenn, Millard Mitchell. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = The Glass Menagerie (1950 movie) = = = +The Glass Menagerie is a 1950 American drama movie directed by Irving Rapper and stars Jane Wyman, Kirk Douglas, Gertrude Lawrence, Arthur Kennedy. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. + += = = Craig County, Virginia = = = +Craig County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 4,892 people lived there. Its county seat is New Castle. + += = = Culpeper County, Virginia = = = +Culpeper County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 52,552 people lived there. Its county seat is Culpeper. + += = = Cumberland County, Virginia = = = +Cumberland County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 9,675 people lived there. Its county seat is Cumberland. + += = = Mecklenburg County, Virginia = = = +Mecklenburg County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 30,319 people lived there. Its county seat is Boydton. + += = = Essex County, Virginia = = = +Essex County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 10,599 people lived there. Its county seat is Tappahannock. + += = = Maracalagonis = = = +Maracalagonis ("Màra") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 7,959 people lived there. Its area is 101.37 km2. It is 86 meters above sea level. + += = = The Mysterious X = = = +The Mysterious X () is a 1914 Danish drama movie directed by Benjamin Christensen (who also starred) and also starring Karen Caspersen, Otto Reinwald, Fritz Lamprecht, Amanda Lund, Bjørn Spiro. + += = = Monserrato = = = +Monserrato ("Paùli") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 19,965 people lived there. Its area is 6.43 km2. It is 8 meters above sea level. + += = = Chadwick Boseman = = = +Chadwick Aaron Boseman (November 29, 1976August 28, 2020) was an American actor, playwright, and film producer. He was known for his roles as Jackie Robinson in "42" (2013), James Brown in "Get on Up" (2014), Thurgood Marshall in "Marshall" (2017) and as Black Panther in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies, including "Black Panther" (2018). He also starred and produced the 2019 thriller movie "21 Bridges". +In 2021, Boseman posthumously won a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for his role as Levee Green in "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom". He is also nominated posthumously for an Academy Award for Best Actor. +Chadwick died at his home in Los Angeles from colon cancer on August 28, 2020 at the age of 43.He had been battling the disease since 2016, even though the film studios did not know. + += = = Pula, Sardinia = = = +Pula ("Pùla") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 7,360 people lived there. Its area is 138.92 km2. It is 15 meters above sea level. + += = = Quartu Sant'Elena = = = +Quartu Sant'Elena ("Cuàrtu Sant'Alèni") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 70,962 people lived there. Its area is 96.41 km2. It is 6 meters above sea level. + += = = Quartucciu = = = +Quartucciu ("Cuattùcciu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 13,261 people lived there. Its area is 27.93 km2. It is 16 meters above sea level. + += = = Marshall (movie) = = = +Marshall is a 2017 American biographical legal drama movie directed by Reginald Hudlin and written by Michael and Jacob Koskoff. It stars Chadwick Boseman as Thurgood Marshall. +It is about the first African American Supreme Court Justice, and focuses on one of the first cases of his career, the "State of Connecticut v. Joseph Spell". It also stars Josh Gad, Kate Hudson, Dan Stevens, Sterling K. Brown, and James Cromwell. +It was released in the United States by Open Road Films on October 13, 2017. It received positive reviews from critics. +It received a nomination for Best Original Song for "Stand Up for Something". + += = = Sarroch = = = +Sarroch ("Sarròccu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 5,269 people lived there. Its area is 67.83 km2. It is 47 meters above sea level. + += = = Josh Gad = = = +Joshua Ilan Gad (born February 23, 1981) is an American actor, comedian, and singer. He is known for voicing Olaf in the "Frozen" franchise. + += = = Dan Stevens = = = +Daniel Jonathan “Dan “Stevens (born 10 October 1982) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Matthew Crawley in the ITV acclaimed period drama series "Downton Abbey" (2010–12). +He also starred as Sir Lancelot in the adventure movie "" (2014) and as The Beast/Prince in Disney's live action adaptation of "Beauty and the Beast" (2017). He Stared as Prince Rillian In Netflix's The Chronicles of Narnia: The Silver Chair + += = = The Traveling Executioner = = = +The Traveling Executioner is a 1970 American comedy drama movie directed by Jack Smight and stars Stacy Keach, Marianna Hill, Bud Cort, Graham Jarvis, James Sloyan, M. Emmet Walsh, Ford Rainey, Logan Ramsey, Val Avery, Charles Tyner. + += = = El Cenizo, Texas = = = +El Cenizo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Rio Bravo, Texas = = = +Rio Bravo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Gray, Georgia = = = +Gray is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the county seat of Jones County. + += = = States General of the Netherlands = = = +The States General of the Netherlands ( ) is the bicameral legislature of the Netherlands made up of the Senate () and the House of Representatives (). Both chambers meet at the Binnenhof in The Hague. + += = = Loco, Oklahoma = = = +Loco is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. + += = = Seiko Noda = = = + is a Japanese politician. She is a member of the House of Representatives. She is a self-described conservative. She is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). In October 2021, she became the Minister of Loneliness in the Fumio Kishida cabinet. +She was the Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications from 3 August 2017 to 2 October 2018. + += = = New Alluwe, Oklahoma = = = +New Alluwe is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. + += = = Health Promotion Board = = = +Health Promotion Board (Abbr.: HDB; Malay: "Lembaga Penggalakan Kesihatan", Chinese: ��������) is a statutory board under the Ministry of Health. This board has been established in 2001, and it is responsible in national health promotion and disease prevention programmes in Singapore. + += = = Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) = = = +The Dutch Reformed Church (, abbreviated NGK) is a Protestant church in South Africa. + += = = Evangelical Church of Congo = = = +The Evangelical Church of Congo is a Protestant church in the Republic of the Congo. + += = = Free Methodist Church = = = +Free Methodist Church is a Protestant Methodism church. + += = = Hillerstorp = = = +Hillerstorp is a locality in Gnosjö Municipality in Jönköping County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,766 people lived there. + += = = Australian lace-lid = = = +The Australian lace-lid, Day's big-eyed tree frog or lace-eyed tree frog ("Ranoidea dayi") is a tree frog from Australia. It lives in northeastern Queensland. +The adult frog is 5.0 cm long. Unlike other male frogs, which can sing in groups, male Australian lace-lids are always at least 1 metre apart from each other when they sing. Scientists think that the males compete against each other for the females, that they are territorial animals. +This frog lives in rainforests, especially mountain rainforests. It will eat almost anything it can catch, usually invertebrates, for example spiders and insects. Its large eyes help it hunt at night. +The female frog lays eggs under rocks in streams where the water flows fast. The eggs are clear and 3.3 to 3.5 mm in diameter. The tadpoles have strong tails so they can swim in the fast water. The tadpoles eat algae on the bottom of the stream. Tadpoles that hatch early become frogs in 3-4 months. Tadpoles that hatch in the fall may stay tadpoles through the winter and become frogs the next year. +Scientists are not sure why this frog is endangered. One idea is that feral pigs have come to their rainforests and rip up the low plants that the frog likes to climb on and hide in. Another idea is that the fugal disease chytridiomycosis could be killing these frogs. + += = = Strang, Oklahoma = = = +Strang is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. + += = = Valley Park, Oklahoma = = = +Valley Park is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. + += = = Mutual, Oklahoma = = = +Mutual is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. + += = = Capital District (Venezuela) = = = +The Capital District () is a federal district of Venezuela. It has an area of 433 km2 and there is only one administrative division, Libertador, which contains about half of Caracas, the Venezuelan capital city. + += = = Aragua = = = +Aragua is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is Maracay. + += = = Bolívar (state) = = = +Bolívar is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is Ciudad Bolívar. + += = = Carabobo = = = +Carabobo is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is Valencia. + += = = Delta Amacuro = = = +Delta Amacuro is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is Tucupita. + += = = Floyd County, Virginia = = = +Floyd County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 15,476 people lived there. Its county seat is Floyd. + += = = Teilhet, Ariège = = = +Teilhet is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. + += = = Sainte-Foi = = = +Sainte-Foi is a commune in the Ariège department in southwestern France. + += = = Kolkhoz = = = +Kolkhoz (, a contraction of ������������ ���������, "collective ownership", kollektivnoye khozaystvo) is the name given to large farms that existed in the Soviet Union, and that were organised as a cooperative. A group of people would run these farms; they also owned the means of production (like the machines they needed), but not the land, which was owned by the state. +The state also ran farms during that time, which were known as Sovkhoz. These farms existed from about 1917, the date of the October Revolution, to 1991, when the Soviet Union was disbanded. In a Sovkhoz, people were employed, and did not own any means of production. +As a collective farm, a "kolkhoz" was legally organized as a production cooperative. The Standard Charter of a kolkhoz is a model of cooperative principles in print. It speaks of the kolkhoz as a "form of agricultural production cooperative of peasants that voluntarily unite for the purpose of joint agricultural production based on [...] collective labor". It asserts that "the kolkhoz is managed according to the principles of socialist self-management, democracy, and openness, with active participation of the members in decisions concerning all aspects of internal life". +They imposed detailed work programs and nominated their preferred managerial candidates. Since the mid-1930s, the kolkhozes had been in effect an offshoot of the state sector (although notionally they continued to be owned by their members). Nevertheless, in locations with particularly good land or if it happened to have capable management, some kolkhozes accumulated substantial sums of money in their bank accounts. As a result, many kolkhozes were formally nationalized by changing their status to "sovkhozes". The faint dividing lines between collective and state farms were obliterated almost totally in the late 1960s, when Khrushchev's administration authorized a guaranteed wage to kolkhoz members, similarly to sovkhoz employees. Essentially, his administration recognized their status as hired hands rather than authentic cooperative members. The guaranteed wage provision was incorporated in the 1969 version of the Standard Charter. + += = = Cohabitation = = = +Cohabitation is an arrangement where people who are romantically or sexually attracted to each other live together, without being married. In most cases, the two people will be of opposite sex, but the term can also be used to describe same-sex relationships. Cohabitation has become common in many countries. In these countries, a percentage of children are born outside marriage. + += = = Wyoming toad = = = +The Wyoming toad or Baxter's toad ("Anaxyrus baxteri") is a toad that has become rare. The only living Wyoming toads are in captivity. For example, the Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge in Wyoming breeds these toads. It was listed as "endangered" in 1984, and as "extinct in the wild" in 1991. There were suddenly far fewer Wyoming toads around 1975 and the toad extremely rare by 1980. To prevent extinction, a captive breeding program was started in 1989 at the Thorne Williams Unit. This program produced enough young toads in the first few years to send toads to seven different zoos. In 1998, the Saratoga National Fish Hatchery received toads to breed. Between 1995 and 2006, when the remaining captive toads were moved from the Thorne Williams Unit to the Red Buttes Environmental Biology Laboratory south of Laramie, nearly 46,000 offspring had been produced at the Thorne Williams Unit and released back into the wild. Before the sharp declines occurred, this toad was classified as a subspecies of the Canadian toad. +In nature, the female toad leaves her eggs in the shallow parts of ponds and lakes. The tadpoles swim in the warmest parts of the water. +Adult frogs look for food during the day and hide at night. Sometimes they go into burrows dug by rodents. Adult frogs eat mostly ants but they also eat beetles and other animals without backbones. +Scientists are not sure why the Wyoming toad started to die out in the 1970s. They think it might have been that people were using an insect-killing chemical called Baytex, that seagulls, pelicans and raccoons were eating the toads, or that irrigation for hay growing changed their living space. + += = = Sant Kabir Nagar district = = = +Sant Kabir Nagar is one of the 75 districts of Uttar Pradesh. + += = = Greg Berg = = = +Greg Berg (born November 26, 1960) is a voice actor. + += = = Selargius = = = +Selargius ("Ceràxius") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 28,938 people lived there. Its area is 26.67 km2. It is 11 meters above sea level. + += = = Sestu = = = +Sestu ("Sèstu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 20,892 people lived there. Its area is 48.32 km2. It is 44 meters above sea level. + += = = Settimo San Pietro = = = +Settimo San Pietro ("Sètimu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 6,755 people lived there. Its area is 23.29 km2. It is 70 meters above sea level. + += = = Sinnai = = = +Sinnai ("Sìnnia") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 17,411 people lived there. Its area is 223.91 km2. It is 134 meters above sea level. + += = = NeNe Leakes = = = +Linnethia Monique "NeNe" Leakes (; née Johnson; born on December 13, 1967) is an American television personality, actress, presenter, author, and fashion designer. She is best known for having appeared on the reality television series "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" as an original cast member. She is also known for her role as Roz Washington on the Fox comedy-drama series "Glee". + += = = Uta, Sardinia = = = +Uta ("Uda") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 8,604 people lived there. Its area is 134.71 km2. It is 6 meters above sea level. + += = = Villa San Pietro = = = +Villa San Pietro ("Santu Pèdru") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 2,107 people lived there. Its area is 39.89 km2. It is 37 meters above sea level. + += = = Falcón (state) = = = +Falcón is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is Santa Ana de Coro. + += = = Guárico = = = +Guárico is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is San Juan de Los Morros. + += = = Saint-André-les-Vergers = = = +Saint-André-les-Vergers is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France. + += = = Abentheuer = = = +Abentheuer is a municipality of the district Birkenfeld, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 2019, 432 people lived there. + += = = Fluvanna County, Virginia = = = +Fluvanna County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 27,249 people lived there. Its county seat is Palmyra. + += = = Franklin County, Virginia = = = +Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 54,477 people lived there. Its county seat is Rocky Mount. + += = = Giles County, Virginia = = = +Giles County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 16,787 people lived there. Its county seat is Pearisburg. + += = = Ahrenshöft = = = +Ahrenshöft (; ) is a municipality of the district Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. + += = = Ahrenviöl = = = +Ahrenviöl (, ) is a municipality of the district Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. + += = = Conflans-Sainte-Honorine = = = +Conflans-Sainte-Honorine is a commune. It is found in the region Île-de-France in the Yvelines department in the north-central of France. + += = = Gloucester County, Virginia = = = +Gloucester County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 38,711 people lived there. Its county seat is Gloucester Courthouse. + += = = Ten Little Indians = = = +The Ten Little Indians is an American nursery rhyme. The term "Indians" in this sense refers to the Native Americans in the United States. +The modern lyrics for this song are: +Minstrel song. +Songwriter Septimus Winner created an elaborated version of the children's song, called "Ten Little Injuns", in 1868 for a minstrel show. +Books and songs. +It is generally thought the song was adapted, possibly by Frank J. Green in 1869 as "Ten Little Niggers". It's also possible, however, that the influence was the other way around, with "Ten Little Niggers" being a close reflection of the text which then became "Ten Little Indians". +Agatha Christie's book, "And Then There Were None", was first called "Ten Little Niggers" and then "Ten Little Indians". +Criticism of the racist language. +Due to the use of racist words, modern versions for children usually use "soldier boys" or "teddy bears" as objects in the rhyme. +References in popular culture. +"Ten Little Indians" is a 1962 pop and rock-n-roll song from the Beach Boys. It's on their studio album "Surfin' Safari". +Several "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies" short films used the song. In "Tom Tom Tomcat", Tweety sings the song while writing down the number of Indian cats Granny has taken down so far. +In England's "Mickey Mouse Annual" No. 6, the song was adapted into the comic "10 Little Mickey Kids". It told of little mouse babies who met their end until there were two left. + += = = The Chase = = = +The Chase may refer to: + += = = Clifford Robinson = = = +Clifford Ralph Robinson (December 16, 1966 – August 29, 2020) was an American professional basketball player. +He played 18 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played the first eight seasons of his career with the Portland Trail Blazers, followed by the Phoenix Suns, Detroit Pistons, Golden State Warriors, and New Jersey Nets. +Robinson received the NBA Sixth Man of the Year Award in 1993 and was selected as an NBA All-Star in 1994. He played college basketball for the UConn Huskies. +In March 2019, he had surgery for lymphoma treatment. He died on August 29, 2020, at the age of 53. + += = = 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill = = = +The Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 was a proposed bill in Hong Kong. It would have changed a law that was already there, the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance (Cap. 503) in relation to special submission arrangements and the Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance (Cap. 525). It would have changed the way the government of Hong Kong asked for people to be arrested in any other part of the People's Republic of China, namely mainland China, Macau, and Taiwan, with which it did not already have an existing law. The Fugitive Offenders and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Legislation (Amendment) Bill 2019 was never passed. +Background. +Early in 2018, a 19-year-old Hong Kong resident was arrested in Taiwan for killing his 20-year-old girlfriend. He was tried in Taiwan because the government of Hong Kong had no way to extradite him, to formally ask the government of Taiwan to send him to them as a prisoner. Because of this, people started talking about Hong Kong's criminal law. +In February 2019, the government proposed a change to criminal laws. The law is meant to allow a the government of Hong Kong to arrest anyone suspected of a crime and send them to places where it does not already have a formal extradition treaty, such as mainland China, Macau and Taiwan. +However, organizations like Amnesty International and many Hong Kongers saw that the law could also be used in another way. The law could allow the government to arrest almost any Hong Konger suspected of a crime and send them to be tried in mainland China instead of in Hong Kong. Mainland China has a reputation for unfair trials. They worried that the government would use this to arrest Hong Kongers who spoke against the mainland government and bring them to China as political prisoners and scare the people of Hong Kong. +The government stopped trying to pass the bill on June 15 and formally withdrew it on October 23, 2019. +Legacy. +This bill was one of the reasons Hong Kongers protested in the 2019 Hong Kong protests. + += = = Subzero (horse) = = = +Subzero (nickname: Subbie) (foaled 26 September 1988 in Australia 29 August 2020) was a Thoroughbred racehorse. +Career. +Subzero won the 1992 Melbourne Cup. Trained by Lee Freedman and ridden by veteran jockey Greg Hall, the four-year-old revelled in the rain-affected going to defeat the favourite Veandercross and the two-miler Castletown. The win was to be Subzero's last, but, as one of the few grey winners of the race in the post-War era, his fame was assured. +Retirement. +Upon retirement from racing, the big, near-white gelding with a lovely temperament was employed as the clerk of the course's horse by Racing Victoria's long-time Clerk, Graham Salisbury, and has made numerous appearances on television, at charity functions, and at schools. In July 2008, he was fully retired as he had developed arthritis. +Health and death. +In October 2009, it was reported that Subzero might need to be put down as the medication he needed for his arthritis became unavailable in Australia. However the medication was subsequently sourced from the United States, and Subzero continued to appear in public. In his retirement he was gentle natured, very patient with children and remained with Graham Salisbury until Salisbury's death in June 2020. +On 29 August 2020, he was humanely put down due to a heart condition. He was 31. + += = = Emanuel Tov = = = +Emanuel Tov (born September 15, 1941, Amsterdam, Netherlands) is emeritus professor in the Department of Bible at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He is known as the editor-in-chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls publication project and as the world's leading authority on the textual criticism of the Hebrew Bible. +Biography. +Emanuel Tov was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (1941) and emigrated to Israel in 1961. From 1986 to 2009 he was professor at Hebrew University in Jerusalem and since 1990 he holds the J.L. Magnes chair. +He was one of the editors of the Hebrew University Bible Project. He is a member of the editorial board of the journals "Dead Sea Discoveries" and the "Journal of Jewish Studies". He served on the Academic committee of the Magnes Press. He is the co-founder and chairman (1991–2000) of the Dead Sea Scrolls Foundation, a Member of the Academic Committee of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and Senior Associate Fellow of the and an Honorary Fellow of the Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies. +From 1990-2009 he served as the Editor-in-Chief of the international Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project, which during those years produced 33 volumes of the series Discoveries in the Judean Desert as well as two concordances. +He also published an electronic edition of all the extra-biblical Qumran scrolls and a six-volume printed edition of the scrolls meant for the general public. He also created electronic editions of the Hebrew and Greek Bible. +Emanuel Tov is married to Lika (née Aa). They have three children and four granddaughters. + += = = Cathy Cavadini = = = +Cathy "Catherine Janet" Cavadini (born April 21, 1961) is an American voice actress known for character Blossom in Powerpuff Girls franchise. + += = = Tom Berryhill = = = +Thomas Charles Berryhill (August 27, 1953 – August 29, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was a state legislator from California. +Career. +He was a member He of the Stanislaus County Board of Supervisors from January 7, 2019 until his death. He previously represented the 8th district in the California State Senate from December 6, 2010 to November 30, 2018. He had also served in the California State Assembly, representing the 25th district from December 4, 2006 to November 30, 2010. +Personal life. +Berryhill's brother, Bill, represented the 26th district in the State Assembly from 2008 to 2012. Their father, Clare, served in the State Assembly from 1969 to 1970 and the State Senate from 1972 to 1976. +Death. +Berryhill was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2018. He died on August 29, 2020 at the age of 67. + += = = Imsterberg = = = +Imsterberg is a municipality of the district of Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Jerzens = = = +Jerzens is a municipality of the district of Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Karres = = = +Karres is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Karrösten = = = +Karrösten is a municipality of the district of Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Längenfeld = = = +Längenfeld is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Mieming = = = +Mieming is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Mils bei Imst = = = +Mils bei Imst is a municipality of the district of Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Mötz = = = +Mötz is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Nassereith = = = +Nassereith is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Obsteig = = = +Obsteig is a municipality of the district of Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Oetz = = = +Oetz is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Rietz = = = +Rietz is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Roppen = = = +Roppen is a municipality of the district of Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Sankt Leonhard im Pitztal = = = +Sankt Leonhard im Pitztal is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Sautens = = = +Sautens is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Silz, Austria = = = +Silz is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Sölden = = = +Sölden is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Tuscarora people = = = +The Tuscarora are an Iroquoian-language family Native American tribe and First Nations band government, with members in North Carolina, New York and Ontario today. It is part of the Northeastern Woodlands. + += = = Stams = = = +Stams is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Tarrenz = = = +Tarrenz is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Umhausen = = = +Umhausen is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Wenns = = = +Wenns is a municipality of the district Imst in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Absam = = = +Absam is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Aldrans = = = +Aldrans is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Ampass = = = +Ampass is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Axams = = = +Axams is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Baumkirchen = = = +Baumkirchen is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Birgitz = = = +Birgitz is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. In 2020, 1,488 people lived there. + += = = Ellbögen = = = +Ellbögen is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Flaurling = = = +Flaurling is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Goochland County, Virginia = = = +Goochland County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 24,727 people lived there. Its county seat is Goochland. + += = = The Simpsons (season 3) = = = +The 3rd season of The Simpsons first started showing on television on September 19, 1991. The season started with the episode "Stark Raving Dad". The season ended with the episode "Brother, Can You Spare Two Dimes?" on August 27, 1992. The season was first released to DVD for Region 1 on August 23, 2003, Region 2 on October 6, 2003, and Region 4 on November 12, 2003. +Awards. +The season won six Primetime Emmy Awards for "Outstanding Voice-Over Performance". These are the people who won: +The episode "Radio Bart" was nominated for an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Animated Program". +Episodes. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> + += = = Chalcid wasp = = = +The chalcid wasps are formally called the Chalcidoidea. They are a superfamily of parasitoid wasps. They have a huge number of species, estimated as over 500,000 (half a million). The superfamily includes 22 families. The data included morphology and ribosomal 18S data. The researchers comment that only about 22,506 species of the half-million have been formally described. +Most of the species are parasitic on other kinds of insect. They attack the egg or larval stages of at least 12 different insect orders. When that insect is itself a parasitoid, then the chalcid is called a hyperparasitoid. Chalcids are sometimes used to control crop pests. A few chalcids actually eat plants, and the most famous of these are the fig wasps. +There are 19 living families of chalcids. + += = = Nethuns = = = +Nethuns is somewhat like Poseidon except he isn't. Think as though they're cousin yet they're like the same person but different ethnicity. Nethuns is the god of water as well as the god of wells. + += = = Hyperparasite = = = +A hyperparasite is a parasite (or parasitoid) which is parasitic on another parasite. Usually, this means it is parasitic on the larval stage of the victim species. +Typical examples are members of the Apocrita, and some species in two other insect orders, the Diptera (true flies) and Coleoptera (beetles). Seventeen families in the Hymenoptera and a few species of Diptera and Coleoptera are hyperparasitic. +Primary parasitism in the Hymenoptera evolved in the Jurassic period about 135 million years ago. +In literature. +Jonathan Swift refers to hyperparasitism in these lines from his poem "On Poetry: A Rhapsody": +So nat'ralists observe, a flea +Hath smaller fleas that on him prey; +And these have smaller fleas to bite 'em. +And so proceeds "ad infinitum". +Number of levels. +Three levels of parasitism have been seen in fungi (a fungus on a fungus on a fungus on a tree). + += = = Vladimir Andreyev = = = +Vladimir Alekseevich Andreyev (; 27 August 1930 – 29 August 2020) was a Soviet and Russian theater and actor, theater director, screenwriter and teacher. He was honored with the People's Artist of the USSR in 1985. +Some of his best known movies were in "Certificate of Maturity" (1954), "True Friends" (1954), "Good Morning" (1955), "Cruelty" (1959), "The Tale of Tsar Saltan" (1966), "Bastards" (2006) and "The Circus Princess" (2008). +Andreyev died on 29 August 2020 at his home from a heart attack in Moscow, aged 90. + += = = Vasily Lanovoy = = = +Vasily Semyonovich Lanovoy (; 16 January 1934 — 28 January 2021) was a Russian actor. He worked in the Vakhtangov Theatre, Moscow. He was also known as the President of Artek Festival of Films for Children. +Lanovoy's honours included the KGB Prize, the Lenin Prize, and the title of People's Artist of the USSR. In 2019, he received the title Hero of Labour of the Russian Federation. +He was born in Moscow. He died on 28 January 2021 at the age of 86 from problems caused by COVID-19. + += = = Centerville = = = +Centerville is an unincorporated community in Yell County, Arkansas, United States. Centerville has a post office with ZIP code 72829. + += = = Adrienne Bailon = = = +Adrienne Eliza Bailon-Houghton (née Bailon (); born October 24, 1983) is an American singer, actress, television personality, YouTuber, and businesswoman. She is a former member of girl groups 3LW and the Cheetah Girls. +Bailon appeared in "The Cheetah Girls" movies, "Coach Carter" and "All You've Got." + += = = Political spectrum = = = +A political spectrum is a way to talk about different political positions and how they are similar to or different from other political positions. These positions sit upon one or more geometric axes that represent independent political dimensions. Traditionally, the political spectrum has people who support left-wing ideas on the left and people who support right-wing ideas on the right. +The Political Compass is like the Political Spectrum but it also asks if people are libertarian or authoritarian. + += = = Viktor Mykolayovych Tikhonov = = = +Viktor Mykolayovych Tikhonov (5 March 1949 – 29 August 2020) was a Ukrainian politician. He was born in the Antratsyt Raion, Ukraine. During the Mykola Azarov cabinet, he was the First Vice Prime Minister between 11 March 2010 through 1 June 2011. He was a member of the Verkhovna Rada between 1994 through 2014. +Tikhonov died of pneumonia on 29 August 2020 in Simferopol, Ukraine at the age of 71. + += = = Fig wasp = = = +Fig wasps are wasps of the superfamily Chalcidoidea which spend their larval stage inside figs. Most pollinate the figs, but others simply feed on the plant. +The non-pollinators belong to several groups in the superfamily Chalcidoidea. So, the fig wasps are a polyphyletic group: they include several unrelated lineages whose similarities are based upon their shared association with figs. +The pollinators are all in the family Agaonidae. They make galls. The other types either make their own galls or use the galls of other fig wasps. + += = = Eastern mountains tree frog = = = +The eastern mountains tree frog ("Ranoidea dorsivena") is a frog from New Guinea. Scientists saw it about 1500 meters above sea level in the higher parts of the Fly River and Sepak River, and in the Arfak Mountains. + += = = Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde = = = +Dr. Jekyll and Sister Hyde is a 1971 British science fiction horror movie directed by Roy Ward Baker and is based on the 1886 novella "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson. It stars Ralph Bates, Martine Beswick, Gerald Sim, Lewis Fiander and was distributed by Hammer Film Productions. + += = = Fritzens = = = +Fritzens is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Fulpmes = = = +Fulpmes is a market town in the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Gnadenwald = = = +Gnadenwald is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Götzens = = = +Götzens is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Gries am Brenner = = = +Gries am Brenner is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Gries im Sellrain = = = +Gries im Sellrain is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Grinzens = = = +Grinzens is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Gschnitz = = = +Gschnitz is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Hatting, Tyrol = = = +Hatting is a municipality of the district of Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = How Do I Love Thee? = = = +How Do I Love Thee? is a 1970 American comedy drama movie directed by Michael Gordon and is based on the 1965 novel "Let Me Count the Ways" by Peter De Vries. It stars Jackie Gleason, Maureen O'Hara and was distributed by Cinerama Releasing Corporation. + += = = Inzing = = = +Inzing is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Kematen in Tirol = = = +Kematen in Tirol is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. +The municipality is about 12 km west of Innsbruck. The Melach river flows into the Inn river in Kematen. + += = = Kolsass = = = +Kolsass is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Grayson County, Virginia = = = +Grayson County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 15,333 people lived there. Its county seat is Independence. + += = = Greensville County, Virginia = = = +Greensville County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 11,391 people lived there. Its county seat is Emporia. + += = = Kolsassberg = = = +Kolsassberg is a municipality of the district Innsbruck-Land in the Austrian state of Tyrol. + += = = Halifax County, Virginia = = = +Halifax County is a county in the U.S. state of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, 34,022 people lived there. Its county seat is Halifax. + += = = Zoom = = = +Zoom may refer to: + += = = Zoom (software) = = = +Zoom is a video chat software program made by Zoom Video Communications. Its unpaid service allows up to 100 people to video chat for no more than 40 minutes. Its paid service allows up to 1,000 people to video chat with no time limit. +During the COVID-19 pandemic, Zoom has become very popular for working from home, attending school from home, and online social relationships. It has also been criticized by people concerned about privacy and surveillance. + += = = Patrick W. Skehan = = = +Patrick William Skehan (30 September 1909 - 9 September 1980) was an American Old Testament semitic scholar. +Life. +He was the Chair of the Department of Semitic and Egyptian Languages and Literatures at The Catholic University of America and a visiting professor at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. He was appointed Secretary of the Advisory Committee for the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (C.S.C.O.). In 1953, Skehan was a member of the Dead Sea Scrolls editorial team, along with Frank Moore Cross, John Allegro, John Strugnell, Dominique Barthélemy, Jean Starcky, Claus-Hunno Hunziger, Josef T. Milik, and Roland de Vaux who was the project director. He was ordained as a priest in the Catholic Church. + += = = Society of Saint Pius X = = = +The Society of Saint Pius X is a Catholic fraternity of priests with traditionalist views. Marcel Lefebvre, a French priest founded it in the 1970s, because he thought that the Second Vatican Council had given up many of the these traditions. It is against many of the changes the Second Vatican Council introduced, namely the dialogue with leaders of other religions and the communal relation of different Christian groups. Since 1975, the Society of Saint Pius X no longer has canonical mandate. In 1988, the society consecrated new bishops, which by canonical law, led to the excommunication of those consecrating, and those consecrated. Pope Benedict XVI annulled the excommunications in the 2000s, after all involved affirmed that the Pope was the head of the Catholic Church. As of 2020, the society has 680 priests and 217 seminarians. + += = = Choi Bo-min = = = +Choi Bo-min may refer to: + += = = Least weasel = = = +The least weasel ("Mustela nivalis") is the world's smallest mammalian carnivore. It is the smallest member of the genus "Mustela", the smallest member of the family Mustelidae and the order Carnivora. +It is also called the little weasel or common weasel. +The weasel is native to Eurasia, North America and North Africa. It has been introduced to New Zealand, Malta, Crete, Bermuda, Madeira Island, the Azores, the Canary Islands, São Tomé, the Falkland Islands, Argentina and Chile. It is a least concern species. +Description. +The least weasel has a thin, long and very flexible body. It has a small, long, head. The legs and tail are short. The feet have sharp, dark-coloured claws and a lot of hairs on the bottom. Its eyes are small when compared to their head size. Its eyes are dark colored. +The legs and tail are relatively short. The tail makes up less than half the body length. +Males have an average length of long. Females have an average length of long. Males weigh . Females weigh . +Territorial and social behaviour. +Male least weasels have territories that include many female territories. The number of least weasels in each territory depends on the amount of food and reproductive success. The male least weasel has a bigger territory during spring or when there is less food. It uses faeces and urine to mark its territory. The least weasel does not dig its own den, but stays in the burrows that other animals have left, like a mole or rat. +Breeding. +The least weasel mates from April to July. The gestation period is 34 to 37 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the least weasel usually give birth to 6 kits. Kit is the name for baby weasels. The least weasel is able to reproduce by the age of three to four months. +The female takes care of its kits without help from the male. The kits weigh . Newborn kits are born pink, naked, blind and deaf. They will have a white coat of downy fur at the age of four days. The first teeth come out at the age of two to three weeks. They start to eat solid food at that time. +The eyes and ears open at the age of at three to four weeks. By eight weeks they learn how to kill the animals that they eat. The young ones leave the family after nine to twelve weeks. Least weasels can live for seven or eight years. +Feeding. +The least weasel mostly eats rodents, for example mice, hamsters, and gerbils. It usually does not attack adult hamsters and rats. Frogs, fish, small birds and bird eggs are almost never eaten. It can attack adult pikas and gerbils. Least weasels sometimes kill prey larger than themselves, such as capercaillie, hazel grouse and hares. In England, the least weasel likes to eat the field vole. +Even though it is small, the least weasel is a great hunter. It is able to kill a rabbit five to 10 times its own weight. Even though they are commonly eaten, the rabbits are usually young ones. Rabbits become a very important source of food during the spring, when there are few small rodents. +Predators. +Red foxes, sables, steppe and forest polecats, stoats, eagle owls and buzzards are predators of the least weasel. Owls are very good at catching least weasels. Some of the owls that hunt least weasels include barn owls, barred owls, and great horned owls. Other birds of prey that eat the least weasel include broad-winged buzzards and rough-legged buzzards. Some types of snake may eat the least weasel. They include the black rat snake and the copperhead. +Disease and parasites. +Ectoparasites also target weasels. Common ones are different species of lice, mites and fleas. Very often, weasels get the parasites from the nests or burrows of their prey. Certain species of nematode also infect weasels. +Distribution. +The least weasel lives in Europe, North Africa, Asia and parts of northern North America. It mostly lives in places where there are no stoats. It has become extinct from New York City. It has been introduced in New Zealand, Malta, Crete, the Azore Islands and São Tomé off West Africa. It is found throughout Europe (but not Ireland). It is also found on many islands, including the Azores, Great Britain, and all major Mediterranean islands. It also lives in Honshū and Hokkaidō Islands in Japan and on Kunashir, Iturup, and Sakhalin Islands in Russia. +The least weasel can be found in fields, open woodland, bushy or rocky places, parks and gardens. It can be found at altitudes of up to about . +Conservation status. +The least weasel is listed as a least concern species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. It has a very large range and a large total population. It is common in Eurasia but less abundant in North America. It is thought to be rare in the southeastern United States. + += = = The Simpsons (season 4) = = = +The 4th season of The Simpsons first started showing on television on September 24, 1992. The season started with the episode "Kamp Krusty". The season ended with the episode "Krusty Gets Kancelled" on May 13, 1993. The season was first released to DVD for Region 1 on June 15, 2004, Region 2 on August 2, 2004, and Region 4 on August 25, 2004. +Many of the show's staff left after the season ended. Jay Kogen, Wallace Wolodarsky, and Jeff Martin stopped writing episodes when the season ended. David M. Stern and Jon Vitti left, but they came back years later to write more episodes. Al Jean, Mike Reiss, and Rich Moore left to make "The Critic". Jean and Reiss came back to "The Simpsons" around the 10th and 13th seasons. Rich Moore came back to help with animation for "The Simpsons Movie". This was the first season to have animation done by Film Roman instead of Klasky Csupo. +Dan Castellaneta won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Voice-Over Performance". He won for his voice acting of Homer Simpson in the episode "Mr. Plow". +Episodes. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> + += = = Ashanti (1979 movie) = = = +Ashanti (also called Ashanti, Land of No Mercy) is a 1979 Swiss American action adventure movie directed by Richard Fleischer and was based the 1977 novel "Ébano" by Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa. It stars Michael Caine, Peter Ustinov, Kabir Bedi, Beverly Johnson, Omar Sharif, Rex Harrison, William Holden, Zia Mohyeddin, Jean-Luc Bideau, Tariq Yunus and was distributed by Warner Bros.. + += = = Abraj Al Bait = = = +Abraj Al Bait (Arabic: ����� �����‎) is a building in Saudi Arabia. It is used as a clock tower and is tall. + += = = Seether = = = +Seether is a South African rock band formed in Pretoria in 1999. + += = = Joke Kersten = = = +Johanna Wilhelmina "Joke" Kersten (11 April 1944 – 6 August 2020) was a Dutch politician. She was member of the House of Representatives for the Labour Party from 4 September 1990 to 17 May 1994. She was mayor of Grubbenvorst and Broekhoven between 1995 and 2001. +Later Kersten was acting mayor of Arcen en Velden, Bergeijk and Asten. She served as mayor of Uden between 2004 and 2009. +Kersten was born in Beugen (municipality of Boxmeer) and died in Grubbenvorst (municipality of Horst aan de Maas), aged 76. + += = = Edward Wilson Merrill = = = +Edward Wilson Merrill (August 31, 1923 – August 6, 2020) was an American biomaterials scientist. He was one of the founders of bioengineering. His work focused on the biomedical engineering field as it developed from chemical engineering. + += = = Lonely are the Brave = = = +Lonely are the Brave is a 1962 American western drama movie directed by David Miller and was based on the 1956 novel "The Brave Cowboy" by Edward Abbey. It stars Kirk Douglas, Walter Matthau, Gena Rowlands, George Kennedy, Bill Bixby, Carroll O'Connor and was distributed by Universal Pictures. + += = = Edward Bruner = = = +Edward M. Bruner (September 28, 1924 – August 7, 2020) was an American anthropologist and educator. He was born in New York City. He worked at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His book "Culture on Tour: Ethnographies of Travel" was his best-known book. His works focused on Toba Batak migrants in Indonesia in the 1960s. +Bruner died on August 7, 2020 in Urbana, Illinois at the age of 95. + += = = Mike Yaschuk = = = +Mike Yaschuk (November 5, 1922 – August 7, 2020) was a Canadian ice hockey player and coach. He played professionally in senior leagues in Canada and in the English League. Yaschuk was born in Ituna, Saskatchewan. +He played junior with the St. Boniface Athletics and was the MJHL leading scorer in 1942–43. Yaschuk played senior ice hockey with the Winnipeg Reo Flyers from 1946-48. He played one season with the Saskatoon Quakers of the Western Canada Senior Hockey League in 1948-49, then moved to England. +Yaschuk died on August 7, 2020, aged 97. + += = = Bernd Fischer = = = +Bernd Fischer (18 December 1936 – 13 August 2020) was a German mathematician. +He was best known to his works to the classification of simple groups, and he discovered several of the sporadic groups. He helped discover 3-transposition groups and created the three Fischer groups. + += = = Ary de Sá = = = +Ary Façanha de Sá (1 April 1928 – 16 August 2020) was a Brazilian long jumper. At the 1952 Summer Olympics he finished fourth in the long jump. He also competed at the 1956 Summer Olympics. +He became South American long jump champion in 1952, won silver medals in 1956 and 1958 and a bronze medal in 1954. +Sa died on 16 August 2020 at the age of 92. + += = = Fred Clarke (Australian footballer) = = = +Fred Clarke (1 December 1932 – 17 August 2020) was an Australian rules footballer. He played with Richmond in the Victorian Football League (VFL). During his career he wore the number 17 guernsey. +In the 1953 season, Clarke played four early games before suffering a thigh injury from which he was unable to recover well enough to make any more appearances. + += = = Durham, New Hampshire = = = +Durham is a town in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 15,490 at the 2020 census. Durham is home to the University of New Hampshire. + += = = Jan D. Achenbach = = = +Jan Drewes Achenbach (20 August 1935 – 22 August 2020) was a Dutch-American engineer, editor and educator. He was professor emeritus (Walter P. Murphy Professor and Distinguished McCormick School Professor) at Northwestern University. +Achenbach was born in the northern region of the Netherlands, in Leeuwarden. +He worked as a preceptor at Columbia University, he was then appointed as assistant professor at Northwestern University. +Achenbach is the founding editor-in-chief of "Wave Motion". +He was honored with the National Medal of Science from President George W. Bush in 2005. +Achenbach died on 22 August 2020 at the age of 85. + += = = Fujio Matsuda = = = +Fujio "Fudge" Matsuda (October 18, 1924 – August 23, 2020) was the first Japanese American president of the University of Hawaii. This made him the first Asian American to become president of a major university in the United States. +After retiring, Matsuda was on the boards of several non-profit organizations, including for the Japanese Cultural Center of Hawaii just after its near-closure in 2003. +Matsuda died at his home on August 23, 2020, at the age of 95. + += = = I. L. Patterson = = = +Isaac Lee "Ike" Patterson, (September 17, 1859 - December 21, 1929) was a Republican Governor of Oregon from 1927 to 1929. +Early life. +Patterson was born on his family's "King's Valley" estate in Rural Benton County, Oregon September 17, 1859. His parrents were emigrants to the Oregon Territory, having made the overland trip from their previous home of Bellvue, Illinois. Until he reached the age of 18, he worked his father's farm. He later attended Monmouth's Christian College, for one year. Patterson supported himself as a grocery clerk in Independence, later earning his way into a position there as a business partner. His participation in the grocery store would last for 22 years. +Entry into politics. +In 1898, Patterson entered politics, gaining election to a seat in the Oregon State Senate representing Marion County. At the time, he was one of the youngest State Legislators ever elected, having been sworn in at age 32. President William McKinley appointed Patterson to the post of Collector of Customs, Portland District in 1898, and was reappointed by Theodore Roosevelt in 1902, serving there until 1906. +In 1899, Patterson sold off his share in the grocery store, and purchased a 300 acre ranch in rural Polk County. The farm would prove profitable, and paved the way for Patterson's later venture into a successful wool and hide business in Portland. +After serving out his term as Collector of Customs, Patterson managed his business affairs and kept workinng politicaly inside the Republican Party. In 1918, the citizens of Benton and Polk Counties elected him to represent their district, returning him to the State Senate. In the Senate, he moved his way up and served as Chairman of the Ways and Means Committee. +Governorship. +Patterson attempted to secure the Republican nomination for Governor in 1922, coming in a distant third in the primary in a six-man race. Despite this poor showing, Patterson had strong ties with the party's old guard. He won the Chairmanship of the Oregon State Republican Party Central Committee in 1924, going on to chair Calvin Coolidge's Presidential campaign in Oregon. +His profile statewide rose, and this secured him the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1926. He would go on to defeat Walter M. Price in that year's general election. +Using President Coolidge as an inspiration, Governor Patterson would govern the state in a financialy conservative manner; streamlining agencies of the state and vetoing legislation which would threaten balancing the state's finances. By 1920, the state balanced its budget for the first time in its history. +His administration notably continued improving state roads and highways, established the state's system of higher education, and directed the state prison system to house adult and juvinile criminals seperately. +He was considered a popular and well-respected figure by rivals and supporters alike, but suddenly died in office of Pneumonia on December 21, 1929. + += = = A. W. Norblad = = = +Albin Walter Norblad, Sr., (March 18, 1881-April 17, 1960) was a prominent citizen of Astoria, Oregon and the Republican Governor of Oregon from 1929 to 1931. +He was the father of Representative A. Walter Norblad (Albin Walter Norblad, Jr.), Member of the United States House of Representatives, from the 1st Congressional District of Oregon between 1946 and 1964. +Family and early life. +Norblad was born in Malmo, Sweden in 1881 to parents Peter and Bessie Youngsberg. The family's last name was changed by the Swedish Government to avoid confusion in military records. The family emigrated to the United States while Albin was very young, settling in Grand Rapids, Michigan. +At age 12, Albin decided to support himself, mostly by means of odd jobs. He would later recount that the most notable jobs held during this time were newsboy, hot dog vendor, and clairinetist for the circuis. +He managed to earn enough money to return to Grand Rapids, taking night classes at the Grand Rapids Business College. After earning enough credits there, Norblad was able enroll at the Chicago Law School, supporting himself as a reporter for the "Chicago American" newspaper's crime beat. Graduating in 1902, he quickly passed the bar exam and moved back to Michigan. +Early political career. +Once in Michigan, he set up a law firm, and was elected District Attorney for Delta County. +While visiting Oregon on business in 1908, Norblad met with an old friend who invited him to live in Astoria. He accepted, and moved with his wife in 1909. He began practicing law, and became involved in the community. His first government office in Oregon was as Astoria's city attorney from 1910 to 1915. He would also become a member of the local school board, and President of the Astoria Chamber of Commerce. Outside of politics, Norblad was involved in many fraternal and civic organizations. +With a prominent local political profile, Norblad went on to run for a seat in the Oregon State Senate, in 1918. Reelected in 1926, he attempted an abortive run for Oregon's At-large U.S. House seat in 1922. He was elected President of the Oregon State Senate in 1927, placing him as second in the state's then-official line of gubernatorial succession. +Governorship. +The death of sitting Governor Isaac Patterson on December 21, 1929 came as a shock to Oregonians. The governor had looked as he'd been recovering since contracting pneumonia late in his third term. Thus Senate President Albin Norblad was sworn promptly as governor. As soon as he was inaugurated, he declared his intent to run for the Republican gubernatorial nomination. +Taking office during the Great Depression, Norblad's first attempts to improve conditions in the state were largely ineffective. Lacking a political identity statewide, and considered a Progressive by conserrvative elements in control of the state Republican party, Norblad was defeated in his primary bid in May 1930, coming in second-place. When the winner of the primary unexpectantly died a month later, Norblad took his name out of the running for the nomination, giving the Republican state central committee his blessing to choose a new candidate. +Freed from having to contest an election, Norblad began focusing his attention on the economic situation in the state. He formed the state's first labor commission, later to become the modern Employment Department. In order to put men back to work, he authorized $2 million worth of road construction, and succeeded in employing 5,000 workers. The Oregon Coast Highway was begun under his leadership. Another $3 million was spent upgrading publicly-owned facilities around the state. +The Governor also took a personal role in pardons and labor disputes. A Pardons Board was established, and Norblad even interviewed pardin-seeking inmates in-person. +In matters involving the rest of the nation, Norblad accepted federal help in solving a long-simmering dispute between Eastern Oregon's cattle and sheep ranchers. The Governor indicated his support for the pending military draft legislation working its way through Congress. He also argued for the state's acquisition of federally-owned forest land. +Defeated in his primary bid, Governor Norblad handed office to the victor of the 1931 gubernatorial election, independent candidate Julius L. Meier. +Later life. +Norblad went back to practicing law in Astoria, once again becoming closely involved in the community. He founded the Lower Columbia Association of Chambers of Commerce, and gained a $10,000 grant from the descendants of John Jacob Astor for use in the Astoria Centennial Celebration. +Norblad continued his practice and civic activities in Astioria until his death on April 17, 1960. + += = = Julius L. Meier = = = +Julius L. Meier (December 31, 1874 - July 14, 1937) was a businessman in Portland, Oregon, and governor of Oregon. He was born in Portland to German immigrants of Jewish ancestory: Aaron, a merchant and founder of Oregon's largest department store, Meier & Frank, and Jeannette (Hirsch) Meier. He had three siblings, and was the father of Jean Ellen, Elsa Francis, and Julius L., (Jack) Jr. +He married Grace Mayer on Christmas Day, 1901, saying afterwards that it was the only day that he was allowed off from the store. +Meier graduated from the University of Oregon Law School in 1895 and practiced law with a partner, George W. Joseph for the next four years, until he went into the family's business. According to family tradition, it was at this time that he added the "L" to his name; the sign painter, who was putting his name on the door, insisted that all lawyers of substance had one and Meier suggested an "L". +Meier ran for governor as an independent candidate in 1930, winning 54.5 percent of the total vote, outdistancing his nearest competitor, Democratic candidate Edward F. Bailey, 135,608 votes to 62,434. After serving as governor, he retired to his estate above the Columbia River, "Menucha", where he later died. +His family sold Menucha to First Presbyterian Church of Portland in 1950, which now operates it as a conference and retreat center. The Meier and Frank families sold the department store to the May Company in 1966. With May's sale to Federated in 2005, the store was renamed "Macy's" in September, 2006. + += = = Dimetri Hogan = = = +Dimetri Hogan (born July 11, 1992), better known by his stage name Radiant Child, is an American photographer, actor and creative director. He was born in Fairfax, Virginia. +As a fashion photographer he has worked with major publications such as GQ and Maxim. In 2014, he was worked with Vic Mensa in his debut single, "Down on My Luck" as a creative director. He toured with music artist The Weeknd to photograph backstage on his Star Boy Tour in 2017 which was a big success. He worked with various artists and publications and was nominated for Forbes '30 under 30' in 2020. + += = = Cyberattack = = = +Cyberattack is a term in computer science. It is any attempt to alter, disable, destroy, steal or get into or make unauthorized use of a computer system. +An attacker is a person or process that attempts to access data, functions, or other restricted areas of the system without authorization. Malicious intent is assumed. +Cyberattacks can be part of cyberwarfare or cyberterrorism. A cyberattack can be done by sovereign states, individuals, groups, society, or organizations. It may start from an anonymous source. A product that helps a cyberattack is sometimes called a cyberweapon. +A cyberattack may steal, alter, or destroy a specified target by hacking into a susceptible system. Cyberattacks can range from installing spyware on a personal computer to attempting to destroy the infrastructure of entire nations. + += = = Lily Lake, Illinois = = = +Lily Lake is a village in Illinois in the United States. + += = = Borgo San Lorenzo = = = +Borgo San Lorenzo is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Capraia e Limite = = = +Capraia e Limite is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Figline Valdarno = = = +Figline Valdarno was a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Figline Valdarno and Incisa in Val d'Arno merged to form the new municipality of Figline e Incisa Valdarno. + += = = Incisa in Val d'Arno = = = +Incisa in Val d'Arno was a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. On 1 January 2014, the former municipalities of Figline Valdarno and Incisa in Val d'Arno merged to form the new municipality of Figline e Incisa Valdarno. + += = = Figline e Incisa Valdarno = = = +Figline e Incisa Valdarno is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. It was created on 1 January 2014 from the former municipalities of Figline Valdarno and Incisa in Val d'Arno. + += = = Firenzuola = = = +Firenzuola is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Fucecchio = = = +Fucecchio is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. It has about 23,000 people. + += = = Impruneta = = = +Impruneta is an Italian town in Tuscany. It has about 15,000 inhabitants. + += = = Treviglio = = = +Treviglio is a city in northern Italy. Treviglio is in the Lombardy Region. It has 30,630 people. + += = = Solza = = = +Solza is a "comune" in the Province of Bergamo in the Italian region of Lombardy. + += = = Bauduen = = = +Bauduen is a commune of 320 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France. + += = = Moustiers-Sainte-Marie = = = +Moustiers-Sainte-Marie is a commune of 711 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence department in southeast France. + += = = Alexander = = = +Alexander is a male given name. It comes from the Greek word ���������� ("Aléxandros"), which means the "defender of men" (from ������� ("aléxein") - "to defend", and ������ ("andrós") - "man"). + += = = Aiguines = = = +Aiguines is a commune of 272 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France. + += = = Habermann (movie) = = = +Habermann () is a 2010 Czech German Austrian war drama movie directed by Juraj Herz and starring Mark Waschke, Hannah Herzsprung, Wilson Gonzalez Ochsenknecht, Karel Roden, Franziska Weisz, Ben Becker, Andrej Hryc. + += = = Incarnations of Nongthang Leima = = = +In Meitei folklore, mythology and religion, Nongthang Leima, the goddess of thunder and lightning, dance and music, charming and seduction, is said to have multiple divine incarnations in the forms of many feminine beings. The "Laion Laichat", an ancient Meitei scripture, mentions the 31 divine forms of the goddess, among which Panthoibi and Chang-Ning Leima, are significant. + += = = Hiroshi Mikitani = = = +Hiroshi Mikitani (�����, "Mikitani Hiroshi") (was born March 11, 1965) is a Japanese business person and writer. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of Rakuten, Inc. He is also the president of Crimson Group, chairman of the football club Vissel Kobe, chairman of Tokyo Philharmonic Orchestra, and a board member of Lyft. +Early life. +Mikitani was born in 1965 and grew up in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. +Education. +Mikitani earned bachelor degree in Commerce from Hitotsubashi University. +Career. +Mikitani began his career at Industrial Bank of Japan with a break to attend Harvard Business School. He left and think to create his own consulting company, Crimson Group. Mikitani said that the destruction caused by the devastating 1995 Kobe earthquake made him realize he wanted to help revitalize Japan’s economy, so he quit banking and decided to start his own business. +After an earthquake in Kobe caused enormous damage so that the area could no longer maintain the Vissel Kobe football club, Mikitani was asked to take over operations of the team. He purchased the team later that year through his company Crimson Group. +Mikitani partnered with his friend FC Barcelona player Gerard Piqué to co-found Kosmos Holding. A company and investment group to invest in companies based in the sports, media, and entertainment industries. +Awards. +Mikitani was awarded the Harvard Business School Alumni Achievement Award. He was also named to Prime Minister Shinzō Abe's Industrial Competitiveness Council. He was awarded the rank of Chevalier of the National Order of the Legion of Honour by the French government. He was also awarded the Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the 2017 Spain-Japan Business Contribution Award by the Spanish Chamber of Commerce. +Books. +"• Principles for Success" (2007) +"• 92 Golden Rules of Success" +"• Marketplace 3.0: Rewriting the Rules of Borderless Business" (St. Martin's Press, 2013) +• "The Power to Compete: An Economist and an Entrepreneur on Revitalizing Japan in the Global Economy" (with Ryoichi Mikitani, John Wiley & Sons, 2014) +• "Business-Do: The Way to Successful Leadership" (John Wiley & Sons, 2018) + += = = Yellow tree frog = = = +The yellow tree frog, Underwood's yellow tree frog, small-headed tree frog, yellow cricket tree frog, or small-headed dwarf tree frog ("Dendropsophus microcephalus") is a frog that lives in Mexico, the Guianas, Colombia, Costa Rica, Honduras, Venezuela, and Brazil. +This frog is larger or smaller depending on where it lives. In Honduras, the adult male frog can be as long as 27 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog can be 29 mm long. In Mexico, the adult female frog can be 30.6 cm long. +This frog changes color. At night, it is light yellow or light brown with red or dark brown markings. +This frog does not live deep in forests. Instead, it leaves near open areas, for example pastures and forests that humans have changed. +This frog lays eggs in temporary bodies of water, for example ditches. The males sing for the females. Sometimes, the males will sing together, like in a chorus. + += = = T. T. Geer = = = +" 'Theodore Thurston Geer' ", American politician, Democratic Party 1851—1924. + += = = Charles A. Sprague = = = +Charles A. Sprague (November 12, 1887 – March 13, 1969) was the elected Governor of Oregon, and an active spokesman for the progressive portion of the Republican party. He was a publisher and editor of the Oregon Statesman. He also served as an alternate delegate to the United Nations. +He was elected governor on January 9, 1939. His tenure ended on January 11, 1943. +Early life and education. +Sprague was born in Lawrence, Kansas on November 12, 1887. +From an early age, Sprague was devoted to education. At age 19, he briefly served as a high school principal in Iowa. At age 28, he served as an assistant state superintendent of public school education in the state of Washington. +He attended Monmouth College, in Illinois, graduating in 1910. + += = = Florida's 27th congressional district = = = +Florida's 27th congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Florida. Republican Maria Elvira Salazar is the representative since elected in 2021. It contains all of Florida, including the cities of Miami, Miami Beach, Coral Gables, and Kendall. The neighborhood of Little Havana is in this district. + += = = Hypixel = = = +Hypixel, also known as the Hypixel Network, is a Minecraft server released on April 13, 2013, by Simon "Hypixel" Collins-Laflamme and Philippe Touchette. Hypixel is available on the Java Edition of Minecraft, but used to be on the Bedrock Edition of the game too. Hypixel is considered to be the largest currently active Minecraft server, with an average of 40,000 players online as of 2023. +The server focuses on "mini-games", which are games that players can play in the server. The most popular ones are (Hypixel) Skyblock, Skywars, and Bedwars. The current most active mini-game is Skyblock, with just about 20,000 players on average. There are a total of nearly 70 mini-games on Hypixel. Out of these, 19 are found in the "Arcade" category. Skyblock itself is in the Prototype category.skyblock 😎 🆒️ doof123 & hampter99 😎 +Misc. +Hypixel Is a very good Minecraft Server and has a huge staff team that are very supportive and will help with all the roadblocks you may face on the server. The community is very welcoming and there is always thousands of people to play against in a variety of games +including Bedwars, Skywars and many others. + += = = Akshaye Khanna = = = +Akshaye Vinod Khanna (born 28 March 1975) is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi movies. He has received two Filmfare Awards and is the son of late actor Vinod Khanna. After studying in Kishore Namit Kapoor Acting Institute in Mumbai, he made his acting debut in Bollywood in 1997 with the movie "Himalay Putra". His next release "Border" (1997) emerged as a critical and commercial success, earning him the Filmfare Best Debut Award and a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor. +Khanna became famous with starring roles in the musical romantic drama "Taal" (1999), the comedy drama "Dil Chahta Hai" (2001) which won him a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor, the romantic thriller "Humraaz" (2002) for which he was nominated in the Best Negative Role category, the romantic comedies "Hungama" (2003) and "Hulchul" (2004), the murder mystery "36 China Town" (2006), the action thriller "Race" (2008) and the heist comedy "Tees Maar Khan" (2010), and he continued to draw praise for his performances in the 1999 romance "Dahek", the 2002 psychological thriller "Deewangee", the 2007 biographical drama "Gandhi, My Father" and the 2010 action thriller movie "Aakrosh". +In 2016, after a four-year break from acting, he came back and played an antagonist in the action-comedy movie "Dishoom" and appeared as an investigative cop in two 2017 thrillers, the crime movie "Mom" and the murder mystery "Ittefaq". + += = = Pati Patni Aur Woh = = = +Pati Patni Aur Woh () is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy movie directed by Mudassar Aziz and produced by B.R. Studios & T-Series. The movie stars Kartik Aaryan, Bhumi Pednekar and Ananya Panday. Aparshakti Khurana, Rajesh Sharma, Manu Rishi and Sunny Singh play supporting roles while Kriti Sanon has a special appearance. +Principal photography began on 4 February 2019. The movie was released theatrically worldwide on 6 December 2019. The movie received positive reviews and was successful at the box office and grossed 1.17 billion. + += = = Webdings = = = +Webdings is a typeface made out of dingbats. The design was made in 1997 by Vincent Connare, Sue Lightfoot, Ian Patterson, and Geraldin Wade. It was put in Microsoft's collection of typefaces called the Core fonts for the Web. Many of the characters from Webdings were put in Unicode in version 7.0. +One of the characters is a levitating businessman. Vincent Connare made the character look similar to the logo of 2 Tone Records. It was put in Unicode with the code . The character of a lightning bolt was made to look similar to the one in David Bowie's album "Aladdin Sane". Connare made the characters NYC an eye, a heart, and a skyline to show the I Love New York logo. + += = = Germany national under-20 football team = = = +The Germany national under-20 football team, also known as Germany Under-20s or Germany U20(s), are the under-20s for Germany. It is currently controlled by the German Football Association ("Deutscher Fußball-Bund"). +Players. +Current squad. +Note: Names in "italics" denote players who have been capped by Germany in a higher age group. +Awards. +FIFA U-20 World Cup. +Individual +Team + += = = A♭ (musical note) = = = +A (A-flat; also called la bémol) is the first note of the A♭ major scale. A/G is the only note to have only one other enharmonic. + += = = Ergnies = = = +Ergnies is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Haris Seferović = = = +Haris Seferović (born 22 February 1992) is a Swiss football player. He plays as a striker for Emirati club Al Wasl and the Switzerland national team. + += = = Érondelle = = = +Érondelle is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Esclainvillers = = = +Esclainvillers is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Cremenaga = = = +Cremenaga is a "comune" in the Province of Varese in the Italian region of Lombardy. + += = = Imung Lai = = = +An Imung Lai or Emung Lai is any god or goddess worshipped inside the household of the mankind in Meitei folklore and religion. The Imung Lais are the protectors and caretakers of the people. People perform different rites and rituals to worship the deities. The main deities include Sanamahi and Leimarel. + += = = Londa = = = +Londa is a "comune" in Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Marradi = = = +Marradi is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Montaione = = = +Montaione is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Montelupo Fiorentino = = = +Montelupo Fiorentino is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Apokpa = = = +An Apokpa or an Apokpi is an ancestral deity belonging to one particular clan or family, often prevailed in the Meitei religion (Sanamahism). Almost all the clans and the families of the Meitei ethnicity worship their ancestors having separate pantheons dedicated to them. + += = = Montespertoli = = = +Montespertoli is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Courtenay Bartholomew = = = +Courtenay Felix Bartholomew (1931 – 7 May 2021) was a Trinidad and Tobago physician, scientist, and author. He founded and directed the Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago. +Bartholomew was active in HIV/AIDS research. He diagnosed the first case of AIDS in the English-speaking Caribbean. He also led HIV vaccine trials and research on retroviruses with US institutions. + += = = Karl Wirsum = = = +Karl Wirsum (1939 – May 6, 2021) was an American artist who was a member of the Chicago artistic group The Hairy Who, and helped set the foundation for Chicago's art scene in the 1970s. Although he was primarily a painter, he also worked with prints, sculpture, and even digital art. + += = = Palazzuolo sul Senio = = = +Palazzuolo sul Senio is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Pleiskirchen = = = +Pleiskirchen (Bavarian: "Pleiskircha") is a municipality in Altötting, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Eamonn Holmes = = = +Eamonn Holmes (born 3 December 1959) is a broadcaster and former journalist Northern Ireland. Holmes co-presented "GMTV" for 12 years between 1995 and 2005, before presenting "Sky News Sunrise" for 11 years between 2005 and 2016. From 2006 and January 2021, he co-hosted "This Morning" with his wife Ruth Langsford on Fridays, and since 2021, during the summer holidays only. He has also presented "Good Morning Britain" (2016-2017), "Gift Wrapped" and "How the Other Half Lives" (2015-present) and "It's Not Me, It's You". He currently is a presenter for GB News. Holmes is an advocate of numerous charities and causes including Dogs Trust, Variety GB and Northern Ireland Kidney Patients' Association. +Early life and education. +Holmes was educated at Holy Family Primary School and St Malachy's College, Belfast. He then studied journalism at the Dublin College of Business Studies. He had a wife named Gabrielle Holmes (now ex-wife), but they did not fell in love so that's why he had another wife named Ruth Langsford (now Ruth Holmes). + += = = Esmery-Hallon = = = +Esmery-Hallon is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Essertaux = = = +Essertaux is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Estrébœuf = = = +Estrébœuf is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Estrées-Deniécourt = = = +Estrées-Deniécourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Dompierre-sur-Helpe = = = +Dompierre-sur-Helpe is a commune of 854 people (2018). It is in Hauts-de-France in the Nord department in north France. + += = = Julian Nagelsmann = = = +Julian Nagelsmann (born 23 July 1987) is a German professional football manager and former player who was formerly head coach of Bayern Munich. +Known for his flexibility with formations, maintaining possession, and developing "gegenpress", Nagelsmann is widely known as one of the best young managers in world football. +Early life. +Nagelsmann was born on 23 July 1987 in Landsberg am Lech, Bavaria. He played for FC Augsburg and 1860 Munich at youth level, and was the captain of Munich's U17 team. In the 2006–07 season, he was part of the second team but could not play a single match due to injuries. Nagelsmann returned to Augsburg for the 2007–08 season coached by Thomas Tuchel, but injured his knee and meniscus for the second time, damaging the cartilage. As a result, he decided to end his footballing career at the age of 20. He had already assisted his head coach Thomas Tuchel as a scout in the first half of 2008. He studied business administration in university for four semesters until he transferred to sports science. Then he focused on coaching, returning to his previous club 1860 Munich as an assistant to Alexander Schmidt for Munich's U17 team from 2008 to 2010. +Coaching career. +Early career. +Nagelsmann joined the 1899 Hoffenheim youth academy in 2010 and coached numerous youth teams in the following years. He was an assistant coach during Hoffenheim's 2012–13 season, and up until 11 February 2016, was coaching the club's U19 team. He coached Hoffenheim's U19 "junior team" to win the 2013–14 Under 19 Bundesliga title. During his time as assistant coach, goalkeeper Tim Wiese referred to Nagelsmann as "Mini-Mourinho." +1899 Hoffenheim. +Nagelsmann was appointed head coach of 1899 Hoffenheim on 27 October 2015. He was expected to begin his tenure at the start of the 2016–17 season. He was given a three-year contract. At the time of his appointment, Nagelsmann was 28, and the youngest coach in Bundesliga history. He was to be the successor for Huub Stevens, who had replaced Markus Gisdol the previous day. On 10 February 2016, Stevens resigned as head coach due to health problems, and Nagelsmann's term as head coach was introduced by the Hoffenheim board a day later. +When Nagelsmann took over the club in February 2016, Hoffenheim were 17th in the table, 7 points from the safety of 15th spot and facing relegation. Under Nagelsmann they avoided relegation by winning 7 of their remaining 14 matches and finished a point above the relegation playoff spot. Their good form continued into the 2016–17 Bundesliga season, where they finished 4th in the table and qualified for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in their history. +On 9 June 2017, Hoffenheim extended the contract of Nagelsmann until 2021. On 21 June 2018, Hoffenheim announced that Nagelsmann would be leaving the club at the end of the 2018–19 season. He oversaw his 100th league game as manager of Hoffenheim on 19 January 2019, in a 3–1 defeat to Bayern Munich. In doing so, he became the youngest ever Bundesliga manager to reach the 100–match mark. +RB Leipzig. +On 21 June 2019, RB Leipzig announced that Nagelsmann would be their coach from the 2019–20 season and signed a four-year contract which would expire in 2023. Nagelsmann won his first Bundesliga match as RB Leipzig coach against FC Union Berlin 4–0, he also led Leipzig to a 1–1 draw against FC Bayern Munich. On match-day 10 Leipzig won against Mainz 8–0. Nagelsmann faced his former club Hoffenheim on match-day 14 and won 3–1 against them. +On 10 March 2020, following Leipzig's 4–0 win against Tottenham Hotspur, Nagelsmann became the youngest coach in history to win a UEFA Champions League knockout tie. +On 13 August 2020, RB Leipzig defeated Spanish side Atlético Madrid 2–1 in the quarter-finals, meaning Leipzig would progress to the Champions League semi-finals for the first time in their history. Nagelsmann became the youngest coach in history, therefore, to coach a side in the semi-finals. +On 18 August 2020, RB Leipzig played against Paris Saint-Germain in the Champions League semi-finals, where Nagelsmann faced his former boss during his time at Augsburg, Thomas Tuchel. However, RB Leipzig lost 3–0 to Paris Saint-Germain. +In the 2020–21 season, RB Leipzig finished second in the Bundesliga and lost the DFB-Pokal Final 4–1 against Borussia Dortmund. +Bayern Munich. +On 27 April 2021, Bayern Munich appointed Nagelsmann as head coach on a five-year contract, effective from 1 July 2021, replacing Hansi Flick for a world record manager transfer fee of 25 million Euros. Nagelsmann's first match as Bayern coach was a 1–1 draw against Borussia Mönchengladbach in the Bundesliga. +In Nagelsmann's first win as Bayern coach he won his first title as a coach in Bayern's 3-1 victory over Borussia Dortmund in the 2021 DFL-Supercup. +On 24 August 2021, Nagelsmann led Bayern to a 12–0 victory against Bremer SV during the first round of the 2021–22 DFB-Pokal. The scoreline was their biggest win in 24 years, since their 16–1 victory against DJK Waldberg in the DFB Cup in August 1997. +Honours. +Manager. +RB Leipzig +Bayern Munich +Individual + += = = 2017–2018 United States flu season = = = +The 2017-2018 flu season was a flu season of high severity in the United States. Influenza-like illness (ILI) has a high rate of outpatient and emergency clinic visits, and a high rate of influenza-related hospitalizations, and influenza activities have been on the rise for a long period of time and are widely distributed geographically. In 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention began using a new method to classify seasonal severity and applied the method to the seasons from 2003-2004 to 2016-2017. The 2017-18 season was the first season to be classified as highly serious among all age groups. +Origin. +In the 2017-2018 season, influenza-like illness (ILI) activities began to increase in November, and reached a long period of high activity nationwide in January and February, and continued until the end of March. The peak of ILI was 7.5%, the highest percentage since the 2009 influenza pandemic (7.7%). Influenza-like illness (ILI) reached or exceeded the national benchmark for 19 weeks, making 2017-2018 one of the longest seasons in recent years. +Infections and Deaths. +According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are no reports of childhood flu deaths nationwide. To monitor influenza-related deaths of all ages, the CDC tracks deaths caused by pneumonia and influenza (P&I) through the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) mortality reporting system. The system tracks the proportion of death certificates that list pneumonia or influenza as a potential cause of death. The system provides an overall indication of whether influenza-related mortality has increased, but does not provide an exact number to indicate the number of deaths from influenza. During the 2017-2018 season, the percentage of deaths due to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) reached or exceeded the epidemic threshold for 16 consecutive weeks. + += = = Kelly Oubre Jr. = = = +Kelly Paul Oubre Jr. (born December 9, 1995) is an American professional basketball player. He plays for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Oubre has also played for the Phoenix Suns. + += = = Homeric Greek = = = +Homeric Greek is the language used by Homer (in his epics: The "Iliad" and "Odyssey") and by Hesiod. It is also known as Epic Greek. +It is called Epic Greek because it was used as the language of epic poetry. This is usually in dactylic hexameter, by poets such as Hesiod and Theognis of Megara. Compositions in Epic Greek disappeared with the rise of Koine Greek. + += = = Umang Lai = = = +The Umang Lai (/oo-mang laai/) is a class of deities which dwell in the forests in Meitei mythology, folklore and religion. The term "Umang" means "forest" and "Lai" means "deity" in Meitei language (Manipuri language). The cults of these deities vary from community to community. + += = = Alkoxide = = = +An alkoxide ion is the ion made by taking a hydrogen ion (H+) off an alcohol. Alkoxide ions have a charge of -1. They include an alkane, which is bonded to an oxygen with a negative charge. Alkoxides are also the compounds made with an alkoxide ion and a positive ion. + += = = Classes of deities in Meitei religion = = = +In Sanamahism (Meitei religion), there are four major classes of deities. These are the Apokpas, the Imung Lais, the Lam Lais and the Umang Lais. +Sometimes, some scholars classify the classes into three, excluding the Apokpa. + += = = Apokpa Marup = = = +The Apokpa Marup or the Apokpa Laining is a modern religious denomination of Sanamahism, the primitive Meitei religion, founded by Laininghal Naoriya Phullo in 1930 in Cachar, Assam. It was founded in the goal of reviving the suppressed old paganism of the Meitei ethnicity in the then Manipur. + += = = Metal toxicity = = = +Metal toxicity or metal poisoning is the bad effect of certain metals doses on life. Most heavy metals are toxic. But, some heavy metals like iron are essential for life. Elements that we need in our body may also be toxic when in high doses. +Testing and treatment for poisoning. +People are always being exposed to metals in the environment. Medical tests can find metals in our body but does not show that a person is poisoned. Metal screening tests should not be used unless there is reason to believe that a person has had been exposed to excess metals. +A treatment for metal poisoning may be chelation therapy. Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and metals. + += = = Washi = = = +Washi (��) is a traditional Japanese paper. The term is used to describe paper that uses local fiber, processed by hand and made in the traditional way. "Washi" is made with fibers from the inner bark of the gampi tree, the mitsumata shrub, or the paper mulberry bush. As a Japanese craft, it is registered as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage. +Washi is tougher than ordinary paper made from wood pulp. It is used in many traditional arts. Origami, Shodo, and Ukiyo-e were all produced using washi. Washi was also used to make many goods like clothes, household goods, and toys. It was even used to make wreaths that were given to winners in the 1998 Winter Paralympics. + += = = Deux Rivières = = = +Deux Rivières is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Yonne department in central France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Cravant (the seat) and Accolay. + += = = Treigny-Perreuse-Sainte-Colombe = = = +Treigny-Perreuse-Sainte-Colombe is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Yonne department in central France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Treigny (the seat) and Sainte-Colombe-sur-Loing. + += = = Andrew Symonds = = = +Andrew Symonds (9 June 1975 – 14 May 2022) was an Australian cricketer. He played all three formats as a batting all-rounder. He was a key member of the Australian side that won the World Cup twice in 2003 and 2007. +Symonds was a right-handed middle order batsman and was both a medium pace and off-spin bowler. He was also remembered for his fielding skills. He played 26 Tests and 198 ODIs for Australia. He was often known by the nickname "Roy". He retired from all forms of cricket in 2012. +Symonds was born in Birmingham, England. He was adopted by an English couple, Barbara and Ken Symonds. One of his biological parents was of West Indian ancestry and the other was believed to be of Danish or Swedish background. Shortly after his adoption, the family moved to Queensland, Australia. He grew up in Charters Towers and on the Gold Coast. He lived in Townsville and had two children. +Symonds was killed in a car crash at Hervey Range, near Townsville, on 14 May 2022. He was 46. + += = = The Cow (movie) = = = +The Cow (, Gāv or Gav) is a 1969 Iranian drama movie directed by Dariush Mehrjui and was based on the novel and play by Gholam-Hossein Saedi. It stars Ezzatollah Entezami, Jamshid Mashayekhi, Ali Nassirian, Jafar Vali. + += = = Pelago = = = +Pelago is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Pontassieve = = = +Pontassieve is an Italian town in Tuscany. It has about 20,600 inhabitants. + += = = Reggello = = = +Reggello is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Rignano sull'Arno = = = +Rignano sull'Arno is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Sesto Fiorentino = = = +Sesto Fiorentino is a city in central Italy. Sesto Fiorentino is in the Tuscany Region. It has 49,158 people. + += = = Rufina = = = +Rufina is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Luhansk = = = +Luhansk (; ) is a city in eastern Ukraine, near the border with Russia. It is the administrative center of the Luhansk Oblast. In 2020, 401,297 people lived there. + += = = Zeolite = = = +Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals. It is commonly used as commercial absorbants and catalysts. The name "zeolite" was given in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt. He called the material "zeolite", from the Greek ��� (zéō), meaning "to boil" and ����� (líthos), meaning "stone". +Occurrence. +Natural zeolites form where volcanic rocks and ash react with alkaline groundwater. Zeolites found in nature are almost never pure. They are contaminated by other minerals, metals, quartz, or other zeolites. +Uses. +Zeolites can be used in domestic and commercial water purification, water softening, and other uses. Zeolites were also found to help silver naturally emit light, which may compete with fluorescent lights or LEDs. +Zeolites can be used to store solar heat harvested from solar thermal collectors. The largest use for zeolite is the global laundry detergent market. + += = = Cabinet of Singapore = = = +The Cabinet of Singapore forms the (executive branch) of Singapore together with the President of Singapore. It is led by the Prime Minister of Singapore who is the head of government. The Prime Minister is a Member of Parliament (MP) appointed by the President who selects a person that in his or her view is likely to command the confidence of a majority of the Parliament of Singapore. The other members of the Cabinet are Ministers who are Members of Parliament appointed by the President on the Prime Minister's advice. + += = = Primary School Leaving Examination = = = +The Primary School Leaving Examination (PSLE) is a national examination in Singapore that is administered by the Ministry of Education and taken by all students near the end of their sixth year in primary school before they move on to secondary school. + += = = Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level = = = +The Singapore-Cambridge General Certificate of Education Ordinary Level (O-level) examination is a national examination held annually in Singapore. The examinations are jointly conducted by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), Singapore's Ministry of Education (MOE) as well as the Singapore Examinations and Assessment Board (SEAB). + += = = Government of Singapore = = = +The Government of the Republic of Singapore is stated by the constitution to mean the executive branch of government, which is made up of the President and the Cabinet of Singapore. Although the President acts in their personal discretion in the exercise of certain functions as a check on the Cabinet and Parliament of Singapore, their role is largely ceremonial. It is the Cabinet, which has the Prime Minister and other ministers appointed on their advice by the President, that generally controls the Government. The Cabinet is formed by the political party that gains a simple majority in each general election. + += = = Constitution of Singapore = = = +The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore is the supreme law of Singapore. It is the only constitution Singapore has had as a sovereign country, and came into effect in 1965. It is largely based on the 1963 Constitution of the "state" of Singapore, which was when Singapore was part of the country of Malaysia, but also of the constitution of that country. +The constitution sets out the framework for the republic of Singapore, including a President, who is elected every six years, and a Prime Minister. The Prime Minister leads the government and is appointed by the President, but is responsible to the Parliament and must be accepted by it. Singapore's constitution is also based on the Westminster system, which means all ministers must be members of Parliament (MPs). If they, including the Prime Minister, are not elected to Parliament, they cannot remain in their position. The judiciary also has a strong role in the constitution, with judges acting independently of the President, the government and the Parliament. Judges are appointed for a long time, and cannot be removed except for misconduct. The highest court is the Supreme Court of Singapore, which was set up in 1970, five years after the constitution. +Changing the constitution demands a two-thirds majority vote in the Parliament. However, to change the scope and sovereignty of the country, such as becoming a part of Malaysia again, a referendum showing the support of two-thirds of all voters is required. The constitution is changed from time to time, including to create MPs who are not elected in constituencies, i.e. by the voters, but to introduce representation for others who do not get the support of voters. These are called NMPs and NCMPs. In changing the constitution and some other matters, they are not allowed to vote. + += = = Workers' Party of Singapore = = = +The Workers' Party of Singapore, officially known as The Workers' Party (abbreviation WP), is a major centre-left political party in Singapore. The party supports democratic socialism and social democracy. Alongside the governing People's Action Party, it is one of the oldest parties active in the country, having contested every election since 1959. + += = = Dendropsophus dutrai = = = +The Dendropsophus dutrai is a frog that lives in Brazil. Scientists have only seen it in Areia Branca. + += = = Veigy-Foncenex = = = +Veigy-Foncenex is a commune. It is in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in the Haute-Savoie department in southeast France. + += = = DanTDM = = = +Daniel Robert Middleton (born 8 November 1991), better known online as DanTDM (formerly TheDiamondMinecart), is an English YouTuber, gamer, actor and author known for his video game commentaries. His online video channels have covered many video games including "Minecraft", "Roblox" and "Pokémon". +Personal life. +In June 2013, when his channel got to 100,000 subscribers, he posted a video showing his face for the first time ever. +Middleton married his girlfriend, Jemma, on 17 March 2013. They have a son, called Asher, who was born on 5 January 2020.They had another son, named Miles, who was born on 22 November 2022. + += = = A627(M) motorway = = = +The A627(M) is a motorway that runs between Chadderton and Rochdale in Greater Manchester, England. It is long and connects these two towns to the M62. It opened in 1972. + += = = Meitei philosophy = = = +The Meitei Manipuri philosophy or Kanglei Meetei philosophy refers to the philosophical traditions of Ancient Manipur (Ancient Kangleipak). In 15th century BC, the Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya, one of the foremost and the oldest Meitei scriptures based on the antique philosophical traditions, was written in Ancient Manipur. It is the basis of the ideology of Sanamahism, the primitive Meitei religion. +In early notions, the ideology of the creation myth has strong connection with the shapes and figures of the Meitei numerals and Meitei script letters. +The philosophical norms are inscribed in the massive materials of many ancient Meitei chronicles. + += = = Coleman, Alberta = = = +Coleman is a community in the Rocky Mountains within the Municipality of Crowsnest Pass in southwest Alberta, Canada. + += = = Monroe Hayward = = = +Monroe Leland Hayward (December 22, 1840 – December 5, 1899) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a Republican. He was elected to become a U.S. Senator from Nebraska in March 1899. However, he died in late 1899, before taking the oath of office. +Hayward was born in Willsboro, New York. He served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He studied law in Whitewater, Wisconsin. His son, William Hayward, was a lawyer and commander of the Harlem Hellfighters during World War I. His grandson was Broadway producer Leland Hayward. The actress and writer Brooke Hayward is his great-granddaughter. +Hayward died in Nebraska City on December 5, 1899, while comatose. He was 58. + += = = Willsboro, New York = = = +Willsboro is a town in Essex County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town had a population of 1,905. + += = = Whitewater, Wisconsin = = = +Whitewater is a city in Walworth and Jefferson counties, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city had a population of 14,889. + += = = Hum Tum = = = +Hum Tum () is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Kunal Kohli. It was produced by Aditya Chopra under Yash Raj Films. The movie stars Saif Ali Khan and Rani Mukherjee. The special effects were done by Tata Elxsi. The movie was released on May 28, 2004. It received positive reviews and was a box office success. +Awards. +"Hum Tum" received 7 nominations at the 50th Filmfare Awards. It won 5 awards, including Best Director (Kohli), Best Actress (Mukherjee), Best Comedian (Khan), Best Female Playback Singer (Alka Yagnik), and Best Scene of the Year. At the 52nd National Film Awards in 2005, Khan was awarded the National Film Award for Best Actor. + += = = Fanaa (2006 movie) = = = +Fanaa () is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language romantic thriller film, directed by Kunal Kohli and produced by Aditya Chopra under Yash Raj Films. The film stars Aamir Khan and Kajol, with Rishi Kapoor, Kirron Kher, Tabu and Sharat Saxena in supporting roles. +"Fanaa" was released on 26 May 2006. Fanaa received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success. "Fanaa" was one of the most expensive Bollywood films during its time of release. + += = = San Casciano in Val di Pesa = = = +San Casciano in Val di Pesa is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. +Twin towns. +San Casciano in Val di Pesa is twinned with: + += = = Morgan Hill, California = = = +Morgan Hill is a city in Santa Clara County, California. + += = = San Godenzo = = = +San Godenzo is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Estrées-lès-Crécy = = = +Estrées-lès-Crécy is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Lonely Planet = = = +Lonely Planet is a huge travel guide book creator. , the company had sold 120 million books since creation. +History. +Early years. +Lonely Planet was created by married couple Maureen and Tony Wheeler. In 1972, they went on a trip through Europe and Asia to Australia. +The company name originates from the misheard "lovely planet" in a song written by Matthew Moore. +Tony returned to Asia to write "Across Asia on the Cheap: A Complete Guide to Making the Overland Trip", created in 1975. +Expansion. +The Lonely Planet guide book series first expanded in Asia, with the India guide book in 1981, and expanded to rest of the world. Geoff Crowther was noticed for frequently inserting his opinions into the text of the guides he wrote. His writing was helpful to the rise of Lonely Planet. The journalist used the word "Geoffness", in tribute to Crowther, to show a quality that has been lost in travel guides. +By 1999, Lonely Planet had sold 30 million copies of its travel guides. The company's creators consequently benefited from profit-sharing and expensive events were held at the Melbourne office, at which limousines would arrive, filled with Lonely Planet workers. +Wheelers' sale to BBC. +In 2007, the Wheelers and John Singleton sold a 75% stake in the company to BBC Worldwide, worth a guess of £63 million at the time. The company was creating 500 titles and went into television production. BBC Worldwide struggled following the loss, registering a £3.2 million loss in the year to the end of March 2009. By the end of March 2010, profits of £1.9 million had been generated, as digital profits had risen 37% year-on-year over the preceding 12 months, a "Lonely Planet" magazine had grown and non-print profits grew from 9% in 2007 to 22%. +Lonely Planet's digital presence included 140 apps and 8.5 million unique users for lonelyplanet.com, which made the Thorn Tree travel website forum. BBC Worldwide gained the remaining 25% of the company for £42.1 million (A$67.2 million) from the Wheelers. +BBC's sale to NC2. +By 2012 BBC wanted to sell itself of the company and in March 2013 confirmed the sale of Lonely Planet to Brad Kelley's NC2 Media for US$77.8 million (£51.5 million), at nearly an £80 million (US$118.89 million) loss. +COVID-19. +In April 2020 Lonely Planet made the decision to close its Australian and London offices and lower staffing levels globally in response to the loss in the travel industry resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The company continued to create its guidebooks, phrasebooks, maps, children's books and inspirational picture tutorials but chose to close its magazine. +Red Ventures. +In December 2020, NC2 Media sold Lonely Planet to Red Ventures for an unknown amount. Lonely Planet offices continue to work in Dublin, New Delhi and Beijing. +Products. +Lonely Planet's online community, the Thorn Tree, was created in 1996. It is named for a Naivasha thorn tree ("Acacia xanthophloea") that has been used as a message board for the city of Nairobi, Kenya since 1902. The tree still exists in the Stanley Hotel, Nairobi. It is used by over 600,000 travelers to share their experiences and look for advice. Thorn Tree has many different forum categories including different countries, places to visit depending on one's interests, travel buddies, and Lonely Planet support. +In 2009, Lonely Planet began creating a monthly travel magazine called "Lonely Planet Traveler". It is available in digital versions for a number of countries. +Lonely Planet also had its own television creation company, which has produced series, such as "Globe Trekker", "Lonely Planet Six Degrees", and "Lonely Planet: Roads Less Travelled". Toby Amies and Asha Gill (both British TV presenters) took part in the Lonely Planet Six degrees. + += = = Estrées = = = +Estrée or Estrées is the name of several communes in France: + += = = Estrées-Mons = = = +Estrées-Mons is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Estrées, Nord = = = +Estrées is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France. + += = = Memoir of Japanese Assassinations = = = +Memoir of Japanese Assassinations (������, "Nihon ansatsu hiroku") is a 1969 Japanese historical drama film written and directed by . The movie was based on a 1958 novel "Secret Assassination" by historian Tadashi Suzuki. This anthology film consists of nine incidents in the late and early when assassins changed the course of . +Much like the more well-known movie , which would premiere a year later in 1970, "Memoirs of Japanese Assassins" in a docudrama, which some might find boring, but have a certain love for these types of historical films. Unlike Tora Tora Tora, this movie has no overall plot or protagonist and is just a series of scenes. +Despite being a country with low crime, political assassination has a long history in . Although not nearly as common before , there have been assassinations post-1945, most notably when 17 year old nationalist killed chairman of the Japan Socialist Party on live TV in 1960. +Japanese assassins occupied a special place in the Japanese psyche. Often times, the sincerity of their beliefs were given consideration, and if they were motivated by selfless causes, their punishments were often less severe than a nonpolitical murder. That being said, this was not the case of all assassinations, with Japanese society far more divided than some postwar historians have portrayed it as, i.e. a regimented military dictatorship. +The assassinations depicted alternate between cold detachment and a sympathetic biopic. +Overview. +The film set during the 19th and 20th centuries such as the , the , the , and the . Throughout the whole story, it depicts a young assassins who is full of pure and beautiful energy of the dissident and confronts the power of time with the spirit of abandoned stones +This work focuses on the sadness of joining the clan and turning into a terrorist from the birth of the main character, Shō Onuma (played by ), and the from the assassination of in 1932. +Chiba took a break from the TV drama "", which he starred in, and devoted himself to it, awakening while suffering , and politely played Onuma in his youth. for , a radical Buddhist preacher of who leads Onuma, Jiro Tamiya for Hitoshi Fujii, a cadet officer of the who participate in the , and for Takako, an employee whom Onuma meets again. it was arranged and the sides are solidified. +Of the 142 minutes of screening time, the shooting for the League of Blood Incident chapter was about 100 minutes, and the rest is mainly the moment of assassination on the omnibus. These incidents are the (1860), the Kioisaka Incident (1878), the Assassination of Ōkuma Shigenobu (1889), the Attack on Hoshi Tōru (1901), the (1921), the Guillotine Society Incident (1924), the (1932), the (1935), and the (1936) in that order. +Cast. +Chapter 1: Sakuradamon Incident (������, Sakuradamon-gai no Hen) +Date: March 24, 1860 +Location: , , present-day +Period time: Bakumatsu era +Characters: +Chapter 2: Kioisaka Incident (������, "Kioi-zaka no hen") +Date: May 14, 1878 +Location: . +Period time: Meiji era +Characters: +Chapter 3: Okuma Shigenobu Case Incident (��������, "Ōkuma shigenobu sōnan jiken") +Date: October 18, 1889 +Location: , , +Period time: Meiji era +Characters: +Chapter 4: Hoshi Tōru Case Incident (������, "Hoshi tōru ansatsu jiken") +Date: June 21, 1901 +Location: +Period time: Meiji era +Characters: +Chapter 5: Assassination of Yasuda Zenjirō Incident (���������, "Yasuda zenjirō ansatsu jiken") +Date: September 28, 1921 +Location: +Period: Taishō era +Characters: +Chapter 6: Guillotine Society Incident (�������, "Girochin-sha jiken") +Date: September 10, 1923 +Location: +Period: Taishō era +Characters: +Chapter 7: League of Blood Incident (�����, "Ketsumeidan Jiken") +Date: 1932 +Location: mainland +Period: Showa era + += = = Estrées-sur-Noye = = = +Estrées-sur-Noye is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Abscon = = = +Abscon is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 4,376 people lived there. + += = = Étalon, Somme = = = +Étalon is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Granit Xhaka = = = +Granit Xhaka (born 27 September 1992) is a Swiss football player. He plays as a midfielder for Bayer Leverkusen. He was the captain of the Switzerland national football team for six weeks but quit because he was rude to football fans. +Honours. +Basel +Arsenal +Switzerland U17 +Individual + += = = Ételfay = = = +Ételfay is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Massacre at Huế = = = +Masscare at Huế, is a mass murder and execution perpetrated by Viet Cong and the Liberation Army during the Democratic Republic of Vietnam control territory of Huế. V.C and North Vietnam killed people because they were supported South Vietnam and the United States Army. +The Liberation Army counter-attacked the United States Army in Huế, bombing the city, killing many civilians, and burying the civilians. that population, along with the dead soldiers of all warring parties. Finally, many sources from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam confirmed that there was no such thing as a "bloody massacre" in Huế. +Background. +In the early morning of January 31, 1968, during the Lunar New Year, the People's Army of Vietnam and the Liberation Army of South Vietnam simultaneously launched a surprise attack in many cities and localities in South Vietnam - in the early morning of January 31, 1968. including Saigon and Huế. After initial military successes, they were overwhelmed by the enemy and pushed back everywhere, except Huế. Although the Tet Offensive was considered a tactical defeat, it was a victory of great strategic importance. +With the aim of seizing sovereignty over Huế, a 28-day battle between the South Vietnamese Liberation Army and the US Army and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam took place and resulted in 40% of the city being destroyed, 116,000 homeless people. The US Army and the Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered about 4,400 casualties, while the South Vietnamese Liberation Army and the Vietnam People's Army also lost over 4,000 troops. Also in this re-occupation, the US army used maximum heavy weapons such as napalm bombs, cannons, tank cannons and large recoilless guns . Out of 17,134 houses in Huế, 9,776 houses were completely destroyed, 3,169 were severely damaged; The number of civilians killed according to the first estimate of the government of the Republic of Vietnam was 3,776. The South Vietnamese Liberation Army documents said they buried about 2,000 bomb victims in mass graves along with their own dead soldiers. +Aftermath. +In the months and years that followed the Battle of Mau Than at Hue, which began on January 31, 1968, and lasted a total of 26 days, dozens of mass graves were discovered in and around Huế. Victims include women, men, children and baby. +According to Gareth Porter, an American scholar, early estimates by the Ministry of Immigration and Social Security of the Republic of Vietnam put the number of civilians killed by fighting and artillery fire at 3,776, out of the total number of civilians. wounded, dead or missing were 6,700 people. Italian journalist Oriana Fallaci in her autographs said that about 1,100 people were killed when the North Vietnamese troops recaptured Huế, most of the people killed were teachers, lectures, university students, monks, intellectuals and religion followers (mostly buddhist). Historian Stanley Karnow believes that many civilians were executed by the North Vietnamese and their bodies were buried in mass graves. +According to Lê Minh, the commander of the campaign for the whole Thừa Thiên Huế area, the Secretary of the Hue City Party Committee during the Tết Offensive, wrote in his memoirs published in 1988, most civilians died due to being hit by American bombs. city, only a small number were killed as civilians rebelled against those they hated. +A Vietnamese witness in Huế, Nguyễn Thị Hoa, said: ""It started with them (US troops) using artillery." "They bombarded the area where we lived, razed houses and trees." "They fired artillery at the houses in the surrounding areas." "These houses sold gasoline, so when the firecrackers were fired, they burned down." "All the elderly, children, and women who took refuge here were burned alive."" +Don Oberdorfer also cited several sources reporting that there were "revenge teams" set up by the Republic of Vietnam, which hunted down and executed civilians who had supported the Liberation Army while they were stationed in Huế. + += = = Josh Duggar = = = +Joshua James Duggar (born March 3, 1988) is an American former reality television personality and a political activist. He is the oldest of the Duggar family; his parents are Michelle and Jim Bob Duggar. +Josh Duggar was the executive director for the FRC Action, a political action committee (PAC), sponsored by the Family Research Council from June 2013 to May 2015. +Duggar was in the television series "19 Kids and Counting". +Duggar was born in Tontitown, Arkansas. +On April 29, 2021, Duggar was arrested by U.S. Marshals on child pornography charges. He was found guilty of the charges on December 9, 2021. + += = = Stammham, Altötting = = = +Stammham is the smallest municipality in Altötting, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Teising = = = +Teising is a municipality in Altötting, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Tüßling = = = +Tüßling is a town in Altötting, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Tyrlaching = = = +Tyrlaching is a municipality in Altötting, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Winhöring = = = +Winhöring (Bavarian: "Winaring") is a municipality in Altötting, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Geretsried = = = +Geretsried (Bavarian: "Geretsriad") is a town in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Bad Heilbrunn = = = +Bad Heilbrunn is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Barnier = = = +Barnier is a surname, and may refer to: +Barnier is also a given name in Holland, though a rare one. + += = = Red cabbage = = = +The red cabbage is a type of cabbage. Its leaves are dark red/purple. However, the plant changes its color according to the pH of the soil. In acidic soils, the leaves grow more reddish. In neutral soils they will grow more purple. In alkaline soils, the will grow greenish-yellow. It can be found in Europe, the Americas, China and Africa. + += = = Benediktbeuern = = = +Benediktbeuern (Bavarian: "Benediktbeiern") is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Plague of Cyprian = = = +The Plague of Cyprian is an epidemic that occurred in the Roman Empire between 249 and 270 AD. It is part of the crisis of the 3rd century. +The plague caused food shortages and manpower shortages in the Roman army. This severely weakened the empire in the third century. Its modern name commemorates the early Christian writer St. Cyprien, the bishop of Carthage. He saw and described the plague. The cause of the plague is not known, but may include viruses such as smallpox, pandemic influenza and Ebola haemorrhagic fever. +The death toll of the plague is unknown. About 5,000 people died from the plague every day in Rome. + += = = Happy Land fire = = = +The Happy Land fire was an act of mass murder and arson. It took place in the unlicensed Happy Land social club in West Farms, The Bronx, New York City, United States on March 25, 1990. +The fire was the deadliest in the United States since a fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel in 1986. It was the deadliest New York fire since the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911. +Almost 16 months earlier, in November 1988, Happy Land had been ordered to close due to building code violations. +The building housing Happy Land was torn down within 24 hours of the fire. A Cuban, Julio González (1954-2016), was convicted of 87 counts of arson and 87 counts of murder. He was sentenced to 25 years to life. + += = = Savoy cabbage = = = +Savoy cabbage is a variety of the species "Brassica oleracea". Savoy cabbage is a vegetable that grows in winter. In the 18th century, it was brought into Germany as "Savoyer Kohl". It's name is gotten from the Savoy Region in France. It has crinkled, emerald green leaves. The leaves are crunchy and tender. Known cultivars include 'Savoy King' (in the US), 'Tundra' (green with a firm, round heart) and 'Winter King' (with dark crumpled leaves). + += = = Sixth cholera pandemic = = = +During the First World War, the threat and fear of cholera spreading among the troops were real. The war took place during the sixth cholera pandemic, forcing soldiers into close range in sordid conditions. Despite these factors, cholera is relatively rare in the military. Several cases have been reported, but the number is surprisingly low and the death toll is very low. This also affect a flu pandemic after the war was over. Like all previous pandemics, it originated in India and killed 800,000 people. Its spread continues to the Middle East, Africa, Eastern Europe and Russia. + += = = Gai lan = = = +Chinese broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra) is a leaf vegetable. It has thick, flat, glossy blue-green leaves. It also has thick stems, and florets similar to broccoli. It is also called Chinese kale, Gai lan, kai-lan, or jie lan. It is a variety of "Brassica oleracea". It's cultivar group is "alboglabra". + += = = Shadow of Destiny = = = +Shadow of Destiny also known in Japan and Europe as is an Mystery adventure game developed by Konami Computer Entertainment Tokyo and published by Konami. Originally released on PlayStation 2 console, then later in 2002 port for Xbox (it has been release only in Europe), Microsoft Windows, and finally also available for PlayStation Portable in Japan (2009) and North America (2010). + += = = Ico = = = + is an action-adventure video game for PlayStation 2 console system. Developed by Team Ico and Japan Studio, published by Sony Computer Entertainment. + += = = Tracery = = = +Tracery is a device used in architecture by which windows (or screens, panels, and vaults) are divided into different parts by stone bars. It most commonly refers to the stoneworks that support the glass in a window. Tracery can also be found on the inside and outside of buildings. + += = = Action Henk = = = +Action Henk is an racing video game released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and Xbox 360. Published by Curve Digital. + += = = Murder of Ennis Cosby = = = +Ennis William Cosby (April 15, 1969 - January 16, 1997) was the only son of American actor and comedian Bill Cosby. He was murdered in Los Angeles, California near Interstate 405. Eighteen-year-old Mikhail Markhasev shot Cosby in the head after trying to rob him. +The death of Cosby caused major media coverage, public outrage and support for the Cosby family. +In 1998, Markhasev was tried and found guilty of attempted robbery and first-degree murder. He was sentenced to life in prison. + += = = Date rape drug = = = +A date rape drug is a drug that is used to make a person unable to consent to sex. This makes that person likely to be a victim of rape or sexual assault. +Date rape drugs include GHB, Rohypnol, alcohol and MDMA. Another is methaqualone, also known as Quaalude. + += = = Men who have sex with men = = = +Men who have sex with men (MSM) are males that perform sexual acts on other males. They may be homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual. +The term "MSM" was created during the early 1990s. "MSM" is used in the medical literature and social research to describe such males as a group for research studies. +Men having sex with other men have an increased risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), especially if they don't use a condom. The diseases include HIV, AIDS and herpes. In the United States, males who have sex with other males in and after 1977 have an HIV rate almost 60 times higher than the general population. Even with a condom, anal sex is risky. + += = = Book series = = = +A book series is a group of books that people are meant to read as part of the same story. The story will most of the time happen in the same setting and have the same characters. + += = = Hebe (asteroid) = = = +Hebe ( 6 Hebe) is a large asteroid. It orbits the Sun in our solar system's asteroid belt. It has around 0.5% of the mass of the belt. Hebe is the fifth-brightest object in the asteroid belt after Vesta, Ceres, Iris, and Pallas. It has a mean opposition magnitude of +8.3, about equal to the mean brightness of Titan, and can reach +7.5 at an opposition near perihelion. +Hebe is named after the Greek goddess of youth, Hebe. + += = = Iris (asteroid) = = = +Iris (7 Iris) is a large asteroid. It orbits the Sun between Mars and Jupiter in the solar system's main asteroid belt. It is a remnant planetesimal. It is the fourth-brightest object in the asteroid belt. + += = = Jim Henson's The Hoobs (video game) = = = +The Hoobs is a 2002 video game made for the PlayStation based on the show of the same name. It was developed by Runecraft and published by Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. The game follows Iver, Tula and Groove around Hoobland, as they learn about the world. +Gameplay. +The Hoobs is a BAFTA-winning children's television programme created and produced by The Jim Henson Company. It stars five creatures called Hoobs (Hubba Hubba, Iver, Groove, Tula, and Roma) from the fictional Hoobland, and their interactions with Earth and the human race. In each episode they try to find the answer to a question to be put in the great Hoobopaedia created by Hubba Hubba, back in Hoobland, in hopes of learning all there is to know. Hubba Hubba remains in Hoobland; Iver, Groove, and Tula live in the Hoobmobile; and Roma travels to all parts of the world. The five creatures are puppets, but the show also includes some animated sequences as well as live motion of human children who explain concepts to the Hoobs. +Development. +Jim Hensons colorful creations, The Hoobs, have entertained TV audiences worldwide and are now bringing their muppet-style fun and learning to the PlayStation. +The Runecraft-developed game follows the adventures of Iver, Tula and Groove as they embark on a voyage of discovery around Hoobland, sharing their experiences with other Hoobs via an enormous database—known as the Hoobopaedia—as well as the local news station and the internet. Half action game, half edutainment title, kids stand to find a whole load of stuff just waiting to be discovered, as well as some interesting Hoob language. Released only in Europe. + Manufacturer's description: +Hoob! Hoob! Hooray! The Hoobs are here to play! Hop aboard the Hoobmobile with Iver, Tula and Groove and set off on a journey of exploration and discovery, music, dance and FUN. Parents: This Hoobashious game is both entertaining and educational, and not just for you, but for your Tiddlypeeps too! Hoobletoodledoo! Visit the icy arctic, the wild jungle, the rugged mountains, the sandy beach and the Hoobygroovy barnyard. Play fifteen mini-games including Hide and Seek, Matching Pairs and Feed the Chickens. Interact with Hoobloads of Tiddlypeeps to help Hoobs discover the answer to the question of the day. + += = = Nankhari = = = +Nankhari is a Tehsil (town) and a block in Shimla district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh.It is about 92.5 km from Shimla and 33 km from NH passing through Narkanda and is connected with NH 5 which passes through Narkanda, Theog and Kumarsain.It consists of 17 Gram panchayat and 102 villages. +Geography. +Nankhari is in a mountainous area. It is also a tourism place.The location co-ordinates of Nankhari are . The elevation of Nankhari is 2086 m. +Nankhari is 33km far away from Narkanda. It is 92.3 km away from Shimla. +Climate. +The average temperature of the year is 15°C, with variations from changes in elevation. +Transport. +There is also a helipad in Tharudhaar. It is 33km far away from Narkanda's NH 5. It is 92.3 km far away from Shimla. It is distanced 66 km from Rampur Bushahr. + += = = Samsung Galaxy A32 = = = +Samsung Galaxy A32 is a smartphone made by Samsung that released in 2021. It has a Infinity-V display and 48 + 8 + 2 + 2 MP cameras. + += = = Samsung Galaxy A52 = = = +Samsung Galaxy A52 is a smartphone made by Samsung that released in 2021. It has a Infinity-O display, 64 + 12 + 5 + 5 MP cameras and IP67 waterproofing. + += = = Samsung Galaxy A72 = = = +Samsung Galaxy A72 is a smartphone made by Samsung that released in 2021. It has a Infinity-O display, 64 + 12 + 8 + 5 MP cameras and IP67 waterproofing. + += = = Dendropsophus salli = = = +Dendropsophus salli is a frog that lives in Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. + += = = Sean Moore (musician) = = = +Sean Anthony Moore (born 30 July 1968) is a Welsh musician. He is known for being the drummer and occasional trumpet player for Welsh alternative rock band Manic Street Preachers. He is the cousin of fellow Manic Street Preacher James Dean Bradfield. He moved in with James in his teenage years following his parents' divorce. Moore is one of the founding members of the Manics (formed in 1986) and remains a part of the band to this day. +Moore has three children and got divorced in 2019. He is a fan of Liverpool Football Club. He is also a fan of racing and has one of the fastest times around the German Nürburgring track. + += = = Strap = = = +A strap, sometimes also called strop, is an stretched flap or ribbon, usually of leather or other flexible materials. It is used to keep things in its place. + += = = Carbonara = = = +Spaghetti alla Carbonara or simply Carbonara is a type of pasta dish. It is made with meat and an egg custard. The meat can either be guanciale or pancetta. The egg custard is made of egg yolks, black pepper and parmesan and/or pecorino. +Origins. +Some people claim that the name Carbonara comes from the black carbon look that the peppers give off. Others believe that the origins of Carbonara come from an old dish eaten by shepherds in Lazio. This dish was called "cacio e ova". + += = = William D. Moseley = = = +William Dunn Moseley (February 1, 1795 – January 4, 1863) was an American politician. A Democrat and North Carolina native, Moseley became the first Governor of the state of Florida, serving from 1845 until 1849 and leading the establishment of the state government. +Early life and education. +William Dunn Moseley was born on February 1, 1795 at Moseley Hall in Lenoir County, North Carolina, which is a different place than Moseley Hall on the Northeast branch of the Cape Fear created by colonial official Edward Moseley, to whom he was not related. He was the son of Matthew and Elizabeth Herring Dunn Moseley, who built this Moseley Hall. He and his father were distant descendants of William Moseley, the immigrant ancestor, who came to Virginia in 1649 and built Greenwich near Norfolk on the Elizabeth River in what was then Lower Norfolk County. The plantation house was later known as Rolleston Hall. +Moseley graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1818. He was of entirely English ancestry, all of which had been in America since the days of the original thirteen colonies. He received his master's degree from UNC in 1821. While at the university, Moseley was the roommate of future president James K. Polk. +Marriage and family. +In 1822, Moseley married Susan Hill; the couple had six children: William Green Moseley, Elizabeth H. Moseley, Susan Hill Moseley, Alice Hill Moseley, Alexander Moseley, and Matthew Moseley. Susan Hill Moseley died in March 1842, after the Moseleys moved to Florida. + += = = Bichl = = = +Bichl is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Dietramszell = = = +Dietramszell is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Egling = = = +Egling is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Eurasburg = = = +Eurasburg is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. It is south of the Bavarian state capital, Munich. +Twin towns. +Eurasburg is twinned with: + += = = Gaißach = = = +Gaißach is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Greiling = = = +Greiling is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Icking = = = +Icking is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. +Geography. +Townships. +It consists of: + += = = Tamago kake gohan = = = +Tamago kake gohan is a Japanese dish that the Japanese people eat for breakfast. It is cooked Japanese rice topped with a raw egg. Some toppings such as soy sauce and salmon can be added to it. It is also served in some known restaurants such as Sukiya. + += = = Jachenau = = = +Jachenau is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Reichersbeuern = = = +Reichersbeuern is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Kochel = = = +Kochel am See (Bavarian: "Koche am Sää") is a municipality and a town in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria, on the shores of Kochelsee. The municipality consists of the districts Altjoch, Brunnenbach, Ort, Pessenbach, Pfisterberg, Walchensee and Ried. + += = = Königsdorf = = = +Königsdorf is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Lenggries = = = +Lenggries (Bavarian: "Lenggrias") is a municipality and a town in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. It is the largest rural municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen. + += = = Münsing = = = +Münsing is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Malay Singaporeans = = = +Malay Singaporeans () are a local ethnic group in Singapore. + += = = Singdarin = = = +Colloquial Singaporean Mandarin, also known as Singdarin (), is an Mandarin Chinese dialect native to Singapore. + += = = Teochew = = = +Teochew (, , , Chaozhou dialect: , Shantou dialect: ) is a dialect of Chaoshan Min, a Southern Min language, that is spoken by the Teochew people in the Chaoshan region of eastern Guangdong and by their diaspora around the world. + += = = Peranakan = = = +Peranakan refers to mixed Chinese and Malay/Indonesian people. Many Peranakans trace their origins to 15th-century Malacca. +The first Baba-Nyonya originated, from the 15th century, from marriages between Chinese merchants and Malay or Indonesian women. +The Baba-Nyonya partly adopted Malay customs in order to integrate into local communities. During British rule, they acquired a strong influence in the Straits colonies and were even nicknamed the King's Chinese. +Today, their particular identity tends to fade slowly, the younger generation adopting a more standardised Chinese culture. +In Java, Indonesia, the term Peranakan designates the mixed Chinese communities of locals from the cities of Pasisir (north coast of the island). In the Indonesian context, their outward characteristics fadesd all the more as the Indonesians categorized as Chinese properly speaking were forced, during the Soeharto regime (1966-98), to hide outward traces of their identity. +At various times and for various reasons, the Peranakan migrated extensively within the Nusantara region, between Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. This has resulted in a greater homogeneity of this population. The Peranakan culture is losing its positions and its popularity. Due to the political motives of the countries, the Peranakans of Malaysia and Singapore are increasingly approaching the culture of the Chinese on the mainland. At the same time, the Peranakans of Indonesia, due to the long ban on the Chinese language and the persecution of the Chinese during the reign of Suharto, are increasingly losing their native culture. +Baba and Peranakan Chinese speak a Malay creole, "Baba Malay", a mixture of English, Malay and Hokkien (a Chinese dialect). +Migrations to neighboring countries led to the emergence of small Peranakan communities in Vietnam and Australia . + += = = Chilli crab = = = +Chilli crab is a Singaporean seafood dish. Mud crabs are commonly used and are stir-fried in a semi-thick, sweet and savoury tomato-and-chilli-based sauce. + += = = Kaya toast = = = +Kaya toast is a Singaporean breakfast dish. The food consists of two slices of toast with butter and kaya (coconut jam), commonly served alongside coffee and soft-boiled eggs. + += = = Jurong Island = = = +Jurong Island is an island located to the southwest of the main island of Singapore. + += = = Johor–Singapore Causeway = = = +The Johor–Singapore Causeway is a 1,056-metre causeway that links the city of Johor Bahru in Malaysia across the Straits of Johor to the town of Woodlands in Singapore. It serves as a road and rail link, as well as a water pipeline between the two countries. + += = = Malaysia–Singapore Second Link = = = +The Malaysia–Singapore Second Link is a bridge connecting Singapore and Johor, Malaysia. In Singapore, it is officially known as the Tuas Second Link. The bridge was built to reduce the traffic congestion at the Johor–Singapore Causeway, and was opened to traffic on 2 January 1998. + += = = Pulau Tekong = = = +Pulau Tekong, also known colloquially as Tekong, is the second-largest of Singapore's outlying islands. It is off Singapore's northeastern coast, east of Pulau Ubin. The island is used by the Singaporean military and is not open to the general public. Transport to the island for permitted persons is via SAF Changi Ferry Terminal. + += = = Places in Singapore = = = +This is a list of places in Singapore based on the planning areas and their constituent subzones as designated by the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA). Both the planning areas and subzones are listed according to alphabetical order. +Central Region. +The Central Region of Singapore is made up of 22 planning areas, of which 10 forms the Central Area. Planning areas that are part of the Central Area are "italicised". +East Region. +The East Region of Singapore consists of 6 planning areas. Tampines serves as the regional centre of the East Region. +North Region. +The North Region of Singapore is made up of 8 planning areas. Its regional centre is located at Woodlands. +North-East Region. +The North-East Region of Singapore is made up of 7 planning areas. There are plans to transform Seletar into the regional centre of the North-East Region in the future. +West Region. +The West Region of Singapore consists of 12 planning areas. The regional centre of the West Region is Jurong East. + += = = CCH Pounder = = = +Carol Christine Hilaria Pounder (born 25 December 1952) is a Guyanese-American actress. On television, she is known for roles such as Angela Hicks in the medical drama series "ER" (1994–1997), Claudette Wyms in the police drama series "The Shield" (2002–2008), Amanda Waller in the animated series "Justice League Unlimited" (2004–2006), Tyne Patterson in the crime drama series "Sons of Anarchy" (2013–2014) and Loretta Wade in the police drama series "" (2014–present). +Pounder's first acting role was in the movie "All That Jazz" (1979). Her other movie credits include "Prizzi's Honor" (1985), "Bagdad Cafe" (1987), "Postcards from the Edge" (1990), ' (1990), "Benny & Joon" (1993), "Demon Knight" (1995), "Face/Off" (1997), "End of Days" (1999), "Orphan" (2009), "Avatar" (2009), ' (2013) and "" (2019). +Pounder was born in Georgetown, British Guiana (now Guyana). She went to a boarding school in England. She moved to the United States in 1970. + += = = Waste treatment = = = +Waste treatment means treating waste so the environment is not impacted. In many countries, forms of waste treatment are required by law. +Sewage treatment. +Sewage treatment is the treatment of human waste. Sewage is made by all human communities. + += = = Democracy sausage = = = +Democracy sausage is a food eaten in Australia on election day. +Democracy sausage might have started in the 1980s or the 2010s depending on what counts as democracy sausage. When Australians hold an election, everyone must come to the voting place. People are not allowed to stay home. Australians started showing up to voting places with grills and cooking sausage for the voters to buy and eat. They put the sausage in a piece of bread. +Twitter created a sausage picture that it added to posts with the hashtags #ausvote and #auspoll and other hashtags about voting in Australia. +The Australian National Dictionary Center named "Democracy sausage" the Word or Phrase of the Year in 2016. + += = = Home Movies (TV series) = = = +Home Movies was an animated television show. It started in 1999. It had four seasons. + += = = Dubach, Louisiana = = = +Dubach is a town in Lincoln Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Vienna, Louisiana = = = +Vienna is a town in Lincoln Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Gonzales, Louisiana = = = +Gonzales is a city in Ascension Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = DeQuincy, Louisiana = = = +DeQuincy is a city in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, United States. In 2020, DeQuincy had a population of 3,144 people. + += = = Playing for Time (movie) = = = +Playing for Time is a made-for-television movie about the Holocaust. Arthur Miller wrote the movie. He based it on Fania Fénelon's true book about her life, called "The Musicians of Auschwitz". The movie was on television on CBS in 1980. +Story. +At the Auschwitz death camp, the Nazis choose women who can sing and play instruments to make music for them. They become the Women's Orchestra of Auschwitz. The women see the things that happen in the camp and try to stay alive long enough for the war to end. +Name. +The title comes from the English expression "playing for time" which means to stall or delay something bad from happening and the word "playing" as in playing an instrument. The women in "Playing for Time" are playing music so that the Nazis won't kill them yet. +Critical reception. +Critics said the movie was "the best script [Miller] has written in years." The movie won many Emmys, a Golden Globe and the Peabody Award. +People did not like that directors chose Vanessa Redgrave to be Fania Fénelon. Redgrave did not like Israel and was pro-Palestine. Fénelon herself said that Redgrave was too tall and did not have a good sense of humor, which she said was one way she stayed alive in the camp. She wanted Liza Manelli instead of Redgrave. +Other members of the women's orchestra said that not all of Fénelon's story was true: They said that Alma Rosé had not been as bad as Fénelon said. They said Fénelon's story made it look like she had saved their lives when really Rosé had saved their lives. Some of the women also said they did not like that very private moments in their lives were in a movie for everyone to see. +Adaptation. +Arthur Miller also wrote a play "Playing for Time", but it was after the movie, not before. + += = = Westlake, Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana = = = +Westlake is a city in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is a suburb of Lake Charles. + += = = New Llano, Louisiana = = = +New Llano is a town in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is a suburb of Leesville. + += = = Rosepine, Louisiana = = = +Rosepine is a town in Vernon Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is a suburb of DeRidder. + += = = 2021 Kabul school bombing = = = +On 8 May 2021, a car bombing, followed by two more improvised explosive device (IED) blasts, happened in front of Sayed al-Shuhada school in Dashte Barchi. The community has a large Shia Hazara population. The bombing was in western Kabul, Afghanistan. It left 85 people dead and 147 injured. The majority of the casualties were girls between 11 and 15 years old. + += = = 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis = = = +On 6 May 2021, a conflict began between Palestinian protesters and the Israeli police over a planned Supreme Court of Israel decision about the evictions of Palestinians in Sheikh Jarrah, a neighborhood of East Jerusalem. It lead Hamas to launch rockets onto Israeli cities. The clashes injured more than 300 people, mostly Palestinian civilians. +Conflict. +Protests began on 6 May in Sheikh Jarrah. On 8 May, crowds threw rocks at Israeli police and chanted "Strike Tel Aviv" and "in blood, we will redeem al-Aqsa". On 9 May, Israeli police stormed the al-Aqsa Mosque compound in response to stone-throwing Palestinian crowds. In response, on May 10, Hamas and the Islamic Jihad started firing rockets into Israel. Israel responded with airstrikes into Gaza. +Victims. +Since 10 May, 62 Palestinians were killed, including fourteen children, and 335 more were wounded. According to the Israel Defense Forces, at least fifteen of Palestinian casualties were Hamas members, and some were killed by Palestinian rockets. Israel reported that Palestinian rockets hit homes and a school, killing four Israeli civilians and an Indian citizen who lived in the country and injuring at least 70 Israeli civilians. +Ceasefire. +On 20 May 2021, Israel agreed a ceasefire agreement with Gaza militants after 250 deaths due to the conflict. The ceasefire came into effect the next day. + += = = Kazan school shooting = = = +On 11 May 2021, a school shooting and bombing happened in Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia. Nine people (seven students and two teachers) were killed. There were 23 people injured. +The shooter, is Ilnaz Galyaviev, and he pleaded guilty to the murder of two or more persons on 12 May and is being detained until 11 July. +President Vladimir Putin ordered the government to tighten the country's gun laws. + += = = Syosset, New York = = = +Syosset is a hamlet and census-designated place (Syosset) in Nassau County, New York, United States, in the northeastern section of the Town of Oyster Bay, on the North Shore of Long Island. + += = = Muja (alligator) = = = +Muja (born ) is an American alligator at Belgrade Zoo in Serbia. He is the oldest living alligator in the world. He became the world's oldest American alligator in captivity when another of his species, Saturn, died in the Moscow Zoo in 2020. +In 2012, he had a successful surgery to amputate some of his leg after he was diagnosed with gangrene. +Guinness recorded Muja as the "Oldest living alligator in captivity" stating that, "as of 22 May 2018 he was at least 80 years 252 days." + += = = Robert Sarah = = = +Robert Sarah (; born 15 June 1945) is a Guinean prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 20 November 2010. He was prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments from 23 November 2014 to 20 February 2021. +Sarah was secretary of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples under Pope John Paul II and president of the Pontifical Council "Cor Unum" under Pope Benedict XVI. +Sarah is a conservative Catholic and is a critic of radical Islam. + += = = Angelo Scola = = = +Angelo Scola (; born 7 November 1941) is an Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church, philosopher and theologian. He was Archbishop of Milan from 2011 to 2017. He was Patriarch of Venice from 2002 to 2011. He has been a cardinal since 2003 and a bishop since 1991. Scola was born in Malgrate, Kingdom of Italy. + += = = 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses = = = +The 2020 Iowa Democratic caucuses were the first votes to decide the nominee in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries for the 2020 United States presidential election, taking place on 3 February 2020. The winner was Pete Buttigieg, which made him the first openly gay person to win a presidential contest. The Iowa caucuses are closed caucuses, only allowing for people who are registered in the Democratic Party to vote. Iowa gives 49 delegates to the 2020 Democratic National Convention, of which 41 are pledged delegates given to candidates based on the results of the caucuses. +After a three day delay in reporting the votes, the Iowa Democratic Party announced that Buttigieg had been awarded two more delegates than Sanders, but Sanders had won the popular vote in the state. Most of the media outlets would say that Buttigieg would be the winner, but the Associated Press declined to declare who would be the winner until all recount voting processes had been finished. The official result and calculation of pledged delegates was delayed again by a further six days after the election as they needed to correct the results from 3.1% (55) of the precincts. Both Buttigieg and Sanders then requested a recanvass for 8.1% of the official results, which narrowed Buttigieg's lead over Sanders to 0.08 state delegate equivalents. +The caucuses would be controversial because of the delays in the reporting of the results. Much of the delay was as a result of the mobile application used to report voting totals. More controversy started because of the errors and continued changing in the calculation and reporting of the state delegate equivalents. The Iowa Democratic Party chair would resign on the 12 February 2020 because of the criticism of the reporting. + += = = Arizona City, Arizona = = = +Arizona City is a census-designated place in Arizona. In 2020, about 9,900 people lived there. Arizona City covers and area of about . It is about mid-way between Phoenix and Tucson, each city centre is about away. + += = = Order of the Crown of Johor = = = +The Most Honourable Order of the Crown of Johor (Malay: "Darjah Mahkota Johor Yang Amat Mulia") is an Order of chivalry awarded by the Sultan of Johor. It was first awarded on July 31, 1886. + += = = Lorenzo Baldisseri = = = +Lorenzo Baldisseri () (born 29 September 1940) is an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Secretary General of the Synod of Bishops from 21 September 2013 until 15 September 2020. He was made a cardinal in 2014. He was Secretary of the Congregation for Bishops after more than twenty years. Baldisseri was born in Barga, Italy. + += = = Tar (Linux tool) = = = +tar, short for tarball, is a Linux utility to compress directories into a single file and then decompress them. +A tarball, the name for a file created by tar, has the file extension ".tar". +tar is often used with GZip to compress the created tarballs, because the tarballs are often quite large. +Since the tarball contains every file in a directory, it is as big or slightly bigger than all of the files by themself. + += = = Stan Francis = = = +Stan Francis (17 March 1899 – 15 April 1966) was a Canadian actor. He died on March 15, 1966 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. +Francis starred in eight movies and TV shows from 1957 to 1964; his most famous role was Santa Claus in Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. He also played a few minor roles in Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans and The Adventures of Tugboat Annie. + += = = Hundred Days Offensive = = = +The Hundred days offensive is the term used for the last phase of the First World War, on the western front. Between 8 August and 11 November 1918, allied troops did a number of offensives against the Germans. This forced the Germans to retreat behind the Hindenbug line. It ended with the Armistice of Compiègne. + += = = AFC Fylde = = = +AFC Fylde is a football club in Lancashire, England. +Currently, the club plays in the National League North, and it is 6th to the significance of the division in the Football League system of England. +History. +The club was formed in 1988 after the merger of the Football teams Kirkham Town and Wesham and was named "Kirkham & Wesham". +They started playing in the Division One of the West Lancashire League, in 1998 the League was reorganized, and its Division One was renamed Prime Division. +The club won the Northern Counties Cup in seasons 2004/05, 2005/06 and 2006/07. +Before the start of the 2008/09, the Club changed the name to the A.F.C. Fylde. + += = = Sony Yay = = = +Sony YAY! is an Indian pay television channel for children. It is operated by Sony Pictures Networks. The channel replaced Animax in 2017. +History. +The channel was launched on 18 April 2017 replacing Animax. Following the rebrand, Sony Pictures Networks announced their plans to migrate all anime programming featured in Animax as paid content to its digital platform Sony LIV. In addition, the company has also stated Animax Asia was launched as a live, HD channel via streaming on that same platform. + += = = Virtustream = = = +Virtustream is a provider of cloud computing management software. It is a subsidiary of Dell Technologies. +Virtustream is headquartered in McLean, Virginia. It has offices in Atlanta, Bangalore, Dallas, Frankfurt, Kaunas, London, San Francisco, Santa Fe, Sydney, Tokyo, and Washington D.C. Virtustream's global infrastructure includes data centers in Frankfurt, Japan, London, Paris, San Francisco, Seoul, Sydney, Las Vegas, Washington D.C., Chicago, and Virginia. +Virtustream was founded in 2009. In 2015, EMC Corporation bought Virtustream. +In October, 2015, Dell Inc. announced it would acquire EMC. Dell Inc. was united with EMC and renamed as Dell Technologies. Dell Technologies became the world’s largest privately controlled tech company at the time. + += = = Female bodybuilding = = = +Female bodybuilding is when women do bodybuilding. It started in the late 1970s when women began taking part in bodybuilding competitions. +Before 1977, bodybuilding was a male sport. The first official female bodybuilding competition was in Canton, Ohio, November 1977. It was called the Ohio Regional Women's Physique Championship. It was judged as a bodybuilding contest. +In the 1980s, female bodybuilding took off. The National Physique Committee and Ms. Olympia held many bodybuilding contests for women. Later in the 1980s, Ms. International, which was in Atlantic City, New Jersey, came into the picture. In the 1989 Ms. International, the runner-up, Jackie Paisley, received the 1989 title. The original winner was disqualified because she used a surrogate during a drug test. +The International Federation for Body Builders made several changes for the Ms. Olympia contest in 2000. The first change was the Ms. Olympia contest was no longer being held as a separate contest. It became part of the "Olympia Weekend" in Las Vegas. The second change was when lightweight and heavyweight classes were added. The third change was for bringing in new judging guidelines. + += = = Mubeen Saudagar = = = +Mubeen Saudagar is an Indian stand-up comedian, actor and mimicry artist +Early life and career. +Mubeen Saudagar started his career on performing at various social and cultural events. and the sets of ae", he meet comedian and actor Johnny Lever. jhony Lever asked him to go for an audition. he then got selected and after performed in the shows "Johnny Aala Re". Saudagar's comedy shows include "Laughter Ke Phatke", "Comedy Champions", "Pehchan Kaun", "Yeh Chanda Kanoon Hai", "Comedy Circus", "Comedy Classes" and "Comedy Nights Bachao". In 2017 he was dubbed for Sony Yay's series Sab jholmal hai, he was dubbed for Honey,Bunny,Zordaar,Popat and all male charecters in this Series" +Personal life. +Mubeen Saudagar married Alsaba Saudagar at 2017. + += = = Dendropsophus haddadi = = = +Dendropsophus haddadi is a frog that lives in Brazil. + += = = The Honey Bunny Show With Kapil Sharma = = = +The Honey Bunny Show With Kapil Sharma is an indian cartoon comedy series that launched on 12th October 2020 on Sony Yay. In this show, comedy king Kapil Sharma has a new avatar in all episodes. It is the third spin-off of Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal after Honey Bunny Lapet Te Raho and Honey Fun A Tan. +Plot. +In this show, Honey, Bunny, Zoradar, and Popat do funny things and talk with Kapil Sharma. + += = = Social stigma of obesity = = = +The social stigma of obesity, also known as fatphobia, is a stigma that causes problems for overweight and obese people. A similar problem is weight stigma. These two stigmas mean bias and discrimination against people because of their body weight. Several studies across the world show that overweight or obese people have higher levels of stigma than thin people. Also, obese people marry less often. There are fewer jobs or educational opportunities for obese people. On average, obese people get lesser incomes than normal weight and underweight people. There are civil rights and anti-discrimination laws for obese people. However, these people still face discrimination and bias. +Anti-fat bias, also called fat shaming, means prejudice toward obese people. The fat acceptance movement says anti-fat bias is found and seen all through society. +Many health organization report that obesity is unhealthy and can make the person more likely to have medical problems. These problems include type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, arthritis, sleep apnea, some types of cancer and stroke. + += = = Neusoft = = = +Neusoft Corporation is a Chinese multinational provider of software engineering services. Headquartered in Shenyang, China. +Neusoft is categorized into five main businesses: IT services, software products, medical equipment, IT education, software and services. +"Neusoft" is an acronym of Northeastern University Software. +Neusoft is the largest China-based company providing IT services. +Neusoft has subsidiaries in United States (Livonia, Michigan, Santa Clara, California, Morrisville, North Carolina), Japan (Tokyo), Switzerland (Appenzell), Germany (Hamburg, Munich) and Romania (Cluj-Napoca). +History. +Neusoft was founded by Northeastern University professors Liu Jiren and Li Huatian in 1988 as the Computer Software and Network Engineering Research Laboratory of Northeastern University. It had three people, three computers, and capital of RMB 30,000. +In 1990 it became the NEU Computer Software Research and Development Centre. It was incorporated in 1991. They had a collaboration with Alpine Electronics of Japan. +The first stages of construction of Neusoft Park began in 1995. Neusoft incorporated the NEU Computer Imaging Centre and began to explore CT scanning and related medical technologies. +The NEU Software Group Ltd. was founded in 1996. One of its early collaborations was with Toshiba. In 1996, Neusoft became the first listed software company in China, with an offering on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. +By 2004, Neusoft had some 6,000 employees across 40 offices around China. +By 2009 it was known as China's largest software outsourcing company. +Historically most of their customers are in China and Japan. +By 2015, Neusoft said it had a staff of over 20,000, with six software bases, eight regional centres, and a presence in over forty cities throughout China. + += = = Tortellini = = = +Tortellini is a type of stuffed pasta. It originated from the Italian city of Bologna. It is in a ring shape, with a filling inside. Anything can go in the filling, including meat, cheese (commonly parmesan or pecorino), egg, etc. It is in a fresh form, so it cooks quick, but the shelf life is short. + += = = Larry (cat) = = = +Larry is a cat who has served as Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office of the United Kingdom at 10 Downing Street since 2011. He is a brown-and-white tabby, believed to have been born in January 2007. By July 2016, when Theresa May became prime minister, he had developed a reputation of being "violent" in his interactions with other local mousers, especially the Foreign Office's much younger cat Palmerston. His Prime Minister's are David Cameron and Boris Johnson. And his monarch is Elizabeth II. +Health. +Since being a kitten, Larry has been in good health and has lived over the average of other cats. +In January 2016 Larry had suffered an infection, which he later recovered from. +On the 24th September 2023, it was reported that Larry was seriously ill. 10 Downing Street are currently in the process of preparing his death. +Early life. +Larry is a rescued stray cat from the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home who was chosen by Downing Street staff. Larry was intended to be a pet for the children of David and Samantha Cameron, and was described by Downing Street sources as a "good ratter" and as having "a high chase-drive and hunting instinct". In 2012, Battersea Dogs and Cats Home revealed that Larry's popularity had resulted in a surge of 15% more people adopting cats. +Career. +Official duties. +The Downing Street website describes Larry's duties as "greeting guests to the house, inspecting security defences, and testing antique furniture for napping quality". It says he is "contemplating a solution to the mouse occupancy of the house" and has told Downing Street that such a solution is still in the "tactical planning stage". +Unlike his predecessors since 1929, Larry's upkeep is funded by the staff of 10 Downing Street. Fund-raising events to pay for his food are believed to have included a quiz night for Downing Street staff held in the state rooms. +Work as a Chief Mouser. +He made his first known kill – a mouse – on 22 April 2011. On 28 August 2012, Larry made his first public killing, dropping his prey on the lawn in front of Number 10. In October 2013, Larry caught four mice in two weeks and one staff member rescued a mouse from his clutches. +In July 2015, George Osborne and Cabinet Office Minister Matt Hancock cornered a mouse in the Chancellor of the Exchequer's office, trapping it in a brown paper sandwich bag. The press joked that the Chancellor of the Exchequer might take over the Chief Mouser position. Freya (cat) is the queen +David Cameron explained during his final Prime Minister's Questions in 2016 that Larry is a civil servant and not personal property, so would not leave Downing Street after a change of premier. Larry has retained his position with the Boris Johnson administration. + += = = Waffle iron = = = +A waffle iron or a waffle maker is a kitchen tool mostly used to cook waffles. It can be made by any material used in kitchen pans, but it is commonly cast-iron. First, the iron gets heated, the batter gets poured into the iron, then the cooker is closed shut until the waffles are done or a set timer is finished. + += = = Evaporated milk = = = +Evaporated milk (also known as unsweetened condensed milk) is a type of canned milk in which most of its water has boiled off, usually 60%. It is different from other canned milks since it does not have added sugar. + += = = Belgian waffles = = = +Belgian waffles are a type of waffle. It is made with a yeast-leveaned batter. It is different from the Liege waffle in size and thickness. It is served as a dessert in Belgium while it is served as a breakfast in North America. + += = = Caroline Rose = = = +Caroline Rose (born October 19, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She first put out two albums of folk and country-inspired music. Later, she had the pop-rock album "Loner" in 2018. Another album, "Superstar", was released on March 6, 2020. +Rose was born in Long Island, New York. + += = = Madilyn Bailey = = = +Madilyn Bailey Wold (born September 2, 1992) is an American YouTuber and singer-songwriter. She appeared on several French television shows to promote her cover songs. She promoted her original single "Tetris" on the American news show "Today" in 2018. +Bailey began her career just before she graduated from high school. +Songs covered by Bailey include Cher's "Believe", Magic!'s "Rude" and "Titanium" from David Guetta and Sia. +Madilyn Bailey was born in Boyceville, Wisconsin. + += = = Nib sugar = = = +Nib sugar (also pearl sugar and hail sugar) is a type of white sugar. It has big pieces, so it is coarse. It is made by crushing blocks of white sugar. It does not melt very well. It is used as a topping on some sweets. + += = = James Garner (footballer, born 2001) = = = +James David Garner (born 13 March 2001) is an English professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for Premier League club Everton. +Honours. +Nottingham Forest +England U21 +Individual + += = = Kingdom of Bohemia = = = +The Kingdom of Bohemia was a kingdom that covered the Czech part of the European region of Bohemia. Its capital was Prague. Form 1526, it formed the northwestern part of the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy. The kingdom started in the 12th century, and was part of the Holy Roman Empire, while it existed. In total, there were 37 monarchs. Most were from the House of Habsburg. The kings were often in a personal union. The king was also a Margrave of Moravia and a Duke of Silesia. + += = = Thae Yong-ho = = = +Thae Yong-ho (; born 25 July 1962), also known as Tae Ku-min (), is a North Korean-born South Korean politician and former diplomat. He became North Korea's deputy ambassador to the United Kingdom in 2006. He defected with his family to South Korea in 2016. Thae has been called highest-ranking North Korean official to defect. He is a member of the People Power Party. He has served as a member of the National Assembly for the Gangnam district of Seoul since 2020. +Thae was born in Pyongyang. He is married to O Hye-son and has two sons. + += = = Caramelization = = = +Caramelization is a process when sugars go brown when heated. It also gives sugar a more nutty taste. Caramelans (C24H36O18), caramelens (C36H50O25), and caramelins (C125H188O80) are responsible for the brown color. +Uses in food. +Caramelization is used to in several foods: +Note that many caramelized foods also uses the Maillard reaction; particularly recipes having protein. + += = = Bergisches Land = = = +The Bergisches Land is a low mountain range in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, east of Rhine river, south of the Ruhr. The landscape has woods, meadows, rivers and creeks and contains over 20 artificial lakes. Wuppertal is one of the biggest towns and is known as the region's capital, and the southern part nowadays has closer economic and socio-cultural ties to Cologne. Wuppertal and the neighbouring cities of Remscheid, Solingen form the Bergisches Städtedreieck. + += = = Wuppertal Schwebebahn = = = +The Wuppertaler Schwebebahn ("Wuppertal Suspension Railway") is a suspension railway in Wuppertal, Germany. +Its original name is "Einschienige Hängebahn System Eugen Langen" (Eugen Langen Monorail Overhead Conveyor System). It is the oldest electric elevated railway with hanging cars in the world. + += = = Camp Lakebottom = = = +Camp Lakebottom is a Canadian animated series produced by 9 Story Media Group that premiered on Teletoon in Canada on July 4, 2013 and on Disney XD in the United States on July 13, 2013. The series airs on Disney Channels worldwide (except Portugal, where it instead airs on Biggs and RTP2, and Southeast Asia), as well as ABC in Australia. +By April 2014, Teletoon had renewed the show for a second season of another 26 episodes, which aired from 2015 to 2016. A third season began airing on July 3, 2017. The show aired its series finale on July 24, 2017. +The series theme song was performed by Terry Tompkins and Scott McCord. +Plot. +Three 12-year-old kids, McGee, Gretchen and Squirt board are sent to the wrong summer camp bus and have all sorts of adventures in a camp called Camp Lakebottom, while trying to protect the camp from McGee's nemesis Jordan Buttsquat at Camp Sunny Smiles. + += = = Candice = = = +Candice [kan-dis] is a female name. Candice has Latin origins and is derived from the Latin term "candidus," meaning "bright" or "shining." Additionally, it is associated with Artemis, the Greek goddess of the moon, who was renowned for her beauty and radiance. This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). +It is a different way to spell Candace. +Etymology. +It came from the Latin word "candida", meaning whiteness. + += = = Christy Altomare = = = +Christy Altomare (born June 23, 1986) is an American singer-songwriter and musical theatre and stage actress. She played Wendla in the rock musical "Spring Awakening". In the off-Broadway revival of the movie "Carrie", she played Sue Snell. Her first Broadway act was as Sophie in "Mamma Mia!". +Altomare began performing at age five in the community theater in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. She began writing songs at age 12. +Altomare has either won or been nominated or honored for several awards. +Altomare was born in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. + += = = Rocket Monkeys = = = +Rocket Monkeys is an animated television series, created by Dan Abdo and Jason Patterson for Teletoon and Nickelodeon. + += = = Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) = = = +Littlest Pet Shop is an American-Canadian animated television series. +Plot. +After moving into Downtown City, Blythe Baxter gains the ability to talk to animals. + += = = Dinofroz = = = +Dinofroz is an Italian animated television comedy series. + += = = Dinotrux = = = +Dinotrux is an American-Canadian animated television comedy series. And this is first DreamWorks Animation being an American/Canadian co-production, and this is first Netflix original series to be voice actors in Canada and US, the more DreamWorks knows there’s an audience, the more DreamWorks understands there is an audience, because this was DreamWorks Animation first Canadian co-production, and the first Netflix original series to be voice actors in Canada and US, because this was Netflix first Canadian co-production, because this was DreamWorks Animation first American/Canadian co-production, and because this was Netflix first American/Canadian co-production, Dinotrux is a Canadian animated series, Dinotrux is a DreamWorks Animation Canadian co-production animated series, Dinotrux is a DreamWorks Animation Canadian co-production series, Dinotrux is a Netflix Canadian co-production, and Dinotrux this is Netflix Canadian co-production original series, the show of Dinotrux it aired on Discovery Family on October 9, 2015 and before "Jungle Junction" is on, the show of Dinotrux it also aired on Disney Junior on September 9, 2015, and before "Jungle Junction" is on at weekdays and weekends at the morning and nighttime of the show. + += = = Chinese cabbage = = = +Chinese cabbage ("Brassica rapa", subspecies "pekinensis" and "chinensis") is among the cultivar groups of Chinese leaf vegetables. It is usually used in Chinese cuisine. They are the Pekinensis Group (napa cabbage) and the Chinensis Group (bok choy). It is a variant cultivars or subspecies of the turnip. + += = = Elizabeth, Louisiana = = = +Elizabeth is a village in Allen Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Reeves, Louisiana = = = +Reeves is a village in Allen Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Church Point, Louisiana = = = +Church Point is a town in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Iota, Louisiana = = = +Iota is a town in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Grand Cane, Louisiana = = = +Grand Cane is a village in DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Longstreet, Louisiana = = = +Longstreet is a village in DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = South Mansfield, Louisiana = = = +South Mansfield is a village in DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the suburb of Mansfield. + += = = Stanley, Louisiana = = = +Stanley is a village in DeSoto Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Rylan Clark = = = +Ross Richard Clark (born 25 October 1988), known professionally as Rylan Clark, is an English television presenter, radio personality, singer, narrator and model. +Career. +Rylan became famous after being a contestant on "The X Factor" in 2012. He finished in fifth place. After appearing on "X Factor", he was a contestant on "Celebrity Big Brother". He then became a presenter on the side-show "Big Brother's Bit on the Side" from 2013 to 2018. In 2013, he also joined as one of the presenters on both "This Morning" and "The Xtra Factor." +Ryan has also presented the BBC Two television programme "" with Janette Manrara (usually Zoë Ball) since 2019. He is also the host of the reviewed editions of "Supermarket Sweep" and "Ready Steady Cook", as well as the BBC's "You Are What You Wear". +Since 2018, Rylan has also been one of the commentators for the United Kingdom's viewers for the Eurovision Song Contest. + += = = Irkutsk Oblast = = = +Irkutsk Oblast (, "Irkutskaya oblast") is a federal subject of Russia (also called an oblast). It is found in the southeast of Siberia. Irkutsk is the oblast's administrative centre. + += = = Napa cabbage = = = +Napa or napa cabbage ("Brassica rapa" subsp. "pekinensis" or "Brassica rapa" Pekinensis) is a type of Chinese cabbage. It came from near Beijing, China. It is used in East Asian cuisine. It can be found in Europe, the Americas and Australia. In almost every country, it is called "Chinese cabbage". + += = = Sachsenkam = = = +Sachsenkam is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Schlehdorf = = = +Schlehdorf is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Wackersberg = = = +Wackersberg is a municipality in Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Éterpigny, Somme = = = +Éterpigny is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Cernobbio = = = +Cernobbio is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Como, Lombardy, northern Italy. +It is on the border with Switzerland and near the Lake Como. + += = = Signa = = = +Signa is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Vaglia = = = +Vaglia is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Vicchio = = = +Vicchio is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Vinci, Tuscany = = = +Vinci is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Florence in the Italian region of Tuscany. +Renaissance polymath Leonardo da Vinci was born here. + += = = Careggine = = = +Careggine is a "comune" in the Province of Lucca in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Special K = = = +Special K is a type of cereal and meal bars. The product is manufactured by Kellogg's. The Special K was first introduced to the United States in 1955. The cereaBl is made mostly from barley, wheat and lightly toasted rice. +The cereal was once marketed mainly as a low fat cereal that could help one lose weight. +In the United States, the Special K Cereal has several different varieties: Red Berries, Blueberry Lemon, Original, Blueberry, Fruit and Yogurt and Vanilla Almond. +In North America, Special K has meal replacements in two different forms: protein shakes or protein meal bars. +In 2013 in the United Kingdom, many shoppers complained that Special K's flakes were too hard. The reason behind the extra crunch was the ingredient barley. Many other shoppers complained the cereal had become too sugary. The difference was some of the sugar was baked on the outside of the flakes. +There are four flavors of Special K Protein Granola Bars. They are: Almond Honey Oat, Chocolatey Peanut Butter, Dark Chocolate and Greek Yogurt and Fruit. +There are five flavors of the Special K breakfast shakes. They are: Chocolate Mocha Coffee House, Vanilla Cappuccino Coffee House, Chocolate Delight, Red Berries and French Vanilla. + += = = Kapil Sharma = = = +Kapil Sharma is an Indian stand-up comedian, television presenter, actor and producer known for hosting "The Kapil Sharma Show". He previously hosted the television comedy shows Comedy Nights with Kapil and Family Time with Kapil. +Early Life and Career. +Sharma was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India as Kapil Punj. His father Jeetendra Kumar Punj was a head constable in Punjab Police, while his mother Janak Rani is a homemaker. His father was diagnosed with cancer in 1997 and died in 2004 at AIIMS in Delhi. He studied at Shri Ram Ashram Senior Secondary School, Amristar and Hindu College in Amritsar. He is featured in the list of prominent alumni of Apeejay College of Fine Arts, Jalandhar. Sharma has a brother named Ashok Kumar Sharma, who is a Police constable and a sister named Pooja Pawan Devgan. +Sharma rose to fame after winning the comedy reality television show "The Great Indian Laughter Challenge" in 2007, for which he won a cash prize of INR ₹10 lakh. He had previously worked in the Punjabi show "Hasde Hasaande Ravo" on MH One channel. Sharma has stated that he moved to Mumbai in order to become a singer. The Kapil Sharma Show 20th November 2022 +Personal life. +Sharma married Ginni Chatrath in Jalandhar on 12 December 2018 They had a daughter on 10 December 2019. On 1 February 2021, the couple had another child, a son. + += = = Boursorama = = = +Boursorama is a French company which activities are mainly divided between the animation of the information portal Boursorama.com and the activity of internet banking with "Boursorama Banque". Société Générale is the owner. +Since its creation, the website Boursorama.com has been the French leader in online information about the stock market, aimed at both individual investors and professionals. Initially specialized in this activity, Boursorama.com diversified into political and general information with an economic focus. +After several acquisitions and mergers, including Fimatex in 2002, Boursorama also diversified into online banking, resulting in the creation of the current "Boursorama Banque". + += = = Y Combinator = = = +Y Combinator is an American seed money startup. The accelerator invested into 2,000 companies. +It is based in Mountain View, California. +Overview. +Y Combinator has been founded in March 2005 by Paul Graham and other investors. The main task is to help different companies develop and find investors. +The program consists of weekly dinners, where guests (experts in various industries) are invited to talk to the founders of companies. They can give advice or invest into the startup in exchange for 7% of the company's shares. +As of 2019, Y Combinator has invested more than 2,000 companies, including Dropbox, Airbnb, Coinbase, Stripe, Reddit, Instacart, Twitch etc. +In 2020, Geoff Ralston became the company's President. + += = = Drezzo = = = +Drezzo was a "comune" in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy. On 14 February 2014, the former municipalities of Drezzo, Gironico and Parè merged to form the new municipality of Colverde. + += = = Gironico = = = +Gironico was a "comune" in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy. On 14 February 2014, the former municipalities of Drezzo, Gironico and Parè merged to form the new municipality of Colverde. + += = = Parè = = = +Parè was a "comune" in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy. On 14 February 2014, the former municipalities of Drezzo, Gironico and Parè merged to form the new municipality of Colverde. + += = = Colverde = = = +Colverde is a "comune" in the Province of Como in the Italian region of Lombardy. It was created on 14 February 2014 from the former municipalities of Drezzo, Gironico and Parè. + += = = Histiocytosis = = = +Histiocytosis is the name for a medical condition, when a human (or other animal) has too many hystiocytes. Hystiocites are specialized macrophages. Hystiocitosis is also used as a name for a number of diseases, which have this symptom. The diseases are relatively rare, they affect about one to two newborns per million. The WHO has classified the diseases in three groups. There are different forms of chemotherapy, to treat theose affected. + += = = Airbnb = = = +Airbnb is an online service for lodging. The name means "Air Bed and Breakfast". It is available in 190 countries. +It is based in San Francisco, California. +Overview. +Airbnb clients have the opportunity to give for rent their housing partially or fully to different travelers. The site provides a platform for establishing contact between the owner and the guest. Airbnb is also responsible for money payments. Airbnb offers housing in 65,000 cities in 191 countries of the world. From the moment of founding in August 2008 and until April 2017, more than 150 million people have found housing through the Airbnb website. +Short-term rentals are regulated in many places. Hosts may have to have business licenses. They may have to pay hotel taxes. There may be other rules. In Italy they should collect 21% of landlords’ rental income as tax. In New York people cannot rent their homes for less than 30 days unless they are present on the property. +History. +Airbnb was founded in 2008 by Brian Chesky, Nathan Blecharczyk and Joe Gebbia. The offices were in San Francisco, then in Hamburg and Berlin. +The company had 21 funding rounds and got $6B in total. +In 2011, the service won an app award on the South by Southwest conference. +In October 2011, the first international office in London was opened. +In 2012, the company made new locations in Paris, Milan, Barcelona, Copenhagen, Moscow, Sydney, Singapore and São Paulo. +In 2015, the office in Cuba was launched. +In 2018, Airbnb Plus and Beyond by Airbnb services were announced to appear. +In 2020, Airbnb became a public company. + += = = Jim Jackson = = = +James "Jim" Jackson (born October 14, 1970) is an American former professional basketball player. Over his 14 National Basketball Association (NBA) seasons, Jackson was on the active roster of 12 different teams, tying the league record shared with Joe Smith, Tony Massenburg, and Chucky Brown. Jim Jackson played for the Brooklyn Nets, Dallas Mavericks, Philadelphia 76ers, Golden State Warriors, Portland Trail Blazers, Cleveland Cavaliers, Atlanta Hawks, Miami Heat, Sacramento Kings, Houston Rockets, Los Angeles Lakers, and Phoenix Suns. He played from 1996-2005. His most remembered days were with the Mavericks when he was in a big 3 consisting of himself, Jamal Mashburn, and Jason Kidd *AKA the triple J's* + += = = Urbino = = = +Urbino is an Italian city in Marche, southwest of Pesaro, a World Heritage Site with a great cultural history during the Renaissance as the seat of Federico da Montefeltro, duke of Urbino from 1444 to 1482. +The University of Urbino is in Urbino. +In 2019, 14,106 people lived there. + += = = Lutcher, Louisiana = = = +Lutcher is a town in St. James Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Gramercy, Louisiana = = = +Gramercy is a town in St. James Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Campo nell'Elba = = = +Campo nell'Elba is a "comune" (municipality) on the island of Elba, in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Dendropsophus cruzi = = = +Dendropsophus cruzi is a frog that lives in Bolivia and Brazil. + += = = Capoliveri = = = +Capoliveri is a "comune" (municipality) on the island of Elba, in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Capraia Isola = = = +Capraia Isola is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region of Tuscany. In 2019, 392 people lived in Capraia Isola. +It is on the island of the same name of the Tuscan Archipelago. + += = = Castagneto Carducci = = = +Castagneto Carducci is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Collesalvetti = = = +Collesalvetti is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Livorno in the Italian region of Tuscany. + += = = Boccioleto = = = +Boccioleto is a "comune" in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont. + += = = Cravagliana = = = +Cravagliana is a "comune" in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region of Piedmont. + += = = Bernd Leno = = = +Bernd Leno (born 4 March 1992) is a German football player. He plays as a goalkeeper for Fulham and the Germany national team. + += = = Adygea = = = +The Republic of Adygea (; ; , "Adygæ Respublik"), also called the Adyghe Republic, is a federal subject of Russia in the North Caucasus region of Eastern Europe. It is the fifth-smallest federal subject in Russia. Adygea is one of Russia's republics and home to the Circassian people. The official languages of Adygea are Russian and Adyghe. The capital and largest city of Adygea is Maykop, which houses one-third of the republic's population. + += = = Lorenzo Insigne = = = +Lorenzo Insigne (born 4 June 1991) is an Italian professional footballer who plays as a winger for Major League Soccer club Toronto FC. + += = = Frattamaggiore = = = +Frattamaggiore is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Naples in the Italian region of Campania. + += = = L'Étoile, Somme = = = +L'Étoile is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Étréjust = = = +Étréjust is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Étricourt-Manancourt = = = +Étricourt-Manancourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = La Faloise = = = +La Faloise is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Falvy = = = +Falvy is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Faverolles, Somme = = = +Faverolles is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Anykščiai = = = +Anykščiai is a city in the northeast of Lithuania and Utena County. It is 33 kilometres away from Utena. +History. +Anykščiai was first mentioned in 1442. In 1442-1452, a wooden church was built here. + += = = Abaucourt-Hautecourt = = = +Abaucourt-Hautecourt is a commune. It is in Grand Est in the Meuse department in northeast France. + += = = Favières, Somme = = = +Favières is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Beverly Hills Cop (2006 video game) = = = +Beverly Hills Cop is a 2006 first-person shooter video game based on the movie series with the same name that came out for the PlayStation 2. It was developed by Atomic Planet Entertainment, published by Blast Entertainment and only came out in Europe. +Reception. +The game was widely panned by critics. + += = = Ailly = = = +Ailly is the name of four communes in France: + += = = Phillip Glenister = = = +Philip Haywood Glenister (born 10 February 1963) is an English actor, best known for his roles as DCI William Bell in "State of Play", DCI Gene Hunt on the BBC series "Life on Mars" and its sequel "Ashes to Ashes", and Reverend Anderson in "Outcast". +Early life. +Glenister was born in Harrow, Middlesex, and grew up in Hatch End. He is the son of director John Glenister and Joan Glenister, and the younger brother of fellow actor Robert Glenister. He is of Welsh ancestry from his maternal side. He attended Hatch End High School, and with the encouragement of his then-sister-in-law Amanda Redman, he pursued acting and attended drama school at the Central School of Speech and Drama. +Career. +In the early 1990s, Glenister appeared in various TV series including "Minder", "The Ruth Rendell Mysteries", "Heartbeat", "The Chief", "Dressing for Breakfast" and "Silent Witness". In 1997, he appeared in "Sharpe's Justice" as Richard Sharpe's half-brother Matt Truman. He played William Dobbin in the 1998 mini-series "Vanity Fair". +From 1998 to 1999, Glenister co-starred as a mini-cab driver who aspires to be a rock star in the series "Roger Roger". He also played factory boss Mack Mackintosh in the first three series of "Clocking Off" from 2000–02. In 2001, he appeared in two of the "Hornblower" TV films as Horatio's antagonist Gunner Hobbs. +Glenister played the photographer who took nude photos for a Women's Institute fundraising calendar in the 2003 feature film "Calendar Girls". Also in 2003, he appeared in the mini-series "State of Play". Glenister played the German commandant, Baron Heinrich von Rheingarten, in the 2004 mini-series "Island at War" about the Occupation of the Channel Islands during World War II. +In April 2006, Glenister read the Bedtime Story for the BBC's children's channel, CBeebies. He returned to the slot in February/March 2007. +Glenister played social reformer and estate manager Mr. Carter in the 2007 BBC costume drama "Cranford", as part of a cast including Judi Dench and Francesca Annis. +Glenister is probably best known for his role as DCI Gene Hunt in "Life on Mars" (2006–07), co-starring with John Simm as Sam Tyler, and its sequel "Ashes to Ashes" (2008–10), with Keeley Hawes as Alex Drake. Glenister also worked with Simm on "State of Play" and "Clocking Off" and the 2008 crime film "Tuesday". Upon announcement of the film, Glenister joked that he and Simm were contractually obliged to work with each other once a year. +Glenister starred as demon hunter Rupert Galvin in the 2009 ITV drama "Demons". He used an American accent for the role, which received some criticism from reviewers. After the series was cancelled, he said he had problems with the role and felt that he may have been miscast. +In 2010, Glenister had a small role (credited as 'Poker Friend') in Woody Allen's "You Will Meet a Tall Dark Stranger", and he played Charles Forestier in a 2011 feature film of Guy de Maupassant's "Bel Ami". He starred in the 2011 conspiracy thriller "Hidden" on BBC One. +In 2011, Glenister reunited with John Simm once more in the Sky TV mini-series "Mad Dogs" about a group of old friends whose holiday in Majorca takes an unexpected turn. After a successful reception, the cast returned for a second run of the series in 2012. The show ran for two more seasons after that in 2013. Those two seasons consisted of four and two episodes respectively. Glenister played Captain Smollett in Sky1's adaptation of "Treasure Island", broadcast at Christmas 2012. Glenister also appeared in the 2012 premiere of the play "This House". +In 2013, Glenister starred in the final episode of "Agatha Christie's Poirot", starring David Suchet, entitled "Curtain". He also played the role of Mr Trevor Gunn, a lothario PE teacher in David Walliams' BBC One comedy series "Big School". +In 2014, Glenister had a leading role in the Kudos-produced BBC drama, "From There to Here", which focuses on the aftermath of the IRA bombing of Manchester in 1996. The show featured his "Life on Mars" co-star Liz White as his love interest. +That same year, he presented the Channel 4 series "For The Love Of Cars" with fellow classic car enthusiast Ant Anstead. The two friends were set the challenge of restoring classic cars including a Mini Cooper, Land Rover, DeLorean, MG T-type, Ford Escort and a Triumph Stag. The first series ended after six episodes, in which all six classic cars were sold at a London auction, with the second series being aired in 2015. +In 2016, Glenister had a leading role in Robert Kirkman's TV adaptation of "Outcast", where he played Reverend Anderson, and used an American accent. The show ran for 2 series on Cinemax, before it was cancelled in 2017. +In 2017, Glenister starred in an episode of "Inside No. 9" called "The Bill". He also worked with his "Clocking Off" co-star, Lesley Sharp in "Living the Dream". This show was about a British family that moved to America. It ran for 2 series before being cancelled in 2019. That year, Glenister presented the true-crime show, "What the Killer Did Next" on "Crime & Investigation". +Glenister appeared in Julian Fellowes' 2020 television adaptation "Belgravia", based on Fellowes' novel of the same name. It aired on ITV in the UK and Epix in the USA. +Publications. +A book by Glenister on 1970s and 1980s culture, "Things Ain't What They Used to Be", was published in October 2008. +Charity work. +Glenister is patron of the charity Momentum in Kingston upon Thames, which aims to help children and the families of children undergoing treatment for cancer in Surrey. +Personal life. +Glenister has been married to actress Beth Goddard since 2006. Together, they have two daughters named Millie and Charlotte. +Glenister is a supporter of non-league football team Wealdstone FC. He is also known to be a fan of Arsenal FC. + += = = Gina Yashere = = = +Gina Obedapo Iyashere is a British comedian who has made many appearances on British and American television. +Early life. +Yashere was born and raised in London, to Nigerian parents. Before becoming a comedian, she worked as a lift maintenance technician and engineer (all of which she mentions in her stand-up routine). +She uses the surname "Yashere" due to encountering common mispronunciation of her original surname. +Career. +Yashere was a finalist in the competition in 1996. She has appeared in a number of television programmes, including in the comedy series "The Lenny Henry Show", where she played Tanya and Mrs Omokorede, the pushy Mum. She voiced Keisha on the animated series "Bromwell High". In 2005, she appeared in the reality television series "Comic Relief does Fame Academy", in aid of Comic Relief, and she co-hosted the 2006 and 2007 MOBO Awards alongside 2Baba and Coolio. She has made numerous appearances on "Mock the Week", and appears on the CBBC show "Gina's Laughing Gear". +In 2007, Yashere was featured on the reality show "Last Comic Standing", auditioning in Sydney. She was among the ten finalists, but on 1 August 2007, she and Dante were the first two finalists eliminated. +In 2008, she became the first Briton to perform on "Def Comedy Jam". On 3 September 2009, she appeared on "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien" and performed a stand-up comedy routine. On 24 December, she appeared on "Live at the Apollo". She appeared twice on the short-lived primetime show "The Jay Leno Show": on 21 October 2009, a video of Yashere showed her giving free fortune-telling readings to passers-by, and on 25 November 2009, she operated a walk-in psychic booth. Since 2010, she has appeared semi-regularly on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", in a sketch comedy series called "Madame Yashere: The Surly Psychic". In the sketches, she continues to give fake psychic readings to unsuspecting people on the street. +In 2010, Yashere appeared as Flo in several episodes of the ITV drama "Married Single Other". In April 2010, Yashere's one-hour comedy special, "Skinny B*tch", premiered on Showtime, a US cable channel. She appeared on Watch TV show "Scream If You Know the Answer" with contestant Emily Green from Portsmouth. She helped Emily win the show with a prize fund of £2,000. In 2013, Yashere appeared in an advert for Tesco Mobile. In 2015, Yashere was featured as a selected comic on "Gotham Comedy Live", which airs on AXS TV (season 4-Judah Friedlander). On 8 January 2016, she appeared on "The Nasty Show with Artie Lange", which aired on Showtime. +Starting on 16 March 2017, Yashere became the newest British Correspondent for "The Daily Show". +In September 2019, Yashere appears in a supporting role on the 2019 Chuck Lorre CBS sitcom, "Bob Hearts Abishola", which Lorre created with Yashere. Yashere writes for the show and plays Folake Olowofoyeku's character Abishola's best friend, Kemi. "Bob Hearts Abishola" is the first American sitcom to feature a Nigerian family. +Personal life. +Yashere is a lesbian. She currently lives in North Hollywood, California, with her partner. +Filmography. +Below is an incomplete filmography: + += = = Lisa Hammond (actress) = = = +Lisa Jayne Hammond (born 3 June 1978) is an English actress, known for her roles as Donna Yates in "EastEnders" and as Tina in "Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere". In 2005, she had a minor role in the BBC adaptation of Charles Dickens' "Bleak House". In 2011, she appeared in the first series of "Psychoville". She also appeared in 8 episodes of the British Crime Drama Vera, from 2015–2017. +Career. +She played the character Denny in "Grange Hill" between 1994–1996. Hammond did not star in any major roles again until 2004 when she played Tina in "Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere". However, she had minor appearances in television programmes such as "Holby City", "Where the Heart Is" and "Casualty", and in the film "Quills". Hammond also played the major role of the herald in the Royal Shakespeare Company revival of "Marat/Sade" in 2011. In 2005, she played Harriet in the BBC TV mini series, "Bleak House", whilst in 2009 and 2011 Hammond played Kerry in the first and second series of TV comedy "Psychoville". +In April 2015, Hammond appeared in detective television series, "Vera", as Helen, a police intelligence officer. She left "Vera" in April 2017. +In June 2015 Hammond appeared in BBC crime drama "The Interceptor" as a rental car salesperson. +"EastEnders". +On 19 March 2014, it was announced that the popular BBC long-running continuous drama "EastEnders," had cast Hammond in the role of disabled market trader Donna Yates. The character of Donna was not originally going to be written into "EastEnders" as a disabled character, but Hammond impressed bosses at her audition, and was awarded the part. Donna is the second disabled regular in the soap, after Adam Best (David Proud) who left the show in 2010. Speaking of her casting, Hammond said: "I'm really excited to join the cast of "EastEnders". It's a great opportunity to be a part of such a big and popular show. Donna is a bit of a handful but they're always the most fun characters to play! It feels good to be bad!" Donna's storylines have included: her fierce attitude, which often runs her into arguments; the introduction of her family; and a relationship with Fatboy (Ricky Norwood). Lisa decided to leave the soap in 2018 to pursue other roles. Her last appearance in "EastEnders" was on 20 July 2018, when Donna was seen leaving in the back of a black cab. +Personal life. +Hammond grew up with a restricted growth condition. She revealed in October 2015 that she has received abuse from strangers in the street because of her disability. She spoke about how her wheelchair use received backlash from the public. "The main image of wheelchair users is that of paralysis. So when I get out of my chair to do a scene on my feet, people don't like it. If I'm feeling good and want to walk in that scene, I will. But if I can't or pain levels are bad then I'll use my chair. I've been shouted at. I've had people say, 'Oi, why are you in a chair when you were walking on "EastEnders" last night?'" Hammond also revealed how she had received criticism like this before joining "EastEnders" and that she can struggle with this backlash. "People always think I'm this feisty girl and I can hold my own but in those moments you just don't think of anything to say. It's shock and disbelief. I have to laugh it off." +On 7 September 2017, she participated in the documentary series "Who Do You Think You Are?" and discovered that her maternal side originally came from Wales. + += = = Youngsville, Louisiana = = = +Youngsville is a city in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is a suburb of Lafayette. + += = = Edward Foster = = = +Edward Foster may refer to: + += = = Tim Bain = = = +Timothy Bain (born 13 June 1978) is a British-Australian writer. He is known for writing comedy, children's and animated series for television and as the creator and co-executive producer of ABC Kids' action-comedy series Kangaroo Beach. +Bain has also written for comedy series including Aardman Animations Epic Adventures of Morph, The Rubbish World of Dave Spud, Rove and The Wedge. His children's series credits include PJ Masks, Bluey, Bob the Builder, Fireman Sam, Go Jetters, Counterfeit Cat, Boyster, Tooned 50, Digby Dragon, Dennis the Menace and Gnasher, Bottersnikes and Gumbles, The New Adventures of Figaro Pho, Kuu Kuu Harajuku, Winston Steinburger and Sir Dudley Ding-Dong and Get Ace. +Acting. +Bain has voiced characters in Go Jetters and in Thomas & Friends series 22–24, playing a variety of humans, trains and buses. +Awards. +Bain won Best Children's Episode at the British Writers Guild Awards 2018 and Best Animation at the Australian Writers Guild Awards 2017 for his Counterfeit Cat script "Room of Panic". +Tooned 50, starring the voices of Alexander Armstrong and Brian Cox, and Formula-1 champions Jenson Button, Emerson Fittipaldi, Mika Häkkinen and Alain Prost, won a Gold Eurobest Award in 2013 and a Gold Lovie Award. +Musicals. +Bain has written several high school musical-comedies, You're History!, Lucky, RetroActive and High School Spoof-ical. They are published by Maverick Musicals and have been performed across Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and South Africa. +Short films. +Bain's short animated films "Arctic Adventure" (2000) and "Kidd" "Kelly" (2003) featured the voices of Eric Bana, Sigrid Thornton, John Clarke, Angus Sampson, Dave Hughes, Kim Gyngell and Judith Lucy. They have screened at festivals including the St Kilda Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival, Melbourne International Animation Festival and the Massachusetts Children's Film Festival. + += = = Broussard, Louisiana = = = +Broussard is a city in Lafayette and St. Martin Parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. It is a suburb of Lafayette. + += = = Montpelier, Louisiana = = = +Montpelier is a village in St. Helena Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is the least populous municipality in St. Helena Parish. + += = = La Tuque, Quebec = = = +La Tuque is a city in Quebec, Canada. In 2011, 11,227 people lived there. + += = = Whole grain = = = +A whole grain is a grain in which the bran, germ, and endosperm remains intact, unlike refined grains which only keeps the endosperm. Whole grains are more preferred to refined grains as they have more fibre and micro-nutrients. + += = = Blind Ambition = = = +"Blind Ambition" is the 3rd episode of "Family Guy"s 4th season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on May 15, 2005. The episode was written by Steve Callaghan and Chuck Klein is the director of the episode. The episode is about Peter Griffin going blind after trying to get a world record. +Story. +Mort Goldman gets popular for getting the highest possible score in bowling. Lois goes to the bowling alley and is shocked to see Glenn Quagmire watching her in a bathroom. Quagmire gets arrested but is freed by his neighbor Joe Swanson. Lois and other wives in her neighborhood want Quagmire taken away from the neighborhood. They later say they will let him stay if he stops harassing women. They help Quagmire control himself using operant conditioning (learning about the consequences of one's behaviors). They take Quagmire to a shopping mall. Quagmire sees cheerleaders in a fountain and starts to feel worried. He finds a room with video cameras of women in changing rooms. He sees a woman having a heart attack in one of the cameras. He runs to the woman and does CPR. Quagmire gets awarded for saving the woman from dying. +Peter feels sad because his friends have had success, but he says he has not. He thinks he will be famous if he gets a world record for eating the most nickels. He tries to eat many nickels, but gets poisoned and goes blind. Peter gets a guide dog and goes to a bar. He ties the dog's leash to a homeless person thinking it is a parking meter. He goes to the bar and does not know it is burning. He saves the bartender from the fire and is called a hero by a news anchor. Peter gets new eyes from the homeless person he tied his guard dog to. +Production. +"Family Guy" was first cancelled after its 3rd season. 5 scripts were made in 2001 for if "Family Guy" was brought back by the Fox network. "Blind Ambition" was made from one of the scripts. This is the second episode where Peter and Ernie the Giant Chicken get in a fight. This was supposed to be shown in the episode "The Cleveland-Loretta Quagmire". That episode was too long to show them fighting, so it was put in "Blind Ambition". Some parts of this episode were made but not broadcast. One of these was during Quagmire trying to control himself, where Brian Griffin uses a forklift to carry pornographic magazines away from Quagmire's house. +Many people called David Goodman to say they did not like blind Peter seducing his son Chris thinking he is Lois. Chris Sheridan said that people were also not happy with Quagmire watching Lois in the bathroom. The Fox network can not use the words "Jesus Christ" if they are not talking about Jesus himself. One part of the episode shows God saying "Jesus Christ!" when he accidentally kills a person. Jesus was put in the episode with God so that the part of the episode can be broadcast. +Reception. +The episode was seen by about 9.26 million people when it was first broadcast. +Kevin Wong from "PopMatters" said that the episode was better than the 4th season's first two episodes. Mike Drucker from IGN thought that Peter and Ernie's fight was funny in the first episode they were in, but said it was not interesting this time. However, Drucker liked the reference to "Star Wars" at the end of the episode. + += = = Ailly, Eure = = = +Ailly is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Eure department in northwest France. + += = = First cholera pandemic = = = +The first cholera pandemic was caused by contaminated rice. It started in the Ganges Delta and broke out in Jessore, India in 1817. By traveling along trade routes established by Europeans, the disease quickly spread to most of India, modern Burma and modern Sri Lanka. + += = = 1826–1837 cholera pandemic = = = +The second cholera pandemic is also known as the Asiatic cholera pandemic. It was a cholera pandemic that spread from India to the entire West Asia, then to the United Kingdom and the Americas, and then to China and Japan. +The cause of cholera was not known until later in the 19th century. Cholera and typhus are bacterial diseases. Cholera spread by the absence of, or defective, sewage treatment or defective water supply systems. Typhus is spread by lice, chiggers and fleas. + += = = Ampus = = = +Ampus is a commune of 923 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France. + += = = Premier of Anguilla = = = +The Premier of Anguilla is the head of government in the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla. The Premier is appointed by the Governor of Anguilla on behalf of the Monarch of the United Kingdom. +Up until 2019 the office was known as Chief Minister of Anguilla, afterwards it was renamed as Premier. + += = = Osbourne Fleming = = = +Osbourne Berrington Fleming (born February 18, 1940) is a politician. He was the chief minister of Anguilla from 2000 until 2010. + += = = Hubert Hughes = = = +Hubert Benjamin Hughes (15 October 1933 – 7 May 2021) was an Anguillian politician. He was the island territory's Chief Minister from 16 March 1994 to 6 March 2000, and again between February 2010 and April 2015. +Hughes died on 7 May 2021, aged 87. + += = = Victor Banks = = = +Victor Franklin Banks (born 8 November 1947) is an Anguillan politician. He was a member of the Anguilla United Front (AUF). He was Premier from 14 May 2019 until he lost his re-election bid in the 2020 general election. + += = = Ellis Webster = = = +Ellis Lorenzo Webster is an Anguillan politician. He is the 2nd Premier of the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla since 2020. He was first elected when he led the Anguilla Progressive Movement to victory in the 2020 general election. + += = = Dileeni Daniel-Selvaratnam = = = +Dileeni Daniel-Selvaratnam is a British lawyer and politician. She has been the Governor of Anguilla since 18 January 2021. She is the second female holder of the position after Christina Scott. + += = = Governor of Anguilla = = = +The Governor of Anguilla is the representative of the monarch in the British Overseas Territory of Anguilla. The Governor is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the British government. The Governor is the highest authority on Anguilla. The main role of the Governor is to appoint the Premier of Anguilla. +The current Governor is Dileeni Daniel-Selvaratnam, who was sworn in on 18 January 2021. + += = = Christina Scott = = = +Christina Martha Elena Scott (born 25 December 1974) is a British civil servant and diplomat. She was Governor of Anguilla between 2013 and 2017, and was the first woman to hold the post. She has been Deputy Head of Mission at the British Embassy Beijing since September 2018. + += = = Svante Thuresson = = = +Svante Thuresson (7 February 1937 – 10 May 2021) was a Swedish jazz drummer and singer. He started his career as a drummer before joining the band Gals and Pals in 1963. Svante represented Sweden in the 1966 Eurovision Song Contest with "Nygammal vals". +He died on 10 May 2021, at the age of 84. + += = = Spencer Silver = = = +Spencer Ferguson Silver III (February 6, 1941May 8, 2021) was an American chemist and inventor. He co-invented Post-it Notes with Arthur Fry. +Silver died at his home in St. Paul, Minnesota on May 8, 2021, from ventricular tachycardia. He was 80 years old. + += = = Zhang Enhua = = = +Zhang Enhua (; 28 April 1973 – 29 April 2021) was a Chinese professional football player and coach. +As a player, he was a defender from 1994 to 2006. He played for Dalian Wanda FC, Grimsby Town, Tianjin Teda and South China. + += = = Hans van Baalen = = = +Johannes Cornelis "Hans" van Baalen (17 June 1960 – 29 April 2021) was a Dutch politician. He was a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). He was a Member of the European Parliament and Leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy in the European Parliament from 2009 until 2019. He also was President of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party from 21 November 2015 until his death. +Van Baalen died of cancer on 29 April 2021 at a Rotterdam hospital, aged 60. + += = = Federico Salas = = = +Luis Federico Salas-Guevara Schultz (4 September 1950 – 28 April 2021) was a Peruvian politician. He was the 49th Prime Minister of Peru in 2000, being the final prime minister of President Alberto Fujimori. He was Mayor of Huancavelica, and then Governor of Huancavelica Region from January 1, 2007, until December 31, 2010. Salas died on 28 April 2021 from COVID-19 at age 70. +Biography. +Federico Salas was born in Lima on September 4, 1950. Son of Federico Salas Guevara Alarco and Edith Schultz Macchiavello. +His childhood was spent in Huancavelica and later he traveled to Lima, doing his primary studies at the Inmaculado Corazón de María de Miraflores School and secondary studies at the Santa María Marianistas School. +He married in the first nuptials with Lyriam Succar, with whom he had 4 children, and in the second nuptials with Rosario Serpa Masías with whom he had a daughter. +After the death of his brother, he assumed the management of his assets until in 1973 his family's lands were exported by the agrarian reform. +He returned to Lima to study administration at the Peruvian Institute of Business Administration (IPAE) and marketing at ESAN. +In 1993 he created the Center for Research, Promotion and Development in support of Huancavelica. +He ran for President of Peru in the 2000 elections under the Avancemos ticket but lost to President Alberto Fujimori. In an effort to reconcile with the opposition, President Alberto Fujimori, appointed Salas as Prime Minister. He served between 28 July to 21 November 2000 when Fujimori was ousted from power. +He was Mayor of Huancavelica, and then Governor of Huancavelica Region from January 1, 2007, until December 31, 2010. +Salas died on 28 April 2021 from COVID-19 at age 70. + += = = Vice President of Venezuela = = = +The Vice President of Venezuela (), officially known as the Executive Vice President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (), is the second highest political position in the government of Venezuela. +Since June 14, 2018, Delcy Rodríguez of the United Socialist Party of Venezuela was Vice President to Nicolás Maduro. + += = = Aristóbulo Istúriz = = = +Aristóbulo Iztúriz Almeida (20 December 1946 – 27 April 2021) was a Venezuelan politician and academic who was Vice President of Venezuela from January 2016 to January 2017. +In 2017 Canada imposed sanctions against him. The sanctions were for behaviors that undermined democracy after 125 people were killed in the 2017 Venezuelan protests. +Iztúriz died on 27 April 2021 from problems caused by heart surgery in Caracas, aged 74. + += = = Delcy Rodríguez = = = +Delcy Eloína Rodríguez Gómez (born 18 May 1969) is a Venezuelan politician. She has been Vice President of Venezuela since 14 June 2018, with her constitutional position under dispute since 2019. She was also Minister of Popular Power for Communication and Information of Venezuela from 2013 to 2014 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from 2014 to 2017. + += = = Nicholas Cheong Jin-suk = = = +Nicholas Cheong Jin-suk (; 7 December 1931 – 27 April 2021) was a South Korean Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Seoul from 1998 until he retired in 2012. He was previously Bishop of Cheongju from 1970 to 1998. He was made a cardinal in 2006. + += = = Tamara Press = = = +Tamara Natanovna Press (10 May 1937 – 26 April 2021) was a Soviet athlete who dominated the shot put and discus throw in the early 1960s. She won three gold medals and one silver medal at the 1960 and 1964 Olympics and three European titles in 1958–1962. + += = = Shunsuke Kikuchi = = = + (1 November 1931 – 24 April 2021) was a Japanese composer who was active from the early 1960s until 2017. He was known for working on "tokusatsu" and anime productions for children, as well as violent action movies, "jidaigeki", and television dramas. +Kikuchi died while being treated for pneumonia in a hospital in Tokyo on 24 April 2021. His death was announced four days later. + += = = Milva = = = +Maria Ilva Biolcati, (; 17 July 1939 – 23 April 2021), known as Milva (), was an Italian singer, actress, and television personality. She was also known as "La Rossa" (Italian for "The Redhead"). +On 23 April 2021, Milva died at her Milan home. + += = = Marc Ferro = = = +Marc Ferro (24 December 1924 – 21 April 2021) was a French historian. +He was Director of Studies in Social Sciences at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales. He was a co-director of the French review "Annales" and co-editor of the "Journal of Contemporary History." +Ferro died in Saint-Germain-en-Laye in April 2021 at the age of 96. + += = = Håkon Brusveen = = = +Håkon Brusveen (15 July 1927 – 21 April 2021) was a Norwegian cross-country skier. He competed in the individual 15 km and 4 × 10 km relay events at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics and won two medals in 1960: a gold in the 15 km and a silver in the relay; in 1956 he placed fifth and fourth, respectively. + += = = Willy van der Kuijlen = = = +Wilhelmus Martinus Leonardus Johannes "Willy" van der Kuijlen (; 6 December 1946 – 19 April 2021) was a Dutch football player and a scout for PSV Eindhoven. +Van der Kuijlen was born in Helmond. After his playing career, Van der Kuijlen returned to PSV as assistant manager, first team coach, youth coach and scout. He also briefly served as assistant manager at Roda JC. +Van der Kuijlen played 528 league games and scored 308 times for PSV, both being all-time club records. With 311 career goals in total, Van der Kuijlen also holds the all-time Eredivisie goal record. He won 22 caps and scored seven goals for the Dutch national team in the 1960s and 1970s. +Van der Kuijlen later suffered from Alzheimer's disease. He died on 19 April 2021 at the age of 74. + += = = Sebastian Koto Khoarai = = = +Sebastian Koto Khoarai, O.M.I. (11 September 1929 – 17 April 2021) was a prelate of the Catholic Church who was bishop of Mohale's Hoek, Lesotho from 1977 to 2014. He was made a cardinal in 2016 and was the first and so far the only cardinal from Lesotho. + += = = Charles Geschke = = = +Charles Matthew "Chuck" Geschke (September 11, 1939 – April 16, 2021) was an American businessman and computer scientist. He was best known for founding the graphics and publishing software company Adobe Inc. with John Warnock in 1982, and co-creating the PDF document format. + += = = Conn Findlay = = = +Francis Conn Findlay (April 24, 1930April 8, 2021) was an American Olympic rower and sailor. He won four Olympic medals in those two sports, including two golds in coxed pair. + += = = Julen Madariaga = = = +Julen Kerman Madariaga Agirre (11 October 1932 – 6 April 2021) was a Spanish Basque politician and lawyer who co-founded the Basque armed group ETA in 1959. +In June 2006, he was arrested in France on charges of extorting businessmen into making financial contributions to ETA. However, the charges were dropped and he was released within days. +He died on 6 April 2021 at the age of 88 from a long illness. + += = = Marshall Sahlins = = = +Marshall David Sahlins ( ; December 27, 1930April 5, 2021) was an American cultural anthropologist. He was best known for his ethnographic work in the Pacific and for his contributions to anthropological theory. He was Charles F. Grey Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Anthropology and of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago. + += = = Roland Thöni = = = +Roland Thöni (17 January 1951 – 4 April 2021) was an Italian alpine ski racer. +His best year was 1972, which he opened with a bronze medal in the slalom at the Winter Olympics in Sapporo. + += = = Zygmunt Malanowicz = = = +Zygmunt Malanowicz (4 February 1938 – 4 April 2021) was a Polish actor. He appeared in more than 30 movies from 1962 to 2020. +His best known roles were in "Knife in the Water" (1962), "Naked Among Wolves" (1963), "Barrier" (1966), "Hunting Flies" (1969), "Landscape After the Battle" (1970), "Znaki na drodze" (1970), "Jarosław Dąbrowski" (1976), "Cserepek" (1980), "A Trap" (1997), "All That I Love" (2009), "The Lure" (2015) and "Usta usta" (2020). + += = = Sugako Hashida = = = + was a Japanese scriptwriter. She was known for writing the NHK Asadora "Oshin". She was thought to be Japan's most successful TV drama scriptwriter. She created Hashida Cultural Foundation. Her real name was . +In 2020, she received the Order of Culture. + += = = Montferrat, Var = = = +Montferrat is a commune of 1,538 people (2018). It is in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Var department in southeast France. + += = = Cottonport, Louisiana = = = +Cottonport is a town in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Evergreen, Louisiana = = = +Evergreen is a small town in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Fay, Somme = = = +Fay is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Mansura, Louisiana = = = +Mansura is a town in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is a suburb of Marksville. + += = = Estrées-Saint-Denis = = = +Estrées-Saint-Denis is a commune. It is in the Oise department in northern France. + += = = Mesnil-sur-l'Estrée = = = +Mesnil-sur-l'Estrée is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Eure department in north France. + += = = Ponchatoula, Louisiana = = = +Ponchatoula is a city in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Independence, Louisiana = = = +Independence is a town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Cankton, Louisiana = = = +Cankton is a village in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Palmetto, Louisiana = = = +Palmetto is a village in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Clarks, Louisiana = = = +Clarks is a village in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Grayson, Louisiana = = = +Grayson is a village in Caldwell Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Basile, Louisiana = = = +Basile is a town in Acadia and Evangeline parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Duson, Louisiana = = = +Duson is a town in Acadia and Lafayette parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Estherwood, Louisiana = = = +Estherwood is a village in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Walker, Louisiana = = = +Walker is a city in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = England national under-20 football team = = = +The England national under-20 football team, also known as England Under-20s or England U20(s), are the under-20s of England. It is currently controlled by the FA. The team is coached by Lee Carsley. +Players. +Current squad. +Players born between September 2000 and August 2001 are second-year graduates of the English academy system, players born between September 2000 and August 2001 are first-year graduates. Players born after 1 January 2002 remain eligible to play for England under-19s. +The following players were named in the squad for a training camp in November 2020. +"Names in italics denote players who have been capped by England in a higher age group." +Recent call-ups. +The following players have previously been called up to the England under-20 squad in the last 12 months and remain eligible. + += = = Omega-6 fatty acid = = = +Omega-6 fatty acids are a family of polyunsaturated fatty acids. +Some medical research notes that high levels of omega-6 fatty acids from seed oils may increase the chance for a number of diseases. However, having non-rancid nuts, which are high in omega-6, is associated with lower risk for some diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, stroke, heart attacks and certain cancers. +Modern Western diets often have ratios of omega-6 to omega 3 higher than 10. Some are as high as 30. The normal ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 in the Western diet is 15–16.7, mainly from vegetable oils. +Dietary sources. +Vegetable oils are a major source of omega-6 linoleic acid. Worldwide, more than 100 million metric tons of vegetable oils are extracted annually from palm fruits, soybean seeds, rape seeds, and sunflower seeds, providing more than 32 million metric tons of omega-6 linoleic acid and 4 million metric tons of omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid. +Dietary sources of omega-6 fatty acids include: + += = = Omega-3 fatty acid = = = +Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids. They have a double bond three atoms away from the end methyl group. +The most common sources for plant oils are walnuts, hemp oil and flaxseed oil. Sources of animal omega-3 fats include eggs, squid oils and fish. +Dietary supplementation does not affect the risk of cancer, heart disease or death. +They are not a main treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism and other developmental disabilities. However, omega-3 supplements are often given to children with these conditions. + += = = Italy national under-20 football team = = = +The Italy national under-20 football team are the under-20s of Italy. It is currently controlled by the Italian Football Federation. The team competes for the FIFA U-20 World Cup, which is held every two years. +Current squad. +The following players have been called up for a training camp from 4 to 11 October 2020. + += = = Nokia N900 = = = +The Nokia N900 was a phablet developed for the Nokia 'N' series. It was announced on CNET on November 11, 2009. The Nokia N900 was similar to Nokia Communicator, the successor of the Nokia N810. On July 14, 2011, it was discontinued worldwide. The cell phone was used in businesses and homes. As of October 2010, the Nokia N900 discontinued sales in India. +Hardware. +It has a dual SIM card and the storage memory is 512MB. The camera is 504mp. The phone also boasted a keyboard like a tablet. +Discontinuation. +On July 14, 2011, Nokia announced the discontinuation of sales worldwide as they were releasing the next version of the phone. + += = = NASCAR Cup Series = = = +The NASCAR Cup Series is the top racing series of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). The series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Division, and from 1950 to 1970 it was known as the Grand National Division. +It was known as the NASCAR Winston Cup Series (1971–2003). A deal was made with Nextel in 2003, and it became the NASCAR Nextel Cup Series (2004–2007). Sprint acquired Nextel in 2005, and in 2008 the series was renamed the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series (2008–2016). +In December 2016, it was announced that Monster Energy would become the new title sponsor. In 2019, NASCAR rejected Monster's offer to extend the current naming rights deal beyond the end of the season. +The four Premier Partners are Busch Beer, Coca-Cola, GEICO, and Xfinity. +Winners are determined by a points system, with points being awarded by where a racer's finishing place. After the first 26 races, 16 drivers, selected primarily on the basis of wins during the first 26 races, are seeded based on their total number of wins. + += = = Chicken as food = = = +Chicken is the most common type of poultry around the world. It is prepared in a number ways, including boiling, baking, frying and grilling. Prepared chicken became a staple for fast food in the second half of the 20th century. Chicken is often said to be more healthful than red meat. It has less cholesterol and saturated fat. +Chicken as a meat first began in Babylonian carvings from around 600 BC. Chicken was one of the most common meats available during the Middle Ages. +In the United States in the 1800s, chicken was more expensive than other meats. Chicken consumption in the United States increased during World War II due to there not being enough beef and pork. In Europe, chicken was more than that of beef and veal in 1996 because of the consumer awareness of mad cow disease. +Modern varieties of chicken, like the Cornish Cross, are bred specifically for meat production. The most common breeds of chicken consumed in the United States are the White Rock and the Cornish. +Chickens raised mainly for food are called broilers. In the United States, broilers are usually butchered at a young age. +Chicken meat has two to three times as much polyunsaturated fat as most types of red meat when measured as weight percentage. + += = = Boston Market = = = +The Boston Market, known before 1995 as Boston Chicken, is an American fast casual restaurant. +Boston Market is headquartered in Golden, Colorado. It is mostly concentrated in the Midwestern and Northeastern United States. But there are also restaurants in California, Texas and Florida. +As of November 2020, there are over 340 company-owned restaurants in 28 states and Puerto Rico, with over 14,000 employees. +Boston Market was established as Boston Chicken in 1985 in Newton, Massachusetts. The restaurant chain grew rapidly in the early-to-mid 1990s +In 1998 the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. +McDonald's bought the Boston Market in May 2000. In August 2007, McDonald's sold the Boston Market to Sun Capital Partners. + += = = United States men's national under-20 soccer team = = = +The United States under-20 men's national soccer team are the under-20s of the United States. It is currently controlled by the United States Soccer Federation. The highest level of competition in which the team competes is the FIFA U-20 World Cup, which is held every two years. +Major tournament results. +CONCACAF U-20 Championship record. +† "The tournament was played with a two-group, qualification format from 1998–2007. There was no championship round." +Recent matches. +The following are results from the last 12 months, as well as any matches that have been scheduled. +Players. +Current squad. +The following 22 players were named to the squad for the matches against Croatia and United Arab Emirates on September 5 and 9, 2019, respectively. +"Caps and goals correct as of May 30, 2019, after the match against Ecuador." +Recent call-ups. +The following players have been called up in the last 12 months. + += = = TCBY = = = +TCBY (The Country's Best Yogurt) is an American chain of frozen yogurt stores. It is one of the largest United States retailers of soft-serve frozen yogurt. +The first TCBY was in Little Rock, Arkansas. In 1982, they began franchising. By 1984, TCBY had over 100 stores. +Before 1984, the original name of the company was "This Can't Be Yogurt". However, a competitor, I Can't Believe it's Yogurt, forced TCBY to change its name from its initials. TCBY picked "The Country's Best Yogurt". +TCBY offers frozen yogurt in a variety of flavors. These flavors include Chocolate, White Chocolate Mousse and Golden Vanilla. TCBY also offers drinks, including smoothes and Frappe Chillers. + += = = The Athletic = = = +The Athletic is a website that reports and offers opinions on sports. It is a subscription based service, and reports on both local and national sporting events. It's coverage includes professional sports leaques such as the NFL and NHL, as well as college sports, mixed martial arts, and NASCAR. The Athletic began by covering sports in Chicago. It was soon able to expand, first to Toronto, and then to Cleveland. In 2019, The Athletic began to cover sports from the United Kingdom. + += = = Hard Rock Cafe = = = +The Hard Rock Cafe is a chain of theme restaurants. It was founded in June 1971. In 1979, the cafe began covering its walls with rock and roll materials. Others in the chain later did the same. In 2007, the Hard Rock Cafe was sold to the Seminole Tribe of Florida. It was headquartered in Orlando, Florida until April 2018. +The first Hard Rock Cafe restaurant opened on 14 June 1971 in London, England. The chain began to expand in 1982 to other locations, like Los Angeles, Toronto, San Francisco, Chicago and Paris. In the United States, there are also Hard Rock Cafe restaurants in Houston, Philadelphia, New York City and Boston. +Hard Rock Cafe has restaurants in over 70 countries. + += = = Golden Corral = = = +The Golden Corral is an American buffet restaurant chain. The company is privately-held. It is based in Raleigh, North Carolina. +The Golden Corral was incorporated on January 3, 1973 in Fayetteville, North Carolina. +Golden Corral later expanded to almost 500 locations in the United States. Most of them are franchised About 100 restaurants are company-owned. + += = = Hooters = = = +Hooters is the registered trademark. Two American restaurant chains use it: Hooters, Inc., based in Clearwater, Florida and Hooters of America, Inc. in Atlanta Georgia. +Waiting staff at the Hooters restaurants are mainly young women. The women are usually called "Hooters Girls". The sex appeal of the women is a mai component for the company's image. Hooters hires men and women as cooks, hosts (at some franchises) and managers. +The menu at Hooters includes steaks, chicken wings, seafood, hamburgers and sandwiches. +Hooters was incorporated in April 1983. They opened their doors in October. + += = = Nesquik = = = +Nesquik (previously called Nestle Quik) is a brand of products made by the Swiss company Nestlé. In 1948 Nestlé launched a drink mix for chocolate-flavored milk. It was called Nestle Quik in the United States. It was released in Europe during the 1950s as Nesquik. +Beginning in 1999, the brand was called Nesquik all over the world. The Nesquik name appears on powdered mixes for flavored milk, ready-to-drink products, hot chocolate mix and many other products. +Nesquik is available in strawberry and chocolate flavors. +Ingredients. +The ingredients of the "classic" chocolate powder are: + += = = Dzmitry Baskau = = = +Dzmitry Baskau (Belarusian: �������� ��’���� ������, Russian: ������� ������� ������; born on August 25, 1978, in Minsk, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic) is a Belarusian ice hockey player in the past and a man of business. He is the chief of Belarus Ice Hockey Federation. He is the chief of the ice hockey group of Alexander Lukashenko. He was the chief of Hockey Club Dinamo Minsk from 2018 to 2020. +He got learning on a lawyer in Belarusian State University done in 2002. Then he got learning on an ice hockey coach done in the Institute of Advanced Training and Retraining of Belarusian State University of Physical Culture. He got a diploma from the IPM Business School in 2018. +He was put in the news for the time of the 2020 Belarusian protests. Mass media wrote that he was going to be a person who beat activist Raman Bandarenka in Minsk. After that, Raman Bandarenka died on November 12, 2020, in the hospital. On November 16, 2020, Latvia made illegal his moves there. Lithuania and Estonia made the same on November 20, 2020. The International Ice Hockey Federation opened a private inquiry (an act of asking for information) on the Raman Bandarenka matter. The International Olympic Committee made illegal taking part in its events for Baskau because of that. +In the spring of 2021, he had assets of at least several million US dollars (parts of companies, real property, vehicles). Part of the assets was listed as his wife's. +On September 8, 2021, the International Ice Hockey Federation made a decision to make him out of hockey for five years. For ten months, the International Ice Hockey Federation looked at his acts. It noted that Baskau used discrimination and threats against sportspersons because of their political views. On September 10, Baskau resigned from the post of chairman of the Belarus Ice Hockey Association. +On September 14, 2021, Alexander Lukashenko appointed Baskau a member of the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of Belarus. Lukashenko noted that Dmitry Baskau will deal with social issues, as well as sports topics in the upper house of parliament. +On December 2, 2021, Dzmitry Baskau was added to the Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List by the United States Department of the Treasury +Personal life. +He got married with Aliaksandra Baskava (Shyshko). She is a daughter of the chief of Brestenergo and the member of the Council of the Republic (Belarus) Uladzimir Shyshko. + += = = Perkele = = = +Perkele () is a swear word in Finnish that means "evil spirit" or a version of "god damn". It is popular, and is most likely the most known Finnish curse word in the world. +Origins. +The name is Indo-European. Perkwunos is the reconstructed name of the god of thunder. Other gods said to have the same origin include Perkūnas (Lithuania), Pērkons (Latvia), Percunis (Prussia), Piarun (Belarus), Peko or Pekolasõ (Estonia), Parjanya (India), Fairguneis (Gothic), and Perun or Piorun (Bosnia, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia). +Some researchers think "Perkele" is an original name of the thunder god Ukko, the chief god of the Finnish pagan pantheon. There are related words in other Finnic languages. In Estonian, "põrgu" means hell and in Karelian, "perkeleh" means an evil spirit. +Use. +It has been used as a curse as a cry for the god for strength. It still is a common curse word in colloquial Finnish. Finnish people use the word to be more serious and powerful than less powerful curses. When the Research Institute for the Languages of Finland held a contest to nominate the "most energizing" word in the Finnish language, one of the suggestions was Perkele because "it is the curse word that gave the most strength for the reconstruction of Finland after the wars." +Introduction of Christianity. +As Finland was Christianized, the old Finnish deities were said to be demons, so "Devil" was translated to "Perkele" for the Finnish translation of the Bible. Some later translations use "paholainen" (the evil one) instead. + += = = Arkhangai Province = = = +The Arkhangai Province or Arkhangai Aimag () is a province (also called "aimag") of Mongolia. The province is divided into 19 districts (also called "sums") + += = = Duplex (movie) = = = +Duplex (released in the United Kingdom and Ireland as Our House and in Poland as The Old Lady Must Go) is a 2003 American black comedy film directed by Danny DeVito (who also narrated the film) and written by Larry Doyle. The film stars Ben Stiller, Drew Barrymore, Eileen Essell, Harvey Fierstein, Justin Theroux and James Remar. + += = = Sea of Japan naming dispute = = = +There is a body of water between the Japanese islands, Russia, North and South Korea. The countries affected have not been able to agree on a common name for this body of water. So far, most countries called it "Sea of Japan". North and South Korea do not want this name, they suggested to call it "East Sea", or "East Sea of Korea". In 1992, both Koreas raised concerns about the name, at the Sixth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names. The Japanese government says that only the name "Sea of Japan" (���) should be used. South Korea supports the alternative name "East Sea" (Korean: ��; Hanja: ��). North Korea supports the name "East Sea of Korea" (Korean: ����; Hanja: ����). Currently, most international maps and documents use either the name Sea of Japan (or a translation) by itself, or include both the name Sea of Japan and East Sea. Very often, the name East Sea is listed in parentheses or otherwise marked as an alternative. The International Hydrographic Organization is responsible for naming bodies of water around the world. In 2012, it decided it was still unable to change the 1953 version of its publication S-23 – Limits of Oceans and Seas, which includes only the single name "Sea of Japan", to include "East Sea" together with "Sea of Japan". +The countries have given different arguments, for their naming proposition, but each name has its problems: +The International Hydrographic organisation made a resolution in 1974. In this resolution, it stated that in the case that the countries cannot agree on a common name for a body of water, all names should be accepted. However, Japan argues that the resolution only applies to the bays and straits which are shared by multiple countries, and in case of high seas such as the Sea of Japan, it is not applicable. Japan also cites the United Nations’ policy for using the Sea of Japan as an official name for their reasoning. + += = = Jennifer Crystal Foley = = = +Jennifer Crystal Foley (born Jennifer Amie Crystal; January 26, 1973) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Christie Parker in "Once and Again" and Rachel Taub on "House". +Personal life. +Foley was born in Los Angeles, California, the daughter of Janice (née Goldfinger) and actor-comedian Billy Crystal. She has an older sister, producer Lindsay Crystal. In 1994, Foley graduated from Northwestern University. +She married her college boyfriend, Michael Foley, in September 2000. They have two daughters, born in 2003 and 2006. + += = = Benhall = = = +Benhall is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2011, there were 521 people living in Benhall. Benhall is on the A12 road. It has a church called St Mary. + += = = Boulge = = = +Boulge is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 26 people living in Boulge. Boulge has a church called St Michael. + += = = Moss Bluff, Louisiana = = = +Moss Bluff is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Calcasieu Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Hackberry, Louisiana = = = +Hackberry is a census-designated place (CDP) in Cameron Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Mermentau, Louisiana = = = +Mermentau is a village in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. 516 people lived here at the 2020 census. + += = = Morse, Louisiana = = = +Morse is a village in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. 599 people lived here at the 2020 census. + += = = Directed graph = = = +In graph theory, a directed graph (or digraph) is a graph which has directed edges. This means one end of the edge is different from the other end. Directed edges can be thought of as arrows, or as edges which can only be travelled in one direction. +Degree. +For a normal graph, the degree of a vertex formula_1 is the number of edges touching formula_1. +For a digraph, there are two more definitions. The "indegree" of formula_1 is the number of edges going into formula_1, and the "outdegree" of formula_1 is the number of edges going out of formula_1. + += = = Branch, Louisiana = = = +Branch is a census-designated place (CDP) in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Egan, Louisiana = = = +Egan is a census-designated place (CDP) in Acadia Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Longville, Louisiana = = = +Longville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Oretta, Louisiana = = = +Oretta is a census-designated place (CDP) in Beauregard Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Woodbury, Tennessee = = = +Woodbury is a town in Tennessee in the United States. It is the county seat of Cannon County. + += = = Rutledge, Tennessee = = = +Rutledge is a city in Tennessee in the United States. It is the county seat of Grainger County. + += = = Fescamps = = = +Fescamps is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Friville-Escarbotin = = = +Friville-Escarbotin is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fonches-Fonchette = = = +Fonches-Fonchette is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Feuillères = = = +Feuillères is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = 2012–13 North American drought = = = +The 2012–13 North American drought was caused by less than normal snowfall the previous winter. Also, La Niña-related heat waves were taking place in the Midwestern and Western United States. This was in association with drought conditions in these areas. The drought was an extension of the 2010-13 Southern United States drought. +The drought was worse than the 1988–89 North American drought. The 2012-13 drought covered more areas in the United States and Canada than the 1988-89 drought. In July 2012, the drought covered more than 81% in area. It was comparable to the droughts of the 1930s and 1950s. +Drought continued in parts of North America through 2013. Beginning in March 2013, rainfall lessened drought in the Midwest, the southern Mississippi Valley and the Great Plains. + += = = Bijan = = = +Bijan (also Bizhan or Bejan; Persian : ����‎) is a Persian given name meaning "Hero". This is a unique name (not in the top 1000 newborn names in the US in 2021). + += = = Feuquières-en-Vimeu = = = +Feuquières-en-Vimeu is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fieffes-Montrelet = = = +Fieffes-Montrelet is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fienvillers = = = +Fienvillers is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Wybren van Haga = = = +Wybren Ridley van Haga (born 31 January 1967 in The Hague) is a Dutch independent politician, formerly a member of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and Forum for Democracy (FVD). +Van Haga studied engineering at Delft University of Technology and worked at Shell in Gabon, Scotland, and Oman. He was director of a homecare organization called KennemerZorg and exploits real estate. +He was a member of the municipal council of Haarlem from 2010 to 2017. Since 31 October 2017, he has been an MP, until September 2019 for the VVD, until December 2020 as an independent MP, and until May 2021 for the FVD. +Since 13 May 2021, he has been parliamentary group leader of the Group Van Haga, which consists of himself and two other former FVD MPs. +In July 2021, he founded the BVNL (Belang voor Nederland) party. + += = = Aibes = = = +Aibes () is a commune in Nord in north France. In 2018, 369 people lived there. + += = = Eth, Nord = = = +Eth is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France. + += = = Bry, Nord = = = +Bry is a commune. It is in the Nord department in northern France. + += = = Waterford Township, Michigan = = = +Waterford Township, officially the Charter Township of Waterford, is a charter township of Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 70,565. + += = = Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan = = = +Bloomfield Township, officially the Charter Township of Bloomfield, is a charter township of Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 44,253. + += = = Georgetown Township, Michigan = = = +Georgetown Charter Township is a charter township of Ottawa County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, 54,091 people lived in the township. + += = = Lemannville, Louisiana = = = +Lemannville is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ascension and St. James parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Union, Louisiana = = = +Union is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in St. James Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Fignières = = = +Fignières is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Agde = = = +Agde is a commune of 29,090 people (2018). It is in Occitanie in the Hérault department in south France. + += = = Electronics right to repair = = = +In 2021, many electronic devices are manufactured such a way that they cannot be repaired. A mobile phone might have a battery that cannot be replaced. When the battery has reached the end of its life, the mobile phone is thrown away. Electronics right to repair is an idea to make these devices repairable, so that the need not be thrown away, and the amount of waste is reduced. + += = = Fins, Somme = = = +Fins is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Flaucourt = = = +Flaucourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Grand Point, Louisiana = = = +Grand Point is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in St. James Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = French Settlement, Louisiana = = = +French Settlement is a village in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Killian, Louisiana = = = +Killian is a village in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Port Vincent, Louisiana = = = +Port Vincent is a village in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Springfield, Louisiana = = = +Springfield is a town in Livingston Parish, Louisiana, United States. + += = = Nikkatsu = = = +The Nikkatsu Corporation (������, "Nikkatsu Kabushiki-gaisha") is a Japanese entertainment company known for its film and television productions. It is Japan's oldest major movie studio, founded in 1912 during the silent film era. The name Nikkatsu amalgamates the words Nippon Katsudō Shashin, literally "Japan Motion Pictures". +Overview. +Nikkatsu's history dates back as early as 1912 when 4 companies merged to form Nippon Katsudo Shashin Corporation, the first film conglomerate in the region to produce, distribute and exhibit theatrical films. In 1952 Chofu Studio was built in Tokyo as the largest modern film studio in the Asia Pacific Region at the time; the studio even had a permanent set of Ginza city. It quickly became the cornerstone of the company's Golden Era, together with its string of attractive stars who were then all exclusive to Nikkatsu; the legendary superstar Yujiro Ishihara, handsome young actors under the "Nikkatsu New Face" banner including Akira Kobayashi and Joe Shishido; actresses such as Sayuri Yoshinaga and Ruriko Asaoka; and directors Seijun Suzuki and Shohei Imamura. Nikkatsu was the leading studio in Japan, enjoying box office mega-hits with its action films starring Ishihara ("Crazed Fruit"), teenage love stories starring Yoshinaga ("Cupola, Where the Furnaces Grow"), and "Branded to Kill" starring Joe Shishido, works with a continuing international appeal to this day - the films were so successful that Ishihara and Yoshinaga are still regarded as icons of the Showa period. +When cinema attendance began to drop, Japanese studios slashed their annual film production. Nikkatsu, however, took a unique turn in 1971 when it launched the "Nikkatsu Roman Porn" brand, namely films for the adult audience. As one director recalls, "I had total creative freedom, as long as I kept some nudity in the film", the brand enabled Nikkatsu to be the only major studio in Japan at the time to continue producing films and hire young film makers. Thus, Nikkatsu soon became the hub for upcoming innovative talents, and many of the directors who were given this rare opportunity, later became dominant film makers in Japan; amongst them are Oscar winner Youjiro Takita ("Departure"), multi-time Japanese Academy winners Masayuki Suo ("Shall We Dance?"), Yoshimitsu Morita, Youichi Sai, Shinji Soumai, and many more. The brand continued until 1988. +In 2005, Naoki Sato was appointed President of the company. Originally a producer himself, Nikkatsu's recent array of titles under his leadership includes cutting-edge genre films by Sion Sono and Takashi Miike, and dramatical masterpieces. They have been highly acclaimed, including numerous Japanese Academy winners and nominees such as "Rebirth", "Cold Fish" and "The Devil's Path". +Today. +Today, Nikkatsu's business activities include operation of the production studio, overseas film acquisition, distribution, a cable TV channel (Channel NECO) and a Film Course at Josai International University. It is also a member of the Yomiuri-Nippon TV group, the leading media conglomerate in Japan. +In today's fast evolving market, Nikkatsu has a focus on international activities - in 2014, the company established Kantana Japan, a JV with a Thai production group - and seeks to work more closely with partners outside the industry and around the globe. + += = = Adenocarcinoma of the lung = = = +Lung adenocarcinoma is one kind of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). +Technicians tell lung adenocarcinoma from other cancers by looking at cells under a microscope. Lung adenocarcinoma starts in glandular cells, which make for example mucus. Lung adenocarcinoma usually grows in smaller airways, such as alveoli, the pockets at the ends of the lung. Lung adenocarcinoma is usually located more along the outer edges of the lungs. Lung adenocarcinoma tends to grow more slowly than other lung cancers. + += = = Flers, Somme = = = +Flers is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Flers-sur-Noye = = = +Flers-sur-Noye is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Flesselles = = = +Flesselles is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's = = = +The World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's, also known as Epic McD, is a McDonald's restaurant that opened in 1976 in Orlando, Florida. It is the biggest McDonald's in the world by square footage because its floor area is . There are much more menus and options there than normal McDonald's restaurants. A McDonald's in Kaohsiung, Taiwan is thought to be taller. +Menu. +There is the normal McDonald's menu. There are also more than 50 items, including brick oven pizza, Belgian waffles, customized pasta dishes, omelets, other items on the "Gourmet Bistro" menu and other items on an expanded dessert menu, including ice cream. +Restaurant. +The World's Largest Entertainment McDonald's, which is very bad, is three stories tall and has a 22-foot-tall PlayPlace, more than 100 arcade games and a waving 30-foot-tall image of Ronald McDonald at the entrance. The restaurant was opened in 1976 and was closed for renovation in 2015 and opened again. It was built again and opened in 2016. The restaurant has a "Create Your Own" menu and never closes. + += = = Planned obsolescence = = = +Planned obsolescence (also called built-in obsolescence or premature obsolescence) is an idea in economics and product design. Planned obsolescence is when someone makes a product so that it will wear out after only a short time. It will either stop working, work much worse than before, or be unfashionable. This way, the person who bought the product must buy a new one sooner than if the old product had lasted a long time. This is often called ""shortening the replacement cycle."" +Planned obsolescence works when company selling the product has few or no other companies making the same product, because the consumer has few choices. Before choosing this strategy, the producer has to make sure that the consumer will likely buy from them again and not from someone else. Usually, there is information asymmetry: the producer knows how long the product was designed to last, and the consumer does not. However, when many companies make the same product, they compete. Then product lifespans often increase. In the 1960s and 1970s, the first Japanese cars were sold in America. Because they had longer lifespans than the American car models, American car manufacturers were forced to build cars that lasted longer. +History. +In 1924, the American market for cars became saturated. That meant that almost everyone who could buy a car had already bought one. In order to still sell about the same number of cars, Alfred P. Sloan Jr. who worked at General Motors suggested that new cars should look different every year. This way, at least some car owners would buy a new car every year. This idea was not new. It had already been tried with bicycles, but people say it was Sloan's idea. Sloan often used the words "dynamic obsolescence", but people who did not like the idea called it "planned obsolescence". +This plan changed many things in the automobile industry, product design field and eventually the whole American economy. Smaller companies could not afford to re-style their car models every year. Henry Ford did not like the idea either. Ford was an engineer, and he liked simplicity, economies of scale, and strong design. In 1931, GM sold more cars than Ford and became the strongest company making cars. Changing the design every year meant GM had to use a body-on-frame structure rather than the lighter unibody design used by most European automakers because unibody is harder to change. +The words "planned obsolescence" were first seen in print in 1932 in Bernard London's pamphlet "Ending the Depression Through Planned Obsolescence". London said the government should tell manufacturers of personal-use items to use planned obsolescence so people would always buy them. However, the phrase became famous in 1954 because of Brooks Stevens, an American industrial designer. Stevens was due to give a talk at an advertising conference in Minneapolis in 1954. Without giving it much thought, he used the term as the title of his talk. From that point on, "planned obsolescence" became Stevens' catchphrase. Stevens said planned obsolescence was "Instilling in the buyer the desire to own something a little newer, a little better, a little sooner than is necessary." +Other people quickly began to use the phrase. By the late 1950s, "planned obsolescence" had become a common term for products designed to break easily or to quickly go out of style. The idea of planned obsolescence was so widely known that, in 1959, Volkswagen made jokes about it in an advertising campaign. Volkswagen tried to make it look as though it did not use planned obsolescence: "We do not believe in planned obsolescence," the ads said. "We don't change a car for the sake of change." In the famous Volkswagen advertising campaign by Doyle Dane Bernbach, one advert showed an almost blank page with the line "No point in showing the 1962 Volkswagen, it still looks the same." +In 1960, cultural critic Vance Packard wrote "The Waste Makers", which was meant to be an exposé of "the systematic attempt of business to make us wasteful, debt-ridden, permanently discontented individuals." Packard divided planned obsolescence into two sub categories: obsolescence of desirability and obsolescence of function. +"Obsolescence of desirability," a.k.a. "psychological obsolescence," referred to marketers' attempts to wear out a product in the owner's mind. Packard quoted industrial designer George Nelson, who wrote:"Design... is an attempt to make a contribution through change. When no contribution is made or can be made, the only process available for giving the illusion of change is 'styling!'" + += = = 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship = = = +The 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship was the 20th edition of the UEFA European Under-21 Championship. The champions were Sweden. +Qualification. +Qualification for the final tournament of the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship consisted of two rounds: a group stage and a play-off round. The group stage draw took place on 31 January 2013 in Nyon, Switzerland, and distributed 52 national teams into ten groups of five or six teams. Each group was contested in a double round-robin system, where teams played each other twice, at home and away. The ten group winners and the four best second-placed teams advanced to the play-off round, where they were paired by draw into seven two-legged ties. The play-off winners joined the Czech Republic in the final tournament. +Qualified teams. +The following teams qualified for the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship final tournament: +Venues and stadiums. +The competition was played at four venues in three host cities: Eden Arena and Generali Arena (in Prague), Andrův stadion (in Olomouc), and Stadion Miroslava Valenty (in Uherské Hradiště). +Match officials. +The match officials of the tournament: +Seeding. +The draw for the final tournament took place at 18:00 CET on 6 November 2014, at the Clarion Congress Hotel in Prague. England, the highest-ranked team according to the competition coefficient rankings, and the host team, Czech Republic, were seeded and automatically assigned to separate groups. The second and third-ranked teams in the coefficient rankings, Italy and Germany, were also seeded and drawn into separate groups, while the four unseeded teams were drawn into the remaining positions of the two groups. +Squads. +Each national team had to submit a squad of 23 players, three of whom had to be goalkeepers. If a player was injured or ill severely enough to prevent his participation in the tournament before his team's first match, he could be replaced by another player. +Format of competitions. +The eight finalists were drawn into two groups of four teams. As hosts, Czech Republic were seeded in group A, while England, the best-ranked team in the UEFA coefficient ranking, were seeded in group B. In each group, teams played matches against each other in a round-robin system, and the top two teams advanced to the semi-finals. +The provisional schedule was released by UEFA on 10 November 2014, and confirmed on 2 December 2014. All times are in Central European Summer Time (). +After the conclusion of the group stage, the following four teams from UEFA qualified for the Olympic football tournament. +Tie-breaking. +If two or more teams were equal on points on completion of the group matches, the following tie-breaking criteria were applied: +If, after having applied criteria 1 to 3, teams still had an equal ranking, criteria 1 to 3 were reapplied exclusively to the matches between the teams in question to determine their final rankings. If this procedure did not lead to a decision, criteria 4 to 6 were applied. +If only two teams were tied (according to criteria 1–5) after having met in the last match of the group stage, their ranking would have been determined by a penalty shoot-out. +Group A. +<onlyinclude> +</onlyinclude> +Group B. +<onlyinclude> +</onlyinclude> +Knockout stage. +In the knockout stage, extra time and penalty shoot-out were used to decide the winner if necessary. +Awards. +Golden Boot. +The Golden Boot is given to the player who scored the most goals during the tournament. +Player of the tournament. +After the tournament the U21 EURO Player of the Tournament is selected by the UEFA Technical Observers. +Team of the tournament. +After the tournament the Under-21 Team of the Tournament is selected by the UEFA Technical Observers. +Broadcasting. +Countries who are not covered by a local broadcaster had the matches broadcast on YouTube. +Ambassador. +Former Czech Republic midfielder Pavel Nedvěd was the ambassador for the tournament. + += = = The Truth Is = = = +The Truth Is is the third studio album by English singer and songwriter Alexandra Burke. It was released on 16 March 2018 through Decca Records. Recording for the album started in 2013 and finished in early 2018. The first single from the album, "Shadow", was released on 9 February to BBC Radio 2, and to digital download and streaming on 23 February. The album entered and peaked at number 16 on the UK Albums Chart, spending only one week in the top 100. It is Burke's first album since 2012's "Heartbreak on Hold" and her first album since leaving Syco. +Track listing. +Notes + += = = Heartbreak on Hold = = = +Heartbreak on Hold is the second studio album by British recording artist Alexandra Burke. It was released digitally on 1 June 2012 through Syco and RCA Records, and a physical version was issued three days later. The album marks her final record with both record labels, parting between 2012 and the following year. Burke started working on the album in late 2010, and worked with Cutfather, Erick Morillo, Autumn Rowe, and Ben Adams, as well as other producers and writers. Burke had also worked with RedOne, who previously produced a most of her debut album "Overcome" (2009), but none of their music that they made together were included on the album. +Critical reception. +"Heartbreak on Hold" received mixed reviews from music critics. +Track listing. +Notes + += = = 2021 UEFA Champions League Final = = = +The 2021 UEFA Champions League Final was the final match of the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League, the 66th season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 29th season since it was renamed from the European Cup to the UEFA Champions League. It was played at the Estádio do Dragão in Porto, Portugal on 29 May 2021, between English clubs Manchester City, in their first European Cup final, and 2012 winners Chelsea. This was the third all-English final in the competition, after the 2008 and 2019 finals. +The final was originally scheduled to be played at the Krestovsky Stadium in Saint Petersburg, Russia. However, due to the postponement and relocation of the 2020 final to Lisbon as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, the final hosts were moved back a year, with the Atatürk Olympic Stadium in Istanbul, Turkey instead planning to host the 2021 final. Two weeks before the final, UEFA announced that it would be relocated to Porto to allow a limited number of fans to attend the match. A capacity limit of 33% was agreed for the 50,000-seater Estádio do Dragão, resulting in an attendance of 14,110. +Chelsea won the final 1–0 for their second UEFA Champions League title, with Kai Havertz scoring the only goal of the game late in the first half. As winners, they earned the right to play against the winners of the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League, Villarreal, in the 2021 UEFA Super Cup, and also qualified for the 2021 FIFA Club World Cup, both of which they won. +Teams. +"In the following table, finals until 1992 were in the European Cup era, since 1993 were in the UEFA Champions League era." +Venue. +The match was the fourth European Cup/Champions League final to take place in Portugal, and the first to take place outside Lisbon, which previously hosted finals in 1967 at the Estádio Nacional and in 2014 and 2020 at the Estádio da Luz. This was the first time the European Cup/Champions League final took place in the same country in successive seasons. The Estádio do Dragão previously hosted matches at UEFA Euro 2004 and the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals. Additionally, this final was the first since 2004 to be held in a stadium with capacity lower than 60,000. +Initial host selection. +An open bidding process was launched on 22 September 2017 by UEFA to select the venues of the finals of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Europa League, and UEFA Women's Champions League in 2020. Associations had until 31 October 2017 to express interest, and bid information must be submitted by 1 March 2018. Associations hosting matches at UEFA Euro 2020 were not allowed to bid for the 2020 UEFA Champions League final. +UEFA announced on 3 November 2017 that two associations had expressed interest in hosting the 2020 UEFA Champions League final. +The Atatürk Olympic Stadium was selected by the UEFA Executive Committee during their meeting in Kyiv on 24 May 2018. +On 17 June 2020, the UEFA Executive Committee announced that due to the postponement and relocation of the 2020 final to the Estádio da Luz, Istanbul would instead host the 2021 final. +Relocation to Porto. +Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, Premier League side Aston Villa offered to have Villa Park in Birmingham as the venue for the Champions League Final instead of Istanbul to hold 8,000 English fans, which could be affected by travel limitations. Villa Park has previously hosted the 1999 Cup Winners' Cup Final, the last final of that UEFA competition. It also hosted the 2012 FA Community Shield, also contested between Manchester City and Chelsea, due to Wembley Stadium – England's national stadium – hosting the Olympic football tournament finals in the previous days, being picked in part because of its equal distances between Manchester and London. On 7 May 2021, Secretary of State for Transport Grant Shapps advised against any fans traveling to Turkey for the game. +In negotiations with the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, UEFA would only consider Wembley as a potential venue within the United Kingdom, and required guarantees that their officials, sponsors and journalists would be exempt from the UK COVID-19 travel restrictions. The British Government was unable to agree to this, and on 13 May 2021, UEFA announced the final was relocated to the Estádio do Dragão in Porto, Portugal, a country that was on the British "green list" for unrestricted travel during the pandemic. +Background. +Manchester City were playing in their first European Cup/UEFA Champions League final. They had previously played in one European final, the 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup Final, and won. They became the ninth English side to play in a European Cup/UEFA Champions League final. This was the third UEFA Champions League final for manager Pep Guardiola, and his first since the two wins with Barcelona in 2009 and 2011, both against Manchester United. City were seeking to become the first club to win its first European Cup/UEFA Champions League final since Borussia Dortmund in 1997, which seven clubs had failed to do in between. +Chelsea were playing in their third European Cup/UEFA Champions League final, and the first since their win in 2012 away against Bayern Munich. In addition, they had previously played in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup and UEFA Europa League finals twice each – winning all. In addition, Chelsea became the first club ever to see its men's and women's teams reach the Champions League final in the same season, having qualified for the 2021 UEFA Women's Champions League Final as well. Head coach Thomas Tuchel became the first manager to reach the European Cup/UEFA Champions League final in successive seasons with different clubs, having lost the 2020 final to Bayern Munich while coaching Paris Saint-Germain. +This was the third all-English final in the history of the competition, after 2008 in Moscow between Chelsea and Manchester United and 2019 in Madrid between Liverpool and Tottenham Hotspur. This was also the third consecutive Champions League final to feature a first-time finalist, after Tottenham in 2019 and Paris Saint-Germain in 2020. +This was the third meeting between the teams in Europe, having previously met in the semi-finals of the 1970–71 European Cup Winners' Cup, where Chelsea won both legs 1–0 en route to their first European trophy. It was also the second major cup final between them, after the 2019 EFL Cup Final, which City won on penalties following a goalless draw after extra time. The teams met twice during the season's Premier League, with each side winning away: City won the first match 3–1 at Stamford Bridge, while Chelsea won the second 2–1 at Etihad Stadium three weeks before the final. Three weeks before the second league encounter, Chelsea also beat City 1–0 in the FA Cup semi-finals, denying City the chance of winning an unrivaled quadruple. +Road to the final. +"Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first (H: home; A: away)." +Notes +Pre-match. +Officials. +On 12 May 2021, UEFA named Spaniard Antonio Mateu Lahoz as the referee for the final. He was joined by six of his fellow countrymen, including assistant referees Pau Cebrián Devís and Roberto Díaz Pérez del Palomar. Carlos del Cerro Grande served as the fourth official, while Alejandro Hernández Hernández acted as the video assistant referee. Juan Martínez Munuera and Íñigo Prieto López de Cerain were appointed as assistant VAR officials, along with Polish referee Paweł Gil. +Opening ceremony. +American DJ and electronic music producer Marshmello performed a virtual show for the opening ceremony before the match, along with Selena Gomez and Khalid. +Details. +A "home" team was determined, for "administrative purposes," through a special draw held on 19 March 2021, after the quarter-final and semi-final draws. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> + += = = Omiécourt = = = +Omiécourt is a former commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Hypercourt. + += = = Fleury, Somme = = = +Fleury is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Flixecourt = = = +Flixecourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fluy = = = +Fluy is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Heucourt-Croquoison = = = +Heucourt-Croquoison is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Guyencourt-Saulcourt = = = +Guyencourt-Saulcourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Folies = = = +Folies is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Freilassing = = = +Freilassing (), until 1923 Salzburghofen, is a town in Berchtesgadener Land, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. Freilassing can be seen as the biggest suburb of Salzburg. + += = = Laufen, Germany = = = +Laufen or Laufen an der Salzach (Bavarian: "Laffa an da Soizach") is a town in Berchtesgadener Land, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. +Sister towns and cities. +Laufen, Germany is twinned with: + += = = Bayerisch Gmain = = = +Bayerisch Gmain (Bavarian: "Boarisch Gmoa") is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Megadrought = = = +A megadrought is an extended drought. It lasts two decades or more. Megadroughts in the past were linked with La Niña conditions lasting for many years. +The term "megadrought" generally refers to the length of a drought, not its intensity. Multiyear droughts lasting one decade or less, like the Dust Bowl drought of the 1930s, are not a megadrought though they lasted a long time. +Megadroughts have caused people to move away from the drought-affected areas. One example is Ancestral Puebloans in the Southwestern United States. + += = = Marktschellenberg = = = +Marktschellenberg (Bavarian: "Marktschellnberg", "Marktschejnberg" and "Schejnbeag") is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Schönau am Königssee = = = +Schönau am Königssee (Bavarian: "Scheenau am Kenigssää") is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. It is located at the northern end of the Königssee lake. + += = = Bodman-Ludwigshafen = = = +Bodman-Ludwigshafen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Schneizlreuth = = = +Schneizlreuth (Bavarian and Western variant: "Schneizlreith") is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Bischofswiesen = = = +Bischofswiesen (West Central Bavarian: "Bischofswiesn") is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Dendropsophus reichlei = = = +Dendropsophus reichlei is a frog that lives in Bolivia, Peru and Brazil. +The adult male frog is 17.7–19.0 mm long from nose to rear end and one adult female was 21.5 mm long. This frog has smooth skin on its back with only a few small bumps. Its skin is light brown to red-brown to purple-brown in color. It has many small spots and marks. The area around its ear is dark in color. There are one or two small white spots under the eye. The skin where the back legs meet the body can be yellow or orange. The throat and belly are yellow. This frog has some webbed skin on its front feet and more on its back feet. +This frog lives in trees. It lives high in the branches in swamps, flooded places, or forests that do not flood. Many leafy plants, ferns, and palms grow where this frog likes to live. + += = = Saaldorf-Surheim = = = +Saaldorf-Surheim (Bavarian: "Soidorf-Surhoam") is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Ramsau bei Berchtesgaden = = = +Ramsau (Bavarian: "Ramsau bei Berchtesgoan") is a municipality in the Bavarian Alps. It is located on the Königssee in Berchtesgadener Land, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. It is close to the border with Austria, south of Salzburg and south-east of Munich. It is situated north of the Berchtesgaden National Park. + += = = Sopron District = = = +The Sopron District (; ) is a district in the western part of Győr-Moson-Sopron County. "Sopron" is also the name of the district seat in the Sopron District. The Sopron District is located in Western Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 1 urban county, 2 towns, 1 large village and 35 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2012) +The bolded municipalities are cities, "italics" municipality is large village. + += = = Bethany Hall-Long = = = +Bethany Hall-Long (born November 12, 1963) is an American politician. Since 2017, she has been the 26th lieutenant governor of Delaware under Governor John Carney. Hall-Long also served in the Delaware Senate from 2008 to 2016 and the Delaware House of Representatives from 2002 to 2008. She is a member of the Democratic Party. +In September 2023, Hall-Long announced her candidacy for Governor of Delaware for the 2024 election. +Early life. +Hall-Long was born on November 12, 1963, in Sussex County. She was raised on a farm with her two older brothers. Hall earned a BSN from Thomas Jefferson University, an MSN from the Medical University of South Carolina, and a PhD in health policy and nursing administration from George Mason University. +Hall-Long began a teaching career at George Mason University before moving to the University of Delaware, where she is a professor of nursing. + += = = Districts of Hungary = = = +The Districts of Hungary (Hungarian: "járások") are the second-level divisions of Hungary after counties. In total, there are 174 districts in Hungary and in the 19 counties, and there are 23 districts in Budapest. + += = = Tét District = = = +The Tét District () is a district in the southern part of Győr-Moson-Sopron County. "Tét" is also the name of the district seat in the Tét District. The Tét District is located in Western Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 1 town and 13 villages. +The bolded municipality is the city. + += = = Győr District = = = +The Győr District () is a district in the eastern part of Győr-Moson-Sopron County. "Győr" is also the name of the district seat in the Győr District. The Győr District is located in Western Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 1 urban county and 34 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2012) +The bolded municipality is the city. + += = = Marquinhos Trad = = = +Marcos Marcello Trad (born August 28, 1964), is a Brazilian lawyer and politician, Currently a candidate for the government of Mato Grosso do Sul in the state elections in 2022 in Brazil, he was mayor of Campo Grande from 2017 to 2022. +He is the son of ex-congressman Nelson Trad and Therezinha Mandetta, brother of ex-mayor of Campo Grande, Nelson Trad Filho, and ex-congressman Fábio Trad; graduated in Law from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ). +As a lawyer, he joined the section in Mato Grosso do Sul of the Brazilian Bar Association as a counselor, then chaired the Ethics and Discipline Commission. Member and presided over the State Sports Court (TJD-MS). + += = = Avneet Kaur = = = +Avneet Kaur (born 13 October 2001) is an Indian actress, dancer and model. She is known for portraying Princess Yasmine in "Aladdin – Naam Toh Suna Hoga" and Charumati in "Chandra Nandini". + += = = Griselda Blanco = = = +Griselda Blanco Restrepo (February 15, 1943 – September 3, 2012), better known as the "Cocaine Godmother", "Black Widow" and "La Madrina", was a Colombian drug lord of the Medellín Cartel. She was also involved in the Miami-based cocaine trafficking and organized crime between the 1980s and 2000s. It has been said that Blanco was responsible for almost 2,000 murders as she was transporting cocaine from Colombia to New York City, Southern California and Miami. On September 3, 2012, she was shot dead at age of sixty-nine. +Background. +Blanco was the first-ever billionaire female criminal. She was in charge of her multi-billion dollar drug trafficking business. +Blanco first started the drug trade business in the mid-1970s. She was indicted in April 1975 on federal drug conspiracy charges. She left the United States and went to Colombia before she could be arrested. However, in the late 1970s, she came back to the United States. This time, Blanco settled in Miami. +Arrest. +On February 18, 1985, Blanco was arrested by cops. In 2004, after Blanco was released from prison, she was deported to Columbia. +Retirement and death. +Blanco reportedly retired from a life of crime. On September 3, 2012, a gunman in a motorcycle shot her to death as she left a butcher shop in Medellín. She was 69 years old. + += = = Drug lord = = = +A drug lord, also called a drug kingpin is a criminal boss who controls a sizable network of the people involved in the illegal drug trade. Such people are often hard to bring to justice, for they are not usually in possession of something illegal. +Examples of drug lords are Pablo Escobar, Griselda Blanco, Frank Lucas, Joaquín Guzmán and Manuel Noriega. +Drug lords have started breaking the larger drug cartels into much smaller groups. With newer technology, drug lords are able to manage their business better from behind the scenes. They usually keep themselves off the FBI and DEA lists. The smaller drug cartels are proving to be safer and make more money for those involved. + += = = Black (2006 video game) = = = +Black is a first-person shooter video game for PlayStation 2 and Xbox in 2006, then two years later ported into Xbox 360 in 2008. Developed by Criterion Games, and published by EA Games. Black: Remastered is the latest ported exclusively for Xbox One. + += = = Stockach = = = +Stockach is a town in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Allensbach = = = +Allensbach is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Hot Shots Golf 3 = = = +Hot Shots Golf 3, also known in Japan as , is a sport video game exclusive for PlayStation 2. This is the first "Hot Shots Golf" series was not released in Europe and Australia. +Trivia. +A bonus golfer in North American version was John Daly will be unlocked, after beating the game. + += = = Eigeltingen = = = +Eigeltingen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Gaienhofen = = = +Gaienhofen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. +Gaienhofen has two museums: the Hermann-Hesse-Höri-Museum and Otto-Dix-Haus. +History. +The municipality has four villages: Gaienhofen, Gundholzen, Hemmenhofen and Horn. +Twin towns. +Gaienhofen is twinned with: + += = = Gailingen am Hochrhein = = = +Gailingen am Hochrhein is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Hilzingen = = = +Hilzingen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Hohenfels, Konstanz = = = +Hohenfels is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Moos, Baden-Württemberg = = = +Moos is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Öhningen = = = +Öhningen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Mühlhausen-Ehingen = = = +Mühlhausen-Ehingen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Mühlingen = = = +Mühlingen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Tengen, Germany = = = +Tengen is a town in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Rielasingen-Worblingen = = = +Rielasingen-Worblingen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is on the border with Switzerland. + += = = Kingston, Norfolk Island = = = +Kingston (Norfuk: "Daun a'Taun") is the administrative centre of Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia. It is the second-oldest settlement in Australia. It was founded a little over a month after Sydney. + += = = Burnt Pine = = = +Burnt Pine (Norfuk: "Ban Pain") is the largest town on Norfolk Island, an external territory of Australia. As of 2007, the town had a population of 180. + += = = Intifada = = = +Intifada (Arabic: �������) is an Arabic word. In Arabic, intifada means "shaking off". An intifada can be seen as a way for people to "shake off" a power that is oppressing them, a so called "uprising" against that power. The term Intifada is most famous for the two Palestinian uprisings in the 1980s and 2000s. These two intifadas are considered part of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. There were also other intifadas outside of Palestine, the protests in Bahrain against British presence from 1965 until 1972 are called the 'March Intifada'. +List of intifadas. +The First Intifada took place from 1987 to 1993, when Palestinians rebelled against the Israeli power. +The Second Intifada began in 2000 and lasted until 2005. This Intifada is sometimes called the Al-Aqsa Intifada and was also where Palestinians rebelled against the Israeli power. +The March Intifada in Bahrain broke out in March 1965 and protests were renewed every year until 1972. This Intifada was about people from Bahrain against the British power. +First Intifada (1987-1993). +The period of the first Intifada started on 9 December 1987 and ended with the in 1993. This Intifada lasted a total of six years. +The Palestinian unrest which led to the outbreak of the first intifada started with the Israeli settlements on Palestinian territory, forcing Palestinians to leave their land. Other reasons for the Palestinian rebellion were the worsening economy and the limited access to jobs. +Start of the First Intifada. +The first protests against Israel's occupation erupted in Gaza. A car belonging to the Israeli army drove into a Palestinian car, killing all four occupants on 8 December 1987. That night, protests broke out in a Palestinian refugee camp during the funeral of the victims. It became a Palestinian mass uprising against the occupation, Palestinians came into active resistance. +A party (Unified National Leadership of the Uprising: ) was established which brought together all important Palestinian organizations and parties that already opposed Israel before the Intifada. +Casualties and overview. +The first Intifada is often known for its nonviolent nature. The nonviolent resistance from Palestinians existed of the boycott of Israeli products, strikes and the refusal to pay taxes or other obligated payments to Israel. However, the idea that the intifada was nonviolent is not correct. The more violence Palestinians used the more violent the Israeli responses became. +In 1989 the Israeli security forces switched to extreme violent tactics in this period. The Israeli tactics from this period led to a peak in Palestinian violence as well. +An estimated number of 1282 Palestinians died and more than 130.472 became injured during the six year period of the Intifada. For every three Palestinians that died, less than one Israeli was killed. +End of the First Intifada. +The Intifada officially ended on the 13th of September 1993, when the was signed by the PLO and Israeli government. This declaration was also the start of the Oslo accords, in which Palestine and Israel would start to discuss the many issues on autonomy, borders, refugees and Jerusalem. +Second Intifada (2000-2005). +The period of the Second Intifada is marked from September 2000 until February 2005, even though opinions may differ about when it ended. The Second Intifada was more violent than the first. +Overview. +After the First Intifada ended in 1993, there was still a lot of discontent among the Palestinians. They didn't agree with how the Oslo accords were followed by Israel. When the Israeli premier Ariel Sharon visited the Temple Mount in a provocative way, it was the last straw for the Palestinians. This is why some people also call this uprising the 'Al-Aqsa Intifada'. +The Second Intifada began with Palestinian demonstrations. These started in Jerusalem, but quickly spread to the West Bank. In the beginning the Palestinians mostly threw rocks and were not obedient towards the Israelis, the Israelis were heavily armed. +Later on, the Palestinians used other, more deadly tactics. Some of them were suicide bombings, snipers and rocket attacks. +In 2002, during the Second Intifada, the Israeli government decided to build a barrier between Israel and the West Bank. +Another important event during the Second Intifada was the Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip. This happened after things escalated between Hamas and the Israeli occupiers, which resulted in many deaths on both sides. +The ending and aftermath. +In 2005, after more than 5 years, the Second Intifada came to an end. In 2004 the intensity of the uprising was already fading. This was because of the Palestinians becoming weary, struggling against the strong lasting Israeli defense. +The Second Intifada was more violent than the first one, causing over 3000 Palestinian and nearly 1000 Israeli deaths. +March Intifada (Bahrain). +In March 1965 an Intifada broke out in Bahrain. The goal of the uprising was to stop the British presence in Bahrain. This Intifada was mostly led by groups with leftists ideas. Multiple people died, because of the violence the police used several times during the demonstrations. The protests started when a huge amount of workers from the Bahrain Petroleum company resigned. It changed fast into a general strike against the British. +The protests continued to happen annually until 1972. In 1972 the government agreed to talk with the opposition and they allowed three members from the workers union to join the government. The Bahrain Intifada took officially from 1965 to 1975. + += = = Sơn Tùng M-TP = = = +Nguyễn Thanh Tùng (born July 5, 1994), known professionally as Sơn Tùng M-TP, is a Vietnamese singer-songwriter and actor. His self-written 2012 and 2013 singles, "Cơn mưa ngang qua" and "Em của ngày hôm qua" launched his career. These were followed by successful singles such as "Chắc ai đó sẽ về", "Lạc trôi" and "Nơi này có anh". In 2017, Tùng released the compilation album "m-tp M-TP" and published his autobiography, "Chạm tới giấc mơ". His record label, M-TP Entertainment, was founded in lately 2016. His other works include the M-TP Ambition - Chuyến bay đầu tiên concert tour (2015–2016), a starring role in the 2014 film "Dandelion" (which earned him a Golden Kite Prize for Young Prominent Actor) and an appearance as a contestant on the television series "The Remix". Called a "Prince of V-pop" for his popularity, Tùng has received many accolades which include a MTV Europe Music Award, a Dedication Music Award, a Mnet Asian Music Award, seven "Green Wave" Awards and an inclusion on "Forbes Vietnam"'s 2018 30 Under 30 list. +Life and career. +2017–present: "m-tp M-TP", "Sky Tour Movie" and "Chúng ta". +In April 2017, Tùng released the compilation album "m-tp M-TP". In June 2017, Tùng performed at the Viral Fest Asia in Bangkok, Thailand, and conducted a second M-TP & Friends concert in Hanoi in the following month. He starred in "Âm bản" (2017), and took part on "Gia đình tôi chọn" in that August. The singer's autobiography, "Chạm tới giấc mơ", was published in September. +In May 2018, his single "Run Now" was released with a music video featuring Thai actress Davika Hoorne. Later in July, the singer played a fictionalized version of himself in "Chuyến đi của thanh xuân". Tùng's collaboration with rapper Snoop Dogg, "Give It to Me", was released in July 2019. The accompanied video features an appearance by singer Madison Beer and set a 24-hour record for Vietnamese music videos with 25.8 million YouTube views on the first day. This record was previously held by "Chạy ngay đi" (17.6 million views). +The singer embarked on his second nationwide concert tour, Sky Tour, from July to August 2019. The tour was chronicled in the documentary film, "Sơn Tùng M-TP: Sky Tour Movie", which debuted in June 2020. Dubbed as Vietnam’s first musical documentary, it grossed ₫5.5 billion (US$238.700) after the first three days of release even with mixed reviews. Netflix went on to distribute the film globally. +Later that year, Tùng released "Có chắc yêu là đây" and the lead single from his forthcoming extended play "Chúng ta", "Chúng ta của hiện tại". The former became the 4th-most streamed music video premiere on YouTube at the time with 901.000 concurrent viewers. Tùng also became the first Vietnamese musician to enter the "Billboard" Social 50 chart that July at number 28. +In January 2021, Tùng collaborated with online multiplayer battle royale game Garena Free Fire, as part of the collaboration character named "Skyler" based on Tùng was added to game, the same month official theme song for the character was dropped by Tùng on YouTube. + += = = Stephen Gately = = = +Stephen Patrick David Gately (17 March 1976 – 10 October 2009) was an Irish pop singer-songwriter, actor and dancer. He was the co-lead singer of the pop group Boyzone with Ronan Keating. With Boyzone, Gately had a record-breaking sixteen singles in a row enter the top five of the UK Singles Chart. He also wrote the children's book "The Tree of Seasons". It was released in May 2010, seven months after his death. +Gately was born in Sherriff Street, Dublin. He was openly gay. +On 10 October 2009, Gately died at his home in Andratx, Mallorca, in the Spanish Balearic Islands. He was 33. He died due to a pulmonary oedema caused by a heart condition that was not diagnosed. + += = = Attack Force Z = = = +Attack Force Z is a 1982 Taiwanese Australian World War II drama movie directed by Tim Burstall and starring Mel Gibson, Sam Neill, John Phillip Law, Chris Haywood, John Waters, Sylvia Chang. + += = = Bardock = = = +Bardock is a Dragon Ball character. He is a Saiyan mercenary and the father of Goku and Raditz. He was given the ability to see the future. He tries to protect his planet. +Appearances. +Bardock starts off as a Saiyan mercenary who destroys planets with his wife and teammates. He is the father of Goku. He is a skilled martial artist. He first appeared in the movie, "Bardock son of goku", where he is warned by the Kusannas leader's Power, who he gave Bardock to see his terrible actions. He sees the future and tries to warn everybody about Frieza, but no one believes him. +After Kakarot was sent to Earth and Raditz on a mission, Bardock and Gine prepare for their planter's destruction. Bardock survived and lands on planet plant where he becomes a hero and the first super Saiyan and kills Frieza's ancestor chill. +Bardock appears in most of the dragon Ball video games and merchandise. + += = = Volkertshausen = = = +Volkertshausen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Reichenau, Baden-Württemberg = = = +Reichenau is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. +The Reichenau Island is on the Untersee, the western part of Lake Constance. + += = = Orsingen-Nenzingen = = = +Orsingen-Nenzingen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. +It is made up of two villages: Nenzingen and Orsingen. + += = = Darter = = = +The darters, anhingas, or snakebirds is a family of aquatic birds which resemble pelicans. They mainly occur in the tropics. +There are four living species. Three of the species are common, the fourth is rarer, and listed as near-threatened by the IUCN. +The term "snakebird" is used for any of these species: They have a long thin neck. When they swim, only the head and neck are visible. This looks like a snake. "Darter" is a term that refers to they way these birds catch fish: They impale the fish with their beak. The American darter is sometimes called "anhinga". Sometimes it is called water turkey, even though it is unrelated to the turkey. + += = = Godzilla, King of the Monsters! = = = + Godzilla, King of the Monsters! is a 1956 Japanese-American disaster science fiction horror action giant monster film directed by Terry Morse and Ishiro Honda. +References. + += = = Wikipedia App = = = +The Wikipedia App is the official app of the Wikipedia online encyclopedia for mobile internet devices developed by the Wikimedia Foundation. As of 2015, it works under operating systems: Android (distributed via Google Play), BlackBerry (via ), IOS (via ), Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 (via Microsoft Store). As of 2021, also works with Windows 10 and Windows 11 via Microsoft Store. The Wikimedia Foundation also released the official Wikimedia Commons application for uploading graphic images to Wikimedia Commons. At the same time, in addition to official applications, independent developers have released a large number of unofficial applications for Wikipedia reading, some of them download data directly from the Wikipedia site, other applications use the MediaWiki API. + += = = Folleville, Somme = = = +Folleville is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fontaine-le-Sec = = = +Fontaine-le-Sec is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Economies of scale = = = +In economics, economies of scale means that when more units of a product are made at the same time, the cost it takes to produce a single unit will go down. When making a product, there is a maximum capacity that can be made, at a given time. This capacity depends on the ways in which the product is made. If it is made by machines, these machines have a maximum number they can produce. Wanting to produce more than this number means new machines (or a new way to make these products) are needed. Adam Smith first had this idea of economy of scale, which he obtained through division of labour. +The opposite of economies of scale are diseconomies of scale. + += = = Yaaa Ayyuhal Lazeena Aamanu = = = +Yaaa Ayyuhal Lazeena Aamanu (; literally meaning o you who believe), is a Quranic expression that reminds the Muslim believers in some of their daily life matters. It is a characteristic of the Medinan surah. +History. +This Quranic expression was first revealed after the migration of the prophet Muhammad to Medina in circa 623. That time, it was revealed as an important advice to the Medinan who have believed (Allah). +Meaning. +There are various meanings of the Quranic expression. It literally means o you who believe, o ye who believe, o ye of faith, o you who have believed. But, this expressions is also divided to different terms but same meaning, such as o believers, o people of faith. The term o people of faith is derived from Persian �� ��� �����. +Verses and surahs that contains the expression Yaaa Ayyuhal Lazeena Aamanu. +2:104, 2:153, 2:172, 2:178, 2:183, 2:208, 2:254, 2:264, 2:267, 2:278, 2:82, 3:100, 3:102, 3:118, 3:130, 3:149, 3:156, 3:200, 4:19, 4:29, 4:43, 4:59, 4:71, 4:94, 4:135, 4:136, 4:144, 5:1, 5:2, 5:6, 5:8, 5:11, 5:35, 5:51, 5:54, 5:57, 5:87, 5:90, 5:94, 5:95, 5:101, 5:105, 5:106, 8:15, 8:20, 8:24, 8:27, 8:29, 8:45, 9:23, 9:28, 9:34, 9:38, 9:119, 9:123, 22:77, 24:21, 24:27, 24:58, 33:9, 33:41, 33:49, 33:53, 33:56, 33:69, 33:70, 47:7, 47:33, 49:1, 49:2, 49:6, 49:11, 49:12, 57:28, 58:9, 58:11, 58:12, 59:18, 60:1, 60:10, 60:13, 61:2, 61:10, 61:14, 62:9, 63:9, 64:14, 66:6, 66:8 + += = = Chemung, New York = = = +Chemung is a town in Chemung County, New York, United States. 2,358 people lived here at the 2020 census. + += = = Acral necrosis = = = +Acral necrosis is a common symptom of the Black Death that causes skin to discolour black and can cause the area nearby to bleed. This is most common at the end of limbs (fingers, toes, ears etc.). + += = = Care Not Killing = = = +Care not Killing is a group of organisations in the United Kingdom which are opposed to euthanasia and assisted suicide. + += = = Bruno Covas = = = +Bruno Covas Lopes (7 April 1980 – 16 May 2021) was a Brazilian lawyer, economist and politician. He was a member of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB). He served as mayor of São Paulo from 2018 until his death in 2021. +Covas was born in Santos, São Paulo. His grandfather was Mário Covas, governor of the state of São Paulo. +On 16 May 2021, Covas died of gastrointestinal cancer at Hospital Sírio-Libanês in São Paulo. He was 41. He was the first mayor of São Paulo to die in office. + += = = Steißlingen = = = +Steißlingen is a municipality in the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. + += = = Prakash Karat = = = +Prakash Karat (born 7 February 1948) is an Indian communist politician. He was the General Secretary of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from 2005 to 2015. +Karat was born in Letpandan, Kachin, Burma, to a Malayali family. He is married to fellow communist politician Brinda Karat. + += = = Reducing (movie) = = = +Reducing is a 1931 American comedy movie directed by Charles Reisner and starring Marie Dressler, Polly Moran, Anita Page, Lucien Littlefield, William Collier, Jr., Sally Eilers. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. + += = = Jaz Sinclair = = = +Jasmine Sinclair Sabino (born July 22, 1994) is an American actress. She starred as Rosalind Walker in the Netflix series "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" (2018–2020). She has appeared in movies such as "Paper Towns" (2015), "When the Bough Breaks" (2016) and "Slender Man" (2018). She was born in Dallas, Texas. + += = = Real Girl = = = +Real Girl is the debut studio album by English singer and songwriter Mutya Buena. It was released on 4 June 2007 via Universal Records, following her departure from UK girl group the Sugababes in December 2005. The album features guest appearances from fellow soul singers George Michael and Amy Winehouse as well as from dance group Groove Armada. The music on the album was described as "danceable R&B". +Critical reception. +"Real Girl" received mixed reviews from music critics. + += = = National-anarchism = = = +National anarchism is a form of Anarchism that developed in the 90s that wishes to make humanity live in small tribes made up of people who belong to the same race as each other. + += = = Székesfehérvár District = = = +The Székesfehérvár District () is a district in central-western part of Fejér County. "Székesfehérvár" is also the name of the district seat in the Székesfehérvár District. The Székesfehérvár District is located in Central Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 1 urban county, 2 towns, 4 large villages and 18 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2012) +The bolded municipalities are cities, "italics" municipalities are large villages. + += = = Dunaújváros District = = = +The Dunaújváros District () is a district in south-eastern part of Fejér County. "Dunaújváros" is also the name of the district seat in the Dunaújváros District. The Dunaújváros District is located in Central Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 1 urban county, 3 towns, 3 large villages and 9 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2012) +The bolded municipalities are cities, "italics" municipalities are large villages. + += = = Bicske District = = = +The Bicske District () is a district in north-eastern part of Fejér County. "Bicske" is also the name of the district seat in the Bicske District. The Bicske District is located in Central Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 2 towns, 1 large village and 12 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2012) +The bolded municipalities are cities, "italics" municipality is large village. + += = = Sab Jholmaal Hai = = = +Sab Jholmaal Hai () is an Indian animated comedy television series that is the old version of Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal. It used to air on Sony Yay until Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal got created. The show is available in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Marathi, and Bengali. +Premise. +The story revolves around the adventures of four pets: two cats, Honey and Bunny; a dog, Zordaar; and a parrot, Popat, who live in a cozy house, owned by Miss Katkar. The pets always set off on fun and crazy adventures together. While they are usually sweet and well-mannered, the pets also save their town from evil men and thieves and help the good and poor people. +Characters. +Main. +He loves to team up and play pranks on everyone else. He is also protective of his friends. Bunny is the smarter cat, and he plays the main role to save others. +Kitty has also one crush on Bunny. +Episodes. +The Episodes of Seasons 2, Season 3 and Season 4 Streaming Available on Netflix. + += = = Dombóvár District = = = +The Dombóvár District () is a district in south-western part of Tolna County. "Dombóvár" is also the name of the district seat in the Dombóvár District. The Dombóvár District is located in Southern Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 1 town and 15 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2013) +The bolded municipality is city. + += = = Bonyhád District = = = +The Bonyhád District () is a district in southern part of Tolna County. "Bonyhád" is also the name of the district seat in the Bonyhád District. The Bonyhád District is located in Southern Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 2 towns and 23 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2013) +The bolded municipalities are cities. + += = = Tamási District = = = +The Tamási District () is a district in north-western part of Tolna County. "Tamási" is also the name of the district seat in the Tàmasi District. The Tamási District is located in Southern Transdanubia. +Municipalities. +The district has 3 towns, 2 large villages and 27 villages. (ordered by population, as of 1 January 2013) +The bolded municipalities are cities, "italics" municipalities are large villages. + += = = M2 motorway (Northern Ireland) = = = +The M2 is a motorway in Belfast and County Antrim in Northern Ireland. It is part of the unsigned European route E01, E16 and E18 roads. + += = = Fontaine-lès-Cappy = = = +Fontaine-lès-Cappy is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = M3 motorway (Northern Ireland) = = = +The M3 is a motorway in Belfast that is 0.8 miles long. It is the shortest motorway in Northern Ireland. It is one of the busiest motorways in Northern Ireland, 60,000 vehicles use it per day. + += = = Victoria Beckham (album) = = = +Victoria Beckham (stylised as VB) is the firtsh and only studio album by English singer-songwriter, Victoria Beckham. It was released on 1 October 2001 by Virgin Records. Beckham was the last member of the Spice Girls to release a solo album. The first single from the album', "Not Such an Innocent Girl," was released on 17 September 2001. The second single, "A Mind of Its Own" was released on 11 February 2002. There was susposed to be a third single, "I Wish". The single was not released due to Beckham's second pregnancy. +The album reached number ten in the United Kingdom and number twenty in Australia. +The ablum was not liked by the critics. BBC Music said the album as "a mish-mash affair of gushy sentiment and wishy-washy RnB." "NME" called the album "a new low in shameless pop slaggery". +Track listing. +Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Victoria Beckham". + += = = Fontaine-sous-Montdidier = = = +Fontaine-sous-Montdidier is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fontaine-sur-Maye = = = +Fontaine-sur-Maye is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fontaine-sur-Somme = = = +Fontaine-sur-Somme is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Forceville = = = +Forceville is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Forceville-en-Vimeu = = = +Forceville-en-Vimeu is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Ploemeur = = = +Ploemeur () is a commune. It is in Brittany in the Morbihan department in northwest France. + += = = Teisendorf = = = +Teisendorf (West Central Bavarian: "Teisendorf") is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored = = = +"Break Up with Your Girlfriend, I'm Bored" (written in all lowercase) is a song recorded by American singer Ariana Grande for her fifth studio album "Thank U, Next" (2019). The song was written by Grande and Savan Kotecha alongside its producers Max Martin and Ilya Salmanzadeh, with Grande serving as a vocal producer. It contains an interpolation of the song "It Makes Me Ill" by American boy band NSYNC, written by Kandi Burruss, Kevin Briggs, thus both are also credited as songwriters. +The song entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number two, while "7 rings" was at #1 and "thank u, next" was at #3; this made Grande the first solo artist to occupy the top three of the Hot 100 in the same week (and the first act overall since The Beatles). +Grande has performed the song during her Coachella Festival set in April 2019 (with *NSYNC) and on her Sweetener World Tour. +Credits and personnel. +Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. +Recording +Management +Personnel + += = = Fort-Mahon-Plage = = = +Fort-Mahon-Plage is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Piding = = = +Piding is a climatic spa in Berchtesgadener Land, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. It is near to the border of Austria close to Bad Reichenhall and Freilassing. + += = = A48(M) motorway = = = +The A48(M) motorway in Wales links Cardiff with Newport. The A48(M) has no junctions and opened in 1977. + += = = Numbered routes in South Africa = = = +In South Africa some roads are designated as numbered routes to help with navigation. There is a nationwide numbering scheme consisting of national, provincial and regional routes, and within various urban areas there are schemes of metropolitan route numbering. +Numbering. +In the nationwide numbering scheme, routes are divided into a hierarchy of three categories: national routes, which are the most important routes connecting major cities; provincial routes, which connecting smaller cities and towns to the national route network; and regional routes, which connect smaller towns to the route network. Route numbers are allocated to these classes as follows: +These numbers are allocated by the Route Numbering and Road Traffic Signs Sub Committee within the Roads Co-ordinating Body, an organisation which contains representatives from road authorities in national, provincial and local government. +In metropolitan numbering schemes the local authority can designate routes consisting of M followed by any number. The following metropolitan municipalities and their cities have metropolitan numbering schemes. +There are also a number of Ring Roads in South Africa found nationwide + += = = Fossemanant = = = +Fossemanant is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Sarayacu tree frog = = = +The Sarayacu tree frog or orange-shanked tree frog ("Dendropsophus parviceps") is a frog that lives in much of eastern South America, in Brazil, Venezuela, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Bolivia. Scientists have seen it between 180 and 1600 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is 14.3 to 18.7 mm long from nose to rear end. The adult female frog is 20.3 to 24.4 mm long. This frog changes color over time. It is light bronze with marks during the day and darker in color at night. +The Latin name of this frog, "parviceps" means "small head." + += = = Foucaucourt-en-Santerre = = = +Foucaucourt-en-Santerre is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Foucaucourt-Hors-Nesle = = = +Foucaucourt-Hors-Nesle is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fouencamps = = = +Fouencamps is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fouilloy, Somme = = = +Fouilloy is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Fouquescourt = = = +Fouquescourt is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Villebon-sur-Yvette = = = +Villebon-sur-Yvette is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Essonne department in north France. + += = = Reuven Fahn = = = +Reuven Fahn ( 18781939 or 1944) was a Polish Jewish writer who was active in the decades before the Holocaust. +Early life. +Reuven Fahn was born on 21 February 1878 in the village of Starunia in southeastern Austrian Galicia. Fahn could read and write in Hebrew, German, Yiddish, Polish, and Ukrainian by the age of 15. In 1897, at age 19, Fahn married Rachel Keren and moved to his wife's hometown, the Polish city of Halicz. In Halicz, Fahn was influenced by the Karaite Jewish community and their unique culture, which Fahn often wrote about in his literary works. +Mid-life and later life. +After Russia conquered eastern Galicia at the start of World War I in 1914, Fahn and many other Galician Jews fled to Vienna, the capital of Austria-Hungary. Fahn enjoyed the libraries in Vienna and worked as a librarian during his time there. He was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army on 1 December 1914. His military service ended on 2 November 1918, with Austria-Hungary's existence ending soon afterwards. Due to his house and property in Halicz being destroyed due to World War I, Fahn moved to Stanisławów (present-day Ivano-Frankivsk). Afterwards, Fahn continued his work, but as a Polish citizen. +During a 1924 trip to Mandatory Palestine, Fahn created a Galician Zionist colony there. Fahn himself thought about moving to Palestine the next year, but decided not to since he feared that Palestine would soon have an economic crisis. The decision by Fahn and many other Galician Zionists to stay in Poland ended up being deadly for them due to the Holocaust destroying most of Poland's Jewish population by 1945. In 1930, Fahn maintained a correspondence with Hayim Nahman Bialik. +Personal life. +Fahn and his first wife had two daughters. His wife died when he was 25 years old. Fahn's eldest daughter Hana was later murdered in the Holocaust while her two daughters survived. In 1905, Fahn remarried to a woman from the city of Bolechow, with whom he had a son and a daughter. Yafa, Fahn's daughter from his second marriage, died at age nine while Fahn and his family were living in Vienna. Yosef, the sickly son from Fahn's second marriage, eventually had a son of his own but he and his entire family were murdered during the Holocaust. +Fahn's exact year and date of death are not known; 1939, 1940, and 1944 were all proposed for this. One report states that he was arrested and killed by the Soviets for Zionist activities a short time before World War II began. Another, possibly more reliable report states that he was murdered by the Nazis and their local Ukrainian allies in Stanisławów at the age of 66 in 1944. + += = = Lesbophobia = = = +Lesbophobia is a fear and/or hatred of lesbians, described as the intersection of homophobia and misogyny. Even gay men can be lesbophobic. + += = = Đorđe Marjanović = = = +Đorđe Marjanović (; 30 October 1931 – 15 May 2021) was a Serbian and Yugoslav singer. +Marjanović began his career in the mid-1950s. During the 1960s he recorded a large number of hit songs and became the first superstar of the Yugoslav popular music. +In 1990, he suffered a stroke on stage, from which he partially recovered, but decided to retire. +He died on 15 May 2021, aged 89, in Belgrade from problems caused by COVID-19. + += = = Eva Wilma = = = +Eva Wilma Riefle Buckup Zarattini (; December 14, 1933 – May 15, 2021) was a Brazilian actress and dancer. She starred in the 1950s Brazilian television series "Alô, Doçura!". Wilma was born in São Paulo, Brazil. She retired in 2019. Other best known roles were in "A Flea on the Scales" and "A Indomada". +She was awarded with Prêmio Saci. +Wilma died on May 15, 2021 of ovarian cancer in São Paulo, aged 87. + += = = William Roth = = = +William Victor Roth Jr. (July 22, 1921 – December 13, 2003) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. From 1967 to 1970, he was the U.S. Representative from Delaware and from 1971 to 2001, he was a U.S. Senator. +Roth was a sponsor of legislation creating the Roth IRA, an individual retirement plan that can be set up with a broker. + += = = 2021 Texas power crisis = = = +In February 2021, the state of Texas had a major power crisis, because of three winter storms in the United States on February 10–11, 13–17, and 15–20. The crisis was caused by a massive electricity generation failure in the state of Texas; and caused shortages of water, food, and heat. +Affected places. +More than 4.5 million homes and businesses were left without power, some for several days. At least 151 people were killed. The total damage is estimated to be between $100 billion and $200 billion, making it as expensive as Hurricane Harvey and other major disasters. +Causes. +The Texas crisis's proximate causes were two unanticipated shocks induced from the sub-zero temperatures (‐2 � F in Dallas): a failure of conventional (thermal) generating supply, mostly from lack of natural gas, and a surge in electricity demand. Inadequate winterization caused freezing of the gas supply and many plants' control instruments. In a system with a winter peak of 66 GW, about 30 GW of thermal plants were unavailable. In its worst-case extreme-winter analysis, ERCOT had expected a loss of 14 GW of thermal resources. The February storm caused more than double the anticipated thermal outages. +Simultaneously, electric heaters created a powerful surge in demand. About 61% of Texans rely on electric heat, mostly low-efficiency resistance heat, in poorly insulated homes — a seemingly sensible choice in a warm climate with cheap electricity, where home heating is often unnecessary. The demand surge caused by the cold came to about 20 GW or one-third of the winter peak. ERCOT based its worst-case analysis on a 2011 winter storm, the most severe cold-weather event in Texas in twenty years. The 2021 storm was much worse than that of 2011. It created an unexpected and unsupportable demand surge. +Timeline of events. +During the weekend of February 13-14, the temperature dropped more than what ERCOT estimated and as demand for electricity hit a record, the utility had to implement rolling power outages starting early morning Monday, February 15th. Temperatures in Texas averaged 30 degrees Fahrenheit lower than the normal during. +On Tuesday, 16 GW of renewables went down, including generation from wind, and 30 GW was lost from thermal sources including coal, gas and nuclear. By Wednesday 46 GW of total electricity generation was offline with 28 GW of thermal and 18 GW of renewable. +As the demand soared and regional power generators crashed, the frequency of the system also started to drop from the normal 60 Hz to 59.3 Hz. Had the system frequency’s fallen below 59 Hz, the state’s electrical system would have suffered from cascading blackouts which would have lasted for weeks or months and could have caused physical damage to equipment. This would have been much more difficult to recover so to protect the system, load was deliberately shed by the system operator. + += = = Food bank = = = +A food bank is a non-profit, charitable organization that gives away food to those who have hard time buying enough to avoid hunger. While a it is a popular organization, many critics believe it would cause a welfare crisis. + += = = Serve America Movement = = = +The Serve America Movement (SAM) is a big tent political organization founded in 2017 by Morgan Stanley lawyer Eric Grossman. +The party has said that they want to pass the elections vote limit or use petitions to gain access in other states, in order to contest future elections. +In May 2020, SAM named David Jolly as executive chairman. Jolly is a former Republican who served as a Member of Congress from Florida's 13th congressional district from 2014 to 2017. + += = = Governor (United States) = = = +In the United States, a governor is the chief executive officer and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently territories. +Governors are responsible for passing state laws and the operation of the state executive branch. As state leaders, governors support and push for new and revised policies and programs using a variety of tools, such as through executive orders, executive budgets, and legislative proposals and vetoes. Governors are comparable to the President, but on a state level. +A majority of governors have the authority to appoint state court judges as well, in most cases from a list of names submitted by a nominations committee. + += = = Sam Sloan = = = +Samuel Howard Sloan (born September 7, 1944) is an American perennial candidate and former broker-dealer. In 1978, he was the last non-lawyer to argue a case "pro se" before the United States Supreme Court. +In 2006, Sloan was on the executive board of the United States Chess Federation. He has run unsuccessfully or attempted to run for several political offices, including President of the United States. + += = = Lise Bourdin = = = +Lise Bourdin (born 20 November 1925) is a French retired movie actress. She was born in Néris-les-Bains, Allier, France. Bourdin retired in 1959, after a ten-year movie career. +Some of her best known roles were in "Children of Love" (1953), "The River Girl" (1954), "The Last Five Minutes" (1955), "Desperate Farewell" (1955), "La ladra" (1955), "Love in the Afternoon" (1957), "The River of Three Junks" (1957), "Ces dames préfèrent le mambo" (1957) and "The Last Blitzkrieg" (1959). + += = = Jacqueline White = = = +Jacqueline Jane White (born November 27, 1922) is an American actress. She is best known her appearances in "Crossfire" and "The Narrow Margin". She worked for both MGM and RKO in the 1940s and 1950s. + += = = Jimmy Lydon = = = +James J. Lydon (May 30, 1923 – March 9, 2022) was an American actor and television producer. He was known as a teenage actor during the 1930s. +In 1953, he was cast as Murray in the aviation adventure movie "Island in the Sky", starring John Wayne. He also played Biffen Cardoza on the last six episodes of "Rocky Jones, Space Ranger" in 1954 and made appearances in "Lux Video Theatre" and "The Christophers". +Lydon easily appeared roles in television. He played Chris Thayer on "The First Hundred Years". The show was CBS' first daytime soap opera. It was performed live for three seasons of 300 episodes. +Lydon died on March 9, 2022 at his home in San Diego, California at the age of 98. + += = = Noreen Nash = = = +Noreen Nash (born Norabelle Jean Roth; April 4, 1924 – June 6, 2023) was an American actress and model. Her first movie role was in the 1943 musical movie "Girl Crazy", which starred Mickey Rooney and Judy Garland. +From 2001 until his death, Nash was married to actor James Whitmore. +Nash died at her home in Beverly Hills, California, on June 6, 2023, at the age of 99. + += = = Helen Grayco = = = +Helen Grayco (born Helen Greco; September 20, 1924 – August 20, 2022) was an American pop singer and actress. She was most famous for appearances with her husband Spike Jones on "The Spike Jones Show" in the 1950s and the 1960s. +She was also the mother of producer and Emmy recipient, Spike Jones Jr. and Leslie Ann Jones, a Grammy Award-winning recording engineer. +Grayco died on August 20, 2022 in Los Angeles, California, one month before her 98th birthday. + += = = Spike Jones = = = +Lindley Armstrong "Spike" Jones (December 14, 1911 – May 1, 1965) was an American musician, actor, comedian and bandleader. He was known for creating spoof arrangements of popular songs and classical music. +Jones and his band recorded under the title Spike Jones and His City Slickers from the early 1940s to the mid-1950s. +As an actor, he appeared in "Thank Your Lucky Stars" (1943), "Meet the People" (1944), "Bring on the Girls" (1945), "Breakfast in Hollywood" (1946) and "Variety Girl" (1947). + += = = Joyce Reynolds (actress) = = = + Helen Joyce Reynolds (October 7, 1924 - September 24, 2019) was a former American actress. She worked for Warner Bros. during the 1940s. +Reynolds made her acting debut with a small part in the 1942 movie "Yankee Doodle Dandy". She also appeared in "George Washington Slept Here" as Madge, "The Constant Nymph" as Paula Sanger, and "The Adventures of Mark Twain" as Clara Clemens. + += = = Maria Riva = = = +Maria Elizabeth Riva (née Sieber, born 13 December 1924) is a German-born American actress, writer and activist. She worked on television in the 1950s. She is the daughter of actress Marlene Dietrich. Riva was born in Berlin, Weimar Republic. Her career began in 1934. +During the 1950s, Riva appeared in more than 500 live teleplays for CBS, all broadcast from New York, including "The Milton Berle Show", "Lux Video Theatre", "Hallmark Hall of Fame", "Your Show of Shows" and "Studio One". She received Emmy nominations as best actress in both 1952 and 1953. +Riva was married to Dean Goodman from 1943 until they divorced a year later. She later married William Riva in 1947 and would remain married until his death in 1999. They had four children; including J. Michael and Peter Riva. + += = = Marilyn Knowlden = = = +Marilyn Knowlden (; born May 12, 1926) is an American former child actress. She started appearing in Hollywood movies in 1931 when she was four years old. She is known for her roles in "Imitation of Life", "Les Misérables", and "Angels with Dirty Faces". + += = = Hyouka = = = +Hyouka (or the Japanese name "��"; English: "Ice Cream") is a slice of life and a mystery novel written in 2001 by Honubo Yonezawa. It is the first volume of the "Classic Literature Club" series. There are also 2 other adaptations of this novel, which include: Anime adaptation, as well as a Manga adaptation. The anime adaptation was produced by "Kyoto Animation" and directed by "Yasuhiro Takemoto." It consists of 22 episodes filled with many mysteries, which often begin with a simple question. The anime adaption aired (or was watchable) from April 22nd to September 16th, 2012. The anime adaptation was illustrated (or drawn) by "Taskohna". +Plot. +The mystery genre of Anime and Manga was dull (or boring) until the Manga and Anime adaptation started "airing". The whole plot of Hyouka revolves around a high-school (grade 9 - 12) boy, Ho(u)taro Oreki, who solves multiple mysteries without even him noticing (except some parts where he "does"). The basic concept of Hyouka was very simple (or plain) at the time it was airing. In fact, it was too simple that many people thought it just a regular mystery anime or manga. However, as simple as the concept is, the build-up is very mesmerizing (or fascinating), to say the least. Fans who were interested "or not interested" in mystery were mesmerized by the build-up of the riddles (or mysteries), that take place in the anime or manga. + += = = Carleton Carpenter = = = +Carleton Upham Carpenter, Jr. (July 10, 1926 – January 31, 2022) was an American actor, magician, songwriter, and novelist. +Carpenter wrote material for Debbie Reynolds, Kaye Ballard, Marlene Dietrich and Hermione Gingold, and also scripts for films and television. +Carpenter was a successful mystery novelist in the 1970s and 1980s. His books include "Deadhead", "Games Murderers Play", "Cat Got Your Tongue?", "Only Her Hairdresser Knew", "Sleight of Deadly Hand", "The Peabody Experience", and "Stumped". +Carpenter died in Warwick, New York on January 31, 2022, at the age of 95. + += = = Hermione Gingold = = = +Hermione Ferdinanda Gingold (; 9 December 189724 May 1987) was an English-American actress. She was known for playing loud and energetic elderly women such as in "Gigi" (1958), "Bell, Book and Candle" (1958), "The Music Man" (1962) and "A Little Night Music" (1973). +Gingold died from heart failure caused by pneumonia at the Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan on 24 May 1987, aged 89. + += = = Betty Lynn = = = +Elizabeth Ann Theresa Lynn (August 29, 1926 – October 16, 2021) was an American retired actress. She was best known for her role as Thelma Lou, Deputy Barney Fife's girlfriend, on "The Andy Griffith Show". +She also starred in "Sitting Pretty" (1948), "June Bride" (1948), the original "Cheaper by the Dozen" (1950) and "Meet Me in Las Vegas" (1956). +Lynn died on October 16, 2021 in Mount Airy, North Carolina after a short-illness, at the age of 95. + += = = Robert Brown (American actor) = = = +Robert Brown (November 17, 1926 – September 19, 2022) was an American television actor. He was mostly active in the 1960s and 1970s. +Brown had a starring role as the charismatic, fast-talking Jason Bolt in the ABC television series "Here Come the Brides". He also starred as Carter Primus in the sea adventure television series "Primus". +Brown died in Ojai, California, on September 19, 2022, at the age of 95. + += = = Terry Kilburn = = = +Terence E. Kilburn (born 25 November 1926) is an English-American actor. He is best known for his roles as a child actor, in movies such as "A Christmas Carol" (1938) and "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1939) in the late 1930s and the early 1940s. +He was in a fifty-year relationship with actor Charles Nolte, who died in January 2010. + += = = Cora Sue Collins = = = +Cora Sue Collins (born April 19, 1927) is an American former child actress. She was known for her roles in "Queen Christina", "Anna Karenina", and "All This, and Heaven Too". + += = = Donna Martell = = = +Donna Martell (born Irene Palma de Maria, December 24, 1927) is an American former actress. She played Marie DiPaolo in "The Bob Cummings Show" and appeared in shows such as "Shotgun Slade", "Cavalcade of America", "The Range Rider", "Bat Masterson" and "Cheyenne". + += = = Sara Shane = = = +Elaine Hollingsworth (née Sterling; born May 18, 1928), known by the stage name Sara Shane, is a former American actress. She starred alongside Clark Gable in the 1955 movie "The King and Four Queens". Her last movie, 1959’s "Tarzan's Greatest Adventure", she played Angie. + += = = Kathleen Hughes = = = +Kathleen Hughes (born Elizabeth Margaret von Gerkan November 14, 1928) is an American actress. +She played in episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" (1956–1957), "Telephone Time" (1956), "The Bob Cummings Show" (1958), "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet", "77 Sunset Strip" (1959), "Hotel de Paree" (1959), "Tightrope" (1959), "General Electric Theater" (1960–1962), "The Tall Man" (1961), "Bachelor Father" (1962), "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." (1965), and "I Dream of Jeannie" (1967). + += = = Colleen Townsend = = = +Colleen Townsend Evans (born December 21, 1928) is an American actress, author and humanitarian. Her best known roles were in "The Walls of Jericho" (1948), "Chicken Every Sunday" (1949), "When Willie Comes Marching Home" and "Again Pioneers" (both 1950). + += = = Margaret Kerry = = = +Margaret Kerry (born May 11, 1929) is an American actress and radio host. She was best known for her work as the model for Tinker Bell in the 1953 Walt Disney Pictures animated feature, "Peter Pan". + += = = Ana Luisa Peluffo = = = +Ana Luisa Peluffo (born 9 October 1929) is a Mexican actress. She has appeared in more than 200 movies and television shows since 1949. She starred in the 1977 movie "Paper Flowers". She also appeared in the 1948 adventure movie "Tarzan and the Mermaids". + += = = Joyce MacKenzie = = = +Joyce Elaine MacKenzie Hassing (October 13, 1925 June 10, 2021) was an American actress. She appeared on movie and television from 1946 to 1961. She is best remembered for being the eleventh actress to portray Jane. She played the role opposite Lex Barker's Tarzan in 1953's "Tarzan and the She-Devil". She died on June 10, 2021 in Hollywood, California, at the age of 95. + += = = Claudia Barrett = = = +Claudia Barrett (born Imagene Williams; November 3, 1929April 30, 2021) was an American actress. Her other movie credits included "The Story of Seabiscuit" and "Chain Lightning", as well as one of the leads of "A Life at Stake". In 1953, she played one of the lead roles, Alice, in the low-budget science-fiction movie "Robot Monster". + += = = Betta St. John = = = +Betta St. John (born Betty Jean Striegler, November 26, 1929) is an American former actress, singer and dancer. She starred in "The Robe" (1953), "All the Brothers Were Valiant" (1953), "The Student Prince" (1954), and in "High Tide at Noon" (1957). + += = = Harrington Park, New Jersey = = = +Harrington Park is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 4,741. + += = = Gwen Graham = = = +Gwendolyn Graham (born January 31, 1963) is an American attorney and politician. Graham is the Assistant Secretary of Education for Legislation and Congressional Affairs since 2021. She was the U.S. Representative for from 2015 to 2017. She is the daughter of Bob Graham, the former United States Senator and Governor of Florida. +Graham is a Democrat. She was a candidate for Governor of Florida in the 2018 election. +In April 2021, President Joe Biden announced that Graham would be nominated to be assistant secretary of the United States Department of Education for legislation and congressional affairs. Her nomination was confirmed in the U.S. Senate on October 6, 2021 by voice vote. + += = = Namib = = = +The Namib, also known as Namibe or Namibië desert is a coastal desert in southern Africa. According to the broadest definition, the Namib stretches for more than along the Atlantic coasts of Angola, Namibia, and South Africa. +Stretching for 1,200 miles (1,931 kilometers), it is one of the oldest deserts on the planet – at least 55 million years. Although a desert, the land is inhabited by a wide range of plants and animals, including ‘desert’ elephants that can go days without water. + += = = Casio fx-991EX = = = +Casio fx-991EX is a scientific calculator made by Casio. It has 552 functions and 12 modes. +Modes. +1: Calculate. +This mode allows you for basic calculations. +2: Complex. +This mode allows you for complex calculations. +3: Base-N. +This mode allows you for calculations in base 2, 8, 10 or 16. +4: Matrix. +This mode allows you for matrices up to 4x4. +5: Vector. +This mode allows you for vector calculations. +6: Statistics. +This mode allows you for statistics. +7: Distribution. +This mode allows you for distribution calculations. +8: Spreadsheet. +This mode allows you for spreadsheets (up to 45 rows, 5 columns). +9: Table. +This mode allows you for listing calculations up to 45 (f(x)) or 30 (f(x) and g(x)) rows. +A: Equation/Func. +This mode allows you for simulatmous equations and polynomials. +B: Inequality. +This mode allows you for inequality polynomials. +C: Ratio. +This mode allows you for rational calculations. + += = = Take a Chance on Me = = = +"Take a Chance on Me" is a disco song by the Swedish music group ABBA. It was released in January 1978. +The song reached the Top 10 in the United States and United Kingdom. It hit #3 in the United States, Germany and Canada. It was also ABBA's seventh #1 song in the United Kingdom. It sold over 500,000 copies. It was awarded a gold disc. +The song was later covered by the English synthpop group Erasure and the Swedish pop group A-Teens. + += = = Mamma Mia (ABBA song) = = = +"Mamma Mia" is a song by the Swedish pop group ABBA. The song comes off the group's third studio album "ABBA". +The song was released in September 1975. In Australia, Germany, Ireland and Switzerland, the song hit #1. +In 1999, the A-Teens covered "Mamma Mia". It was later covered in 2008 by the actress Meryl Streep. + += = = Fernando (song) = = = +"Fernando" is a song from the Swedish music group ABBA. It was released in March 1976. +The song is one of ABBA's best selling singles. It sold over six million copies in 1976 alone. +The song is available in the Spanish, Swedish and English languages. +"Fernando" hit #1 in Germany, Ireland, Australia, Belgium and Switzerland. + += = = Solar luminosity = = = +Solar luminosity is the total power output of the Sun radiated to space. Solar irradiance, in contrast, is the total power per unit area at a distance of 1 AU (see solar constant). +Luminosity of the sun- 3.846*10^26 watts +or 3.846*10^33 ergs per second. + += = = Shell (computing) = = = +An operating system shell is a user interface that enables the user to interact with and access the services offered by the operating system. The user gives commands to the operating system through its shell. +In simple words - a shell is a program that accepts the input from users and excutes program on their behalf by creating a new process, and whatever the response from that particular program - which could be input, output or error - it shows back it the the user. +Various shells. +There are various types of shells: +Examples of command line operating systems are UNIX and Disk Operating System (DOS). Examples of menu driven operating systems are the DOS shell. Finally, examples of graphical user interface (GUI) operating system are Linux and Microsoft Windows. + += = = Pink Chanel suit of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy = = = +A pink suit was worn by Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy, the First Lady of the United States on November 22, 1963 when her husband, United States President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. It was raspberry pink and navy trim collared suit was matched with a trademark matching pink pillbox hat and white gloves. After President Kennedy was assassinated, Jacqueline Kennedy wanted to wear the outfit, stained with his blood, during the swearing-in of the new incoming 36th President of the United States, Lyndon B. Johnson on Air Force One. +Jacqueline Kennedy was a well known fashion icon, and this outfit is thought to be the most well known and popular of all of her items of clothing and her trademark. + += = = Pillbox hat = = = +A pillbox hat is a small hat, usually worn by women. It has a flat crown, straight and upright sides. It is named after the small cylindrical cases that pills used to be sold in. +History. +Military headwear +The pillbox hat gained popularity as military headwear. During the late Roman Empire, a similar hat, called the "Pannonian cap" was worn by soldiers. Another similar hat was worn by the Flemish during the Middle Ages. In the 19th century, pillbox hats were worn by the British Army and the Boys Brigade. In some countries, the pillbox hat is worn with a strap around the chin. +Fashion headwear +The woman's pillbox hat was created hat makers in the 1930s, gaining popularity due to its elegant style. Pillbox hats have been made of many different materials, including wool, mink, fox-fur, and many other materials. They are generally a solid color. + += = = John Vernou Bouvier III = = = +John Vernou Bouvier III ( ; May 19, 1891 – August 3, 1957) was an American Wall Street stockbroker and socialite. He was the father of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy and socialite Lee Radziwill. He was the father-in-law of John F. Kennedy. +Bouvier was diagnosed with terminal liver cancer in spring 1957. He was hospitalized at Lenox Hill Hospital in Manhattan on July 27, 1957 to have chemotherapy. He died six days later, on August 3, aged 66. + += = = Janet Lee Bouvier = = = +Janet Norton Lee Auchincloss, formerly Bouvier, (December 3, 1907 – July 22, 1989) was an American socialite. She was known as the mother of the former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, and the mother-in-law of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy. +She was a board member of the Newport Historical Society and the Redwood Library. She was also the honorary director of the Robert E. Lee Memorial Association in Stratford, Virginia. + += = = Washington Times-Herald = = = +The Washington Times-Herald (1939–1954) was an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It was created by Eleanor "Cissy" Patterson. The paper became an "isolationist and archconservative" publication known for sensationalism. +The Washington Times-Herald Building was built by architect Philip Morrisson Jullien. +In 1954, it was sold to "The Washington Post". + += = = Gallop Racer = = = + is a video game series of horse racing, developed and published by Tecmo. + += = = State funeral of John F. Kennedy = = = +The State Funeral of John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States, took place in Washington, D.C., during the three days after his assassination on Friday, November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. +The body of President Kennedy was brought back to Washington soon after his death and was placed in the East Room of the White House for 24 hours. On the Sunday after the assassination, his flag-draped casket was carried to the U.S. Capitol to lie in state. +Representatives from over 90 countries attended the state funeral on Monday, November 25. After the Requiem Mass at St. Matthew's Cathedral, the late president was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia. +Some of the dignitaries that arrived on Sunday to attend the funeral included Soviet First Deputy Premier Anastas Mikoyan, French President Charles de Gaulle, Canadian Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson, the Duke of Edinburgh (representing Queen Elizabeth II), British Prime Minister Sir Alec Douglas-Home, Irish President Éamon de Valera, and Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie. + += = = Viking Press = = = +Viking Press (formally Viking Penguin, also listed as Viking Books) is an American publishing company now owned by Penguin Random House. It was founded in New York City on March 1, 1925. It was bought by the Penguin Group in 1975. + += = = Doubleday (publisher) = = = +Doubleday is an American publishing company. It was founded as the Doubleday & McClure Company in 1897 and was the largest in the United States by 1947. It published the work of mostly U.S. authors. In 2009 Doubleday merged with Knopf Publishing Group to form the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, which is now part of Penguin Random House. + += = = Maurice Tempelsman = = = +Maurice Tempelsman (born August 26, 1929) is a Belgian-American businessman. He was the longtime companion of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, former First Lady of the United States. He was born in Antwerp, Belgium. He is also a general partner of Leon Tempelsman & Son, an investment company specializing in real estate and venture capital. + += = = Vassar College = = = +Vassar College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Poughkeepsie, New York. It was founded in 1861 by Matthew Vassar. It was the second degree-granting institution of higher education for women in the United States. It became coeducational in 1969. +It was a member of the Seven Sisters, seven historical woman's colleges. + += = = Dizzy (Guilty Gear) = = = + is a fictional character of the "Guilty Gear" series. She was abandoned to her mother "Justice", and found as an infant about three years before the events of "Guilty Gear X". + += = = Chapin School = = = +Chapin School is an all-girls independent day school located in New York City's Upper East Side neighborhood in Manhattan. +Maria Bowen Chapin opened "Miss Chapin's School for Girls and Kindergarten for Boys and Girls" in 1901. The school originally enrolled 78 students, who were taught by seven teachers. +Chapin is at 100 East End Avenue, at East 84th Street. +First Lady Jackie Kennedy went to school here. + += = = Hugh D. Auchincloss = = = +Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr. (August 15, 1897 – November 20, 1976) was an American stockbroker and lawyer. He became the second husband of Nina S. Gore, mother of Gore Vidal, and also the second husband of Janet Lee Bouvier, the mother of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (wife of President John F. Kennedy) and Caroline Lee Bouvier. +In 1927, he was appointed an aviation expert in the State Department. Four years later in 1931, he resigned government service to form a brokerage firm. +In 1931, he bought his seat on the New York Stock Exchange for $235,000. + += = = Thank U, Next Perfume = = = +The Thank U, Next Perfume is a perfume released by Ariana Grande. It was released in August 18, 2019. +It has top notes of raspberry and pear, middle notes of coconut and pink rose, and base notes of macrons and musk. + += = = RNA-Seq = = = +RNA-Seq (short for "RNA sequencing") is a technique to get snapshots of the continuously changing RNA landscape in a cell. +RNA is a nucleic acid with roles in when, where, and by how much genes are turned on. Classically, sections of DNA are copied to RNA which are decoded into proteins that carry out cellular functions. +RNAs also have many roles that fall outside this framework. RNA-Seq is typically used to analyze the amount of each gene's RNA in experimental samples. For example, in gene expression and changes made during RNA processing (alternative splicing, editing, mutations, or fusions between RNAs). RNA-Seq requires molecular biology and computational steps. +Recent advances in RNA-Seq include the ability to study single cells and entire single RNA molecules. It has broad applications in the life sciences from agriculture to medicine. + += = = Charles L. Bartlett (journalist) = = = +Charles Leffingwell Bartlett (August 14, 1921 – February 17, 2017) was an American journalist. He won the 1956 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting "for his original disclosures that led to the resignation of Harold E. Talbott as Secretary of the Air Force." He was born in Chicago. He is best known for introducing Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis to John F. Kennedy at a dinner party in the 1950s. + += = = Richard Cushing = = = +Richard James Cushing (August 24, 1895 – November 2, 1970) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Boston from 1944 to 1970 and was made a cardinal in 1958. +Cushing died of cancer on November 2, 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 75. + += = = Kennedy Compound = = = +The Kennedy Compound consists of three houses on six acres (24,000 m2) of waterfront property on Cape Cod along Nantucket Sound in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in the United States. It was once the home of Joseph P. Kennedy, an American businessman, investor, politician, and U.S. ambassador to Great Britain; his wife, Rose; and their children, including U.S. President John F. Kennedy and U.S. Senators Robert F. Kennedy and Edward M. Kennedy. It was made into a museum after the death of Edward Kennedy in 2009. + += = = Hyannis Port, Massachusetts = = = +Hyannis Port (or Hyannisport) is a small residential village located in Barnstable, Massachusetts, United States. It is a summer community on Hyannis Harbor, 1.4 miles to the south-southwest of Hyannis. +Hyannis Port is the location of the Kennedy Compound and other Kennedy family residences. + += = = Maitreya = = = +Maitreya, in Buddhist tradition, is the future Buddha. He is presently a bodhisattva living in the Tushita heaven.. It is beleived that they will descend to Earth to preach the dharma (“law”). This will happen when the teachings of Gautama Buddha have completely decayed. The name "Maitreya" is derived from the Sanskrit "maitrī" (“friendliness”). + += = = 1960 Democratic National Convention = = = +The 1960 Democratic National Convention was held in Los Angeles, California, on July 11–15, 1960. It nominated Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts for president and Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas for vice president. +In the general election, the Kennedy–Johnson ticket won an electoral college victory over the Republican candidates Vice President Richard M. Nixon and UN Ambassador Henry C. Lodge II. +The Biltmore Hotel was selected to serve as the headquarters hotel for the Democratic National Committee. + += = = National Endowment for the Humanities = = = +The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent federal agency of the U.S. government. It was created by the National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act of 1965 (). It was created to support research, education, preservation, and public programs in the humanities. The NEH is housed at 400 7th St SW, Washington, D.C. From 1979 to 2014, NEH was at 1100 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. in the Nancy Hanks Center at the Old Post Office. + += = = Jacqueline Kennedy Garden = = = +The Jacqueline Kennedy Garden is located at the White House south of the East Colonnade. The garden balances the Rose Garden on the west side of the White House. +The garden was named after First Lady Jackie Kennedy on 22 April 1965. + += = = President's Park = = = +President's Park, located in Washington, D.C., includes the White House and the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, the Treasury Building, and grounds; the White House Visitor Center; Lafayette Square; and The Ellipse. +President's Park was the original name of Lafayette Square. The current President's Park is taken care of by the National Park Service. The park is officially known as President's Park or The White House and President's Park. + += = = Pamela Turnure = = = +Pamela Harrison Turnure Timmins (born 1937) is the first Press Secretary hired to work for a First Lady of the United States. She was the Press Secretary to Jacqueline Kennedy. Turnure reportedly had an affair with 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy. + += = = White House Historical Association = = = +The White House Historical Association, founded in 1961 through works of First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, is a private, non-profit organization that works to preserve the history of the White House and make that history more accessible to the public. + += = = Committee for the Preservation of the White House = = = +The Committee for the Preservation of the White House is an advisory committee in charge with the preservation of the White House, the official home and principal workplace of the President of the United States. +The Committee for the Preservation of the White House was created by Executive Order in 1964 by President Lyndon Johnson to replace a temporary White House Furnishings Committee created by First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy during the Kennedy White House restoration (1961–1963). +The Executive Order states that the Curator of the White House, Chief Usher of the White House, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Chair of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, and Director of the National Gallery of Art are "Ex-Officio" members of the committee. The Director of the National Park Service is Chair of the Committee, and the First Lady is the Honorary Chair of the committee. +In February 2010, Los Angeles interior designer Michael S. Smith was appointed to the committee; in August of that year, his makeover of the Oval Office was revealed to the public. + += = = White House Office of the Curator = = = +The White House Office of the Curator is charged with the conservation and study of the collection of fine art, furniture and decorative objects used to furnish both the public and private rooms of the White House. +The office began in 1961 during the administration of President John F. Kennedy while First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy oversaw the restoration of the White House. The office is located in the ground floor of the White House Executive Residence. +The most recent White House curator is Lydia Tederick, appointed in 2017. + += = = Leva del Biberón = = = +The "Leva del Biberón" (also known as the "Quinta del Biberón ", baby bottle in Spanish) was the name given to the levies of 1938 and 1939 throughout the territory that republican Spain still controlled during the last years of the Spanish civil war . Mobilized by order of the President of the Second Spanish Republic, Manuel Azaña, at the end of April 1938. At that time, Franco's troops had attacked Lérida, Gandesa, Balaguer, Tremp and Camarasa and were taking control of the last points of republican resistance. +In total, some 30,000 young people were called up, coming from all over the national territory on the Republican side: Murcia, Catalonia, Old Castilla and Valencia, among others. They were under the command of Lluís Companys, among whom would be counted future personalities such as Jesús Blasco. First, they had to cover auxiliary tasks, but on July 25, 1938, they were already participating in the Republican offensive of the Battle of the Ebro, the vast majority being minors, reaching, some as children, only 14 years old. +It is believed that it received this name when Federica Montseny referred to all of them in this way: "“Seventeen years old? but they still are sucking the baby bottle!»". +They were in the bloody battles of Merengue and Baladredo, both at the Segre front during the so-called offensive of Catalonia. They also took part in the Battle of the Ebro and some were assigned to the Alpine battalion, in the Lleida Pyrenees . +After the war, very different fates ran. Some went into exile in France and ended up in the concentration camps of Argelès-Sur-Mer, Saint-Cyprien and Agda . Others, in the Francoist prisons and in the concentration camps of Vitoria and Miranda de Ebro and others went to battalions of workers distributed throughout Spain and did military service in Zaragoza, Barcelona and even in the Spanish Sahara. Another part of the young people was freed by the Franco regime in case of being captured since, as was normal throughout the conflict, most of the ideology of those called up was not reciprocal to the side that forced them to enlist under duress to a large extent. of the cases. +In 1983, some 307 survivors and 412 relatives founded the «Agrupación de Supervivientes de la Leva del Biberón-41». + += = = A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy = = = +A Tour of the White House with Mrs. John F. Kennedy was a television special featuring the First Lady of the United States, Jacqueline Kennedy, on a tour of the recently renovated White House. It was broadcast on Valentine's Day, February 14, 1962, on both CBS and NBC, and broadcast four days later on ABC. The program was the first televised tour of the White House by a first lady. It is thought to be the first prime-time documentary specifically designed for a female audience. +The program showed Mrs. Kennedy on a tour of the house with CBS News correspondent Charles Collingwood. The videotaped tour was the first view of the White House to the American public. +The broadcast was seen by more than eighty million viewers and syndicated globally to 50 countries, including China and the Soviet Union. + += = = John Kenneth Galbraith = = = +John Kenneth Galbraith (October 15, 1908 – April 29, 2006), also known as Ken Galbraith, was a Canadian-American economist, diplomat, public official and intellectual. He supported liberalism and post-Keynesian economics. +Galbraith was a long-time Harvard faculty member. +A Democrat, he worked under the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. He was United States Ambassador to India under the Kennedy administration. +Galbraith died of natural causes at a hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts on April 29, 2006 at the age of 97. + += = = Otis Air National Guard Base = = = +Otis Air National Guard Base is an Air National Guard installation located within Joint Base Cape Cod, a military training facility located on the western portion of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, United States. It was known as Otis Air Force Base. It was named in honor of pilot and Boston surgeon Lt. Frank "Jesse" Otis. + += = = Infant respiratory distress syndrome = = = +Infantile respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS), also called respiratory distress syndrome of newborn, or increasingly surfactant deficiency disorder (SDD), and previously called hyaline membrane disease (HMD), is a syndrome in premature infants caused by developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production and lungs. IRDS affects about 1% of newborns and is the leading cause of death in preterm infants. + += = = Anger, Bavaria = = = +Anger is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. + += = = Green dotted tree frog = = = +The Green dotted tree frog or Schmidt's Bolivian tree frog ("Dendropsophus molitor") is a frog that lives in Colombia. + += = = Uniunea Independenta Pentru Sighisoara (Romania) = = = +The Uniunea Independenta Pentru Sighisoara (UIPS) is the ruling party of Sighisoara in Romania. It is represented by the actual mayof of Sighisoara, Iulian Sîrbu. It is the first ruling independent and local party in the history of the city. + += = = Affair = = = +An affair is a sexual relationship, romantic friendship, or passionate attachment between two people where at least one of the two has a connection with a third person, either in a marriage or relationship, without the third person's knowledge or agreement. +A romantic affair, also called an affair of the heart, may be about sexual actions of more emotional relationship between two people who may have sex without expecting a more formal romantic relationship. + += = = Virginia strawberry = = = +The Virginia strawberry (Fragaria virginiana) is a species of strawberry that grows in the wild. It occurs in much of the United States and Canada, mostly in wooded, or partly wooded areas. It is a perennial plant. Together with the Chilean strawberry it was used to create the common strawberry cultivar, grown in gardens. + += = = List of postcode districts in the United Kingdom = = = +This is a list of postcode districts in the United Kingdom and Crown dependencies. +Postcode district codes are also known as "outward codes". + += = = Phyll Opoku-Gyimah = = = +Phyllis Akua Opoku-Gyimah was born on November 1974. She is also known as Lady Phyll, is a British political activist, co-founder of UK Black Pride and executive director of Kaleidoscope Trust. +Early life and education. +Opoku-Gyimah was born and raised in Britain and Lea Valley Academy, where she first became politically active. She is of Ghanaian heritage. +Career. +Opoku-Gyimah is a co-founder and executive director of UK Black Pride, which promotes unity among all Black people of African, Asian, Caribbean, Middle Eastern and Latin American as well as their friends and families, who identify as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual or Transgender. She was appointed trustee of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights charity, Stonewall but resigned three years later when the charity announced it would partner with UK Black Pride. +Awards. +"Independent on Sunday" Pink List, 2011 (64), 2012 (11) + += = = Ainring = = = +Ainring is a municipality in Berchtesgadener Land, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. It is near the border to Austria. + += = = Altomünster = = = +Altomünster is a municipality in Dachau, a district "(Landkreis)" in Upper Bavaria. +Municipal structure. +Markt Altomünster currently has the following 48 villages: +Altomünster, Arnberg, Asbach, Breitenau, Deutenhofen, Erlach, Erlau, Freistetten, Haag, Halmsried, Hohenried, , Humersberg, Hutgraben, Irchenbrunn, , Lauterbach, Lichtenberg, Maisbrunn, Obererlach, Oberndorf, Oberschröttenloh, , Ottelsburg, Ottmarshausen, Pfaffenhofen, , Plixenried, Radenzhofen, Rametsried, , Reichertshausen, Röckersberg, Rudersberg, , Schauerschorn, Schielach, Schloßberg, Schmarnzell, Schmelchen, Sengenried, , Teufelsberg, , Übelmanna, , and Xyger. + += = = Bergkirchen = = = +Bergkirchen (Bavarian: "Bergkira") is a municipality in Dachau, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = The Battle Cats = = = +The Battle Cats is a tower-defense game by PONOS Corporation. It was released in 2014. It is about cats invading enemy bases. + += = = Erdweg = = = +Erdweg is a municipality in Dachau, a district ("Landkreis") in Upper Bavaria. + += = = DZAB-AM = = = +DZAB Radyo Pilipino is a radio station owned and operated by Radio Corporation of the Philippines. +The studios and transmitter are located at Victoria de Manila, Malate, Mega Manila. + += = = The Hopeless Case (Rotta) = = = +The Hopeless Case (also known as Il caso senza speranza) is a 19th-century painted in oil by Antonio Rotta, in 1871, in Venice, Italy, exhibited at the Walters Art Museum. +History. +The painting was finished in August 1871, and is exhibited at Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, in Maryland (United States) of which was the President Vittorio Sgarbi. It is one of the best-known pictorial works in the history of the genre painting movement. +The work was purchased for the museum, personally by the president William Thompson Walters (1819–1894) in 1878, and exhibited in the permanent collection. It is identified with the catalog number 37182. +Description. +A young woman wearing a typical Venetian shawl, she listens to her cobbler, who exposes the desperate condition of her boot. Antonio Rotta interpreted this messy interior with characteristic details of the Venice of the time. +The work "The case without hope", tells the time when things were repaired, because there was not enough money to buy new ones. Especially the shoes. Wrapped in her colored shawl, the girl is listening to the cobbler's sentence, which decrees that it is impossible to repair that boot once again. For this the painting was initially called "Without escape". In the sad gaze, in the tilted head, in the firmly intertwined hands, one feels the full weight of poverty. + += = = The Devoted Child (Rotta) = = = +The Devoted Child (also known as Il bambino devoto) is a 19th-century painted in oil by Antonio Rotta, in 1870, din Venice, Italy, exhibited at the Milwaukee Art Museum. +The painting is exhibited at Milwaukee Art Museum of Milwaukee, in Wisconsin (United States). +Description. +A young girl wearing a Venetian shawl listens as the shoemaker reports upon the hopeless condition of her boot. The artist has shown the cluttered interior with characteristic detail. + += = = The little girl found in Venice (Rotta) = = = +The little girl found in Venice (also known as La bambina ritrovata a Venezia) is a 19th-century painted in oil by Antonio Rotta, in 1870, in Venice, Italy, exhibited at the Civici Musei di Storia ed Arte in Trieste, Italy. +Description. +Representations of interior scenes about Venice life are rare, and this is one of the most historical images of everyday life. The scene portrays the hall of a Venetian palace, as can be deduced from the view in the area of ​​Piazza San Marco, the Doge's Palace (in Italian: Palazzo Ducale), also known as the Doge's Palace, a symbol of the city of Venice and the Belfry of São Marcos, in addition to the open window. It is not easy to interpret the theme of the painting, wrapped in the story of a mystery of the Republic of Venice: perhaps the lady, who turns a stunned and grateful look at the sky at the same time, recognizes in the child of the clothes dispensed a girl dear to her, whose physiognomy is mentioned in the picture on the console to the right of the painting. On the same island there is a large Chinese pink porcelain vase of the family, to connote the richness and refinement of the furniture and the testimony of the importance of the commercial relations between the Republic of Venice and China at the time. The Chinese porcelain vase, is a piece of furniture that signals the widespread passion that collectors showed in those years for chinoiserie and for Chinese art and culture. Rotta is interested in the representation of true everyday life, finding in it a deep introspection of the human soul. It is still life according to the realism that impresses the first moment when the innocence of children dies along with the knowledge of life. +Stilistic analysis. +Rotta is interested in the representation of true everyday life, finding in it a deep introspection of the human soul. It is still life according to the realism that impresses the first moment when the innocence of children dies along with the knowledge of life. It is not easy to interpret the subject of the painting: perhaps the lady, who at the same time looks astonished and grateful to the sky, recognizes in the girl in disheveled clothes a beloved girl, whose physiognomy is suggested in the frame of the console to the right of the screen. painting. On the same console, there is a large Chinese porcelain vase of the famille rose type, to connote the richness and refinement of the furniture. +A rich and rich girl who is lost in the world and for the first time has a feeling of dismay. The paintings of works that offer scenes of life in rich environments are rare and precious, because Rotta was the intense singer of the popular soul, of the humble people, of the places and of the poor and everyday domestic atmospheres of Venice that he knew in his intimacy essence. + += = = Raimund Hoghe = = = +Raimund Hoghe (12 May 1949 – 14 May 2021) was a German choreographer, dancer, filmmaker, journalist, and author who wrote profiles of persons, both prominent and outsider, for Die Zeit. From 1980 to 1990, he was a dramaturge and chronicler of Pina Bausch's Tanztheater before he worked independently. He is regarded as "one of the protagonists of German contemporary dance theatre". He lived in Düsseldorf, where he died on 14 May 2021, two days after his 72nd birthday. + += = = The death of the chick (Rotta) = = = +The Death of the Chick (also known as La morte del pulcino) is a 19th-century painted in oil by Antonio Rotta, in 1878, din Venice, Italy, exhibited at the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto. Signed lower left: "A. Rotta". +History. +The painting was finished in 1878, and is exhibited at the Museum of modern and contemporary art of Trento and Rovereto in Trento, as one of the most interesting representative works of genre painting. +Description. +Rotta has always been interested in the representation of true daily life. It shows the first moment in which the innocence of children dies. They see death of a chick. + += = = NHS Test and Trace = = = +NHS Test and Trace is a government-funded service in England, established in 2020 to help stop the spread of COVID-19. It is part of the UK Health Security Agency. + += = = My Street = = = +My Street is a party video game released exclusively on PlayStation 2. Developed by Idol Minds, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. +There are seven minigames are available in the game, and the gameplay is similiar to "Mario Party" series. + += = = 2021 FA Cup Final = = = +The 2021 FA Cup Final was an association football match played between Chelsea and Leicester City at Wembley Stadium, London, England on 15 May 2021. It was the 140th final of English football's primary cup competition. +Youri Tielemans scored the game's only goal as four-time runners-up Leicester City won 1–0, claiming their first FA Cup title. As winners, Leicester City qualified for the 2021–22 UEFA Europa League group stage. + += = = Island Xtreme Stunts = = = +Island Xtreme Stunts is an action-adventure video game, and also except the sequels to "". Released on platforms PlayStaion 2, Game Boy Advance, and Microsoft Windows. + += = = Gallop Racer 2001 = = = +Gallop Racer 2001, also known as Gallop Racer 5 in Japan, is an horse racing video game. This is the first debuted the "Gallop Racer" series for PlayStation 2. + += = = 2020–21 FA Cup = = = +The 2020–21 FA Cup was the 140th edition of the oldest football tournament in the world, the Football Association Challenge Cup. It was sponsored by Emirates and known as the Emirates FA Cup for sponsorship purposes. The winner qualifies for the 2021–22 UEFA Europa League group stage. +Premier League side Arsenal were the defending champions, but were eliminated in the fourth round by Southampton. +Leicester City beat Chelsea 1–0 in the final to win their first FA Cup after being runners-up four times. + += = = Ken Leung = = = +Kenneth Leung (born January 21, 1970) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Sang in "Rush Hour", Miles Straume in "Lost", Admiral Statura in "" and Detective Stephen Sing in "Saw". + += = = VC-137C SAM 26000 = = = +SAM 26000 was the first of two Boeing VC-137C United States Air Force aircraft specifically made and maintained for use by the President of the United States. It used the callsign "Air Force One" when the President was on board. +It entered service in 1962 during the administration of John F. Kennedy and was replaced in Presidential service in 1972 but kept as a backup. The aircraft was finally retired in 1998 and is now on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force near Dayton, Ohio. +The aircraft was built at Boeing's Renton plant at a cost of $8 million. Raymond Loewy, working with President Kennedy, designed the blue and white color scheme showing the presidential seal that is still used today. +The plane was the main use of transportation for three presidents: Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon during his first term. In 1972, during the Nixon administration, the plane was replaced by another 707, SAM 27000, although SAM 26000 was kept as a back-up plane until 1998. + += = = Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth = = = +Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base (or NAS Fort Worth JRB) includes Carswell Field, a military airbase located west of the central business district of Fort Worth, in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. This military airfield is operated by the United States Navy Reserve. It is located in the cities of Fort Worth, Westworth Village, and White Settlement in the western part of the Fort Worth urban area. + += = = Dallas Love Field = = = +Dallas Love Field is a city-owned public airport northwest of downtown Dallas, Texas. It was Dallas's main airport until 1974, when Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) opened. +The airport is the headquarters and main hub for Southwest Airlines. Southwest flies almost all of the flights out of Dallas Love. + += = = ThunderCats = = = +ThunderCats is an American media franchise, featuring a fictional group of cat-like humanoid aliens. The characters created by Tobin "Ted" Wolf. + += = = Nellie Connally = = = +Idanell Brill Connally (February 24, 1919 – September 1, 2006) was the First Lady of Texas from 1963 to 1969. She was the wife of John Connally, who was Governor of Texas and later as Secretary of the Treasury. +She and her husband were passengers in the Presidential limousine carrying United States President John F. Kennedy when he was assassinated in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963. + += = = Dallas Market Center = = = +Dallas Market Center is a 5 million square foot (460,000 m2) wholesale trade center located in Dallas, Texas (USA), housing showrooms which sells consumer products including gifts, lighting, home décor, apparel, fashion accessories, shoes, tabletop/housewares, gourmet, floral, holiday, and more. +It was also the destination of United States President John F. Kennedy's motorcade when he was assassinated in Dealey Plaza on November 22, 1963. The marketplace is closed to the public but open to retail buyers and interior designers. + += = = Back-fire = = = +A backfire or afterburn is combustion or an explosion caused by a running internal combustion engine that happens in the exhaust system, rather than inside the combustion chamber. When the flame moves backward it may also be called a "pop-back." A visible flame may shoot out of the exhaust pipe for a short while. A backfire is often a sign that the engine is improperly-tuned. + += = = Clint Hill (Secret Service) = = = +Clinton J. Hill (born January 4, 1932) is a former U.S. Secret Service agent who worked under five United States presidents, from Dwight D. Eisenhower to Gerald Ford. Hill is best known for his act of bravery while in the presidential motorcade on November 22, 1963 when United States President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. + += = = Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle (Washington, D.C.) = = = +The Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C., most commonly known as St. Matthew's Cathedral, is the seat of the Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Washington. As St. Matthew's Cathedral and Rectory, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. +The cathedral is in downtown Washington at 1725 Rhode Island Avenue NW between Connecticut Avenue and 17th Street. + += = = Evening Standard = = = +The Evening Standard, formerly The Standard (1827–1904), also known as the London Evening Standard, is a local free daily newspaper in London, England, published Monday to Friday in tabloid format. +In October 2009, after being purchased by Russian businessman Alexander Lebedev, the paper ended a 180-year history of paid circulation and became a free newspaper. They doubling its circulation as part of a change in its business plan. + += = = Theodore H. White = = = +Theodore Harold White (May 6, 1915 – May 15, 1986) was an American political journalist and historian. He was known for his reporting from China during World War II and the "Making of the President" series. He worked for "Time Magazine" from wartime China in the 1940s. He was also known for being the first journalist to interview Jackie Kennedy after the assassination of her husband. + += = = Randolph Churchill = = = +Randolph Frederick Edward Spencer-Churchill (28 May 1911 – 6 June 1968) was a British journalist, writer, soldier and politician. He was Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Preston from 1940 to 1945. +He was the only son of Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill and his wife, Clementine. + += = = Cartoon Network (Australian and New Zealand TV channel) = = = +Cartoon Network is an American television channel. It broadcasts television programs that are suitable for young children. Most of the shows are animated cartoon series, but some live-action shows are also broadcast. However, at night Cartoon Network switches to Adult Swim which broadcasts programs for teens and adults instead. +Cartoon Network first launched in October 1, 1992 through cable and satellite television in the United States by Turner Broadcasting System (or TBS for short). In the early years, many of the shows featured on the channel were classic cartoons and Hanna-Barbera shows. TBS later launched Cartoon Network Studios to make flagship original shows specifically for Cartoon Network. +After successfully launching the channel in the United States, TBS decided to launch the channel in other countries. The Cartoon Network channels in other countries distributes Cartoon Network's original shows in different languages. + += = = Space Chickens In Space = = = +Space Chickens in Space is an Australian-Mexican-British-Irish animated television series created by José C. García de Letona and Rita Street. The series was produced by Ánima Estudios in Mexico, Studio Moshi in Australia, and distributed by Cake Entertainment, and was co-produced by the recent Dublin-based Gingerbread Animation and Disney EMEA. +Described as a "surreal sci-fi comedy series" by the directors in an Annecy announcement video, the series was created by José C. García de Letona and Rita Street. Jordan Goucher is the showrunner for the series, and it is directed and designed by Norwegian twins Tommy and Markus Vad Flaaten. It was developed by Scott Sonneborn, and Tommy and Markus Vad Flaaten, developed for television by Alan Keane and Shane Perez, and Tim Allsop and Stewart Williams developed the bible for Disney EMEA. +Plot. +A trio of chickens—Chuck, Starley, and Finley—are taken from their home and mistakenly enrolled in an elite intergalactic former military academy. It would take all their strength, and teamwork, to survive every escapade they have. +Production. +Space Chickens in Space is fully animated in-house at Studio Moshi (Australia) using their bespoke hybrid Harmony animation pipeline, incorporating a mixture of hand-drawn and rigged high-quality animation. Studio Moshi provided animation direction, design (original production-ready characters and original world development), storyboard supervision & artwork, hand-crafted digital animation, visual FX. +Release. +The series premiered on 9Go! in Australia on September 30, 2018, on 2x2 in Russia on January 1, 2020, and had its Disney XD premiere in Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Germany, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Italy and France on 19 November 2018. + += = = Humor based on the September 11 attacks = = = +Humor about the September 11 attacks (9/11) was made later after the attacks happened. Scholars have made studies about how people used humor to deal with the attacks. Researcher Bill Ellis found that jokes about 9/11 were starting to be made the day after the attacks. Giselinde Kuipers found jokes being made on websites a day later. In 2005, Kuipers found 850 jokes on the Internet about 9/11, Osama Bin Laden, and the War in Afghanistan. Comedian Gilbert Gottfried tried to make humor about 9/11 in a comedy roast. His crowd did not like it, with one saying "Too soon!" +"The Onion" (a humorous newspaper) did not publish their issue for September 11, 2001. They did not publish another issue until September 26, which was about 9/11. People who worked on it thought that it would be "The Onion"s last issue to be printed. However, most of the people who read the issue thought it was good and funny. +In 2002, Comedian Joan Rivers tried to joke about firefighters in 9/11. The International Association of Fire Fighters hated the joke and said "I am sorry that Ms. Rivers has chosen to find humor in our tragic and devastating loss." +In literature. +In 2016, Comedian Billy Domineau made a spec script for "Seinfeld", which ended in 1998. The script was set days after 9/11 in New York. Domineau said he started the script to show "an exercise in bad taste" to a student in a class. The script shows how the characters of "Seinfeld" would do after the attacks: Jerry thinks that dust from the destroyed towers is hurting his food. Elaine must keep dating a 9/11 survivor. George makes people believe that he is a first responder and Kramer tries to get a box cutter back from one of the terrorists. "The Guardian" said that the script perfectly shows how "Seinfeld"s characters would deal with 9/11. +In movies and television. +Jean Dujardin took out a joke about 9/11 in his movie "The Players". He hoped that this would make the movie more likely to win an Oscar Award. The joke shows a man secuding a women in an apartment in New York. An airplane can be seen hitting the World Trade Center behind them. +In "The Simpsons" episode "Moonshine River", Bart Simpson says to his father Homer that he would like New York better after two buildings he does not like have been destroyed. He then quickly says the old Penn Station and Shea Stadium. +In "Family Guy". +The "Family Guy" episode "Back to the Pilot" was first broadcast on November 2011. In the episode, Brian and Stewie Griffin time travel to the past. Brian tells himself in the past about 9/11. This makes him in the past stop the attacks and becomes known as a hero. However, this causes George W. Bush not to be elected as the President of the United States again. Bush starts a civil war that causes nuclear war. Brian and Stewie must go back to the past to stop the civil war. When they stop it from happening, they high five. Stewie says that it would look bad "out of context" (taking away the context to change its meaning). "Time" thought that the episode was made "too soon" but said ""Family Guy" viewers live for 'too soon' moments, no matter how sensitive the material." "Entertainment Weekly" also thought that "Family Guy" had "finally gone too far" (go over a limit) and "Deadline" said that it went "past the Fox standards and practices". +In the episode "Back to the Woods", Peter Griffin commits identity theft on James Woods. He goes to the "Late Show with David Letterman" pretending to be James Woods and talks about a movie that parodies 9/11. +In advertising. +In 2016, Miracle Mattress (a mattress store in San Antonio) made a commercial with a 9/11 theme to sell mattresses. The commercial shows the store owner's daughter and two other men. In the commercial, she says "What better way to remember 9/11 than with a Twin Towers sale?" Two tall mattresses are behind the men to look similar to the twin towers. She says "Right now you can get any size mattress for a twin price!" The two men fall on the mattresses and make both of them fall. She screams and says "We'll never forget". +The commercial made many people write angry messages to the store on their Facebook page. Mike Bonanno (the owner of the store) said that he did not know about the commercial until it was first shown to people. He made an apology on Facebook and closed the store down. Miracle Mattress was given negative reviews on Google and Yelp. The store opened again a week later. +On the internet. +Many people have used internet memes to tell jokes about 9/11. Many memes joke about 9/11 conspiracy theories with phrases such as "Bush did 9/11" and "jet fuel can't melt steel beams". + += = = W. Averell Harriman = = = +William Averell Harriman (November 15, 1891July 26, 1986), better known as Averell Harriman, was an American Democratic politician, businessman, and diplomat. He was the Secretary of Commerce under President Harry S. Truman, and later as the 48th Governor of New York. He was a candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1952 and 1956. + += = = 1040 Fifth Avenue = = = +1040 Fifth Avenue (informally known as the 10 40) is a luxury residential housing cooperative in the Upper East Side of Manhattan, New York City. +1040 is one of the tallest of the limestone-clad apartment houses on Fifth Avenue. +The building was erected in 1930 and was designed by Rosario Candela. +In addition to Jackie Kennedy, Generoso Pope was the second notable resident who lived in the apartment building. + += = = David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech = = = +William David Ormsby-Gore, 5th Baron Harlech (20 May 1918 – 26 January 1985), known as David Ormsby-Gore until June 1961 and as Sir David Ormsby-Gore from then until February 1964, was a British diplomat and Conservative politician. From 1950 until 1961, he was a member of the Member of Parliament. +He died in a car crash in 1985. Senator Edward Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis and other Kennedy family members attended his funeral in Llanfihangel-y-traethau. + += = = USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67) = = = +USS "John F. Kennedy" (CV-67) (formerly CVA-67) is the only ship of her class and the last conventionally powered carrier built for the United States Navy. The ship was named after the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and was nicknamed "Big John". +After nearly 40 years of service in the United States Navy, "John F. Kennedy" was officially decommissioned on 1 August 2007. She is currently at the NAVSEA Inactive Ships On-site Maintenance facility in Philadelphia. + += = = Skorpios = = = +Skorpios or Scorpios (, ) is a private island in the Ionian Sea off the western coast of Greece and just to the east of the island of Lefkada. +The island, spanning 83.2 hectares (205 acres), is irregularly shaped, with main axes about 1500 meters and 1000 meters. The island water comes from a mountain from a nearby island which is estimated to cost about 100 million euros. + += = = Christina O = = = +Christina O is a private motor yacht that once belonged to billionaire Greek shipowner Aristotle Onassis. At 99.13 metres long, she was the 45th largest yacht in the world as of 2018. + += = = Alexander Onassis = = = +Alexander Socrates Onassis (; April 30, 1948January 23, 1973) was an American-born Greek businessman. He was the son of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and his first wife Tina Livanos. He and his sister Christina Onassis were upset by his father's marriage to Jacqueline Kennedy. +He was the head of Olympic Aviation, a Greek airline owned by his father. Onassis died in hospital as a result of injuries from an airplane crash at Hellinikon International Airport at the age of 24. + += = = Black Southerners = = = +Black Southerners are African Americans who live in the Southern United States. African Americans were enslaved in most states in the South such as Alabama and Mississippi. African Americans have contributed to the cuisine of the Southern United States and Southern culture. + += = = John Leonard (critic) = = = +John Leonard (February 25, 1939 – November 5, 2008) was an American literary, television, film, and cultural critic. He worked for "Life" and "The New York Times". He wrote under the pen name of Cyclops. + += = = Shall We Tell the President? = = = +Shall We Tell the President? is a 1977 novel by English author Jeffrey Archer. A revised edition was published in 1986. +In the first edition, a plot to kill the President of the United States, Edward Kennedy, is stopped by Federal Bureau of Investigation agent Mark Andrews working with the head of the FBI. +The U.S. edition of the novel was published by Viking Press, where Kennedy's sister-in-law Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was then a consulting editor. Although Kennedy Onassis was not involved in editing "Shall We Tell the President?", she was criticized for not trying to stop her employer from publishing a novel about an assassination plot against a member of the Kennedy family. She resigned from Viking Press shortly after the publication. + += = = Larry Gonick = = = +Larry Gonick (born August 24, 1946) is an American cartoonist. He is best known for "The Cartoon History of the Universe", a history of the world in comic book form, which he published from 1977 to 2009. He has also written "The Cartoon History of the United States". +Gonick was born in San Francisco, California. He studied mathematics at Harvard University, receiving his bachelor's degree in 1967 and his master's degree in 1969. + += = = B. L. Patil = = = +Balkrishna Limbaji Patil, better known as B. L. Patil was an Indian politician. He was from the state of Maharashtra. He was a member of Maharashtra's Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Khalapur Vidhan Sabha constituency from 1972 to 1979. He was also a Minister of state from 1978 to 1980. He was a member of the Nationalist Congress Party. + += = = The Cartoon History of the Universe = = = +The Cartoon History of the Universe is a book series about the history of the world. It is written and illustrated by American cartoonist, professor, and mathematician Larry Gonick, who started the project in 1978. Each book explains a period of world history in a loosely chronological order. The final volume covers history from the late 18th century to early 2008. The final two volumes, published in 2007 and 2009, are named "The Cartoon History of the Modern World" volumes one and two. + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Africa = = = +The first case of COVID-19 in Africa was reported in Egypt on February 14, 2020. + += = = Cairo Trilogy = = = +The Cairo Trilogy ( 'The Trilogy' or 'The Cairo Trilogy') is a trilogy of novels written by the Egyptian novelist and Nobel Prize winner Naguib Mahfouz. It is one of the best known works of his literary career. +Translations. +The "Cairo Trilogy" was first translated into Hebrew between 1981 and 1987. Mahfouz was very satisfied by this and saw it as another proof that the Israeli-Egyptian peace treaty of 1979 should be supported. The English translation was published by Doubleday in the early 1990s. The translators were: +The translation was overseen by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, an editor at Doubleday at the time, and Martha Levin. + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic in Eritrea is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). +On 21 March, the first case in Eritrea was confirmed in Asmara. +References. +Eritrea has confirmed only 11 reported death, told by locals that the 11 are relatives in one way or another. Except from the 4. +Isaias Afwerki, His excellency Dictator of Eritrea, refuses to make essential rules to help prevent any more deaths as they cases seem to continue growing. From March 2021 to January 2022, only 11 deaths from COVID 19 Pandmeic have been confirmed. + += = = Gelsey Kirkland = = = +Gelsey Kirkland (born December 29, 1952) is an American ballerina. She was born in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. +Kirkland joined the New York City Ballet in 1968 at age 15. She was promoted to soloist in 1969, and principal in 1972. She went on to create leading roles in many of the great twentieth century ballets by Balanchine, Jerome Robbins, and Antony Tudor. She appeared in Balanchine's revival of "The Firebird", Robbins' "Goldberg Variations", and Tudor's "The Leaves are Fading". She left the New York City Ballet to join the American Ballet Theatre in 1974. +She is best known for dancing the role of Clara Stahlbaum in Baryshnikov's 1977 televised production of "The Nutcracker". She left the American Ballet Theatre in 1984. + += = = Diana Vreeland = = = +Diana Vreeland (September 29, 1903 – August 22, 1989) was a French-American columnist and editor. She worked for the fashion magazines "Harper's Bazaar" and "Vogue", being the editor-in-chief of "Vogue". She was a special consultant at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. + += = = Olana State Historic Site = = = +Olana State Historic Site is a historic house museum and property in Greenport, New York, near the city of Hudson. The estate was home to Frederic Edwin Church (1826–1900). Olana is an eclectic villa which overlooks parkland and a working farm designed by the artist. The residence has a wide view of the Hudson River Valley, the Catskill Mountains and the Taconic Range + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Georgia (U.S. state) = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic was first detected in the U.S. state of Georgia on March 2, 2020. + += = = Frederic Edwin Church = = = +Frederic Edwin Church (May 4, 1826 – April 7, 1900) was an American landscape painter. He was a well known figure in the Hudson River School of American landscape painters. He was best known for painting large landscapes. His best known works were "Niagara" and "The Heart of the Andes". + += = = Ron Galella = = = +Ronald Edward Galella (January 10, 1931 – April 30, 2022) was an American photographer. He was thought to have been the first paparazzo. He was called "the Godfather of the U.S. paparazzi culture" by "Time" magazine and "Vanity Fair". He was seen by "Harper's Bazaar" as "arguably the most controversial paparazzo of all time". +During his career, Galella took more than three million photographs of public figures. +Galella died on April 30, 2022 in Montville, New Jersey from congestive heart failure at the age of 91. + += = = Fox hunting = = = +Fox hunting is an activity involving the tracking, chase and, if caught, the killing of a fox, traditionally a red fox, by trained foxhounds or other scent hounds. A group of unarmed followers, led by a "master of foxhounds" ("master of hounds"), follow the hounds on foot or on horseback. + += = = NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital = = = +The NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is a nonprofit academic medical center in New York City involved with medical schools: Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Weill Cornell Medicine. It is made of two distinct medical centers, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and Weill Cornell Medical Center. +As of 2021, the hospital was ranked as the 7th best hospital in the United States and 1st in the New York City metropolitan area by "U.S. News & World Report". The hospital has around 20,000 employees and 2,678 beds in total, and is one of the largest hospitals in the world. + += = = Municipal Art Society = = = +The Municipal Art Society of New York (MAS) is a non-profit membership organization for preservation in New York City. It hopes encourage thoughtful planning and urban design and neighborhoods across the city. +The organization was founded in 1893. In January 2010, MAS relocated from its longtime home in the historic Villard Houses on 457 Madison Avenue to the Steinway Hall on West 57th Street. +In July 2014, MAS moved into the Look Building at 488 Madison Avenue, across the street from its former Villard home. + += = = Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers = = = +The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers, located at 120 West 46th Street in the Times Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City. It was created in the 1970s in lower Manhattan. Its original goal was to offer young women a business education, then not available to female students, however it is now co-ed. The school was renamed in honor of former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 1995, a year after her death. + += = = Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir = = = +The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir, also known as Central Park Reservoir, is a decommissioned reservoir in Central Park in the borough of Manhattan, New York City, stretching from 86th to 96th Streets. It covers and holds over of water. +The Central Park Reservoir was renamed in honor of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in 1994 to honor her contributions to the city, and because she lived nearby. + += = = Gallup (company) = = = +Gallup, Inc. is an American analytics and advisory company based in Washington, D.C. Founded by George Gallup in 1935, the company became known for its public opinion polls conducted worldwide. + += = = Jackie (2016 movie) = = = +Jackie is a 2016 biographical drama movie directed by Pablo Larraín and written by Noah Oppenheim. The movie stars Natalie Portman as Jacqueline Kennedy. Peter Sarsgaard, Greta Gerwig, Billy Crudup, and John Hurt also star. +This film portrays the life of Jacqueline Kennedy, the iconic First Lady of the United States during John F. Kennedy's presidency. The movie highlights Jackie's significant contributions to American culture and diplomacy, showcasing her efforts to restore the White House and preserve historical artifacts. It also emphasizes her grace and strength in the aftermath of JFK's assassination. Through her poised public appearances and candid private moments, "Jackie" illuminates the enduring impact of Jacqueline Kennedy's cultural contributions and celebrates her strength in the face of tragedy. +The movie was released in the United States on December 2, 2016, by Fox Searchlight Pictures to positive reviews. It three Academy Award nominations: Best Actress (for Portman), Best Original Score, and Best Costume Design. + += = = Jamaican dollar = = = +The Jamaican Dollar, is the official currency of Jamaica. It has been the currency of Jamaica since 1969. Like a lot of other countries, Jamaica also uses the cent as the subdivision. +One United States Dollar is worth 150.32 Jamaican Dollars as of May 18, 2021. The symbol of the Jamaican Dollar is $, but they also use J$ to distinguish it from others, so people know which currency they are talking about. +Banknotes. +The banknotes of Jamaica are the J$50, J$100, J$500, and the J$1000. +Coins. +The coins of Jamaica are the 25c, J$1, J$5, J$10 and the J$20 but since 2018 the cent coins aren't used anymore. + += = = Franco Battiato = = = +Francesco "Franco" Battiato (; 23 March 1945 – 18 May 2021) was an Italian singer-songwriter, composer and filmmaker. He sometimes performed under the pseudonym Süphan Barzani. Battiato's songs had esoteric, philosophical and religious themes. He performed under many genres such as experimental pop, electronic music, progressive rock, and new wave. +Battiato died on 18 May 2021 in Milo, Italy at the age of 76. + += = = Kingdom of Sicily = = = +The Kingdom of Sicily was a kingdom that existed in southern Italian Peninsula, what is now Sicily, Calabria, Basilicata, Apulia, Campania, and Molise. +History. +Norman conquest. +The Kingdom of Sicily succeeded the County of Sicily which was created in 1071 during the Norman conquest of the peninsula. +Angevin rule. +In 1282, there was a revolt against the Angevin rule, it threw off Charles of Anjou's rule of Sicily. The Angevins are able to maintain control in the main part of the kingdom which became commonly known as the Kingdom of Naples, named after its capital, Naples. +Crown of Aragon. +From 1282 to 1409, Sicily was ruled by the Crown of Aragon. After 1302, the island kingdom was sometimes called the "Kingdom of Trinacria", In 1816, the Kingdom of Sicily merged with the Kingdom of Naples to form the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. +Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. +In 1861, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was invaded and conquered by an Expedition Corp (Expedition of the Thousand) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Italian unification. After a referendum, Two Sicilies was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia. Later, with several other northern city-states and duchies, formed the new Kingdom of Italy. + += = = Manuel Blanco Encalada = = = +Manuel José Blanco y Calvo de Encalada (April 21, 1790 – September 5, 1876) was a vice-admiral in the Chilean Navy. He later became a political figure, and the first President of the provisional government of Chile in 1826. + += = = Colette (2013 movie) = = = +Colette, also released under the name of Prisoner of Auschwitz, is a 2013 Slovakian Czech Dutch World War II biographical drama movie directed by Milan Cieslar and starring Andrej Hryc, Eric Bouwer, Jirí Mádl, Jan Cina, Zuzana Mauréry. + += = = Kepler-16b = = = +Kepler-16b is a planet outside our solar system. It orbits the Kepler-16A and Kepler-16B stars away from Earth. Bill Borucki discovered it in 2011. It is in diameter. It has a surface temperature of . It has a orbital period of 228.8 days, similar to Venus. It has a orbital radius of . + += = = Dendropsophus delarivai = = = +Dendropsophus delarivai is a frog that lives in Peru. Scientists have seen this between 500 and 1500 meters above sea level. + += = = Main Tera Hero = = = +Main Tera Hero () is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language action romantic comedy movie, directed by David Dhawan and produced by Shobha Kapoor and Ekta Kapoor under the Balaji Motion Pictures banner. The movie stars Nargis Fakhri, Varun Dhawan and Ileana D'Cruz. The movie released on 4 April 2014 to mixed reviews from critics, though it became a box office success. + += = = David Dhawan = = = +David Dhawan (born Rajinder Dhawan; 16 August 1955) is an Indian film director who works in Hindi films. He is the father of Bollywood actor Varun Dhawan. He is best known for directing several successful films, including "Swarg" (1990), "Shola Aur Shabnam" (1992), "Saajan Chale Sasural" (1996), "Judwaa" (1997), "Bade Miyan Chote Miyan" (1998), "Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge" (2000), "Mujhse Shaadi Karogi" (2004), "Partner" (2007), "Chashme Baddoor" (2013), "Main Tera Hero" (2014) and "Judwaa 2" (2017). The 1993 action thriller "Aankhen" and 1999 comedy "Biwi No.1" earned him the Filmfare Award for Best Director nominations. + += = = Happy New Year (2014 movie) = = = +Happy New Year (sometimes abbreviated as HNY) is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by Farah Khan and produced by Gauri Khan under the banner of Red Chillies Entertainment. The film features an ensemble cast of Shah Rukh Khan, Deepika Padukone, Abhishek Bachchan, Sonu Sood, Boman Irani, Vivaan Shah and Jackie Shroff. It was distributed worldwide by Yash Raj Films. The film marked the third collaboration of Khan with the director; they previously worked on "Main Hoon Na" (2004) and "Om Shanti Om" (2007), the latter of which also featured Padukone as the female lead. +"Happy New Year" was released on October 24, 2014, during Diwali with dubbed versions in Tamil and Telugu and it was the biggest film release in India up until then. The film received mixed reviews and became a blockbuster grossing in India on its first day, setting the record for the highest first-day collection made by an Indian film to that point, and over worldwide, and it became the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2014 and among the highest-grossing Bollywood films of all time. +Sypnopsis. +A gang of amateur dancers takes part in a dancing competition to avenge their personal vendetta. + += = = Filet Mignon = = = +Filet Mignon (French:"Fine fillet") is a type of meat. It is cut from the small end of the tenderloin. It can also refer to a part of the pork tenderloin. +It is very expensive due to the small size of the cut. +Usage. +Europe. +In France, filet mignon is referred to pork. There are different terms of the cut in other countries. E.g. filet de bœuf in French, fillet steak in the UK, filéstek in Swedish, filetsteak in German, filete in Spanish, filé mignon in Portuguese, filee steik in Estonian, and filetbiff in Norwegian. +North America. +In the U.S., both the central and large end of the beef tenderloin are often sold as "filet mignon" in supermarkets and restaurants. The French terms for these cuts are "tournedos" (the smaller central portion), "châteaubriand" (the larger central portion), and "biftek" (cut from the large end known as the "tête de filet" (lit. "head of filet") in French). +Preparation. +Like most steaks, the Filet Mignon can be cooked with different methods. + += = = Yaariyan (2014 movie) = = = +Yaariyan () is a 2014 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age romance film directed by Divya Khosla Kumar, and stars Himansh Kohli, Rakul Preet Singh and Nicole Faria. It marked the debut of the director as well as the leads. The film was produced by Bhushan Kumar and Krishan Kumar under the banner of T-Series Super Cassettes Industries. +The film released on 10 January 2014 with 1200 screens release in India. The film received negative reviews from critics but was a box office success grossing ₹550 million against its ₹100 million budget. + += = = Strip steak = = = +The strip steak is a type of meat cut from the short loin. It is a bit tender since it doesn't do that much work. +Other names. +The steak is sold in the United States under a lot of names names, including "Ambassador Steak", "Boneless Club Steak", "Hotel-Style Steak", "Kansas City Steak", "New York Steak", "Top Loin", and "Veiny Steak". +In New Zealand and Australia, it is known as "Porterhouse" and "Sirloin" (striploin steak) and can be found in the "Handbook of Australian Meat" under codes 2140 to 2143. +In the UK and Ireland it is called "sirloin". +In Canada, most meat sellers refer to this cut as a "strip loin"; in French it is known as "contre-filet". +Delmonico's Restaurant, an operation opened in New York City in 1827, sold as one of its signature dishes a cut from the short loin called a "Delmonico steak". Due to its association with the city, it is often called a "New York strip steak". +Preparation. +Like most steaks, the Strip steak can be cooked with different methods. + += = = Flank steak = = = +The flank steak is a type of meat cut from the abdomen or lower chest. It is a lean steak cut. +Overview. +A long and flat cut, flank steak is used in a lot of dishes including the London broil and as an alternative to the traditional skirt steak in "fajitas". The Grain (meat fibre) is seen in flank steaks, as it comes from a very-worked part of the cow, and many chefs cut across the grain to make the meat more tender. It is frequently used in Asian cuisine, often sold in Chinese markets as "stir-fry beef", and is served in French cuisine as an at most medium-rare steak. Flank is also used for steak jerky. +Usage. +The cut is common in Colombia, where it's known as "sobrebarriga" ("over the belly"). +Preparation. +Like most steaks, the Flank steak can be cooked with different methods. + += = = Avocado oil = = = +Avocado oil is a type of oil pressed out of the pulp of avocados. It can be used raw, or in cooking at a high heat. It is a source of monounsaturated fats. +Quality. +A study from the University of California, Davis in 2020 found that a majority of avocado oil sold in the US is either spoiled before its expiration date or is spoiled with other oils. In some cases, the researchers found that bottles labeled as “pure” or “extra virgin” avocado oil is soybean oil. + += = = D♭ (musical note) = = = +D (also called a re bémol) is the first note of the D♭ major scale. + += = = U.S. Route 425 = = = +U.S. Route 425 (US 425) is a north–south United States highway in the U.S. states of Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas. Its north end is Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and its south end is Natchez, Mississippi. + += = = Suleiman Abba = = = +Suleiman Abba (born 22 March 1959) is a retired Nigerian police officer who served as the 17th Inspector General of Nigerian Police. +Education. +Abba holds bachelor's degree of art (B.A degree in history) from University of Jos. +Career. +He began his career with Nigerian police and rose through ranks to become AIG. Held numerous positions such as Commissioner of Police in Lagos and Rivers States, Assistant Inspector-General of Police in charge of Zone 7 Abuja and Aide-De-Camp (ADC) to Maryam Abacha. + += = = Ahmed Makarfi = = = +Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi (born 8 August 1956), is a Nigerian politician and the former Chairman of the People's Democratic Party. He was the two times governor of Kaduna state and one time senator. +Early life and education. +Makarfi was born in Makarfi Local Government Area of Kaduna State. He went to Federal Government College Enugu. Makarfi was admitted to the School of Basic Studies at Ahmadu Bello University in Zaria where he obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting. He also holds masters degree in accounting and finance in Ahmadu Bello University. He was a part-time Lecturer in the Department of Accounting. +Career. +Makarfi began his career at the Nigeria Universal Bank, where he rose to the rank of Assistant General Manager. He was appointed as Commissioner of Finance and Economic. Makarfi was elected as the executive governor of Kaduna State in 1999 and also won a second four-year term in 2003. He was elected as a Senator representing Kaduna North Senatorial District. In 2016, Makarfi was appointed PDP national Chairman at a Convention held in Port Harcourt and later resigned after 2019 primary election. + += = = Umar Farouk Ahmed = = = +Umar Farouk Ahmed was Military Administrator of Cross River State, Nigeria,during the military regime of General Sani Abacha. He was then appointed administrator of Kaduna State (governor) in August during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami Abubakar, handing over power to the elected civilian governor Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi. + += = = The Man from G.R.A.M.P.A. = = = +"The Man from G.R.A.M.P.A." is the 21st episode of "The Simpsons" 32nd season. It was first broadcast on the Fox network on May 16, 2021. It was written by Carolyn Omine and Michael Polcino is the director of the episode. +Story. +Terrance (a spy from the MI5) is looking for a Russian spy who is known as "The Grey Fox". He learns that The Grey Fox is in a town in America with a nuclear power plant. He goes to Springfield and starts to think that Grampa Simpson is the Russian spy. Terrance talks to Grampa's son Homer about what he thinks of Grampa. Homer wants to help Terrance with finding the spy. They go to a beach and find Grampa taking a cane. Grampa is given an envelope from two men who look like Russians. Terrance later kidnaps Homer and Grampa. Chief Wiggum follows Terrance's car with Marge and arrests him. Grampa makes Terrance feel better by pretending to be The Grey Fox. +Reception. +Tony Sokol from Den of Geek thought the references to British spy movies were not strong enough. Sokol also thought the humor was not strong, but he called the episode clever. Jesse Bereta from Bubbleblabber thought that the episode was not too exciting, saying "it is more about convincing Homer that his father is a spy more than any actual spy work." However, Bereta said "it was a fun episode that tried something different." + += = = 9Go! = = = +9Go! is an Australian free-to-air digital television multichannel. It was launched by the Nine Network on 9 August 2009. The channel offers a mix of comedy, reality, general entertainment, movies, animation and drama for children between the ages of 4 to 18. + += = = Negro leagues = = = +The Negro Leagues were baseball leagues for African Americans. These leagues started in the 1880s because African Americans were not allowed into the major leagues. Some of the best players in the Negro Leagues were Satchel Paige, Oscar Charleston, Josh Gibson, and John Henry Lloyd. In 1945 Jackie Robinson was the first African American to join the major leagues in the 20th century. By the 1960s the Negro Leagues had broken up. + += = = Curlew = = = +The curlew is Numenius, a bird with a long downcurved bill (beak). With its beak the bird probes mudflats for food. +In pre-modern times the world had many more mudflats than it does today. Many have been eliminated by draining so as to give more land for farming. So, in England, the places suitable for the bird were in river estuaries and low-lying land. Originally, southern England had wide areas of mudflats suitable for the bird. +What changed was the draining of the "levels" to make for better farming. In England areas in East Anglia, Kent and Somerset were all drained and made productive farmland. A similar process happened in many countries. The consequence is that the curlews' numbers have dropped and the bird has become rare in places where it was once common. +Broadly speaking, curlews are waders, as are the godwits which look similar but have straight bills. +Most curlews migrate and so one or more species occur at different times of the year in Europe, Ireland, Britain, Iberia, Iceland, Africa, Southeast Asia, Siberia, North America, South America and Australasia. There are nine species of curlew. + += = = Dalhatu Tafida = = = +Dalhatu Sarki Tafida (born 24 November 1940) was a Minister of Health during the administration of Alhaji Shehu Shagari. He was the Senator of the Kaduna North constituency of Kaduna State. +Education. +Tafida holds a bachelor's degree in medicine and a bachelor's of surgery from the University of Lagos. He also received a Postgraduate Diploma in Public Health from the University of Liverpool, United Kingdom. + += = = National Republican Convention = = = +National Republican Convention was a Nigerian political party started by the former head of state General Ibrahim Babangida. +Politics. +Babangida made to the party for Nigerians who like conservative politics. The party did well in the core northern states and eastern states of Abia and Enugu. Still, some people felt the National Republican Convention was almost the same as the other party. These two parties joined together to become Nigeria's Social Democratic Party and another government-created party. + += = = List of cities in Kenya = = = +This is a list of cities and towns in Kenya. + += = = Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party = = = +The leader of the Labour Party is the highest ranked politician within the New Zealand Labour Party. He or she serves as the parliamentary leader and leading spokesperson of the party. +Since 22 January 2023, the office has been held by Chris Hipkins, who is the Member of Parliament for Remutaka. + += = = Kelvin Davis (politician) = = = +Kelvin Glen Davis (born 2 March 1967) is a New Zealand politician and a member of the House of Representatives. He has been Deputy Leader of the Labour Party since 1 August 2017. + += = = Andrew Little (New Zealand politician) = = = +Andrew James Little (born 7 May 1965) is a New Zealand politician. He is the Minister of Health and Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations. He is also the Minister for the Government Communications Security Bureau and the New Zealand Security Intelligence Service. +Little was Leader of the Opposition from 2014 to 2017. + += = = Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party = = = +The deputy leader of the Labour Party is the second-most senior politician within the Labour Party in New Zealand. The officeholder represents leader of the Labour Party at party-specific events. +In all cases where the leadership is vacant, the deputy leader can be acting leader until a new leadership election. +Kelvin Davis is the current Deputy Leader, elected on 1 August 2017. + += = = Annette King = = = +Dame Annette Faye King (née Robinson, born 13 September 1947) is a former New Zealand politician. She is the Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 2008 to 2011, and from 2014 until 1 March 2017. + += = = Mount Albert (New Zealand electorate) = = = +Mount Albert (abbreviated as Mt Albert) is a parliamentary electorate that represents the suburb of Mount Albert in Auckland, New Zealand. It has elected only Labour Party MPs since it was first created at the 1946 election. +The incumbent MP is Jacinda Ardern, currently serving as Prime Minister of New Zealand, who was first elected in a 2017 by-election. +The electorate was represented by David Shearer from 13 June 2009 to 31 December 2016; it was represented by Helen Clark from the 1981 general election until her resignation from Parliament on 17 April 2009. + += = = David Shearer = = = +David James Shearer (born 28 July 1957) is a New Zealand United Nations worker and politician. He was a member of the New Zealand Parliament for the Labour Party from 2009 to 2016. He was Leader of the Opposition from 2011 to 2013. +Shearer resigned from Parliament in December 2016 and is in charge of the United Nations peace keeping mission in South Sudan. + += = = List MP = = = +A list MP is a member of parliament (MP) elected from a party list rather than from by a geographical constituency. The place in Parliament is because of the number of votes that the party won, not to votes received by the MP personally. This happens only in countries which have an electoral system based wholly or partly on party-list proportional representation. + += = = Raymond Huo = = = +Raymond Huo (; born 1964) is a New Zealand politician who was a Member of Parliament from 2008 to 2014 and from 2017 to 2020. He was first elected in 2008 as the New Zealand Labour Party's first MP of Chinese descent. +He was the third Chinese New Zealander to enter Parliament. Huo announced in July 2020 that he would not be running in the 2020 election. + += = = Clarke Gayford = = = +Clarke Timothy Gayford (born 24 October 1976) is a New Zealand radio and television broadcaster. He was a presenter of the fishing documentary show "Fish of the Day". He is the fiancé of former New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. + += = = Ross Ardern = = = +David Ross Ardern (born 28 February 1954) is a New Zealand diplomat and former police officer. He is currently the Administrator of Tokelau. He was the High Commissioner of New Zealand to Niue from 2014 to 2018, and as Niue's police commissioner from 2005 to 2009. +Ardern is the father of the Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern. + += = = Premier House = = = +Premier House () is the official residence of the Prime Minister of New Zealand, located at 260 Tinakori Road, Thorndon, Wellington, New Zealand. +A private house bought for the prime minister's official residence when government moved its base to Wellington in 1865. +It was leased to private individuals for six years in the late 1890s then returned to use as an official residence for the prime minister until the Great Depression when a new government in 1935 wished to avoid "show". It was renovated and recommissioned as Premier House in 1990. + += = = University of Waikato = = = +The University of Waikato (), informally Waikato University, is a university in Hamilton, New Zealand. The university was created in 1964. It has another campus in Tauranga. + += = = Morrinsville = = = +Morrinsville is a provincial town in the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island, with a population of 7,000 in the 2013 Census The town is located at the northern base of the Pakaroa Range, and on the south-western fringe of the Hauraki Plains. Morrinsville is around 33 kilometres east of Hamilton. + += = = Murupara = = = +Murupara is a town located in the Whakatāne District and Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand's North Island. The town is located in an isolated part of the region between the Kaingaroa Forest and Te Urewera protected area, on the banks of the Rangitaiki River, 65 kilometres southeast of Rotorua. + += = = Cabinet Office = = = +The Cabinet Office (CO) supports the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, and ensures the effective running of government. The Cabinet Office is also the corporate headquarters for government, in partnership with HM Treasury, and takes the lead in certain critical policy areas. +Ministers. +The Cabinet Office is a department of the Government of the United Kingdom works for supporting the prime minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. It is made of many units that support Cabinet committees. Staff working in the Prime Minister's Office are part of the Cabinet Office. + += = = International Union of Socialist Youth = = = +The International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) is an international organization which was founded in 1907. Their activities include publications, support of member organizations and the organization of meetings. It was formed as the youth wing of the Second International. + += = = 2008 New Zealand general election = = = +The 2008 New Zealand general election was held on 8 November 2008. The liberal-conservative National Party, headed by its parliamentary leader John Key, won the largest share of votes and seats, ending nine years of government by the social-democratic Labour Party, led by Helen Clark. This marked the beginning of the Fifth National Government which governed for the next nine years, until the 2017 general election, when a government was formed between the Labour and New Zealand First parties. +The Chief Electoral Officer released the official results on 22 November 2008. + += = = New Zealand electorates = = = +An electorate or electoral district () is a geographical constituency used for electing members (MPs) to the New Zealand Parliament. The size of electorates depends on that all electorates have about the same population. +The 72 electorates are made up from 65 general and seven Māori electorates. The number of electorates increases with national population growth; the number was increased from 71 to 72 starting at the 2020 general election. +List of electorates. +Below is a list of current general and Māori electorates. + += = = 2017 Mount Albert by-election = = = +The 2017 Mount Albert by-election was a New Zealand by-election held in the Mount Albert electorate on 25 February 2017 during the 51st New Zealand Parliament. +The seat was vacated after the resignation of David Shearer, a former Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party. +No all right and centre-right parties ran, and turnout was low. The electorate was won by Labour Party list MP Jacinda Ardern by a large margin. Another Labour member, Raymond Huo, filled Ardern's list seat. + += = = Julie Anne Genter = = = +Julie Anne Genter (; born 17 December 1979) is an American-born New Zealand politician. She is a member of the House of Representatives representing the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand. She was the Minister for Women, Associate Minister for Health and Associate Minister for Transport during the first term of Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern. +She holds dual citizenship of New Zealand and the United States. + += = = New Zealand First = = = +New Zealand First (), commonly abbreviated to NZ First, is a nationalist and populist political party in New Zealand. The party formed in July 1993 following the resignation on 19 March 1993 of its leader and founder, Winston Peters. +It has formed coalition governments with both major political parties in New Zealand: first with the National Party from 1996 to 1998 and then with the Labour Party from 2005 to 2008 and from 2017 to 2020, and then again with the National Party from 2023 to 2027. + += = = Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand = = = +The Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand (), commonly known as the Greens, is a green and left-wing political party in New Zealand. They support ecological wisdom, social justice, grassroots democracy, and nonviolence. The party's ideology are environmentalism with left-wing and social-democratic economic policies. + += = = New Zealand property bubble = = = +The property bubble in New Zealand is a major national economic and social issue. Since the early 1990s, house prices in New Zealand have risen faster than incomes. It has put pressure on public housing providers as fewer households have access to housing on the private market. The property bubble has caused large impacts on inequality in New Zealand, which now has one of the highest homelessness rate in the OECD and a record-high waiting list for public housing. + += = = Child poverty = = = +Child poverty is when children are living in poverty and are children from poor families or orphans being raised with limited state resources. In developing countries, these standards are low and, when combined with the increased number of orphans, the effects are more extreme. +In highly-developed states. +UNICEF made a study: According to this study, child poverty increased in 17 of the 24 OECD countries, between 1995 and 2005. In the other seven countries it decreased. Six of the seven countries where it decreased had a high level of child poverty. The only exception to this is Norway, where child poverty has been decresing for a long time. +The biggest increase was in Poland (+4.3%), Luxembourg (+4.1%) and the Czech Republic (also +4.1%). The biggest decrease was in England (-3.1%), the United States (-2.8%) and Norway (-1.8%). +In these states, a child is defined as "poor" if the family income is less than a cetain percentage of the median income of a family for that county. +Absolute and relative poverty. +Absolute poverty is the most severe form of povery. People in that category don't have enough money to conver the basic human needs, such as safe drinking water, sanitation, health, and shelter. +Problems. +Children affected by poverty face a number of problems: +Statistics. +An estimated 385 million children live in extreme poverty. According to the UNICEF: + += = = Social inequality = = = +Social inequality happens when resources in a society are given out unevenly. This can be because of gender, sexuality, race, income, legal status, social status and education level. Social inequality usually talks about the lack of equality of outcome and the lack of equality of access to opportunity. The social rights include labor market, the source of income, health care, and freedom of speech, education, political representation, and participation. + += = = TUDN (TV network) = = = +TUDN (formerly Univision Deportes) is a sports programming division of Univision, a Spanish-language broadcast television network owned by Univision Communications. + += = = Public relations = = = +Public relations (PR) is the practice of deliberately managing the release and spread of information between an individual or an organization and the public in order to affect the public views. + += = = Harry Duynhoven = = = +Harry James Duynhoven (born 1955) is a New Zealand politician and member of the New Zealand Labour Party. He was the mayor of the city of New Plymouth from 2010 until 2013. He was a Member of Parliament for the New Plymouth electorate from 1987–1990, from 1993–2003, and again from 2003–2008. +Duynhoven was elected as Mayor of New Plymouth in October 2010. + += = = 1999 New Zealand general election = = = +The 1999 New Zealand general election was held on 27 November 1999. The governing National Party, led by Prime Minister Jenny Shipley, was defeated, being replaced by a coalition of Helen Clark's Labour Party and the smaller Alliance. + += = = New Zealand Young Labour = = = +Young Labour () is the youth wing and student wing of the New Zealand Labour Party. It hosts an annual conference and many national events, includingsessions at the Labour Party's annual conference. All Labour Party members aged 15 to 30 years old are members of Young Labour. + += = = Waikato (New Zealand electorate) = = = +Waikato is an electorate in the New Zealand Parliament. A Waikato electorate was first created in 1871 and an electorate by this name has existed from 1871 to 1963, 1969 to 1996, and 2008 to the present, though exact borders have often changed. + += = = TVNZ = = = +Television New Zealand (), more commonly known as TVNZ, is a free-to-air public broadcasting television network that is broadcast throughout New Zealand and parts of the Pacific region. +TVNZ was created in February 1980. About 90% of TVNZ's revenue is from commercial activity (such as advertising and merchandising). + += = = Breakfast (New Zealand TV programme) = = = +Breakfast (also referred to as 1 News Breakfast) is a New Zealand morning news and talk show airing weekday mornings on TVNZ 1, produced by 1 News. The first episode came out on 11 August 1997. It was the first of its genre in New Zealand. It has a mixture of breaking news, news, sport, weather and feature items. Originally a two-hour programme, it was expanded to three hours in 2012. + += = = Auckland Central (New Zealand electorate) = = = +Auckland Central is a New Zealand electoral division returning one member to the New Zealand House of Representatives. The electorate is represented by Chlöe Swarbrick, a member of the Green Party; she has represented the seat since 2020. + += = = 2011 New Zealand general election = = = +The 2011 New Zealand general election on Saturday 26 November 2011. +One hundred and twenty-one MPs were elected to the New Zealand House of Representatives, 70 from single-member electorates, and 51 from party lists including one overhang seat. +A referendum on the voting system was held at the same time as the election, with voters voting by majority to keep the MMP system. + += = = 2014 New Zealand general election = = = +The 2014 New Zealand general election took place on Saturday 20 September 2014. +Voters elected 121 members to the House of Representatives, with 71 from single-member electorates (an increase from 70 in 2011) and 49 from party lists. +A total of 3,140,417 people were registered to vote in the election; around 92.6% of all eligible New Zealanders. A total of 2,446,279 votes were cast. +The centre-right National Party, led by incumbent Prime Minister John Key, gained a plurality with 47.0% of the party vote and 60 of the 121 seats. + += = = Nikki Kaye = = = +Nicola Laura Kaye (born 11 February 1980) is a New Zealand politician. She was Deputy Leader of the New Zealand National Party and Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 22 May 2020 to 14 July 2020. +Kaye was the member of the New Zealand Parliament from 2008 until 2020. +She is a breast cancer survivor. + += = = Denise Roche = = = +Denise Maree Roche (born 9 July 1963) is a New Zealand politician. She was a member of the Waiheke Local Board and the New Zealand House of Representatives, where she represented the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand from 2011 to 2017. +Roche was born in 1963 in Helensville. + += = = Sandinista National Liberation Front = = = +The Sandinista National Liberation Front or Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) is a political party in Nicaragua. It was founded by Augusto César Sandino. +History. +Silvio Mayorga, Tomás Borge, and Carlos Fonseca started the party in 1961. +In 1979, the Sandinista Party overthrew Anastasiio Somoza Debayle's dynasty. The Sandinistas then ruled from 1979 to 1990, and the FSLN took over as the country's sole power-sharing government in March 1981. Despite implementing a policy of mass education and promoting gender equality, the government came under international scrutiny for human rights abuses and the oppression of indigenous people. +The FSLN is Nicaragua's sole political party. It currently holds the country's only seat in congress. It often polls in opposition against the PLC. In 2006, Daniel Ortega was reelected as the country's president with many more votes than the other person who ran. + += = = Leima Linthoingambi = = = +Leima Linthoingambi was the queen of king Ningthoukhomba (1432-1567) of Manipur kingdom. During the Ankla invasion, the king had to proceed at the war field. At the King's absence in the capital city Kangla, the Tangkhul tribes raided the city. But in disguise as the king, the queen resisted their revolution by offering strong wine at the king's absence. With her wits, the kingdom was saved. This account is recorded in the Ningthourol Lambuba. + += = = Maharani Kumudini = = = +Maharani Kumudini Devi is the Queen of King Gambhir Singh and mother of King Chandrakirti of Manipur kingdom. After the death of her husband in an early age, she took full responsibility to protect her minor son, Prince Chandrakirti from the evil plots of palace intrigues. After her son ascended the throne of Manipur kingdom, she is best known for being the greatest royal lady holding utmost powers in the history. + += = = 2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election = = = +The 2017 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election was held on 1 August 2017 to choose the next Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party. The election was won by Deputy Leader and Mount Albert MP Jacinda Ardern. She was the only candidate running. +Labour leader Andrew Little had led Labour since 2014 and, after many poor results, announced his plan to retire from the leadership. According to Ardern, Little had previously approached her on 26 July 2017 and stated he thought she should take over as party leader, as he was of the opinion he could not turn things around for Labour. Ardern said she had refused, telling him to "stick it out". + += = = Steven Joyce = = = +Steven Leonard Joyce (born 7 April 1963) is a New Zealand former politician. He became a member of New Zealand House of Representatives in 2008 as a member of the New Zealand National Party. +As a broadcasting entrepreneur with RadioWorks, he was a millionaire before he entered politics. +On 6 March 2018, he announced his resignation from politics. + += = = University of Auckland = = = +The University of Auckland is a public university based in Auckland, New Zealand. It is the largest and highest-ranked university in New Zealand. It places among the Top 100 universities in the world by QS World Rankings. The institution was created in 1883. Today, the University of Auckland is New Zealand's largest university by enrolment, hosting about 40,000 students on five Auckland campuses. There are eight faculties, including a law school, as well as three research institutes associated with the university. +The university has a reputation for excellence in research and teaching, which attracts students from all over the world. The University of Auckland offers over 150 undergraduate and postgraduate degree programs across eight faculties. These faculties include Arts, Business, Creative Arts and Industries, Education and Social Work, Engineering, Law, Medical and Health Sciences, and Science. +The university also has partnerships with leading international universities such as Stanford University, the University of Oxford, and the National University of Singapore (NUS), among others. Other notable new zealand universities that attract international students are Victoria University of Wellington and Massey University. However, when it comes to overall rankings based on academic excellence and research output alone, the University of Auckland is considered one of the top universities in New Zealand. +The Best Universities In New Zealand For International Students + += = = Minister of Foreign Affairs (New Zealand) = = = +The Minister of Foreign Affairs is a senior member of the New Zealand Government heading the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. They are responsible for relations with foreign countries. +The current Minister of Foreign Affairs is Winston Peters. + += = = Nanaia Mahuta = = = +Nanaia Cybele Mahuta (born 21 August 1970) is a New Zealand politician. She is the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hauraki-Waikato. She became the Minister of Foreign Affairs in November 2020 and she served until November 2023. She is also the Minister of Local Government and was Minister for Māori Development from 2017 to 2020. + += = = Council of Women World Leaders = = = +The Council of Women World Leaders, created in 1996, is a network of 77 current and former Presidents and Prime Ministers. It is the only organization in the world dedicated to women heads of state and government. The Council's Ministerial Initiative also involves current and former cabinet ministers and secretaries in the work of the Council. + += = = Edward Stafford (politician) = = = +Sir Edward William Stafford (23 April 1819 – 14 February 1901) was the third Premier of New Zealand. He was the prime minister three times. + += = = Capital gains tax = = = +A capital gains tax is a tax on the profit realized on the sale of a non-inventory asset. The most common capital gains are seen from the sale of stocks, bonds, precious metals, real estate, and property. +Not all countries have a capital gains tax and most have different rates of taxation. Countries that do not impose a capital gains tax include Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Cayman Islands, Isle of Man, Jamaica, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, Singapore, and others. +In some countries, such as New Zealand and Singapore, professional traders and those who trade frequently are taxed on such profits as a business income. +In the United Kingdom people paid £16.7 billion in capital gains tax in 2021-22. + += = = Women in the history of Manipur kingdom = = = +Manipuri women have been known for their valor, skill and active involvement in social, economic, political and cultural activities, besides holding almost all the household responsibilities as a mother, wife, daughter, sister and daughter in law. +Thomas Callan Hodson, the then British Political Agent of 1908 Manipur, quoted in his monograph, The Meitheis, as follows: += = = Compton Mackenzie = = = +Sir Compton Mackenzie, OBE (; 17 January 1883 – 30 November 1972) was a prolific writer of fiction, biography, histories, and memoir, as well as a cultural commentator, raconteur, and lifelong Scottish nationalist. He was one of the co-founders in 1928 of the Scottish National Party along with Hugh MacDiarmid, RB Cunninghame Graham and John MacCormick. + += = = Paul Bekker = = = +Paul Bekker (September 11, 1882, Berlin – March 7, 1937, New York) was one of the most influential German music critics of the 20th century. +The music library of Yale University houses the "Paul Bekker Collection", which has many letters, documents, receipts, photographs, printed scores and other forms of miscellany, some of which have great historical and musicological value. + += = = Musopen = = = +Musopen is an online library of public domain music recordings and sheet music, launched by Aaron Dunn in 2005. It aims to "set music free" through providing music to the public free of charge, without copyright restrictions. +In 2008, Musopen released newly-commissioned recordings of the 32 Beethoven piano sonatas into the public domain. + += = = Maynard Solomon = = = +Maynard Elliott Solomon (January 5, 1930 – September 28, 2020) was an American writer and a music producer. He was a co-founder of Vanguard Records, and later became a writer on music. +Career. +Maynard Solomon started Vanguard Records with his brother Seymour Solomon, in 1950. The label was popular for folk music and blues for the next fifteen years. As well as producing many albums, he wrote many liner notes. +Solomon won the rights to record and release music from the Newport Folk Festival. This meant he could release recordings by artists who had not actually signed with Vanguard. At this time, Elektra was the main label for folk artists. Their singers, Phil Ochs and Judy Collins, were recorded at Newport, as was a Columbia artist, Bob Dylan. +In 1960, he signed Joan Baez. In the late 60's Vanguard had some success with rock artists, One of these was Country Joe and the Fish (today usually called Country Joe McDonald). +Death. +Solomon died on September 28, 2020 at his home in Manhattan from dementia with Lewy bodies, aged 90. + += = = International Music Score Library Project = = = +The International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP), also known as the Petrucci Music Library after publisher Ottaviano Petrucci, is a project for the creation of a virtual library of public domain music scores, based on wikis. +Current operation. +IMSLP states on its site +that it is owned by Project Petrucci LLC. Physical contact information is provided, listing only an address in the United States. + += = = Jacobs School of Music = = = +The Jacobs School of Music of Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana, is a music conservatory started in 1921. Until 2005, it was known as the Indiana University School of Music. It has more than 1,600 students, approximately half of whom are undergraduates, with the second largest enrollment of all music schools as said by the National Association of Schools of Music. + += = = Catch (baseball) = = = +In baseball, a catch occurs when a fielder gains possession of a batted ball in flight, and keeps possession until he purposefully or accidentally releases the ball. + += = = Nefastus Dies = = = +Nefastus Dies is a Canadian black and death metal band from Montreal, Quebec. +The band was formed in 2005 and released a demo in 2005 titled "Prelude". The band went on a promotional tour across Ontario & Quebec from January 11 to 19, 2006. They recorded their first full-length album titled "Urban Cancer" in 2006. They released the album on June 10, 2008 through Candlelight USA. The band then released their second demo titled "Interlude" in 2009 which was an independent internet only release. +The Metal Observer rated "Prelude" a 9.5 out of 10. + += = = Manuel Robles (table tennis) = = = +Manuel Robles Aguila (born March 6, 1959 in Monachil, Granada) is a table tennis athlete from Spain. He has a physical disability: he is class 5 player. He played table tennis at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, 2000 Summer Paralympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. In 2000, he finished third in the Open 1-5 Singles table tennis game. + += = = Sebastián Rodríguez Veloso = = = +Sebastian Rodríguez Veloso (born February 27, 1957 in Cadiz) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a physical disability and is an S5 type swimmer. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 50 meter freestyle race, the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay, the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay and the 100 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 50 meter freestyle race and the 100 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points freestyle relay. He finished third in the 50 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 100 meter freestyle race. + += = = José Manuel Ruiz Reyes = = = +José Manuel Ruiz Reyes (born July 16, 1978 in Granada) is a table tennis athlete from Spain. He has a physical disability: he is class 10 player. He played table tennis at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 2000, he finished second in the men's class 6-10 singles open and third in the Class 10 team. In 2008, he finished second in the Team Class 9-10 game. In 2012, he finished third in the Team Class 9-10 game. + += = = Habo = = = +Habo is a locality, and the seat of Habo Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. + += = = Mullsjö = = = +Mullsjö is a locality, and the seat of Mullsjö Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. + += = = Habo Municipality = = = +Habo Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Habo. When Skaraborg County was disestablished in 1998, the municipalities of Habo and Mullsjö were merged into Jönköping County, following local 1997 referendums. + += = = Mullsjö Municipality = = = +Mullsjö Municipality (, "Mullsjö kommun") is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Mullsjö. When Skaraborg County was disestablished in 1998, the municipalities of Habo and Mullsjö were merged into Jönköping County, following local 1997 referendums. + += = = Bankeryd = = = +Bankeryd is a locality in Jönköping Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. + += = = Hjo Municipality = = = +Hjo Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Hjo. + += = = Ovanåker = = = +Ovanåker is a locality in Ovanåker Municipality in the county of Gävleborg in Sweden. + += = = Ovanåker Municipality = = = +Ovanåker Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Edsbyn. + += = = Pablo Saavedra Reinado = = = +Pablo Saavedra Reinado (born January 29, 1975 in Pontevedra) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability and is an S9 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in 4 x 100 meter 34 point freestyle relay race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. + += = = Juan Antonio Saavedra Reinaldo = = = +Juan Antonio Saavedra Reinaldo (born November 21, 1973 in Pontevedra) is a shooter from Spain. He has a disability and is an SH1-SH2 type shooter. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 2012, he finished second in the Free rifle lying R6, Mixed gender SH1 event. + += = = Tidaholm Municipality = = = +Tidaholm Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tidaholm. + += = = Falköping Municipality = = = +Falköping Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Falköping. + += = = Ulricehamn Municipality = = = +Ulricehamn Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ulricehamn. + += = = Raquel Saavedra Salvador = = = +Raquel Saavedra Salvador (born May 11, 1981 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a vision impairment and is an S11/B1 type swimmer. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 100 meter backstroke. She finished third in the 4 x 100 meter 49 points medley relay race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 100 meter backstroke. + += = = Stepper motor = = = +A stepper motor is an electric motor that is able to create sharp movements. It is used, for example, in printers. They are also commonly found in robots, automotive devices, and computer hard drives. Like other electric motors, they need an electrical circuit to work. Typically they have more than two wires to control them. There are several versions of stepper motors and several ways to drive them. +DC motors can be considered using two general categories, stepper motors and servo motors. +Servo motors needs a continuous feedback of position to control the state of the motor in order to give the motor specific or desired speed or position. These types of stepper motor are usually more expensive because they required additional circuitry to acquire this constant positional feedback. +The other type of generalized motor is called a stepper motor. This stepper motor is commonly used for simple experiments because it is inexpensive. It doesn't require the position of the motor to be known, hence it won't require additional circuitry. A stepper motor turns to a specific positions in using a constant sequence. This sequence can be achieved in multiple ways. +Full stepping, half stepping, and micro stepping are ways to achieve a sequence of steps from the motor. +Full stepping with a two phase motor calls for two coils to be alternated simultaneously. This form of stepping will allow the motor to spin, but the angle of that spin will be based upon the step angle. The step angle is equal to the 360 degrees divided by the steps per revolutions. The steps per revolutions are found by the number phases on the stator times the number of permanent magnets available to the motor. + += = = Askersund Municipality = = = +Askersund Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Askersund. + += = = Alejandro Sanchez Palomero = = = +Alejandro Sanchez Palomero (born November 6, 1986) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability and is an S8 type swimmer. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 100 meter S8 breaststroke. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. + += = = Vänersborg Municipality = = = +Vänersborg Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vänersborg. + += = = José Fernando Sardina Santiago = = = +José Fernando Sardina Santiago (born September 16, 1970 in Brañosera, Palencia) is a goalball athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type player. He played goalball at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team was third. + += = = Francisco Segarra Simon = = = +Francisco Segarra Simon (born February 27, 1976 in Granollers, Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a vision problem and is an S12 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 400 meter freestyle race and the 100 meter backstroke race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 4 x 100 meter relay medley 49 points race and the 100 meter backstroke race. + += = = Santiago Jose Sanz Quinto = = = +Santiago Jose Sanz Quinto (born October 22, 1969 in Albatera, Alicante) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a physical disability: He is a T52 type athlete. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics and the 2008 Summer Paralympics. In 2000, he finished second in the 5,000 meter race and third in the 800 meter race. In 2004, he finished second in the 1,500 meter race and third in the 5,000 meter race. + += = = Älvkarleby Municipality = = = +Älvkarleby Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Skutskär. + += = = Trollhättan Municipality = = = +Trollhättan Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Trollhättan. + += = = Mariestad Municipality = = = +Mariestad Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Mariestad. + += = = Skövde Municipality = = = +Skövde Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Skövde. + += = = Skara Municipality = = = +Skara Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Skara. + += = = Jaime Serrano Alonso = = = +Jaime Serrano Alonso (born April 30, 1979 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability and is an S9 type swimmer. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 400 meter freestyle race. He finished second in the 200 meter individual medley race. + += = = Óscar Serrano González = = = +Óscar Serrano González (born October 12, 1973 in Madrid) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a vision problem, and he is a T12/B2 type athlete. He competed the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the T12 1,500 meter race. + += = = Francisco Ángel Soriano San Martin = = = +Francisco Ángel Soriano San Martin (born March 28, 1949 in Las Tejeras-Langreo, Asturias) is a shooter from Spain. He has a disability and is an SH1 type shooter. He was injured in an accident at work. Because of the accident, he uses a wheelchair. In 2012, he was retired and a pensioner. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 1996, he finished first in the Free Pistol .50 P4, Mixed SH1 competition. In 2000, he finished third in the Free Pistol .50 P4, Mixed SH1 competition. + += = = Samuel Soler Martin = = = +Samuel Soler Martin (born May 18, 1979 in Plasencia, Cáceres) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is an S3 type swimmer. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 200 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. + += = = Last Vegas = = = +Last Vegas is a 2013 American comedy movie. It was released in autumn 2013 in the United States. The movie is about four old friends in their sixties who throw a bachelor party for the last one of them being married. Michael Douglas stars as Billy, Robert De Niro is Paddy and Mary Steenburgen is Diana. 50 Cent, Morgan Freeman, and Kevin Kline also appear in this movie. + += = = Blood donation = = = +Blood donation is when a person voluntarily gives blood, which can be used for blood transfusions or to make certain drugs. Blood banks store this blood. The blood can be used to help the victims of accidents, for example. Usually, the blood donor and the donated blood are tested for diseases which spread through the blood. These include various forms of Hepatitis, HIV, Haemophilia and Syphilis. Usually, a series of questions also need to be answered to make sure that there is no risk to the person donating. +A special case occurs before some medical operations. People donate their own blood, which can be used if they lose a lot of blood during surgery. +Conditions. +There are certain conditions on the people who can donate blood. Some of them vary by country, others are the same in most countries +Total exclusions. +In general, those donating blood need to be healthy. + += = = Laura Tramuns Tripiana = = = +Laura Tramuns Tripiana (born February 19, 1970 in Badalona, Barcelona) is a swimmer and track and field athlete from Spain. She has a physical disability and is a S8/T46 type athlete. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics and 2000 Summer Paralympics in swimming. In 1996, she finished second in the 100 meter breaststroke race. + += = = Daniel Vidal Fuster = = = +Daniel Vidal Fuster (born December 30, 1975 in Burriana, Castellón) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability and is an S6 type swimmer. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 50 meter butterfly race, the 4 x 50 meter medley relay and the 4 x 50 meter freestyle relay race. He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 50 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 50 meter butterfly race and the 4 x 50 meter medley relay. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 4 x 50 meter freestyle relay race. He finished third in the 4 x 50 meter medley relay. He finished fourth in the 50 meter freestyle race. He finished fifth in the 50 meter butterfly race. +At the 2009 IPC European Swimming Championship in Reykjavik, Iceland, he finished in the top three in at least one of his races. In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open. + += = = Silvia Vives Montlleó = = = +Silvia Vives Montlleó (born August 17, 1974 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a disability and is an S8 type swimmer. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the 100 meter butterfly race and the 100 meter backstroke race. She finished third in the 4 x 100 meter 34 points medley relay and the 200 meter individual medley. + += = = Ricardo Ten Argiles = = = +Ricardo Ten Argiles (born August 11, 1975 in Valencia) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability and is an S5 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 1996, he finished second in the 100 meter breaststroke and third in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay race. In 2000, he finished first in the 100 meter breaststroke and first in the 4 x 50 meter 20 points medley relay race. In 2008, he finished first in the 100 meter breaststroke. In 2012, he finished third in the 100 meter breaststroke. + += = = Enrique Tornero Hernandez = = = +Enrique Tornero Hernandez (born May 30, 1980 in Plasencia, Cáceres) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability and is an S9 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 400 meter freestyle race. He finished third in the 4 x 100 meter 34 points freestyle relay. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 400 meter freestyle race. + += = = Vicente Javier Torres Ramis = = = +Vicente Javier Torres Ramis (born June 14, 1974 in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability and is an S5 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, 2000 Summer Paralympics, 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 1996, he finished first in the 150 meter individual medley, second in the 4 x 50 meters 20 point freestyle relay and third in the 4 x 50 meters 20 point medley relay. In 2000, he finished first in the 150 meter individual medley, in the 4 x 50 meters 20 point freestyle relay and in the 4 x 50 meters 20 point medley relay. In 2000, he finished third in the 50 meter breaststroke. In 2004, he finished second in the 150 meter individual medley and third in the 4 x 50 meters 20 point medley relay. In 2008, he finished second in the 150 meter individual medley. +In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open. Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program). + += = = Álvaro Valera Muñoz-Vargas = = = +Alvaro Valera Muñoz-Vargas (born October 16, 1982 in Seville) is a table tennis athlete from Spain. He has a physical disability: he is class 3 player and competes while using a wheelchair. In 2012, he lived in Madrid. He played table tennis at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics, 2012 Summer Paralympics and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. In 2008, he finished third in the Class 3 singles table tennis game. In 2008, he finished third in the Class 7 men's singles. In 2012, he finished second in the Class 6 men's singles and in the Team Class 6-8 game. + += = = Afrikan tähti = = = +Afrikan tähti is a popular Finnish board game. It was designed by Kari Mannerla. It has been produced since 1951. +Afrikan tähti has remained one of the most sold board games in Finland for 65 years. During this time it has been translated to over 16 languages. It is most popular in the Nordic countries, where it became widely marketed in Sweden, Norway and Denmark in 1960. In Sweden the game is called Den Försvunna Diamanten, in Norway Den Forsvunne Diamanten (both meaning "The Lost [or, Vanished] Diamond") and in Denmark Afrikas Stjerne (Star of Africa). In Finland over two million games have been sold, in Sweden and Norway almost one million and in Denmark half a million. There are over 4.5 million sold games internationally. During his retirement years Kari Mannerla revived one of his old creations Inkan Aarre in a completely modified version. Inkan Aarre has sold over 100,000 in Finland. + += = = Face detection = = = +Face detection is a computer technology that identifies a person by the features on their face. + += = = Leylâ Erbil = = = +Leyla Erbil () (12 January 1931, Istanbul – 19 July 2013, Istanbul) was a Turkish novelist and story-writer. +Leylâ Erbil was born in Istanbul. She completed her high school education in Istanbul and he was admitted to Istanbul University Department of English Language and Literature. She was married at her last year in school and didn't graduated from university. She lived in Ankara and Izmir, and returned Istanbul in 1961. +She started her writing career as a story-writer. After 1971, she also wrote novels. +Leylâ Erbil was a co-founder of the Union of Artists of Turkey and the Writers Syndicate of Turkey. She was a member of the PEN International and the Workers' Party of Turkey. +She died in Or-Ahayim Balat Hospital, Fatih, Istanbul on 19 July 2013. + += = = Enrique Agudo Camacho = = = +Enrique Agudo Camacho (born January 1, 1967 in Tarragona) is a table tennis athlete from Spain. He has a physical disability: he is class 10 player. He played table tennis at the 1996 Summer Paralympics, 2000 Summer Paralympics and 2004 Summer Paralympics. In 1996, he finished third in the men's Class 10 singles event. In 2000, he finished third in the Class 10 doubles event. + += = = Eurocopter EC130 = = = +The Eurocopter EC130 is a civilian helicopter designed and built in France. It is the latest model in the Ecureuil series. It was designed at the beginning like "AS-350B4", but was later named EC130B4. It is a single-turboshaft helicopter built entirely of metal. Some are used by U.S. police services. + += = = Damascus Gate = = = +The Damascus Gate (, "Sha'ar Sh'khem" means Nablus Gate; and , "Bab al-Amud", means the Gate of the Column) is the oldest gate of the of the Old City of Jerusalem. It was built in 1538 on a Roman gate that built before it. Inside the Old City, there was a round square before the gate with the Roman pillar that was the Kilometer Zero mark for measurements from Jerusalem to other cities. The pillar was destroyed and never found. But the Roman square with the gate was founded under the Damascus Gate. After the British Mandate of Palestine, the new Kilometer Zero was moved to the nearby Jaffa Gate. An ancient cave called Zedekiah's Cave is near the entrance to the gate. In the 2000s, a new amphitheater was built outside the entrance to the gate with 500 seats facing towards the front of the gate. + += = = Mel Smith = = = +Melvin Kenneth "Mel" Smith (3 December 1952 – 19 July 2013) was an English comedian, writer, movie director, producer and actor. He was best known for his work on the sketch comedy shows "Not the Nine O'Clock News" and "Alas Smith and Jones" along with his comedy partner Griff Rhys Jones. +Life. +Smith was born on 3 December 1952 in Chiswick, Middlesex, England. He studied at Hogarth Primary School, Chiswick and at Latymer Upper School. He went on to study experimental psychology at New College, Oxford. Smith died on 19 July 2013 from a heart attack in London, England, aged 60. + += = = Agly = = = +The Agly River (, ) is a river in southern France. It flows mostly to the southeast through the Plain of Roussillon, in the region of Occitanie. It ends in the Mediterranean Sea. +On its way to the Mediterranean Sea, it flows through the departments of Aude and Pyrénées-Orientales. +Geography. +The Agly river is long. Its source is on the Pass of Linas, to the northeast of the Pech de Bugarach, the highest of the Corbières mountains, departments of Aude, at an elevation of . +It then goes into the Pyrénées-Orientales by the gorges of Galamus and flows into the Mediterranean Sea south of Barcarès. +There is a dam on the Agly river, on Caramany, Pyrénées-Orientales; it was built to prevent floods and to store water. +Hydrology. +The Agly is a very irregular small river. Its flow was observed over a period of 42 years (1967-2008) in Estagel about twenty kilometers from its mouth and after receiving the waters of its tributary Verdouble. +The discharge of the river at this location is per second. +The Agly shows typical seasonal fluctuations like other small rivers in southern France. The highest levels of the river are in winter and spring, from December to May inclusive, with the highest level in February. They are followed by a rapid fall in the flow during the low water period that goes from late June to early October. +Tributaries. +The Angly has 19 tributaries; the main ones are: + += = = Mary of Bethany = = = +Mary of Bethany is a person described in the Bible. She is the sister of Martha and Lazarus in the Gospels of the New Testament. She lived in the village of Bethany. + += = = Russian State Library = = = +The Russian State Library is the national library of Russia in Moscow. There is another library in Saint Petersburg named the National Library of Russia. + += = = Helen Thomas = = = +Helen Amelia Thomas (August 4, 1920 – July 20, 2013) was an American author and news service reporter. She was a member of the White House press corps and opinion columnist. Thomas was the first female White House press correspondent. +Thomas was the only female print journalist to travel to China with President Richard Nixon during his historic trip in 1972. She traveled around the world several times with all U.S. Presidents since Richard Nixon. She covered every Economic Summit since 1975. +Thomas worked up to the position of UPI's White House Bureau Chief, a post she would hold for over 25 years. While serving as White House Bureau Chief, she authored a regular column for UPI, "Backstairs at the White House." The column provided an insider's view of various presidential administrations. +Thomas was the only member of the White House Press Corps to have her own seat in the White House Briefing Room. All other seats are assigned to media outlets. +Awards. +Thomas received numerous awards and more than 30 honorary degrees. In 1976, Thomas was named one of the "World Almanac's 25 Most Influential Women in America. +In 1993, Thomas won the Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Journalism. +In 1995 she received the Courage in Journalism Award. +In April 2012, Thomas received an award from the Palestine Liberation Organization. The award was presented by Hanan Ashrawi to "recognize Thomas' long career in the field of journalism, during which she defended the Palestinian position every step of the way." +Personal life. +Thomas was born on August 4, 1920 in Winchester, Kentucky. She is of Lebanese descent. Thomas was raised in Detroit, Michigan. She studied at Wayne University. Thomas was married to Douglas B. Cornell from 1971 until they divorced 1982. They had no children. Thomas died on July 20, 2013 in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 92. + += = = Eurocopter EC725 Caracal = = = +The Eurocopter EC725 Caracal is a French and German military helicopter. It is built by Eurocopter. It is the last model of the Super Pumas series. This helicopter shares part of its avionics with EC225 Super Puma Mk-2. +Equipment & weapons. +All Eurocopter EC725 Caracal had got a Forward Looking Infra-Red (or FLIR) at the forward fuselage. It is like a ball. Some helicopters, like French ones, can be refueled in flight. Most have a gundoor, generally one or two 7.62mm– or 12.7mm–calibre machine gun. +Users. +In 2013, the countries that use this helicopter are Brazil, France, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico, and Thailand. +In France Eurocopter EC725 Caracal is mainly used to transport special forces, like in Brazil. It was used in the Afghanistan War and in Mali by the French. Some of their helicopters were used in January 2013 for an operation of the French special forces and DGSE's agents in Somalia. + += = = Bethany = = = +Bethany is a place mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible. It was a village near Jerusalem. It is now in the West Bank, and is often thought to be the modern-day town of al-Eizariya. It is also a girl's name meaning 'house of figs'. + += = = National library = = = +A national library is a library that is established to serve a country or a nation. Sometimes national libraries are dedicated to one subject and sometimes they are divided into several buildings. +List of national libraries. +Listed according to the alphabetical order of the countries, the national libraries are located in: + += = = Directorate-General for External Security = = = +The Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure or DGSE is the French intelligence agency. It is a military organisation. Its headquarters is in Paris, on the Boulevard Mortier. + += = = Templer architecture = = = +Templer architecture was a style of architecture that was designed by the German Templers. The Templers were a group of religious believers that was a sect of the German Protestant church. They built communities in Palestine in the 19th and 20th centuries. + += = = Header file = = = +In computer programming, a header file can be thought of as a dictionary a compiler uses if it comes across a word it does not understand. Mainly programming languages like C and C++ use this. +As you may know, a computer is really powerful. But it lacks the power to think and learn. As a result, a computer has to be fed each and every instruction for a task you may want done. But it is not practical to type in each and every instruction again and again for a task, especially if you tend to use it a lot. As a solution to this, header files are used. For example, consider the word "cout" which is used by C++ to display outputs on the screen. The computer, however, does not know what "cout" is. So, it checks if "cout" exists in a dictionary file (i.e. the header file) that has been mentioned by the programmer. If it finds what to do when someone says "cout", the program will be compiled properly. Otherwise, it will simply result in an error that so-and-so word has not been understood by the compiler. +A HEADER FILE IN C++ CONTAINS: + += = = Embraer Emb-314 Super Tucano = = = +The Embraer Emb-314 Super Tucano is a modernized variant of the Emb-312 Tucano. It's used by US Air Force as Embraer A-29 as a light attack aircraft. + += = = Embraer Emb-312 Tucano = = = +The Embraer Emb-312 Tucano is a Brazilian single-turboprop military aircraft. Its cockpit has two seats. The Royal Air Force use Tucano built under licence by Shorts. More than 600 examples were built. Its main competitor is the Swiss Pilatus PC-9. + += = = Neiva T-25 Universal = = = +The Neiva T-25 Universal is a Brazilian training military aircraft. It is a single-engine, twin-seat aircraft. Its first flight was in 1966, and 189 examples were built. It was flown in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, and Paraguay. + += = = Vaginal bleeding = = = +Vaginal bleeding is any bleeding through the human vagina. That includes bleeding from either the vaginal wall itself or, more commonly, other areas of the female reproductive system. Vaginal bleeding may happen at any age, although it always needs investigation if encountered in girls or women after menopause. If the condition happens in pregnancy, that could indicate a medical need which should be addressed. + += = = Blue is the Warmest Colour = = = +Blue is the Warmest Colour is a French drama movie about lesbianism. It was based on the 2010 French graphic novel "Blue Angel". +The protagonist is a fifteen-year-old girl. She wants to become a teacher. Her life gets turned upside down when she meets with a blue-haired art student attending a nearby college with whom she has a lesbian romance. +The movie was first shown at the Cannes Film Festival on May 23, 2013. It was released in other places later that year. The movie was rated NC-17 in the United States (no children 17 and under admitted) because of its sexual content, particularly on their showing of lesbian relationships which were controversial at the time. + += = = Modularity theorem = = = +In mathematics, the modularity theorem (which used to be called the Taniyama–Shimura–Weil conjecture and several related names) says that elliptic curves over the field of rational numbers are similar to modular forms. + += = = Chloe = = = +The name Chloe [ kloh-ee ] is a female given name. It is especially popular in United Kingdom. The name comes from the Greek word "khloē", one of many names of the Greek goddess Demeter. Chloe is a name that has been popular for baby girls for centuries and is renowned for its beauty. The name's Greek roots translate to "blooming" or "young green shoot," evoking imagery of growth and vitality. It is widely associated with elegance, charm, and feminine qualities. The name refers to young, green foliage. The name appears in New Testament. In Northern Ireland, "Chloe" was among the most popular names for babies between 1997 and 2002. +People named "Chloe" include Chloë Moretz, Chloë Sevigny and [[Khloé Kardashian][Chloe Ive]. Fictional Chloes include Chloe Sweeney, played by [[Amanda Seyfried]] in the 2009 movie "Chloe" +References. +[[Category:Given names]] + += = = Lillian = = = +The name Lillian [ lil-ee-"uh"n ] is a female given name. It comes from the Latin word for "lily". Lillian is a name that has been well-liked for many years, and it has a neutral meaning that can be found in various cultures. The term Lillian comes from the Latin word "lilium," which refers to the flower lily. The lily is a stunning flower that is often linked with beauty, innocence, and purity. For parents seeking a traditional and sophisticated name for their child, Lillian is a frequently chosen option. Some people named "Lillian" are Princess Lilian of Belgium and Lillian Disney, a widow of Walt Disney. Fictional characters include Queen Lilian in the Shrek movies. This name was ranked #51 on the US Popular Names in 2021. + += = = Uğur Yücel = = = +Uğur Yücel (born 26 May 1957) is a Turkish actor, director, producer and screenwriter. +Uğur Yücel was born in Istanbul. He graduated from Istanbul Municipality Conservatory Department of Theatre. He worked in private theatres between 1975 and 1984. His first movie role is in "Aşık Oldum" (1985). +He is married with actress Derya Alabora and has a son. + += = = Osman Cavcı = = = +Osman Cavcı (born December 27, 1962) is a Turkish actor, director and screenwriter, who is known for his leading role in cult film "Zampara Seyfettin" (1995). +Osman Cavcı was born in Istanbul. His father is theater actor İsmail Cavcı. In 1972, Osman Cavcı started his acting career as a child actor at a theatre group in Izmir. After that he met with movie director Ertem Eğilmez and player his first movie role in "Hababam Sınıfı Güle Güle" (1981). + += = = Kartal Tibet = = = +Kartal Tibet (27 March 1938 – 1 July 2021) was a Turkish actor, director and screenwriter. +He played leading roles in movies as handsome young man. He is also known for his action movies, like "Karaoğlan" and "Tarkan" movie series. After his retirement from acting, he became a film director and screenwriter. +Tibet died on 1 July 2021 in Istanbul from kidney failure caused by COPD at the age of 83. + += = = Soy milk maker = = = +A soy milk maker is a home appliance which cooks soy milk, a type of drink made from soy beans. It works like a combination of a blender and a coffee maker. It can also be used to make almond milk, rice milk, and other vegetable-based drinks. + += = = Eggo = = = +Eggo is a brand of frozen waffles sold in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It is owned by the Kellogg Company. There are several kinds of Eggo, including Homestyle, blueberry, strawberry, apple cinnamon, and chocolate chip. It was introduced in 1953. It is one of the largest frozen waffle companies in the United States. + += = = Professional wrestling holds = = = +In professional wrestling, a hold is any kind of move used by a performer to stop their opponent from being able to moving. The hold may lead to a submission from the opponent. Some examples of holds are the cloverleaf (a kind of leglock), the keylock (a kind of armlock), and the guillotine choke (a kind of necklock or choke). + += = = Teredo tunneling = = = +In computer networking, Teredo is a tunneling protocol used to give IPv6 connectivity to a computer with only an IPv4 connection. The IPv6 address block 2001:0::/32 is used with Teredo. Unlike similar protocols such as Protocol 41, Teredo works correctly if the IPv4 network has a network address translator (NAT). Teredo is available on Windows XP and later, and is enabled by default on Windows Vista to Windows 10 version 1709. It is also available on Linux and Unix, with a program called Miredo. Teredo was named after "Teredo navalis", commonly called a shipworm, which creates holes or tunnels in wooden ships. +A Teredo address might look like: 2001:0:4136:e378:8000:63bf:3fff:fdd2. This address has the Teredo server 65.54.227.120, the client IPv4 address 192.0.2.45, and the UDP port number 40000. + += = = Stockholm Municipality = = = +Stockholm Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Stockholm. + += = = Karlstad Municipality = = = +Karlstad Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Karlstad. + += = = Halmstad Municipality = = = +Halmstad Municipality () is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Halmstad. + += = = Eskilstuna Municipality = = = +Eskilstuna Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Eskilstuna. + += = = Östersund Municipality = = = +Östersund Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Östersund. + += = = Umeå Municipality = = = +Umeå Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Umeå. + += = = Sundsvall Municipality = = = +Sundsvall Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Sundsvall. + += = = Örnsköldsvik Municipality = = = +Örnsköldsvik Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Örnsköldsvik. + += = = Oceanic whitetip shark = = = +The oceanic whitetip shark ("Carcharhinus longimanus"), is a large species of requiem shark, in the genus "Carcharhinus". The oceanic whitetip shark reaches a maximum length of four metres, and can weigh as much as 170 kg (370 pounds). This species of shark can be distinguished by its large, rounded first dorsal fin, and its long, wide, paddle-like pectoral fins. +The oceanic whitetip shark should not be confused with the whitetip reef shark. +Description. +The oceanic whitetip shark is easy to distinguish. It has a large, rounded first dorsal fin, and very long, wide, paddle-like pectoral fins. The first dorsal fin is very large with a rounded tip, and is just in front of the pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin is located over, or slightly in front of, the anal fin. This species has a whitish-tipped first dorsal, pectoral fins, pelvic fins, and caudal fin. The underside of the body is white, with a yellow tinge on some individuals. +Oceanic whitetip sharks can grow to large sizes, with the largest individuals reaching 3.5–4 metres (12–13 feet) in length. However, most specimens are less than 3 metres (10 feet) in length. The maximum recorded weight for this species is 170 kg (370 pounds). Males mature at 1.7-1.9 metres (5.6-6.2 feet) in length, while females reach maturity at slightly longer sizes of 1.8–2 metres (5.9-6.6 feet). +Habitat. +In the western Atlantic, the oceanic whitetip shark is found from Maine, U.S.A to Argentina, including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. In the eastern Atlantic it is found from Portugal to the Gulf of Guinea, possibly occurring in the Mediterranean. In the Indo-Pacific, it is found from the Red Sea and East Africa to the Hawaiian, Samoan, Tahiti and Tuamoto islands. In the eastern Pacific it ranges from southern California to Peru, including the Galapagos Islands. +This shark is usually seen well offshore in deep water areas up to the depth of 152 metres (500 feet). On occasion it has been seen in shallower waters near land, usually near oceanic islands. Captured data in the Pacific Ocean shows that the abundance of this shark increases along with the distance from land. It is one of the top three most abundant oceanic sharks, with the blue shark and the silky shark. +Although this shark is mainly solitary, the oceanic whitetip shark gathers in groups when food is present. It is a slow swimmer, with equal amount of activity during the day and night. Reports show that the oceanic whitetip shark is usually found near the surface, swimming slowly with its pectoral fins spread widely. Oceanic whitetip sharks are often accompanied by remoras, dolphinfish, and pilot fish. An unusual behaviour was once observed in Hawaiian waters. The oceanic whitetip sharks were shown swimming along with pods of shortfin pilot whales. This behaviour was not fully understood, but was thought to be food-related. The oceanic whitetip sharks were thought to have been swimming with the pilot whales because the pilot whales were better at finding squid which the sharks also eat. +Behaviour. +The oceanic whitetip shark is mainly solitary and swims slowly, and is usually seen cruising near the top of the water column, covering large amounts of empty water, searching for prey or any food source. Until the 16th century, sharks were known to mariners as "sea dogs". The oceanic whitetip shark, the most common ship-following shark, shows dog-like behaviour when it is attracted by something which appears to be food. It starts swimming greedily towards the food source, approaches cautiously but stubbornly. It keeps a safe distance if driven off, but is ready to rush in if the opportunity presents itself. Oceanic whitetip sharks are not fast swimmers, but they are capable of surprising bursts of speed. They commonly compete for food with silky sharks, often presenting aggressive displays. There does not seem to be segregation by gender and size. Oceanic whitetip sharks usually follow schools of tuna or squid, and trail groups of dolphins and pilot whales, scavenging their prey. +Feeding. +The oceanic whitetip shark feeds mainly on bony fish, including lancetfish, oarfish, barracuda, jacks, dolphinfish, marlin, tuna, mackerels, and threadfins. Other prey consists of stingrays, sea turtles, sea birds, gastropods, squid, crustaceans, and mammalian carrion (dead whales and dolphins). Feeding behaviour has been reported for this shark and includes biting into schools of bony fish. It also swims through schools of feeding tuna with wide-open jaws, into which the tuna unknowingly swim. The oceanic whitetip shark has also been observed eating garbage that is disposed of at sea. If other species of sharks are encountered by the oceanic whitetip shark during feeding activities, the whitetip becomes aggressive and dominates over them. +Reproduction. +In the north-western Atlantic and the south-western Indian Ocean, the oceanic whitetip shark has been known to mate during the early summer. After a gestation period lasting around 1 year, the females give birth to around 1-15 pups. The oceanic whitetip shark is viviparous, and both genders reach maturity around the ages of 6–7 years, with the females being at a length of 1.8–2 metres (5.9-6.6 feet), and the males being at a length of 1.7-1.9 metres (5.6-6.2 feet). The young are around 60–65 cm long at birth. +Human interactions. +Oceanic whitetip sharks are usually caught by shark fisheries. The meat is marketed fresh, frozen, smoked, and dried-salted for human consumption, the skin is used for leather, the fins used in shark-fin soup, and the liver oil is used for vitamins. It is also processed into fishmeals. Tuna fishermen dislike the oceanic whitetip shark as it has been known to follow tuna boats and damage or consume catches. Although this species is usually seen offshore, it is considered to be dangerous. It is usually the first species to be seen in waters surrounding mid-ocean disasters. During World War II, the "Nova Scotia", a steamship, was sunk by torpedoes from a German submarine off the coast of South Africa. Close to 1,000 men were on board, however only 192 survived. It was believed that many of the fatalities were victims of the oceanic whitetip shark in what eyewitness accounts described as a feeding frenzy. +In encounters with divers, ocean whitetip sharks have shown little fear, and usually investigate and circle around the ongoing activities. Due to this shark's opportunistic feeding habits and strong jaws, as well as its boldness and unpredictability around divers, this shark should be treated with extreme caution. Many attacks are caused when divers accidentally bump into the shark. +Although this species is listed as 'vulnerable' overall, it has been listed as 'critically endangered' by the IUCN in the north-western and western-central Atlantic. This is due to the massive decline in reported catches indicating that the population has decreased. + += = = Uppsala Municipality = = = +Uppsala Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Uppsala. + += = = Karlskoga Municipality = = = +Karlskoga Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Karlskoga. + += = = Västerås Municipality = = = +Västerås Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Västerås. + += = = Örebro Municipality = = = +Örebro Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Örebro. + += = = Malmö Municipality = = = +Malmö Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Malmö. + += = = Kiruna Municipality = = = +Kiruna Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Kiruna. + += = = Timrå Municipality = = = +Timrå Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Timrå. + += = = Skellefteå Municipality = = = +Skellefteå Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in central Sweden. The seat is in Skellefteå. + += = = Söderhamn Municipality = = = +Söderhamn Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Söderhamn. + += = = Härnösand Municipality = = = +Härnösand Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Härnösand. + += = = Luleå Municipality = = = +Luleå Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Luleå. + += = = Gävle Municipality = = = +Gävle Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Gävle. + += = = Mora Municipality = = = +Mora Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Mora. + += = = Falun Municipality = = = +Falun Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Falun. + += = = Nyköping Municipality = = = +Nyköping Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nyköping. + += = = Södertälje Municipality = = = +Södertälje Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Södertälje. + += = = Kristianstad Municipality = = = +Kristianstad Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kristianstad. + += = = Kalmar Municipality = = = +Kalmar Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kalmar. + += = = Växjö Municipality = = = +Växjö Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Växjö. + += = = Nässjö Municipality = = = +Nässjö Municipality (, Nässjö kommun) is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Nässjö. + += = = Borgholm Municipality = = = +Borgholm Municipality () is a municipality. It is on the northern part of the island of Öland. The seat is in Borgholm. The municipality is a part of Kalmar County. + += = = Mörbylånga Municipality = = = +Mörbylånga Municipality () is a municipality on the Swedish island of Öland. It consists of the southern part of the island. The seat is in Mörbylånga. The municipality is a part of Kalmar County. + += = = Motala Municipality = = = +Motala Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Motala. + += = = Norrköping Municipality = = = +Norrköping Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Norrköping. + += = = Linköping Municipality = = = +Linköping Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Linköping. + += = = Lidköping Municipality = = = +Lidköping Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lidköping. + += = = Karlskrona Municipality = = = +Karlskrona Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Karlskrona. + += = = Gothenburg Municipality = = = +Gothenburg Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gothenburg. + += = = Fingerboard = = = +The fingerboard is a part of most stringed instruments, such the guitar and the violin. It is a long strip of material, usually wood, that protrudes from the body of the instrument. Strings are stretched across the length of the fingerboard, raised slightly by the bridge. The player pushes the strings against the fingerboard to create different notes. On some fingerboards, there are ridges called frets. This kind of fingerboard is called a fretboard. +Stickers can be placed on the fingerboard to show the chords for each string. Fret stickers were introduced as a way to help beginners learn to play guitar. They have become helpful for music teachers and professionals in their teachings. Stickers are labeled A-G and can be placed to show notes, chords or scales effectively and efficiently. + += = = Boden Municipality = = = +Boden Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Boden. + += = = Haparanda Municipality = = = +Haparanda Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Haparanda. + += = = Piteå Municipality = = = +Piteå Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Piteå. + += = = Öland County = = = +Öland County () was a county on the Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland, with the seat in Borgholm. It was established in 1819, and disestablished in 1826, when it was reunited with Kalmar County. + += = = Skaraborg County = = = +Skaraborg County () was a county in southern Sweden. The seat was first in Skara, then in Mariestad from 1660. It was established in 1634, and disestablished on 31 December 1997, following the establishment of Västra Götaland County. + += = = Gothenburg and Bohus County = = = +Gothenburg and Bohus County () was a county in southern Sweden, with the seat in Gothenburg. It was established in 1680, and disestablished on 31 December 1997, following the establishment of Västra Götaland County. + += = = Älvsborg County = = = +Älvsborg County () was a county in southern Sweden, with the seat in Vänersborg. It was established in 1634, and disestablished on 31 December 1997, following the establishment of Västra Götaland County. + += = = Malmöhus County = = = +Malmöhus County () was a county in southern Sweden, with the seat in Malmö. It was established in 1719, and disestablished on 31 December 1996, following the establishment of Skåne County. + += = = Kristianstad County = = = +Kristianstad County () was a county in southern Sweden, with the seat in Kristianstad. It was established in 1719, and disestablished on 31 December 1996, following the establishment of Skåne County. + += = = Borgholm = = = +Borgholm is a town on the Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland, in the county of Kalmar. It is the seat of Borgholm Municipality. +Becoming a town in 1816, Borgholm was the seat of Öland County between the years of 1819 and 1826. + += = = Grand Theft Auto V = = = +Grand Theft Auto V is a 2013 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is the seventh main entry in the "Grand Theft Auto" series, following 2008's "Grand Theft Auto IV", and the fifteenth instalment overall. Set within the fictional state of San Andreas, based on Southern California, the single-player story follows three protagonists—retired bank robber Michael De Santa, street gangster Franklin Clinton, and drug dealer and gunrunner Trevor Philips—and their attempts to commit heists while under pressure from a corrupt government agency and powerful criminals. The open world design lets players freely roam San Andreas's open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos, based on Los Angeles. +Plot. +The game plays in the fictional city of Los Santos (based on Los Angeles) in the fictional state of San Andreas (based on Southern California). Players can freely explore the open world. +The story is about three protagonists: retired bank robber Michael De Santa, street gangster Franklin Clinton, and drug dealer and gunrunner Trevor Philips. They attempts to commit robberies while under pressure from a corrupt government agency and powerful criminals. +Gameplay. +"Grand Theft Auto V" has the same basic gameplay from the earlier games in the series. The player can walk, run, swim, climb, jump and use weapons and basic hand-to-hand combat. Players can steal and drive many types of cars, boats, helicopters and motorcycles. Players can explore and choose how they want to play the game. Players can complete missions, but these are not needed to get farther into the game to open content. When the player does a crime and the police see it, they will start to follow the player and try to catch him. +Characters. +"Grand Theft Auto V" has many characters in game. Rockstar Games was able to give their characters the right feelings and effects, especially the bad guys, who have just the right personalities to make the player feel for or against them. +Reception. +"Grand Theft Auto V" got very positive reviews. IGN wrote that it is one of the best games ever made. + += = = Timrå = = = +Timrå is a locality, and the seat of Timrå Municipality, in the county of Västernorrland in northern Sweden. +It is the home of ice hockey club Timrå IK. + += = = Timrå IK = = = +Timrå IK is an ice hockey club in Timrå in Sweden. The club ended up on the second place in the Swedish national championship in 1974. + += = = Mörbylånga = = = +Mörbylånga is a locality, and the seat of Mörbylånga Municipality on Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland, which is a part of the county of Kalmar. + += = = Färjestaden = = = +Färjestaden is a locality in Mörbylånga Municipality on Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland, which is a part of the county of Kalmar. +Earlier, it was the seaport for the ferryboats travelling to Öland from mainland Sweden. Since 1972, it instead houses the Öland Bridge. + += = = Lidingö Municipality = = = +Lidingö Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Lidingö. + += = = Female Trouble = = = +Female Trouble is an American LGBT comedy movie. It is about 1960s Baltimore mixed with sexual adventures and criminal activity. This movie was released on October 4, 1974 in the United States by New Line Cinema. The rating is NC-17. This movie got very positive reviews. John Waters directed this movie. + += = = Lidingö = = = +Lidingö is a town in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is on the island with the same name. It is the seat of Lidingö Municipality. + += = = Brandstorp = = = +Brandstorp is a settlement in Habo Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. In 2010, 116 people lived there. + += = = Sandhem = = = +Sandhem is a locality in Mullsjö Municipality, in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. + += = = Mission Covenant Church of Sweden = = = +The Mission Covenant Church of Sweden () was a Swedish Protestant Christian denomination. Established in 1878, it was called "Svenska Missionsförbundet" until 2003. In 2012, it became a part of the Uniting Church in Sweden. +In 2009, there were 61 000 members in 700 congregations. + += = = Habo Church = = = +Habo Church () is a wooden church building in Habo in Sweden. It was built in 1680, and received its present appearance in 1723. Belonging to Habo Parish of the Church of Sweden, it was depicted at the 2002 Swedish Christmas stamp series "Romantiska kyrkor i juletid" ("Romantic Churches at Christmastime"). + += = = Brandstorp Church = = = +Brandstorp Church () is a wooden church in Brandstorp in Sweden. Belonging to Brandstorp Parish of the Church of Sweden, it was opened in 1698, it was built between 1694 and 1698. + += = = Egyptian National Library and Archives = = = +The Egyptian National Library and Archives is the national library of Egypt. It is also a national archive. It is located in Cairo. + += = = Sandhem Church = = = +Sandhem Church () is a church in Sandhem in Sweden. Belonging to Mullsjö-Sandhem Parish of the Church of Sweden, it was inaugurated in 1841. + += = = Iraq National Library and Archive = = = +The Iraq National Library and Archive is the national library of Iraq and a national archive. It is in Baghdad. After the Iraq war in 2003 and the collapse of the Saddam Hussein regime, the library was burned. In 2007, it was opened again after restoration. + += = = Bankeryd Church = = = +Bankeryd Church () is a church in Bankeryd in Sweden. It belongs to Bankeryd Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church was inaugurated on 30 August 1868. + += = = National Library of India = = = +The National Library of India is the national library of India. It is in Kolkata. + += = = Hjo Church = = = +Hjo Church () is a church in Hjo in Sweden. A 1794 fire destroyed the old church. Belonging to Hjo Parish of the Church of Sweden, construction of the current church begun in 1796 and was completed in 1799. + += = = Huskvarna Church = = = +Huskvarna Church () is a wooden church in Huskvarna in Sweden. Belonging to Huskvarna Parish of the Church of Sweden, it was inaugurated in June 1910. + += = = Borgholm Church = = = +Borgholm Church () is a church in Borgholm on Swedish Baltic Sea island of Öland. Belonging to Borgholm Parish of the Church of Sweden, it was opened on Pentecost Sunday in 1879. + += = = Visby Cathedral = = = +Visby Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Visby on Swedish Baltic Sea island of Gotland. Belonging to Visby Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden, it serves the Diocese of Visby, and was opened on 27 July in 1225. + += = = Luleå Cathedral = = = +Luleå Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Luleå in Sweden. It belongs to Luleå Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden. It serves the Diocese of Luleå. It was opened in on 3 December 1893. That day was First Advent Sunday the same year. +It became a cathedral when the Diocese of Luleå was established in 1904. + += = = Härnösand Cathedral = = = +Härnösand Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Härnösand in Sweden. It belongs to Härnösand Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden and serves the Diocese of Härnösand. The church was inaugurated on 28 June 1846. It was built according to plans by Johan Adolf Hawerman. +The entire town of Härnösand can be viewed from atop the 46 metres tall tower + += = = Växjö Cathedral = = = +Växjö Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Växjö in Sweden. It belongs to the Växjö Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church building serves the Diocese of Växjö. It was opened in the Middle Ages. + += = = Linköping Cathedral = = = +Linköping Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Linköping in Sweden. It belongs to the Linköping Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church building serves the Diocese of Linköping. it was opened in the 12th century. + += = = Strängnäs Cathedral = = = +Strängnäs Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Strängnäs in Sweden. Belonging to Strängnäs Cathedral Parish with Aspö of the Church of Sweden, it serves the Diocese of Strängnäs, and has been supposed to been opened in on 29 June 1291. + += = = Gothenburg Cathedral = = = +Gothenburg Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. Belonging to Gothenburg Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden, it serves the Diocese of Gothenburg, and was opened on Trinity Sunday, 21 May 1815. + += = = National Archives of Australia = = = +The National Archives of Australia is an agency established by the Government of Australia. It is an archive, which collects and preserves government records. The national office is in Canberra. It has smaller offices in each state capital and Darwin. +The National Archives were established in 1961. Before this, the Federal Parliamentary Library (now the National Library of Australia) had been responsible for collecting government records since World War I. The "Archives Act 1983" was a law passed to protect Commonwealth archives. Under this law, the National Archives are responsible for preserving government records. +The National Archives' collection is made up of records written about Federation, Governors-General, Prime Ministers, Cabinet and Ministries and most of the activities with which the government has been involved. The collection is not open to the public for browsing. Items can be requested for viewing in the reading rooms, and copies of records can be made. Most records over 30 years old are available to the public. Some are released with certain pieces of information deleted. This kind of information includes documents relating to defence and security, private information, and raw census data. Access to information that is culturally sensitivite to indigenous Australians may also be restricted. +Several collections have been made available online. These include all Australian military service records (records of those who served in the military) from the Second Boer War to the Vietnam War. Immigration and naturalisation documents more than 30 years old were made available in 2005. + += = = Västerås Cathedral = = = +Västerås Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Västerås in Sweden. Belonging to Västerås Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden, it serves the Diocese of Västerås, and was opened in the 13th century. + += = = Maine (province) = = = +Maine is one of the traditional provinces of France. It's capital was the city of Le Mans. The area is now divided into the departments of Sarthe and Mayenne. +History. +The Carolingians called Maine "pagis cenomannicus" after the Cenomani tribe that Julius Caesar had defeated. Pepin the Short gave the duchy of Maine to his half-brother Grifo. +In the last half of the 9th century, Maine took on greater importance because of invasions from Normandy and Brittany. In 924 King Rudolph of France gave Maine to Rollo of Normandy. Because it was next to Anjou on the south and Normandy on the north, these two duchies often fought over Maine. +William, Duke of Normandy invaded Maine in 1063 and he controlled the county by the beginning of 1064. Norman control of Maine helped make the southern border of Normandy safe against Anjou. This was a factor which allowed Duke William to launch his successful invasion of England in 1066. +In 1069 the citizens of Le Mans revolted against the Normans. Soon some of the Manceaux barons joined the revolt. The Normans were expelled in 1070, and young Hugh V was made the Count of Maine. After Norman attacks in 1073, 1088, 1098 and 1099, Elias I succeeded his cousin Hugh V, who sold Maine to him in 1092 for ten thousand shillings. His daughter married Fulk V, Count of Anjou, who took Maine over in 1110 after the death of Elias. Henri Beauclerc, agreed to recognize him as Count of Maine. +Fulk's son Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou inherited Maine. In 1051 it passed to Geoffrey's son Henry, Duke of Normandy (later King Henry I of England). Anjou, Maine and Normandy now had the same ruler for the first time. Henry later founded the Plantagenet dynasty in England. +The King of France, Philippe Auguste attacked the Plantagenet holdings called the Angevin Empire when it was held by John, King of England. In 1331 the Count of Maine became a peer of the realm. +After the battle of Verneuil in 1424, the English occupied Maine. They held Le Mans until 1448 and Fresnay until 1449. In 1481, Charles V of Anjou left his lands to Louis IX of France. This act returned the county to the crown of France. + += = = Karlstad Cathedral = = = +Karlstad Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Karlstad in Sweden. Belonging to Karlstad Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden, it serves the Diocese of Karlstad, and was opened on 2 July 1730 (2 July 1730 according to the Old Style). + += = = Skara Cathedral = = = +Skara Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Skara in Sweden. Belonging to Skara Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden, it serves the Diocese of Skara, and has been around since the 11th century. + += = = Stockholm Cathedral = = = +The Stockholm Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It belongs to the Stockholm Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church building serves the Diocese of Stockholm. It has been around since the 12th century. + += = = Diocese of Visby = = = +The Diocese of Visby () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1572. Covering Swedish Baltic Sea island of Gotland, it uses the Visby Cathedral as its seat. +Since November 2002, the diocese is also responsible for the Church of Sweden Abroad. + += = = Diocese of Luleå = = = +The Diocese of Luleå () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1904, formerly being a part of the Diocese of Härnösand. Covering Norrbotten County and Västerbotten County, it uses the Luleå Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Härnösand = = = +The Diocese of Härnösand () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1647, formerly being a part of the Diocese of Uppsala. Covering Jämtland County and Västernorrland County, it uses the Härnösand Cathedral as its seat. +In 1904, the northernmost parts were broken out, establishing the Diocese of Luleå. + += = = Diocese of Skara = = = +The Diocese of Skara () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in the 11th century. It uses the Skara Cathedral as its seat. In 2014, the diocese celebrated it's 1000th anniversary as a full diocese. + += = = Diocese of Växjö = = = +The Diocese of Växjö () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in the 11th century. Spanning across Jönköping County, Kalmar County and Kronoberg County, it uses the Växjö Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Gothenburg = = = +The Diocese of Gothenburg () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1665. Spanning across the Swedish historical provinces of Bohuslän, Halland and Västergötland, it uses the Gothenburg Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Karlstad = = = +The Diocese of Karlstad () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1581. Spanning across the Swedish historical provinces of Dalsland, Närke and Värmland, it uses the Karlstad Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Västerås = = = +The Diocese of Västerås () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in the 12th century. Spanning across the Swedish historical provinces of Dalarna and Västmanland, it uses the Västerås Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Uppsala = = = +The Diocese of Uppsala () is the archdiocese of the Church of Sweden, established in the 11th century. Spanning across Gävleborg County, Stockholm County and Uppsala County, it uses the Uppsala Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Lund = = = +The Diocese of Lund () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in the 11th century. Spanning across the Swedish historical provinces of Blekinge and Skåne, it uses the Lund Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Strängnäs = = = +The Diocese of Strängnäs () is a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in the 12th century. Spanning across the Swedish historical provinces of Närke, Södermanland and Västmanland, it uses the Strängnäs Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Stockholm (Church of Sweden) = = = +The Diocese of Stockholm () a diocese of the Church of Sweden. It was established on 1 July 1942. It spans across the Swedish historical provinces of Södermanland and Uppland. The diocese uses the Stockholm Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Linköping = = = +The Diocese of Linköping () a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in the 12th century. Spanning across Jönköping County, Kalmar County and Östergötland County, it uses the Linköping Cathedral cathedral as its seat. + += = = Guimbal Cabri G2 = = = +The Guimbal Cabri G2 is a light twin-seat civilian helicopter. It is built in France. It is used for training and transport. When used for transport, it can carry only one passenger. + += = = Ransäter = = = +Ransäter is a minor locality in Munkfors Municipality in central Sweden. It is the birthplace of Erik Gustaf Geijer and Tage Erlander. In 2010, 114 people lived there. + += = = Ransäter Church = = = +Ransäter Church () is a wooden church building in Ransäter in Sweden. It belongs to Forshaga-Munkfors Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was was inaugurated on Candlemas Day 1986. +On 6 December 1983 a fire had destroyed the old church. +Politician Tage Erlander and his wife Aina are buried on the cemetery near the church. + += = = Gustav Adolf Church, Habo Municipality = = = +Gustav Adolf Church () is a church in Habo Municipality in Sweden. Belonging to Gustav Adolf Parish of the Church of Sweden, it was moved from Fiskebäck in the year of 1780. The church was inaugurated at its new location on 19 November 1780. + += = = Kalmar Cathedral = = = +Kalmar Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Kalmar in Sweden. Belonging to Kalmar Cathedral Parish of the Church of Sweden, it served the old Diocese of Kalmar, and was opened in 1682. + += = = Mariestad Cathedral = = = +Mariestad Cathedral () is a cathedral in the town of Mariestad in Sweden. Belonging to Mariestad Parish of the Church of Sweden, it served the old Diocese of Mariestad, and was opened in 1625. + += = = Diocese of Kalmar = = = +The Diocese of Kalmar () was a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1603, and disestablished in 1915, becoming a part of the Diocese of Växjö. Covering circa half of Kalmar County, it used the Kalmar Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Diocese of Mariestad = = = +The Diocese of Mariestad () was a diocese of the Church of Sweden, established in 1580, and disestablished in 1646. It was disbanded following the establishment of the Diocese of Karlstad. Spanning across the Swedish historical provinces of Värmland and northern Västergötland, it used the Mariestad Cathedral as its seat. + += = = Provinces of Sweden = = = +The Provinces of Sweden () are the 25 histrocial regions of Sweden. Back in the Middle Ages, Swedish provinces would have their own laws, but in 1634, the counties of Sweden were established, and the historical provinces are no longer around when it comes to administration or politics. However, they still play an important part within culture and regional identity. + += = = Yurt (newspaper) = = = +Yurt (English: "The Homeland") is a Turkish nationwide daily newspaper based in Istanbul. It was founded on January 29, 2012 by Republican People's Party politician Durdu Özbolat. Editor of the "Yurt" is Merdan Yanardağ. +"Yurt" supports Kemalism and secularism, especially Republican People's Party politics. + += = = Mike Mills = = = +Michael Edward "Mike" Mills (born December 17, 1958) is an American musician, singer and songwriter. He is best known for being a member of the alternative rock band, R.E.M.. Although he usually plays bass guitar, the piano and sings, he also plays keyboards, accordion and percussion instruments. He helped write many of the band's songs. +Life and career. +Mills was born in Orange County, California. He grew up in Macon, Georgia. He went to college at the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia. While living in Athens, he met the other musicians who later became R.E.M. +Mills is the main composer of many of R.E.M.'s songs, including "Nightswimming", "(Don't Go Back To) Rockville", and "What's the Frequency, Kenneth?". +He has also played on recordings by the Indigo Girls, Warren Zevon, the Smashing Pumpkins, Jason Ringenberg and The Troggs. +Mills is a member, along with songwriters Steve Wynn, Scott McCaughey, Peter Buck, and Linda Pitmon, of The Baseball Project. +In 2007, Mills was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, along with the other members of R.E.M. + += = = That Evening Sun (movie) = = = +That Evening Sun is a 2009 movie based on a 2002 short story "I Hate to See That Evening Sun Go Down" by William Gay. The movie is produced by Dogwood Entertainment. It stars Hal Holbrook as Abner Meecham and is directed by Scott Teems who also wrote the screenplay. Dixie Carter and Mia Wasikowska are also in the cast. The movie received positive reviews and many enjoyed Holbrook's performance. + += = = Into the Wild (movie) = = = +Into the Wild is a 2007 American biographical drama survival movie. It was written and directed by Sean Penn. It is an adaptation of the 1996 non-fiction book of the same name by Jon Krakauer. +It is about living without money. It is very sad at its end. +It stars Emile Hirsch as McCandless with Marcia Gay Harden and William Hurt as his parents and also features Catherine Keener, Vince Vaughn, Kristen Stewart, and Hal Holbrook. The movie received many positive reviews. Holbrook was nominated for an Academy Award for his role. + += = = Aérospatiale SA-360 Dauphin = = = +The Aérospatiale SA-360 Dauphin is a French helicopter. It is a single-turboshaft aircraft. It can hold eight passengers. Some were used by militaries, but most of them are civilian. It is the basis of the famous Aérospatiale SA-365 Dauphin 2. + += = = Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism = = = +The Ion Mincu University of Architecture and Urbanism is the central university for architecture and urban planning of Romania. It is in Bucharest. It was started in 1952. + += = = University of Bucharest = = = +The University of Bucharest is the central university of Bucharest, the capital of Romania. It was founded on 4 July 1864. + += = = Götaland = = = +Götaland is the southernmost region of Sweden. It consists of the historical provinces of Blekinge, Bohuslän, Dalsland, Gotland, Halland, Skåne, Småland, Västergötland, Öland and Östergötland. + += = = Östergötland = = = +Östergötland is a historical province in southern Sweden. It is dominated by plainlands known as "Östgötaslätten" ("Östgöta Plains"). + += = = Västergötland = = = +Västergötland is a historical province in southern Sweden. Several parts of Västergötland are dominated by plainlands known as "Västgötaslätten" ("Västgöta Plains"). + += = = Närke = = = +Närke is a historical province in central Sweden. The older spellning, Nerike, is still around in the name of local newspaper Nerikes Allehanda. + += = = Swedish Lapland = = = +Swedish Lapland () is a historical province in northern Sweden. Once covering all of Lapland, the eastern half was lost in 1809, becoming Finnish Lapland. + += = = Blekinge = = = +Blekinge is a historical province in southern Sweden. It's famous for the Blekinge archipelago, and referred to as "Sveriges trädgård" (the "Garden of Sweden"). Once part of Denmark, it became a part of Sweden in the 17th century. + += = = Halland = = = +Halland is a historical province in southern Sweden. Once part of Denmark, it became a part of Sweden in the 17th century. + += = = Bohuslän = = = +Bohuslän is a historical province in southern Sweden. Once part of Norway, it became a part of Sweden in the 17th century. + += = = Jämtland = = = +Jämtland is a historical province in northern Sweden. Once part of Norway, after having been an own nation earlier in the Middle Ages, it became a part of Sweden in the 17th century. + += = = Härjedalen = = = +Härjedalen is a historical province in northern Sweden. Once part of Norway, it became a part of Sweden in the 17th century. + += = = Skåne = = = +Skåne (Scania) is a historical province in southern Sweden. Once part of Denmark, it became a part of Sweden in the 17th century. + += = = Medelpad = = = +Medelpad is a historical province in northern Sweden. Major rivers are Ljungan and Indalsälven. + += = = Ångermanland = = = +Ångermanland is a historical province in northern Sweden. A major river is the Ångerman River. + += = = Norrbotten = = = +Norrbotten is a historical province in northern Sweden. The history as its own province dates back until 1810, following the establishment of Norrbotten County, and the coat of arms were adopted in 1995. + += = = Västerbotten = = = +Västerbotten is a historical province in northern Sweden. Until the Finnish War of 1808-1809, it also consisted of parts of what later would become Finnish Lapland. + += = = Dalsland = = = +Dalsland is a historical province in southern Sweden. It's nature is dominated by several lakes. + += = = Lapland (Finland) = = = +Finnish Lapland is the northernmost region of Finland. Before, it was the eastern half of Swedish Lapland. The region to the south is Northern Ostrobothnia. The largest lake in the region is Inarijärvi. The highest place is Halti hill, in the Enontekiö municipality. + += = = Finnish War = = = +The Finnish War (, , ) was a war fought in 1808-1809 between Russia and Sweden. King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden lost, and Sweden lost its Eastern third. The lost land became the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland. + += = = Vänern = = = +Vänern is a lake in southern Sweden. It is the largest lake in Sweden. + += = = Urban planning = = = +Urban planning (urban, city, and town planning) is the design of cities and other urban areas. It focuses on the management and use of land, infrastructure, architecture and urbanisation. + += = = Aérospatiale SA-365 Dauphin 2 = = = +The Aérospatiale SA-365 Dauphin 2 is a French helicopter. It is both a civilian and military helicopter. Mainly used for search and rescue, it is also used for transport and war against submarines. In this last kind it can carry one or two torpedoes. It is a modernized variant of Aérospatiale SA-360 Dauphin, with two turboshafts. +Variants. +In 1992 after founding of Eurocopter all designations in "SA-" were changed to "AS-". So SA-365N became AS-365N. +Harbin Z-9 is a Chinese variant built under licence, and Eurocopter EC155 is the new one, built at the beginning as AS-365N4. +Users. +Militaries and governmental Aérospatiale SA-365N Dauphin 2 were acquired by : Australia, Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, Dominican Republic, France, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Kuwait, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, UK, USA, Uruguay and many others. + += = = Creatures (artificial life series) = = = +Creatures is a series of artificial life (alife) computer programs. It was created in the mid-1990s by English computer scientist Steve Grand. It was developed by Millennium Interactive. The game is about raising alien creatures known as Norns. This involves teaching them to , helping them explore their world, ing them against other animals, and breeding them. The player can also teach the creatures to speak a language, and can then tell their creature to do something by typing in instructions. +Between 1996 and 2001, six "Creatures" games were released. +The program was notable for being one of the first commercial products to create artificial-life animals using genetics, biochemistry and neural network brains. This meant that the Norns and their DNA could "evolve" in many different ways. By breeding certain Norns with others, some traits could be passed on to younger generations. The genetics in "Creatures" are slightly different from human genetics; they are haploid. + += = = Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin = = = +The Eurocopter HH-65 Dolphin is a French helicopter designed and built specially for the United States Coast Guard. It replaced the Sikorsky HH-52 Seaguard in the search and rescue mission. A total of 102 examples were built with American avionics. From 2001 some of there are known as MH-65. + += = = Sikorsky HH-52 Seaguard = = = +The Sikorsky HH-52 Seaguard is an American helicopter built by Sikorsky as S-62's model. It was used by the United States Coast Guard between 1961 and 1988 for transport and search and rescue duties. It was replaced by Aérospatiale HH-65 Dolphin. Some were used in Iceland, India, Japan, Philippines and Thailand. Philippines Air Force was the last operator, until 1993. + += = = Division of Oxley (1901–1934) = = = +The Division of Oxley was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Queensland. It covered the inner southern suburbs of Brisbane, including South Brisbane, Woolloongabba, Coorparoo, Bulimba and Maree. +Oxley was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first Federal election in 1901. It was named after explorer John Oxley. It was replaced by the Division of Griffith at the redistribution of 1 August 1934. In 1949, a new Division of Oxley was created in the south-western suburbs of Brisbane, mainly around Ipswich. + += = = With Every Heartbeat = = = +With Every Heartbeat (alternate title: Kiss Me) is an erotic Swedish romance movie. It is about an up-and-coming architect who wants to marry her business partner, but later discovers she is really a lesbian. The movie was released in July 2011. + += = = Search and rescue = = = +Search and rescue is when people look for a person who is lost or in danger. It is usually done by ships, helicopters, or land vehicles that are specially equipped. Most of these missions take place at sea or in the mountains. Search and rescue missions are performed by civilian and military rescuers, such as police or firefighters. +Combat search and rescue is a military variant performed by special forces like the United States Navy SEALs on the battlefield. + += = = Division of Oxley = = = +The Division of Oxley is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was created in 1949 and named after the Australian explorer, John Oxley. Oxley covers the south western suburbs of Brisbane, as well as part of the city of Ipswich. There was an earlier Division of Oxley from 1901–1934, which covered a different part of Brisbane. +Members for Oxley. +Its best-known member was Bill Hayden, the Labor Opposition Leader between 1977 and 1983. Hayden became a minister in the Hawke Government and in 1988 was made Governor-General. +In 1996, Pauline Hanson was selected by the Liberal Party to contest the seat. She lost Liberal support because of her views on migration and Aboriginal issues. The Liberal Party were not able to select another person in time, and Hanson was elected as Liberal, but sat in the House of Representatives as an independent. She formed the right wing One Nation party. After a redistribution in 1997, Hanson unsuccessfully contested the Division of Blair at the 1998 election. + += = = Carolyn Keene = = = +"Carolyn Keene" is a pseudonym for the authors of the "Dana Girls" and "Nancy Drew" books. The first Carolyne Keene was a journalist, Mildred A. Wirt Benson, who wrote many of the books starting in 1929. Later books were written by Harriet Stratemeyer Adams, the daughter of the books' publisher, Edward Stratemeyer. There have also been several other authors writing Nancy Drew books for Stratemeyer. + += = = Robyn = = = +Robin Miriam Carlsson (or Robyn; born June 12, 1979) is a Swedish recording artist and musician. She first became well-known worldwide during the late 1990s. She had a quite a few hit songs, including "Do You Know (What it Takes)" from her first record "Robyn is Here". Other singles include "Dancing on My Own", "Be Mine!" and "Crash and Burn Girl". Robyn was born in Stockholm, Sweden. She has been nominated for four Grammy Awards. +Personal life. +Robyn is engaged to Max Vitali. + += = = This Film Is Not Yet Rated = = = +This Film is Not Yet Rated is a documentary movie. It is about discrepancies in the MPAA rating systems. This movie was originally rated NC-17 (no children 17 and under admitted) because of "some graphic sexual content". However, it was released without a rating. +One discrepancy covered in this movie is between the way violence and sexual behaviors are treated. Another is between how homosexual and heterosexual materials are treated in independent movies vs. Hollywood movies. According to some interviewed in this movie, the MPAA often treats homosexual issues in movies much harder than heterosexual content. + += = = Brüno = = = +Brüno is a 2009 American mockumentary movie. It is about camp, gay Austrian fashion reporter Brueno. The movie was banned in some countries as a result of its content. The MPAA gave the movie an NC-17, but it was edited and re-rated R. The movie also received an R-rating from Australia at first. This movie got very positive reviews. + += = = Takuya Eguchi = = = + is a Japanese voice actor. He is from Ibaraki Prefecture. He works with 81 Produce, a voice acting company. + += = = Back Number = = = + is a Japanese rock band. It started in 2004. After several line-up changes, the current band has been together since 2007. They are signed to Universal Music. Their most successful album, "Superstar", reached Number 4 on the Japanese charts in 2011. + += = = Urban design = = = +Urban design is a subject of urban planning focusing on design of cities or other urban areas. Whereas architecture focuses on individual buildings, urban design is about the design of whole neighbourhoods and entire cities. It is about making them functional and attractive. +There are many problems that urban design tries to fix. One of them has to do with public health. One of the most talked about issues is about how easily people can walk to where they need to go. It became a bigger issue recently, not only because of the environment, but also because of people not being very healthy. Cities with a lot of gas cars hurt people. When people live around cars that blow smoke. people start to get really sick. People's hearts will beat in a weird way and it can lead to people dying. More people die from bad air each year than from getting hit by a car. That makes people want some changes. So they go out to say to people that the cities have to change. Instead of cars, they want cities to use trains for going really far, and they want cities to use bikes or buses to go not very far. Then they want people to be able to walk to any close by places. This would help public health double by getting rid of car smoke and getting people to walk more. This can help people's hearts beat normally and not let them die. It is also good exercise. There is evidence that cities can get people to walk more in them by having more open public spaces, stores within walking distance, grass, trees and other pleasing designs outside, and other things. It also helps with mental health, because people are more likely to talk to each other and that cuts down on loneliness. +Other websites + += = = Etelä-Suomen Sanomat = = = +Etelä-Suomen Sanomat, nickname "Etlari", is a newspaper published in Finland. It is issued daily. It was first printed in 1914. +Chief editors: +Oskar Marjanen 1914 +Kaarlo Kytömaa 1914–1915 +Jaakko Tervo 1915–1920 +Jalmari Niemi 1920–1927 +William Ilmoni 1927–1932 +Frans Keränen 1932–1962 +Tauno Lahtinen 1962–1983 +Olli Järvinen 1962–1973 +Eeva Rissanen 1972–1986 +Kauko Mäenpää 1984–1999 +Pentti Vuorio 1986–1995 +Heikki Hakala 1997-. + += = = Solna Municipality = = = +Solna Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Solna. + += = = Hjälmaren = = = +Hjälmaren is a lake in central Sweden. It is the fourth-largest lake in Sweden. + += = = Storsjön = = = +Storsjön is a lake in northern Sweden. It is the fifth-largest lake in Sweden. According to folklore, there is a monster living in the lake, "Storsjöodjuret" (the "Storsjö Monster"). + += = = Lycksele = = = +Lycksele is a town in northern Sweden. It is the seat of Lycksele Municipality and is in Västerbotten County. + += = = Lycksele Municipality = = = +Lycksele Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Lycksele. + += = = Sollefteå Municipality = = = +Sollefteå Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Sollefteå. + += = = Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi‐City Biennale of Urbanism & Architecture = = = +Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi‐City Biennale of Urbanism & Architecture is an international event that takes place every 2 years in Hong Kong, China. A "biennale" is an event that happens every 2 years. In 2005, the Chinese government decided to dedicate the biennale to Chinese architecture and urban planning to promote city of Hong Kong and the area of Shenzhen. + += = = Sollefteå = = = +Sollefteå is a town in northern Sweden. It is the seat of Sollefteå Municipality and is in Västernorrland County. + += = = The Ark = = = +The Ark was a rock band from Rottne in Sweden, active between 1991 and 2011. Started up by vocalist and priest-son Ola Salo, the band participated at Eurovision Song Contest 2007 with the song "The Worrying Kind". + += = = Kent (band) = = = +Kent is a rock band from the town of Eskilstuna in Sweden, started up in 1990. + += = = Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism = = = +The Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism (also called Urban Action) is an international event held every two years in Bat-Yam, Israel. It is dedicated to urban design and landscape urbanism. The event was first held in 2008 as an initiative of the city hall of Bat-Yam. + += = = Hep Stars = = = +The Hep Stars was a pop group from Sweden, active from 1963 to 1969. + += = = The Book of Tea = = = + is a long essay about the role that tea plays in Japanese lifestyle and culture. It was written by Okakura Kakuzō, and was published in 1906. +The book is written for a Western audience. It was originally written in English. Okakura had been taught at a young age to speak English and was good at communicating his thoughts to Westerners. In his book, he discusses Zen and Taoism, but also the secular (non-religious) aspects of tea and Japanese life. The book emphasizes how Teaism (the art of tea) taught the Japanese many things. Most importantly it taught them simplicity. Kakuzō says that this simplicity, inspired by tea, affected arts and architecture. +Teaism. +When tea is more than a drink and the tea ceremony is understood and practiced to foster harmony in humanity, promote harmony with nature, discipline the mind, quiet the heart, and attain the purity of enlightenment, the art of tea becomes teaism. And it can be used to describe tea ceremony as the interests in tea culture and studies and pursued over time with self-cultivation. Teaism is mostly a simplistic mode of aesthetics, but there are subtle insights into ethics, and even metaphysics. Teaism is related to teamind. A sense of focus and concentration while under the influence of great tasting tea. Teaist is a person who performs or enjoys the art of tea and teaism. In Chinese, Japanese, and Korean cultures, they all have well-developed teaism. +History. +Teaism is a synthesis of Taoism, Zennism, and tea. It is likely that it alludes more to the Taoist influences on Zen, and subsequently the Chado, or the Japanese tea ceremony, as he makes the statement, 'A subtle philosophy lay behind it all. Teaism was Taoism in disguise.' Teaism is brought out for its Taoist origins; but in the second half, it is shown through its manifestations in the Chado and in Japanese culture in general. +Terminology of dao/do with respect to tea. +In this sense tea is more than a drink and more than an art, it is integrated in the culture and the mind. The term Chinese:chadao or Japanese:chado in English is a difficult translation task. In most common use and easy to express translation is "tea ceremony". A direct translation is "the way of tea" or "the way of tea". The term "teaism" is by some only signifies this with Japanese tea ceremony. Similar terms are "tea arts" and "tea culture". While the word lore is usually not used in this context, another term used is tea lore. + += = = Friends (band) = = = +Friends was a dansband from Sweden, active between 1999 and 2002. The band participated at Eurovision Song Contest 2001 with the song "Lyssna till ditt hjärta". + += = = Ebba Grön = = = +Ebba Grön was a punk rock band from Rågsved in Sweden. It was active between 1977 and 1983. Vocalist and songwriter was Joakim Thåström". + += = = Herreys = = = +Herreys was a pop/schlager trio from Sweden, active in the 1980s. The trio performed the Eurovision Song Contest 1984 winning song, "Diggiloo, diggiley". + += = = Urban Land Institute = = = +The Urban Land Institute (also called ULI) is a non-profit research organization dedicated to urban planning and urban development. The institute is located in Washington D.C., United States, with branches in London and Hong Kong. + += = = Voltage regulator = = = +Voltage regulator is an elecrical component that maintains a constant voltage level. It stabilizes the voltage. For example, when a voltage regulator is fed a voltage that varies betveen 7.5 - 9.0 Volts, the regulator's output stays at exactly 5 Volts. Another way to stabilize voltage is by using a zener diode. + += = = Zener diode = = = +Zener diode is like a normal diode, but instead of being destroyed by a big reverse voltage, it lets electricity through. The voltage needed for this is called the breakdown voltage or Zener voltage. Because it can be built with a known breakdown voltage, it can be used to accurately measure voltage. + += = = Boxing Helena = = = +Boxing Helena is a 1993 American romantic drama movie. It is about a lonely surgeon from Atlanta who gets obsessed with an accident victim named Helena. Sherilyn Fenn plays Helena. This movie was originally marked NC-17 (no children 17 and under admitted). It was later re-rated R on appeal. The movie performed very badly at the box office. The reviews were very negative. This movie was released in September 1993. +Production. +There was controversy with the casting of this movie. Madonna and Kim Basinger were each cast as Helena, but backed out. Basinger was taken to court for leaving the role. She lost, and was ordered to pay 8.1 million dollars. The verdict was later set aside on appeal in 1994, but the actress later settled for $3.8 million. + += = = Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down! = = = +Tie Me Up! Tie Me Down! is a 1990 Spanish comedy crime drama movie. The story regards a psychiatric patient who, after being released from a mental ward, kidnaps a porn actress and tries to get her to marry him. Antonio Banderas plays Ricky, the psychiatric patient. +The movie was involved in a legal battle with the MPAA due to their decision to rate the movie X. The distributor, Miramax, filed a lawsuit against the MPAA. They did not win this case, so the movie was released unrated in United States theaters. + += = = Breadboard = = = +A breadboard is an electron tool which can be used to test electrical circuits. Instead of using soldering to connect wires and components together (like on a perfboard or printed circuit board), they can be stuck into the holes of the breadboard. It has metal strips inside that will connect them, and it lets them be removed easily or moved around when testing a circuit. +The rows and columns of holes on a breadboard are usually labelled with numbers and letters. Everything in a row with the same number will be connected, except if the breadboard has a strip down the center. In that case, the metal is split and the row has two separate connections (one on each side). The center strip is also useful when connecting integrated circuits, because they can be pushed in over the top of it and have legs connecting to both sides without overlapping the connections. +22 or 24 gauge wire usually work best to plug into the holes in a breadboard. + += = = Visiting card = = = +A visiting card is a small paper card with a person's name on it. They were used to let someone know that another person had come to their home for a visit. Some visiting cards had just a name on them. Some also had images. +Visiting cards are not used as much as they used to be. Business cards are now used the way visiting cards used to be used. +Before the industrialization visiting cards were hand made. Since the end of the 19th century production has become more and more automated. + += = = Excision (movie) = = = +Excision is a 2012 horror movie. The movie is about a high school student who wants a career in medicine. Marlee Matlin has the role of Amber. "Excision" is rated R in Australia and in the United States. It received very positive reviews from the critics. + += = = AnnaLynne McCord = = = +AnnaLynne McCord (born July 16, 1987) is an American actress. She plays the roles of vixens in movies. She starred as Suzie Woods in the 2008 supernatural thriller "The Haunting of Molly Hartley". She also starred as Naomi Clark in the show "90210". The actress was born in Atlanta, Georgia. + += = = Chained (2012 movie) = = = +Chained is a 2012 Canadian psychological horror movie. It is about a cab-driving serial killer who stalks his victims on the streets. This movie was originally marked NC-17 (no children 17 and under admitted) by the MPAA. It was edited downwards to an R. It was released theatrically in some countries, direct-to-video in the United States. +The movie was first shown at Fantasia International Film Festival. +Cast. +Additionally, Troy Skog and Shannon Jardine play Bob's parents and Alexander Doerksen plays Colin. Amy Matysio appears as Mary, one of Bob's victims. Director Jennifer Lynch has a cameo as a cooking show host on TV. +Critical reception. +Peter Bradshaw from "The Guardian" and Tim Robey from "The Daily Telegraph" both rated the movie 1/5 stars. The earlier called it "a fantastically crass and fatuous-in other words, silly and pointless-serial killer movie." The latter thought that "Chained" was "a lurid disgrace." +On the opposite end, Lauren Taylor from "Bloody Disgusting" rated the movie 4/5 stars. Taylor wrote: ""Chained" takes a typical tale of an abused child and makes something that is Oscar worthy." Rotten Tomatoes has the movie rated near 72% approval. + += = = Tech (river) = = = +The Tech () is a river in southeastern France, close to the French-Spanish border. It runs through a valley in the department of the Pyrénées-Orientales, in the former Roussillon. Its drainage basin is the river basin of Metropolitan France. +The river gives its name to two "communes" in the department: Le Tech and Arles-sur-Tech. +Geography. +The source of the Tech is on the eastern side of Roc Colom in the Pyrenees at an elevation of , in the "commune" of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste. +It flows generally from southwest to northeast, first through the valley of Vallespir just to Ceret, and then through the Plain of Rosillon. +The Tech flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the Natural Reserve of Mas Larrieu, also called "Mouth of the Tech", to the north of the town of Argelès-sur-Mer. +The Tech river is long and its drainage basin has an area of approximately . The basin is composed of two areas that are quite different: +The flow of the Tech river was observed over a period of 38 years (1979-2013) in Argelès-sur-Mer, touristic town near the mouth of the river. +The discharge of the river at this location is per second. +Both the valley of the Tech and its mouth are part of Natura 2000, an ecological network of protected areas in the European Union. +Tributaries. +The Tech has 22 tributaries; the longest tributaries are: +Cantons along the river. +The Tech is entirely in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales. It crosses two "arrondissements", six "cantons" and 25 "communes". The two "arrondissements" are Céret and Perpignan. +As for the "cantons", the Tech has its source in the "canton" of Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste, and then flows through the "cantons" of Arles-sur-Tech, Canton Ceret, Thuir Canton, Canton Elne and finally Argelès-sur-Mer. +Landmark. +The Pont del Diable ("Devil's bridge") or Pont Vieux ("Old bridge") at Céret over the river Tech. + += = = Effect pedal = = = +An effect pedal is an electronic device that can change the sound of an instrument or the voice of a person. Typical effects include echo, chorus, distortion, tremolo, reverb and flanger. A potentiometer is one of the electronic parts that effect pedals use to change the sound. +Effect pedals are commonly connected to electric guitars and bass guitars and to amplifiers using a cable, such as a phone connector. The pedal is then put on the floor and controlled using the player's foot. Depending on how the effect works, there are different ways to use the pedal: +Many guitarists like to use different effect pedals with each other. They stick them to a flat surface to make a pedalboard that they can take with them. + += = = Dennis Farina = = = +Dennis Farina (February 29, 1944 – July 22, 2013) was an American actor and former Chicago police officer. He was known for his role as Detective Joe Fontana on "Law & Order". Farina was also in "Get Shorty", "Manhunter", "Eddie", and "Saving Private Ryan". +Early life. +Farina was born on February 29, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois. He was of Sicilian descent. Farina was a police officer from 1967 through 1985. +Career. +Farina became an actor in 1981 as Carl in "Thief". He would later appear in Steven Spielberg's "Saving Private Ryan" (as Army Lieutenant Colonel Walter Anderson), "Striking Distance", "Another Stakeout", "Little Big League", "Snatch", "The Mod Squad", "Big Trouble" and "Out of Sight". He co-starred with Bette Midler in the romantic comedy "That Old Feeling". +Law & Order. +The producers of the long-running television series "Law & Order" hired Farina as Det. Joe Fontana after the retirement of Jerry Orbach's character Lennie Briscoe. Farina stayed with the show for two years, but his character was not as popular with viewers as Orbach's Lennie Briscoe had been. As a result, in May 2006, it was announced that Farina was leaving "Law & Order" to work on other projects. +Personal life. +Farina was married to Patricia Farina from 1970 until they divorced in 1980. They had three children. Farina was arrested on May 11, 2008, for carrying a loaded .22 caliber pistol through Los Angeles International Airport security. On July 17, 2009, the judge in his case dismissed the charge and erased it from Farina's otherwise clean record. +Death. +Farina died on July 22, 2013 in a hospital in Scottsdale, Arizona, from a pulmonary embolism. He was 69 years old. Farina is buried at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois. + += = = Philip Roth = = = +Philip Milton Roth (March 19, 1933 – May 22, 2018) was an American novelist from Newark, New Jersey. His books include "Goodbye, Columbus" and "The Human Stain". +Roth has won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, the National Book Award, and several other awards. He studied at the University of Chicago. +Roth died at a Manhattan hospital of congestive heart failure on May 22, 2018 at the age of 85. + += = = Soteira = = = +Soteira (, male Soter, ) is an epithet that was added to the names of gods and goddesses in Greek mythology. It means "Saviour". It expresses the fact that the speaker expects the deity to save them and cleanse them of evil. It has been used with Artemis, Persephone, and Athena. + += = = Thomas Middleton = = = +Thomas Middleton (1580-1627) was a Jacobean dramatist. He is believed by some experts to have helped Shakespeare with plays such as Timon of Athens. His own plays include "The Revenger's Tragedy". He also worked with other writers of his day like John Webster. + += = = John Webster = = = +John Webster (1580-1634) was an English dramatist. He was perhaps best known for his plays "The Duchess of Malfi" and "The White Devils". + += = = Division of Bonner = = = +The Division of Bonner is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was created in 2004 and is named after Neville Bonner, the first Indigenous Australian elected to the Parliament of Australia. Bonner was a Queensland Liberal Senator. There are only three other divisions named for Aboriginal people, Bennelong in New South Wales, Blair in Queensland and Lingiari in the Northern Territory. +The Division of Bonner covers the eastern areas of Brisbane, including Chandler, Carindale, Manly, Mount Gravatt, Wishart and Wynnum. + += = = Neville Bonner = = = +Neville Thomas Bonner AO (28 March 19225 February 1999) was an Australian politician, and the first Indigenous Australian member of the Parliament of Australia. He was appointed by the Queensland Parliament to fill a vacancy in the Senate. He later became the first Indigenous Australian to be elected to the parliament. Bonner was an elder of the Jagera people. +Biography. +Bonner was born on Ukerebagh Island, in the Tweed River in northern New South Wales. He never knew his father and had very little education. He worked on a farm, and in 1946 moved to Palm Island, near Townsville, Queensland. He became Assistant Settlement Overseer. +In 1960, he moved to Ipswich, and joined the board of directors of the One People of Australia League (OPAL). This was an indigenous rights organisation. He became its Queensland president in 1970. He joined the Liberal Party in 1967 and held local office in the party. Following the resignation of Liberal Senator Dame Annabelle Rankin in 1971, Bonner was chosen to replace her. He became the first indigenous Australian to sit in the Australian Parliament. He was elected in his own right in 1972, 1974, 1975 and 1980. +While in the Senate he served on a number of committees. He was never a serious candidate for promotion to the ministry. He rebelled against the Liberal Party policy on some issues. Partly as a result of this, and partly due to pressure from younger candidates, he was dropped from the Liberal Senate ticket at the 1983 election. He stood as an independent and was nearly successful. The Hawke government made him a director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. +Bonner was almost unique in being both an indigenous activist and a political conservative. He owed his political career to this combination. Other indigenous activists treated him badly, and they accused him of being a "token" in the Liberal Party. +In 1979, Bonner was jointly named Australian of the Year along with naturalist Harry Butler. In 1984, Bonner was made an Officer of the Order of Australia. From 1992 to 1996, he was member of the Griffith University Council. The university gave him an honorary doctorate in 1993. In 1998, he was elected to the Constitutional Convention as a candidate of Australians for a Constitutional Monarchy. +He died in Ipswich in 1999, at the age 76. +Posthumous honours. +The Neville Bonner Memorial Scholarship was set up by the Australian government in 2000. It gives money so that Indigenous Australians can study politics or related subjects at Australian universities. +The Queensland federal electorate of Bonner is named in his honour. A rugby league oval in Ipswich was named the Neville Bonner Sporting Complex in his honour. This oval was the home of an indigenous team, but is now the official home of the Queensland Cup team, the Ipswich Jets. The suburb of Bonner in Canberra, Australia's national capital, also bears his name. The head office of the Queensland Department of Communities, Child Safety and Disability Services is named the "Neville Bonner Building". +Bonner was an active boomerang thrower. One of his boomerangs can be seen at the Old Parliament House in Canberra. + += = = The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love = = = +The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love is a 1995 comedy movie with lesbian themes. It is about high school students who fall into love with one another. +This movie was released in the United States in mid-June 1995. It was released in the United Kingdom in September 1996. The movie got good reviews and publicity in the Sundance Film Festival. + += = = Go Fish (movie) = = = +Go Fish is a 1994 American romantic comedy movie. The movie is about young lesbians around Chicago. This movie was released in the United States in mid-June of 1994. The movie received several awards. + += = = Turgay Yıldız = = = +Turgay Yıldız (3 March 1965 - 22 July 2021) was a Turkish theatre actor, director, comedian, playwright and politician. +Yıldız was born in Ankara. He graduated from Ankara University Faculty of Language and History-Geography Department of Theatre in 1987. He worked as playwright, actor and director at theatres. He hosted television programs at TRT, Flash TV, Avrasya TV with his friend Bahadır Tokmak. +Yıldız was nominated by Democratic Left Party as candidate for Mayor of Çankaya, Ankara in 2009 local elections. +He was attending EC English language school in Los Angeles, pursuing his career as a scriptwriter for Turkish drama and political satire. + += = = Girls' Generation-TTS = = = +Girls' Generation-TTS (Hangul: ����-���, also known as TTS, TaeTiSeo, or Girls' Generation-TaeTiSeo), was the sub-unit of the girl group Girls' Generation, formed by S.M. Entertainment in 2012. It was composed of three Girls' Generation members: Taeyeon, Tiffany and Seohyun, who the last two left the agency and the group in 2017. The group released their first EP entitled "Twinkle", in 2012. The second EP, "Holler", was released in 2014. Then in December 2015, a third EP entitled "Dear Santa" was released as a Christmas special. +History. +2012–13: Formation and "Twinkle". +On April 19, 2012, S.M. Entertainment officially announced the formation of the sub-group, affirming in its official press release that the intention was "to gain the attention of fans with all aspects of music, performances and fashion styles." He also hinted at the possibility of other sub-groups. The name "TaeTiSeo" or "TTS" was created by the first syllables of Taeyeon, Tiffany and Seohyun. +Compared to the members of Girls' Generation the main focus of TTS is on the vocal ability of each member while the original group places more emphasis in general on songs and group performances. +The single "Twinkle" was released on iTunes for everyone on April 29, 2012, along with a music video on April 30, achieving more than 10 million views on YouTube in just one week. In November 2017, the music video had 78 million views. The mini-album with the same name, "Twinkle", was released digitally on April 30th5 and physically on May 2nd. The next day TTS started their album promotions in various music programs. +They became the first sub-group to achieve a "triple crown" in music shows in South Korea, they reigned in place for three consecutive weeks at No. 1. At that time, "Twinkle" was the album with the highest charts by a Korean artist in iTunes United States and was in the 126th place of Billboard 200. The song received 2,520,485 digital downloads in South Korea in July 2014, and the album sold 144,000 copies in South Korea, and some 28,000 more copies abroad. During the same year, the group also participated in the SMTown Live World Tour III where they presented "Twinkle", as well as a special performance by Usher who sang the song "DJ Got Us Fallin 'In Love" with EXO.During the same year, the group also participated in the SMTown Live World Tour III where they presented "Twinkle", as well as a special performance by Usher who sang the song "DJ Got Us Fallin 'In Love" with EXO. +2014–2017: "Holler", reality show and "Dear Santa". +The group released their second mini-album, "Holler", in September 2014. The album debuted at number one on the South Korea's Gaon Album chart and also on "Billboard" World Albums. Reaching number one on the "Billboard" makes TTS the third Korean artist and the first female group to get more than number 1 on this chart. They previously reached number one, with their debut release, "Twinkle" in 2012. During an interview with Billboard, the three singers said: +They also revealed that Seohyun wrote the lyrics of one of his songs, "Only U" while Tiffany was the visual director of "Holler" music video concept. During the promotions, the three singers performed on the reality show "The TaeTiSeo". The show had on the personal side of Taeyeon, Tiffany and Seohyun, revealing how they live their normal daily life and what they do in their spare time. Several images of the preparation of the album were also shown. +In December 2015, TTS released its third special Christmas EP, entitled "Dear Santa". The album debuted at number two on the weekly Gaon chart of South Korea and has sold at least 60,456 copies to date. Seohyun wrote the lyrics to the title track "Dear Santa". As an effort to support music education for children in Asia, TTS contributed a part of the album's sales profits to a charity called "SMile for U", a campaign held between SM Entertainment and UNICEF. + += = = Changmin = = = +Shim Changmin (born 18 February 1988) is a Korean singer, songwriter, model and actor. He was the youngest member of the boy band TVXQ. He started with TVXQ in 2003. +Shim was born and grew up in Seoul, South Korea. + += = = Bad Badtz-maru = = = + is a character designed by Sanrio. He is a black penguin with spiky hair and a commonly un-amused face. His birthday is on the first of April, April Fool's Day. In Japanese, "badtz" ("batsu") is a term for "X", the symbol for a wrong answer. "Maru" means circle or "O", and signifies a correct answer. He is often represented by "XO". Bad Badtz-Maru was released in 1993. He has far fewer releases than Hello Kitty, but has been a very popular important character. Badtz-Maru was the mascot for the 2006 FIBA World Championship of basketball, which was held in Japan. + += = = Funky Monkey Babys = = = + were a Japanese band from Tokyo. The members were Funky Kato Monkichi and DJ Kemikaru. They first appeared in 2004. They broke up in June 2013. + += = = MBLAQ = = = +MBLAQ is a South Korean boy band. They have five members: Seungho, G.O., Joon, Thunder, and Mir. The letters MBLAQ is an initialism for Music Boys Live in Absolute Quality. + += = = Itä-Häme (newspaper) = = = +Itä-Häme is a newspaper published in Heinola and neighbouring towns in Itä-Häme, Finland. It was established in 1927 in Sysmä. + += = = Lowitja O'Donoghue = = = +Dr. Lowitja "Lois" O'Donoghue, (1 August 1932 – 4 February 2024) is an Aboriginal Australian woman who worked as an administrator of several Commonwealth organisations. She was the founding chairperson of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). She was named Australian of the Year in 1984. +Personal life. +Lowitja O'Donoghue was born at Granite Downs, a cattle station located on the Stuart Highway in northwest South Australia. Her father, Tom O'Donoghue, was a stockman of Irish descent. Her mother, Lily, was one of the native Yankunytjatjara people. Tom and Lily met while Tom was working at Everard Park, another cattle station on the traditional country of the Yankunytjatjara. The couple moved to Granite Downs, known as Indulkana to the Yankunytjatjara, in 1925. Lowitja was born here around 1 August 1932. She was the fifth of six children. +In 1934, members of the United Aborigines' Mission visited the community at Indulkana. They persuaded Lowitja's mother that it would be best for her children to be brought up by the missionaries. There was no school in Granite Downs, and they were concerned about raising their children in such an isolated location. They moved with their children to Oodnadatta, and took them to the mission, which was run by the Baptist Church. Lowitja was baptised at the mission by a pastor. She was taken to be taught at Colebrook Children's Home, an Aboriginal school run by the mission in Quorn. She began learning there at the age of three. +Lowitja was two years old when she was removed from her mother. After she was removed, she did not see her mother again for 33 years. During that time, her mother did not know where her children had been taken. Despite this, Lowitja did not identify as a member of the Stolen Generations. She would later say that she preferred the word "removed" over "stolen" for her personal case. She has said she was happy living at Colebrooke and that she received a good education both there and at the Quorn Primary School. However, it is these sort of assimilation practises by the Churches that Lowitja and many others would eventually work to put an end to. +In 1944, Colebrook Home moved to Eden Hills in the south of Adelaide due to very bad water shortages. This allowed Lowitja to go to Unley High School, a local public school. +In 1979, Lowitja married Gordon Smart, a health care worker at the Repatriation Hospital. She had first met him in 1964. He died in 1991, and was buried at Quorn. +Nursing career. +From 1950 to 1953, O'Donoghue worked as a nursing aide in Victor Harbor. The small local hospital did not run a training course. With the help of the matron, Lowitja applied to be a student nurse in Adelaide. The Royal Adelaide Hospital originally rejected her, but shortly afterwards she was offered a position as a student nurse in 1954. She qualified as a nurse and worked at the Royal Adelaide Hospital until 1961. +She spent time as a nurse with the Baptist Church working in Assam, in northern India. She replaced missionaries who were taking leave back in Australia. Due to the nearby Sino-Indian War, she was advised by the Australian government to evacuate to Calcutta from where she returned to Australia. +Public service. +After returning in 1962, she worked as an Aboriginal Liaison Officer with the South Australian Department of Education. She later transferred to the state's Department of Aboriginal Affairs. She worked there as a Welfare Officer based mainly in the north of the state, including at Coober Pedy. +In 1967, Lowitja joined the newly formed Commonwealth Department of Aboriginal Affairs, which was in charge of Aboriginal welfare across Australia. She worked in the department's Adelaide office. After eight years, she became the Director of the department's office in South Australia. She was responsible for implementing the national Aboriginal welfare policy in South Australia. After a short while, she left the public service. +Lowitja was a chairperson of the National Aboriginal Congress for a short time in the early 1980s. She was later appointed chairperson of the Aboriginal Development Commission. In 1990, she was appointed chairperson of the newly created Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC). In 1991, she, along with Alf Bamblett and Steve Gordon, became the first Aboriginal people to attend a Cabinet meeting. In December 1992, she became the first Aboriginal Australian to address the United Nations General Assembly. She remained as chairperson of ATSIC until 1996. She was replaced by Gatjil Djerrkura, who was considered by the Howard Government to be more moderate. +Honours and awards. +In 1976, O'Donoghue was the first Aboriginal woman to be inducted into the new Order of Australia. The award was in recognition of her work in welfare. She was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1983. She was named Australian of the Year in 1984, for her work to improve the welfare of indigenous Australians. She was made a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) in 1999. O'Donoghue was inducted into the Olympic Order in 2000. She was made Dame of the Order of St Gregory the Great by Pope John Paul II in 2005. +O'Donoghue has received honorary doctorates from Murdoch University, the University of South Australia, the Australian National University, the Queensland University of Technology and Flinders University. She was made an honorary professorial fellow at Flinders University in 2000. +Marriage and personal life. +In 1979 she married Gordon Smart, a medical orderly at the Repatriation Hospital, whom she had first met in 1964. He died in 1991 or 1992. He had six adult children from a previous marriage, but they had no children together. +On 4 February 2024 her family announced in a statement she had died in Adelaide, South Australia. O'Donoghue was 91. + += = = Eurocopter AS-565 Panther = = = +The Eurocopter AS-565 Panther is a military variant of the AS-365 Dauphin 2's helicopter. It is specially designed for naval missions. But some of them are used by army aviations, like in Brazil. +Users. +AS-565 Panther are used in Angola, Brazil, Bulgaria, France, Israel, Mexico, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, and UAE. + += = = Harbin Z-9 = = = +The Harbin Z-9 is a Chinese military helicopter. It is a variant of the French Aérospatiale SA-365 Dauphin 2. Some of them were built for foreign countries. + += = = Eurocopter EC155 = = = +The Eurocopter EC155 is the third generation of the Dauphin family of helicopters. Built by French and Germans, it is used both by civilian and military operators. + += = = List of Atlantic hurricanes in the 17th century = = = +Atlantic hurricane seasons +Before 1600 1600s 1700s/10s 1720s/30s 1740s/50s 1760s 1770s 1780s 1790s +While information for every storm that happened is not available, some parts of the coastline had enough people to give info of hurricane happenings. Each season was an event in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation in the Atlantic basin. Most tropical cyclone formation occurs between June 1 and November 30. + += = = Lesbianism in erotica = = = +Lesbianism has been performed in visual arts since the times of ancient Rome. For much of history of cinema and television, lesbianism was regarded as taboo. But since the 1960s, it has increasingly become a theme within its own right. It was first used in softcore movies and erotic thrillers during the 1980s. Acts of lovemaking between women first happened during several movies in the late 1960s: "The Killing of Sister George", "Therese and Isabelle" and "The Fox". Lesbian scenes during movies are always subject to controversy. Many people say that the MPAA has been harsh on movies with homosexual themes. One notable example of this regards the movie "When Night Is Falling", which was given an NC-17. The movie, though, was released unrated. + += = = The Killing of Sister George = = = +The Killing of Sister George is a 1964 stage play and 1968 erotic drama movie. The story shows lesbian romances. Sister George is a character in the radio series "Applehurst". The movie of 1968 was rated X by the MPAA because of a graphic lesbian sex scene. It put a limit on movie screenings and its ability to advertise in mainstream newspapers. In the United Kingdom, there were censorship issues. The movie was only passed under an X-rating in the United Kingdom after a part about lesbian sex was removed. + += = = Chris Froome = = = +Christopher Froome (born 20 May 1985) is a British road racing cyclist. He was born in Nairobi, Kenya, into a British family. He moved to South Africa when he was 14. He lives in Monaco. He rides for Team Ineos. He won a bronze medal at the 2007 All-Africa Games in Algiers, competing for Kenya. He won a bronze medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, competing for Great Britain. He came second in both the 2011 Vuelta a España and the 2012 Tour de France. He won the Tour de France in 2013, 2015, 2016 and 2017. + += = = Australian of the Year = = = +The Australian of the Year is an award presented on Australia Day (26 January) every year to an important Australian. The awards began in 1960 and are supported by the Australian government and several major companies. The awards are given by the National Australia Day Council. Over the years it has grown to include the Young Australian of the Year and the Senior Australian of the Year. An award to honor people at a local community level has also been developed as the Australian Local Hero. The first Australian of the Year was Nobel Prize winner, Sir Macfarlane Burnet. + += = = Inflatable boat = = = +An inflatable boat is a kind of boat which is made from rubber. It is filled with air. In some boats is possible to install outboard motor. Inflatable boats are usually made to fit into small places so they can be moved easily. Some inflatable boats are rigid. They have a hard floor, and the tubes of the walls are strong so they can be inflated to high pressure and become stiff. +Vulcanization of rubber became commonplace in the 1840s and was used for inflatable objects including boats. British explorers in the Arctic used Peter Halkett's boats. Since then, they have been used for many purposes. + += = = Mytäjäinen = = = +Mytäjäinen may mean + += = = Mytäjäinen (pond) = = = +Mytäjäinen is a small pond in Lahti, Finland. Its maximum depth is what is quite a lot because pond covers so small area. Some people swim there, including in winter time. The pond is near to "Radiomäki", Lahti city. + += = = Joutjärvi = = = +Joutjärvi is a lake in Lahti, Finland. Its maximum depth is . + += = = Patricia Rozema = = = +Patricia Rozema (born August 20, 1958) is a Canadian movie director. She is known for directing LGBT movies. She directed "I've Heard the Mermaids Singing" in 1987. She also directed "When Night is Falling", which was released in autumn 1995 in the United States. +Rozema was born in Kingston, Ontario. + += = = Pikku-Vesijärvi = = = +Pikku-Vesijärvi is a lake in Lahti, Finland. Its maximum depth is (1998). + += = = Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom = = = +Same-sex marriage in the United Kingdom became legal on 29 March 2014 due to the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) act of 2013. This act allows same-sex couples to marry in England and Wales. Scotland introduced same-sex marriage on 16 December 2014 for partners converting civil partnerships into marriage, but for other couples same-sex wedding ceremonies began on 31 December 2014. Northern Ireland, however, is a recent addition to the Legislation to allow same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom in July 2019 and took effect on 13 January 2020. The first same-sex marriage ceremony took place on 11 February 2020. Proposals to change that have failed. Civil partnerships began in 2005 across the UK, permitting benefits similar to marriage for same-sex couples. + += = = Rogliano = = = +Rogliano is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza, in the Calabria region of southern Italy. + += = = Vesijärvi = = = +Vesijärvi is a lake in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. It covers about . It is next to Lahti, Asikkala and Hollola. +The water in Vesijärvi is clear. It contains many kinds of water plants. +Vesijärvi flows to Päijänne. + += = = Emile Griffith = = = +Emile Alphonse Griffith (February 3, 1938 – July 23, 2013) was an American boxer. He was the first person from the U.S. Virgin Islands ever to become a world champion in boxing. +Griffith later won the world middleweight title and claimed an early version of the junior middleweight world championship, a claim that has not been universally recognized although some consider Griffith a three-division champion fighter. +Early life. +Griffith was born on February 3, 1938 in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. He was raised in New York City. +Personal life. +In 1971, two months after they met, Griffith married Mercedes (Sadie) Donastrog, who was then a member of the dance troupe "Prince Rupert and the Slave Girls." Griffith adopted Donastorg's daughter. Griffith said he was attracted to men and women. +Attack. +In 1992, he was beaten and almost killed on a New York City street, after leaving a gay bar near the Port Authority Bus Terminal. He was in the hospital for four months after the assault. It was not clear if the violence was motivated by homophobia. +Death. +Griffith died on July 23, 2013 from complications of dementia in a hospital in Hempstead, New York, aged 75. + += = = Jokichi Ikarashi = = = +Jokichi Ikarashi (��� ��; "Ikarashi Jōkichi"; 26 January 1902 – 23 July 2013) was a Japanese farmer and supercentenarian, and the oldest man ever from Niigata Prefecture before 31 August 2018, when Chitetsu Watanabe surpassed his age and, at the time of his death, the oldest living Japanese man and the world's second-oldest living man. +Biography. +Ikarashi was born on 26 January 1902 in Sanjo, Niigata, as the eldest of six children in a farmer family and worked as a rice farmer after graduating from elementary school to age 50–60, when he retired in order to take care of his wife, who was ill and died at age 68 in 1973, and their grandchildren, and later grew chrysanthemums until age 91 when he fall from a pine tree and broke his left foot, but did not otherwise suffer from any severe injury or illness, and did not either drink alcohol and smoke (and believed that as the secret to a long life). On his 110th birthday in late-January 2012, Ikarashi said jokingly that he "forgot to die" and wanted to live at least fifteen years longer. However, he was mostly bedridden and only able to eat liquid food during his time as a supercentenarian. +Ikarashi died of pneumonia at 11:06am on 23 July 2013 at age 111 years, 178 days, and was the oldest living Japanese man for almost six weeks after 116-year-old Jiroemon Kimura's death the night of 12 June, and was believed to be the world's oldest living man after the 135 days older Californian man James McCoubrey's death on 5 July. However, just two days after Ikarashi's death, the oldest living man was officially confirmed to be 112-year-old Spanish-born American Salustiano Sánchez, who died on 13 September the same year (coincidencially on the same day as McCoubrey would have turned 112). Ikarashi was succeeded as Japan's oldest living man by Sakari Momoi. + += = = Arturo Licata = = = +Arturo Licata (2 May 1902 – 24 April 2014) was an Italian supercentenarian, who at the age of 111, was Italy's oldest living man since the death of Giuseppe Mirabella on 30 March 2012 and Europe's oldest living man since the death of 111-year-old Spanish man Francisco Fernández Fernández on 7 September 2012. Licata was the world's oldest living man since the death of Salustiano Sanchez on 13 September 2013. +Life. +Licata was born on 2 May 1902 in Enna, Sicily, Italy. He was born into a family of four brothers and two sisters. +Licata lived in Enna, Sicily, Italy. Aside from poor hearing and eyesight, he remained in good health until May 2013 when his health began to rapidly decline. Since September 2013, he was bedridden. +Licata died at his home in Enna, Italy from natural causes on 8 days before his 112th birthday. + += = = Casey Fossum = = = +Casey Paul Fossum (born January 6, 1978) is an American former professional baseball player. He played for the Boston Red Sox (2001–2003), Arizona Diamondbacks (2004), Tampa Bay Devil Rays (2005–2007), Detroit Tigers (2008), and New York Mets (2009) of Major League Baseball. He batted and threw left-handed. + += = = Ted Lange = = = +Theodore William "Ted" Lange (born January 5, 1948) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as the bartender, Isaac Washington, in the 1970s TV series "The Love Boat". +Lange was born on January 5, 1948 in Oakland, California. He studied at the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Art. Lange has been married to Mary Ley since 2001. + += = = Kazuchika Okada = = = +Kazuchika Okada (born November 8, 1987) is a Japanese professional wrestler who is currently working for New Japan Pro Wrestling. He is a former five-time IWGP Heavyweight Champion. +Career. +He was trained by Último Dragón at Toryumon professional wrestling school and made his debut on August 29, 2004, against Negro Navarro. He competed in New Japan Pro Wrestling from August 26, 2007 to January 31, 2010. NJPW sent him to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling for a developmental tour in 2010. +He debuted for TNA on February 16, 2010 where he lost to Alex Shelley in a dark match. He competed for TNA from 2010 to 2011 and left to return to NJPW. +On February 12, 2012 at The New Beginning, he defeated Hiroshi Tanahashi to win the IWGP Heavyweight Championship for the first time in his career. He won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship a second time on April 7, 2013 at Invasion Attack defeating Tanahashi. + += = = Livingston County, New York = = = +Livingston County is in New York State. About 62,000 people live there, and it is part of the Rochester metropolitan area. + += = = Marshall Field = = = +Marshall Field (August 18, 1834 – January 16, 1906) was an American businessman. He was the founder of Marshall Field and Company, the Chicago-based department stores. +Field was born on August 18, 1834 in Conway, Franklin County, Massachusetts. He was married two times. Field had two children. He died on January 16, 1906 in New York City, New York from pneumonia, aged 71. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago. + += = = Canigou = = = +The Canigou () or Pic du Canigou is the highest of the mountains in Eastern Pyrenees; it is on the Massif du Canigou, in the department of Pyrénées-Orientales, southern France. +Because it has sharp sides and is close to the Mediterranean Sea coast, until the 18th century the Canigou was believed to be the highest mountain in the Pyrenees. On 21 July 2019, Abdullahi Abbas was officially the first Nigerian who succeeded climbing to the top of the Canigou.Pablo Bucheli, together with his sherpa Abigail White, was the first Ecuadorian on the top of the mountain. +Geography. +Canigou is in the Regional Natural Park of the Catalan Pyrenees (; , often shortened as "Parc del Pirineu Català"), close to the eastern border of the park. +The Canigou peak is high. It is on a short mountain range, the Massif du Canigou, which is the eastern end of the Pyrenees. The mountain is the 395th highest mountain in France. +History. +The first writings where the mountain is mentioned date from 949 with "Montis Canigonis" and "Monte Canigone" in Latin. The first written name of the mountain in Catalan ("Canigó") dates back to 1300, and from this comes "Canigou" in French. +The first ascent to Canigou was in 1285 by Peter III of Aragon, King of Aragon. This fact is mentioned in a chronicle written by Fra Salimbene, an Italian monk. It seems that the king did not go to the top of the peak. +Climate. +Although the dominant climate is largely Mediterranean at its base, the Canigou has several climate zones: +Although variable from one year to the next, snow is generally continuous over , from mid-November to late May. The mean temperature in July is and in January is . +Canigou Flame. +This mountain is a symbol for Catalan people. On its top there is a cross that is often decorated with the Catalan flag. +Every year on 23 June, the night before St. John's day ("nit de Sant Joan"), there is a ceremony called "Flama del Canigó" (Canigou Flame), where a fire is lit at the mountaintop. People spend the night there and take torches lit on that fire in a spectacular torch relay to light bonfires somewhere else. Some estimates conclude that about 30,000 bonfires are lit in this way all over Catalonia on that night. +Massif du Canigou. +The "Massif du Canigou" is a mountain range in the Pyrenees in the French department of Pyrénées-Orientales. It is the part of the Pyrenees nearest to the Mediterranean Sea. +There are two old monasteries at the foot of the mountain, "Martin-du-Canigou" and "Saint-Michel-de-Cuxa". +On 16 July 2012, the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy of France named the "Massif du Canigou" as a Grand Site of France. +The main peaks of this mountain range are: + += = = Foreign relations of Vanuatu = = = +Vanuatu has diplomatic relations with more than 65 countries. It has a very small network of embassies. Only Australia, France, New Zealand, and the People's Republic of China have embassies, high commissions, or missions in Port Vila. The British High Commission closed in 2005, after having been there for almost 100 years. +Concerns. +The government's main concern has been to improve the economy. It has a strong need for foreign aid, so Vanuatu has joined the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Since 1980, Australia, France, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand have provided most of Vanuatu's development aid. +Policies. +Vanuatu's foreign policy is fairly neutral. It stayed neutral during the Cold War. They have been a member of the Non-Aligned Movement since 1983. However, it has always given strong support for self-determination and decolonisation, especially throughout Melanesia. Vanuatu became independent from France and the United Kingdom in 1980. The first government recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic in November of the same year. It recognised the State of Palestine in August 1989. Later governments recognised Kosovo in 2010 and Abkhazia in 2011. Vanuatu has also supported the independence of New Caledonia and East Timor, and it strongly supports the Free Papua Movement in western New Guinea. Its relations with Indonesia have suffered because of this. Relations with Australia and New Zealand are a major focus of Vanuatu's foreign policy. +History. +Vanuatu established diplomatic relations with Cuba in 1983, and Libya in 1986. It established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union and the United States in June and September 1986, respectively. Relations with the United States were bad until the late 1980s. Relations with France remained bad throughout the 1980s. Vanuatu under Walter Lini also tried to create strong relations with Asia. By the end of the 1980s, the country had established diplomatic relations with the China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Vietnam and the Philippines. +Australia and Vanuatu have very strong ties. Australia has given most of the help to Vanuatu's military. It is also Vanuatu's largest source of foreign investment, tourists, and foreign aid. Vanuatu also has strong ties to other Pacific countries. +Memberships. +It is a full member of the Pacific Islands Forum, and several other regional organisations. It has been a member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie since 1979. It was admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations in 1980 and to the United Nations in 1981. Vanuatu is currently the only Pacific nation that belongs to the Non-Aligned Movement. +British High Commissioners. +List of British High Commissioners in Port Vila: + += = = New South Wales Legislative Assembly = = = +The New South Wales Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the parliament of New South Wales in Australia. The upper house is the Legislative Council. Both sit at Parliament House in the state capital, Sydney. The Assembly has 93 members, each elected to a single-member constituency, known as seats. Voting is by the optional preferential system. +Members of the Legislative Assembly have the acronym MP after their names. +Until 1990, the acronym "MLA" ( Member of the Legislative Assembly ) was used. + += = = CNBLUE = = = +CNBLUE is a South Korean rock band formed in Seoul in 2009. There are four members: Jung Yong-hwa (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Lee Jong-hyun (lead guitar, vocals), Lee Jung Shin (bass guitar, vocals) and Kang Min-hyuk (drums, vocals). +They have toured in South Korea and Japan. + += = = Hiroto Kōmoto = = = +Hiroto Kōmoto (/, born 17 March 1963) is a Japanese rock singer. He was born in the city of Okayama in Okayama Prefecture. He dropped out of the department of economics in Housei University. He is an executive vice-president of a corporation (HAPPY SONG). He is married. He had sung in many famous rock bands. He sings in The Cro-Magnons these days. + += = = Tsubasa Honda = = = + is a Japanese actress and model. She is from Tokyo. + += = = Ryo Nishikido = = = + is a Japanese actor and singer. He is a member of the boy band Kanjani∞, which is managed by Johnny & Associates. He was also a member of the boy band NEWS. +Nishikido was born in Osaka on 3 November 1984. He started as an actor and a singer in 2004. In 2006, Nishikido held his first concert as a solo artist. He also acts in television dramas. His friends are Tomohisa Yamashita, Jin Akanishi and Yu Shirota. They are also actors. + += = = Sport in the Czech Republic = = = +Sport is an important part of Czech culture. It is a strong source of patriotism. The two most popular sports in the Czech Republic are football and ice hockey. They both get the most attention from both the media and the public. The many other sports with professional teams in the Czech Republic include basketball, volleyball, handball, athletics, floorball and others. +The sporting events considered the most important in the Czech Republic are the Ice Hockey World Championships, the Olympic ice hockey tournament, the European football championship, and the football World Cup. In general, any international match involving the Czech national ice hockey or football team draws attention, especially when played against a traditional rival: Germany and Slovakia in football; and Russia, Finland, Sweden, Canada and Slovakia in ice hockey. +Team sports. +Ice hockey. +The Czech national ice hockey team is one of the most successful teams in the world. It regularly competes in the World Championships, the Olympic Games and the Euro Hockey Tour. The national team won their first Olympic Gold medal at the 1998 Winter Games in Nagano. The Czech team won six World Championship medals between 1996 to 2011. The highest-ranking ice hockey competition in the Czech Republic is the Extraliga. Famous Czech players include Jaromír Jágr, Dominik Hašek, Patrik Eliáš, Aleš Hemský, Tomáš Kaberle, Milan Michálek and Robert Lang. +Football. +Football has been a popular sport among Czechs for many years. Previously the old Czechoslovakia team were a strong team internationally. In 2006, the Czech national team qualified for their first World Cup since the break-up of Czechoslovokia. More recently players such as Petr Čech, Tomáš Rosický and Pavel Nedvěd have achieved great success at top European clubs and have become national icons. +American football. +American football began to be played in the Czech Republic from the 1980s. The Czech Association of American football ("") was created in 1994. Since then it has developed a league system that is divided into two divisions: ČLAF A and ČLAF B. The most successful team is Prague Panthers, whom have won 12 titles. +The A7 series is an independent league. It was created for small and rookie teams. It is 7-on-7 football. The final match of the season is called Rice bowl. A7 series is less expensive than ČLAF so it can play teams from small towns which don't have sponsors. +Individual sports. +Shooting is the third most popular sport in the Czech Republic. Winter sports are also very popular. The country has hosted world championship tournaments for Nordic skiing, ski jumping, and luge. Several Czech competitors have won medals in these kinds of sports internationally, including at the Winter Olympics. +The Czech Republic hosts several tennis events each year, including the UniCredit Czech Open in Prostějov and Prosperita Open in Ostrava, the Sparta Prague Open and Strabag Prague Open in Prague. The best Czech tennis players include Tomáš Berdych, Radek Štěpánek, Martina Navratilova and Petra Kvitová. + += = = Flash animation = = = +A Flash animation or Flash cartoon is an animated video that is created by Adobe Flash or a similar animation software. The video is usually distributed in the .swf file format. They are often distributed on the World Wide Web, in which case they are often referred to as Internet cartoons, online cartoons, or webtoons. + += = = Sexy Zone = = = +Sexy Zone is a Japanese boy band managed by Johnny & Associates. It started in 2011. The five members of the band are Nakajima Kento, Kikuchi Fuma, Sato Shori, Matsushima Sou, and Marius Yo. They were chosen because of their male sexiness. +Sexy Zone first performed at Johnnys Imperial Theatre Special with their first song "Sexy Zone". This was released on November 16, 2011, by Pony Canyon. This song is also the theme song of the 2011 FIVB Women's World Cup and the 2011 FIVB Men's World Cup. They are special supporters of 2011 FIVB World Cup. + += = = Live performance = = = +Live performance may refer to: + += = = Philippe of Belgium = = = +Philippe (, , ; born Castle of Laeken, Brussels, 15 April 1960) is the King of the Belgians and a constitutional monarch. He is the son of King Albert II and his wife Paola of Belgium. On 21 July 2013, King Philippe I was named king of the Belgians when Albert II abdicated. + += = = Lianna = = = +Lianna is a 1983 lesbian-themed drama movie. The title character is the wife of a college professor teaching at a University in New Jersey. This woman takes up child psychology with a friend named Sandy. +"Lianna" received several positive reviews from critics. The movie was released January 1983 in the United States. + += = = DIP switch = = = +A DIP switch (standing for dual in-line package switch) is a small electric switch, packaged in a dual in-line package as though it were an integrated circuit. It typically has several switches, with each one connection between two opposite pins on the package. One side of the switch is usually marked to be the "ON" side, so that it is clear which way the switches need to be moved to complete the circuit. + += = = Time switch = = = +A time switch is an electric switch that switches after the time period that the user has set. It can be mechanical or electrical. + += = = List of television stations in the Philippines = = = +This is a list of analog television stations in the Philippines. Currently, there are two major networks competing for bigger audience share; GMA Network Inc. and TV5 Network, Inc. (ABS-CBN is also one of the largest analog broadcasters until they lost their frequency because their legislative franchise has expired and the congress has also denied their application for franchise renewal.) Most free-to-air networks are popularly known by their flagship channels (e.g. IBC 13, RPN 9, TV5 and GMA 7 (Manila) instead of simply Intercontinental Broadcasting Corporation, Radio Philippines Network/CNN Philipphines, TV5 Network and GMA Network respectively). Analog television in the Philippines began to shut down on February 28, 2017, and is scheduled to complete by 2023. Currently, all analog TV stations are still using the NTSC standard. +NTC's Frequency Allocations. +These frequencies are used in Philippine Analog Television broadcasting. +Metro Manila (NCR). +Inactive station that Uses higher than the NTC's Frequency Standards. +The following TV Station is inactive and this station is still off-the-air until now, as this station is using higher than the NTC's Philippine Television Frequency for UHF, which is between 471.25 MHz and 693.25 MHz (Video Carrier). +The frequencies above 700 MHz (Channels 52 to 69 are assigned from 699.25 MHz to 801.25 MHz Video Carrier) was used for Wireless Broadband Providers and Public Communications. +For more details, refer to Pan-American television frequencies. + += = = William Longsword = = = +William I Longsword ( – 17 December 942) was the second "Duke of Normandy". William added to his father's territories. He also began to expand Norman influence in West Francia (France). +Early career. +William was born to the Viking Rollo and his Christian wife Poppa of Bayeux. He was born overseas probably in England. + His mother was from a Frankish noble family. William was baptized a Christian probably at the same time as his father, William's nickname Longsword was probably earned during the fighting in 924–925 around Beauvais, Ponthieu and Amiens. +Duke of Normandy. +William succeeded his father as leader in 927 Early in his reign he faced a rebellion from by other Normans who did not think he was fit to lead them. The leader of this rebellion was Riouf of Évreux. At this same time William sent his wife Sprota to Fécamp where their son Richard was born. +In 933, William I Longsword swore to Raoul as King of Western Francia. In turn Raoul gave him lordship over much of the lands of the Bretons including Avranches and the Cotentin. But the Bretons fought to keep these lands. They were led by Alan II, Duke of Brittany and Count Berenger of Rennes. It ended shortly with Alan fleeing to England and Beranger seeking to be on friendly terms with the Normans. In 935, William arranged a marriage between his sister Adela and William, count of Poitou with the approval of Hugh the Great. At the same time William married Luitgarde, daughter of count Herbert II of Vermandois. Her dowry gave William the lands of Longueville, Coudres and Illiers l'Eveque. +William Longsword attacked Flanders in 939 and Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, and Louis IV, King of France, attacked Normandy because of this. Arnulf captured the castle of Montreuil-sur-Mer defeating Herluin, Count of Ponthieu. Herluin helped William Longsword to take back the castle. William was excommunicated for attacking and destroying lands belonging to Arnulf. William pledged his loyalty to King Louis IV when they met in 940. In return for this he was confirmed in lands that had been given to his father, Rollo. Almost three years later, on 17 December 942 at Picquigny on the Somme, William Longsword was attacked and killed by followers of Arnulf while at a peace conference to settle their differences. +Family. +William had one son with Sprota. +William married secondly Luitgarde, daughter of Herbert II, Count of Vermandois. They had no children. + += = = Wall plug = = = +A wall plug (U.K. term), or screw anchor (U.S. term), is a tool for putting a screw into a wall. + += = = Prince George of Wales = = = +Prince George of Wales (or George Alexander Louis; born 22 July 2013) is the son of William, Prince of Wales and of Catherine, Princess of Wales. He is second in line to succeed his grandfather King Charles III to the Monarchy of the United Kingdom, as well as the other 15 Commonwealth realms, following his father. + += = = Rapcore = = = +Rapcore (also called Punk rap) is a sub-genre of rap rock that fuses hip hop with punk rock. + += = = Fred Dretske = = = +Frederick Irwin Dretske (December 9, 1932 in Waukegan, Illinois – July 24, 2013) was an American philosopher. He was known for his works to epistemology and the philosophy of mind. +Dretske was born on December 9, 1932 in Waukegan, Illinois. +His later work centered on conscious experience and self-knowledge. Additionally, he was awarded the Jean Nicod Prize in 1994. Dretske received his Ph.D from The University of Minnesota and taught for a number of years at the University of Wisconsin–Madison before moving to Stanford University. +After retiring from Stanford, he moved to Duke University where he was Senior Research Scholar in Philosophy until his death in 2013. Dretske died on July 24, 2013 from heart failure, aged 80. + += = = Tom Corbett = = = +Thomas W. "Tom" Corbett (born June 17, 1949) is an American politician. He was the 46th Governor of Pennsylvania from 2011 to 2015. He was Attorney General of Pennsylvania before that. His performance had mixed reviews. The popularity of him was very low in the polls. He lost his re-election campaign in 2014 to Tom Wolf. + += = = Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma = = = +Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, (born "Prince Louis of Battenberg"; 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979), known informally as Lord Mountbatten, was a British statesman and naval officer, an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, and second cousin once removed to Elizabeth II. He was involved in World War 1 in the Navy from 1914-1918 fighting against the German Empire led by Kaiser Wilhelm II . He was also fighting against the Empire of Japan (Japanese Empire) led by Emperor Hirohito and Nazi Germany (Third Reich ) led by Adolf Hitler and the Italian Empire led by Mussolini during World War 2 from 1939-1945 in the Royal Navy . +He served in the Navy from 1913-1965 from the prelude of World War 1 in 1913 to the Post World War 2 Era during the Cold War in 1965 . + += = = Richard Erdman = = = +Richard "Dick" Erdman (June 1, 1925 – March 16, 2019) was an American actor, movie director and movie producer. He was known for his roles in "Stalag 17", "Cry Danger", "The Men", and in "Anything Goes". He appeared as Leonard Rodriguez in "Community". +Erdman was born on June 1, 1925 in Enid, Oklahoma. He was married to Leza Holland from 1948 until they divorced in 1950. He married Sharon Randall in 1953. They had one daughter, Erica who died in 2010. Erdman died on March 16, 2019 in Los Angeles from dementia-related complications at the age of 93. + += = = Ayushita = = = +Ayu Sita Widyastuti Nugraha (born June 9, 1989, Jakarta, Indonesia) is an Indonesian pop singer, hip hop dancer, actress, and host. + += = = The Butler = = = +Lee Daniels' The Butler is a 2013 American historical drama movie directed by Lee Daniels. It is based on Eugene Allen, who was a White House butler during eight American presidencies from 1952 to 1986. It was the last movie produced by Laura Ziskin. +Synopsis. +The fictional Cecil Gaines is based on Eugene Allen who worked at the White House during eight presidential terms from 1952 to 1986. He started as a "pantry man," was promoted to butler, and then Maître d'hôtel. + += = = Rosiers-d'Égletons = = = +Rosiers-d'Égletons is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France. It is part of the canton of Égletons. The village is named after the Rosier family, which is the family that Popes Clement VI and Gregory XI belonged to. The coat of arms of the commune originally belonged to the Rosier family. People from Rosiers-d'Égletons are often called Rosiérois. +The Rosier (or Roger) family lived in Limousin in central France. Two members of this family became popes: +The exact location where Popes Clement VI and Gregory were born is not known with certainty. We know only that they were baptised in a Church of the Roses (). + += = = 42 (movie) = = = +42 is a 2013 American biographical sports movie written and directed by Brian Helgeland about the life of baseball player Jackie Robinson, who wore jersey number 42. "42" was released in North America on April 12, 2013. + += = = Silvio Fazio = = = +Silvio Fazio (April 9, 1952-) is an Italian writer. He was born in Rome, Italy. +Biography. +Fazio graduated from accounting at the Institute Sandro Botticelli in Rome. He left Italy in 1977 to live in Nice, France. Fazio was the union representative for Workers' Force Ouvrière, from 2002 to 2010. In 2002 he signed the agreement for a reduction in working hours for two hotels on the French Riviera. +In 2006, Silvio Fazio published his first science fiction novel: "Il Segreto della grande porta". In 2010 he wrote the biography of Richard Ramirez, the Night Stalker, "Il Profeta di Satana". In 2012, the author released "Où les Dieux vont mourir" (French), that challenges the official interpretation given by the FBI after the massacre at Columbine High School and in two documentary films, Bowling for Columbine (Michael Moore) and Elephant (Gus Van Sant). On April 6, 2009 the writer survives the terrible earthquake in Abruzzo (l’Aquila) and harshly criticized the Italian government for its deficiency of efficacy in the relief efforts for the victims. +The author doesn't like the society gossip column and he declines any International Book Fair that he considers not-literary conventions. Fazio wrote some shorts novels for anthologies for Perrone Publisher and, sometimes, he use pseudonyms. He wrote, also, articles for the Italian web log: Fronte della Comunicazione. + += = = Controlled-access highway = = = +A controlled-access highway is a highway designed to allow traffic to safely travel at fast speeds. They are known by various terms around the world. The name motorway is used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth nations. In North America and Australia, the name freeway is used. In Germany, they are called Autobahns. +These kinds of highways can have four lanes or more. They carry many vehicles. They have no traffic-lights or ground level intersections. All roads crossing the highway go over a bridge or a tunnel. Ramps connect the highways to smaller roads and other highways. The place where highways meet these roads are called junctions or interchanges. Places where cars can leave or enter the motorway are called exits. Many freeways do not allow slower traffic, such as bicycles and pedestrians, to enter them. +Most controlled-access highways are divided with at least two lanes going each way, but they can be much wider in large cities. + += = = North American Aviation T2J Buckeye = = = +The North American Aviation T2J Buckeye is an American training jet aircraft. From 1959 to 1962 it was called T2J but since 1962 it is called T-2. It was one of the major training aircraft of the US Navy. Some were used in Vietnam War for observations flights. A lot of T2J were used in Greece and Venezuela. + += = = Art Clokey = = = +Arthur "Art" Clokey (October 12, 1921 – January 8, 2010) was an American animator. He was one of the first people to make stop motion clay animation popular. His work began in 1955 with a short movie called "Gumbasia". Clokey's work was influenced by his professor at the University of Southern California, Slavko Vorkapich. He and his wife Ruth later created the clay character Gumby. Gumby and his horse Pokey became popular characters on television. They first appeared in the "Howdy Doody Show", and later got their own series "The Adventures of Gumby". +Early life. +Clokey was born Arthur Charles Farrington in Detroit, Michigan. When he was nine years old, his parents divorced. He stayed with his father, Charles Farrington. After his father died in a car accident, he went to live with his mother in California. However, his stepfather refused to raise another man's son, and so Arthur was sent to an orphanage. When he was 11 or 12, he was adopted by Joseph W. Clokey. Clokey was a classical music composer and organist who taught music in Claremont, California. He taught Arthur painting, drawing, and filmmaking. +The name of Gumby comes from Arthur's childhood, when he would play with a clay and mud mixture called "gumbo". +Clay animation. +Before he made Gumby, Clokey did a few experiments with clay animation. Most of these were short movies for adults, including his first movie "Gumbasia". Clokey made this in 1953, and released it in 1955. It consisting of animated clay shapes dancing to jazz music. The title "Gumbasia" was named after Walt Disney's "Fantasia". In 1963, he made "The Clay Peacock". This was a reinvention of the animated NBC logo of the time. Clokey's third short movie was "Mandala" (6 minutes, 30 seconds). He made it from 1974-1977, and it was released on August 31, 1977. He described it as a metaphor for the evolving human consciousness. All three of these animations were later released to the public on several collections of "Gumby" television shorts. +"Gumbasia" caught the attention of Samuel G. Engel, president of the Motion Pictures Producers Association. He paid Clokey to make a short pilot for what became "The Gumby Show" (1957). In 1995, Clokey worked with Dallas McKennon to make "", a full-length movie. It was not very successful. In the mid-1990s, Nickelodeon signed a contract with Art Clokey to show every episode of "Gumby". It was on top of their ratings for over three years. +Clokey's second most-famous work was the "Davey and Goliath" cartoon. +Death. +Clokey died on January 8, 2010, at his home in Los Osos, California. He was 88 years old. He had been suffering from a infection of the bladder. + += = = Bartlett's Familiar Quotations = = = +Bartlett's Familiar Quotations (often called just Bartlett's) is an American reference book. It is a collection of quotations. The book was first printed in 1855. Its eighteenth edition was published in 2012. +The quotations are listed by the name of the writer. That is different from other books of quotations that list by subject. The writers are listed by date of birth, not alphabetically. Quotations are arranged in order by time within each writer's entry. The book has an index of the main words used in the quotations. It gives the source of each quotation. +History. +John Bartlett ran the University Book Store in Cambridge, Massachusetts. People often asked him for information on quotations. He began a book of them for reference. In 1855, he privately printed his book as "A Collection of Familiar Quotations". This first edition had 258 pages of quotations by 169 authors. Many of the quotations were from the Bible, William Shakespeare, and the great English poets. +The book was a great success. Bartlett issued three more editions before joining the Boston publishing firm of Little, Brown, and Company. Bartlett supervised nine editions of the work before his death in 1905. +The tenth edition (1914) was edited by Nathan Haskell Dole. It began with quotations originally in English. Most of these quotes were from literary sources. After those, there was a section of quotations from politicians and scientists (such as "fifty-four forty or fight!"). After that, there was a section of translated quotations. Those were mostly from the ancient Greeks and Romans. The last section had quotations from the Bible and the Book of Common Prayer. Quotations were arranged in a single column. +The eleventh edition (1937) was edited by Christopher Morley (1890–1957) and Louella D. Everett. It had bigger pages and a two-column format. That is more like the format used today. A twelfth edition (1948) was also edited by Morley and Everett. +The thirteenth edition (1955) was called the "Centennial Edition." It was credited to the editors of Little, Brown, but the preface gives special thanks to Morley, Everett, and Emily Morison Beck (1915–2004). This edition included more recent quotations. The two youngest people quoted were cartoonist Bill Mauldin and Queen Elizabeth II. Beck also edited the fourteenth edition (1968) and the fifteenth (1980). +After Beck's retirement, Little, Brown made Justin Kaplan the editor for the sixteenth edition (1993). His book about Mark Twain, "Mr. Clemens and Mark Twain", had won the 1967 Pulitzer Prize. Kaplan was criticized for including only three minor Ronald Reagan quotations in this edition, and for saying publicly that he despised Reagan. (Franklin D. Roosevelt had 35 entries and John F. Kennedy had 28.) Kaplan was also criticized for including pop culture material. +The seventeenth edition (2003) had similar criticism. It included entries for the first time from J.K. Rowling, Jerry Seinfeld, and Larry David. Classic quotations were cut, including eleven quotations by Alexander Pope. Kaplan did include six Reagan quotations. He told "USA Today" "I admit I was carried away by prejudice. Mischievously I did him dirty." +The eighteenth edition (2012) was edited by poet, critic, and editor Geoffrey O'Brien. O'Brien is also the editor-in-chief of the Library of America. +References. +"In addition to the prefaces of various editions of" Bartlett's, "the following sources were useful": + += = = John Moore (broadcaster) = = = +John Sanford Moore (born 5 June 1966) is a Canadian radio and television presenter. He is also a movie critic, actor, voice actor and comedian. He works on the radio station CFRB 1010 in Toronto. Moore has reported on entertainment on the channel's morning show since 1999. He does reviews of movies. He has also hosted several other shows on the radio, including "The John Moore Show" since 2003, and "Moore in the Morning" since 2009. +Moore was born in Montreal, Quebec. He grew up in a part of the city where the people mostly spoke English, instead of French. His first job in journalism was as a reporter at the radio station CHOM-FM in Montreal. He has also previously worked for Radio-Canada. He also hosted "Mystery Ink", a show about mystery fiction that aired often on the television channel Mystery TV. Moore starts the show by interviewing an author. Next, he may speak with detectives or look at classic movies. The final stage is a crime story or he may speak about untrue facts. +Moore has also been working as a voice actor. He has done voices for the cartoon television series "Ripley's Believe It or Not!", "The Little Lulu Show", "Arthur", "A Miss Mallard Mystery", "Caillou", "Flight Squad", "Jim Button", "Animal Crackers", "The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures", "The Triplets", "Team S.O.S." and "Potatoes and Dragons". + += = = Better Than Chocolate = = = +Better than Chocolate is a romantic comedy movie from 1999. The subject in this movie is a woman named Maggie who has recently moved out on her own and started an erotic relationship with a woman named Kim. The couple try their best to keep their lesbian affairs secret. +This movie got several awards. It was among the highest-grossing movies in Canada. It was released in February 1999. A poster for this movie was censored by the Hong Kong Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority because of the content. An advertisement regarding the movie which was in the "San Diego Union-Tribute" was taken out because the word "lesbian" was shown on the movie poster. + += = = Bell 205 = = = +The Bell 205 is a US helicopter. It is the civilian variant of the famous military UH-1D & UH-1H Iroquois. Some were built under licence in Germany, Italy, and Japan. In Italian it is called "Agusta-Bell AB-205". + += = = Bell 204 = = = +The Bell 204 is a US helicopter. It is a civilian variant of UH-1B Iroquois. Some were built under licence in Italy as "Agusta-Bell AB-204". Bell 205 is a modernized and enlarged variant. + += = = Bell 222 = = = +The Bell 222 is a US civilian helicopter. It has a retractable landing gear. It was popularized by the US TV series "Airwolf". The Bell 230 is a modernized variant. + += = = Great Sasuke = = = +Masanori Murakawa (born July 18, 1969) is a Japanese professional wrestler who is better known under the ring name, The Great Sasuke. +Career. +He has also wrestled under the ring name, "Masa Michinoku". He adopted the name "Ninja Sasuke" as well as the mask and outfit while on tour in Mexico. He is the founder and the current owner of Michinoku Pro Wrestling. +Michinoku Pro Wrestling and the World Wrestling Federation agreed to have The Great Sasuke take part in a tournament to crown the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Champion in 1997. +Sasuke was being pushed to win the title but word got out to the WWF that Sasuke was bragging to Japanese media about how he would only defend the title in Japan if he won it and would refuse to lose the title on WWF television. The WWF fired him and terminated his working agreement. The tournament and title would eventually be won by Michinoku Pro Wrestling alumni, Taka Michinoku. +Along with Tiger Mask IV he began feuding with the heel clones of their gimmicks: Masked Tiger and Sasuke the Great. He won the NWA World Middleweight Championship in 1999 after he defeated Tokyo Magnum in tournament final to win the championship which was vacated by his old rival Último Dragón. +He swapped the red stripes on his mask for blue stripes and turned into a heel. He also started using the ring name SASUKE for a short time but turned back into a face when Jinsei Shinzaki "brought him back from the dark side" by "exorcising the evil out of him". +He currently competes for Michinoku Pro Wrestling. +Personal life. +He is a member of the rock band called Crazy Crew along with fellow professional wrestlers Ricky Fuji and Ken45°. +He ran in a Iwate governor election in 2007. He lost in his bid to become governor of Iwate in a recent election. +He was arrested for assault after kicking a 36-year old man and grabbing him by the shirt collar on February 19, 2009. It was reported that he was angry because his picture was being taken with a cellphone camera. The incident happened on a JR Joban Line train at Minamisenju Station. All of the charges were dropped and he was released from jail on February 21 after he served 40 hours in jail and apologized to the man. + += = = Separatism = = = +In a society, certain people may have ideas that are noticeably different from those of the majority. These people are called separatists (for example, the state or a religious group) recognises that their ideas are different. Very often, they also want autonomy, self-determination, and perhaps secession and independence from the main group. People may support separatism because they are of a different culture, ethnicity, religion, race or gender than the majority. It may also be because they have different ideas about governing, laws or religion. +Types of separatism. +Ethnicity. +Ethnic separatism is based more on differences in culture and language than religious or racial differences. These may also may exist, however. +Religion. +Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups. +The separation of beliefs and/or practices is often followed by a migration. The dissident group may fear sanctions for heresy if they stay in their original homeland. +Race. +Racial separatists are against their members marrying with other races. They want separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions or even separate societies, territories and governments. +Gender. +Gender-based separatism includes: + += = = Ugni = = = +Ugni is a genus of plants of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). Four species belong to this genus, all from western America. +Description. +They are small evergreen shrubs. The leaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical; they are 1–2 cm long and 0.2-2.5 cm broad, dark green, and with a spicy scent if broken into many small pieces. +The solitary flowers are usually hanging; they are 1–2 cm diameter with four or five white or pale pink petals and many short stamens. The fruit is a small red or purple berry, 1 cm in diameter, with many seeds. +Name. +The name comes from "Uñi" with which the Mapuches (native people from south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina) name the fruits of the best known species of the genus, "Ugni molinae". +The genus was formerly often included in either "Myrtus" or "Eugenia"; it is distinguished from these two genera by the hanging flowers with stamens shorter than the petals. +The Russian botanist Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow created the genus "Ugni" in 1849. +Where it grows. +All species of this genus are found in western South and Central America, native from southern Mexico to central southern Chile and Argentina. +Species. +There are four species in this genus:' +Uses. +"Ugni molinae" is grown as an ornamental plant and for its edible fruits; these fruits are also used to make jams. + += = = Bell X-1 = = = +The Bell X-1 is a famous US jet aircraft. It was the first aircraft in the world that reach a speed of Mach 1 in level flight. It was the October 14th 1947. Its pilot was Chuck Yeager. + += = = Bell P-63 Kingcobra = = = +The Bell P-63 Kingcobra is a US fighter aircraft of World War II. It is a modernized variant of the P-39 Aircobra. Refused by the USA and UK, it was used by Free France and the USSR as a fighter-bomber. After the war some were used by Honduras. More than 3300 examples were built between 1943 and 1945. + += = = Curtiss C-46 Commando = = = +The Curtiss C-46 Commando is an American cargo aircraft. It was mainly used by US Army Air Force and US Navy for the World War II and after the Korean War. It was called R5C-1 by US Navy. After 1945 many were sold to airlines across the world. It's often confused with the Douglas C-47 Skytrain. + += = = Dassault Super Mirage 4000 = = = +The Dassault Super Mirage 4000 is a prototype of a fighter aircraft. It was built in France by Dassault Aviation to compete McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and Panavia Tornado. Its first flight was in 1979, but it was refused by the French Air Force. Since 1995 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, near Paris. + += = = Dassault Falcon 20 = = = +The Dassault Falcon 20 is a French twin-turbojet aircraft. It was the first business jet built in France. It can carry two pilots and between eight and twelve passengers. +Militaries variant. +The United States Coast Guard uses a special variant for search and rescue and reconnaissance called HU-25 Guardian. A similar aircraft is used by French Navy as Gardian for operations in Overseas France. + += = = Dassault Falcon 10 = = = +The Dassault Falcon 10 is a French light business jet. It's a shorter variant of the Falcon 20. Between 1973 and 1985 a total of 212 examples were built. Some are used by French Navy as training aircrafts. + += = = Gloster Gladiator = = = +The Gloster Gladiator is a biplane fighter aircraft of the World War II. It was built in UK and used by Royal Air Force, especially in Malta. Sea Gladiator was a variant, built for operations from an aircraft carrier, and used by Fleet Air Arm. Belgium, Finland, and Norway also used it. It was the last biplane fighter in service in UK. + += = = Leduc 0.10 = = = +The Leduc 0.10 is an experimental jet aircraft. Built in France, it was the first aircraft in the world to fly powered just by a ramjet. It was built in 1947. In 2013 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace. + += = = Duke of Norfolk = = = +The Duke of Norfolk is an aristocrat or peer in the United Kingdom. He is Earl Marshal in the House of Lords. He has a family home at Arundel Castle in West Sussex. His family have long been Catholic. They paid for the building of Arundel Cathedral. The title dates to 1397. As of 2013 the holder of the title is the 18th Duke, Edward Fitzalan-Howard. He took the title in 2002. + += = = McDonnell FH Phantom = = = +The McDonnell FH Phantom was one of the first U.S. jet fighters. It was used by the US Navy and US Marines Corps from aircraft carriers between 1947 and 1954. Mc Donnell F2H Banshee is a modernized variant. + += = = Arundel Cathedral = = = +Arundel Cathedral is a Roman Catholic church in West Sussex in Southern England. It was built in 1868. It is dedicated to Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard, the 20th Earl of Arundel, who died in the Tower of London under Queen Elizabeth I. + += = = Jinsei Shinzaki = = = +Kensuke Shinzaki (born December 2, 1966) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is better known under the ring names, Jinsei Shinzaki and Hakushi. +Career. +He started in Gran Hamada's Universal Lucha Libre promotion where he competed under the name Mongolian Yuga. +He competed in the World Wrestling Federation in 1995 where he portrayed a Japanese villain named Hakushi (White Messenger). He debuted in a match against a young Matt Hardy which Hakushi won. +He gained victories over Aldo Montoya and 1-2-3 Kid. He embarked on a short feud with Bret Hart and also competed in the 1996 Royal Rumble but was eliminated by Bret's brother, Owen Hart. +During a match against Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw, Bradshaw hit Hakushi with a branding iron after Bradshaw defeated him and Hakushi had been so humiliated by the branding that he (kayfabe) left the WWF. +After he left the WWF, he competed in a tag team match at Extreme Championship Wrestling's 1998 ECW Heat Wave with Hayabusa for the ECW World Tag Team Championships against Rob Van Dam and Sabu. +Shinzaki owned a restaurant in Japan but his restaurant along with his house were destroyed in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and he was forced to live in his car. + += = = Arundel = = = +Arundel is a small town on the River Arun in West Sussex, England. It is the site of Arundel Castle, the seat of the Duke of Norfolk, and the Catholic Arundel Cathedral. It is 10 miles east of Chichester. + += = = Flower pot = = = +A flower pot is a container in which flowers and other plants are grown. They are traditionally made from terracotta, but are now often also made from plastic, wood or stone. The flower pot is filled with soil and have a plant planted in them. Often there are holes in the bottom, to allow water to flow out, sometimes into a saucer that is placed under the flowerpot. If the plant becomes too big for the pot, it is moved to a bigger one. + += = = Bernadette Lafont = = = +Bernadette Lafont (28 October 1938 – 25 July 2013) was a French actress. +Lafont won the César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in "An Impudent Girl" (L'Effrontée) in 1985. For her long service to the French motion picture industry, in 2003 she was awarded an Honorary César. +Lafont was born on 28 October 1938 in Nîmes, Gard, France. She has been married to Gérard Blain from 1957 until they divorced in 1959. Then she was married to Diourka Medveczky until they divorced. She had a daughter, actress Pauline Lafont (1963-1988). Lafont died on 25 July 2013 in Nîmes, Gard, France from cardiac arrest, aged 74. + += = = Virginia E. Johnson = = = +Virginia Eshelman Johnson (February 11, 1925 – July 24, 2013) was an American sexologist and psychologist, best known as the junior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team. +Johnson was born on February 11, 1925 in Springfield, Missouri. She studied at Drury University. +Johnson divorced her first husband, with whom she had had two children – Scott Forstall and Lisa Evans – in 1956. Then she was married to William H. Masters from 1971 until they divorced in 1992. Johnson died on July 24, 2013 in St. Louis, Missouri from an illness, aged 88. + += = = William H. Masters = = = +William Howell Masters (December 27, 1915 – February 16, 2001) was an American gynecologist. He was best known as the senior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team. With Virginia Johnson, he did research into the nature of human sex. The work lasted from 1957 until the 1990s. It included the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions. This was a more orthodox kind of research than that done by Alfred Kinsey. +Masters was born on December 27, 1915 in Cleveland, Ohio. He was married three times, and all the marriages ended in divorce. Masters died on February 16, 2001 in Tucson, Arizona from Parkinson's disease, aged 85. + += = = Married... with Children = = = +Married... with Children is an American sitcom. It aired for 11 seasons. It is about a family living in a fictional Chicago, Illinois, suburb. It stars Ed O'Neill, Katey Segal, Amanda Bearse, Christina Applegate, David Faustino, Ted McGinley, and David Garrison. On April 22, 2012, Fox re-aired the series premiere in honor of its 25th anniversary. + += = = According to Jim = = = +According to Jim is an American television sitcom. It stars Jim Belushi as a suburban father of three children (five children starting with the season-seven finale). It originally ran on ABC from October 1, 2001 to June 2, 2009. + += = = George Lopez (TV series) = = = +George Lopez (also known as The George Lopez Show) is an American sitcom starring comedian George Lopez. The show originally aired on ABC from March 27, 2002, to May 8, 2007. Emiliano Díez and Belita Moreno also star in the show. + += = = Belita Moreno = = = +Aurabela "Belita" Moreno (born November 1, 1949 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress best known for her roles as Benita "Benny" Lopez on the ABC sitcom "George Lopez" and Edwina Twinkacetti/Lydia Markham on "Perfect Strangers". + += = = Emiliano Díez = = = +Emiliano Díez (born 26 August 1953 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban movie and television actor. He is best known for his role as Victor Palmero in the sitcom "George Lopez", as well as his role as Manny Beltrán in the sitcom "Los Beltrán". + += = = Valente Rodriguez = = = +Valente Rodriguez (born February 14, 1964 in Edcouch, Texas) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Ernesto "Ernie" Cardenas on the sitcom "George Lopez". He currently stars as Cesar in the TV Land sitcom "Happily Divorced". + += = = Constance Marie = = = +Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965) is an American actress. +She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on "George Lopez" (2002–2007) and for her role as Marcella Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 movie "Selena". She now plays Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family drama "Switched at Birth". + += = = Luis Armand Garcia = = = +Luis Armand Garcia, (born March 9, 1992) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Max Lopez on the sitcom "George Lopez". +Garcia was born on March 9, 1992 in suburban Chicago in LaGrange, Illinois. He now lives in the Los Angeles area in Santa Clarita, California in Valencia. + += = = Aimee Garcia = = = +Aimee Garcia (born November 28, 1978) is an American actress, known for her roles as Veronica Palmero on the sitcom "George Lopez" and Jamie Batista on the Showtime drama "Dexter". + += = = Paranoia (2013 movie) = = = +Paranoia is an American drama thriller movie directed by Robert Luketic. The screenplay was written by Barry L. Levy and Jason Dean Hall, based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Joseph Finder. It stars Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman, Harrison Ford, Amber Heard and Josh Holloway. +It was released on August 16, 2013. + += = = The Conjuring = = = +The Conjuring is a 2013 American supernatural horror movie. The movie is based on the real life events of Ed and Lorraine Warren. It is set in Rhode Island in 1971. It stars Patrick Wilson, Vera Farmiga, Ron Livingston, Lili Taylor, Mackenzie Foy, and Joey King. "The Conjuring" was released in the United States and Canada on July 19, 2013, and in the United Kingdom on August 2, 2013. A prequel titled "Annabelle" was released in October 2014. A sequel, "The Conjuring 2" was released in 2016. + += = = Family Weekend = = = +Family Weekend is an American comedy/drama movie. It was the first movie directed by Benjamin Epps. It stars Matthew Modine, Kristin Chenoweth, Olesya Rulin, Joey King, Shirley Jones, and Chloe Bridges. It was released on March 29, 2013. + += = = Mick Dodson = = = +Michael James "Mick" Dodson, AM (born 10 April 1950, in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an indigenous Australian activist, lawyer and teacher. He is the director of the National Centre for Indigenous Studies at the Australian National University. He is also a professor of law at the university's College of Law. He was previously director of the Indigenous Law Centre at the University of New South Wales. He was named Australian of the Year in 2009. +Dodson was born in Katherine, in the Northern Territory. He is a member of the Yawuru people, who are the traditional owners of the land around Broome, in Western Australia. His brother is Patrick Dodson, who has become a well-known Aboriginal leader as well. Their parents died when they were still children. When this happened, Mick moved to Monivae College, a boarding school in Hamilton, Victoria. He graduated in law from Monash University in 1974. He was the first indigenous person to graduate from law in Australia. +Dodson has been an important advocate of land rights and other issues affecting Indigenous Australians. He was a commissioner with the Australian Human Rights Commission from April 1993 to January 1998. From August 1988 to October 1990, he worked with the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. He is currently a chairperson of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS). + += = = Hume Cronyn = = = +Hume Blake Cronyn, OC (July 18, 1911 – June 15, 2003) was a Canadian-American actor and writer who enjoyed a long career, often appearing professionally alongside his second wife, Jessica Tandy. +Cronyn was born in July 18, 1911 in London, Ontario, Canada. He studied at Ridley College and at McGill University. +Cronyn was married to Emily Woodruff from 1934 until they divorced in 1936. Then he was married to Jessica Tandy from 1942 until her death in 1994. Then he was married to Susan Cooper from 1996 until his death in 2003. +Cronyn died on June 15, 2003 in Fairfield, Connecticut from prostate cancer. He was 91. +He won three Emmy Awards and one Tony Award. + += = = Edward Platt = = = +Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his role as "The Chief" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series "Get Smart". With his deep voice and mature countenance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career. +Platt was born on February 14, 1916 in Staten Island, New York City. He studied at Juilliard School of Music and at Princeton University. +Platt was married to Suzanne Belcher from 1954 until his death in 1974. They had four children. Platt died on March 19, 1974 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack, aged 58. +However, one of his sons confirmed that Platt committed suicide after two previous attempts while suffering from an undiagnosed and untreated depression that was further sparked by financial troubles. It is also said that Platt's "Get Smart" co-star Don Adams knew the real cause of death. + += = = Barbara Feldon = = = +Barbara Feldon (born March 12, 1933) is an American character actress who works mostly in the theatre but is primarily known for her roles on television. Her most well-known role was that of Agent 99 on the 1960s sitcom "Get Smart". She also worked as a model. + += = = Christina Cox = = = +Christina Cox (31 July 1971) is a Canadian actress. She acts in television programs and independent movies. She became known for playing Eve Logan in "The Chronicles of Riddick". She is also a stuntwoman who did boxing stunts for Hilary Swank in "Million Dollar Baby". Cox was born in Toronto. + += = = Lanu-puisto = = = +Lanu-puisto is a park near Pikku-Vesijärvi in Lahti, Finland. It contains 12 statues by Olavi Lanu, made of concrete. It was built 1988–1992. + += = = Headphone amplifier = = = +A headphone amplifier is a sound amplifier that is designed for headphones. + += = = Tube amplifier = = = +A tube amplifier is a sound amplifier that uses vacuum tubes instead of transistors to amplify signal. Some people think the sound from tube amplifiers is better than transistor-based amplifiers. Even the measured distortion would be higher with vacuum tubes. + += = = Distortion = = = +To distort is to change the shape of something. Distortion may refer to: + += = = IRS tax forms = = = +The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issues tax forms to people and organisations who pay tax in the United States. These documents are used by taxpayers to report information about their finances. This includes information about income, which is required by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in order to calculate how much tax must be paid to the federal government of the United States. There are over 800 forms. The best-known of these is Form 1040 used by individual people. + += = = Banana plug = = = +A banana plug is a type of electrical connector used for joining wires to equipment. + += = = Division of Aston = = = +The Division of Aston is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1984 and is named for Tilly Aston. Aston was a blind writer and teacher who helped setup the Library of the Victorian Association of Braille Writers in 1894. Aston is in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Rowville, Scoresby, Knoxfield, Vermont and Wantirna. +Members. +In 2013, Alan Tudge was made the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister, Tony Abbott. + += = = Division of Batman = = = +The Division of Batman was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1906 and replaced the Division of Northern Melbourne. It was abolished in 2019 and replaced by the Division of Cooper. +It took its name from John Batman, one of the founders of the city of Melbourne. At first it covered the inner suburbs of Carlton and Fitzroy, but as the boundaries changed it moved north. It included Alphington, Clifton Hill, Northcote, Preston, Reservoir and Thornbury. +Members. +Brian Howe was the Deputy Prime Minister in the Hawke and Keating governments. Martin Ferguson was the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) before being elected. David Feeney was elected to the Australian Senate in 2007, and resigned to take up a seat in the House of Representatives. + += = = Balanced circuit = = = +A balanced circuit is a way to connect electrical signal wires together to avoid interference. To do this, the two or more wires must be in the same cable. Balanced audio cables in studios commonly add a grounded wire, and use XLR connectors or phone connectors. Balanced circuits first became standard practice in early 20th century telephone lines. + += = = Rotary switch = = = +A rotary switch is an electric switch. It may have several positions. Its position can be changed by rotating. + += = = VIC-20 = = = +Commodore VIC-20 was a home computer released in 1980. It was made by Commodore Business Machines. It was the first computer that sold over one million units. +The Commodore VIC-20 was powered by a 6502 CPU, running at 1 MHz. Though the system had 5KB of RAM, users only had access to about 3.5KB for BASIC programs. It had no internal data storage, but could store programs on standard audio tapes. Later, it could use 5.25 inch floppy disks as well. In early 1985 this computer was discontinued. + += = = Commodore 16 = = = +Commodore 16 was a home computer made by Commodore International. It was released in 1984. It was intended to replace VIC-20 computer, but it failed. It was only sold in Europe. + += = = The Incredible Burt Wonderstone = = = +The Incredible Burt Wonderstone is a 2013 comedy movie directed by Don Scardino. It stars Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Steve Buscemi, Alan Arkin, Olivia Wilde, and James Gandolfini. It got positive reviews. It was released on March 8, 2013. + += = = Flight (movie) = = = +Flight is a 2012 drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It stars Denzel Washington, Kelly Reilly, Melissa Leo, Don Cheadle, and John Goodman. It got positive reviews. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four out of four stars. It was released on November 2, 2012. It was nominated for two Academy Awards. + += = = Kelly Reilly = = = +Jessica Kelly Siobhán Reilly (born 18 July 1977) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in "Eden Lake", "Sherlock Holmes", "After Miss Julie", "", and "Flight". +Reilly was born on 18 July 1977 in Surrey, England. She has been married to Kyle Baughner since 2012. + += = = Richard I, Duke of Normandy = = = +Richard I of Normandy (933–996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French, "Sans Peur"), was the "Duke of Normandy" from 942 to 996. Richard made Normandy into a feudal society where he owned all the land. His followers held on to the lands given them by remaining loyal to him. He made Normandy a much stronger a power in western France. +Early Career. +Richard was the son of William Longsword, princeps or ruler of Normandy. His mother's name was Sprota. She was a Breton prisoner captured in war who William later married. William Longsword was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other viking rebels. But he kept this a secret until a few years later. When he first met his son he kissed him and made him the heir to Normandy. William then sent Richard to be cared for in Bayeux. +When his father died, Richard was only 10 years old (he was born in 933). King Louis IV of France decided to take charge of Normandy himself. The king placed the young duke in the custody of the count of Ponthieu. Then the king gave the lands in lower Normandy to Hugh the Great. Louis kept Richard a prisoner at Lâon. Fearing the king was going to harm the boy Osmond de Centville, Bernard de Senlis (who had been a companion of Richard's grandfather Rollo), Ivo de Bellèsme, and Bernard the Dane freed Richard. +Duke of Normandy. +In 946, Richard agreed to be a ward of Hugh, Count of Paris. He then allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders. Together they drove Louis out of Rouen and took back Normandy by 947. In 962 Theobald I, Count of Blois, attacked Rouen. But Richard's army defeated them. Lothair king of West Francia stepped in to prevent any more war between the two. For the rest of his reign Richard chose not to make Normandy bigger. Instead he worked on making Normandy stronger. +Richard used marriages to build strong alliances. His marriage to Emma gave him a connection to the Capet family. His wife Gunnor was from a rival Viking group in the Cotentin. His marriage to her gave him support from her family. Her sisters married several of Richard's loyal followers. Also Richard's daughters provided valuable marriage alliances with powerful counts as well as to the king of England. Richard also made sure the church and the great monasteries were doing well. His reign was marked by a long period of peace and tranquility. Richard died in Fecamp, Normandy, on 20 November 996. +Marriages. +William married first (960)to Emma, daughter of Hugh "The Great" of France. They were promised to each other when both were very young. She died after 19 March 968, before they had any children. +Richard had children with his concubine Gunnora. Richard later married her to make their children legitimate: +Illegitimate Children. +Richard was known to have had several other concubines and had children with many of them. +Known children are: + += = = Betsy Ross = = = +Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), born Elizabeth Griscom and also known by her second and third married names Elizabeth Ashburn and Elizabeth Claypoole, is widely known as making the first American flag. There is, however, no evidence that the story is true. + += = = Douglas A-1 Skyraider = = = +The Douglas A-1 Skyraider is an attack aircraft designed and built in the United States. Its first flight was in 1945, but it was too late to be flown in World War II. Originally designed for the US Navy, it was also used by the US Air Force, Fleet Air Arm and French Air Force. It was used by US pilots in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and by the French in the Algeria War. Some were modified for reconnaissance or electronic warfare. Before 1962, the US Navy's A-1 were called AD. + += = = North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco = = = +The North American Aviation OV-10 Bronco is a twin-turboprop reconnaissance and light attack aircraft. It was designed and built in the United States. The US Air Force, US Marines Corps, and US Navy used it in the Vietnam War. It was also used by the German and Indonesian air forces. + += = = Spherical geometry = = = +Spherical geometry is the use of geometry on a sphere. It was started for cartography, as well as for making maps of stars. It is different from Euclidean geometry (which is always on a plane), and Non-Euclidean geometry. Points are defined in the same way as they are in Euclidean geometry: A point is at a defined location on the sphere. A "staight line" is different though: It is the shortest path between two points, which stays on the surface of the plane. Some theorems of Euclidean geometry cannot be used on the sphere, many of them have been adapted though. + += = = SPAD S.XIII = = = +The SPAD S.XII is a French fighter aircraft of World War I. It was used by French pilots, but also by Belgians, British, and American pilots. More than 8400 examples were built. +Reference. +1.SPAD S.XII Reference book. Link to Book publisher. + += = = Photobleaching = = = +Photobleaching is when a dye or a fluorophore (a chemical that re-emits light) breaks down from exposure to strong light; similar to how the detergent chemical bleach breaks down dye in clothing. + += = = Cotentin Peninsula = = = +The Cotentin Peninsula (\kō-ˌtän-ˈtan\), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that is part of the coast of France. It extends in a northwest direction into the English Channel. To its west are the Channel Islands and to the southwest is the Brittany Peninsula. It is in the Departement of Manche, in the region of Normandy. The largest town is Cherbourg on the north coast. Cherbourg is a major port on the English Channel. The west coast of the Cotentin known as "Côte des Îles" ("Islands Coast") faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret, and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from the port of Dielette. +History. +The peninsula formed part of what the Romans called Armorica. Coutances was the capital of the Unelli, a Gaulish tribe. It got its name "Constantia" in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus. Under the Carolingians it became known as the Cotentin and was controlled by viscounts. For some time these were members of the Saint-Sauveur family. They lived at Saint-Sauveur on the Douve river. +In the ninth century, Vikings settled the Cotentin, which became part of Normandy in the early tenth century. Many place names there come from the Norse language. Examples include La Hague, and La-Hougue both derived from the Old Norse word "haugr" meaning a hill or mound. Until the construction of modern roads, the peninsula was almost inaccessible in winter because of marshland cutting off the higher ground. This explains occasional historical references to the Cotentin as an island. +King Alan the Great of Brittany waged war successfully on the Norsemen. As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany. After his death, the Norsemen invaded and occupied Brittany from 907 to 939. While they were eventually expelled by Alan's grandson, Alan II, Duke of Brittany, the subsequent rulers of Brittany were weaker than Alan the Great. The succeeding Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids. Eventually the Cotentin Peninsula was lost to the Brittany, and became part of Normandy. +In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, gave the Cotentin to his brother Henry, later King Henry I of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin to the south During the Hundred Years' War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hogue, and then came to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar. The naval Battle of La Hogue in 1692 was fought off Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue near Barfleur. +The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the , nicknamed the "Versailles of Normandy". The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin). The grand houses and châteaux; were destroyed during World War II. +During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin. The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula. What followed was a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg. +Economy. +The main economical resource is agriculture. Dairy farming is a prominent activity. Along the west coast, renowned vegetables are grown, such as the carrots of Créances. The renowned trademark "Florette" was created in Lessay. The region is also famous for its shellfish culture. These include oysters from Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue and Pirou. Other products are alcoholic beverages like cider and calvados, made from locally grown apples and pears. +The region hosts two important Nuclear power plants. At Flamanville there is the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant. The other is the COGEMA La Hague site. It is a large nuclear waste reprocessing and storage complex operated by Areva NC. The nuclear power industry provides many jobs in the region. The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group Greenpeace. Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the radioactivity levels of the cooling water of both these nuclear sites. These are being flushed into the bay of Vauville. However, the radioactivity is much lower than the natural background levels and does not pose any hazard. +There are two important naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard DCNS has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s. Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East. Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin. At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum dedicated to the 82nd Airborne Division and the 101st Airborne Division. The "Cité de la Mer" in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is "Redoutable", the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967. +Culture. +Due to its relative isolation the Cotentin is one of the last remaining places the Norman language is spoken. The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song "Sus la mé" ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song. + += = = Aérospatiale SA-315 Lama = = = +The Aérospatiale SA-315 Lama is a French helicopter designed and built for operations in mountains. It is used by both civilians and the military. It is a fuselage of Alouette II which was assembled an Alouette III's turboshaft. Many were built in India as Cheetah. + += = = George H. Hitchings = = = +George Herbert Hitchings (April 18, 1905 – February 27, 1998) was an American doctor. He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir James Black and Gertrude B. Elion for their discoveries of important steps for drug treatment. + += = = Amazon Standard Identification Number = = = +The Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is number used by Amazon.com to identify books. When there is a ten-digit ISBN code, the ASIN is usually the same number. The ASIN can be useful to use when a book is old and has no ISBN code. + += = = Fuji Television = = = +Fuji Television is a Japanese broadcasting company. It is part of a large media company that also owns the record label and film group Pony Canyon, the newspaper "Sankei shinbun", and other TV networks. + += = = Division of Northern Melbourne = = = +The Division of Northern Melbourne was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first Federal election in 1901. It was located in the inner northern suburbs of Melbourne, including the suburbs of Carlton, North Melbourne and Fitzroy. It was abolished in 1906 when the boundaries were redrawn and mostly replaced by the Division of Batman. +Members. +The division was held by one member, H. B. Higgins. Higgins was Attorney General from 1904 to 1905. He was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Australia in 1906. Isaac Selby, who was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1901 election, became famous in 1905 when he tried to shoot a judge during a court case in San Francisco. + += = = List of soups = = = +Soups have been made since ancient times. This page lists a selection of well-known soups from the various cuisines around the world. They are sorted by the type of soup. +Some soups are served with large chunks of meat or vegetables left in the liquid; these are categorised below as "chunky". A broth is a flavoured liquid usually made from boiling a meat and bone or vegetable for a period of time in a stock. A common type of broth is consommé. A potage is a category of thick soups, stews or porridges. In some of them, meat and vegetables are boiled together with water until they turn into a thick mush. +Bisques are creamy soups traditionally made with shellfish, but can be made with any type of seafood. The base of cream soups is dairy. Chowders are thick soups usually containing some type of starch. Coulis were originally meat juices, and now are thick purees. Some soups are only ever served cold, and other soups can be served cold as an option. + += = = Hardware = = = +Hardware may refer to: + += = = Vibe = = = +Vibe may mean: + += = = Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy = = = +Fedor Jeftichew, better known as Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy (1868 - January 31, 1904) was a Russian sideshow performer. Like his father, Adrien, with whom he performed, Jo-Jo was afflicted with hypertrichosis, an abnormal growth of hair over the face and body. Jo-Jo was covered with long, silky hair and was said to resemble a Skye terrier. +Jo-Jo was born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1868. He began touring Europe in 1873. He was five feet eight inches tall, had only four or five teeth, and spoke Russian, German, and a little English. He dressed like a Russian cavalryman. He would bark at an audience, and would perform as often as 23 times a day. In 1886, he was making US$500 a week. +Jo-Jo toured Europe and Russia, playing in fairgrounds. He was discovered by Charles Reynolds in London, England. Jo-Jo was performing with his father, Adrien, who resembled a poodle. Reynolds realized the Dog-Faced Boy could be presented in a more professional manner. He took the boy to the United States on the "City of Chicago" on 12 October 1884. +A press conference was called. Journalists were allowed to pull Jeftichew's hair to be assured it was real and not pasted on. The "New York Herald" described Jeftichew as "the most extraordinary and absorbingly interesting curiosity that has ever reached these shores." +In 1884, Jeftichew signed with P. T. Barnum. Barnum stated (falsely) that Jo-Jo was captured by a hunter in the wilds of central Russia. Barnum advertised him as "the most prodigious paragon of all prodigies secured by P. T. Barnum in fifty years. The Human Skye Terrier, the crowning mystery of nature's contradictions." +He toured Europe with Barnum and Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth in 1901 and 1902. He died in Greece in 1904 while on tour of pneumonia. He was the subject of a song recorded by Annette Funicello in the 1960s and was referenced in an episode of the television series, "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". + += = = Epiphany (holiday) = = = +Epiphany is a Christian holiday or festival on January 6. It celebrates the revelation of the Christ child to the Gentiles, when the Magi or wise men visited Bethlehem to see Jesus, by following a star. It is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2. +Epiphany is included in the Christmas time. + += = = Bangor, New York = = = +Bangor is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. There were 2,231 people living in Bangor at the 2020 census. The town was founded around 1806. It is named after Bangor in Wales. + += = = Korpilahti = = = +Korpilahti is a former municipality of Finland. It was merged with Jyväskylä on 1 January 2009. + += = = Ranua = = = +Ranua is a municipality in Finland. As of 2013, almost 4,200 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Ii, Simo, Tervola, Rovaniemi, Posio and Pudasjärvi. As of January 2014, there were almost 4,150 people living in Ranua. +Lakes. +Simojärvi, Näskäjärvi, Penämönjärvi, Impiönjärvi and Ranuanjärvi. There is also many smaller lakes in the area. + += = = Posio = = = +Posio is a municipality in Finnish Lapland. As of January 2014, about 3,660 people lived there. +The settlements Rovaniemi, Kemijärvi, Ranua, Salla, Kuusamo, Taivalkoski and Pudasjärvi are near to Posio. +Riisitunturi National Park is in Posio. + += = = Magi = = = +The Magi were "wise men from the east" who came to Jerusalem during the reign of Herod: 'saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews?' ( Gospel of Matthew chapter 2 verse 1) Their visit to Jesus, guided by the Star of Bethlehem is celebrated every year at Epiphany on January 6, just after Christmas. +The Epiphany marks the end of the liturgical season 'Christmas'. +India is east of Israel, and some say that the Magi could have come from India. At the time of Jesus there were many spiritual seekers there. In India, Christian celebrations of Christmas sometimes include the arrival of the Magi on camels. An Armenian tradition says the "Magi of Bethlehem" were Balthasar of Arabia, Melchior of Persia, and Caspar of India. + += = = Tornio = = = +Tornio ("") is a town in Lapland, Finland. As of January 2014, the municipality had a population of almost 22,400. Neighbouring municipalities are Kemi, Keminmaa, Tervola and Ylitornio. Bordering Tornio in Sweden is Haparanda. +Lot of discusion have been about waste water systems with Haparanda. +Culture: The natioanal museum is in the city; The museum has Finland's most famous political painting. + += = = Kozienice = = = +Kozienice is a city in Poland. In 2009 its population was 18,075. Through the city swims a river Zagożdżonka. + += = = Kemi = = = +Kemi is a town in Finnish Lapland, Finland. As of 2013, the municipality had a population of about 22,150. Neighbouring municipalities are Keminmaa, Simo and Tornio. + += = = Inari, Finland = = = +Inari is a municipality in Lapland. As of 2013, about 6,730 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Enontekiö, Kittilä, Sodankylä and Utsjoki. The largest urban area in Inari is Ivalo. +Geography. +Inari covers more area than any other municipality in Finland. Lake Inari is in Inari. There are also over 8,000 other lakes. That is why the size of the municipality is so large. The River Vaskojoki is located in western Inari. It flows to the lake Paateri. + += = = Pello = = = +Pello is a municipality in Finland. As of 2013, about 3,800 people lived there. + += = = Sample = = = +In statistics, a sample is part of a population. The sample is carefully chosen. It should represent the whole population fairly, without bias. +When treated as a data set, a sample is often represented by capital letters such as formula_1 and formula_2, with its elements being represented in lowercase (e.g., formula_3), and the sample size being represented by the letter formula_4. +The reason samples are needed is that populations may be so large that counting all the individuals may not be possible or practical. Therefore, solving a problem in statistics usually starts with sampling. Sampling is about choosing which data to take for later analysis. As an example, suppose the pollution of a lake should be analysed for a study. Depending on where the samples of water were taken, the studies can have different results. +As a general rule, samples need to be random. This means the chance or probability of selecting one individual is the same as the chance of selecting any other individual. +In practice, random samples are always taken by means of a well-defined procedure. A procedure is a set of rules, a sequence of steps written down and exactly followed. Even so, some bias may remain in the sample. Consider the problem of designing a sample to predict the result of an election poll. All known methods have their problems, and the results of an election are often different from predictions based on a sample. If you collect opinions by using telephones, or by meeting people in the street, you won't ask people who don't answer phone calls or who don't walk on the street. Therefore, in cases like this a completely neutral sample is never possible. In such cases a statistician will think about how to measure the amount of bias, and there are ways to estimate this. +A similar situation occurs when scientists measure a physical property, say the weight of a piece of metal, or the speed of light. If we weigh an object with sensitive equipment we will get minutely different results. No system of measurement is ever perfect. We get a series of estimates, each one being a measurement. These are samples, with a certain degree of error. Statistics is designed to describe error, and carry out analysis on this kind of data. +There are different kinds of samples: +The way the sampling is obtained, along with the sample size, will have an impact on how the data is viewed. +Stratified sampling. +If a population has obvious sub-populations, then each of the sub-populations needs to be sampled. This is called "stratified sampling". Stratified sampling is also known as "stratified random sample". Stratified sampling is often represented as proportion, such as percent (%). +Suppose an experiment set out to sample the incomes of adults. Obviously, the incomes of college graduates might differ from that of non-graduates. Now suppose the number of male graduates was 30% of the total male adults (imaginary figures). Then you would arrange for 30% of the total sample to be male graduates picked at random, and 70% of the total to be male non-graduates. Repeat the process for females, because the percentage of female graduates is different from males. That gives a sample of the adult population stratified by sex and college education. The next step would be to divide each of your sub-populations by age groups, because (for example) graduates might gain more income relative to non-graduates in middle age. +Another type of stratified sample deals with variation. Here larger samples are taken from the more variable sub-populations so that the summary statistics such as the means and standard deviations, are more reliable. + += = = Enontekiö = = = +Enontekiö is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. As of 2013, about 1,890 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Inari, Kittilä and Muonio. +National park: Part of the Pallas-Yllästunturi National Park, is in Enontekiö. +History. +Enontekiö shares a border with Norway and Sweden. The point where the borders of Finland, Norway and Sweden meet is Treriksröset. This is located about 10 km west of Kilpisjärvi village. A monument was built at Treriksröset in 1926. It replaced an earlier monument built of stone in 1897. + += = = Pukkila = = = +Pukkila is a municipality in Finland. As of 2013, about 2,040 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Orimattila, Myrskylä, Askola and Mäntsälä. The municipality of Pukkila was established in 1898. +Some villages. +Kantele, Naarkoski, Savijoki (Pukkila), Syvänoja (Pukkila) and Torppi (Pukkila). + += = = Kerava = = = +Kerava is a town in Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Uusimaa. The town has a population of 34,601 (28 February 2013). The municipalities next to it are Vantaa, Tuusula and Sipoo. + += = = Sound level meter = = = +A sound level meter (or sound meter) is a device used to measure sound pressure levels. It is often used to study and measure different kinds of noise, especially industrial and transport noise. The display indicates sound level in decibel units. + += = = 2012 Pacific hurricane season = = = +The 2012 Pacific hurricane season was started on 15 May 2012 in the eastern Pacific, and on 1 June 2012 in the central Pacific. It ended on 30 November. These dates are usually the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, Tropical Storm Aletta formed on 14 May. +Hurricane Bud was the first major hurricane of the season. It was one of three storms to turn into a hurricane during the month of May. In the middle of June, Hurricane Carlotta came ashore near Puerto Escondido, Mexico. Seven people were killed by Carlotta and caused damage costing about MX$1.4 billion (US$107.7 million). Hurricane Paul caused major damage to Baja California Sur. Hurricane Emilia was the only Category 4 hurricane. It started as a Tropical Depression near the coast of Mexico. It then intensified into a Category 3 hurricane, and later into a Category 4. + += = = Porvoo = = = +Porvoo () is a town in Uusimaa, Finland. It has a lot of old buildings. Neighbouring municipalities are Askola, Loviisa, Myrskylä, Pornainen and Sipoo. + += = = Trinity Church, Halmstad = = = +Trinity Church () is a Roman Catholic church in Halmstad in Sweden. It is part of Saint Mary Catholic Parish within the Catholic Diocese of Stockholm. +It was opened on 24 May 1981. + += = = Helsingborg Municipality = = = +Helsingborg Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Helsingborg. + += = = Landskrona Municipality = = = +Landskrona Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Landskrona. + += = = Åre Municipality = = = +Åre Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Järpen. + += = = Åre = = = +Åre is a locality in Åre Municipality in the county of Jämtland in northern Sweden. It is a famous ski resort, and hosted the Alpine Skiing World Championships in the years of 1954 and 2007. Alpine skiing world cup competitions are often held here. + += = = NPD = = = +NPD can mean: + += = = Church of Sweden Abroad = = = +The Church of Sweden Abroad () serves under the Diocese of Visby within the Church of Sweden, and consists of congregations within the church, located outside Sweden. + += = = Swedish Evangelical Mission = = = +The Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) () ("EFS") is an independent organization within the Church of Sweden. It was established on 7 May 1856. + += = = Evangelical Free Church in Sweden = = = +The Evangelical Free Church in Sweden (), "EFK", is a Christian Protestant denomination in Sweden. It was established in 1997 as a merger out of Örebro Mission ("Örebromissionen", founded in 1892 as Örebro Missionary Society), the Free Baptist Union ("Fribaptistsamfundet", founded in 1872) and the Sanctification Union ("Helgelseförbundet", founded in 1887). + += = = Dansbandskampen = = = +Dansbandskampen was a Swedish television show. It was created by Peter Settman and his production company Baluba. Peter Settman was also the show host. It was broadcast over Sveriges Television, with season one airing October–December 2008. +The show was a music competition with dansbands. +There were talks of spreading the concept outside Sweden, with a disco/folk music version in Poland and a country music version in the USA. + += = = Svensktoppen = = = +Svensktoppen is a Swedish music chart on the radio. It was established in 1962. The chart has traditionally been dominated by dansband and schlager music, and lighter pop and rock music. In 2003, it allowed songs performed in English to be included. Since then, the chart became more oriented to modern pop and rock music. + += = = Vuorenkylä = = = +Vuorenkylä is a village in Hartola, Finland. It is in the northeast of Päijänne Tavastia. There is a mountain, Purnuvuori where people ski. + += = = Sveriges Radio = = = +Sveriges Radio is the government-operated radio station in Sweden. Regular broadcast began on 1 January 1925. + += = = Sveriges Television = = = +Sveriges Television is the government-operated television station in Sweden. Regular broadcast began on 4 September 1956. + += = = Aftonbladet = = = +Aftonbladet is a newspaper in Sweden. It was started on 6 December 1830 by Lars Johan Hiertha. It was originally liberal, before being bought by the Swedish Social Democratic Party/trade union movement in early October 1956. + += = = Swedish Americans = = = +A Swedish American () is an American person of Swedish descent. They usually come from the great migration from Sweden to the United States in the 19th century. Many of them settled down in Minnesota. + += = = Expressen = = = +Expressen is a newspaper in Sweden. It was started on 16 November 1944. It is well known for its wasp symbol. + += = = Allsång på Skansen = = = +Allsång på Skansen is a sing-along event at Skansen in the town of Stockholm in Sweden, which first started on 26 May 1935. Originally broadcast over Sveriges Radio, broadcasts on Sveriges Television began on 3 August 1979. + += = = Skansen = = = +Skansen is an open air museum and zoo on the island Djurgården in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened in 1891, on the initiative of Artur Hazelius (1833–1901). + += = = Djurgården = = = +Djurgården () is an island in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. Attractions here are the amusement park Gröna Lund and the open air museum, Skansen. + += = = Gröna Lund = = = +Gröna Lund is an amusement park on the island of Djurgården in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened in 1883. + += = = Essingeleden = = = +Essingeleden is a motorway in central Sweden. It runs from Solna to Stockholm. It crosses the islands of Kungsholmen, Lilla Essingen and Stora Essingen. It was opened on 21 August 1966. + += = = Bollebygd Municipality = = = +Bollebygd Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Bollebygd. It was broken out of Borås Municipality in 1995. + += = = Borås Municipality = = = +Borås Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Borås. + += = = Atlantic Division (NBA) = = = +The Atlantic Division is group in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Southeast Division and the Central Division.This division members are the Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, New York Knicks, Philadelphia 76ers, and the Toronto Raptors. + += = = Nykvarn Municipality = = = +Nykvarn Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nykvarn. +The municipality was established on 1 January 1999. It was broken out of Södertälje Municipality. + += = = Uppvidinge Municipality = = = +Uppvidinge Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Åseda. + += = = Ystad Municipality = = = +Ystad Municipality () is a municipality in Scania County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ystad. + += = = Central Division (NBA) = = = +The Central Division is one of three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Southeast Division and the Atlantic Division. The division consists of the Chicago Bulls, Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons, Indiana Pacers, and the Milwaukee Bucks. + += = = Sandviken Municipality = = = +Sandviken Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Sandviken. + += = = Ystad = = = +Ystad is a town in the county of Scania in southern Sweden. It is the seat of Ystad Municipality. +Sister cities/towns. + Haugesund, Rogaland, Norway + += = = Ljungarum Church = = = +Ljungarum Church () is a church in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Jönköping Christina-Ljungarum Parish of the Church of Sweden. The building dates back to the 13th century. + += = = Sofia Church, Jönköping = = = +Sofia Church () is a church in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Sofia-Järstorp Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 8 April 1888. That day was the Octave of Easter. + += = = Christina Church = = = +The Christina Church () is a church in eastern parts of the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Jönköping Christina-Ljungarum Parish of the Church of Sweden and was opened on 20 April 1673. + += = = Friends Arena = = = +Friends Arena is a sports stadium in Solna in Sweden. It was opened in 2012, and mainly hosts soccer games. + += = = Stockholm Olympic Stadium = = = +Stockholm Olympic Stadium () is a sports stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened in 1912, in time for the 1912 Summer Olympics. + += = = Scandinavium = = = +Scandinavium is an indoor sports stadium in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It was opened in on 18 May 1971. The stadium mainly hosts Frölunda HC ice hockey home games. + += = = Stockholm Globe Arena = = = +Stockholm Globe Arena () is an indoor sports stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened on 19 February 1989. It mainly hosts ice hockey games. + += = = Råsunda Stadium = = = +Råsunda Stadium () was a soccer stadium in Solna in Sweden. It was opened in April 1937, and closed down in November 2012. Its demolition began in January 2013. + += = = Söderstadion = = = +Söderstadion was a soccer and bandy stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened in 1966. It closed in June 2013, being prepared for demolition. + += = = Johanneshovs isstadion = = = +Johanneshovs isstadion is an indoor ice hockey stadium in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened on 4 November 1955. + += = = Shiloh = = = +Shiloh is a children's book written by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor in 1991. It won the 1992 Newbery Medal. It is about a dog that is given abuse and a boy named Marty P. that tries to save him. he took the dog on day he raised the dog Finley until one night when a German Shepard from the bakers almost kills the dog. Marty kept it a secret that he had the dog. His dad knew the dog owner (Judd) and they took the dog to the doctor's office. The whole family raised it for a week. Judd wanted the dog soon. Marty saw Judd shooting a doe out of season. He tried to blackmail him, but they worked out a bargain that Marty would work for him for 20 hours. Then Marty and the family got the dog and everything went back to normal. + += = = Hugh the Great = = = +Hugh the Great or Hugues le Grand (895–16 June 956) was duke of the Franks and count of Paris. +Early career. +Hugh was the son of King Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. She was the daughter of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois. Hugh was born in 895 in Paris, France. His eldest son was Hugh Capet who became King of France in 987. Hugh was a member of the family known as the Robertians. +Duke of France. +In 922 the barons of western Francia revolted against the Carolingian king Charles the Simple. In his place they elected Robert I, Hugh's father, as King of Western Francia. Robert I died in battle at Soissons in 923. When Hugh refused the crown it went to his brother-in-law, Rudolph of France. Charles the simple asked his cousin Herbert II, Count of Vermandois for help in getting back his crown. But instead of helping the king he put him in prison. Herbert then used the threat of releasing his prisoner to get what he wanted. But Charles died in 929. From then on Hugh the great, acting for King Rudolph, had to struggle with Herbert II. Finally Rudolph and Herbert II came to an agreement in 935. +At the death of King Rudolph in 936, Hugh possessed nearly all of the region between the Loire and the Seine. This was the same territory as Neustria with the exceptions of Anjou and of Normandy. Hugh was one of those who brought Louis IV ("d'Outremer") from the Kingdom of England in 936. In 937 Hugh married Hedwige of Saxony, a daughter of Henry I the Fowler of Germany and Matilda of Ringelheim. Very soon however Hugh was quarrelling with King Louis. +In 939 king Louis attacked Hugh the Great and William I, Duke of Normandy. But soon after they made a truce which lasted until June. That same year Hugh, along with Herbert II of Vermandois, Arnulf I, Count of Flanders and Duke William Longsword paid homage to the Emperor Otto the Great. They supported him in his struggle against Louis. When Louis fell into the hands of the Normans in 945, he was handed over to Hugh in exchange for their young duke Richard. Hugh released Louis IV in 946 but made him surrender the fortress of Laon. In 948 at a church council at Ingelheim the bishops excommunicated Hugh even though he was not there. Hugh's response was to attack Soissons and Reims. Hugh finally changed his mind and made peace with Louis IV, and the church. +When Louis IV died Hugh was one of the first to recognize Lothair as his successor. For helping to have him crowned the new king gave Hugh Burgundy and Aquitaine. In the same year Giselbert, Duke of Burgundy acknowledged Hugh as his overlord and gave his daughter in marriage to Hugh's son Otto-Henry. On 16 June 956 Hugh the Great died in Dourdan. +Family. +In 922 Hugh married Judith, the daughter of Roger, Count of Maine and Rothilde. She died childless in 925. +Hugh's second wife was Eadhild, daughter of Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo-Saxons. They married in 926 and she died in 938, childless. +Hugh's third wife was Hedwig of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim. She and Hugh had: + += = = Mini-DIN connector = = = +The mini-DIN connectors are a type of electrical connector. They are similar to the older and larger DIN connector. + += = = Reed switch = = = +A reed switch is an electrical switch that changes its position via magnetism. It is turned on by bringing a magnet near to the switch. Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the reed switch will go back to its original position. If the magnet is an electromagnet, it is a reed relay. The reed switch was invented at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 by W. B. Ellwood. + += = = Mando Diao = = = +Mando Diao is a rock band from the town of Borlänge in Sweden. The band was started in 1999. + += = = Borlänge Municipality = = = +Borlänge Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Borlänge. + += = = Doomwyte = = = +Doomwyte is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2008. It is the 20th book in the Redwall series. +Plot. +A young mouse named Bisky who lives at Redwall Abbey figures out riddles with his friends to find four beautiful jewels that had been hidden in Redwall a long time ago. But at the same time an evil raven is trying to find the gems too, because they had belonged to his kingdom a long time ago. + += = = Richard II, Duke of Normandy = = = +Richard II (23 August 963 - 28 August 1026), called the Good (French: "Le Bon"), was the Duke of Normandy from 996 to 1026. He was the first to assume the title of duke and built up his court to resemble that of a king. He commissioned Dudo of Saint-Quentin to write a detailed history of the Norman Dukes showing their and Christian patronage. +Early career. +Richard II was the oldest son of Richard I the Fearless and Gunnora. He succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy in 996. During his minority, which was the first five years of his reign, his was his uncle Count Ralph of Ivrea. Ralph put down a peasant revolt at the start of Richard's reign. +Richard was very religious like his overlord king Robert II of France. Richard used his army to support the king against the duchy of Burgundy. He formed a marriage alliance with Brittany by marrying his sister Hawise of Normandy to Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany. It became a double alliance when he married Geoffrey's sister, Judith of Brittany. +Vikings and England. +In the 980s the Vikings had been raiding England again. They would then cross the English Channel to Normandy to sell their plunder. Norman and Viking relations were good. Richard's father had hired Viking mercenaries in the 960s. He also allowed them safe haven in Normandy. This caused problems in England and with the Pope in Rome. In 990 representatives of the Pope negotiated a treaty between England and Normandy. Richard I agreed not to aid enemies of England (including Vikings). From 997 to 1000 a great Viking army attacked Wessex a number of times. In 1000 they came to Normandy and were allowed to land by Richard II. This broke the treaty between his father and the English king. In 1000-1001 the English attacked Normandy on the Cotentin Peninsula. The raid was led by king Ethelred the Unready of England. Ethelred had given orders that Richard be captured, shackled and brought to England. But the English were not prepared for the rapid response of the Norman cavalry and were quickly defeated. +Richard wanted to make peace with the English king. He gave his sister Emma of Normandy in marriage to King Ethelred. Ethelred gave Emma the city of Exeter as a dowry. This turned out to be an important marriage as it later gave Richard's grandson, William the Conqueror, a claim to the throne of England. In 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard invaded England, Emma with her two sons Edward and Alfred fled to Normandy. After losing his throne King Ethelred followed shortly. Soon after the death of Ethelred, Cnut, King of England forced Emma to marry him. Duke Richard was forced to recognize the new regime as his sister was again Queen. +Norman prestige. +Richard II commissioned Dudo of Saint-Quentin, his clerk and priest, to write about his ancestors. He was to tell the story of the Norman dukes in a way that showed their Christian morals. He wanted them shown to be good and upright leaders who built Normandy despite the bad behavior of their Frankish neighbors. It has been called by some historians a work of propaganda. While it contains a number of stories and legends, nowhere did Dudo claim the stories to be facts. When he wrote his work on the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of the Normans, Dudo seems to have met his goal "to tell in the noblest style the story of a noble destiny." +In 1025 and 1026 Richard confirmed gifts of his ancestor Rollo to Saint-Ouen at Rouen. He gave many other gifts to Monasteries. Their names show the areas over which Richard had ducal control: Caen, the Éverecin, the Cotentin, the Pays de Caux and Rouen. +Richard II died 28 Aug 1026. +Marriages. +He married firstly, , Judith (992–1017), daughter of Conan I of Brittany, by whom he had the following issue: +Secondly he married Poppa of Envermeu. They had the following children: + += = = The Sable Quean = = = +The Sable Quean is a children's fantasy novel. It was written by Brian Jacques in 2010, and it's the twenty-first book in the Redwall series. +Plot summary. +The evil Vilaya, who's a sable (that's a kind of animal) queen, wants to take over Redwall Abbey. To do this, she kidnaps children from the Abbey and the area around it, so that if the woodlanders want their kids back, they'll have to give her their abbey. +Luckily, several good guys come to the rescue. But will the good guys and the good Redwallers be able to win against the Sable Quean? + += = = Saint Joachim = = = +Saint Joachim was the father of the Virgin Mary and the grandfather of Jesus. Joachim means "Yahweh prepares". +According to tradition, Joachim wanted to pray in the temple but was turned away because of his childlessness. He went to a mountaintop to pray to God. An angel appeared to him and his wife, Anna. The angel told Joachim that the Lord heard their prayers and that Anna was with child. +It is believed that Anna and Joachim gave Mary to the service of the Temple when she was three years old. +St. Joachim and Saint Anna's feast day is July 26. + += = = Ranked list of Spanish autonomous communities by area = = = +This is a ranked list by area for Spain's autonomous communities, as well as for the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. + += = = Golden Gate (Jerusalem) = = = +The Golden Gate (, ; Arabic: ) is one of the gates of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is in the western side of the walls and the main gate that was connected the Temple Mount to outside the old city. According to the Jewish tradition, the Messiah will come through this gate to the Temple. In the 16th century, the gate was blocked by the Ottoman Sultan and a Muslim cemetery was created to insure that Messiah will never come through this gate. According to the Christian tradition, Jesus came into this gate to Jerusalem. +The Hebrew name for the gate translates to the "Gate of Mercy". In ancient times the gate was known as the "Beautiful Gate". + += = = Luhanka = = = +Luhanka () is a municipality in Central Finland, Finland. About 765 people lived there in February 2014. The municipalities located next to Luhanka are Hartola, Joutsa, Jyväskylä, Jämsä, Kuhmoinen and Sysmä. Originally Luhanka was part of Sysmä. Later it was made into its own municipality in 1864. Luhanka is a popular place for summer cottages. + += = = Laukaa = = = +Laukaa () is a municipality in Finland. About 18,573 people live there. Nearby municipalities include Hankasalmi, Jyväskylä, Konnevesi, Toivakka, Uurainen and Äänekoski. + += = = Sahara Hotnights = = = +Sahara Hotnights is a female rock band from Robertsfors in Sweden. + += = = Uurainen = = = +Uurainen is a municipality in central Finland. In 2013, about 3,554 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Jyväskylä, Laukaa, Multia, Petäjävesi, Saarijärvi and Äänekoski. + += = = Melody Club = = = +The Melody Club is a pop band from the town of Växjö in Sweden. The band was started in 2000, and participated at Melodifestivalen in 2011 with the song "The Hunter". + += = = Takida = = = +Takida is a rock band from Ånge in Sweden. The band was established in the year of 1999. + += = = Nastola = = = +Nastola is a former municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. It was merged with the city of Lahti on 1 January 2016. In 2013, about 15,107 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Heinola, Hollola, Iitti, Lahti and Orimattila. + += = = Orimattila = = = +Orimattila is a town in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. As of 2010, about 16,350 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Hollola, Iitti, Kärkölä, Lahti, Lapinjärvi, Myrskylä, Mäntsälä, Nastola and Pukkila. +The former municipality of Artjärvi was merged with Orimattila in 2011. + += = = Hollola = = = +Hollola is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. About 22,092 people lived there in 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hämeenkoski, Kärkölä, Lahti, Nastola and Orimattila. On 1 January 2016, Hämeenkoski is a part of Hollola. + += = = Kärkölä = = = +Kärkölä is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. In 2013, about 4,776 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Hausjärvi, Hollola, Hämeenkoski, Hämeenlinna, Mäntsälä and Orimattila. +Villages. +Järvelä, Hevonoja, Hongisto, Hähkäniemi, Iso-Sattiala, Karvala, Kirkonkylä, Lappila, Maavehmaa, Marttila, Uusikylä and Vähä-Sattiala. + += = = Hämeenlinna = = = +Hämeenlinna is a town in Finland. As of January 2014, about 67,750 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Akaa, Asikkala, Hattula, Hausjärvi, Hämeenkoski, Janakkala, Kärkölä, Loppi, Padasjoki, Pälkäne, Tammela, Urjala and Valkeakoski. +The former municipalities of Hauho, Kalvola, Lammi, Renko and Tuulos were merged with Hämeenlinna in 2009. + += = = Padasjoki = = = +Padasjoki is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. About 3,319 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Kuhmoinen, Pälkäne and Sysmä. +History. +People lived in the area of Padasjoki during the Stone Age. There is hill fort around the town. + += = = Kuhmoinen = = = +Kuhmoinen is a municipality in Central Finland. Almost 2,400 people lived there as of January 2014. Nearby municipalities include Jämsä, Kangasala, Luhanka, Orivesi, Padasjoki and Sysmä. +Villages. +Harjunsalmi, Harmoinen, Kirkonkylä, Kissakulma, Kylämä, Patavesi, Pihlajakoski, Poikkijärvi, Puukkoinen, Päijälä, Ruolahti amd Sappee. + += = = Pori = = = +Pori is a city and municipality in Finland. The city had a population of 83,364 as of 31 August 2012. It covers without sea-areas. +Yyteri, a sand beach, is located at Pori. + += = = Särkänniemi = = = +Särkänniemi is a theme park in Tampere, Finland. It covers . It opened in 1969. + += = = Matti Nykänen = = = +Matti Ensio Nykänen (17 July 1963 in Jyväskylä – 4 February 2019 in Lappeenranta) was a Finnish ski jumper and singer. He won five Olympic medals (four gold), nine World Championships medals (five gold) and 22 Finnish Championships medals (13 gold). He won three gold medals at the 1988 Winter Olympics, which made him one of the two most successful athletes at those games. +Nykänen died in the early hours of 4 February 2019 from complications of diabetes, at the age of 55. + += = = Heinola = = = +Heinola is a town in Finland. About 19,997 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hartola, Iitti, Kouvola, Mäntyharju, Nastola, Pertunmaa and Sysmä. +The newspaper "Itä-Häme" is published in Heinola and neighbouring towns. +History. +Heinola is founded 1776. +Villages. +Tuusjärvi, Hirvisalo, Hujansalo, Härkälä, Imjärvi, Komeankylä, Korkee, Lauhjoki, Lusi, Läpiä, Kausa, Marjoniemi, Myllykylä, Onali, Paaso, Paistjärvi, Pääsinniemi, Rihu, Taipale, Vaippilainen (Vaippila), Vierumäki and Jyränkö. + += = = Olavi Lanu = = = +Olavi Lanu (10 July 1925 – 11 May 2015) is a Finnish sculptor and professor. One of Lanu's sculptures is in Lanu-puisto, Lahti, Finland. His most famous sculptures are quite big. The surfaces of his sculptures imitate nature. + += = = The Well-Tempered Clavier = = = +The Well-Tempered Clavier (also known as WTC, BWV 846–893) is the title of two collections of musical works for solo keyboard instruments by the Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach. The first collection was written in 1722 and the second was written in 1742, but they were not published until 1801, fifty years after Bach died. Although the music was written for the harpsichord, which was popular at the time, today it is usually played and heard on a piano. +Both collections have 24 short preludes and 24 fugues to go along with it. All of them contrast with each other: some of them are easy to learn, while others are hard to follow (because there are many different melodies going on at the same time, which is called counterpoint). What is special about them is that each prelude and fugue is written in a different major or minor key. They appear in the book so that they go up by semitones. That is, the first prelude and fugue is in C major, the second is in C minor, the third in C-sharp major (or D-flat major), the fourth in C-sharp minor, and so on, until the last two preludes and fugues are in B major and B minor, in that order. +Other composers would later write music that is also in all 24 major and minor keys. The best known of these are the Preludes by Frédéric Chopin, but this would also later be done by Charles-Valentin Alkan, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Dmitri Shostakovich, to name a few. +Some of the music that appears in "The Well-Tempered Clavier" has become famous. For example, the French Romantic composer Charles Gounod wrote a setting of Ave Maria that is based on the melody of the first Prelude in C Major in the "WTC". + += = = Pottiputki = = = +A pottiputki is a planting tool for putting plants to ground It makes planting faster. The worker strikes the tool into the ground, and then stamps on the mechanism and the pottiputki makes a hole in the ground. A plant is then dropped in the tube of the tool, and falls into the hole. + += = = Ranked list of Spanish autonomous communities by population = = = +This is a ranked list by population, as for 1 January 2012, for Spain's autonomous communities, as well as for the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. + += = = Pentti Vuorio = = = +Pentti Vuorio might mean: + += = = Separatist (disambiguation) = = = +A Separatist is a follower of a concept called Separatism. In addition: + += = = Imperiet = = = +Imperiet was a rock band from Stockholm in Sweden. It was active from 1983 to 1988. + += = = BWO = = = +BWO was a synthpop group from Sweden. It was established in 2003, and broke up in 2010. Up to 2009, the group was known under the full name Bodies Without Organs. +BWO participated at Melodifestivalen in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009. + += = = Stiftelsen = = = +Stiftelsen is a rock band from Sweden. The band was established in the year of 2010, and broke through in 2012 with the song "Mitt hjärta slår". + += = = Soviet submarine S-363 = = = +Soviet submarine "S-363" (unofficial Swedish name: U137) was a Soviet submarine that ran aground outside the town of Karlskrona in Sweden on 27 October 1981. On 5 November the same year, it was led out of Swedish territorial waters. + += = = Folkhemmet = = = +Folkhemmet (literally, People's Home) is a political term in Swedish. It was first used by Rudolf Kjellén in the early 20th century. It was adopted by the Swedish Social Democratic Party in the 1920s. On 18 January 1928, Swedish social democrat Per Albin Hansson delivered a speech including the word. His meaning referred to equality and cooperation. The speech made the term popular. +Nowadays the term may not only refer to Per Albin Hansson's visions but also works as a poetic name for the Swedish welfare state. + += = = Bell 214 = = = +The Bell 214 is an American helicopter. It is a more powerful variant of the Bell 205. It was developed for both civilian and military use. Bell 214ST is a bigger variant. Iran was the main military operator of the Bell 214. + += = = Lockheed MC-130 = = = +The Lockheed MC-130 is a US military cargo aircraft. It is a very specialized variant of the famous C-130 Hercules, used exclusively by U.S. special forces. It can fly on low altitude. MC-130 are only used by US Air Force. +The MC-130J, which became operational in 2011, is the new-production variant that is replacing the other special operations MC-130s. As of May 2016, the Air Force has taken delivery of 33 of the planned 37 -J models. + += = = Catalina affair = = = +The Catalina affair () was a military confrontation and diplomatic crisis in June 1952 between the USSR and Sweden. It was during the Cold War. Soviet fighter aeroplanes shot down two Swedish Air Force aeroplanes over the Baltic Sea. Both aircrafts were found in 2003. + += = = The Redwall Cookbook = = = +The Redwall Cookbook is a cookbook written by Brian Jacques with recipes for food from the Redwall book series, from Deeper'n'Ever Pie and Summer Strawberry Fizz, to Abbot's Special Abbey Trifle and Shrimp'n'Hotroot Soup. + += = = Massa's in de Cold Ground = = = +"Massa's in de Cold Ground" is a minstrel song composed by Stephen Foster and first published in 1852. It was one of only four songs Foster published that year and sold hundreds of copies. Foster received a royalty of only 2 cents for each copy sold, but the song earned him US$900 within five years of its publication. +The song is written in the key of D major in 4/4 time. An initial phrase is repeated five times, beginning every line except one. The phrase ends with a octave leap upwards in the melody. "Massa" is a slow, sad song in dialect written for the minstrel stage. +The song tells of slaves weeping at the grave of their deceased master. Sometime after the American Civil War, another "cold" was added to title, thus becoming, "Massa's in de Cold, Cold Ground". +In November of 1852, when the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was first performed as a dramatic adaptation in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Foster's birthplace), "Massa's in de Cold Ground" and two other Foster melodies were added to the production. + += = = Järvenpää = = = +Järvenpää is a town in southern Finland. On 31 May 2013, about 39,734 people lived there. It covers an area of . + += = = Kokkola = = = +Kokkola (, previously "Gamlakarleby") is a town in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, over 47,000 people lived there. It covers an area of , not including the sea area. Nearby municipalities are Halsua, Kalajoki, Kannus, Kaustinen, Kruunupyy, Lestijärvi, Luoto and Toholampi. +The former municipalities of Lohtaja, Kälviä and Ullava were merged with Kokkola in 2009. +Kokkola was established in 1620. The people speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish. + += = = Kouvola = = = +Kouvola is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland. As of 31 May 2013, there were 87,254 people living there. Its current form was established in 2009. Six other municipalities: (Kouvola, Kuusankoski, Elimäki, Anjalankoski, Valkeala and Jaala) closed and joined to form Kouvola. +There is a loading dock (next to the railway line, as of the 2020s); The dock is a kilometer long. + += = = Hamina = = = +Hamina () is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 21,252 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Kotka, Kouvola, Luumäki, Miehikkälä and Virolahti. Writer Laila Hietamies wrote a book about Hamina. +The town plan of Hamina differs from what is usual in Finland. It is rare in other countries too. Another town with a similar plan is Palmanova, in Italy. +A local museum is located on the island of Tammio, near to the town. +History. +Hamina was established 1653. In writing, it was mentioned as a trading centre in the 1300s. + += = = Taka Michinoku = = = +Takao Yoshida (born October 26, 1973) is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist who is currently working for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the ring name, Taka Michinoku. +Career. +Michinoku has competed for many professional wresting companies during his career including Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), CMLL, World Wresting Federation (WWF), Kaientai Dojo and All Japan Pro Wrestling. +During his time in the WWF, Michinoku became the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Champion when he defeated Brian Christopher at . +Michinoku faced Keiichiro Yamamiya at Pancrase: Alive 4 on April 27, 1997 but was defeated 7:36 in the first round from submission by keylock. + += = = Repovesi National Park = = = +Repovesi National Park is national park near Kouvola and Mäntyharju in Finland. It was established in January 2003. The area is . There are many paths for visitors. + += = = Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh = = = +Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh () is a Punjabi feature movie from 1999. It was directed by Manoj Punj. It is also spelled "Shaheed-e-Mohabbat" for short. The movie is based on the real-life love story of Boota Singh and a Punjabi girl It is set in the Punjab region during the time of the partition of India. The movie stars Gurdas Maan as Boota Singh and Divya Dutta as the Punjabi girl. Arun Bakshi, Gurkirtan and B. N. Sharma played the supporting roles. +The movie was an international success. It was shown at many national and international movie festivals, including the 1999 Vancouver International Film Festival, International Film Festival of India and many more. The movie won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi at the 46th National Film Awards. This movie was produced by Manjeet Maan. It is the first movie by Maan's home production company, Sai Productions. + += = = Boota Singh = = = +Boota Singh (Gurmukhi: ���� ����; Shahmukhi: ���� ����), sometimes spelled as Buta Singh, was a Sikh soldier in the British Army. He served in Burma during World War II, under the command of Lord Mountbatten. He is very well known in India and Pakistan. He is famous for his tragic love story with a Punjabi girl who he rescued from the riots during the partition of India in 1947. +Love story. +Both fell in love and got married. Later, she was deported (sent back) to Punjab. Boota illegally entered Punjab to find her. She stayed away from him due to pressure from her family. Because of this, he killed himself by jumping in front of a moving train near Shahdara railway station in Punjab. He did this with his daughter, but she survived. +The love story of Singh's life has been adapted to movies and books, from both India and Pakistan. A Punjabi movie "Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh" (1999) is entirely based on the story. Ishrat Rahmani wrote a book, "Muhabbat", based on the story. The story also influenced many other movies including "Partition", a Hollywood movie from 2007. +Personal life. +Singh lived in a village of Jalandhar district in British Punjab. When he returned home from fighting in Burma, his youth was over. All his friends were married with their own families, but he was still not married. He found no woman to marry him. Once a trader offered to sell Singh a bride from Uttar Pradesh or Bihar for rupees 2000/-. From this day onward, he started saving all his money for the dowry. +His uncle and cousins were wanting him to die unmarried, so that they could inherit his share of the family's land. +Burial. +In his suicide note, Singh expressed his last wish to be buried in Noorpur village near Barki. This is where her parents had resettled after the Partition. The autopsy of Singh's body was done in a hospital in Lahore. It was taken to the town on 22 February 1957 for burial. However, the townsmen did not allow him to be buried there. Instead, Singh was buried at Miani Sahib Graveyard of Lahore. +In popular culture. +In 1999, Manoj Punj directed a Punjabi feature movie, "Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh", entirely based on the life story of Boota Singh. The movie stars Gurdas Maan as Boota Singh and Divya Dutta as the Punjabi girl. The music was composed by Amar Haldipur. It was a success internationally. It won the "National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi" at the 46th National Film Awards. It was also shown at many national and international movie festivals, including the 1999 Vancouver International Film Festival and the International Film Festival of India. Ishrat Rahmani wrote a novel on the love story, titled "Muhabbat". The story also featured in an English book, "Freedom at Midnight", by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre. + += = = Geometric topology = = = +Geometric topology is a discipline of mathematics. It looks at manifolds and embeddings. Examples are the Knot theory and Braid groups. Since 1945, the field of Topology has developed further: + += = = Lake Gałęziste = = = +Lake Gałęziste is a lake in Poland. It is in Wigry National Park. It is deep. + += = = Riksdag = = = +The Parliament of Sweden () is the legislative government of Sweden. The parliament building is on the Stockholm island of Helgeandsholmen. The parliament has 349 seats since 1976 (350 between 1971 and 1976). Between 1867 and 1971, the parliament had two chambers, but has been reduced to one. Elections are held in September every fourth year (third year between 1970-1994). + += = = Hawker Hunter = = = +The Hawker Hunter is a British military jet aircraft. It was designed and built as fighter aircraft for the Royal Air Force. But it was used by many other operators as Fleet Air Arm, or foreign air forces. Belgium, Iraq, Sweden, and Switzerland are among the operators of this aircraft. + += = = Noice = = = +Noice is a Swedish rock band, formed in Gustavsberg in 1977. The band gained legendary status in Sweden after their breakthrough on the TV show Måndagsbörsen on March 17, 1980. All members were under the age of 18 at the time of their breakthrough. +In their original formation, Noice released 3 studio albums. The band split up in 1983, but have reorganized many times in different forms for nostalgia tours. +2 of the original members, Hasse Carlsson and Freddie Hansson both died from extensive drug usage less than 1 year apart. +On September 29, 2023, Noice released their first studio album since 2004. + += = = Freestyle = = = +Freestyle was a Swedish pop music group. It was active from 1980 to 1983. + += = = Style (band) = = = +Style was a Swedish pop music group. They were active from 1983 to 1989. The band was reunited in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2010. + += = = Dag Vag = = = +Dag Vag is a Swedish pop, reggae, and punk band. It was formed in 1978. The lead singer was Per Odeltorp (1948-2012), popularly known as Stig Vig. + += = = Eldkvarn = = = +Eldkvarn was a gristmill in central Stockholm in Sweden, that was destroyed by a fire on 31 October 1878. In its place today is the Stockholm City Hall. The mill was built in 1805 for Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz with a steam engine built by Samuel Owen. + += = = Eldkvarn (band) = = = +Eldkvarn is rock band from the town of Norrköping in Sweden. The band was founded in 1971. + += = = Kikki, Bettan & Lotta = = = +Kikki, Bettan & Lotta was a supertrio from Sweden. They were active from 2001 to 2004. It consisted of Kikki Danielsson, Elisabeth Andreassen and Lotta Engberg. + += = = Matz Bladhs = = = +Matz Bladhs is a dansband from the town of Falkenberg in Sweden. The band was founded in 1968. + += = = Hawker Sea Hawk = = = +The Hawker Sea Hawk is a British military jet aircraft. It was designed and built as a fighter aircraft for the Royal Navy. It was designed and built for operations from the British aircraft carriers. Foreign operators were Germany, India, and Netherlands. +Hawker Sea Hawk were used by the British in the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, and by Indians in Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. + += = = Family Four = = = +Family Four was a band from Sweden. They represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 with "Vita vidder" and at Eurovision Song Contest 1972 with "Härliga sommardag". + += = = Frequency response = = = +Frequency response is a measure of the range of bass, mid-range, and treble that your speakers can reproduce with clarity. The wider the frequency range, the more dynamic sound you’ll hear. +Systems respond differently to inputs of different frequencies. Some systems may amplify frequencies of certain range and attenuate the other frequencies. The way that the system output is related to the input for different frequencies is called frequency response. Frequency response means a graph where can be seen how something changes in different sound frequency. It is typically used in loudspeakers. Also audio crossovers way to function can be shown with frequency response. +The frequency response will be represented by two numbers and measured in Hertz (Hz) which is the unit of measurement for one frequency cycle. The first number represents the lowest bass frequency while the second number indicates the highest high-frequency an audio product can produce. + += = = Sukhoi Su-25 = = = +The Sukhoi Su-25 is an attack aircraft designed and built in the USSR, and after in Russia. It was used by Soviets militaries during the war in Afghanistan. Foreign operators are mainly former Warsaw Pact countries and states near the communist regimes. NATO called it "Frogfoot". First designed by Kenan and Haydn Douglas Griffiths of the soviet Air force research and development. Then The idea was expanded on by Eryk Deryniowski who then Went to transfer the idea on to Sukhoi. + += = = Audio crossover = = = +Audio crossover is an electric circuit that separates low and high audio frequencies in a signal. It is needed because very small loudspeakers (tweeters) would break if fed by low frequencies. Likewise, bigger speakers (subwoofers) are not able to play higher frequencies purely. +Audio crossovers are divided to passive or active crossovers. Typical components used with passive crossovers are capacitors inductors and resistors. If passive crossover uses resistors to adjust loudness, those generate heat. Instead, active devices typically use resistors and capacitors with other audioelectronic components and those typically don't consume so much electric power. Also, active crossovers are easily built to be adjustable. Still, that doesn't mean that using passive crossover means low quality. + += = = Hawker Hurricane = = = +The Hawker Hurricane is a famous British military aircraft of World War II. This was the main fighter used by the RAF during the Battle of Britain. It was later outclassed by the Supermarine Spitfire. "Sea Hurricane" was a navalized variant, used by Fleet Air Arm. + += = = Hawker Siddeley HS-748 = = = +The Hawker Siddeley HS-748 is a British civilian aircraft. Designed and built as an airliner it was also used by militaries as cargo aircraft and for aerial test support. +It can carry between 45 and 50 passengers. Andover is a modified military variant. + += = = CASA C-212 Aviocar = = = +The CASA C-212 Aviocar is a Spanish twin-turboprop aircraft. Designed and built as a cargo aircraft, it is also a light airliner. It is used both by civilians and militaries. US Air Force use some as C-41 to support special forces. Some variants are built for reconnaissance and maritime patrol. + += = = Eu, Seine-Maritime = = = +Eu is a commune of Seine-Maritime near Le Tréport. By the river "Bresles", it marks the border with Picardie. This commune is famous for its castle and for its Collegiate church. + += = = Akaa = = = +Akaa is a city in Finland. About 17,000 people live there. Nearby municipalities include Hämeenlinna, Lempäälä, Urjala, Valkeakoski and Vesilahti. In Akaa is the biggest mämmi factory in world. There were mämmi-eating competitions in 2005 and 2007. + += = = LOC = = = +LOC, L.O.C., Loc, LoC, or locs may refer to: + += = = Mämmi = = = +Mämmi is a traditional Finnish food. It is similar to porridge. Originally, it was eaten only in western Finland. It is served cooled with cream and sugar. Mämmi is usually eaten around Easter. It is a dark-brown porridge-like dish with a thick but smooth consistency, made from a combination of rye flour, rye malt, and sugar, and flavored with orange zest and cardamom. It has a similar consistency to porridge or pudding. Mämmi is thought to be the equivalent of Jewish unleavened bread as festive food. It is centuries old and is served as a dessert during Easter in Finland. + += = = Hanko = = = +Hanko () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, about 9,100 people lived there. More people come to live in Hanko during the summer. Hanko is the most southern municipality in Finland. The municipilaty is surrounded by sea on three sides. Many of the people in Hanko speak Swedish instead of Finnish. Nearby municipalities include Kemiönsaari and Kemiönsaari. + += = = Rosvopaisti = = = +Rosvopaisti is a traditional Finnish food. It is cooked in a 50 cm-deep hole. At the bottom of the hole is put a camp fire. It is cooked there for 3-4 hours. After that, a steak is put in the hole. Cooking takes about 8-12 hours. + += = = Gunnora = = = +Gunnora (or Gunnor) (–), "Duchess" of Normandy, was the wife of Richard I, Duke of Normandy. She was an important figure in his reign and those of her sons. +Career. +Gunnora belonged to a family from the Pays de Caux area in Normandy. Gunnora was probably born . Her family was very influential in western Normandy and Gunnora was said to be very wealthy. Her marriage to Richard I was of great political importance. It allied him with a powerful rival family in the Cotentin. Her brother, Herfast de Crepon, was the of a great Norman family. Her sisters and nieces married some of the most important nobles in Normandy. +At the time the Normans were used to more than one kind of marriage. Richard I wanted his son Robert to become the Archbishop of Rouen. He was told the church would not allow it because he and Gunnora were not married in a Christian ceremony. So he married Gunnora "according to the Christian custom", making their children legitimate in the eyes of the church. +Gunnora signed many ducal charters up into the 1020s. She was skilled in languages and had an excellent memory. She was a source of information on Norman history for Dudo of St. Quentin. Her husband depended on her as is shown in the couple's charters where she held several important positions. She was at times regent of Normandy, a and a judge. In a typical roll for a medieval aristocratic mother, she was an between her husband and their oldest son Richard II. As Richard I's widow she is mentioned as being active in her sons' careers. +Gunnora was a founder and of Coutances Cathedral and laid its first stone. In one of her own charters after Richard's death she gave two pieces of land (called allods) to the abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. These were Britavilla and Domjean which were part of her dowry. She gave them for the soul of her husband, for her own soul and that of her sons "count Richard, archbishop Robert, and others..." She also signed a charter, , to that same abbey as "Gonnor matris comitis" (Gunnor, mother of the count). Gunnora, as wife and countess, was able to use her influence to see her kin favored, and several of the most prominent Anglo-Norman families on both sides of the English Channel are descended from her, her sisters and her nieces. Gunnora died . +Family. +Richard and Gunnora were parents to several children: + += = = Stockholm City Hall = = = +The Stockholm City Hall () is the municipal building in Stockholm in Sweden. It is on the island of Kungsholmen. It was built between 1911 and 1923, with Ragnar Östberg being the architect. The Stockholm Municipality council meetings are held here. Each year on 10 December, the Nobel Prize party is held here. + += = = Stockholm Palace = = = +The Stockholm Palace () is the royal castle in Stockholm in Sweden. It was built in the 18th century, after a fire in 1697 destroyed the old castle Tre Kronor. + += = = Riddarholmen Church = = = +The Riddarholmen Church () is a church building in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It is on the island of Riddarholmen. Several Swedish monarchs are buried here. +It is one of the oldest building in Stockholm, and dates back to the Middle Ages. + += = = Royal Chapel (Sweden) = = = +The Royal Chapel () is a church inside the Stockholm Palace. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1754. + += = = Adolf Fredrik Church = = = +Adolf Fredrik Church () is a church building in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 27 November 1774. In its graveyard, former Swedish prime ministers Hjalmar Branting and Olof Palme have been buried. + += = = Hedvig Eleonora Church = = = +Hedvig Eleonora Church () is a church in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 21 August 1737. + += = = Sweden women's national ice hockey team = = = +The Sweden women's national ice hockey team () represents the country of Sweden in women's ice hockey. The team started in 1987. It won bronze medals at the world championships in the years 2005 and 2007, Olympic bronze medal in 2002, and an Olympic silver medal in 2006. + += = = Svenska Dagbladet = = = +Svenska Dagbladet is a newspaper in Sweden. It is based in Stockholm. It was started on 18 December 1884. + += = = Kitee = = = +Kitee is a city in North Karelia, Finland. As of January 2014 over 11,200 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Parikkala, Rääkkylä, Savonlinna and Tohmajärvi. +History. +Kitee was established 1631 and it came to be a city in 1992. +Since 2013, Kesälahti merged with Kitee. +Lakes. +Orivesi, Karjalan Pyhäjärvi, Kiteenjärvi, Ätäskö, Heinäjärvi, Pieniheinäjärvi, Särkijärvi, Hyypii, Pitkäjärvi, Säynejärvi, Lautakko, Paasselkä (Paasivesi) and Piimäjärvi. + += = = FC Groningen = = = +FC Groningen is a football club from Groningen, Netherlands. It was founded in 1971. It plays in the highest division of the Netherlands, the Eredivisie. Their home kit is green and white. + += = = Jönköpings-Posten = = = +Jönköpings-Posten (JP) is a newspaper in Sweden. It is based in the town of Jönköping. It was started on 17 January 1865. + += = = Stadsparksvallen = = = +Stadsparksvallen is a sports ground in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. Opened in 1902, it is the home ground for the Jönköpings Södra IF soccer club. + += = = Joutseno = = = +Joutseno is a former town and municipality of Finland. It is now part of Lappeenranta. Joutseno had a population of 10,821 in 2004. It covers an area of , of which about is water. + += = = Norrahammar = = = +Norrahammar is a part of the Jönköping locality ("town"). It has been part of the town since the 1970s. It is located within the Jönköping Municipality in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. + += = = Tenhult = = = +Tenhult is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Jönköping Municipality. + += = = Smålandsstenar = = = +Smålandsstenar is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Gislaved Municipality. + += = = Gislaved Municipality = = = +Gislaved Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gislaved. + += = = Vaggeryd Municipality = = = +Vaggeryd Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is both in Skillingaryd and Vaggeryd. + += = = Värnamo Municipality = = = +Värnamo Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Värnamo. + += = = The Rogue Crew = = = +The Rogue Crew is a children's fantasy book, written by Brian Jacques in 2011. It is the 22nd book in the Redwall series. It is the last book in the series too, because Jacques died in 2011. +Plot. +An evil animal called a Wearat is coming to take over Redwall Abbey. The hares of the Long Patrol army and the sea otters called the Rogue Crew have to fight this horrible creature and save the land of Mossflower. + += = = Skillingaryd = = = +Skillingaryd is a settlement in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Vaggeryd Municipality. Together with Vaggeryd, it consists of the municipal seat. + += = = Gnosjö Municipality = = = +Gnosjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gnosjö. + += = = Eksjö Municipality = = = +Eksjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Eksjö. + += = = Aneby Municipality = = = +Aneby Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Aneby. + += = = Tranås Municipality = = = +Tranås Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tranås. + += = = Karlsborg Municipality = = = +Karlsborg Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Karlsborg. + += = = Håbo Municipality = = = +Håbo Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Bålsta. + += = = Bålsta = = = +Bålsta is a locality, and the seat of Håbo Municipality, in the county of Uppsala in central Sweden. + += = = Kalix Municipality = = = +Kalix Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Kalix. + += = = Ånge Municipality = = = +Ånge Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Ånge. + += = = Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk = = = +The Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk is a US military jet aircraft. It was the first stealth aircraft to be declared operational. It was only used by US Air Force until 2003. It was used in the Gulf War. It was also used by NATO air attacks in Kosovo in 1999. +The Lockheed F-117 is a single-seat, twin-engine stealth ground-attack aircraft that is operated by the United States Air Force. The F-117 was the first flyable aircraft to be designed around stealth technology. It retired in 2008 because of the F-22 Raptor. It is shaped to deflect radar signals. It is limited to subsonic speed. It’s weird 2d shape was from the 1970’s era computer technology. + += = = Vindeln Municipality = = = +Vindeln Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Vindeln. + += = = Degerfors Municipality = = = +Degerfors Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Degerfors. + += = = Söderköping Municipality = = = +Söderköping Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Söderköping. + += = = Oxelösund Municipality = = = +Oxelösund Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Oxelösund. + += = = Kristinehamn Municipality = = = +Kristinehamn Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kristinehamn. + += = = Katrineholm Municipality = = = +Katrineholm Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Katrineholm. + += = = Knivsta Municipality = = = +Knivsta Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Knivsta. +The municipality was established on 1 January 2003. It was broken out of Uppsala Municipality. + += = = Percival Pembroke = = = +The Percival Pembroke is a British military light transport aircraft. It is a twin-engine aircraft. It was used by the RAF and many other militaries operators. Its first flight was in November 1952. + += = = Lotta på Liseberg = = = +Lotta på Liseberg is a sing-along event at Liseberg in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It has been around since 21 June 2004. Broadcastings over TV 4 began on 22 June 2009. Since the beginning, Lotta Engberg has been the host. + += = = Lohja = = = +Lohja () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014 almost 48,000 people live there. Nearby municipalities are Inkoo, Karkkila, Raasepori, Siuntio, Vihti, Salo, Somero and Tammela. +In 2009, Sammatti became a part of Lohja. In 2013, the former municipalities of Karjalohja and Nummi-Pusula were merged with Lohja. +A large cave is located in Lohja. +The people in Lohja speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish. + += = = Royal Aircraft Factory SE-5 = = = +The Royal Aircraft Factory SE-5 is a British single-engine fighter aircraft. It is a biplane, that was used for World War I. It was used by the Royal Flying Corps from March 1917. + += = = Calculating Infinity = = = +Calculating Infinity is the first album by The Dillinger Escape Plan. The Dillinger Escape Plan was an American mathcore band. Relapse Records released it on September 28, 1999. Steve Evetts produced the album with Ben Weinman and Chris Pennie. Many music critics think it is an important work of avant-garde metal. "Calculating Infinity" is the band's only album to have Dimitri Minakakis as the lead singer. Minakakis left the band in 2001. +Many music critics liked the album. Some liked that the music on the album was complex. Many critics think that it is one of the best albums made by The Dillinger Escape Plan. "Calculating Infinity" is one of the first mathcore albums. It inspired other people to make mathcore music. + += = = Sävsjö Municipality = = = +Sävsjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Sävsjö. + += = = Västervik Municipality = = = +Västervik Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Västervik. + += = = Vetlanda Municipality = = = +Vetlanda Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vetlanda. + += = = Oskarshamn Municipality = = = +Oskarshamn Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Oskarshamn. + += = = Vimmerby Municipality = = = +Vimmerby Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vimmerby. + += = = Olofström Municipality = = = +Olofström Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Olofström. + += = = Karlshamn Municipality = = = +Karlshamn Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Karlshamn. + += = = Ronneby Municipality = = = +Ronneby Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ronneby. + += = = Arvika Municipality = = = +Arvika Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Arvika. + += = = Arboga Municipality = = = +Arboga Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Arboga. + += = = Boulton Paul Defiant = = = +The Boulton Paul Defiant was a British fighter aircraft. This single-engine, aircraft first in August 1937 and was used by the British Royal Air Force in World War II. +Defiants were different to other fighter planes because their guns (four Machine guns) were in a rotating turret and could fire in any direction. They had two crew: one man was the pilot and the other aimed the guns. +Defiants were made to shoot down enemy bomber aircraft. When they were used during the Battle of Britain, they were good at this. But they were slower and could not turn as well as German fighter planes, like the Messerschmitt Bf 109. A lot of Defiants were shot down by German fighters. +After the Battle of Britain, the British only flew Defiants at night. In this way they could attack the German bombers that also flew at night, and avoid the German fighters because they only flew during the day. +Today, only one Defiant is left in the world; it is in a museum in London. + += = = Emmaboda Municipality = = = +Emmaboda Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Emmaboda. + += = = Sunne Municipality = = = +Sunne Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Sunne. +History. +People have been living in this area for 5000 years. Old graves from the Iron Age can be found at Kolsnäsudden + += = = Surahammar Municipality = = = +Surahammar Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Surahammar. + += = = Hallstahammar Municipality = = = +Hallstahammar Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Hallstahammar. + += = = Lindesberg Municipality = = = +Lindesberg Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Lindesberg. + += = = Nora Municipality = = = +Nora Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nora. + += = = Stenungsund Municipality = = = +Stenungsund Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Stenungsund. + += = = English Electric Lightning = = = +The English Electric Lightning is a British fighter jet. It is a twin-turbojet. It was used by the Royal Air Force for the Cold War and by air forces of Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. + += = = Enköping Municipality = = = +Enköping Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Enköping. + += = = Sigtuna Municipality = = = +Sigtuna Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Märsta. + += = = Ockelbo Municipality = = = +Ockelbo Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Ockelbo. + += = = Hudiksvall Municipality = = = +Hudiksvall Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Hudiksvall. + += = = Ljusdal Municipality = = = +Ljusdal Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Ljusdal. + += = = Hofors Municipality = = = +Hofors Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Hofors. + += = = Bollnäs Municipality = = = +Bollnäs Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Bollnäs. + += = = Nordanstig Municipality = = = +Nordanstig Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Bergsjö. + += = = Öckerö Municipality = = = +Öckerö Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Öckerö. + += = = Kramfors Municipality = = = +Kramfors Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Kramfors. + += = = Berg Municipality = = = +Berg Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Svenstavik. + += = = Storuman Municipality = = = +Storuman Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Storuman. + += = = Shemini Atzeret = = = +Shemini Atzeret ( – "the Eighth [day] of Assembly") is a Jewish holiday of the (Northern Hemisphere) autumn. In Israel, the date of the holiday is 22 Tishrei on the Hebrew calendar. Outside of Israel, it is two days long, on 22-23 Tishrei. On the Gregorian calendar, Shemini Atzeret comes in late September or early or middle October. +The holiday is best known for the celebration of Simchat Torah (�������� �������), "Rejoicing of the Torah", when Jews finish the annual cycle of reading the whole Torah out loud in synagogue. Outside Israel, "Simchat" Torah is celebrated on the second day of the holiday. Most people outside Israel use the name "Shemini Atzeret" for the first day only. They call the second day "Simchat Torah" because of this celebration. In Israel, the one day of the holiday is called by both names. +In some ways, this holiday is part of the holiday of Sukkot. The "shemini" ("8th") is the "8th day" of Sukkot. In other ways, this holiday is a separate holiday on its own, and not part of Sukkot. +Shemini Atzeret is an important Jewish holiday. Like on Shabbat and other important Jewish holidays, work is not allowed on Shemini Atzeret. +Sources in the Torah. +The holiday of Shemini Atzeret is in the Torah (Pentateuch) twice, at and at . The Torah does not say much about the holiday, though. +Shemini Atzeret and Sukkot. +The Torah says that this holiday falls on the eighth day of Sukkot. However, in the same paragraph, the celebrations of Sukkot are described as lasting "seven" days, not eight. The Talmud writes about this apparent(def. 2) problem. At the end of the section, the Talmud says that at the same time, +The laws and customs of Shemini Atzeret show both pieces of the holiday. +How Shemini Atzeret is celebrated. +Some Jewish holidays have special rituals, like the Seder of Passover or the sukkah, lulav and etrog of Sukkot. In the Torah, there are no rituals like that for Shemini Atzeret. But starting at the time of the Talmud, Shemini Atzeret became the holiday for finishing the annual reading of the Torah in the synagogue. The celebration of that—called Simchat Torah— has become the main feature(def. n2) of the holiday. +Simchat Torah. +In synagogues, one section of the Torah is read on every Shabbat of the year. The last section, from Deuteronomy, is read on the holiday of Shemini Atzeret. Over the last 1000 years, the reading of the last section has become a big celebration called Simchat Torah, or "Rejoicing of the Torah". This celebration is so important that the whole day of the celebration is called "Simchat Torah." In Israel, this celebration happens on the single day of the holiday, 22 Tishrei. Outside of Israel, it happens on the second of the two days, 23 Tishrei. +History. +The name "Simchat Torah" does not appear in the Torah or the Talmud. The Talmud says that the final section of the Torah is read on Shemini Atzeret. But it does not use the name Simchat Torah, and it does not describe a special celebration. The first reference to any kind of celebration comes from the perioddef. "n1" of the "Geonim" (7th-11th centuries CE). That source mentioned the custom of dancing with the Torah, which is still a custom today. +In modern times, Simchat Torah has become a day to show Jewish pride in public. +Simchat Torah evening. +Simchat Torah evening is a wikt:festive and child-friendly holiday. After the regular holiday evening prayers, all the Torahs are taken from the wikt:ark. Members of the synagogue march or dance around the synagogue seven times with the Torahs. Each time around the synagogue, the people pray "Save us! Answer us on the day we call!" Sometimes the dancing moves from the synagogue to the street outside. Sometimes the dancing can go late into the evening, with extra songs and prayers added. One very common custom is for people—especially children—to march or dance with flags, sometimes with candles or apples on top. At the end of the dancing in most synagogues, a piece of the last Torah portion in Deuteronomy is read in public. In Orthodox and Conservative synagogues, the very end of Deuteronomy is not read at night. But in Reform synagogues, it sometimes is. +Simchat Torah morning. +After the regular holiday morning prayers, the dancing and marching of the previous night are repeated. After that, every wikt:eligible adult member of the synagogue is called to the Torah for an "aliyah" (honor), says blessings, and has several verses of the Torah read. Depending on the size of the synagogue, this can take a long time. Different synagogues have different ways to do this: +Once all eligible adults have received an honor, the celebration comes to its highest point. The last three honors go to distinguished members of the synagogue: +For all of these honors, the person honored stands under a "tallit" (prayer ) held open like the "ḥuppa," or , in a Jewish wedding. +"Hakafot Shniyot". +In Israel, it has become common to add an extra night of celebration to Simchat Torah. This is called "Hakafot Shniyot" (Second Circuits). It happens on 23 Tishrei, the same night as Jews in the rest of the world celebrate Simchat Torah. This is a way for Jews around the world to show Jewish pride together. Because the holiday of Shemini Atzeret is over after one day in Israel, holiday restrictions do not apply. So "Hakafot Shniyot" can include things not normally allowed on Shabbat and Jewish holidays (like bands and photography). +Practices from Sukkot. +The Torah states that it is a requirement for Jews to be happy on Sukkot. The Talmud writes that this requirement lasts for eight days—the seven days of Sukkot "and" Shemini Atzeret. As part of this, Hallel is said in synagogue during the morning prayers of Shemini Atzeret. +In Israel, this is the only practice from Sukkot that continues into Shemini Atzeret. In every other way Shemini Atzeret is a separate holiday with separate practices. +Outside Israel, this is complicated by the Jewish law of adding an extra day to every Biblical Jewish holiday except Yom Kippur. The holiday of Sukkot, which lasts seven days in Israel lasts eight days outside Israel. But the eighth day is also the first day of the separate holiday of Shemini Atzeret. Sometimes the rules for the two holidays conflict. Figuring out the conflicts can be complicated. But the general rule is that +In practice, what happens "only outside of Israel" is that +None of this happens on the second day of Shemini Atzeret (Simchat Torah), because it is no longer an extra day of Sukkot. + += = = Strömsund Municipality = = = +Strömsund Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Strömsund. + += = = Bräcke Municipality = = = +Bräcke Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Bräcke. + += = = Krokom Municipality = = = +Krokom Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Krokom. + += = = Ragunda Municipality = = = +Ragunda Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Hammarstrand. + += = = Arvidsjaur Municipality = = = +Arvidsjaur Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Arvidsjaur. + += = = Arjeplog Municipality = = = +Arjeplog Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Arjeplog. + += = = Jokkmokk Municipality = = = +Jokkmokk Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Jokkmokk. + += = = Pajala Municipality = = = +Pajala Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Pajala. + += = = Gällivare Municipality = = = +Gällivare Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Gällivare. + += = = Älvsbyn Municipality = = = +Älvsbyn Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Älvsbyn. + += = = Överkalix Municipality = = = +Överkalix Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Överkalix. + += = = Övertorneå Municipality = = = +Övertorneå Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Övertorneå. + += = = Bjurholm Municipality = = = +Bjurholm Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Bjurholm. + += = = Åsele Municipality = = = +Åsele Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Åsele. + += = = Dorotea Municipality = = = +Dorotea Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Dorotea. + += = = Vilhelmina Municipality = = = +Vilhelmina Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Vilhelmina and it has 3 657 inhabitants (31 December 2010). + += = = Sorsele Municipality = = = +Sorsele Municipality () is a municipality in V��sterbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Sorsele. + += = = Robertsfors Municipality = = = +Robertsfors Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Robertsfors. + += = = Nordmaling Municipality = = = +Nordmaling Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Nordmaling. + += = = Vännäs Municipality = = = +Vännäs Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Vännäs. + += = = Norsjö Municipality = = = +Norsjö Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Norsjö. + += = = Malå Municipality = = = +Malå Municipality () is a municipality in Västerbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Malå. + += = = Katarina Church = = = +Katarina Church () is a church building in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1695. The church caught fire on 1 May 1723 and 17 May 1990. + += = = Sofia Church = = = +Sofia Church () is a church building in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1906, and named after Sofia of Nassau. + += = = Maria Magdalena Church = = = +Maria Magdalena Church () is a church building in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1634. + += = = William Scranton = = = +William Warren Scranton (July 19, 1917 – July 28, 2013) was an American Republican Party politician. +Scranton served as the 38th Governor of Pennsylvania from 1963 to 1967. From 1976 to 1977, he served as United States Ambassador to the United Nations. +Scranton was born on July 19, 1917 in Madison, Connecticut. He studied at Yale University. Scranton was married to Mary Lowe Chamberlain. They had four children. Scranton died on July 28, 2013 in Santa Barbara, California from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 96. + += = = Klara Church = = = +Klara Church () is a Swedish Evangelical Mission church building in Stockholm, Sweden. It was built in the 16th century. + += = = Bradley Whitford = = = +Bradley Whitford (born October 10, 1959 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American actor. He has played White House Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman on the NBC television drama "The West Wing", Danny Tripp on "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip", Dan Stark in the Fox police buddy-comedy "The Good Guys", Timothy Carter in the CBS series "The Mentalist", and Eric Gordon in the movie "Billy Madison". + += = = The Cabin in the Woods = = = +The Cabin in the Woods is a 2012 American horror movie directed by Drew Goddard and produced by Joss Whedon. It stars Kristen Connolly, Chris Hemsworth, Anna Hutchison, Fran Kranz, Jesse Williams, Bradley Whitford, Richard Jenkins, and Sigourney Weaver. It was released on April 13, 2012 to positive reviews. + += = = ParaNorman = = = +ParaNorman is a 2012 American animated comedy horror movie set in Massachusetts. It stars Kodi Smit-McPhee, Jodelle Ferland, Tucker Albrizzi, Anna Kendrick, Casey Affleck, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Leslie Mann, Jeff Garlin, Bernard Hill, Elaine Stritch, Tempestt Bledsoe, John Goodman, and Alex Borstein. It was released on August 17, 2012. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Film. + += = = Richard III, Duke of Normandy = = = +Richard III (997/1001 – 6 August 1027) was the Duke of Normandy. His short reign of one year opened with a rebellion by his younger brother Robert I and ended with his death. +Early career. +Richard III was the oldest son of Richard II, Duke of Normandy and his wife Judith of Brittany. He was born . Around the year 1120, Richard's father sent him in command of a large army to rescue his brother-in-law, Reginald I, Count of Burgundy. It was a distance of about 250 miles (400 kilometers) from Normandy. Richard III's capture of the castle of Minamde was enough to convince Bishop Hugh to surrender and release Reginald. +When his father died in August of 1026, as the oldest son, Richard III succeeded him as Duke of Normandy. By all accounts Richard III was accepted by the barons of Normandy and had no problems accepting his new role as duke. Richard III had given his younger son, Robert, the town of Exmes and the county of Hiemois. But once Richard III became duke, his younger brother Robert was not satisfied. He raided the diocese of his uncle Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen. He also captured his brother's city of Falaise. Robert's rebellion lasted through the end of 1026 and into early 1027. Finally Richard III laid to Falaise and brought the walls down. Robert surrendered and promised to be faithful. +Richard III then took the next step; he arranged with king Robert II of France to marry his young daughter, Adelis. She was given rich dowry which included the city and county of Coutances. Even though he was now newly married to a king's daughter, he already had children by a concubine. But unexpectedly Richard III died on 5 or 6 August 1027. He had a son named Nicholas, but the boy was immediately sent to the at Fécamp. With Nicholas out of the way the duchy passed to his Richard III's younger brother Robert, who became the sixth duke of Normandy as Robert I. +Marriage. +In January of 1027 he was married to Adela a younger daughter of Robert II of France and Constance of Arles. After Richard's death Adela secondly married Baldwin V, Count of Flanders. +Issue. +By his wife Adela he had no children. +By an unknown concubine he had at least two children: + += = = Tabernacle = = = +The Tabernacle was a tent used in the Book of Exodus as a temple or dwelling place of God. The word is still used in Catholicism for the box in which the Host or Eucharistic bread is kept, and for Non-conformist and Mormon churches. + += = = Non-conformism = = = +Non-conformism is a movement within English Protestantism which originated with the Puritans, later called Dissenters. These Christians refused to conform or submit to the rules of the Anglican church for doctrinal reasons, and so formed their own denominations, some Baptist, some Presbyterian. + += = = Mora Church = = = +Mora Church () is a church building in Mora in Sweden. It belongs to Mora Parish of the Church of Sweden. The church has become famous for being near the Vasaloppet finish line. + += = = Leksand Municipality = = = +Leksand Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Leksand. + += = = Rättvik Municipality = = = +Rättvik Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Rättvik. + += = = Munkfors Municipality = = = +Munkfors Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Munkfors. + += = = Hedemora Municipality = = = +Hedemora Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Hedemora. + += = = Smedjebacken Municipality = = = +Smedjebacken Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Smedjebacken. + += = = Malung-Sälen Municipality = = = +Malung-Sälen Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Malung. +The municipality was created in 1971. It was originally called Malung Municipality (). In 2007, the Government of Sweden decided to change the name as of 1 January 2008 to promote the ski resort of Sälen. + += = = Fagersta Municipality = = = +Fagersta Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Fagersta. + += = = Filipstad Municipality = = = +Filipstad Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Filipstad. + += = = Åmål Municipality = = = +Åmål Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Åmål. + += = = Mellerud Municipality = = = +Mellerud Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Mellerud. + += = = Putney = = = +Putney is a rich area of the London Borough of Wandsworth in south-west London. Its postcode is SW15. It is bordered to the north by the River Thames. It is easily accessible from Putney Bridge and the A3 main road; it has good connections to central London. The school Putney High is found on Putney Hill. + += = = Kil Municipality = = = +Kil Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kil. + += = = Grums Municipality = = = +Grums Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Grums. + += = = Forshaga Municipality = = = +Forshaga Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Forshaga. + += = = Hagfors Municipality = = = +Hagfors Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Hagfors. + += = = Torsby Municipality = = = +Torsby Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Torsby. + += = = Storfors Municipality = = = +Storfors Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Storfors. + += = = Eda Municipality = = = +Eda Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Charlottenberg. + += = = Säffle Municipality = = = +Säffle Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Säffle. + += = = Årjäng Municipality = = = +Årjäng Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Årjäng. + += = = Hammarö Municipality = = = +Hammarö Municipality () is a municipality in Värmland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Skoghall. + += = = Avesta Municipality = = = +Avesta Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Avesta. + += = = Ludvika Municipality = = = +Ludvika Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Ludvika. + += = = Gagnef Municipality = = = +Gagnef Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Gagnef. + += = = Orsa Municipality = = = +Orsa Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Orsa. + += = = English Electric Canberra = = = +The English Electric Canberra is a famous twin-turbojet British-Australian military aircraft. Originally designed and built as a bomber, it was later modified for reconnaissance and electronic warfare. It was used in the United Kingdom by the Royal Air Force, Fleet Air Arm, and the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Other operators are Argentina, Australia, Chile, Ecuador, Ethiopia, France, India, New Zealand, Peru, Rhodesia, South Africa, Sweden, Venezuela, West Germany, and Zimbabwe. +USA bought two aircrafts for aerial tests. English Electric Canberra was the basis of the Martin B-57 light bomber. + += = = Vansbro Municipality = = = +Vansbro Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Vansbro. + += = = Säter Municipality = = = +Säter Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Säter. + += = = Älvdalen Municipality = = = +Älvdalen Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Älvdalen. + += = = Kungsör Municipality = = = +Kungsör Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kungsör. + += = = Köping Municipality = = = +Köping Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Köping. + += = = Sala Municipality = = = +Sala Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Sala. + += = = Skinnskatteberg Municipality = = = +Skinnskatteberg Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Skinnskatteberg. + += = = Norberg Municipality = = = +Norberg Municipality () is a municipality in Västmanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Norberg. + += = = Sundbyberg Municipality = = = +Sundbyberg Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Sundbyberg. + += = = Martin B-57 Canberra = = = +The Martin B-57 Canberra is a U.S. licence built variant of the English Electric Canberra. Two variants were built for aerial reconnaissance and electronic warfare. The US Air Force used it in the Vietnam War. Pakistan was its single foreign operator. + += = = Strängnäs Municipality = = = +Strängnäs Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Strängnäs. + += = = Norrtälje Municipality = = = +Norrtälje Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in lower Sweden. The seat is in Norrtälje. + += = = Botkyrka Municipality = = = +Botkyrka Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Tumba. + += = = Haninge Municipality = = = +Haninge Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Handen. + += = = Huddinge Municipality = = = +Huddinge Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Huddinge. + += = = Salem Municipality = = = +Salem Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Salem. + += = = Mjölby Municipality = = = +Mjölby Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Mjölby. + += = = BAC TSR-2 = = = +The British Aircraft Corporation TSR-2 is a British military aircraft. It was a bomber project for the Royal Air Force. It was designed and built to carry a nuclear bomb. It was powered by the same kind of turbojets as the Concorde. Only one prototype was flown. + += = = Fieseler Fi 156 Storch = = = +The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch is a light single-engine twin-seat aircraft. It was built in Nazi Germany for Luftwaffe. It was used as light liaisons and communication duties in World War II. Some were used for reconnaissance. After the war it was built under licence in France as Morane Saulnier MS-500 Criquet. + += = = Dewoitine D.520 = = = +The Dewoitine D.520 is a French fighter aircraft. Its first flight was in 1938. It was, with the Morane Saulnier MS.406, the main fighter aircraft used by the French Air Force at the beginning of World War II. It was used in the Battle of France against Nazi Germany Luftwaffe fighters like Messerschmitt Bf 109. After the 1940s French defeat, some of there were delivered to Bulgaria and Luftwaffe. + += = = Heby Municipality = = = +Heby Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Heby. +Before 1 January 2007, the municipality was part of Västmanland County. + += = = Tierp Municipality = = = +Tierp Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Tierp. + += = = Östhammar Municipality = = = +Östhammar Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Östhammar. + += = = Laxå Municipality = = = +Laxå Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Laxå. + += = = Hällefors Municipality = = = +Hällefors Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Hällefors. + += = = Ljusnarsberg Municipality = = = +Ljusnarsberg Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kopparberg. + += = = Karkkila = = = +Karkkila is a city in Finland. About 9,111 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Lohja, Loppi, Tammela and Vihti. +Some villages. +Ahmoo, Alimmainen, Haavisto (Karkkila), Järvenpää (Karkkila), Karkkila, Nyhkälälä, Siikala, Tuorila, Vaskijärvi (village), Vattola and Vuotinainen. + += = = Lekeberg Municipality = = = +Lekeberg Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Fjugesta. + += = = Kumla Municipality = = = +Kumla Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kumla. + += = = Hallsberg Municipality = = = +Hallsberg Municipality () is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. The seat is in Hallsberg. + += = = Finspång Municipality = = = +Finspång Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Finspång. + += = = Gullspång Municipality = = = +Gullspång Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gullspång and Hova. + += = = Flen Municipality = = = +Flen Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Flen. + += = = Nokia, Finland = = = +"For the company, see Nokia." +Nokia is a town in Pirkanmaa, Finland. About 32,700 people lived there as of January 2014. Nearby municipalities include Hämeenkyrö, Pirkkala, Sastamala, Tampere, Vesilahti and Ylöjärvi. +Nokia is an industrial city and where products of many Finnish brands are made. The most notable is Nokia, which makes information technology products. In 2013, Nokia reported that it would sell its mobile phone division to Microsoft. + += = = Todd Orlando = = = +Todd Orlando (born July 26, 1986) is an American professional ice hockey defenseman. He is currently playing with the Elmira Jackals of the East Coast Hockey League. Orlando was born in Clinton Township, Michigan. His playing height is 6 ft 8 inches, his weight is 237 lbs, and he shoots left. +Minor career. +Todd Orlando grew up playing in and around the Detroit area. Orlando started his Junior "A" career in Detroit in the Central States Hockey League with the Michigan Metro Jets. Todd then moved on the play two seasons in Sarnia for the Sarnia (Ontario) Blast of the Western Ontario Hockey League. Todd's time with the Sarnia Blast set the tone for Todd's physical style of play. +College hockey. +Orlando played one season of collegiate hockey 2007-2008 for Oakland University (Rochester, Michigan). Todd was a standout defenseman for the Golden Grizzlies. +Professional hockey. +In July 2010, Todd Orlando was invited to participate in the NHL New York Rangers prospects camp at Madison Square Gardens in New York City. That year Todd also had a tryout with the Allen Americans of the Central Hockey League and later signed a contract with the Cincinnati Cylones of the East Coast League. The 2011-2012 season saw Orlando playing in Finland, first for Kokkola, and then for Hermes. +Todd signed a contract in August 2012 to play for the Alaska Aces of the East Coast Hockey League. Later in 2012-2013, Orlando played a combined 27 pro games, first for the Denver Cutthroats of the Central Hockey League, and finishing the 2012-2013 season playing for the Wheeling Nailers of the East Coast Hockey League. +In August 2013, Todd Orlando accepted an invitation to attend the main NHL training camp of the Philadelphia Flyers 2013-14 team with the training camp beginning on September 11, 2013. An injury suffered at the Flyers training camp forced Todd to leave camp early. Orlando did not play during the 2013-14 season. +On October 15, 2014, Todd Orlando signed a pro contract to play for the Elmira Jackals of the East Coast Hockey League for the 2014-2015 season. + += = = Rave = = = +A rave is a large party or festival with disc jockeys playing electronic music. Music played at raves include house, trance, techno, drum and bass, dubstep and other forms of electronic dance music (EDM). There is a lot of dancing. Raves also have laser light shows, projected images and other visual effects used to create a fantasy-like scene. Raves mostly developed from acid house music parties in the mid-to-late 1980s in England and Ibiza. From there, it quickly spread to mainland Europe and the United States. +Raves are usually organised and promoted by event companies. Some of the early companies promoting raves in England during the 1990s were Fantazia and Helter Skelter. Another was ESP Promotions, which held a series of raves named "Dreamscape". In London, there were a few large clubs that held raves on a regular basis. + += = = I'm So Excited! = = = +I'm So Excited is a Spanish comedy movie of 2013. The movie is about two bisexual pilots, Benito and Alex, and several homosexual stewards. During an airplane ride which could determine the remainder of their lives, an unchecked portion of the plane leaves them without part of the landing gear. This movie was released in summer 2013 in the United States. +The director of this movie is Pedro Almodóvar. This movie received mixed to positive review by critics. Its title comes from a Pointer Sisters hit song. + += = = Sälen = = = +Sälen [sæːlen] is a ski resort in Sweden. It is in Malung-Sälen Municipality in Dalarna County. It had 652 people living there in 2010. +The starting line for Vasaloppet is held in Sälen. + += = = Boxholm Municipality = = = +Boxholm Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Boxholm. + += = = The Other Woman (2014 movie) = = = +The Other Woman is a 2014 American comedy movie. Cameron Diaz, Leslie Mann and Kate Upton star in the movie. It is the first film Nicki Minaj has acted in. It was released in North America on April 25, 2014 by 20th Century Fox. It is about a woman (played by Diaz) who finds out that her boyfriend is married to another woman (played by Mann). Both women later find out that he is also having an affair with a younger woman (played by Upton). + += = = Vaxholm Municipality = = = +Vaxholm Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Vaxholm. + += = = Nynäshamn Municipality = = = +Nynäshamn Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nynäshamn. + += = = Edge of Tomorrow = = = +Edge of Tomorrow is an action and science fiction movie. The subject is humanity at war. Tom Cruise and Bill Paxton star in the movie. "Edge of Tomorrow" is distributed by Warner Brothers. The movie was released on June 6, 2014 in Canada and the United States. + += = = Danderyd Municipality = = = +Danderyd Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Danderyd. + += = = Gurdas Maan = = = +Gurdas Maan () is a Punjabi singer-songwriter and actor. His song "dil da maamla hai" was a national success in 1980. He acted in many movies like "Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh". + += = = Nacka Municipality = = = +Nacka Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nacka. + += = = Sollentuna Municipality = = = +Sollentuna Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Tureberg. + += = = Vallentuna Municipality = = = +Vallentuna Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Vallentuna. + += = = Tyresö Municipality = = = +Tyresö Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Tyresö. + += = = Ekerö Municipality = = = +Ekerö Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Ekerö. + += = = Sölvesborg Municipality = = = +Sölvesborg Municipality () is a municipality in Blekinge County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Sölvesborg. + += = = Järfälla Municipality = = = +Järfälla Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Jakobsberg. + += = = Österåker Municipality = = = +Österåker Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Åkersberga. + += = = Täby Municipality = = = +Täby Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Täby. + += = = Värmdö Municipality = = = +Värmdö Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Gustavsberg. + += = = Upplands Väsby Municipality = = = +Upplands Väsby Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Upplands Väsby. + += = = Upplands-Bro Municipality = = = +Upplands-Bro Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Kungsängen. + += = = Vingåker Municipality = = = +Vingåker Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Vingåker. + += = = Sekai no Owari = = = + is a Japanese rock band. It was formed in Tokyo in 2007. The band has four members: Satoshi Fukase, Saori Fujisaki, Shinichi "Nakajin" Nakajima, and DJ Love. They signed with the record label Toy's Factory in 2011. Their first single with this label was "Inori". This was released in August 2011. +The Origin Of The Name. +The origin of this band's name is that when Fukase broke down and felt like end of the world, he realized he only had music and friends. So, he thought he would start from end and named his band "SEKAI NO OWARI" +History. +They are friends from preschool to high school,but Saori is a year younger. The current DJ LOVE is the second. The first DJ LOVE left the band because he wanted to play different music. They started the band in 2006 in the "club EARTH" which they made themselves. In 2010,"The life of illusion"is first hit. Nowadays, they play the music all over the world. + += = = Trosa Municipality = = = +Trosa Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Trosa. + += = = Gnesta Municipality = = = +Gnesta Municipality () is a municipality in Södermanland County in central Sweden. The seat is in Gnesta. + += = = Tokyo Broadcasting System = = = +Tokyo Broadcasting System is a television company in Tokyo, Japan. It is a parent company of a television network named Tokyo Broadcasting System Television, Inc. and radio network named TBS Radio & Communications, Inc. + += = = Celestial coordinate system = = = +A celestial coordinate system is a coordinate system that helps astronomers specify the location of objects in the sky. These objects may be stars, planets or even satellites. There are several such coordinate systems listed below. All of them are spherical. +The fundamental plane divides the celestial sphere into two equal hemispheres and defines the baseline for the latitudinal coordinates, similar to the equator in the geographic coordinate system. The poles are located at ±90° from the fundamental plane. The primary direction is the starting point of the longitudinal coordinates. +Coordinate systems. +These are common coordinate systems used by the astronomical community: +Horizontal system. +The horizontal system is based on the position of the observer on Earth. It is a useful coordinate system for finding and tracking objects for observers on Earth. It is based on the position of stars relative to an observer's true or ideal horizon. +Equatorial system. +The equatorial coordinates are based on the position of stars relative to the Earth's equator. Imagine the Earth's equator extended out to an infinite distance. The equatorial describes the sky as seen from the solar system. "Modern star maps almost exclusively use equatorial coordinates". +Eclyptic system. +The fundamental plane is the plane of the Earth's orbit, also called the ecliptic plane. There are two versions: the geocentric ecliptic coordinates centred on the Earth, and heliocentric ecliptic coordinates centred on the centre of mass of the solar system. +The geocentric ecliptic system was the principal coordinate system for ancient astronomy and is still useful for computing the apparent motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets. +The heliocentric ecliptic system describes the planets' orbital movement around the Sun, and centres on the barycenter of the solar system. This is very close to the centre of the Sun). The system is mainly used for computing the positions of planets and other solar system bodies, and their orbits. +Galactic system. +The galactic coordinate system uses the approximate plane of our galaxy as its fundamental plane. The solar system is still the centre of the coordinate system, and the zero point is defined as the direction towards the galactic centre. 'Galactic latitude' means, roughly, the elevation above the galactic plane. 'Galactic longitude' is the direction relative to the centre of the galaxy. +Supergalactic system. +The supergalactic coordinate system is a fundamental plane with a higher than average number of local galaxies in the sky as seen from Earth. +Software. +There is standard software which does the calculations: + += = = Essunga Municipality = = = +Essunga Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Nossebro. + += = = Vara Municipality = = = +Vara Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vara. + += = = Vadstena Municipality = = = +Vadstena Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vadstena. + += = = Ödeshög Municipality = = = +Ödeshög Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ödeshög. + += = = Åtvidaberg Municipality = = = +Åtvidaberg Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Åtvidaberg. + += = = Kinda Municipality = = = +Kinda Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kisa. + += = = Ydre Municipality = = = +Ydre Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Österbymo. + += = = Varberg Municipality = = = +Varberg Municipality () is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Varberg. + += = = Falkenberg Municipality = = = +Falkenberg Municipality () is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Falkenberg. + += = = Hylte Municipality = = = +Hylte Municipality () is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Hyltebruk. + += = = Kungsbacka Municipality = = = +Kungsbacka Municipality () is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kungsbacka. + += = = Laholm Municipality = = = +Laholm Municipality () is a municipality in Halland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Laholm. + += = = Kungälv Municipality = = = +Kungälv Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kungälv. + += = = Mölndal Municipality = = = +Mölndal Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Mölndal. + += = = Orust Municipality = = = +Orust Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Henån. + += = = Tjörn Municipality = = = +Tjörn Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Skärhamn. + += = = Tjörn = = = +Tjörn is an island on the west coast of Sweden. Tjörn is part of Tjörn Municipality. The island is the 6th largest in Sweden. + += = = Värmdö = = = +Värmdö is an island close to Stockholm, on the east coast of Sweden. Most of Värmdö is part of Värmdö Municipality, while the western parts are in Nacka Municipality. + += = = Valdemarsvik Municipality = = = +Valdemarsvik Municipality () is a municipality in Östergötland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Valdemarsvik. + += = = Nybro Municipality = = = +Nybro Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Nybro. + += = = Torsås Municipality = = = +Torsås Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Torsås. + += = = Mönsterås Municipality = = = +Mönsterås Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Mönsterås. + += = = Högsby Municipality = = = +Högsby Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Högsby. + += = = Hultsfred Municipality = = = +Hultsfred Municipality () is a municipality in Kalmar County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Hultsfred. + += = = Älmhult Municipality = = = +Älmhult Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Älmhult. + += = = Alvesta Municipality = = = +Alvesta Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden and the seat is in Alvesta. + += = = Tingsryd Municipality = = = +Tingsryd Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tingsryd. + += = = Ljungby Municipality = = = +Ljungby Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ljungby. + += = = Lessebo Municipality = = = +Lessebo Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lessebo. + += = = Markaryd Municipality = = = +Markaryd Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Markaryd. + += = = Strömstad Municipality = = = +Strömstad Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Strömstad. + += = = Tanum Municipality = = = +Tanum Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tanumshede. + += = = Pays de Caux = = = +The Pays de Caux () is an area in Normandy, France. It makes up the greater part of the French "département" of Seine Maritime in Normandy. It is a chalk plateau to the north of the Seine Estuary and extends to the cliffs on the English Channel coast. Its coastline is called the Côte d'Albâtre. In the east, it borders on the Pays de Bray where the layers of soil below the chalk show through. +The area depends on manufacturing more than as agriculture. Even so, the soil quality of the Pays de Caux is the finest in France. It is also known for its fine fabrics. +Cauchois is a dialect of the Norman language. The Pays de Caux is one of the last places outside the Cotentin Peninsula where the Norman language is spoken. Its main cities are Le Havre, Dieppe, Fécamp, Yvetot and Étretat. +In the Norman language "caux" means lime, calcium carbonate. +Artistic connections. +The scenery of the Pays de Caux is only a short distance from Paris. Artists including Claude Monet and Gustave Courbet came there to paint. + += = = Pays de Bray = = = +The Pays de Bray is a small natural region of France. It is northeast of Rouen and is in the French départements of the Seine-Maritime and Oise. It was in the historic of Normandy and Picardy since 911. The landscape is mainly bocage, a land use which has to do with its clay soil. This makes it suitable for pasture for the raising of dairy cattle. It produces famous butters and cheeses such as Neuchâtel. + += = = Israel National Trail = = = +Israel National Trail (, "Shvil Yisra'el") is a hiking trail for hikers and backpackers that crosses the whole of Israel. In 2016 will be opened another path for bicycles that crosses Israel. + += = = Cakka Nuraga = = = +Cakka Nuraga (born August 18, 1998 in Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia) is a pop and rock Indonesian singer and actor. Cakka career as a singer began when Cakka pageant television talent search "Idola Cilik 2" and he was eliminated in the 7 finalists. Cakka is currently making a rock band named "The Finest Tree's" + += = = Bocage = = = +Bocage [boh-kahzh] is a Norman word which has found its way into both the French and English languages. It may refer to a small forest or a that includes leaves. But most often it refers to pastures bordered by thick forest or hedges. The trees and hedges around the pastures or fields are planted in earth . Between the planted mounds are sunken lanes. The word bocage forms part of the name for several towns in parts of Lower Normandy. The term Bocage Normandy refers to the area around Saint-Lô and Vire. +During World War II following the Allied Invasion of Normandy, the allies found themselves in 'hedgerow country' (bocage). It was ideal for German troops to hide in and not be seen until it was too late. The hedgerows were thick enough to hide tanks and artillery pieces. The final Allied of the bocage into open country took over eight weeks of fighting. + += = = International Academy of Architecture = = = +The International Academy of Architecture is a non-profit organization. It has as a special status in the United Nations Economic and Social Council. The Academy is located in Sofia, Bulgaria. + += = = World Architecture Festival = = = +The World Architecture Festival is an international festival dedicated to architecture. The festival started in 2008 in Barcelona. It has since then has been held in Singapore. + += = = World Urbanism Day = = = +The World Urbanism Day is an internatonal event for urbanism and urban planning held every year on 8 November in 30 countries. The event was established in 1949 by the University of Buenos Aires. + += = = Kittur Chennamma = = = +Kitturu Rani Chennamma (; born 23rd October 1778 in Kittur, Karnataka – died 21 February 1829) was the Queen of the princely state of Kittur, in what is now India. She was best known for leading an armed rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824. This was 33 years before the 1857 war of independence. The British were going to take control of Kittur under the doctrine of lapse, because there was no male heir. Yaseen the resistance ended with her martyrdom and she is remembered today as one of the earliest Indian rulers to have fought for independence. Along with Abbakka Rani, Keladi Chennamma and Onake Obavva she is much venerated in Karnataka as an icon of bravery and women’s pride. + += = = Surface-mount technology = = = +Surface-mount technology (SMT) uses electronic devices that are made to be placed directly onto the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs). +Examples of surface-mount devices are resistors, capacitors, LEDs and integrated circuits. Surface mounted devices are generally smaller than those used in the older through-hole technology, which need longer leads and holes in the circuit board. + += = = Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center = = = +Reichman University is a private university in Herzliya, Israel. +Until the year 2020, it was known as "Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center". + += = = University of Buenos Aires = = = +University of Buenos Aires (, UBA) is an Argentine public national university based in the city of Buenos Aires. It was founded on August 12, 1821 by the governor of the province of Buenos Aires, Martín Rodríguez, and his government minister, Bernardino Rivadavia. The UBA is the largest university in Argentina and is considered to be one of the most prestigious study centers in America and the world. According to the bases of its university statute, "it is a public law entity whose aims are: the promotion, dissemination and preservation of culture [...] being in direct and permanent contact with universal thought and paying particular attention to the Argentine problems" + += = = Through-hole technology = = = +Through-hole technology is a way to mount electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCB). +It involves the use of leads on the components that are inserted into holes drilled in the PCBs and soldered to pads on the opposite side either by manual assembly (handiwork) or by the use of automated insertion mount machines. +Many parts made for through hole mounting are larger than those for surface-mount technology. + += = = Munkedal Municipality = = = +Munkedal Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Munkedal. + += = = Lysekil Municipality = = = +Lysekil Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lysekil. + += = = Bengtsfors Municipality = = = +Bengtsfors Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Bengtsfors. + += = = Örkelljunga Municipality = = = +Örkelljunga Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Örkelljunga. + += = = Dals-Ed Municipality = = = +Dals-Ed Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ed. + += = = Färgelanda Municipality = = = +Färgelanda Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Färgelanda. + += = = Sotenäs Municipality = = = +Sotenäs Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kungshamn. + += = = Lilla Edet Municipality = = = +Lilla Edet Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lilla Edet. + += = = Uddevalla Municipality = = = +Uddevalla Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Uddevalla. + += = = Partille Municipality = = = +Partille Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Partille. + += = = Ale Municipality = = = +Ale Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Nödinge-Nol. + += = = Lerum Municipality = = = +Lerum Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lerum. + += = = Alingsås Municipality = = = +Alingsås Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Alingsås. + += = = Filter (electronics) = = = +Electronic filters are electrical circuits which perform signal processing functions, specifically to remove unwanted frequency components from the signal, to enhance wanted ones, or both. Electronic filters can be: +The most common types of electronic filters are linear filters, regardless of other aspects of their design. Digital filters use a Fourier transform. + += = = Bjuv Municipality = = = +Bjuv Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Bjuv. + += = = Ängelholm Municipality = = = +Ängelholm Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ängelholm. + += = = Eslöv Municipality = = = +Eslöv Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Eslöv. + += = = Staffanstorp Municipality = = = +Staffanstorp Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Staffanstorp. + += = = Trelleborg Municipality = = = +Trelleborg Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Trelleborg. + += = = Bromölla Municipality = = = +Bromölla Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Bromölla. + += = = Lund Municipality = = = +Lund Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lund. + += = = Lomma Municipality = = = +Lomma Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Lomma. + += = = Osby Municipality = = = +Osby Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Osby. + += = = Tomelilla Municipality = = = +Tomelilla Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tomelilla. + += = = Svedala Municipality = = = +Svedala Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Svedala. + += = = Klippan Municipality = = = +Klippan Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Klippan. + += = = Åstorp Municipality = = = +Åstorp Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Åstorp. + += = = Kävlinge Municipality = = = +Kävlinge Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kävlinge. + += = = Östra Göinge Municipality = = = +Östra Göinge Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Broby. + += = = Vellinge Municipality = = = +Vellinge Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vellinge. + += = = Båstad Municipality = = = +Båstad Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Båstad. + += = = Burlöv Municipality = = = +Burlöv Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Arlöv. + += = = Simrishamn Municipality = = = +Simrishamn Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Simrishamn. + += = = Skurup Municipality = = = +Skurup Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Skurup. + += = = Perstorp Municipality = = = +Perstorp Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Perstorp. + += = = Highway 1 (Israel–Palestine) = = = +Highway 1 (, "Kvish Ahat") is a road from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. It passes through Israel and the West Bank. It ends at the border with Jordan. + += = = Hässleholm Municipality = = = +Hässleholm Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Hässleholm. + += = = Svalöv Municipality = = = +Svalöv Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Svalöv. + += = = Höganäs Municipality = = = +Höganäs Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Höganäs. + += = = Hörby Municipality = = = +Hörby Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Hörby. + += = = Höör Municipality = = = +Höör Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Höör. + += = = Sjöbo Municipality = = = +Sjöbo Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Sj��bo. In 1988, there was a controversial referendum in the municipality, where the majority said no to admitting foreign refugees. + += = = Highway 2 (Israel) = = = +Highway 2 (, "Kvish 2") also called the Coast Road, is a highway in Israel along the north coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It connects Tel Aviv and Haifa. + += = = Tranemo Municipality = = = +Tranemo Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tranemo. + += = = Tibro Municipality = = = +Tibro Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tibro. + += = = Herrljunga Municipality = = = +Herrljunga Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Herrljunga. + += = = Mark Municipality = = = +Mark Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Kinna. + += = = Svenljunga Municipality = = = +Svenljunga Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Svenljunga. + += = = Grästorp Municipality = = = +Grästorp Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Grästorp. + += = = Vårgårda Municipality = = = +Vårgårda Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Vårgårda. + += = = Götene Municipality = = = +Götene Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Götene. + += = = Töreboda Municipality = = = +Töreboda Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Töreboda. + += = = Highway 20 (Israel) = = = +Ayalon Highway (, pronounced: "Netivei Ayalon", lit. "Ayalon Routes") is a highway system in the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. The main road goes through Tel Aviv and is called Highway 20. The road starts in HaMa'apilim Interchange near the cities Kfar Shmaryahu, Herzliya, Ramat HaSharon. It ends at Holot Interchange in Gan Sorek. It goes through the cities of Bat Yam, Holon and Rishon LeZion. It meets Highway 4. A railway line runs along the road with a major train station inside the gates road. In central Tel Aviv, the road passes a canal of the Ayalon River. + += = = Härryda Municipality = = = +Härryda Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Mölnlycke. + += = = Highway 50 (Israel–Palestine) = = = +Begin Road (, Begin Boulevard, Sderot Begin), also called Menachem Begin Expressway or Begin Highway, is an urban highway crossing western Jerusalem from north to south. It is named after Israel's sixth Prime Minister, Menachem Begin. The road starts at Atarot Junction and ends in HaMinharot Interchange. It connects to Road 60. + += = = International Union of Architects = = = +International Union of Architects (, or UIA) is an international organization of architects. The organization is based in Paris, France. + += = = Benedicta Boccoli = = = +Benedicta Boccoli (born in Milan, 11 November 1966) is an Italian actress. She performs mostly on stage. +She starred also in movies including "Gli angeli di Borsellino" (2003), "Valzer" (2007) and "Pietralata" (2008). +Her sister is actress Brigitta Boccoli. + += = = Tage Erlander = = = +Tage Erlander (born 13 June 1901 in Ransäter, died 21 June 1985 in Huddinge) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party. He was the Prime Minister of Sweden from October 1946 to October 1969. + += = = Per Albin Hansson = = = +Per Albin Hansson (born 28 October 1885 in Kulladal, died 6 October 1946 in Stockholm) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Social Democratic Party and promoted policy of welfare state. He was the Prime Minister of Sweden from 24 September 1932 to 6 October 1946, except for a short period in mid-1936. + += = = Rona Anderson = = = +Rona Anderson (3 August 1926 – 23 July 2013) was a Scottish actress. She was known for her roles in "Whose Life Is It Anyway?", "Sleeping Car to Trieste", "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie", and "Floodtide". +Anderson was born on 3 August 1926 in Edinburgh, Scotland. She was raised in Ottawa, Canada. Anderson was married to Gordon Jackson from 1951 until his death in 1990. They had no children. Anderson died on 23 July 2013 in Edinburgh, Scotland from natural causes, aged 86. + += = = Henryk Baranowski = = = +Henryk Baranowski (9 February 1943 – 27 July 2013) was a Polish theatre director and actor. He starred in two episodes of "The Decalogue" series directed by Krzysztof Kieślowski. +Baranowski was born on 9 February 1943 in Tarnopol, Poland (now Ternopil, Ukraine). He studied at the University of Warsaw. His career began in 1969. He retired in 2006. Baranowski died on 27 July 2013 in Warsaw, Poland from an illness, aged 70. + += = = Vickers Viscount = = = +The Vickers Viscount is a British airliner. It is a four-turboprop civilian aircraft. It can carry between 65 and 75 passengers. The Vanguard is an enlarged cargo aircraft variant. It was used by Air France, BOAC, United Airlines and many other airlines in the world. + += = = Bell P-59 Airacomet = = = +The Bell P-59 Airacomet is an American military aircraft. It was the first fighter jet designed and built in the United States. It was used in World War II against Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe fighters, but it was far below the best enemy aircraft of the time. It was finally replaced in end of 1946 by the Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star. The last one was retired in 1949. + += = = Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star = = = +The Lockheed P-80 Shooting Star is an American fighter jet. It made a few flyovers of Germany in the last weeks of the World War II. After this war it was used in Korean War. From 1948 its designation was changed to F-80 Shooting Star. +The United States Air Force was the main operator, but they were also used by Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay. +This aircraft was the basis of the famous training aircraft T-33 T-Bird and of the F-94 Starfire fighter jet. + += = = High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh = = = +The Dhaka High Court is a court in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was created in 1947 under Pakistan (Provisional Constitutional) Order 1947. + += = = Training aircraft = = = +A training aircraft, sometimes called a trainer, is an aircraft used to train future pilots and crews of aircraft. + += = = Caroline Aigle = = = +Caroline Aigle (12 September 1974 – 21 August 2007) was a French fighter jet pilot. She was born in Montauban. She was the first in France trained to fly a Mirage 2000. She died of a withering melanoma. She was mother of two boys. President of the French Republic Nicolas Sarkozy awarded her the Medal of Aeronautics by posthumous recognition. +A few weeks before her death, she was selected by the European Space Agency for training to be an astronaut. +Caroline Aigle graduates "École Polytechnique" and "École de l'Air". + += = = Huun-Huur-Tu = = = +Huun-Huur-Tu (Tuvan: "��� �����", "Khün Khürtü") is a music group from Tuva, a Russian Federation republic on the Mongolian border. +Huun Huur Tu performs throat singing, in which the singers sing more than one note at a time. One of the notes sometimes sounds like a flute, whistle or bird, but is actually a person's voice. +The group mostly uses native Tuvan instruments such as the "igil", "khomus" (Tuvan jaw harp), "doshpuluur", and "dünggür" (shaman drum). However, in recent years, the group has started using western instruments, such as the guitar. Huun Huur Tu's music is mostly Tuvan folk music, but they also experiment with Western instruments and electronic music. + += = = Guillermo Álvarez Guedes = = = +Guillermo Álvarez Guedes (1928 – July 30, 2013) was a Cuban businessman, writer and comedian. +Guedes was born in Unión de Reyes, Matanzas, Cuba in 1928. He was exiled to Miami, Florida. +Guedes wrote over 20 books. He also had albums, television programs and stand-up comedy appearances. This made him one of the most well-liked entertainers, among both the Hispanic public and fellow entertainers. +On July 30, 2013, Guedes died at his home in the Kendall neighborhood of Miami from a stomach illness. + += = = Kim Novak = = = +Kim Novak (born February 13, 1933) is an American actress. She was known for her roles in "Vertigo" (1958), "Middle of the Night" (1959), "The Notorious Landlady" (1962), "Of Human Bondage" (1964), and in "Liebestraum" (1991). +Novak was born on February 13, 1933 in Chicago, Illinois to parents of Czech descent. She studied at David Glasgow Farragut High School and at School of the Art Institute of Chicago. +Novak was married to Richard Johnson from 1965 until they divorced in 1966. Then she was married to Robert Malloy since 1976. They now live in Eagle Point, Oregon. Novak was diagnosed with breast cancer in 2010. She had treatment and has recovered. + += = = Jobs (movie) = = = +Jobs is a 2013 American biographical drama movie. The movie was based on the life of Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs. It stars Ashton Kutcher as Steve Jobs. J. K. Simmons, Matthew Modine, and James Woods also star in the movie. It was released on August 16, 2013. + += = = Central bank = = = +A central bank (or reserve bank) manages a state's currency, money supply, and interest rates. It may have custody of the country's sovereign wealth fund. +Central banks usually oversee the commercial banks of their country. It issues the national currency, the nation's money. It controls the overall supply of money. In contrast to a commercial bank, a central bank can increase or decrease the amount of money in the nation. +The oldest central bank is the Bank of England. The largest banks are now the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Federal Reserve of the United States. +Central banks usually also have supervisory powers. These powers are meant to prevent bank runs, and to stop commercial banks and other financial institutions doing reckless or fraudulent things. The relation between central banks and governments varies from country to country. +The chief executive of a central bank is normally known as the Governor, President or Chairman. + += = = Lateral line = = = +The lateral line is a system of sense organs found in fish, and not in land vertebrates. It detects movement and vibration in the surrounding water. Modified epithelial cells, known as hair cells, respond to changes around the fish. These turn the changes into electrical impulses which go to their central nervous system. +Lateral lines are used in schooling, predation, and orientation. For example, fish use their lateral line system to follow the vortices produced by fleeing prey. They are faint lines running lengthwise down each side, from the gill covers to the base of the tail. +In some species, the receptive organs of the lateral line have been modified to function as electroreceptors, which are organs used to detect electrical impulses. Most amphibian larvae and some fully aquatic adult amphibians have systems which work a bit like the lateral line. + += = = Spherical coordinate system = = = +A spherical coordinate system uses three numbers to identify a point in space.: Usually, two angles, and a distance from the origin of the coordinate system. If the point lies on the sphere, only the two angles are needed, because the distance from the origin is known. +The two angular numbers are related to lines of longitude and latitude on Earth. Earth's longitude is the same as the variable phi, which can be written as either formula_1 or formula_2 The latitude resembles the variable formula_3 (theta), except that some authors define formula_4 to be at the north pole instead of at the equator. + += = = Dan Schneider = = = +Daniel James Schneider (born January 14, 1966 in Memphis, Tennessee) is an American screenwriter, movie producer and actor. On the Internet, he is best known under the name of "DanWarp", because it is easier to remember. +Life and career. +Schneider was born in Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. on January 14, 1965. Born to Carol Carol Aisenberg Schneider and Harry Schneider. He is the youngest of four brothers and sisters. He went to Harvard University after his high school education and then he took acting courses in the "Memphis State University". +After his first movie role in 1983, he moved to Los Angeles. Since the '90s, he has been producer and author of successful comedy series like "iCarly", "Victorious" and "Sam & Cat". In 2003 he founded his manufacturing company called "Schneider's Bakery". The New York Times said that Scheidner is "the master of a television genre" in 2007. +Personal life. +Schneider lives in Hollywood and since 2002, he has been married with Lisa Lillien, who had a cameo role on the Nickeloden Television series Zoey 101 in 2005. + += = = Safety boot = = = +A safety boot is a boot that has steel to protect the person's toes. + += = = National anthem of South Africa = = = +National anthem of South Africa is the official national anthem of South Africa. The lyrics include five out of 11 official languages of South Africa - Xhosa, Zulu, Sesotho, Afrikaans and English. + += = = Rainer Maria Rilke = = = +Rainer Maria Rilke (4 December 1875 – 29 December 1926), was an Austrian poet and writer. His best-known works include the collection of poetry "Duino Elegies", "Sonnets to Orpheus", and the novel "The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge". +Rilke was born in Prague, Austro-Hungarian Empire. Rilke studied literature, art history, and philosophy in Munich and Prague. He travelled widely throughout Europe and North Africa. He died of leukemia in Montreux, Switzerland. + += = = Natsume Sōseki = = = +, born , was a Japanese novelist. He is well known around the world for some of the novels he wrote, like "Kokoro", "Botchan" and "I Am a Cat". He was born in Tokyo, Japan. Natsume Soseki graduated from the University of Tokyo, and he was to become a school teacher. Also he was a master of Ryūnosuke Akutagawa. +In Japan, many people think he was the greatest writer in recent Japanese history. + += = = Cable tester = = = +Cable tester is a device used used to test cables. It finds breaks, faults or cracks in cabling. Such devices may use electrical pulses or echoes for testing. + += = = Impedance matching = = = +In electronics, impedance matching is about connecting two electrical systems of which the impedances differ. Some audio devices use transformers for impedance matching. This is mainly used for tech systems in IT Departments +The concept of impedance matching is also used in optics, and roads. + += = = Robert I, Duke of Normandy = = = +Robert the Magnificent () (22 June 1000 - 1/3 July 1035), was the sixth Duke of Normandy from 1027 until he died returning from a pilgrimage. Robert's reign was a period in the history of Normandy. He was the father of William the Conqueror, who in 1066 became King of England. +Career. +Robert was the second son of Richard II of Normandy and Judith. He was probably born between 1005 and 1010. +Their father had decided that the older son, Richard III, would succeed him as duke. Robert would became Count of Hiémois. In August 1026 their father, Richard II, died and Richard III became the fifth duke. But once Richard III began to reign, Robert was not satisfied with his position. He raided the diocese of his uncle Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen. He also captured his brother's city of Falaise. Robert's rebellion lasted through the end of 1026 and into early 1027. Finally Richard III laid to Falaise and brought the walls down. Robert surrendered and promised his . +Early reign. +When Richard III died shortly after Robert's surrender, there were suspicions that Robert might have caused his brother's death. Robert was accepted, however, as the sixth duke following his brother. But the Robert I had started against his brother Richard III didn't stop when the two made peace. There were still many feuds which had started between neighboring barons. These continued in Normandy during much of Robert’s reign. It was also during this time that many of the lesser left Normandy to seek their fortunes in southern Italy and elsewhere. Soon after he became duke and possibly in revenge for supporting his brother, Robert I gathered an army and began raiding the lands of his uncle, Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen. Only a brief allowed his uncle to leave Normandy in exile. The Archbishop then placed an of on Robert and all of Normandy. The edict was only removed when Archbishop Robert was allowed to return and all his lands were restored. Robert also attacked another powerful church leader, his cousin Hugo d'Ivry, Bishop of Bayeux. Robert banished him from Normandy. Robert also seized a number of church properties belonging to the abbey of Fécamp. +Outside of Normandy. +In spite of all his troubles in Normandy Robert decided to get involved in the civil war in Flanders. This feud was between Baldwin V, Count of Flanders and his father Baldwin IV who the younger Baldwin had driven out of Flanders. Baldwin V, supported by king Robert II of France, his , was persuaded to make peace with his father in 1030. This happened only after Duke Robert promised the elder Baldwin his military support. +Robert gave shelter to Henry I of France against his mother, Queen Constance. The queen wanted her younger son Robert to succeed his father Robert II as king of France. For his help Henry I gave Robert the French Vexin. In the early 1030s Alan III, Duke of Brittany began to expand from the area of Rennes and appeared to have wanted the area around Mont Saint-Michel After raiding Dol and stopping Alan's attempts to raid Avranches, Robert mounted a major campaign against his cousin Alan III. However, Alan appealed to Archbishop Robert of Rouen (they were both his nephews). The Archbishop arranged a peace between Duke Robert and his vassal Alan III. +Robert's cousins, the Athelings Edward and Alfred, had been living in exile at the Norman Court. They were the sons of his aunt Emma of Normandy and Athelred, King of England. At some point Robert attempted an invasion of England on their behalf but was stopped by unfavorable winds. The king of England, Cnut the Great sent envoys to Duke Robert offering to settle half the Kingdom of England on Edward and Alfred. After postponing the invasion he chose to also postpone the decision until after he returned from Jerusalem. +The Church and his pilgrimage. +Robert's attitude towards the Church changed completely since his uncle's return from exile. To make up for what he had done to the Church earlier he restored all the property that he or his vassals had taken. He also decided to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem to make up for his sins. After making his illegitimate son William his heir, he set out on his pilgrimage. He travelled by way of Constantinople and reached Jerusalem. He fell seriously ill and died on the return journey at Nicaea on 2 July 1035. His son William, aged about eight, succeeded him. +According to the historian William of Malmesbury, decades later, Robert's son William sent a mission to Constantinople and Nicaea to return his father's body to Normandy for . Permission was granted, but, having travelled as far as Apulia (Italy) on the return journey, the learned that William himself had died. They then decided to Robert's body in Italy. +Issue. +By his concubine, Herleva of Falaise, he was father of: + += = = Asa Butterfield = = = +Asa Bopp Farr Butterfield (born 1 April 1997) is an English actor. He starred in the movie "The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas". He played young Mordred in the BBC TV series "Merlin". He played Norman in the 2010 movie "Nanny McPhee and the Big Bang". He played the title role in Martin Scorsese's 2011 movie "Hugo". He played Ender Wiggin in the movie "Ender's Game" based on the science fiction novel of the same title by Orson Scott Card. + += = = Highway 4 (Israel) = = = +Highway 4 (, "Kvish 2"), also called Geha Road, is a highway in Israel. It runs along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea from the northern border with Lebanon to the southern border with the Gaza Strip. + += = = Highway 5 (Israel–Palestine) = = = +Highway 5 (, "Kvish 5", or Trans-Samaria Highway , "Kvish Hotze Shomron") is a highway between Israel and the West Bank. It runs east to west. The road starts in Glilot Ma'arav Interchange in Tel Aviv and ends in Ariel Junction near the settlement of Ariel. + += = = Highway 6 (Israel) = = = +Trans-Israel Highway (also called Road 6/The Israel Turnpike, , "Kvish Shesh" (, "Kvish Chotzeh Yisra'el") is a main highway crossing Israel from north to south. A control center and the headquarters of the road authority is located at Kessem Interchange near Rosh HaAyin. + += = = List of French departments by population = = = +This table lists the 101 departments of France in descending order of population, area and population density. +Evolution. +Between 1999 and 2006 all French departments have grown in population with the exception of the following seven departments: Allier and Cantal in Auvergne, Creuse in Limousin, Ardennes and Haute-Marne in Champagne-Ardenne, Nièvre in Burgundy, and Vosges in Lorraine. +In contrast the seven departments that have gained the most population in absolute value are Haute-Garonne, Gironde, Bouches-du-Rhône, Seine-Saint-Denis, Loire-Atlantique, Hauts-de Seine, and Hérault. +Guadeloupe has seemingly lost population between 1999 and 2008. However, this diminution of the legal population is due to the creation of the overseas communities of Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin. + += = = Avro Shackleton = = = +The Avro Shackleton is a four-engine British military aircraft. Its first flight was in March 1949. The Royal Air Force started using it in 1951. It was out of service from 1991. It was also used by the South African Air Force. It was originally designed and built as an ocean and sea reconnaissance aircraft. It was also used as an electronic warfare plane. There were 185 of these built. + += = = Ponthieu = = = +Ponthieu is a former province in northern France. Its chief town is Abbeville. It lies centered on the mouth of the Somme River. It includes the townships of Crecy-en-Ponthieu, Nouvion-en-Ponthieu and Ailly-le-Haut-Bell. +History. +Norman conquest of England. +Ponthieu played a small role in the events that led up to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Harold Godwinson of England was blown ashore at Ponthieu in 1064. He was taken captive by the men of Guy I and held for ransom at the castle of Beaurain. Thinking Harold might be useful to him William II, Duke of Normandy, secured his release. William escorted him to Rouen and gave him many gifts. +william then had Harold take 'many oaths' to support his claim to the English throne and to become William's vassal. But a year after Harold's return to England when king Edward the Confessor died, Harold quickly forgot his oaths and took the crown for himself. That same year Harold was killed at Battle of Hastings and William became King of England. +In 1067 the chaplain of Matilda of Flanders, Guy, Bishop of Amiens, composed Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, a Latin poem on the battle of Hastings. +In 1150 the Count of Ponthieu built a fortress for himself at Crotoy, a strategic point on the mouth of the river Somme. +The Hundred Years' War. +During the Hundred Years' War, Ponthieu a number of times. The English claimed control of it from 1279–1369 and again until 1435. During English control of Ponthieu, Abbeville was used as the capital. +In late August 1346 Edward III of England reached the region of Ponthieu. While he was there rebuilt the fortress at Crotoy. He forced a passage of the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque. The army led by Philip VI of France caught up with him at nearby Crécy-en-Ponthieu, leading to the famous Battle of Crécy. +In 1360, the Treaty of Bretigny between King John II of France and Edward III of England gave control of Ponthieu (along with Gascony and Calais) over to the English, in exchange for Edward relinquishing his claim to the French throne. Edward took the land but still refused to surrender his claim. +In April, 1369 Charles V of France conquered Ponthieu. A month later he declared war on England. As a result, Edward publicly reassumed the title 'King of France' in June. +In 1372 an English army under the leadership of Robert Knolles invaded Ponthieu. They burned the city of Le Crotoy before crossing the Somme at the ford of Blanchetaque. +In the Treaty of Arras (1435), Charles VII of France convinced Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, to break his alliance with the English. In exchange he gave him Ponthieu. This marked a turning point that led to the end of England's part in the conflict 40 years later. +In 1477 Ponthieu was reconquered by King Louis XI of France. +In World War I between 1 July and 18 November 1916 the Battle of the Somme was fought in Ponthieu. It was one of the most costly battles ever fought with over 1,000,000 men killed or wounded. + += = = Antonov An-22 = = = +The Antonov An-22 (Ukrainian: ������� ��-22; NATO reporting name: Cock) is a Ukrainian cargo aircraft. It was used both by civilian and military operators. It's first flight was in 1965. The Soviet airline Aeroflot started using it in 1967. For military duties it was replaced by the An-124. + += = = Hawker Tempest = = = +The Hawker Tempest is a British fighter aircraft of World War II. It was also used as an attack aircraft. The Royal Air Force used it for rockets and bomb attacks for D-Day. + += = = Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat = = = +Arrival of a Train at La Ciotat is a French 1896 short black & white movie directed by Auguste Lumière and Louis Lumière. It is thought to be one of the first movies ever made. The short movie is simply about a train arriving to a station. It is about a minute long. + += = = John Graves (author) = = = +John Graves (August 6, 1920 – July 30, 2013) was an American writer. He was best known for his book "Goodbye to a River". +Graves was born on August 6, 1920 in Fort Worth, Texas. He studied at Rice Institute and at Columbia University. Graves was divorced from an early marriage. His family moved to Glen Rose, Texas. Graves continued writing shortly before his death on July 30, 2013 in Glen Rose, Texas from natural causes, aged 92. + += = = Dassault Étendard IV = = = +The Dassault Étendard IV is a French fighter jet. It is a single-turbojet aircraft. Its first flight was in 1958. It was first used by the French Navy's squadrons in 1962. It was used in the French aircraft carriers "Clemenceau" and "Foch". The last one was retired in 2000. The Super-Étendard is a modernized variant. + += = = Squadron = = = +A squadron is a military unit on land, at sea and in the air. +Armies: 80 to 600 soldiers with tanks, motorcycles, horses or armoured cars. +Navies: A number of destroyers, submarines, minesweepers or other warships. +Air forces. This usually includes several aircraft and pilots, crews and mechanics responsible for their action. + += = = McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle = = = +The McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle is a modernized variant of the F-15 Eagle. It was optimized as an attack aircraft for the US Air Force with a stronger airframe than earlier versions. It has longer range, more powerful radar, and a second seat for the operator of the strike aircraft equipment. Foreign operators are Israel, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, and South Korea. + += = = Douglas A-4 Skyhawk = = = +The Douglas A-4 Skyhawk is an American military jet aircraft. Its first flight was in 1954. It was first used by the US Navy in 1956. The Skyhawk was one of the main attack aircraft of the Vietnam War. +Many foreign countries used it, such as Argentina, Israel, Kuwait, and Singapore. The Argentina Air Force used theirs in the Falklands War for attacks against British forces. + += = = Douglas A-3 Skywarrior = = = +The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior is an American twin-turbojet military aircraft. Its first flight was in 1952. It was first used in 1956. It was originally designed and built as an attack aircraft. Later it was optimized for aerial refueling and electronic warfare as KA-3 and EA-3. The US Navy used it from aircraft carriers for the Vietnam War. The B-66 Destroyer is a variant built for the US Air Force. The Douglas A-3 Skywarrior has been out of service since 1991. The Skywarrior had a top speed of 621 mph, or 999 kph. + += = = Douglas B-66 Destroyer = = = +The Douglas B-66 Destroyer is an American strategic bomber. It was used by the US Air Force during the Cold War and the Vietnam War. It could carry a nuclear weapon. It is a variant of the A-3 Skywarrior. It was used between 1956 and 1975. Some variants were built as reconnaissance aircraft or electronic warfare, as RB-66 and EB-66. + += = = Dassault Super-Étendard = = = +The Dassault Super-Étendard is a French single-turbojet military aircraft. It is a fighter and attack aircraft. The French Navy started using it in 1978. In 2013, it is the second most important combat aircraft (after the Dassault Rafale). From 1995, all Dassault Super-Étendard of the French Navy are modernized as SEM or Super-Étendard Modernisés. It can carry many kinds of weapons like Exocet's missile, laser-guided bombs and a nuclear missile ASMP. +Foreign operators of this aircraft are Argentina and Iraq. Argentina used it in the Falklands War, destroying the British destroyer HMS "Sheffield". +The Dassault Super-Étendard is a modernized variant of the Dassault Étendard IV. + += = = Abbeville = = = +Abbeville is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. +Location. +Abbeville is on the Somme River, from its modern mouth in the English Channel. Most of the town is on the east bank of the Somme, as well as on an island. It is at the start of the Abbeville Canal, and is northwest of Amiens. In the medieval period, it was the lowest crossing point on the Somme. Edward III's army crossed nearby shortly before the Battle of Crécy in 1346. +Administration. +Abbeville was the capital of the former province of France of Ponthieu. Today, it is one of the three s of the Somme department. +Etymology. +The Romans occupied it and named it "Abbatis Villa". +Prehistory. +The name Abbeville has been adopted to name a category of paleolithic stone tools. These stone tools are also known as handaxes. Various handaxes were found near Abbeville by Jacques Boucher de Perthes during the 1830s. He was the first to describe the stones in detail. He pointed out in the first publication of its kind, that the stones were chipped deliberately by early man, so as to form a tool. These stone tools which are some of the earliest found in Europe, were chipped on both sides so as to form a sharp edge, were known as 'Abbevillian' handaxes or bifaces, but recently the term 'abevillian' is becoming obsolete as the earlier form of stone tool, not found in Europe, is known as the Oldowan chopper. Some of these are displayed at the museum Boucher-de-Perthes. +A more refined form from a later period of handaxe production was found in the Abbeville/Somme River district. The more refined handaxe became known as the Acheulean industry, named after Saint-Acheul, today a suburb of Amiens. It retained some importance into the Bronze Age. +History. +Abbeville during the ninth century was part of the diocese of Saint-Riquier. It was also an important fortress responsible for the defense of the Somme. Abbeville had a charter granted to it in 1184. Afterwards it was governed by the Counts of Ponthieu. Together with that county, it came into the possession of the Alençon and other French families. Afterwards it came into the possession of the House of Castile. By marriage it passed in 1272 to King Edward I of England. In 1435, by the treaty of Arras, it was to the Duke of Burgundy. In 1477 it was taken control of by King Louis XI of France. Later it was held by two illegitimate branches of the royal family in the 16th and 17th centuries, being in 1696 returned to the crown. In 1514, the town was the place where the marriage of Louis XII of France to Mary Tudor took place. She was the daughter of Henry VII of England. In 1685, it suffered a serious economic when the Edict of Nantes was repealed. The Protestants who were the majority of the skilled labor, left town. The town never fully recovered from the loss of their talents. +Abbeville was fairly important in the 18th century. Van Robais Royal Manufacture (one of the first major factories in France) brought great prosperity to the town. Voltaire, among others, wrote about it. +Abbeville was the birthplace of Rear Admiral Amédée Courbet (1827–85). His victories on land and at sea made him a national hero during the Sino-French War (August 1884 to April 1885). Courbet died in June 1885 in the Pescadores Islands. His body was brought back to France and buried in Abbeville on 1 September 1885 after a state funeral. Abbeville's old Haymarket Square (Place du Marché-au-Blé) was renamed Place de l'Amiral Courbet in July 1885. This was shortly after the news of Courbet's death reached France. A statue of Courbet was erected in the middle of the square at the end of the nineteenth century. The statue was damaged in a bombing raid during World War II. +On 12 September 1939 in Abbeville a conference took place. There France and the United Kingdom decided it was too late to send troops to help Poland in its fight against Germany. By this time Poland was already on the verge of defeat. After five years—in September 1944—Abbeville was liberated by the Polish First Armoured Division under General Maczek. +The Blitzkrieg. +In 1940, the Germans with the bulk of their armoured force in Panzer Group von Kleist achieved a breakthrough at Sedan with air support. The Panzer group raced to the coast of the English Channel at Abbeville. This isolated (20 May 1940) the British Expeditionary Force, Belgian Army, and some divisions of the French Army in northern France. The Battle of France was lost by the Allies. +Charles de Gaulle (17–18 May 1940), as a Colonel in this period, launched a in the region of Laon (see the map). He had 80 tanks to destroy the communication of the German armoured troops. His newly formed 4e Division cuirassée reached Montcornet, resulting in the Battle of Montcornet. But, without support, the 4th DCR was forced to retreat. There was another counterattack with the Battle of Abbeville. After Laon (24 May), de Gaulle was promoted to temporary general: "On 28 May (...) the 4th DCR attacked twice to destroy a pocket captured by the enemy south of the Somme near Abbeville. The operation was successful, with over 400 prisoners taken and the entire pocket mopped up except for Abbeville (...) but in the second attack the 4th DCR failed to gain control of the city in the face of superior enemy numbers." WWII was not kind to the buildings of the town as the famous 17th century Gothic Cathedral of St. Vulfran was nearly destroyed. +Economy. +Abbeville manufactures ; in particular, linens and tablecloths. It also has factories and spinning mills. Finally, it also makes locks and produces sugar. +Sights. +The city was very picturesque until the early days of the World War II. It was bombed mostly to rubble in one night by the Germans. The town overall is now mostly modern and rebuilt. Several of the town's attractions remain, including: +Transport. +Abbeville is served by trains on the line between Boulogne-sur-Mer and Amiens. Abbeville was the southern terminus of the Réseau des Bains de Mer, the line to Dompierre-sur-Authie opened on 19 June 1892 and closed on 10 March 1947. + += = = AM-39 Exocet = = = +The AM-39 Exocet is an anti-ship missile. It is designed and built in France by Aérospatiale. It can be used from a fighter aircraft, a warship or a submarine. It was used by Argentina against the Royal Navy's HMS "Sheffield". + += = = Véhicule Blindé Léger = = = +The Véhicule Blindé Léger or VBL (light armoured vehicle) is a four-wheel drive reconnaissance light military vehicle. It has been used by the French army since 1990. More than 25 foreign countries used it, including Gabon, Qatar, and Serbia. The US Army used it as M11 for hazardous material reconnaissance. Russia bought 500 of them in November 2012. +The vehicle is designed and built in France by Panhard. + += = = Subway Surfers = = = +Subway Surfers is a game where the player makes their character run until they lose. The game theme has been based on a world tour since the year 2013. The game is available on the iOS, Android and Windows phone operating systems. Subway Surfers claims to be the fourth most downloaded game of all time. + += = = Geographical Names Board of New South Wales = = = +The Geographical Names Board of New South Wales is the officialorganization that records details of places and geographical names in New South Wales, Australia. It was set up in 1966. The Board has nine members. +Members of the Board. +Four of the members (or someone who represents them) are: : +The other members are selected by: +Activities. +The "Geographical Names Act, 1966", gives the Board the right to name places, and to find out and decide on the form, spelling, meaning, pronunciation, origin and history of any geographical name. It also decides where and how the name can be used. +A place is any geographical or topographical feature or any district, division, locality, region, city, town, village, settlement or railway station or any other place within the territories and waters of the State of New South Wales. It does not include roads, any local government areas, urban areas, counties or districts under the Local Government Act, electoral districts, subdivisions, or schools. +The Board has the power to keep and promote Aboriginal languages and acknowledge Aboriginal culture through place naming in NSW. The Board does this by using traditional Aboriginal place names or names with Aboriginal origin wherever it can. The Board can give traditional Aboriginal names to features that have been given introduced names through its dual naming policy. +The Board's policy is the same as the U.S. Board of Geographical Names, which removes possessive names from all place names in NSW. Roads called Smith's Road are changed to Smiths Road or Smith Road. + += = = Candy Crush Saga = = = +Candy Crush Saga is a video game that was developed by King in April 2012. As of March 2013, Candy Crush Saga is the most popular game on Facebook. It has 45.6 million average monthly users. +How to play. +The aim of the game is to make matches of three or more candies vertically or horizontally. Depending on the type of level, the player must earn as much points as they can, or they must clear all the jelly, or they must allow ingredients to come to the bottom of the screen. Players can create striped candy by matching four candy in the same direction, wrapped candy if matching five candy in the shape of a T or L, or a color bomb if matching five candy in the same direction. If the player loses a level, they will lose lives. If they lose all their lives, the lives will need to recharge by time. +Review. +Some players love this game because they can spend a lot of time by playing it. +However, some people who hate this game think that it reduces the productivity of society. They are also worried that "Candy Crush Saga" makes children get addicted very easily. +Metacritic rated "Candy Crush Saga" as 76 out of 100. +In real life. +This game appeared in Psy's music video "Gentleman". +In Hong Kong, a minibus driver played "Candy Crush Saga" while he was in a traffic jam. +In Taiwan, a bakery provides cakes whose theme is "Candy Crush Saga". + += = = Rare = = = +Rare is a video game developer. Their headquarters is in England. In 2002, Microsoft bought Rare with a price of 3.75 billion. Former employees of Rare have established their own companies, including Free Radical Design, renowned for creating the TimeSplitters series, and Playtonic Games, known for Yooka-Laylee (2017). + += = = Emperor Takakura = = = +Emperor Takakura (20 September 1161 – 30 January 1181) was the 80th Emperor of Japan. He was the emperor before Emperor Antoku. Towards the end of his reign, he summoned a champion. A ruling clan, the Taira clan, showed their power by announcing their one year old son as Emperor. He was then renamed Emperor Antoku. He was not the only emperor at the time for Emperor Takakura was still Emperor. However he was given all the same privileges and power. He was there in case Emperor Takakura died, then there would straight away be another emperor in his place. + += = = Lagan = = = +Lagan is a river in the historical province of Halland in southern Sweden. + += = = Nissan (river) = = = +Nissan is a river in the historical province of Halland in southern Sweden. + += = = Viskan = = = +Viskan is a river in the historical province of Halland in southern Sweden. + += = = Ätran (river) = = = +Ätran is a river in the historical province of Halland in southern Sweden. + += = = Vaggeryd = = = +Vaggeryd is a locality in Vaggeryd Municipality in Jönköping County, Sweden. Together with Skillingaryd, it is the seat of the municipality. + += = = Malung = = = +Malung is a locality, and the seat of Malung-Sälen Municipality, in Dalarna County, Sweden. + += = = Gislaved = = = +Gislaved is a locality, and the seat of Gislaved Municipality, in Jönköping County, Sweden. + += = = Bad Piggies = = = +Bad Piggies is a puzzle video game. It is developed by Rovio Entertainment. Players have to help the green pigs to steal the egg of the "Angry Birds", a game that's also developed by Rovio. Being a spin-off of Angry Birds, the players control the pigs instead of the birds. It was last updated on the Play Store on August 24, 2018. The App Store version was last updated on February 1, 2020. +Gameplay. +Each level has a different mission. Players have to build a transport for the Freckled Pig. +As you proceed through the game, new materials can be unlocked, for example: At the beginning of the game you only receive wooden blocks and wheels that control the Freckled Piggy, but later, maybe in level 25 of Groundhog Day, you already unlocked certain types of engines or new wheels. +Like "Angry Birds", you can achieve 3 stars but unlike the original game, there is no score. You achieve stars by doing a mission or at least one for getting the piggy to the finish line + += = = Moscow Ring Road = = = +The Moscow Automobile Ring Road (), or MKAD ("����"), is a famous road around Moscow, Russia. The road was opened in 1961 as the third ring road around Moscow. + += = = Trans-Siberian Highway = = = +Trans-Siberian Highway is a highway system in Russia. It goes from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok. + += = = Saint Petersburg Ring Road = = = +Saint Petersburg Ring Road () is a ring road around Saint Petersburg, Russia. + += = = Galvanic isolation = = = +Galvanic isolation means separating two electrical structure from each other. One way to do it is to use a relay, another way to do it is to use an opto-isolator. Also transformer makes galvanic isolation. + += = = Opto-isolator = = = +An opto-isolator is an electronic component that can be used for galvanic isolation. It uses light for separating two circuits from each other. + += = = Värnamo = = = +Värnamo is a locality, and the seat of Värnamo Municipality, in Jönköping County, Sweden. + += = = Insulator (electricity) = = = +An electrical insulator is a material that does not easily allow flow of electricity through an electric current. Materials typically used to insulate include rubber, plastic and glass. In transformers and electric motors, varnish is used. Insulating gases such as Sulfur hexafluoride are used in some switches. Wires that carry electric currents are usually insulated so the electricity goes to the right place. +Insulator can mean not only the material but things that are made of that material. They are made of various materials such as: glass, silicone, rubber, plastic, oil, wood, dry cotton, quartz, ceramic, etc. +The type of insulator will depend on the uses. Insulators have high electrical resistivity and low conductivity. The insulators prevent the loss of current and make the current more efficient by concentrating the flow. +Insulator devices. +Electric power transmission uses three types of overhead insulator: pin insulator, suspension insulator, and strain insulator. + += = = Sung Jae-ki = = = +Sung Jae-ki (; ���, 11 September 1967 – 26 July 2013) was a South Korean human- and civil-rights activists, Liberalism thinkers. From 2008 to 2013, he was the first leader of 'Man of Korea' (), a men's rights and men's liberalism civic group. he was abolition activity of ministry of woman. He was early leaders of South Korean Men's liberation movements, In 1999 to 2013, he actively participated in liberalism movement, gender liberation movement, anti-feminist movement until his death. +he was devoted to male liberation and male right advocacy. also he was Men's shelter and Crime victims male rescue activities. In 2013, himself off under Mapo Bridge. because his debt for $200 million. nickname was Shimheon(�� ��) and Shimheon(�� ��), 'Chungjuk(�� ��), Chinise name was Imsung(�� ��). penname was Bluewolf(�� �� ��), Tongbalbass(����), Tongball(��). +Life. +Sung was born Hyomokdong in Daegu. he was studying Daeryun middle school, Daeryun high school and Yeungnam University(1985-1993). In 1987 until 1990, he served in the army, 11th Infantry Division, at Dongsong town, cheolwon in Province Gangwon. In his early years, he was a business man. after 2000 to November 2006, he was Operate Thomas MacFly consulting & headhunting company(��� ���� ��� & ����), in Daegu and Busan, Seoul. +In 1990s, he was to Controversy, Oppositions of South Korean feminists, feminist movements. In 1999 to 2013, he was take part activity of anti-feminism movement and masculinity movement, libertarian movements. In October until December 1999, he was joint to the movement against to abolition of hojuje(��� ��). hojuje was setting is one representative of the family was this family's one husband or fathers. +In 2001, he joined the human- and civil-rights movements. On 26 December 2006 he joined the anti-feminism men's liberation club. In 2008, he joined a men's rights movement club. +In 2008, more civic groups, feminists of South Koreas were against for two children's custody of Seong-Min Cho, Divorced famouse baseball player of South Korea. reason was violence of Cho's. Sung was only Advocacy to Seong-Min Cho, Sung was said Cho was two child's father and only living parents. +In 2001 to 2013 Sung Jae-ki was abolition activity of ministry of woman. he was a leader of Men's Association, a human right group, 2008 to 2013. He argued for the abolition of the Ministry of Woman (Ministry of Gender Equality). He also argued for men's rights, sexual liberal, mens liberations. but that during his debt for $200 million. He was his life was devoted entirely to the movement of liberation movements liberalism Gender and Korean, and made it possible to introduce improvements on all male rights, offer of male shelter and Protective Facility. but criticism and prejudice Along with debt, in marked the biggest setback. +In 2011 he was opened to temporary accommodation at Yengdeungpo and Samsung-Dong at Gangnam, Victims Men of Domestic Violence. it's burden of expenses is personal expense. also his temporary accommodation of Victims Men of Domestic Violence was accept to gay, male transgender people. some South Korean gay and transgender people was kicked out of there house. +In 2011 - 2013 he was given protection of Crime Victims Male, Youth Runaway and street children. also accept of homeless, gay, and transgender people. his life was devoted entirely to sexual Liberation Movement and liberalism Movement of Korean. he was support to possible improvements in Male human rights and offer of shelter and refuge of male. +in 2013, he was in debt collectors. July 26, he was jumping suicide of bridge railing for han river. that he was the last said, "Male is a human!(��� ����.)" 3days later, his body was found at Mapo Bridge, in Seoul. burial was Gyongsan park cemetery. + += = = Yakovlev Yak-38 = = = +The Yakovlev Yak-38 is a Soviet military single-turbojet aircraft. It was designed and built as a fighter aircraft. It was also used as attack aircraft. The Soviet Navy was the only operator. The aircraft is a vertical take-off & landing aircraft. It was retired from service in 1993. NATO called it Forger. + += = = Dipole speaker = = = +A dipole speaker is a type of a loudspeaker. The sound typically only comes out of the front and back. Dipole spekers do not usually produce very low frequencies because the structure loses audiodynamics the lower the frequency is. With audio crossover is possible to correct frequency response, but there are still limits. This problem can be solved by using a subwoofer. + += = = Sommarkrysset = = = +Sommarkrysset is a Swedish television program. It is broadcast live from the Gröna Lund amusement park in Stockholm during summer. It was first shown on 3 June 2005. + += = = Askola = = = +Askola is a municipality in southern Finland. Almost 5,000 people lived there 2013. There are famous giant's kettles in Askola, called "Askolan Hiidenkirnut". Askola's neighbouring municipalities are Myrskylä, Mäntsälä, Pornainen, Porvoo and Pukkila. +Farming has been important in Askola for a long time. + += = = Bingolotto = = = +Bingolotto is a Swedish game show. It was established in 1988 as a lottery. It was originally broadcasted over local Gothenburg TV on 16 January 1989. It aired on TV4 for first time on 19 October 1991. The popularity peaked in the 1990s. + += = = Nordman = = = +Nordman is a Swedish ethnopop group. They were especially popular in the 1990s. + += = = Charles the Simple = = = +Charles III (17 September 879 – 7 October 929), called the Simple or the Straightforward (from the Latin "Carolus Simplex"), was the King of the Franks from 898 until 922 and the King of Lotharingia from 911 until 919–23. He was a member of the Carolingian dynasty. +Early life. +Charles was the third and posthumous son of Louis the Stammerer by his second wife, Adelaide of Paris. As a child, Charles was not allowed to become king in 884 when his half-brother Carloman died. The Frankish nobles instead asked his cousin, Charles the Fat, to rule over them. King Charles the Fat was not a good king so he was removed (deposed) in November 887. He died soon after in January 888. The nobility elected Odo, the hero of the Siege of Paris as their king. Charles Simplex was put under the protection of Ranulf II of Aquitaine who used the royal title himself until making peace with Odo. +King of Western Francia. +In 893 Charles was finally crowned by part of the nobility who were opposed to Odo. He was crowned at Reims Cathedral but was not fully accepted as king until Odo died in 898. +In 911, a group of Vikings lead by Rollo besieged Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to negotiate with Rollo. The talks were led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims. This resulted in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, which granted Rollo and his soldiers all the land between the river Epte and the sea. It also granted him Brittany, "for his livelihood". At the time, Brittany was an independent land which France had not been able to conquer. In exchange, Rollo promised the king his loyalty and military assistance when needed. Also Rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry Gisela, the king's daughter. The territory given Rollo is about the same as Upper Normandy. This would grow to become Normandy under Rollo's descendants. +Also in 911, Louis the Child, the King of Germany, died. The nobles of Lotharingia made Charles their new king even though some had elected Conrad of Franconia king. Charles had tried to win their support for years. In April 907 he married a Lotharingian noblewoman named Frederuna. He also defended Lotharingia twice against attacks by Conrad, King of the Germans. Queen Frederuna died on 10 February 917 leaving six daughters and no sons. so Charles did not have an heir. On 7 October 919 Charles married again to Eadgifu of Wessex (England). She was the daughter of Edward the Elder, King of England. She bore him his only son, the future King Louis IV of France. +Charles' had a favorite at court, a man named Hagano. This turned his nobles against Charles. He gave Hagano several monasteries that already belonged to other barons which angered them. Charles also turned the new duke, Gilbert against him. He turned his support to the German king Henry the Fowler in 919. Not everyone in Lotharingia was against Charles; he kept the support of Wigeric. +Revolt of the nobles. +Finally the nobles seized Charles in 920. They were tired of Charles' policies and his favoritism of count Hagano. +But after negotiations by Archbishop Herveus of Reims the king was released. +In 922 the Frankish nobles revolted again led by Robert of Neustria. Robert was Odo's brother and was elected king by the rebels. Charles had to flee to Lotharingia. On 2 July 922, Charles lost his most faithful supporter, Herveus of Reims. Charles returned with a Norman army in 923 but was defeated on 15 June near Soissons by Robert, who died in the battle. Charles was captured and in a castle at Péronne under the guard of Herbert II of Vermandois. Charles' English wife Eadgifu and their son Louis fled to England. Robert's Rudolph of Burgundy was elected to succeed him. In 925 the Lotharingia became part of the Kingdom of Germany. Charles died in prison on 7 October 929 and was buried at the nearby abbey of Saint-Fursy. His only son by Eadgifu would later be crowned in 936 as Louis IV of France. +Family. +Charles married first, in May 907, Frederuna, daughter of Dietrich, Count in the Hamaland. Together they had six daughters: +In 919 Charles married secondly Eadgifu of Wessex. Together they had: +Charles also had several illegitimate childen: + += = = Jill Johnson = = = +Jill Johnson (born 24 May 1973, Ängelholm, Sweden) is a country singer from Sweden. She participated for Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1998 with the song "Kärleken är", finishing 10th. She had a major hit in Sweden in 2003 with the Melodifestivalen song "Crazy in Love". +Several of her albums have chartered at Sverigetopplistan. + += = = Cheung Chau = = = +Cheung Chau is an island of Hong Kong. It is a famous scenic spot of Hong Kong. Each year, the Cheung Chau Bun Festival is held there. +Cheung Chau is located between Lamma Island and Lantau Island. + += = = Freda' = = = +Freda' (Swedish for "Friday") is a pop group from Gnosjö in Sweden. It was first active from 1983–1993. Singer and songwriter Uno Svenningsson had a solo career before the band was re-united in 2009. The group is named for "Friday" (the day of the week) because they won a rock band competition on a Friday. The group broke through in 1986 with the song "Vindarna". They received a Grammis award in 1988 and again in 1990. + += = = Cantonese Wikipedia = = = +Cantonese Wikipedia is the Cantonese version of Wikipedia. It was created in 2006. +The Cantonese Wikipedia has over articles. +The website is https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org. + += = = Yakovlev Yak-3 = = = +The Yakovlev Yak-3 is a Soviet single-engine fighter aircraft. It was one of the main military aircraft used in USSR for World War II. The first flight was in 1941. It started being used in 1943. Some were used by French pilots of the "Groupe Normandie-Niemen". +After the war, some were used in Poland and Yugoslavia. More than 4,800 were built. + += = = Robert Curthose = = = +Robert Curthose (–1134), sometimes styled Robert II or Robert III, was the Duke of Normandy from 1087 until 1106. He was also Count of Maine. His reign as Duke is noted for the conflicts he had with his brothers in England. This led to the dukedom of Normandy being reunited with crown of England. +Early career. +Robert was the eldest son of William the Conqueror, the first Norman king of England, and Matilda of Flanders. Robert was born . As a child he was to Margaret, the heiress of Maine. But she died before they could be wed. Robert didn't marry until he was in his late forties. +Robert was brought up among William's . As a result, he became a skilled warrior. But unlike his father he expected to live a life of pleasure and luxury. In 1063, his father made him the count of Maine when he was contracted to marry Margaret. But Robert had no authority. The county was actually run by his father until 1069 when the county revolted and reverted to Hugh V of Maine. Still, he had been made his father's heir. Twice the barons had taken an oath of fealty to him as their future leader. +In 1077 Robert got into an argument with his father. He demanded to rule Normandy which he had on at least on occasion while William was in England. William was not able to reason with his son and Robert left angry. The next day Robert and his followers attempted to seize Rouen. The siege failed. After rebelling against his father all he could do was go into exile. +Robert first went to Chateauneuf-en-Thymerais. He then fled to Flanders to the court of his uncle Robert I, Count of Flanders. +In the spring of 1080 Robert was back on good terms with his father. He again made Robert his heir for Normandy in the presences of his barons. Later that summer or early fall Robert went with his father to England. William placed Robert in charge of a large army to march north and deal with King Malcolm III of Scotland. Malcolm had been raiding the north of England while William was occupied in Normandy. When the two armies drew near each other, Malcolm did not want to fight. He again swore fealty to king William and gave hostages. Robert remained in England with his father until the end of 1081. Events in Maine caused William and Robert to return to Normandy. Fulk IV, Count of Anjou had been attacking in Maine again trying to get control away from Normandy. William and Robert led a great army into Maine to confront the Angevin count. Before the fighting could start, a cardinal and several monks stopped the battle. They called for a truce and after much negotiation one was agreed to. The count of Anjou was to let Normandy have Maine, but Robert, as count of Maine, had to recognize Fulk IV as his overlord for Maine. When Queen Matilda died in 1083 Robert seemed to abandon his father. He and his mother had been very close. +In 1087, the Conqueror died of wounds suffered from a riding accident during a siege of Mantes. At his death he reportedly wanted to disinherit his eldest son but was persuaded to divide the Norman dominions between his two eldest sons. To Robert he granted the Duchy of Normandy and to William Rufus he granted the Kingdom of England. The youngest son Henry was given money to buy land. Of the two elder sons Robert was considered to be much the weaker and was generally preferred by the nobles who held lands on both sides of the English Channel since they could more easily circumvent his authority. At the time of their father's death the two brothers made an agreement to be each other's heir. However this peace lasted less than a year when barons joined with Robert to displace Rufus in the Rebellion of 1088. It was not a success, in part because Robert never showed up to support the English rebels. +Robert took as his close adviser Ranulf Flambard, who had been previously a close adviser to his father. Flambard later became an astute but much-disliked financial adviser to William Rufus until the latter's death in 1100. +In 1096, Robert left for the Holy Land on the First Crusade. At the time of his departure he was reportedly so poor that he often had to stay in bed for lack of clothes. In order to raise money for the crusade he mortgaged his duchy to his brother William for the sum of 10,000 marks. +When William II died on 2 August 1100, Robert was on his return journey from the Crusade and was about to marry a wealthy young bride to raise funds to buy back his duchy. As a result, his brother Henry was able to seize the crown of England for himself. Upon his return, Robert – urged by Flambard and several Anglo-Norman barons – claimed the English crown on the basis of the short-lived agreement of 1087. In 1101, he led an invasion to oust his brother Henry; he landed at Portsmouth with his army but his lack of popular support among the English as well as Robert's own mishandling of the invasion tactics enabled Henry to resist the invasion. Robert was forced by diplomacy to renounce his claim to the English throne in the Treaty of Alton. It is said that Robert was a brilliant field commander but a terrible general in the First Crusade. His government (or misgovernment) of Normandy as well as his failed invasion of England suggests that his military skills were little better than his political skills. +In 1105, however, Robert's continual stirring of discord with his brother in England as well as civil disorder in Normandy itself prompted Henry to invade Normandy. Orderic reports on an incident at Easter 1105 when Robert was supposed to hear a sermon by the venerable Serlo, Bishop of Sées. Robert spent the night before sporting with harlots and jesters and while he lay in bed sleeping off his drunkenness his unworthy friends stole his clothes. He awoke to find himself naked and had to remain in bed and missed the sermon. +In 1106, Henry defeated Robert's army decisively at the Battle of Tinchebray and claimed Normandy as a possession of the English crown, a situation that endured for almost a century. Captured after the battle, Robert was imprisoned in Devizes Castle for twenty years before being moved to Cardiff. +In 1134, Robert died in Cardiff Castle in his early eighties. Robert Curthose, sometime Duke of Normandy, eldest son of the Conqueror, was buried in the abbey church of St. Peter in Gloucester. The exact place of his burial is difficult to establish – legend states that he requested to be buried before the High Altar. His effigy carved in bog oak, however, lies on a mortuary chest decorated with the attributed arms of the Nine Worthies (missing one – Joshua, and replaced with the arms of Edward the Confessor). The effigy dates from about 100 years after his death and the mortuary chest much later. The church subsequently has become Gloucester Cathedral. +Family. +Robert married Sybilla of Conversano, daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi, Count of Conversano (and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard, another Norman duke) on the way back from Crusade, one child: +Robert also had at least three illegitimate children: + += = = Push-pull aircraft = = = +A push-pull aircraft is a type of aircraft whose principle is a twin engine. The first engine is propulsion. The second is tractive. The first push and the second pull. On the outside, these aircraft are noticeable by their two propellers: one in front and one in back. + += = = October (album) = = = +October is the second album by Irish rock band U2. It was released on 12 October 1981. The album is about spirituality. It got mixed reviews and it was not played much by radio stations. +Recording. +After touring for Boy, U2 began to write new songs. The band started recording in the studio in July 1981. Then Bono lost his notebook with the lyrics after a show in Portland, Oregon. He had to make up the words to songs as he was singing on the microphone. His lost notebook was returned many years later, in 2004. Bono said its return was "an act of grace". +Reception. +When it was released, "October" got more mixed reviews than their first album, "Boy". +Dave McCullough of "Sounds" magazine praised the album. He said: "A kind of zenith pop then, no half measures. It all breathes fire... 'Gloria' being possibly Their Finest Moment and 'Tomorrow', low and muted, gently oozing emotion". McCullough also said, "This "October" will last forever". +Adam Sweeting of "Melody Maker" also gave a good review. He said: "Their whole musical sensibility is shaped by a strong emotional bond to their homeland and its traditions. It gives them a completely different frame of reference from most groups... +But, "NME" gave a negative review. Barney Hoskyns talked about the "excessive plaintiveness of Bono's voice and the forced power of U2's sound". He also said: "Obviously rock doesn't expire just because groups run out of ways to change it... U2, I guess, will continue to 'move' in live performance, but they will only move on the lightest surface. Their music does 'soar'... But then 'God' knows, there are other religions". +Track listing. +All of the songs were written by U2, and all of the lyrics were written by Bono. + += = = Pornainen = = = +Pornainen is a municipality in southern Finland. About 5,162 people lived there in 2013. Nearby municipalities are Askola, Mäntsälä, Porvoo and Sipoo. + += = = Alavus = = = +Alavus () is a city in Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 12,349 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alajärvi, Kuortane, Seinäjoki, Virrat and Ähtäri. + += = = Virrat = = = +Virrat is a city in Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 7,344 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alavus, Keuruu, Kihniö, Mänttä-Vilppula, Ruovesi, Seinäjoki, Ylöjärvi and Ähtäri. + += = = Southeast Division (NBA) = = = +The Southeast Division is one of three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Atlantic Division and the Central Division. The five teams in this division are the Atlanta Hawks, Charlotte Hornets, Miami Heat, Orlando Magic, and the Washington Wizards. + += = = Piaggio P.180 Avanti = = = +The Piaggio P.180 Avanti is an Italian twin-turboprop civilian aircraft. It can carry between seven and nine passengers. It is used for executive transport. + += = = Battle of Shiloh = = = +The Battle of Shiloh was a battle in the American Civil War. It was fought on April 6 and April 7, 1862, in Tennessee. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. +Background. +The Union Army of the Tennessee was commanded by Ulysses S. Grant. Grant had captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in western Tennessee during the early months of 1862. This forced the Confederate Army to leave Kentucky, western Tennessee, and central Tennessee. +Grant wanted to capture the city of Corinth, Mississippi, next. But his superior, Henry W. Halleck, didn't want Grant to go any further south until other Union soldiers joined him. So Grant moved his army to a place called Pittsburg Landing, which was on the Tennessee River. There was a church near the landing called Shiloh Church. His army stayed there for several weeks. +General Albert Sidney Johnston commanded the Confederates. Johnston's second-in-command was P. G. T. Beauregard. Beauregard came up with a plan to recapture western Tennessee. Confederate soldiers from all over the Western theater gathered in Corinth. Then, starting on April 3rd, they marched north toward Grant's army. The Confederate Army was ready to attack on the morning of the 6th. +The Battle. +The battle started around dawn on April 6th. The Confederates surprised the Union Army. After fighting all day, Grant's army retreated back to Pittsburg Landing. Johnston was killed during the battle, and Beauregard took over the Confederate Army. +More Union soldiers arrived at the battlefield during the night. They were part of the Army of the Ohio, commanded by Don Carlos Buell. +Grant attacked the Confederates the next morning. The two armies fought all morning and during the afternoon. By 4 p.m., Beauregard decided to retreat back to Corinth. +Aftermath. +The Confederates lost 10,698 casualties during the battle. Union soldiers buried the Confederate dead on the battlefield. The Union Army lost about 14,500 casualties during the battle. + += = = Panavia Tornado = = = +The Panavia Tornado is a twin-turbojet attack and electronic warfare aircraft. It was built by three European countries: Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Its first flight was in 1974. Its introduction was in 1979. The Royal Air Force used it in the Gulf War, war in Afghanistan, and war in Libya. Saudi Arabia also uses this aircraft. +The Tornado ADV is a fighter variant. + += = = Electronic warfare = = = +Electronic warfare is all military techniques for aerial reconnaissance, spying, and radar jamming. In electronic warfare, missiles like AGM-45 Shrike or AGM-88 Harm can be used to destroy radar or communication systems. Examples include deciphering encrypted messages, such as the messages decoded due to the British reverse engineering of the German Enigma. + += = = Nippon Sei Ko Kai = = = +The Nippon Sei Ko Kai is the Japanese branch of the Anglican Communion. + += = = Hearse = = = +A hearse is a car used to transport a coffin. It is usually used to go to a cemetery. Hearses are usually black or gray. They are driven by a mortician. + += = = Shfela = = = +Shfela (, Shephelah, also called , Shfelat Yehuda, "Judean foothills") is a region in Israel. It is between the Judaean Mountains and the south coast of the Mediterranean Sea. + += = = Brunel University London = = = +Brunel University London (BUL) is a public research university in London, England. It is named after Isambard Kingdom Brunel. In June 1966, Brunel College of Advanced Technology was given a royal charter and eventually became Brunel University London. The university is often described as a British plate glass university. +Brunel University London is sorted into three colleges. It is this way because of a major internal reorganization in September 2014. The University has over 16,150 students and 2,500 staff. They had a total income of £237 million in the 2019–20 school year. 30% of this income came from grants and research contracts. Brunel University London has three constituent academic colleges: The College of Business, Arts and Social Sciences; The College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences; and The Colleges of Health, Medical, and Life services. Brunel University London is part of the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the European University Association, and Universities UK. + += = = Sharon plain = = = +The Sharon plain ( "HaSharon") is a region in Israel. It is on the northern coast of the Mediterranean Sea between Tel Aviv and Haifa. It starts at the Yarkon River in Tel Aviv and ends at Mount Carmel. + += = = Hassan Ademov = = = +Hassan Ahmed Ademov (), (born 24 January 1953), is a Bulgarian politician of Turkish origin. + += = = Alice Haldeman = = = +Sarah Alice (Addams) Haldeman (June 5, 1853 – March 19, 1915) was a United States craftswoman, banker and philanthropist. She was the sister of social activist Jane Addams. +She was born in Cedarville, Illinois. Haldeman died from pneumonia. She outlived her husband and managed his bank after his death. + += = = Charles Brenton Huggins = = = +Charles Brenton Huggins (September 22, 1901 – January 12, 1997) was a Canadian-born American physician, physiologist, and cancer researcher at the University of Chicago specializing in prostate cancer. He was awarded the 1966 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that hormones could be used to control the spread of some cancers. +Huggins was born on September 22, 1901 in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He studied at Acadia University and at Harvard University. Huggins died on January 22, 1997 in Chicago, Illinois from natural causes, aged 95. + += = = Hugh Dempster = = = +Hugh Dempster (August 3, 1900 – April 30, 1987) was a British theatre and movie actor. +Dempster was born on August 3, 1900 in London, England. +He starred in "Vice Versa", "Anna Karenina", "The Winslow Boy", "The Fan", "Scrooge", "The House Across the Lake", and in "The Ghost Train". +Dempster died from pneumonia on April 30, 1987 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 86. + += = = James B. Bradwell = = = +James Bolesworth Bradwell (April 16, 1828 – November 30, 1907) was an American lawyer, judge, and a representative from Illinois. +Bradwell was born April 16, 1828, at Loughborough, England to American parents. He was raised in Utica, New York and in Jacksonville, Illinois. In 1852, he married Myra Colby. They had four children. Bradwell died on November 30, 1907 in Chicago, Illinois from pneumonia, aged 79. + += = = Thomas Reed (architect) = = = +Thomas Reed (1817–1878), was a Danish architect. +He was born in the 19th century in the Saint Croix Island (in the time when it was a dependent territory of the Kingdom of Denmark) in 1817. +He studied in Germany and England, and arrived to Colombia in 1847. In Bogotá he was contracted to build the Colombian National Capitol by the president Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera. He also designed the Panopticon prison which was adapted in 1975 for the Colombian National Museum. +Reed died in 1878 in Guayaquil, Ecuador, aged 61. + += = = Reading (disambiguation) = = = +Reading is a way of getting information that is written. +It may also refer to: + += = = Glenn Plummer = = = +Glenn E. Plummer (born August 18, 1961) is an American actor. He was born in Richmond, California. He has acted in many movies and TV series. He married DeMonica Santiago-Plummer in 2001. They have two children. Santiago-Plummer filed for divorce in February 2013. + += = = Jacki Weaver = = = +Jacqueline Ruth "Jacki" Weaver (born 25 May 1947) is an Australian actress. +Career. +Weaver played in many movies, TV productions and theater performances since the 1970s. In 1971, she got an "Australian Film Institute Award" for her performance in the movie "Stork" as "Anna". She got an award in the category supporting role for her performance in "Caddie" in 1976. +In 2010, she was best known for her role as "Janine Cody" in "Animal Kingdom". She got many prizes for it, including the Australian Film Institute, the "National Board of Review Award", the "LAFCA-Award" and the "Satellite Award" in the category supporting actress. +In 2012, she played in the movie "Silver Linings Playbook". For this performance, she got an Academy Award nomination in the category supporting actress. + += = = Glasnost = = = +Glasnost () was a policy that called for increased openness in government institutions and activities in the Soviet Union. It was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s. Glasnost is often paired with Perestroika (restructuring), another reform instituted by Gorbachev at the same time. The word "glasnost" has been used in Russian at least since the end of the 18th century. +The word was often used by Gorbachev for policies he believed might reduce corruption at the top, and moderate the abuse of power by the Central Committee. Russian human rights activist and dissident Lyudmila Alexeyeva explained glasnost as a word that "had been in the Russian language for centuries. It was in the dictionaries and lawbooks as long as there had been dictionaries and lawbooks. It was an ordinary, hardworking, nondescript word that was used to refer to a process, any process of justice of governance, being conducted in the open". +Glasnost can also refer to the specific period in the history of the USSR during the 1980s when there was less censorship and greater freedom of information. + += = = Nerve cord = = = +The nerve cord is a bundle of nerve fibres which run the length of an animal's body. In invertebrates it runs along the ventral side under the gut. In chordates it runs along the dorsal side above the gut. +In vertebrates it runs inside the backbone, and is called the spinal cord. + += = = Ion Creangă = = = +Ion Creangă (1 March 1837, Humulești, Romania – 31 December 1889, Iași) was a Romanian writer. He wrote all kinds of stories including his autobiography "" (English: "Childhood memories"). + += = = Vasile Alecsandri = = = +Vasile Alecsandri (21 June 1821, Bacău – 22 August 1890, Mircești) was a Romanian poet, politician, minister, and diplomat. He founded the Romanian Academy and Romanian Theatre. + += = = Tower of Saviors = = = +Tower of Saviors is a video game which is developed in Hong Kong. Since July 2013, this game has been downloaded over 5,000,000 times. Seventy-five percent of players are Taiwanese. +Copying issue. +The gameplay and characters are similar to "Puzzle & Dragons", a Japanese game. The person in charge said that the game has referenced other games, such as "Puzzle & Dragons". + += = = Outboard motor = = = +An outboard motor is traditionally an engine that is used with boats. With those is no need for oars. An outboard motor can be an electric motor, which doesn't pollute at all. + += = = Interest rate = = = +An interest rate is how much interest is paid by borrowers for the money that they borrow. It is usually a percentage of the sum borrowed. So, a simple 10% interest means that if one borrows $100, one pays back $110. +Interest rates in a country are usually guided by a base rate set by its central bank. The interest rate to businesses and citizens is always above the base rate . + += = = Pirkka-Pekka Petelius = = = +Pirkka-Pekka Petelius (born 31 May 1953, Tornio) is a Finnish actor and singer. He started in the 1970s. He was born in Tornio. In 1975, he moved to Helsinki. He has released six albums. + += = = John Amis = = = +John Preston Amis (17 June 1922 – 1 August 2013 ) was a British broadcaster, classical music critic, music administrator, radio and television personality, and writer. He was a writer for "The Guardian" and to BBC radio and television music programming. +Amis was born on 17 June 1922 in Dulwich, London, England. He studied at Dulwich College. Amis was the cousin of Kingsley Amis. In 1949, he married the violinist Olive Zorian. The marriage was dissolved in 1955 and Zorian died in 1965. Amis died on 1 August 2013 from natural causes, aged 91. + += = = Invaders Must Die (song) = = = +"Invaders Must Die" is a song by the British electronic band The Prodigy. It was released on the band's website on 26 November 2008. It was the first single from the album "Invaders Must Die". + += = = Junkers Ju 88 = = = +The Junkers Ju 88 is a twin-engine military aircraft. It was built in Nazi Germany. It was used as a bomber, fighter, and reconnaissance in World War II. Its first flight was in 1936. It was first used in 1939. At least 15,000 were built. It was one of the major Luftwaffe aircraft. It was used for the Battle of France and the Battle of Britain. + += = = Grumman X-29 = = = +The Grumman X-29 was an experimental United States aircraft. It aimed to test the technology of forward-swept wing and other technologies. It first flew in 1984. Tests were stopped in 1991. It was a single-turbojet aircraft. It was used by NASA. + += = = General Atomics MQ-1 Predator = = = +The General Atomics MQ-1 Predator is an American unmanned aerial vehicle. It is used by the US Air Force and the CIA for reconnaissance and as light attack aircraft. It is a single-engine aircraft. It was used in Afghanistan and Iraq. Its main weapon is the AGM-114 Hellfire light missile. +Italy, Morocco, and UAE are foreign operators. + += = = Avro 504 = = = +The Avro 504 is a British training aircraft. It was used for World War I. It is one of the first British military aircraft. It is a twin-seat and single-engine biplane. Some were used in Belgium, France, Portugal, and USA. + += = = Pica d'Estats = = = +Pica d'Estats (Catalan and Spanish: "Pica d'Estats", French: "Pic d'Estats") is a 3,143-m-high mountain in the Montcalm Massif, Pyrenees. on the Spanish–French border. +In France, it is the highest point in the Department of Ariège. In Spain, it is the highest point of the autonomous community of Catalonia and of the province of Lleida. +Geography. +The summit of this mountain is on the border of the Regional Natural Park of the Pyrenees of Ariége (). The Pica d'Estats is in a group of mountains that forms the "Massif du Montcalm", and is the highest of the mountains in the East-Central Pyrennes. +The summit has three peaks, all very close to each other: +The group of three peaks runs north-northwest to southeast along the Spanish–French border. +Geologie. +The summit of Pica d'Estats is made of granite. +Climate. +Even with its altitude, the Pica d'Estats does not have much snow. +History. +The first ascent of this peak was made by Corabœuf & Jean-Jacques Testu in 1827. Henry Russell climbed this peak in June 1864. + += = = Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte = = = +The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte was signed in the autumn of 911. It was a treaty between Charles the Simple and Rollo, one of the leaders of the Vikings living in Neustria. It was to protect Charles' kingdom from any new invasion by the "Northmen. In 911, a group of Vikings lead by Rollo Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles decided to try to reach an agreement with Rollo. The talks were led by Hervé, the Archbishop of Reims. The result was the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. The treaty granted Rollo all land between the river Epte and the sea in exchange for his fealty. In addition, the treaty granted Rollo Brittany "for his ". At the time, Brittany was an independent region which France had not been able to control. In exchange, Rollo promised the king his loyalty, which involved military assistance for the protection of the kingdom. As a token of his good will, Rollo also agreed to be baptised and marry Gisela a daughter of king Charles. +The territory covered by the treaty is nearly the same as today’s Upper Normandy down to the Seine river. It would later extend west beyond the Seine to form the Duchy of Normandy, named for the northmen who ruled it. The treaty was entered into after the death of Alan I, King of Brittany and at the time another group of Vikings occupied Brittany. Around 937 Alan I's son, Alan II returned from England to expel those Vikings from Brittany. This happened in 939. During this period the Cotentin Peninsula was lost by Brittany and gained by Normandy. + += = = Epte = = = +The Epte is a river in Seine-Maritime and Eure, in Normandy, France. It is a tributary of the river Seine. It begins in Seine-Maritime department in the Pays de Bray, near Forges-les-Eaux. The river empties into the Seine not far from Giverny. +In 911 the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte established the river as the historical boundary between Normandy and Île-de-France. This divided the traditional county of the Vexin into two parts. The Norman Vexin became a part of Normandy while the French Vexin remained a part of the Île-de-France. A series of castles were built on both banks of the Epte to guard this frontier. +Claude Monet lived at Giverny near the river for more than forty years. In his garden, by diverting a branch of the Epte, he established a water garden with its famous water-lily pond and a Japanese-style bridge. The river appears in several of his works, including "Peupliers au bord de l'Epte" (Poplars on the Banks of the Epte). + += = = Puzzle & Dragons = = = +Puzzle & Dragons is a Japanese mobile game. It was developed by GungHo Online Entertainment. There is a role-playing game at the top where the player gets to fight dragons and other monsters. The lower part of the screen is a puzzle game. Players have to replace the gems and connect three gems of the same color. + += = = Electrostatic loudspeaker = = = +An electrostatic loudspeaker is a design of speaker. The sound is generated by force placed on a membrane suspended in an electrostatic field. The electrostatic loudspeaker is almost like magnetostatic loudspeaker but it does not use high currents, it uses high voltages. The membrane (a thin film) is controlled by voltage, and it moves between metal plates which are full of small holes. +The sound quality from modern models of electrostatic loudspeaker is good. + += = = Public address system = = = +A public address system, commonly known as a PA system, is a network of sound devices that can play sound to several people. They are often used to make announcements in large buildings or neighbourhoods. In big spaces outdoors, amplifiers and loudspeakers have to be very loud. Otherwise the volume would be too small to be heard by everybody. + += = = Ion Luca Caragiale = = = +Ion Luca Caragiale (1 February 1852, Haimanale, Romania – 9 June 1912, in Berlin, Germany) was a Romanian playwright, novelist, poet, theatre director and journalist. + += = = Amazing Alex = = = +Amazing Alex, which is developed by Rovio Entertainment, is a puzzle game. +Review. +In Google Play, this game is rated as 4.3 out of 5 stars. +In Pocket Gamer, Harry Slater, a player of this game, prefers "Angry Birds" to "Amazing Alex". He said, "That's not to say that Amazing Alex isn't an addictive experience - it's just that compared to Angry Birds, there's less excitement involved. You rarely feel like throwing your arms in the air when you've completed a puzzle, for example, and the absence of any kind of antagonist reduces the stakes slightly." + += = = Tolleshunt Knights = = = +Tolleshunt Knights is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001, there were 1028 people living there. Tolleshunt Knights is located about 1 mile south-east of Tiptree. + += = = Woodham Mortimer = = = +Woodham Mortimer is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 502 people living in Woodham Mortimer. + += = = Woodham Walter = = = +Woodham Walter is a village and civil parish in Maldon District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 583 people living in Woodham Walter. + += = = Canewdon = = = +Canewdon is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1477 people living in Canewdon. Canewdon is between Ashingdon, Paglesham and Stambridge. + += = = Hullbridge = = = +Hullbridge is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 6445 people living in Hullbridge. + += = = Rawreth = = = +Rawreth is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1003 people living in Rawreth. + += = = La Rosaleda = = = +La Rosaleda is a football stadium in Málaga, Spain. The Rosaleda Stadium was one of the seventeen host stadiums of the 1982 FIFA World Cup, hosting three matches. + += = = Little Burstead = = = +Little Burstead is a village and civil parish in Basildon Borough, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 397 people living in Little Burstead. + += = = Lyriel = = = +Lyriel is a German band. The band plays folk rock. + += = = Ramsden Bellhouse = = = +Ramsden Bellhouse is a village and civil parish in Rochford District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 730 people living in Ramsden Bellhouse. Ramsden Bellhouse is located between the towns of Wickford and Billericay. + += = = Kelvedon Hatch = = = +Kelvedon Hatch is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 2563 people living in Kelvedon Hatch. + += = = Mountnessing = = = +Mountnessing is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1132 people living in Mountnessing. + += = = Stondon Massey = = = +Stondon Massey is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 748 people living in Stondon Massey. The word 'Stondon' means stone hill’ and the word Massey is comes from Serlo de Marci. + += = = West Horndon = = = +West Horndon is a village and civil parish in Brentwood District, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1482 people living in West Horndon. + += = = Shelland = = = +Shelland is a village and civil parish in Mid Suffolk, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 39 people living in Shelland. Shelland has a church called King Charles the Martyr. + += = = Richmond, North Yorkshire = = = +Richmond is a town and civil parish in Richmondshire, North Yorkshire, England. In 2011 there were 8413 people living in Richmond. + += = = Bishop Auckland = = = +Bishop Auckland is a town and civil parish in County Durham, England. In 2011 there were 16,276 people living in Bishop Auckland. + += = = Todmorden = = = +Todmorden is a town and civil parish in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England. In 2011 there were 15481 people living in Todmorden. The town hall is found in the middle of the settlement overlooking the main market area. The market attracts many visitors. Wednesday, Friday and Saturday are the main days to find traders on the outdoor stalls. However, the indoor market is open six days a week. +There is also a park that usually has two ice-cream vans. There are seven primary schools in Todmorden. In Todmorden there are three churches, but only one is still functional. There are many monuments in Todmorden, including Stoodley Pike, the John Fielden Statue and The Lucky Dog. The Lucky dog sits in the left hand back corner of what used to be the old Todmorden Hospital that was used in the war to treat injured soldiers and citizens. + += = = William Clito = = = +William "Clito" (1102–1128), was the Count of Flanders and Duke of Normandy. His "Clito" was a Latin term meaning the same as the Anglo-Saxon "". Both "Clito" and "Atheling" signified a "man of royal blood", or the modern term "prince". +History and family. +Youth. +William was the son of Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, and his wife Sybilla of Conversano. She was the daughter of Geoffrey, Count of Conversano (in southern Italy). His father, the Duke of Normandy was defeated and captured by his brother Henry I of England at the Battle of Tinchebrai in (1106). Robert Curthose went with Henry I to Falaise where Henry met his nephew the young William Clito for the first time. Henry placed his nephew in the custody of Helias of Saint Saens, Count of Arques. Helias had married a daughter of Duke Robert, his friend and lord. The boy William stayed under the care of Helias until August 1110. At that time the king suddenly sent agents to demand the boy be handed over to him. At the time Helias was away from home. But his servants hid the boy and smuggled him to their master. Helias fled to safety among Henry's enemies. +First Norman Rebellion, 1118–19. +William’s first refuge was with King Henry’s great enemy, Robert de Bellême, who had extensive lands south of Normandy. When Robert of Bellême was captured in 1112, William and Helias fled to the court of the young Count Baldwin VII of Flanders who was another of William’s cousins. In 1118 a number of Norman counts and barons were tired enough of King Henry to ally with Count Baldwin. They took up William Clito’s cause and started a dangerous rebellion. +The Norman border counts and Count Baldwin were too powerful for the king to fight. They seized much of the north part of Normandy. But the campaign quickly ended when count Baldwin was injured at the siege of Arques (September 1118). The next year the cause of William Clito was taken up by Louis VI of France. He invaded Normandy down the river Seine. On 20 August 1119 the French king was met by the troops of King Henry at the Battle of Brémule. Louis and his army were defeated. +William Clito was riding as a knight with the French king’s guard that day. He narrowly escaped capture when the French lost the battle. The next day his cousin, King Henry’s son, William Adelin, sent him back the horse he had lost in the battle with other "necessities" as a matter of chivalry. The rebellion collapsed, but the French king continued to support him. Louis brought his case to the pope’s attention in October 1119 at Reims, and forced Henry I to give reasons for his harsh treatment of the exiled boy. +Second Norman Rebellion, 1123–24. +On 25 November 1120 tragedy struck Henry I of England. His son, William Adelin was among the nobles who drowned when the White ship sunk in the English Channel. The loss of King Henry’s only legitimate son, changed William Clito’s fortunes. He was now the obvious male heir to England and Normandy. A significant party of Norman nobles took up his cause. Henry's problems became worse. His his son William Adelin had been promised in marriage to Matilda of Anjou, the daughter of Count Fulk V of Anjou. Fulk now wanted her dowry, including several castles and towns in Maine, returned. But Henry flatly refused. Fulk then promised his daughter Sibylla to William Clito, giving him the county of Maine as her dowry. King Henry then appealed to canon (Church) law and the marriage was eventually (not legal) in August 1124. The William and Sibylla were too closely related under Church laws of the time to be married. +In the meantime, a serious rebellion broke out in Normandy in favour of William Clito. But this was defeated by Henry’s spy network. There was also very little organization among the leaders. They were defeated at the battle of Bourgtheroulde in March 1124. Henry I also got his son-in-law, the Emperor Henry V, to threaten Louis from the east. This kept king Louis VI distracted so he could not offer help. +Count of Flanders. +In 1127, Louis VI was able to make great efforts to help William’s cause. In January he gave him the royal lands in the French Vexin as a base to attack down the Seine into Normandy. Also he married the French queen’s Joanna of Montferrat. The murder of Count Charles the Good of Flanders on 2 March 1127 gave King Louis a good chance to further William’s fortunes. The king marched into Flanders at the head of an army and on 30 March got the barons of the province to accept William as their new count. +William started out very well as count. By the end of May he had most of the county cooperating with him. But English money and a new rival, Thierry of Alsace, led to a weakening of his position. In February 1128 Saint-Omer and Ghent said they would no longer accept him as their count. Bruges did the same in March. In May 1128 Lille too welcomed Thierry. This left William controlling little more than the southern fringe of Flanders. However, he struck back at Bruges. In the battle of Axspoele south of the town on 21 June, William with his Norman knights and French allies defeated Thierry. +At this point William was joined by his , Duke Godfrey of Brabant. Together their armies besieged Aalst on 12 July. But during the course of the siege William was wounded in the arm in a scuffle with a foot soldier. The wound became and William died at the age of twenty-five on 28 July 1128. His faithful , Helias of Saint Saens, was there with him. William’s body was carried to the abbey of St Bertin in St Omer and buried there. He left no children and was survived by his father, a prisoner of Henry I, who died six years later. + += = = Russell Howard = = = +Russell Joseph Howard (born 23 March 1980) is a British stand-up comedian. He has a show on BBC3 called "Russell Howard's Good News". He was born on 23 March 1980. He is 1.77 metres tall. He used to be on the TV panel show "Mock the Week" hosted by Dara Ó Briain. + += = = Horten = = = +Horten is a city on the coast of Vestfold county, Norway. About 25,011 lived there in 2007. + += = = Alajärvi = = = +Alajärvi is a city in Southern Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, about 10,250 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Alavus, Kuortane, Kyyjärvi, Lappajärvi, Lapua, Soini, Vimpeli and Ähtäri. Alajärvi means also a lake, lake Alajärvi. +The former municipality of Lehtimäki was merged with Alajärvi on 1 January 2009. + += = = Jakobstad = = = +Jakobstad () is a city in Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 20,000 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Larsmo, Pedersöre, and Nykarleby. Kokkola is also nearby. +Jakobstad was established in 1652. The people speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish. + += = = Stavanger = = = +Stavanger is city in Norway. About 129,191 lived there in 2013. It is in the southwest of Norway. It has a temperate oceanic climate. + += = = Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou = = = +Geoffrey V (1113–1151), called the Handsome () and Plantagenet (), was the Count of Anjou, Touraine, and Maine from 1129. He was the Duke of Normandy from 1144. By his marriage to the Empress Matilda, daughter and heiress of Henry I of England, Geoffrey had a son, Henry Curtmantle, who succeeded to the English throne. Geoffrey was the founder of the House of Plantagenet, so named for his nickname. +Early career. +Geoffrey was the elder son of Fulk V, King of Jerusalem and his wife Ermengarde of Maine. She was the daughter of Elias I of Maine. Geoffrey, born 24 August 1113, was named after his great-grandfather Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais. He received his nickname, Plantagenet, from the yellow sprig of broom blossom ("genêt" is the French name for the "planta genista", or broom shrub) he wore in his hat. King Henry I of England sent his royal to Anjou to arrange a marriage between Geoffrey and his daughter, Matilda. Consent was given by both parties. On 10 June 1128 King Henry I knighted the fifteen-year-old Geoffrey. +Marriage. +In 1128 Geoffrey married Empress Matilda, the daughter and heiress of King Henry I of England and widow of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor. The marriage was meant to seal a peace between England/Normandy and Anjou. She was about eleven years older than Geoffrey, and very proud of her status as an Empress (as opposed to being a mere Countess). Their marriage was a stormy one with frequent long separations, but she bore him three sons and survived him. +Count of Anjou. +The year after the marriage Geoffrey's father left for Jerusalem to marry the heiress of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Geoffrey became the sole count of Anjou. When King Henry I died in 1135, Matilda at once entered Normandy to claim her inheritance. The border districts submitted to her, but England chose her cousin Stephen of Blois for its king, and Normandy soon followed suit. The following year, Geoffrey gave Ambrieres, Gorron, and Chatilon-sur-Colmont to Juhel de Mayenne, on condition that he help obtain the inheritance of Geoffrey's wife. In 1139 Matilda landed in England with 140 knights, where she was besieged at Arundel Castle by King Stephen. In the "Anarchy" which ensued, Stephen was captured at Lincoln in February, 1141, and imprisoned at Bristol. A legatine council of the English church held at Winchester in April 1141 declared Stephen deposed and proclaimed Matilda "Lady of the English". Stephen was subsequently released from prison and had himself recrowned on the anniversary of his first coronation. +During 1142 and 1143, Geoffrey secured all of Normandy west and south of the Seine, and, on 14 January 1144, he crossed the Seine and entered Rouen. He assumed the title of Duke of Normandy in the summer of 1144. In 1144, he founded an Augustine priory at Chateau-l'Ermitage in Anjou. Geoffrey held the duchy until 1149, when he and Matilda conjointly ceded it to their son, Henry, which cession was formally ratified by King Louis VII of France the following year. +Geoffrey also put down three baronial rebellions in Anjou, in 1129, 1135, and 1145–1151. He was often at odds with his younger brother, Elias, whom he had imprisoned until 1151. The threat of rebellion slowed his progress in Normandy, and is one reason he could not intervene in England. In 1153, the Treaty of Wallingford allowed Stephen should remain King of England for life and that Henry, the son of Geoffrey and Matilda should succeed him. +Death. +Geoffrey died suddenly on 7 September 1151. According to John of Marmoutier, Geoffrey was returning from a royal council when he was stricken with fever. He arrived at Château-du-Loir, collapsed on a couch, made bequests of gifts and charities, and died. He was buried at St. Julien's Cathedral in Le Mans France. +Children. +Geoffrey and Matilda's children were: +Geoffrey also had illegitimate children by an unknown mistress (or mistresses): Hamelin; Emme, who married Dafydd Ab Owain Gwynedd, Prince of North Wales; and Mary, who became a nun and Abbess of Shaftesbury and who may be the poetess Marie de France. Adelaide of Angers is sometimes sourced as being the mother of Hamelin. + += = = Chords Bridge = = = +The Chords Bridge (, "Gesher HaMeitarim"), also called the Bridge of Strings or Jerusalem Light Rail Bridge, is a bridge for the Jerusalem Light Rail. It is at the western entrance to Jerusalem next to the Central Bus Station and the Jerusalem Binyanei HaUma Railway Station. The bridge was designed by the Spanish architect and structural engineer Santiago Calatrava. The bridge was opened in 2008, three years before the new light rail started in the city. + += = = Delhi Ring Road = = = +Delhi Ring Road refers to a double ring road surrounding Delhi, India. The inner road is 55 kilometers and the outer is 87 kilometers. + += = = 2nd Ring Road = = = +The Second Ring Road in Beijing is the first ring road from six ring roads around the walls of the Old City of Beijing. The road was opened in 1980. The Beijing Subway moves under the road like the other ring roads around Beijing. + += = = Curtiss P-36 Hawk = = = +The Curtiss P-36 Hawk is a US single-engine fighter aircraft. It was used in World War II by the Royal Air Force and the French Air Force. Before that, it was used by the US Army Air Corps. Its first flight was in 1935. It was the basis of the P-40 Warhawk. + += = = Ariège (river) = = = +The Ariège (; ) is a river in the south of France. It is long. It is a right tributary of the Garonne. The Ariège department is named after this river. +Geography. +The Ariège river is long. It has a drainage basin of . +Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Pinsaguel, near the confluence with the Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department, for a period of 30 years. +Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Pinsaguel +Course. +The source of the Ariège is in the "Lac of Font Nègre", at the Pyrenees on the border between France and Andorra, just south of Pas de la Casa (Andorra) on the western side of the "Pics Orientaux de Font Nègre", in the "commune" of Porta, Pyrénées-Orientales department, at an altitude of about . +In its first part, it flows to the north, forming the border between France and Andorra, up to Pas de la Casa, and then turns to the north-east. +After flowing through the Ariège plain, the river gets out of the department of Ariège and into the department of Haute-Garonne and, finally, joins the Garonne river at Portet-sur-Garonne, near the city of Toulouse. +The Ariège flows to the northeast, in general, and passes through the following regions, departments and communes: +Andorra +France +The Ariège river flows through a total of 58 "communes". +Finally, it flows, as a right tributary, into the Garonne at Portet-sur-Garonne, in the Haute-Garonne department to the south of Toulouse, at of altitude. +Main tributaries. +Some of the tributaries are: + += = = Pretty Little Liars = = = +Pretty Little Liars is an American television series based on several books written by Sara Shepard. The show began on June 8, 2010 on the ABC Family channel. The show has been aired for seven seasons. A spin-off show called "Ravenswood" was created because the series was so populary. +The series involves a group of 5 teenage girls; Spencer (Troian Bellisario), Aria (Lucy Hale), Emily (Shay Mitchell), Hanna (Ashley Benson) and their disappeared friend Alison (Sasha Pieterse). Also, their love intrests; Ezra (Ian Harding), Caleb (Tyler Blackburn), Toby (Keegan Allen) and Paige (Lindsey Shaw). +The four main relationships are Ezria (Ezra and Aria), Emison (Emily and Alison), Haleb (Hanna and Caleb) and Spoby (Spencer and Toby). + += = = Seremban = = = +Seremban is the capital of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan, it is in district of Seremban, one from the seven districts of Negeri Sembilan. The town's administration is run by the Seremban Municipal Council also known as Majlis Perbandaran Seremban. On 9 September 2009, Seremban was to be declared as a city, however it was later deferred due to technical reasons. However, the idea of granting city status has been brought up again and Seremban is expected to become a city on September 9, 2013. Finally, Seremban gained its city status on 20 January 2020 +Sister cities. +Although Seremban does not have a city status, it has nevertheless three sister cities. + += = = Cliché = = = +A cliché, in English is a phrase which is used too much. Originally, the word meant (in French) a stereotype plate, which is a term in printing. +A cliché is a stock expression used again and again. It has "lost its freshness and vigour through overuse, and suggests insincerity, lack of thought or laziness on the part of the writer". +Examples. +Style guides advise writers to avoid clichés. + += = = Seremban (district) = = = +Seremban district is one from 7 districts in Negeri Sembilan. This is where the capital of Negeri Sembilan, Seremban town is located. +Administration. +There are two local councils in Seremban district: +Town areas. +Seremban core. +The Seremban core areas come under jurisdiction of Seremban Municipal Council (MPS). +Outer Seremban. +The outer Seremban areas come under jurisdiction of Nilai Municipal Council (MPN). +Seremban 2. +Seremban 2 is a new satellite township about 4 kilometres south-east of the existing old Seremban town centre. It is located in western side of the North-South Expressway, Seremban 2 is a planned township built on former oil palm estate land with the aim of relocating to the administrative and business district from the crowded old town centre to a more organised area. +Spanning over of land, Seremban 2 will be the site of the new +The RM2 billion township will also sustain a large portion of the population of Seremban through various housing estate projects in and around Seremban 2 such as +The residents here have enjoy many facilities with ÆON Seremban 2 Shopping Centre, City Park, Seremban 2's very own Lake Gardens and comparably less traffic than the town centre. +Culture. +Food. +Seremban is famous for its special delicacies comprising Malay, Chinese, Indian cuisine. + += = = Division of Bruce = = = +The Division of Bruce is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1955 and is named for Stanley Bruce, who was Prime Minister of Australia from 1923 to 1929. It covers an area of 73 km2 in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. Until 1996 it was based on Glen Waverley and Mount Waverley. It now includes parts of Dandenong, Noble Park and Springvale. +Members. +Its most famous member has been Sir Billy Snedden, Liberal Party leader from 1972 to 1975 and Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives from 1976 to 1983. Alan Griffin was the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. + += = = Division of Calwell = = = +The Division of Calwell is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1984 and is named for Arthur Calwell, who was Minister for Immigration 1945-1949 and Leader of the Australian Labor Party 1960-1967. +It covers an area of 175 km2 in the northern suburbs of Melbourne and the boundary was last changed in 2010. It includes Broadmeadows, Craigieburn, Sunbury and Tullamarine. +Members. +Andrew Theophanous left the ALP in 2000 after claims he was taking bribes. He stood for the seat at the 2001 election as an independent but was defeated. He became the first Australian politician to be put in prison for bribery. + += = = Division of Casey = = = +The Division of Casey is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 1969 and is named for Richard Casey, who was Governor-General of Australia 1965-69. It covers an area of 2337 km2 in the outer eastern suburbs of Melbourne including Croydon, Montrose and Olinda. +Members. +Peter Howson was the member for Fawkner from 1955-1969. He served as the Minister for Air and the Minister for the Environment, Aborigines and the Arts. Bob Halverson was Speaker of the House of Representatives 1996-98. Michael Wooldridge was Minister for Health and Family Services, and later Minister for Health and Aged Care in the Howard Government. He was also Deputy Leader of the Opposition + += = = Division of Chisholm = = = +The Division of Chisholm is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 1949 and is named for Caroline Chisholm, a social worker and supporter of women's immigration. It is covers an area of 65 km2 in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne. In the 1980's it was based on the suburb of Camberwell, but later changes have moved it south-east to Box Hill, Burwood and parts of Clayton. +Members. +The first member for Chisholm, Sir Wilfrid Kent Hughes, was one of Australia's most important soldiers, who held the seat until his death on 31 July 1970. Anna Burke was the Speaker of the House of Representatives during 2013. + += = = Marielle Franco = = = +Marielle Francisco da Silva, known as Marielle Franco, (27 July 1979 – 14 March 2018) was a Brazilian politician, feminist, and human rights activist. She was on the city council of Rio de Janeiro from January 2017 until she was assassinated on 14 March 2018. She was part of the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL). +Franco spoke out against Brazilian police hurting and killing people, as well as the recent federal intervention by Brazilian president Michel Temer in the state of Rio de Janeiro which resulted in the use of the army in police operations. + += = = Derek Bickerton = = = +Derek Bickerton (March 25, 1926 – March 5, 2018) was an English-born American linguist and academic. He was born in Cheshire, England. He was Professor Emeritus at the University of Hawaii in Manoa. His work was based in creole languages in Guyana and Hawaii. He proposed that the features of creole languages provide powerful insights into the development of language both by individuals and as a feature of the human species. +Bickerton died on 5 March 2018 at the age of 91. + += = = Michael Watts (journalist) = = = +Michael Watts (18 October 1938 – 5 March 2018) was a British journalist and broadcaster. He was best known for his ‘Inspector Watts’ column in the "Sunday Express" and other publications, which ran for over 35 years. +Watts's radio work for "BBC Radio 4" included twice-weekly consumer spots on "Up To The Hour", and presenting "The Weekly World" and "News Stand". +Watts died on 5 March 2018 in Nottinghamshire at the age of 79. + += = = Peter Freund = = = +Peter George Oliver Freund (7 September 1936, Timişoara – 6 March 2018, Chicago) was a Romanian-born American professor of theoretical physics. He worked at the University of Chicago. He made important works to particle physics and string theory. He was also active as a writer. + += = = Michel Raynaud = = = +Michel Raynaud (; 16 June 1938 – 10 March 2018) was a French mathematician. He worked in algebraic geometry. He was a professor at Paris-Sud 11 University. In 1987 he received the Prize Ampère from the Académie des Sciences. In 1995 he received the Cole Prize, together with David Harbater, for his solution of the Abhyankar conjecture. +In 1983 he published a proof of the Manin-Mumford conjecture. +Raynaud died in Paris on 10 March 2018 at the age of 79. + += = = Leonid Kvinikhidze = = = +Leonid Aleksandrovich Kvinihidze (; 21 December 1937 – 13 March 2018) was a Russian screenwriter and movie director. He was known for his movies "Failure of Engineer Garin", "The Straw Hat", "Heavenly Swallows" and "Mary Poppins, Goodbye". +Kvinihidze died in St. Petersburg on 13 March 2018 at the age of 81. + += = = Gordon Walgren = = = +Gordon Lee Walgren (March 7, 1933 – March 13, 2018) was an American politician and lawyer. He was born in Bremerton, Washington. He was a member of the Democratic Party. +Walgren was appointed to the Washington House of Representatives in November 1966 and served the remaining term in 1966. Walgren served in the Washington State Senator from 1967 to 1980, and was Senate Majority Leader from 1975 onward. +Walgren was convicted of mail fraud, racketeering, and violations of the Travel Act. Two of the three counts - mail fraud and racketeering - were later overturned. +Walgren died at his home on March 13, 2018 in Bremerton at the age of 85. + += = = Adrian Lamo = = = +Adrian Lamo (February 20, 1981 – March 14, 2018) was an American threat analyst and hacker. Lamo was known for breaking into several high-profile computer networks, including those of "The New York Times", Yahoo!, and Microsoft, culminating in his 2003 arrest. +In 2010, Lamo reported U.S. soldier Chelsea Manning to Army criminal investigators, claiming that Manning had leaked hundreds of thousands of sensitive U.S. government documents to WikiLeaks. +Lamo died on March 14, 2018, in Wichita, Kansas, at the age of 37. His body was identified at a morgue on March 16, when his death was publicly announced. The cause is unknown. + += = = Ed Charles = = = +Edwin Douglas Charles (April 29, 1933 – March 15, 2018) was an American professional baseball third baseman in Major League Baseball. He was a right-handed hitter, Charles played for the Kansas City Athletics (1962–67) and New York Mets (1967–69). +Charles died on March 15, 2018 in New York City at the age of 84. + += = = Augie Garrido = = = +August Edmun "Augie" Garrido Jr. (February 6, 1939 – March 15, 2018) was an American professional baseball player and coach. He was born in Vallejo, California. +Garrido was best known for his stints with the Cal State Fullerton Titans and Texas Longhorns. Garrido had a record of 1,975–919–9, retiring in 2016 as the coach with the most wins in college baseball history. He took his programs to 15 College World Series, winning five of them: three with Cal State Fullerton and two with Texas. +On March 12, 2018, Garrido suffered a stroke. He died three days later at the age of 79 in Newport Beach, California. + += = = Mohamed Sayah = = = +Mohamed Sayah (; 31 December 1933 – 15 March 2018) was a Tunisian politician. He held a number of ministerial roles in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Sayah held many ministerial portfolios under President Habib Bourguiba. He retired when Zine El Abidine Ben Ali rose to power. +Sayah died on 15 March 2018 in Tunis at the age of 84. + += = = Ammonis cornua = = = +Ammonis is a dubious genus of extinct ammonite known from fossils found near Pompeii in Ancient Rome. The only known species, Ammonis cornua, was named by Pliny the Elder in A.D. 79. Its fossils were found in the same Pompeiian aged rocks as which "Scipionyx" was discovered in, which were about 110 million years old. +The name "Ammonis cornua", from which the scientific term is derived, was inspired by the spiral shape of their fossilized shells, which somewhat resemble tightly coiled rams' horns. Pliny the Elder (d. 79 AD near Pompeii) called fossils of these animals "ammonis cornua" ("horns of Ammon") because the Egyptian god Ammon (Amun) was typically depicted wearing ram's horns. Often the name of an ammonite genus ends in -"ceras", which is Greek (�����) for "horn". +All known specimens of "Ammonis cornua" were destroyed in A.D. 79 when Mount Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii. + += = = Boyukagha Hajiyev = = = +Boyukagha Hajiyev (, (20 April 1958 – 16 March 2018) was an Azerbaijani professional footballer and football manager. +In 1999, he was appointed as a head coach of Araz Nakhchivan but club was dissolved a year later. In 2005, he worked in Azerbaijan national football team, assisting Vagif Sadygov. +In 2006, he returned to Azerbaijan and worked as president consultant at FC Baku. +Death. +In February 2018, Hajiyev suffered a heart attack which left him hospitalized for a month. He died on 16 March 2018 from heart attack-related complications at the age of 59. +Statistics. +"Information correct as of match played 31 August 2014. Only competitive matches are counted." + += = = Mike MacDonald = = = +Mike Allan MacDonald (June 21, 1954 – March 17, 2018) was a Canadian stand-up comedian and actor. He wrote and appeared in several movies, including "Mr. Nice Guy". MacDonald also appeared in such television shows as the "Late Show with David Letterman" and "The Arsenio Hall Show".<ref name=" http://www.corporateentertainers.ca/mikemacdonald.htm "></ref> +MacDonald had bipolar disorder, and he supported the advocacy group Standup for Mental Health. +MacDonald died of heart failure on March 17, 2018 in Ottawa at the age of 63. + += = = Piani di Bobbio = = = +Piani di Bobbio is a ski resort in northern Italy. It is located above Lake Como in the Valsassina valley. It is part of the commune of Barzio in the Province of Lecco. The ski area is situated between the province of Lecco and the province of Bergamo, very close to the city of Milan. Piani di Bobbio is 1694 metres above sea level and has 35 kilometres of ski runs. +In English "piani di Bobbio" means "the plains of Bobbio". The land originally belonged to a monastery called the Abbazia di San Colombano. The monastery was located in Bobbio, a town in the Province of Piacenza. In the middle ages, the monastery used the land for grazing cattle in the summer. Development of the ski resort began in the 1950s. + += = = Zdeněk Mahler = = = +Zdeněk Mahler (7 December 1928 – 17 March 2018) was a Czech writer, musicologist, pedagogue and screenwriter. He was born in Batelov, Czech Republic. He was known for his movies "Nebeští jezdci" (1968), "Den sedmý, osmá noc" (1969), "The Divine Emma" (1978), "Amadeus" (1984), "Goya's Ghosts" (2007), and "Lidice" (2011). +Mahler died in Prague on 17 March 2018 at the age of 89. + += = = Li Ao = = = +Li Ao (, also spelled Lee Ao; 25 April 1935 – 18 March 2018) was a Chinese-Taiwanese writer, social commentator, historian, and independent politician. Li participated in the presidential election in 2000 as a candidate for the New Party. In 2004, he was elected to the Legislative Yuan. Two years later, Li was a candidate in the 2006 Taipei mayoral election. He represented the People First Party in the legislative elections of 2012. +Li died in Taipei on 18 March 2018 of brain cancer at the age of 82. + += = = Cypress Hill = = = +Cypress Hill is a group of hip hop artists from Los Angeles (California). It was formed in 1986 and along its wide and successful career have sold more than 46 million albums all over the world. +One of the appearances of his popularity is his commitment with the legalisation of the consumption of marijuana or cannabis. Cypress Hill Is the first Latin group in obtaining a disk of platinum, one of gold and a multiplatino. +Career. +Name of the group. +The name of the group can do reference to the place where the first members of the band lived, in the Avenue Cypress in South Gate, Los Angeles. It fits that in said place there are a lot of trees of cypress, a tree of the family Cupressaceae. The original name of the group was DVX but was changed after the exit of Mellow Man Ace (Ulpiano Sergio, the lower brother of Sen Dog) of the group to initiate his career like soloist. Sometimes, wrongly it thinks that the name of the group refers to the neighbourhood Cypress Hills in Brooklyn (New York). +Beginnings. +The first album, of the band, was launched in November 1991. The first single was "Phuncky feel one", but was the Expensive-B, "How I could just kill to man" (firstly called "Trigga happy nigga"), the one who more success had in the stations of urban radio. Thanks to the success of the single "Hand on the pump" and to other songs like the bilingual song "Latin lingo" and the totally in Spanish "Three equis", the album sold two million copies only in United States. Later, DJ Muggs produced the first album of House of Pain and worked with Beastie Boys and Funkdoobiest. The band did his first apparition in the musical festival Lollapalooza in 1992.(Previous paragraph written by the formally super-high "Macho-Business-Donkey-Wrestler" while ambulating in his "Super-Karate-Monkey-Death-Car". [Radio Tycoon Jimmy James-News Radio]. +"Black Sunday", the second album of the group, debuted number 1 in the list Billboard 200 in 1993. Still with his album debut in the lists, turned into the first artists of rap in planting two albums in the Top 10 of Billboard 200 at the same time. With the success "Insane in the Brain", the album was double-platinum in United States and sold 3.25 million copies. +As one of the first groups of rap that struggle by the legalisation of the marijuana, Cypress Hill was forbidden in "Saturday Night Live" after DJ Muggs smoked a blunt of marijuana and the band shattered his musical instruments while they interpreted his second single "I ain't goin' out like that". The group titled his turns with the name "Soul Assassins", in company of House of Pain and Funkdoobiest, and more forward followed suit with Rage Against the Machine and Seven Year Bitch. In 1993, Cypress Hill recorded two subjects for the soundtrack of the film "Judgment night", "Real thing", with Pearl Jam, and "I love you Mary Jane", with Sonic Youth. +The band touched in 1994 in the Festival of Woodstock entering to his new member, Eric Bobo, ancient percusionista of Beastie Boys. Bobo Is the son of the famous percusionista Willie Bobo. The magazine Rolling Stone appointed to Cypress Hill like the best group of hip hop in his prizes of music voted by critics and readers. Cypress Hill Touched by second consecutive year in Lollapalooza heading the poster in 1995. Also they appear in the chapter of "The Simpson" called "Homerpalooza", in which Homer, Bart and Lisa assist to the Festival Hullabalooza (inspired by the Lollapalooza), and in 2001 appear making a small cameo in the film "How high" directed by Jesse Dylan and produced by Danny DeVito. +The third album, "Cypress Hill III: you Temper of Boom", was launched in 1995, selling 1.5 million copies and reaching the third position of Billboard 200 in spite of not including any single of success. +Career continued. +Sen Dog distanció A bit of the group to form a band of punk-rap of Los Angeles called SX-10. However, in 1996, Cypress Hill appeared in the first turn Smokin' Grooves, with Ziggy Marley, The Fugees, Busta Rhymes and To Tribe Called Quest. The group also freed the EP "Unreleased and Revamped" with rare and remixes. +The members of the group centred in his careers in solitary. Muggs Launched "Muggs Presents... the Soul Assassins" With contributions of members of Wu-Tang Clan, Dr. Dre, KRS-One, Wyclef Jean and Mobb Deep. B-Real appeared with Busta Rhymes, Coolio, LL Cool J and Method Man in the song "Hit Em High" of the multi-platen soundtrack of the film Space Jam. Also it collaborated with RBX, Nas and KRS-One in "East Coast Killer, West Coast Killer" of the album "Dr. Dre presents"."..The Aftermath" Of Dr. Dre, and launched the album "The Psycho Realm", of his project of same name. Although the group was inactivo these years, Cypress Hill appeared in Smokin' Grooves with George Clinton and Erykah Badu. +In 1998 they went back to launch the album "IV", being gold in United States although with some criticisms a so many refusals, backed by the success "Tequila Sunrise" and another tribute to smoke marijuana "Dr. Greenthumb". Sen Dog Also launched "Get Wood" like part of SX-10 in the stamp Flip. +In 1999, three of his songs appeared in the video game of PC Kingpin: Life of Crime. B-Real also contributed with any of the voices of the people of the game. This same year launched an album of big successes in Spanish, "The big successes in Spanish." Cypress Hill Merged genders in the 2000 with his double-album Skull & Bones. The first disk, "Skull", was composed by songs of rap whereas "Bones" was more centred in the rock. The album was a Top 5 in Billboard 200 and #3 in Canada. The first single was "Rock Superstar" for the radio of rock and "Rap Superstar" for the urban radio, a subject that definitely put to the band again in the musical firmament, and that came him like ring to the finger, since in this time songs with this style, more than the Nu metal that also used in the song "Can �t get the best of me", were hitting as never. The group also launched "Live at the Fillmore", a disk of the concert of Fillmore, San Francisco in 2000. + += = = Fermín IV = = = +Fermín IV Caballero Elizondo (been born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico) is a MC ex Mexican-member of the group of rap Control Machete. +Early life. +Fermin was bullied by students in school for having his name which sounds like an artist name which everybody thinks it's funny. He decides to do rap & he found a rap group called Cypress Hill, that's he's influence to make dark rap which his heart feel sad & negative. +Musical career. +His musical training traces back to the adolescence, since some time referred to listen the Hip hop of the United States during this stage, doing allusion to his strong message of inconformity and open criticism to the society in general. From this moment, began to develop a musical project of low profile, called Profuga del Metate; same that shelved when deciding study medicine. +Time afterwards, restarted the music like his occupation and would not be but until 1996 where would debut with the group Control Machete in the Mexican scene. +For the year 2000, the same would leave by understood that would be abandoning Control Machete to devote to a new project as solo under his own name. Event that owed mainly to that Fermín had converteted to the Christianity and would leave the secular field to head to said public. +To the date oficia like shepherd in a Christian congregation of name Seed of Mustard in the Mexico City; nowadays his occupation is Pastor in "Semilla de Mostaza" without leaving the music but changing the thematic of his compositions to preach on The Salvation in Jesus Christ. + += = = Aviva = = = +Aviva plc is a British multinational insurance company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It has about 33 million customers In the United Kingdom, Aviva is the largest general insurer and a leading life and pensions provider. +Aviva also has a focus on the markets in Europe and in Asia and, in particular, on the growth markets of China and South East Asia. Aviva is also the second largest general insurer in Canada. Aviva has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange, and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. +CGU. +CGU plc was a large insurance group, created by the merger of Commercial Union and General Accident in 1998. The Company was listed on the London Stock Exchange. It merged with Norwich Union in 2000 to form CGNU plc, later renamed Aviva plc. +Commercial Union. +Commercial Union was established following a conflagration near London Bridge in 1861, known as the Great Tooley Street Fire, which destroyed a number of warehouses and wharves along the River Thames as a result of which the fire insurance companies were hit by a series of massive claims. Consequently, they increased their fire insurance rates so dramatically that a group of local merchants and brokers decided to form their own company. This became known as the "Commercial Union Assurance Company Ltd." +It purchased the Hand in Hand Fire & Life Insurance Society, the world's oldest fire insurance company, in 1905 and The Ocean Accident and Guarantee Corporation Ltd. in 1910 and it continued to grow by further acquisitions. +General Accident. +General Accident was a financial services firm formed by several mergers and acquisitions over several years. The General Accident and Employers' Liability Assurance Association Ltd. was founded in Perth, Scotland in 1885. It became the General Accident Assurance Corporation Ltd. in 1891. +General Accident acquired Yorkshire Insurance Company Ltd. in 1967. All general insurance business was relocated to Perth, with York becoming the centre for the new firm's life assurance and pensions business. +General Accident acquired Stevenage-based Provident Mutual Life Assurance Association in 1995, merging it with the GA Life and Pensions business as Provident Mutual Life Assurance Ltd. York became the centre of all life assurance business and Stevenage of all pensions business. +Norwich Union. +Norwich Union was the name of insurance company Aviva's British arm before June 2009. It was originally established in 1797. In 1997, it was demutualised and listed on the London Stock Exchange, and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. +On 29 April 2008, Aviva announced that the Norwich Union brand would be phased out and disappear over a period of two years, on the grounds that a consistent Aviva brand would bring "global impact". + += = = Hilliard, Ohio = = = +Hilliard is a city of Franklin County in the state of Ohio, United States. + += = = Ironton, Ohio = = = +Ironton is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the county seat of Lawrence County. 10,571 people lived there in the 2020 census. +It is located in southernmost Ohio along the Ohio River, the city includes the Downtown Ironton Historic District. + += = = Kettering, Ohio = = = +Kettering is a city in Montgomery and Greene counties in the state of Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Dayton. +57,862 people lived there in the 2020 census. Many people left nearby Dayton after World War II and moved to Kettering. + += = = Logan, Ohio = = = +Logan is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the county seat of Hocking County. 7,296 people lived there in the 2020 census. The city is in southeast Ohio, on the Hocking River 48 miles southeast of Columbus. +The current mayor of Logan is Republican Greg Fraunfelter, who began a four-year term in January 2016. +History. +Logan was incorporated as a city in 1839. +Geography. +Logan is at (39.539159, -82.406108). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that is land and is water. + += = = Qi Xin = = = +Qi Xin (; born 3 November 1926) is a Communist Party of China member, writer and educator. She was born in Gaoyang County, Hebei. She has written many articles on her husband Xi Zhongxun. She is the mother of Xi Jinping, current General Secretary of the Communist Party of China. +Qi visited provincial and county-level schools set-up by the communist government as a consultant. It has been suggested that this position provided her family with relatively good protection during the Cultural Revolution. + += = = Xi Zhongxun = = = +Xi Zhongxun (15 October 1913 – 24 May 2002) was a Chinese communist revolutionary and a political leader. He is thought to be among the first generation of Chinese leadership. +He helped the founding of Communist guerrilla bases in northwestern China in the 1930s. He was imprisoned and purged several times. He was married to writer Qi Xin. +Personal life. +Xi is also the father of Xi Jinping, the current General Secretary of the Communist Party and President of China and also Chairman of the Military Commission. + += = = Irrfan Khan = = = +Sahabzade Irfan Ali Khan (7 January 1967 – 29 April 2020), credited as Irrfan Khan or simply Irrfan, was an Indian movie actor. He was born in Tonk, Rajasthan, India. In 2011, Khan was awarded the Padma Shri. +Khan has garnered the National Film Award for Best Actor in the 60th National Film Awards 2012 and a Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Paan Singh Tomar". He also appeared in "The Namesake", "The Darjeeling Limited", the Academy Award winner "Slumdog Millionaire", "Life of Pi", "New York, I Love You", "The Amazing Spider-Man", "Jurassic World", and "Inferno". +In March 2018, Khan was diagnosed with neuroendocrine tumor. He died of colitis caused by the tumor in Mumbai on 29 April 2020, aged 53. + += = = Neuroendocrine tumor = = = +Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are neoplasms that starts from cells of the endocrine (hormonal) and nervous systems. Many are benign, while some are malignant. They most commonly occur in the intestine, where they are often called carcinoid tumors, but they are also found in the pancreas, lung and the rest of the body. + += = = Texas Ranger Division = = = +The texas rangers were Texans that rode on horses in order to capture the antifederalists in Alamo. They were nominated by President Jackson in 1824 after his refusal to annex Texas as a state. + += = = Lin-Manuel Miranda = = = +Lin-Manuel Miranda (born January 16, 1980) is an American composer, lyricist, playwright, singer, songwriter and actor. He was born in New York to Puerto Rican parents. He is best known for creating and starring in the Broadway musicals "In the Heights" and "Hamilton". He co-wrote the songs for the Disney animated movies "Moana" and "Encanto". He directed his first movie in 2021 with "Tick, Tick... Boom!". He starred in the movie based on his play in 2020. +His awards include a Pulitzer Prize, three Grammy Awards, an Emmy Award, a MacArthur Fellowship, and three Tony Awards. +Acting Roles. +He played the starring role of Alexander Hamilton in the Broadway musical Hamilton. He played a small role of the Piragüero in the movie "In the Heights". He played Jack in "Mary Poppins Returns". + += = = Florida International University pedestrian bridge collapse = = = +On March 15, 2018, a , recently-erected section of the FIU–Sweetwater UniversityCity Bridge collapsed onto the Tamiami Trail (U.S. Route 41). +The pedestrian bridge was located in front of the campus of Florida International University (FIU) in University Park, a suburb west of Miami, Florida, United States. +The road beneath it had been opened to traffic. Several occupied vehicles were crushed underneath, and six deaths and nine injuries have been reported. + += = = Juliana Stratton = = = +Juliana Stratton (born September 8, 1965) is an American politician and lawyer. Since 2019, she has been the 48th lieutenant governor of Illinois under Governor J. B. Pritzker. She is the first African-American woman ever elected to this office. Stratton is a member of the Democratic Party. +Before becoming lieutenant governor, Stratton served as a member of the Illinois House of Representatives from January 2017 to 2019. She represented the 5th district. +On August 9, 2017, it was announced that Stratton would be J. B. Pritzker's running mate in the 2018 gubernatorial election. + += = = Mike Frerichs = = = +Michael W. Frerichs (born July 28, 1973) is an American politician. He is the State Treasurer of Illinois, having taken office on January 12, 2015. He was a Democratic member of the Illinois Senate, representing the 52nd District since 2007. + += = = Neal Edward Smith = = = +Neal Edward Smith (March 23, 1920 – November 2, 2021) was an American politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa from 1959 until 1995. He was the longest-serving Iowan in the United States House of Representatives. +Smith turned 100 in March 2020. He died on November 2, 2021 in Des Moines, Iowa, at the age of 101. + += = = Harry G. Haskell Jr. = = = +Harry Garner Haskell Jr. (May 27, 1921 – January 16, 2020) was an American businessman and Republican politician. He was from Wilmington. He was mayor of Wilmington from 1969 to 1973 and represented Delaware in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1957 to 1959. +Haskell Jr. died in Chadds Ford Township, Pennsylvania on January 16, 2020 at the age of 98. + += = = Roger H. Zion = = = +Roger Herschel Zion (September 17, 1921 – September 24, 2019) was an American politician. +He was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives from Indiana in the 1966 election to the 90th Congress and was re-elected to the three succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1967 to January 3, 1975. Zion was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1974 to the 94th Congress, losing to Philip H. Hayes. +Zion died at his home in Evansville, Indiana on September 24, 2019 at the age of 98. + += = = John R. Schmidhauser = = = +John Richard Schmidhauser (January 3, 1922 – February 21, 2018) was a retired American politician. He served one term as a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from southeastern Iowa. He beat the incumbent Republican Fred Schwengel in 1964 but losing to Schwengel two years later in 1966, and again in 1968. +After his political career, he served as a professor at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California, a position he held from 1973 to 1992, except when serving as a visiting professor at the University of Virginia from 1982 to 1983, and at Simon Fraser University, in Burnaby, British Columbia, in 1984. Since 1992 he has been a professor emeritus at USC. +Schmidhauser died in Santa Barbara, California on February 21, 2018 at the age of 96. + += = = Bernard F. Grabowski = = = +Bernard Francis Grabowski (June 11, 1923 – August 30, 2019) was a former U.S. Representative from Connecticut. +In 1962, Grabowski was elected U.S. Representative from Connecticut's at-large seat as a Democrat. He served in the Eighty-eighth and Eighty-ninth Congresses (January 3, 1963 – January 3, 1967). He lost re-election in 1966. +Grabowski died in Bristol, Connecticut on August 30, 2019 at the age of 96. + += = = Catherine Small Long = = = +Catherine Small Long (February 7, 1924 – November 23, 2019) was a Democratic former U.S. representative for Louisiana's 8th congressional district, serving from 1985 to 1987. She was the first female military veteran elected to Congress, having served as a WAVE in the United States Navy. +Long died of dementia-related problems on November 23, 2019 in Chevy Chase, Maryland. She was 95. + += = = Donald M. Fraser = = = +Donald MacKay Fraser (February 20, 1924 – June 2, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He served in the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota's 5th congressional district from 1963 to 1979. He served as the 44th Mayor of Minneapolis from 1980 to 1993. +Fraser died on June 2, 2019 in Minneapolis at the age of 95. + += = = Arvonne Fraser = = = +Arvonne S. Fraser (September 1, 1925 – August 7, 2018), was an American activist and educator. She was the Senior Fellow Emerita at the Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, University of Minnesota and from 1993-1994 was the US Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women. From 1980 to 1993, she was First Lady of Minneapolis, Minnesota. +Fraser died on August 7, 2018 at a family retreat home near the St. Croix River in Hudson, Wisconsin at the age of 92. + += = = Howard C. Nielson = = = +Howard Curtis Nielson (September 12, 1924 – May 20, 2020) was an American Republican politician. +He was elected as a Republican to the United States House of Representatives from Utah and served four terms, from January 3, 1983 to January 3, 1991. While in Congress, Nielson sponsored two resolutions calling on Israel to reopen Palestinian schools and colleges. +He also cosponsored a bill to limit tobacco advertising. He also was a leading proponent of releasing the names of people who tested positive for AIDS to Public Health Officials. +Nielson died on May 20, 2020 at the age of 95. + += = = Merwin Coad = = = +Merwin Coad (born September 28, 1924) is an American politician. He was a Democratic U.S. Representative from Iowa's 6th congressional district for six years, serving from January 1957 to January 1963. + += = = Franklin Graham = = = +William Franklin Graham III (born July 14, 1952) is an American Christian evangelist and missionary. He engages in Christian revival tours and political commentary. He is president and CEO of the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) and of Samaritan's Purse, an international Christian relief organization. +Graham became a "committed Christian" in 1974 and was ordained in 1982, and has since become a public speaker and author. He is also known for being a son of the American evangelist Billy Graham. + += = = Kya Hua Tera Vaada = = = +Kya Hua Tera Vaada is an Indian television soap opera, it was aired on from Sony TV, +The series will be created by Balaji Telefilms. +And produced by Ekta Kapoor and Shobha Kapoor +The series is starred by Mona Singh. + += = = IONISx = = = +IONISx is a massive open online courses (MOOCs) provider. IONISx works with universities and other organizations, offering courses in physics, engineering, humanities, social sciences, business, computer science, digital marketing, and data science, and in other subjects. + += = = Paul Klee = = = +Paul Klee (18 December 1879 – 29 June 1940) was a Swiss-German artist. He was one of the most famous painters of the 20th century. His work was influenced by Expressionism, Cubism, and Surrealism. He was also very interested in the theory of color. +Life and career. +Klee was born in Münchenbuchsee, a town near Bern in Switzerland. His mother, born Ida Maria Frick, came from Basel in Switzerland. His father, Hans Klee, came from Tann, a small town in the Hesse state of Germany. Both his parents were musicians. When he was very young he trained to be a violinist. Then he decided to become an artist. He studied art under Heinrich Knirr. In 1899 he was admitted to the Academy of Fine arts in Munich. After leaving the academy he also studied art in Italy. After Italy, he returned to Bern and lived with his parents for several years. +Klee married the pianist Lily Stumpf in 1906. They went to live in Munich. In 1906 he had his first major exhibition. Besides his painting, Klee taught art at the Bauhaus from 1920 to 1931. and later at the Dusseldorf Academy. When the Nazis came to power in Germany, life became very hard for modern artists. Klee moved back to Switzerland in 1933. He died in Muralto, Switzerland in 1940. For many years he had suffered from scleroderma, an autoimmune disease. +Klee made over 10,000 paintings, drawings, and etchings in his lifetime. His works are held in museums all over the world. In 2005, the Zentrum Paul Klee (Paul Klee Center) was opened in Bern. The building was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. It holds 4000 works by Klee and shows 150 at time. The exhibition changes every six months. +Gallery. +These pictures are from Klee's mature career. He painted them while he was teaching at the Bauhaus. During this time he was also a member of a group of artists called Die Blaue Vier (The Blue Four). The other three members were Wassily Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Alexej von Jawlensky. Like Klee, both Kandinsky and Feininger taught at the Bauhaus. The four artists lectured and exhibited together in Germany and the USA. + += = = Indohyus = = = +Indohyus (meaning "India's pig") is a small deer-like creature, which lived about 49 or 48 million years ago in Kashmir, India. It belongs to the artiodactyls family "Raoellidae", and is believed to be the closest sister group of Cetacea. It lived during the same time as the related "Pakicetus". The two may have coexisted. +About the size of a raccoon or domestic cat, this herbivorous creature shared some of the traits of whales. It also showed signs of adaptations to aquatic life, including a thick and heavy outer bone coating. This is similar to the bones of modern creatures such as the hippopotamus, and reduces buoyancy so that they can stay underwater. This suggests a similar survival strategy to the African mousedeer or water chevrotain which, when threatened by a bird of prey, dives into water and hides beneath the surface for up to four minutes. +There are two known species of Indohyus: + += = = Himalayacetus = = = +Himalayacetus is an extinct aquatic cetacean known from fossils found in the Himachal Pradesh, India. It lived in the remnants of the ancient Tethys Ocean during the early Eocene. This extends the fossil record of whales by some 3.5 million years. +"Himalayacetus" lived in the coastline of the ancient Tethys Ocean before the Indian plate collided with Eurasia. It is only known from a single jaw fossil, which makes exact comparisons with other cetaceans almost impossible. + += = = Wander Over Yonder = = = +Wander Over Yonder is an American animated television series created by Craig McCracken and produced by Disney Television Animation It aired on TV starting on August 16, 2013. The show ended on June 27, 2016. The series has been officially removed as of 2024. +The series follows Wander, a nomadic and optimistic traveller and his best friend, Sylvia, as they go from planet to planet helping people to have fun and live free. This angers Lord Hater, one of the most powerful villains in the galaxy, who tries to defeat Wander with his army of Watchdogs. +The creator of the show is Craig McCracken, who has also created "The Powerpuff Girls" and "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends". +Development. +Wander Over Yonder is McCracken's first show on a Disney-owned network. Wander first appeared on sketchbooks and clothes that McCracken sold at conventions, as well as in a never-finished graphic novel. McCracken has described Wander as a "nomadic, hippie, muppet man". + += = = Flag of Nebraska = = = +The flag of the U.S. state of Nebraska is a blue rectangular cloth charged with the Nebraskan state seal. + += = = Andriy Sadovyi = = = +Andriy Ivanovych Sadovyi (; born 19 August 1968) is a Ukrainian politician. He is the mayor of Lviv, the administrative center of the Lviv Oblast of western Ukraine, and the leader of the Self Reliance political party. + += = = Inferno (Dante) = = = +Inferno by the Italian author Dante, is a work of fiction made in the 1500s, as a part of The Divine Comedy. It tells of the fictional journey that two men, Dante himself as well as Greek poet Virgil, takes place through Christian Hell. Hell is made up of several levels, or circles, in which sinners are divided and punished according to their sins. Their punishments are measured according to how many good deeds vs bad deeds were done. +The Divine Comedy describes the journey of the soul toward God. And Inferno is about the recognition and rejection of sin. + += = = Qubit = = = +A Qubit (or QBit) is a unit of measure used in quantum computing. +Like a bit in normal (non-quantum) computing, a Qubit has two distinct states, 0 state and the 1 state. However, unlike the normal bit, a qubit can have a state that is somewhere in-between, called a "superposition." +You cannot measure the superposition without the superposition going away (changing). If you try to measure a qubit that is in a superposition, the qubit will change, and become one of two states. The resulting state the qubit changes to depends on how it is measured. For simplicity, let's assume we are measuring in a way that will make the qubit change to either a 0 state or a 1 state. +A qubit can be represented as a 2-element column vector. +A qubit in the 0 state looks like formula_1. +A qubit in the 1 state looks like formula_2. +In general, a qubit state will look like formula_3 , where formula_4. +� and � are called amplitudes. They can be complex numbers. Each state has an amplitude. +By squaring a state's amplitude, you can get the probability of measuring that state. +Each state can also have a phase. The phase is part of the amplitude and is what can make the amplitude a complex number. +A state's phase is like how much that state has rotated. The angle of phase is usually represented as either � or �. Let's use �. +� can go from 0 to formula_5 radians. The angle sort of goes into an Euler identity, where instead of formula_6, the formula_7 gets substituted with the angle �. The state's phase becomes formula_8. +This expression formula_8is a phase factor that becomes part of a state's amplitude. It gets multiplied with the amplitude. +A phase angle of 0 makes the amplitudes positive real numbers, since formula_10. +A phase angle of formula_11 makes the amplitudes negative real numbers, since formula_12. (This is Euler's identity) +A phase angle of formula_13 makes the amplitudes positive imaginary numbers, since formula_14. +A phase angle of formula_15 makes the amplitudes negative imaginary numbers, since formula_16. +Beyond 0 and formula_5, the phase angle just wraps back around again, since it is just a rotation. +An example qubit may look like formula_18. There is a 50% chance of measuring a 0 or a 1. There is a phase of 1 on the 0 state's amplitude. There is a phase of -1 on the 1 state's amplitude. +Qubits are generally written as kets, which look like formula_19. Kets are part of Bra-Ket notation, also known as Dirac notation. Kets are a way of saying column vector. +The 0 and 1 state are written as formula_20 and formula_21 respectively. +A general qubit in ket notation will be written as formula_22. +This equation is exactly the same as formula_23, since formula_24 + += = = Gramais = = = +Gramais is a municipality of the district Reutte in the Austrian state of Tyrol. +Gramais is the smallest independent municipality of Austria. It lies in a side valley off the Lech valley. + += = = Larry Kwong = = = +Lawrence Kwong (born Eng Kai Geong (); June 17, 1923 – March 15, 2018) was a Canadian professional ice hockey forward and businessman. He is known as the first person of Asian ancestry to play in the National Hockey League (NHL), and the first player to break hockey's color barrier. +Kwong was also the first NHL player from Vernon, British Columbia, and the Okanagan region. Kwong's nicknames included the "China Clipper" (a name later used for CFL player Normie Kwong) and "King Kwong". +From 1941 to 1959, Kwong played for the New York Rangers. +Kwong died March 15, 2018 in Calgary, Alberta of complications from pneumonia at the age of 94. + += = = Arnie Lerma = = = +Arnaldo Pagliarini Lerma (November 18, 1950 – March 16, 2018) was an American writer and activist. He was a former Scientologist, and critic of Scientology. He appeared in television, media and radio interviews. Lerma was the first person to post the court document known as the Fishman Affidavit, including the Xenu story, to the internet via the Usenet newsgroup alt.religion.scientology. He was a strong critic of L. Ron Hubbard. He was born in Washington, D.C.. +Lerma committed suicide by shooting himself on March 16, 2018 in Alexandria, Virginia after shooting his wife in the face with a 9 mm handgun. He was 67 years old. + += = = Nicholas Edwards, Baron Crickhowell = = = +Roger Nicholas Edwards, Baron Crickhowell, PC (25 February 1934 – 17 March 2018) was a British Conservative Party politician. He served as an MP from 1970 until 1987 and as Secretary of State for Wales during the Margaret Thatcher ministry. He was born in London. +Edwards died on 17 March 2018 at the age of 84. + += = = Guðjón Arnar Kristjánsson = = = +Guðjón Arnar Kristjánsson (5 July 1944 – 16 March 2018) was an Icelandic politician. He was the chairman of the Liberal Party (Frjálslyndi flokkurinn) from 2003 to 2009. He was an active member of the Independence Party. In 1999 he joined Sverrir Hermannsson and formed the Liberal Party. He was a member of Althingi from 1999 to 2009. +Kristjánsson died of cancer on 16 March 2018 at the age of 73. + += = = Ivor Richard, Baron Richard = = = +Ivor Seward Richard, Baron Richard (30 May 1932 – 18 March 2018) was a British Labour Party politician. He served as a Member of Parliament from 1964 until 1974. He was also a member of the Commission of the European Communities and latterly sat as a life peer in the House of Lords. +Richard died on 18 March 2018 at the age of 85. + += = = Keith O'Brien = = = +Keith Michael Patrick O'Brien (17 March 1938 – 19 March 2018) was a Scottish Catholic cardinal. He was the Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh from 1985 to 2013. +O'Brien was opposed to homosexuality and same-sex marriage, which he described as "moral degradation". +O'Brien's resignation followed publication of allegations he had engaged in inappropriate and predatory sexual conduct with junior priests and student priests, also that he abused power.<ref Name="Devenney18/05/2013">Three months on, a cardinal is banished but his church is still in denial</ref> He stepped down as a result. +On 20 March 2015, the Vatican announced that though he remained a member of the College of Cardinals O'Brien would not exercise his rights or duties as a cardinal, in particular voting in papal conclaves. +O'Brien died from complications of a fall on 19 March 2018 at a hospital in Newcastle upon Tyne at the age of 80. + += = = Kedarnath Singh = = = +Kedarnath Singh (7 July 1934 – 19 March 2018) was an Indian poet. He was one of the most known modern poets writing in Hindi. He was also a critic and essayist. He was awarded the Jnanpith Award (2013), Sahitya Akademi Award (1989) in Hindi for his poetry collection, "Akaal Mein Saras" ("Cranes in Drought"). + += = = G. William Whitehurst = = = +George William Whitehurst (born March 12, 1925) is an American professor and politician. He served in the United States House of Representatives from the state of Virginia. He began his career as a professor at the College of William and Mary. +Whitehurst was elected to Congress in 1968 as a Republican from a district based in the Hampton Roads area. He was the first Republican to represent that part of Virginia since the Great Depression, and only the second Republican elected to a full term from that district in the 20th century. +On October 6, 2016, Whitehurst, along with other Republican former members of Congress, was co-signator of a letter opposing Donald J. Trump's candidacy for the office of president. + += = = Fred B. Rooney = = = +Frederick Bernard Rooney, Jr. (November 6, 1925 – December 23, 2019) was an American politician. He was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1963 until 1979. +Rooney died at his home in Washington D.C. on December 23, 2019 at the age of 94. + += = = Elwood Hillis = = = +Elwood Haynes "Bud" Hillis (March 6, 1926 – January 4, 2023) was an American politician. He served as a U.S. Representative from Indiana from 1971 through 1987 as a Republican. +Hillis served in the United States Army in the European Theater with the rank of first lieutenant from 1944 to 1946. He retired from the Reserves in 1954 with rank of captain in the infantry. +Bud Hillis was a younger brother to renowned choral director Margaret Hillis. Their father, Glen R. Hillis, was the Republican nominee for Governor of Indiana in 1940, losing by less than 4,000 votes. His maternal grandfather and namesake, Elwood Haynes, was an inventor and automobile pioneer. +Hillis was a resident of Windsor, Colorado. He died on January 4, 2023, at the age of 96. + += = = Carrie Meek = = = +Carrie Pittman Meek (April 29, 1926 – November 28, 2021) was an American politician. She served as the Democratic politician from the U.S. state of Florida in the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003. She represented Florida's 17th congressional district. +She was elected to the Florida House as a Democrat in 1979, and served until 1982. +Meek died at his home in Miami, Florida on November 28, 2021 at the age of 95. + += = = Dick Nichols = = = +Richard Nichols (April 29, 1926 – March 7, 2019) was an American politician. He was a one-term U.S. Representative from Kansas serving from 1991 to 1993 as a Republican. +In 1986, Nichols was stabbed by a man aboard the Staten Island Ferry while a tourist with his wife in New York City. He fully recovered from his wounds and was visited by Mayor Ed Koch in the hospital. +Nichols was elected as a Republican to the One Hundred Second Congress (January 3, 1991–January 3, 1993), representing Kansas's 5th congressional district. He narrowly beat future FDIC Chairwoman Sheila Bair in the Republican primary. +Nichols died at his home in McPherson, Kansas on March 7, 2019 from respiratory failure at the age of 92. + += = = Earl Hutto = = = +Earl Dewitt Hutto (May 12, 1926 – December 14, 2020) was an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from Florida's 1st congressional district serving from 1979 to 1995 and was replaced by Joe Scarborough. +Hutto was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1972 and was reelected in 1974 and 1976. He was elected as a Democrat to the 96th and to the seven succeeding Congresses, serving from January 3, 1979 to January 3, 1995; he was not a candidate in 1994 for reelection to the 104th Congress. +Hutto died on December 14, 2020 in Pensacola, Florida at the age of 94. + += = = Joseph P. Kolter = = = +Joseph Paul "Joe" Kolter (September 3, 1926 – September 8, 2019) was an American politician and convicted fraudster. He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives for Pennsylvania serving from 1969 to 1982. +He was elected as a Democrat to the 98th and to the four succeeding Congresses serving from January 3, 1983, to January 3, 1993. He was defeated in the 1992 Democratic primary by Ron Klink. +Kolter was implicated in the Congressional Post Office scandal, that also involved Illinois Congressman Dan Rostenkowski. He was indicted and sentenced to 6 months in prison. +Kolter died in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania on September 8, 2019 at the age of 93. + += = = Dan Rostenkowski = = = +Daniel David Rostenkowski (January 2, 1928 – August 11, 2010) was an American politician. He was a United States Representative from Chicago, serving from 1959 to 1995. He became one of the most powerful legislators in Washington, especially in matters of taxation, until he went to prison. A Democrat, Rostenkowski was for many years Democratic Committeeman of Chicago's 32nd Ward, retaining this position even while serving in Congress. +Rostenkowski's political career ended abruptly in 1994 when he pleaded guilty to charges of mail fraud and was fined and sentenced to 17 months in prison. +On August 11, 2010, Rostenkowski died from lung cancer at his summer home in Genoa City, Wisconsin at the age of 82. + += = = Austin Murphy = = = +Austin John Murphy (born June 17, 1927) was a Democratic member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania from 1977 to 1995. +Murphy started his political career as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, where he served from 1959 to 1971. He then served in the Pennsylvania State Senate from 1971 to 1977. +In 1976, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, replacing longtime incumbent Thomas E. Morgan. He served as a delegate to the Democratic National Conventions in 1984 and 1988. +Other websites. + Retrieved on 2008-02-15 + += = = Bud Brown = = = +Clarence J. "Bud" Brown Jr. (June 18, 1927 – January 26, 2022) was an American publisher and politician. He was a Republican United States Representative from the 7th District of Ohio, serving from 1965 to 1983. +Appointed by President Ronald Reagan, he also served as the United States Deputy Secretary of Commerce and Acting Secretary of Commerce, in total from 1983 to 1988. +He was the father of actor Clancy Brown. +Brown died on January 26, 2022 in Urbana, Ohio at the age of 94. + += = = Douglas Applegate = = = +Earl Douglas "Doug" Applegate, Jr. (March 27, 1928 – August 7, 2021) was an American politician. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio. Applegate was a Democrat. He ran for President of the United States in the Democratic Party primaries for the 1988 presidential election. +By 1994, Applegate had served almost two decades in the House, and opted to retire. He was succeeded by Bob Ney. +Applegate died on August 7, 2021 in Spring Hill, Florida, aged 93. + += = = Biswanath district = = = +Biswanath is an administrative district of Assam, India. + += = = Keilor, Victoria = = = +Keilor is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and was inhabited by the aboriginal Wurundjeri people for over 40,000 years prior to the arrival of European settlers in 1803. +Keilor has a population of 16,468 people. + += = = Luo Fu (poet) = = = +Mo Yun-tuan (; 11 May 1928 – 19 March 2018), known by the pen name Luo Fu (), was a Taiwanese writer and poet. He was born in Hengyang, Republic of China. +In Taiwan, Mo published several collections of poetry. Mo and his contemporary Yu Kwang-chung were described as the Gemini of Chinese poetry, in reference to the constellation depicting the mythological twins Castor and Pollux. Mo left Taiwan for Canada in 1995. +In June 2016, Mo was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died of respiratory failure on 19 March 2018 in Taipei, aged 89. + += = = Jan Meyers = = = +Janice Lenore "Jan" Meyers (née Crilly; July 20, 1928 – June 21, 2019) was an American politician. She was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. She was a former member of the United States House of Representatives from Kansas serving from 1985 to 1997. +Career. +From 1972 until 1984, she was a member of the Kansas Senate. In 1978, she ran for the United States Senate, but was defeated in a multi-candidate Republican primary which was won by Nancy Kassebaum. +Personal life. +Meyers died on June 21, 2019 in Merriam, Kansas from problems caused by heart disease at the age of 90. + += = = Nancy Kassebaum = = = +Nancy Landon Kassebaum Baker (born July 29, 1932) is an American politician. She represented Kansas in the United States Senate from 1978 to 1997. She is the daughter of Alf Landon, who was Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937 and the 1936 Republican nominee for president. +Kassebaum was married to former Senator and diplomat Howard Baker. She was the first woman ever elected to a full term in the Senate without her husband having previously served in Congress. + += = = Alf Landon = = = +Alfred Mossman Landon (September 9, 1887 – October 12, 1987) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as the 26th Governor of Kansas from 1933 to 1937. +Landon was the Republican Party’s nominee in the 1936 presidential election, but was defeated in a landslide by incumbent President Franklin D. Roosevelt. +President Reagan and Mrs. Reagan attended Landon's hundredth birthday party at his home in Topeka. President Reagan described Landon as "the living soul of Kansas" and remarked, "You don't know what a joy it is to come to a birthday party of someone who in all honesty can call me a kid." + += = = William Sheldrick Conover = = = +William Sheldrick Conover II (August 27, 1928 – October 7, 2022) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania serving from 1972 to 1973. He died on October 7, 2022. + += = = William J. Edwards = = = +William Jackson "Jack" Edwards (September 20, 1928 – September 27, 2019) was an American politician. He was the former U.S. Republican politician, who represented Alabama in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1965 until 1985. +In Congress, Edwards was known as one of the chamber's brightest conservatives, and was a strong critic of forced busing. He was also known for good constituent service. He helped originate the "Gulf Coast Congressional Report", a public-service program giving a local view of Capitol politics. +Edwards died of pancreatic cancer in Fairhope, Alabama on September 27, 2019 at the age of 91. + += = = James Nelligan = = = +James "Jim" Leo Nelligan (born February 14, 1929) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania serving from 1981 to 1983. +He was elected in 1980 as a Republican to the 97th United States Congress but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1982. After his term in Congress he became the Deputy Secretary of Revenue of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, from 1983-85. + += = = William F. Clinger Jr. = = = +William Floyd "Bill" Clinger Jr. (April 4, 1929 – May 28, 2021) was an American politician. He was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania serving from 1979 to 1997. +In addition, he served as vice chairman of the United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure and ranking member on the Subcommittee on Aviation. +Along with then-Senator William Cohen, Clinger co-authored the Information Technology Management Reform Act, also known as the Clinger-Cohen Act. +In October 2016, Clinger was one of thirty Republican ex-lawmakers to sign a public letter condemning GOP presidential nominee (and future president) Donald Trump as "manifestly unqualified to be president." +Clinger Jr. died on May 28, 2021 at his home in Naples, Florida at the age of 92. + += = = Richard T. Schulze = = = +Richard Taylor "Dick" Schulze (born August 7, 1929) is a Republican politician. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1975 to 1993. + += = = Skip Bafalis = = = +Louis Arthur "Skip" Bafalis (September 28, 1929 – March 10, 2023) was an American politician. He served as a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from Florida's 10th congressional district from 1973 to 1983. + += = = George Gekas = = = +George William Gekas (April 14, 1930 – December 16, 2021) was an American Republican politician. He represented the state's 17th Congressional district from 1983 to 2003, when he was unseated in a major upset. +Undaunted by his unexpected defeat, Gekas was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate in 1976 and was reelected in 1980. +Pennsylvania lost two districts after the 2000 census. One of the districts that was eliminated was the Reading-based 6th District, represented by five-term moderate-to-conservative Democrat Tim Holden. +Gekas died on December 16, 2021 in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania at the age of 91. + += = = Michael Bilirakis = = = +Michael Bilirakis (born July 16, 1930) is an American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives since 1983 until 2007, representing the 9th District of Florida. +In August 2009, Bilirakis was added to Governor Charlie Crist's short list to Replace U.S. Senator Mel Martinez. + += = = Martha Keys = = = +Martha Elizabeth Keys (born August 10, 1930) is an American politician. She is a retired Democratic politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives from Kansas from 1975 to 1979. +She was elected a Democrat to the United States House of Representatives from Manhattan, Kansas in 1974 and served two terms before being defeated for reelection in 1978. While serving in the House of Representatives, Keys and her husband divorced, and she was remarried to fellow Congressman Andrew Jacobs, Jr. They separated in 1981 and eventually divorced. +Keys's sister, Lee Keys, is married to former U.S. Senator and presidential candidate Gary Hart. + += = = Andy Ireland = = = +Andrew Poysell "Andy" Ireland (born August 23, 1930) is an American politician. He was a U.S. Representative from Florida serving from 1977 to 1993. + += = = Alec G. Olson = = = +Alec Gehard Olson (born September 11, 1930) is an American politician. He is a former member of the U.S. House of Representatives and a former state senator. He was the 40th Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota. +Olson was born in Mamre Township in Kandiyohi County, Minnesota. +Olson served in the U.S. House of Representatives from January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1967, during the 88th and 89th congresses. He lost when he ran for re-election in 1966. + += = = John Bertrand Conlan = = = +John Bertrand Conlan (September 17, 1930 – June 18, 2021) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He served as a State Senator from 1965 to 1972 and as a United States Representative from Arizona from 1973 to 1977. +Conlon served in the Arizona Senate from 1967 to 1973. +Conlon died on June 18, 2021 in Asheville, North Carolina at the age of 90. + += = = Edward G. Biester Jr. = = = +Edward George Biester Jr. (born January 5, 1931) is a retired Republican politician and judge. He served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania, from 1967 to 1977. + += = = Connie Morella = = = +Constance Morella (née Albanese; born February 12, 1931) is an American Republican politician. She represented in the United States House of Representatives from 1987 to 2003. She also served as Permanent Representative to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) from 2003 to 2007. +Morella currently serves on American University's faculty as an Ambassador in Residence for the Women & Politics Institute. She was appointed to the American Battle Monuments Commission (ABMC) by President Barack Obama in 2010. + += = = Arlen Erdahl = = = +Arlen Ingolf Erdahl (February 27, 1931 – September 21, 2023) was an American politician. He served as a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives from 1963 to 1970, Minnesota Secretary of State from 1971–1975 and was a U.S. Representative from Minnesota, serving the first district from 1979–1983, in the 96th and 97th congresses. He died on September 21, 2023, at the age of 92. + += = = Bill Burlison = = = +Bill D. Burlison, (March 15, 1931 – March 17, 2019), was an American politician who has held office in Missouri and Maryland. He is a Democrat. He represented Missouri as a member of the U. S. Congress starting with the Ninety-first United States Congress in 1969 until he was defeated in a bid for a seventh-term by Bill Emerson in 1980. +Four months after entering the race for Congress in the 3rd District in the 2006 election, Burlison withdrew his candidacy on November 3, 2005. +On February 23, 2016, he filed to run for the Missouri Senate against incumbent Republican Doug Libla, and was unopposed in the Democratic primary. On November 8, 2016, Libla won re-election with 69.35% of the vote. +Burlison died at his home in Wardell, Missouri on March 17, 2019 at the age of 88. + += = = John E. Cunningham = = = +John Edward "Jack" Cunningham III (born March 27, 1931) is an American politician. He is a former Republican U.S. Representative from Washington's seventh district. +Cunningham served in the Washington House of Representatives from 1973 to 1975, and in the Washington Senate from 1975 to 1977. +Cunningham was elected as a Republican to the seventh district vacancy in a special election when U.S. Representative Brock Adams resigned to become Secretary of Transportation. However his victory in this extremely liberal district was more the result of confusion with Adams resignation. Cunningham lost reelection in 1978, and served from May 17, 1977 – January 3, 1979. + += = = Lee H. Hamilton = = = +Lee Herbert Hamilton (born April 20, 1931) is an American politician. +Hamilton is a former member of the United States House of Representatives and currently a member of the U.S. Homeland Security Advisory Council. +A member of the Democratic Party, Hamilton represented the 9th congressional district of Indiana from 1965 to 1999. +Following his departure from Congress he has served on a number of governmental advisory boards, most notably as the vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission. + += = = Walter E. Powell = = = +Walter Eugene Powell (April 25, 1931 – January 17, 2020) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican Party. He served as a U.S. representative from Ohio from 1971 to 1975. +Powell began his career as the city clerk of Fairfield, Ohio in 1956. He became a member of Fairfield City Council in 1958. In 1960, Powell successfully ran for the Ohio House of Representatives. He was reelected in 1962, and 1964. + += = = Bill Clay = = = +William Lacy Clay Sr. (born April 30, 1931) is an American politician from Missouri. As Congressman from Missouri's First District, he represented portions of St. Louis in the U.S. House of Representatives for 32 years. +Clay was elected to the House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1968. He became an advocate for environmentalism, labor issues, and social justice. +Poplar Street Bridge, which connects St. Louis, Missouri, and East St. Louis, Illinois, was renamed on October 7, 2013, Congressman William L. Clay Sr. Bridge. + += = = Austin serial bombings = = = +The Austin serial bombings were a series of five parcel bomb explosions which occurred from March 2 - 20, 2018 in Austin, Texas, United States. They killed two civilians and the bomber, as well as injuring another six people. +The suspected bomber was Mark Anthony Conditt, age 23, who lived in Pflugerville, Texas, outside Austin. +Background. +The Austin Police Department (APD) believe the explosions were connected and considered the possibility that they are racially motivated. They have also warned civilians to not open suspicious packages, and to call the police. +Austin police officially connected the March 2 bombing following the bombings on March 12. None of the packages were mailed, instead they were placed near the individuals' homes. Two of the bombs were triggered upon being picked up, another was triggered upon being opened, and the fourth bombing was suspected to be activated by tripwire. +On March 2, 2018, 39-year-old Anthony Stephan House was killed by picking up an apparent package bomb at his home. Then, on March 13, 2018, the bombings killed 17-year-old cellist Draylen Mason. +Authorities first offered a reward of $65,000 for information leading to an arrest and conviction of the bomber or bombers. They later raised the reward to $115,000. +Reaction. +On March 20, 2018, President Donald Trump said at the White House: "This is obviously a very, very sick individual, or maybe individuals...These are sick people, and we have to find them as soon as possible". +Death of the bomber. +Early on March 21, Mark Anthony Conditt was identified by investigators via security footage taken at a FedEx store, and police moved in to make an arrest. As SWAT officers approached, he detonated a bomb in the vehicle, killing himself and injuring one of them, prompting other officers to fire upon the vehicle. + += = = Alexej von Jawlensky = = = +Alexej von Jawlensky (13 March, 1864 – 15 March 1941) was a Russian painter. He first studied art in Russia but he spent most of his career in Germany. He painted in the Expressionist style and was particularly known for his portraits. He also painted landscapes and still lifes. +Life and career. +Jawlensky was born in Torzhok, a town in the western part of Russia. His father, Georgi von Jawlensky, was a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army. Like his four brothers, Jawlenskywas became an officer in the army. He studied at the military academy in Moscow, but was very interested in art. He studied art privately while he was serving as a soldier. In 1890 he was accepted at the St. Petersburg Academy of Art. He received permission from the army to study art there while still serving as a soldier. He became friends with artists who worked in the studio of Ilya Repin. +In 1896, Jawlensky resigned from the army. He went to Munich in Germany to study art and begin his career as a painter. In Munich he lived with Marianne von Werefkin. She was a painter who studied with Repin. He studied with Anton Ažbe in Munich. He also became friends with Wassily Kandinsky. Kandinsky became an important influence on Jawlensky's art. In 1902 Jawlensky's son Andreas was born. His mother was Hélène Nesnakomoff (1881-1965). She was Marianne von Werefkin's maid in Russia and then lived with her and Jawlensky in Munich. In 1905–1906 Jawlensky travelled to Paris for an exhibition of his paintings. In Paris he met Henri Matisse. Matisse became another important influence on Jawlensky's painting style. World War I began in 1914. Jawlensky was expelled from Germany because Russia was one of the countries fighting against Germany. He went to live in Switzerland. +In 1922 Jawlensky married Hélène Nesnakomoff. They returned to Germany and settled in Wiesbaden. For the next 11 years, he concentrated on abstract paintings of heads. He also organized the artistic group "Die Blaue Vier" (The Blue Four). The other three members of the group were Kandinsky, Lyonel Feininger, and Paul Klee. The four artists lectured and exhibited together in Germany and the USA. From 1929 Jawlensky suffered very badly from arthritis. He had to give up painting in 1937 because he could no longer hold his brushes. He died in Weisbaden in 1941 at the age of 77. +Jawlensky's son Andreas (1902-1984) also became a painter. As a teenager he exhibited with his father. By the end of the 1920s, he became known in his own right. Andreas served in the German army during World War II. He was captured by the Russians and spent 10 years in prisoner of war camp in Siberia. His later paintings, done in Germany and Switzerland, were mostly landscapes. In 1987 there was an exhibition of both Alezej and Andreas's paintings in New York City. +Gallery. +The first picture is a portrait of Jawlensky's future wife, Hélène Nesnakomoff from 1900. It was painted in the more realistic style taught in the art schools of Russia. The later paintings show the influence of expressionism and fauvism on Jawlensky's work after he moved to Germany. + += = = Sustainability in Conwy = = = +The local authority of Conwy is located in North Wales and borders Gwynedd and Denbighshire. The County includes some of North Wales’s largest settlements such as Llandudno, Colwyn Bay and Conwy town. It has holds 4% of Wales’s total population at 111,273 for mid-2006 according to the national assembly for Wales (2006). Industry in this county has changed considerably over the last 2 centuries as during the industrial revolution slate quarrying was a big industry as stated by Day (2002, PP36) “The most distinctive economic feature of north-west Wales was its unique slate quarrying industry”. However, in recent times there has been a big emphasis on tourism, especially in seaside resorts such as Llandudno. But one big questioned raised by many in recent years is how is sustainability being implemented in Conwy? This article will focus on sustainable approaches in which Conwy as a local authority are implementing over the next couple of years. This report assesses the sustainability of Conwy in regards to environmental, social, cultural and economic considerations in this region but also looking at Conwy’s LDP and corporate plan for 2017-2022. +Environmental Sustainability. +Conwy being located on the North Wales Coast and stretching into the Snowdonia National Park has very impressive and outstanding scenery. Although as mentioned earlier slate quarrying in some of these areas has left scaring on the landscape with “entire mountains chiseled away” Day (2002, PP36) in some areas. It is therefore crucial that Conwy is enlisting schemes to help preserve its environment for future generations. In 2016 the Welsh assembly government published the Environment for Wales act (2016). This act applies to all the public bodies in wales and aims to help Welsh local authorities by up to 80% by 2050 - Conwy Council (2017) and this features in both the corporate plan and the LDP for Conwy. +They plan to do this by a number of objectives including implementing sustainable coastal and flooding defenses so properties and the coastline at risk are protected by a scheme, which is fit for purpose. Also the CBCC (2017) is aiming to improve recycling facilities and working with the Welsh government to increase recycling and reduce their Carbon footprint by investing in more renewable energies. In regards to renewable energy in this county they are trying to promote the development of a tidal lagoon in Colwyn Bay. This project would not only produce renewable low carbon energy for North Wales but can act as a coastal defense on the Conwy coastline and has potential to be used as a recreational facility. The County are also looking into other renewable energy schemes for the future decades. Leading on from this the CBCC (2017) state in there LDP that they are focusing on improving the landscape of areas that have been scared because of quarrying as mentioned earlier. This is in conjunction with the environment for Wales act (2016) and mentions that they are introducing agricultural grading to their land to ensure it returns its essential nutrients and increasing peat productions. Another scheme which is CBCC are looking to implement is a green wedge scheme. This involves promoting and encouraging the amount of green space available in the county and this is incorporated in both their LDP and corporate plan. +Cultural sustainability. +Cultural sustainability is the adapting beneficial parts of a specific nation’s history and culture to help the development for the future and present generations. Aspects such as language and historical buildings reflect tradition values of past cultures and can therefore be used as a means to measure sustainability. In the 2011 census published by the Conwy County Borough Council, that in Conwy: +Studies in China show that among those living in China there was strong evidence of residents having a specific connection to building that represent their history and past culture. Even though this is a study that was conducted in China, examples of this can also be seen everywhere in the world including Conwy. This sense of longing for historical styled building is evident in Wales in terms of listed buildings. +In Wales (and England) buildings with significant historical interest are often classified into either Grade I or Grade II buildings. Grade I listed buildings are buildings with significant historic relevance whereas Grade II listed buildings are buildings which are important in reflection to past history and culture but with less significance than Grade I buildings. Accorded to the British Listed Building website Conwy has a total of 254 listed buildings (both Grade I and Grade II), which is the second highest in the whole of Wales, second to Llandudno which has 394 and then followed by Abergele which has 81. The listed buildings in Conwy range from Grade I listed buildings such as: +Grade II buildings such as: +Buildings can also be used to view the national identity of the area through the eyes of those living there and those visiting as in recent years culture has played an important part of tourism and is increasingly in demand from tourists which is reflected in the Conwy Culture Centre. The development of this cultural centre was funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund in 2015 and a planning application was approved in 2017 which allows building and development to start. The Centre was planned to provide a safe space for youths to meet as well as a place to hold and display historic collections as well as offer training programmes and volunteer opportunities to locals who live in the area to improve their quality of live and the job aspects etc they are able to get. These aspects are all insightful of the ‘Conwy County Borough Council annual report 2016/17’ which explains how they had created a new strategy to increase the number of Welsh speakers (as well as the quality of the language that people who can speak the language were confident that they were able to speak). It also said that they had gained enough funding to be able to begin to develop the centre. As well as this it stated that heritage tourism within Conwy was increasing as a result of the changes that they made and that the volunteering support that was bring provided by the Conwy Culture Centre was worthwhile as two of the volunteers who took part were awarded with well-known awards (BBC Sports Wales young volunteer of the year). +Social Sustainability. +One of the four main indicators which are usually used to measure successful sustainability is the social aspects available in an area. Often studies into social sustainability include “housing, household structure, paid domestic work, material cultures of home and homelessness”. In attempt to reduce the rate of homelessness in Conwy, Conwy County Borough Council have made a five year strategy in 2013 (Local Housing Strategy). The aims of this strategy included making housing more affordable in attempt to allow the working population, those most likely to be renting homes, to remain in the area as housing is hard to afford. 2,200 homes in Conwy in 2015 were overcrowded as families could not afford large enough houses. Conwy County Borough Council (2015) also reveal that homelessness began to decrease in 2005, however overall, the rate of homeless in Conwy is lower than the national average for Wales. The Conwy Housing Solutions has an online help guide for those who are affected by homelessness and those that are expected to become homeless within 8 weeks and explains how Part 2 of the 2014 Housing (Wales) Act and Conwy County Borough Council (CCBC) can offer help. As well as homelessness in general studies have shown that there is often more homeless females than males and that this pattern is not being investigated enough and also that often, as women have different needs to men, women who are homeless suffer more from the effects of homelessness than men do. +Unemployment levels in Conwy in 2005 were 4% which was higher than the average for Wales at the time. One possible explanation for this could be due to the fact that in many places women still struggle to get jobs in 'male-dominated' fields such as farming and building therefore they often aren't able to get training or if they already have the necessary training they can find anyone to hire them. To try to change the problem with gender inequality in Conwy, CCBC have formed a ‘Strategic Equality Plan’ which was put into action in 2016. This plan attempts to contest gender inequalities in employment, pay and training by 2020. +Economic Sustainability. +Economic sustainability in Conwy is being planned by Conwy County Borough Council through the Conwy economic growth strategy 2017-2027. The creation of renewable energy has a great potential to increase the sustainable development of specific areas by creating a large selection of socioeconomic benefits such as improving regional and rural development opportunities, employment opportunities and the establishment of a domestic industry (del Río and Burguillo, 2009). There are five ambitions in Conwy’s economic growth strategy 2017-2027, one of them being to facilitate the tidal lagoon as mentioned earlier and other renewable energy projects across the county Conwy Council 2018. The tidal lagoon will create employment opportunities for the people of Conwy improving the sustainability of the local economy. Sourcing from small businesses can also improve the economic sustainability of local economies. Buying from small businesses can add to the development of the local economy in a variety of ways such as providing innovative green products and services (Walker and Preuss, 2008). +Conwy council want the local economy to be confident, resilient and sustainable. Conwy council will encourage new ideas and will work proactively with businesses to promote conditions in which they can grow. This is evidence that Conwy Council are aiming to effectively improve their local economy through the enhancement of local businesses that will in turn increase the economic sustainability of Conwy. Sustainable tourism is important for sustainable economic development. Appropriate policies are being applied within the Principality of Wales through the Wales Tourist Board to ensure successful sustainable tourism development (Owen, Witt and Gammon, 1993). An ambition of the Conwy Economic Growth Strategy 2017-2027 is to create winter tourism offer across the county making Conwy a year-round visitor destination Conwy Council (2018). This is an appropriate policy for Conwy as the area faces problems associated with seasonal tourism. The improvement of winter tourism in Conwy aims to counteract these problems and make the county a year-round tourist destination. Tourism is an important part of Conwy’s local economy and the creation of sustainable year-round tourism will further support the local economy, specifically in winter months. This will then improve the sustainable economic development of the County of Conwy. Higher education provides benefits to individuals and the society and must be considered when evaluating the economic sustainability of an area. Students who attend higher education obtain a wide range of personal and financial benefits (Baum et al, 2010). This would then support individuals in contributing to their local economy and its sustainable development. The Conwy County Borough council have recognised this and aim to establish a dedicated higher education presence in the county as outlined in the Conwy Economic Growth Strategy 2017-2027. This ambition will lay out a future for higher education institutions in the area and Wales as a whole. The increase in students attending higher education institutions shall then see a rise in financial benefits in Conwy County which will in turn promote the development of a sustainable economy in the area. +Summary. +In Summary Conwy has introduced a variety of schemes to help preserve the county for future generations. It is good to see that sustainability features so much in both the council’s Local development plan and corporate plan 2017-2022. It would be interesting to revisit this in the next five year and to see what goals featured in the corporate plan have been met and in particular developments on the proposed Tidal Lagoon in Colwyn Bay. For an area with such a diverse history and culture, it is good to see that both the council and communities want to preserve it for future generations. + += = = Windows NT 3.51 = = = +Windows NT 3.51 is an operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released on May 30, 1995, nine months after Windows NT 3.5 and two months before Windows 95. It is part of the Windows NT family and Windows NT 3.5x. It is the final version of Windows 3.x. Windows NT 3.51 was the first version of a short line of Windows NT available for the PowerPC architecture. It is the third Windows NT version. + += = = Ruble = = = +The ruble or rouble is (or was) a currency unit of some countries in Eastern Europe. Originally, the ruble was the currency unit of Imperial Russia and then the Soviet Union (as the Soviet ruble). +It is currently the currency unit of Russia (as the Russian ruble and Byelorussia (as the Byelorussian ruble). The Russian ruble is also used in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. +In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named rubles. One ruble is divided into 100 kopeks, and 100 rubles make a palochka. + += = = Phillips, Wisconsin = = = +Phillips is a city in Price County in the state of Wisconsin, United States. + += = = Orphism (religion) = = = +Orphism is a mystic religion of ancient Greece, originating in the 7th or 6th century BC and based on poems (now lost) attributed to Orpheus, emphasizing the necessity for individuals to rid themselves of the evil part of their nature by ritual and moral purification throughout a series of reincarnations. + += = = Interpretatio graeca = = = +Interpretatio graeca (Latin: "interpretation by means of Greek [models]") is how the religious concepts and practices, deities, and myths of Ancient Greece were used to interpret or attempt to understand the mythology and religion of other cultures. The term interpretatio romana (first coined by the Roman historian Tacitus in his book "Germania"), refers to the process as it was used by the Romans. Results of this process included using the names of deities as epithets for others, and identifying them in accordance with their various roles and functions. + += = = Section sign = = = +The section sign (§) (also known as the section marker, section symbol, paragraph sign, paragraph marker, paragraph symbol, double S or section mark or paragraph mark for short in parts of Europe) is a letter that is an alternate form of ß used in legal code. It is also a punctuation mark. This character is used to refer to a section in legal code. For example, in the APA style: "Title 16 of the United States Code Section 580p" becomes "16 US Code § 580p", which shows the section sign in place of "United States Code Section". +Keyboard entry. +Many platforms and languages have support for the section sign: +Some keyboards include dedicated ways to access §: + += = = Katie Boyle = = = +Katie Boyle, Lady Saunders (born Caterina Irene Elena Maria Imperiali di Francavilla; 29 May 1926 – 20 March 2018) was an Italian-born British actress, television personality, and game-show panelist. She was well known for appearing on TV panel games such as "What's My Line?" and for presenting the Eurovision Song Contest four times in the 1960s and 1970s. +Boyle died on 20 March 2018 at her Manchester home at the age of 91. + += = = Sudan (rhinoceros) = = = +Sudan (1973 – March 19, 2018) was a captive northern white rhinoceros who lived at the Ol Pejeta Conservancy in Laikipia, Kenya. +He was known for being one of only three living northern white rhinoceroses in the world, and the last known male of his subspecies. Sudan was euthanised on March 19, 2018, after suffering from "age-related complications". + += = = Hasan Celal Güzel = = = +Hasan Celal Güzel (1945, Gaziantep – 19 March 2018) was a Turkish journalist and politician. He was Minister of Education, Youth and Sport (1987 - 1989). He was leader of the Rebirth Party in the 1990s, a party he co-founded in 1992. He has been a columnist for "Radikal" and "Vatan". + += = = Barkat Gourad Hamadou = = = +Barkat Gourad Hamadou (Arabic: ����� ����� �����‎) (1 January 1930 – 18 March 2018) was a Djiboutian politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Djibouti from 2 October 1978 until 7 March 2001. He was born in Dikhil Region, French Somaliland. He resigned in 2001 due to health problems. +Hamadou died on 18 March 2018 in Paris of complications from heart disease, aged 88. + += = = Franz Pacher = = = +Franz Pacher (28 April 1919 – 3 March 2018) was an Austrian engineer and pioneer. He was born in Prostřední Suchá, present-day Czech Republic. He worked of modern tunneling, who was one of three men notable as the chief developers of the New Austrian Tunneling method. +Pacher died in Salzburg, Austria on 3 March 2018 at the age of 98. + += = = Robert Langlands = = = +Robert Phelan Langlands (; born October 6, 1936) is an American-Canadian mathematician. He is best known as the founder of the Langlands program that results connecting representation theory and automorphic forms to the study of Galois groups in number theory, for which he received the 2018 Abel Prize. +He is an emeritus professor and occupies Albert Einstein's office at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. + += = = David Benton = = = +David C. Benton (born 29 October 1957) is a British nurse and former chief executive officer of International Council of Nurses. He served in this capacity between 2008 to 2015. He took over from Judith Oulton and before his appointment, he was a senior consultant in the same organisation. +He is a fellow of the American Academy of Nursing and Royal College of Nursing. + += = = Ivan Silayev = = = +Ivan Stepanovich Silayev (; 21 October 1930 — 8 February 2023) was a Soviet politician. He became a Russian politician following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. He served as Premier of the Soviet Union through the offices of chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee and chairman of the Committee on the Operational Management of the Soviet economy from 6 September to 26 December 1991. +On 18 December 1991 Silayev became the Permanent Representative of Russia to the European Community in Brussels. +On 26 September 2002 Silayev became Chairman of the Russian Union of Mechanical Engineers. His wife died on 18 March 2006. During the 2007 legislative election Silayev ran as a candidate for the Agrarian Party, but failed to get elected. +Silayev died on 8 February 2023, at the age of 92. + += = = Mary L. Good = = = +Mary Lowe Good (June 20, 1931 – November 20, 2019) was an American inorganic chemist. She worked academically, in industrial research and in government. +Good was known for her works in the understanding of catalysts such as ruthenium which activate or speed up chemical reactions. +From April 3, 1996 to April 12, 1996, Good was acting United States Secretary of Commerce until Mickey Kantor was sworn-in. +Good won many major awards including the Garvan–Olin Medal, the Othmer Gold Medal, the Priestley Medal, and the Vannevar Bush Award. +Good died at her home in Little Rock, Arkansas, on November 20, 2019, at the age of 88. + += = = Arden L. Bement Jr. = = = +Arden Lee Bement Jr. (born May 22, 1932) is an American engineer and scientist. He has served in executive positions in government, industry and academia . He is a former Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Advanced Technology, Chief Technical Officer of TRW, Director of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). +Following the end of his six-year term at NSF, on June 1, 2010 he became the founding director of the Global Policy Research Institute and Chief Global Affairs officer at Purdue University. + += = = Rita R. Colwell = = = +Rita Rossi Colwell (born November 23, 1934) is an American environmental microbiologist and scientific administrator. Colwell holds degrees in bacteriology, genetics, and oceanography and studies infectious diseases. Colwell is the founder and Chair of CosmosID, a bioinformatics company. +From 1998 to 2004, she was the 11th Director of the National Science Foundation. + += = = Anton Ažbe = = = +Anton Ažbe (30 May 1862 – 5/6 August 1905) was a Slovene painter and teacher of painting. He painted in the realist style. Less than 30 of his paintings and drawings survive. The National Gallery of Slovenia in Ljubljana holds most of his works. He was most famous for his private painting school which he opened in Munich in 1892. Many foreign students came to study with him including Alexej von Jawlensky and Wassily Kandinsky. +Life and career. +Anton Ažbe and his twin brother Alois were born to a peasant family in Dolenčice, a small village in Slovenia. Their father died of tuberculosis when the boys were seven years old. Their mother had a very bad mental illness. She could not look after the farm or take care of the boys. A guardian took care of them. Anton had very poor health. He did not grow like a healthy child. He remained very short all his life. He also had problems with his spine and his legs. His guardian sent him to Klagenfurt as an apprentice to a merchant. After five years Ažbe ran away. He went to Ljubljana. In Ljubljana he met the painter Janez Wolf. He helped Wolf paint frescos in churches. +In 1880 Wolf helped Ažbe get into the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna. Ažbe studied for there for two years, but he did not like the academy's teaching method. He thought it was old-fashioned. In 1884 he moved to the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. The Munich academy was much more modern. Ažbe did very well there. His teachers, Gabriel von Hackl and Ludwig von Löfftz, admired his work. The academy gave him a scholarship. He and his friend Ferdo Vesel, another art student, earned extra money by selling their drawings and paintings. They also earned money by helping other students with their painting and drawing assignments. +Ažbe finished his studies at the Munich academy in 1891. By that time he was already known for his portrait painting. His paintings were shown in art exhibitions at the Glaspalast. The Glaspalast was a large glass and iron exhibition building in the old botanical garden of Munich. It was modeled after the Crystal Palace in London. In 1892, Ferdo Vesel encouraged Ažbe to give private lessons to art students in Munich. He started with seven students who rented a room for their lessons, but the number grew very fast. Soon Ažbe was able to rent a building on 16 Georgenstrasse for the school. He also had his own studio on that street. The door to the school had a sign that said "Nur fest!" ("Be bold!"). The school became very famous. It specialised in painting nudes and portraits. Famous artists who studied at Ažbe's school included Alexej von Jawlensky and Wassily Kandinsky. +Ažbe did all the teaching at the school by himself. This left little time for his own painting. In his later years Kandinsky wrote about his old teacher's generosity and kindness. Ažbe often gave free lessons to students who could not afford to pay. Ažbe died from cancer in 1905 at the age of 43. His obituary in a Munich newspaper described him as a man of great modesty and one of the city's "most original and best-known artistic personalities." + += = = Pattypan squash = = = +The pattypan squash is a vegetable. It can also be called a "Sunburst Squash", or a "White Squash". +It is part of the squash family. They can be white, yellow, or green. + += = = Stormy Daniels = = = +Stormy Daniels (born Stephanie Gregory Clifford March 17, 1979) is an American award-winning pornographic actress, screenwriter and stripper. She is a member of the NightMoves, AVN and XCRO halls of fame. +In 2018, Daniels and her lawyer Michael Avenatti became involved in a legal scandal with Donald Trump and his lawyer Michael Cohen. Trump and people who represent him were accused of paying Daniels $130,000 so that she wouldn't tell anyone about an alleged sexual relationship with Trump. +Spokespeople for Trump said that he never had an affair. White House Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders spoke for Trump. She said he never gave any payments to Daniels. +In 2010, a group of fans tried to get Daniels to run against Republican Senator David Vitter. +Daniels was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. + += = = Fortnite Battle Royale = = = +Fortnite Battle Royale is a video game mode within Fortnite Battle Royale, that was has 3 main game modes battle royal creative and survie the world released in 2017. The game is centered around being the last person alive. It also consists of a storm slowly moving towards a point on the map, dealing 1-10 damage per second, depending on how long the game had lasted. If a player is caught in the storm for too long, their character is eliminated. The game is so popular that one weekend 3.6 million people were playing it. According to Dexerto, Fortnite saw an average of 236 million monthly players in the past 30 days(as of March 2023), with a peak daily player reaching 15 million. In the first year of Fortnite, Epic Games made a mode called Save the World which is Fortnite's main campaign. Fortnite is one of the most popular games in the world, where around 40 million people log on to play the game monthly. The original version of this game was called "Save The World" and was first introduced in 2011 with the name of Fortnite. In this mode, your mission is to save the survivors trapped in the storm zone. Fortnite has had 29 seasons, with the latest coming out in the morning of March 8, 2024. +Gameplay. +The game starts with up to 100 players. The player may join with other players to form a team of two to four players, or the player may play on their own. The main goal of the game is to be the last player or team alive by eliminating or avoiding other players. The round starts with weaponless players skydiving from floating buses (called "Battle Buses") into a region of land. The game is set in that particular environment with all of the weapons, health items and other combat support that is needed for players to survive. Opponents attack other players and defend themselves by building structures. Throughout the game, a purple storm approaching from outside the land will move closer and closer towards the center of the map. Any player caught in the storm will become damaged. This directs surviving players closer to each other, forcing them to have to fight against each other. During the match, supply drops that provide legendary weapons and items will appear in random locations. Similar to "", "Fortnite Battle Royale" is primarily played in third-person perspective (a type of perspective where the player controls the character as if they were around the character). +What makes "Fortnite Battle Royale" unique from other battle royale games is the new building system, originating from the original Fortnite game. Players may destroy objects in their environment to provide materials so that they can build fortifications (walls, roofs, floors, etc) that help protect them from enemies. Some fortifications can be built quickly, but they will be destroyed easily. Some fortifications, however, can be built slowly but resists attacks better. In Chapter 3 Season 2, a no-build mode was introduced that removes the building mechanic. +The game is free-to-play, however players have the option to make in-app purchases that earn extra V-Bucks. "Vinderbucks", or V-Bucks for short, allows players to purchase new skins for their characters, weapons, or dances. The player can also earn V-Bucks without in-app purchases through completing missions or challenges that can even include skins. +Ever since Fortnite Battle Royale was first released, Epic Games, the creator of the game, has added new features to it regularly. They frequently add new items and weapons for the game as well as fixing up any glitches or other critical problems in the game that affect gameplay via updates. +Seasonal changes. +Fortnite Battle Royale has "seasons" that last for about 10 weeks each. These seasons introduce a new theme, along with a new chapter in the game's storyline. Each season also brings new content, including new exclusive skins and new gameplay elements. There are currently 29 seasons, broken up into (mainly 4, excluding the new chapter 5 Season 1 update) 5 chapters. +On October 15, 2019, a new chapter was released to Fortnite Battle Royale. This added even more new gameplay like boats, fishing, new guns, a lot of guns and items being vaulted, and a completely new map. +Popularity. +The game quickly gained popularity, with over 10 million players playing the game within the first two weeks of release. As of March of 2019, Fortnite Battle Royale has 250 million players, exceeding the population of Canada. +"Fortnite Battle Royale" has also been popular with children, even though the game is all about shooting each other. The game's cartoonish art style, free-to-play nature (does not cost money to play the game), and being able to interact online makes it attractive to kids. Since the release of the mobile version of "Fortnite Battle Royale", many parents and teachers were concerned about how it affects children psychologically. Teachers have noticed that children are easily distracted when playing Fortnite. Epic Games, the creator of "Fortnite Battle Royale", responded by adding warning labels to the game's loading screens that the game should not be played during a class session. +Criticism. +Some agencies (organizations that service a special field) were worried that many children are not getting enough proper exercise and real-world social interaction because of playing games such as "Fortnite". Other agencies had warned parents that "Fortnite Battle Royale" causes children to do violent behavior. On April 2019, Prince Harry proposed that "Fortnite Battle Royale" should be banned. He believes "Fortnite Battle Royale" has a negative effect on society. He said, "The game should not be allowed, Its created to addict children. An addiction to keep you in front of a screen for as long as possible. It's so irresponsible." + += = = Naagin 2 = = = +Naagin 2 is an Indian television series. The series was the sequel of "Naagin" and is followed by "Naagin 3", The series is produced by Ekta Kapoor, and created by Balaji Telefilms. +The series premiered on Colors TV on 8 October 2016 and ended on 25 June 2017. +The series starred Mouni Roy and Karanvir Bohra in lead roles. + += = = B. R. Ambedkar = = = +Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, economist, politician, writer and social reformer. He inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), and also supported the rights of women and labour. He was independent India's first law minister, the principal architect of the Constitution of India. +In 1956, in Deekshabhoomi, he initiated a mass conversion of Dalit, converting to Buddhism with 600,000 supporters. He revived Buddhism in India. Ambedkar is regarded as a bodhisattva, and the Maitreya, among the Navayana Buddhists. +In 1990, the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, was posthumously conferred upon Ambedkar. Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture. Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer had a deep effect on modern India. +Ambedkar was voted "the Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN, ahead of Vallabhbhai Patel and Jawaharlal Nehru. +Ambedkar Jayanti (Ambedkar's birthday) is an annual festival celebrated on 14 April. Ambedkar Jayanti is celebrated as an official public holiday in many states of India. The United Nations celebrated Ambedkar Jayanti in 2016, 2017 and 2018. + += = = Jacqueline Scott = = = +Jacqueline Scott (January 1, 1932 – July 23, 2020) was an American actress who appeared frequently in movies and television throughout the 1950s through 1980s. +She was called "The Youngest Old-Timer in the Business" because she appeared opposite several of the most well-known male actors of her day. She was featured in such major sitcoms as "The Twilight Zone", "Gunsmoke", "The Fugitive", and "Perry Mason". +Smith died on July 23, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 89. + += = = Jules Sedney = = = +Jules Sedney (28 September 192218 June 2020) was a Surinamese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Suriname from 20 November 1969 to 24 December 1973. In 1980, he became governor of the Central Bank of Suriname. He left the country in exile in 1983. Sedney returned to Suriname in 1989. +Sedney led a multi-ethnic government that Sedney believed had the checks and balances necessary for the growth of the Suriname economy. +Sedney died on 18 June 2020, aged 97. He had been hospitalized just prior to his death. + += = = Jean Michel Larrasket = = = +Jean-Michel Larrasket (22 May 1950 – 19 March 2018) was a French professor and engineer. He served as Vice-President for the northern Basque Country in the Basque Studies Society from 2012 until his death in 2018. +Larrasket was known for his several projects for the social and economic development of the Northern Basque Country and he was also one of the founders of the "Eticoop" cooperative that promotes entrepreneurship in this geographical area. + += = = Martín Vizcarra = = = +Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo (born 22 March 1963) is a Peruvian engineer and politician. He was the 67th President of Peru following the resignation of President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski. He previously served as the Vice President of Peru alongside Mercedes Aráoz. +Early life. +Vizcarra was born in Lima, the son of César Vizcarra Vargas, who was an American Popular Revolutionary Alliance(APRA) member, and Doris Cornejo, an elementary school teacher. His father was mayor of Moquegua and a member of the Constituent Assembly of 1978. His family was based in Moquegua, but moved to Lima due to a pulmonary complication that put him on the verge of death at his birth. Vizcarra has stated that his father had a lasting impact on his life. +Education. +Vizcarra studied at the IEP Juan XXIII and the GUE Simón Bolívar, in Moquegua. For university education, Vizcarra graduated from the National University of Engineering in Lima in 1984 while also earning a degree in Management Administration from the School of Business Administration (ESAN). +Vice presidency. +In the 2016 general election, Vizcarra ran with the Peruvians for Change presidential ticket as candidate for first vice president and as Pedro Pablo Kuczynski's running mate. The ticket narrowly defeated Keiko Fujimori's Popular Forcenomination. +Presidency. +Vizcarra was sworn into office as president on 23 March 2018 following the resignation of President Kuczynski. Throughout his tenure, Vizcarra remained independent from political parties, promoted reforms against corruption in the legislative and judicial branches and vowed to not run for president when his term ends in 2021.Following what he described as a "factual denial of confidence" against his government, Vizcarra dissolved the Peruvian Congress on 30 September 2019 and, on the same day, issued a decree for legislative elections. The snap election for a new congress was held on 26 January 2020, with the legislature elected becoming opposition-led once again. +Removal. +On 9 November 2020, Vizcarra was impeached and removed as President by the Congress and replaced with Manuel Merino. Vizcarra's impeachment incited the 2020 Peruvian protests, as many Peruvians. Vizcarra was banned from holding public office for 10 years after allegedly jumping the line to get a COVID-19 vaccine, with an 86-0 vote in congress. + += = = Bandar bin Khalid Al Saud = = = +Bandar bin Khalid Al Faisal Al Saud/ Bandar bin Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud (born 1965) is a Saudi businessman. He is a member of House of Saud. He is chairman of "Al Watan", a reformist newspaper. He is the eldest son of Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud and the brother of Saud bin Khalid and Sultan bin Khalid. +He is co-founder and a member of the board of trustees of the Arab Thought Foundation, which works to promote better understanding between Arabs and the Western world. +Bandar bin Khalid was appointed vice president of Painting and Patronage in 2010. + += = = Anna-Lisa = = = +Anna-Lisa (30 March 1933 – 21 March 2018) was a Norwegian-born American actress. He appeared in American movies and television. She was known for her role as Nora Travers in the ABC western series "Black Saddle", with Peter Breck and Russell Johnson. +In 1954, she was cast in guest-starring roles in such western television series as "Sugarfoot", "Maverick", and "Bronco". +She appeared in an episode of "The Millionaire" in 1959, the episode ".45 Caliber" of "Laramie (TV series)", and a 1963 segment of "Perry Mason", "The Case of the Velvet Claws" as Norma Vickers and a 1964 episode of "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea". +Anna-Lisa died in Oslo on 21 March 2018, nine days before her 85th birthday. + += = = Cindy Hyde-Smith = = = +Cindy Hyde-Smith (born May 10, 1959) is an American politician. She is the junior United States Senator from Mississippi since 2018. She served as the Mississippi Commissioner of Agriculture and Commerce from 2012 to 2018. +Hyde-Smith is a member of the Republican Party. She is the first female Agriculture Commissioner and a former member of the Mississippi State Senate, serving for three terms, and holding the position of Senate Agriculture Committee chair for eight years. +Governor Phil Bryant announced on March 21, 2018 that he will appoint Hyde-Smith to the United States Senate seat that was vacated by Thad Cochran on April 1, 2018. She is the first female member of Congress from Mississippi. +On November 6, 2018, Hyde-Smith and Democrat Mike Espy advanced to a run-off election held on November 27, where she beat Espy in the election. + += = = 2016 World Series = = = +The 2016 World Series was the 112th edition of the World Series, the championship round of Major League Baseball. It was played between the Chicago Cubs of the National League and the Cleveland Indians of the American League. Both were seeking to end their own long-standing droughts, as the Indians hadn't won a World Series title since 1948, and the Cubs had the longest drought in American sports history, as they hadn't won it since 1908. The Cubs defeated the Indians in seven games after trailing in the series three games to one, to win their first World Series title in 108 years. +The Indians took the first game with a 6-0 victory, in which Indians' starter Corey Kluber pitched six plus shutout innings. The Cubs evened the series, winning 5-1. And then the series shifted to Wrigley field for the next three games. The Indians took a three games to one series lead after winning games 4 and 5 by respective scores of 1-0 and 7-2. The Cubs, however, sent the series back to Cleveland, winning game 5 by a score of 3-2. Game 5 was notable for Aroldis Chapman pitching 2 2/3 scoreless innings to get the save. The Cubs would then force Game 7 with a 9-3 blowout win in Game 6. +Game 7 would go down as a classic, with comparisons to 1960, 1991, and 2001 regarding the game's intensity. Dexter Fowler led off the game with a home run. But the Indians would tie the game in the bottom of the third inning. The Cubs then jumped out to a 5-1 lead, but then a David Ross error followed by a wild pitch allowed the Indians to cut the lead to 5-3. Ross, however, hit a home run in the top of the sixth inning to make it 6-3 Cubs. In the bottom of the eighth inning, Brandon Guyer cut the lead to 6-4 with a run-scoring double. And then Rajai Davis tied the game at 6-6 with a two-run home run. After nine innings, there was a rain delay which lasted for 17 minutes before play resumed. In the top of the tenth, the Cubs broke the tie with RBI hits from Ben Zobrist and Miguel Montero, making the score 8-6. In the bottom of the inning, Carl Edward Jr. retired the first two but then walked Guyer and allowed an RBI single from Davis, making the score 8-7. Mike Montgomery then retired Michael Martinez for the final out. The Cubs thereby won the Series, ending their 108-year championship drought. + += = = Mucho Barato = = = +Mucho Barato is the first album by Control Machete, a Mexican hip hop group. It came out in 1997 and sold 100,000 copies in Mexico, and 400,000 in Latin America. The single Comprendes Mendes? became very popular and was a radio hit all over Latin America. + += = = Turan (mythology) = = = +Turan was the goddess of love, beauty, desire, fertility and vitality in Etruscan mythology and the patron goddess of the city of Velch. She was the lover of Laran, the god of war, and the Etruscan equivalent to the Roman goddess Venus (Aphrodite in Greek mythology). + += = = Laran = = = +Laran is the god of war and bloodlust in Etruscan mythology. He was typically portrayed as a naked youth wearing a helmet and carrying a spear, and was associated with fire and the Sun. He was the lover of Turan, goddess of love, beauty and fertility; Laran himself was the Etruscan equivalent of the Greek god Ares (Mars in Roman mythology). + += = = Hunter × Hunter = = = +Hunter × Hunter is a manga (Japanese comic) made by Yoshihiro Togashi. The story is about a young boy named Gon Freecss, who wants to be a hunter and find his father. A "hunter" is a job for people who have fantastic abilities. +The manga was first published on March 3, 1998 in a Japanese magazine called "Shonen Jump". However, the maker Yoshihiro Togashi has often taken frequent breaks from writing since 2006. In 1999, a 62-episode anime television series produced from "Hunter × Hunter". The series was produced by Nippon Animation and directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi. The show ran until 2001. A second anime television series by Madhouse aired on Nippon Television. The series was aired from October 2011 to September 2014. There are also many audio albums, video games, musicals, and other media based on "Hunter × Hunter". The manga has been translated into English and released in North America by Viz Media since April 2005. Both television series were also licensed by Viz. The first series was aired on the Funimation Channel in 2009 and the second series premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami block since April 16, 2016. +"Hunter × Hunter" became one of Shueisha's best-selling manga series. 66 million copies of this manga were sold in Japan alone as of 2014. +Characters. +Gon Freecss. +Gon Freecss is the main series protagonist, an athletic, naïve, and friendly boy who becomes Hunter to search for his estranged father Ging. After becoming a licensed Hunter, Gon gains Killua as a traveling companion as learn about Nen from Wing and later train further under Biscuit Krueger. Gon's Nen affinity is Enhancement, developing his "Ja Jan Ken" fighting style after rock-paper-scissors. However, Gon loses his ability to use Nen following his battle with the Chimera Ant Neferpitou. +Killua Zoldyck. +Killua Zoldyck is Gon’s best friend and member of the infamous Zoldyck Family of assassins, having been trained since birth and conditioned to possess extreme tolerance for poison, electricity and pain. Although Killua fails during his first Hunter Exam by killing an opponent, due to his elder brother Illumi's influence, he passes his second after eliminating all other applicants in the very first trial. Killua remained by Gon's during the first half of the series until the end of the Chimera Ant arc. Killua's Nen affinity is Transmutation, which allows him to change the properties of his aura into electricity. Killua applies this to his nervous system to develop his "Godspeed" Hatsu, which allows him to move at immeasurable speeds. +Kurapika. +Kurapika is the sole survivor of the Kurta clan, an ethnic group whose irises that turn scarlet in emotional stress, who were slaughtered by the Phantom Troupe to sell their eyes in the black market. Kurapika participates in the Hunter Exam alongside Gon, Leorio and Killua in order to become a Blacklist Hunter and use his achieve to avenge his people by any means. This included aligning himself with the Nostrade mafia family as a bodyguards. He later joins the Zodiacs as the "Rat" at Leorio's recommendation, accepting the position upon being told that Tserriednich Hui Guo Rou has the last batch of scarlet eyes that he needs to retrieve. This leads to his accompanying Woble Hui Guo Rou to the Dark Continent as her bodyguard. Kurapika's Nen affinity is normally Conjuration, creating five chains: "Dowsing Chain: The Guiding Ring Finger" for dowsing and normal attacks, "Chain Jail: The Restraining Middle Finger" which he can only use on Phantom Troupe members, "Holy Chain: Healing +Thumb" heals any injury with the crucifix on the end. "Judgement Chain: Arbiter Little Finger" kills the target should they violent any rule Kurapika imposes, and "Thieving Index Finger: Steal Chain" extract another person' aura and Nen ability. But when Kurapika's eyes turn scarlet, he gains a Specialist affinity that allows him to use the Hatsu "Emperor Time: Absolute Mastery", utilizing 100% of all Nen types but loses an hour of hour from each second he uses it while enhancing his chains' ability like "Stealth Dolphin: Index Finger in Emperor Time". +Leorio Paradinight. +Leorio Paradinight is a young adult who befriends Gon, Kurapika and Killua during the Hunter Exam while wanting to become a Hunter to pay his way through medical school and treat the impoverished for free. Leorio is later invited to become a member of the Zodiacs as the "Boar" and joins their expedition to the Dark Continent. Leorio's Nen affinity is Emission. +Hisoka Morow. +Hisoka Morow is a serial killer who combines his magic tricks with violence, being aroused by battling those he considers strong. Hisoka took an interest in Gon since first meeting him during the Hunter Exam, letting him and his friends live so that they grow into more worthy opponents while helping them for his own benefit. Hisoka also infiltrated the Phantom Troupe for chance to fight their leader Chrollo Lucilfer, aiding the Phantom Troupe restore Chrollo's Nen ability for his benefit. But after temporary killed fighting Chrollo in Heavens Arena, Hisoka revives himself and goes on a killing rampage against the Phantom Troupe. Hisoka's Nen affinity is Transmution, most often uses his ability "Elastic Love - Bungee Gum" make his aura elastic and sticky like gum. + += = = Neko Atsume = = = +Neko Atsume: Kitty Collector is a cat collecting game for iOS and Android made by Hit-Point Co.,Ltd. It was released on October 20, 2014 and has been downloaded more than 19 million times. +The game starts by purchasing foods, toys, and furniture to attract cats to the player's home. The player can watch cats playing with objects, take photos, and receive gifts of "niboshi" (���, small dried sardines) and "mementos", which means treasure or prizes, from them. +Right now, there are 62 cats for the player to collect. Inside these, 22 cats are "rare cats" and only appear when special items are in the player's home. + += = = Hercle = = = +Hercle (alternately spelled Heracle or Hercl) is a hero and god in Etruscan mythology. The son of Tinia and Uni, Hercle was the Etruscan equivalent of the Greek hero Herakles, depicted as a muscular figure who carried a club and wore a lionskin. Hercle was a popular subject in Etruscan art, especially bronze mirrors, which depict him engaging in a set of adventures different from those of Herakles. + += = = Jeongye Daewongun = = = +Jeongye Daewongun (; March 21, 1785 - November 2, 1841) was the father of 25th King Cheoljong of Joseon and great-grandson of 21th King Yeongjo of Joseon. +In 1785 he was born to Prince Eunjeon and Lady Lee of Jeonsan in Ganghwa-do. He was a illegitimate son. his mother Lady Lee of Jeonsan was a concubine was Prince Eunjeon. He was a poor farmer. In November 2, 1841 he died in Hanseong, to unknown causes. + += = = Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty = = = +Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (also known as the Pratihara Empire) was a powerful dynasty in the Late Classical Period on the Indian subcontinent. This dynasty ruled most of the Northern states of India. This dynasty ruled India for a huge period from the 7th century to the 11th century. They had Ujjain as the capital and later shifted to Kannauj. +History. +Nagabhata I (730–756) was the first ruler of the dynasty. He extended his control east and south from Mandor. He conquered Malwa as far as Gwalior and the port of Bharuch in Gujarat.He established his capital at Avanti in Malwa. Nagabhata I was famously known for defeating the Arab army of the Ummayyad Caliphates under Junaid and Tamin. Kakushta and Devaraja are two weak rulers who succeeded Nagabhata I. Vatsaraja (775–805) was the next powerful ruler of the dynasty. +Conquest of Kannauj. +Kannauj kingdom was ruled by a weak ruler, after the death of Harshavardhana. The Pratiharas, The Palas and The Rashtrakutas fought to get control over Kannauj. But Vatsaraja of Pratihara defeated the Palas and the Rashtrakutas. Around 786, Rashtrakuta ruler Dhruva (780–793) crossed the Narmada River into Malwa. From there he tried to capture Kannauj and defeated Vatsaraja. +Vatsaraja was succeeded by Nagabhata II (805–833). Nagabhata II was initially defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Govinda III (793–814). But later recovered Malwa from the Rashtrakutas. He conquered Kannauj and the Indo-Gangetic Plain as far as Bihar from the Palas. He rebuilt the great Shiva temple at Somnath in Gujarat. Kannauj became the center of the Gurjara-Pratihara state. At this time, the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty covered much of northern India. +Rambhadra (833-c. 836) for a short time, succeeded Nagabhata II. Mihira Bhoja (c. 836–886) expanded the Pratihara dynasty west to the border of Sindh, east to Bengal, and south to the Narmada. His son, Mahendrapala I (890–910), expanded further eastwards in Magadha, Bengal, and Assam. +Decline. +Bhoja II (910–912) was the successor of Mahendrapala I . He was overthrown by Mahipala I (912–944). Many kingdoms emerged independent using the weakness of Pratiharas. The south Indian Emperor Indra III (c. 914–928) of the Rashtrakuta dynasty for a short time captured Kannauj in 916. Later again Pratihara ruler gained control over Kannauj. But the dynasty was still weakening due to the attacks of the Turks, Rashtrakutas and several other dynasties. Mahmud of Ghazni captured Kannauj in 1018, and the Pratihara ruler Rajapala fled (escaped). Somehow Rajapala was captured and killed by a Chandela Ruler named Vidhyadhara.The Chandela ruler then placed Rajapala's son Trilochanpala on the throne. Jasapala, the last Gurjara-Pratihara ruler died in 1036. + += = = Fortnite = = = +Fortnite is a third person shooter survival game where the player has to survive against up to 99 other players. The total player count for each battle royale is 100. The player can build forts through collecting materials such as metal, bricks,wood, and collect weapons before fighting other players. The main game also has a mode called "", which is also available as a separate game. While Battle Royale is free, Save The World is a paid game. The game can be played on Nintendo Switch, Windows, PS4, PS5, Xbox, and Android. +Game modes. +Battle Royale. +100 players compete to win. Sometimes there are computer-controlled enemies. Players compete with each other to fight to the death. Players start with 100 health and 0 shield. In the game's "Zero Build" mode, players can have an Overshield which provides 50 more shield and regenerates when the player is not taking damage. in addition to their health and shield, players can find shield items to consume for a max of 200 hit points (or 100 health/100 shields). Players lose health and shields if they get shot by weapons, if they fall from too high, or take slow damage in the storm. The storm approaches over the course of a game. If the player loses all their health, they will lose. In "Fortnite", there are different kinds of weaponry, including guns, boogie bombs and special items. Weapons can be obtained throughout the game by grabbing them in the open, opening chests and supply drops, looting them off enemies and eliminated players and fishing from the water. The winner of the match is the one who is the last man standing. +At the beginning of the game, players can get to different locations by skydiving from a flying school bus titled the Battle Bus. The battle bus goes in a straight line over the map, but the path is not always the same. +Creative. +Creative mode allows the building of anything players can think of. Players can copy and paste different objects from the Battle Royale mode, and are able to visit the map as well. They can rotate and enlarge them to any way they want, and explore the community built maps from other people. +Save the World. +"Fortnite: Save the World" is the original version of the game, first released on July 27, 2017. +Players must cooperate with others to kill Husks and complete various missions. One to four players cooperate towards a single goal that they both need to achieve in order to survive, and to win the mission. There are 4 main named locations that are unlocked by progressing through the campaign. The first is Stonewood, the weakest of the 4 areas. Next is the mid-level Plankerton, followed by the high Level Canny Valley, ending with the last location, and the hardest, Twine Peaks. There are many other locations as well, added with events. One such is Scurvy Shoals, a tropical themed area. +Competitive. +Competitive Fortnite is played in Ranked and tournaments. There are different kinds of tournaments. There are tournaments that everyone can play (free tournaments). They usually do not have any cash rewards. The cups everyone gets to compete in are usually skin cups, where top 100 in each region gets a skin before its released to the item shop. For example, Thanos had a skin cup. +Then there are Ranked cups. In Ranked cups, players need to be in a specific rank in a game mode called "Ranked Battle Royale". In order to get in a higher league, they need to earn rank. You get percentage for getting kills, placements and wins. There are 8 different divisions listed below. +In Ranked cups, players get cosmetics, once reached certain amount of points. These are tournaments for cosmetics in the game. There are also top tier tournaments, like FNCS, which you can join if you are Elite rank or above, people can still play skin cups, and other special cups. To play cash cups, you must be minimum of gold rank or higher. +Cosmetics. +"Fortnite Battle Royale" has cosmetics. Cosmetics are items/skins that do not give the player any advantages in the game like pickaxes, dances, emotes, skins, wraps and sprays. Cosmetic items can be bought by the use of V-Bucks, the in-game currency. They can also be earned by completing challenges for the "Battle Pass", which is done by playing the game. + += = = Tydeus = = = +In Greek mythology, Tydeus (, "Tūdeus") was a hero of the generation prior to the Trojan War. He was the king of Argos. He was one of the Seven Against Thebes. He was the father of Diomedes. + += = = 4G = = = +4G is a mobile communications standard, intended to replace 3G, allowing wireless internet access at a much higher speed. It was introduced in the 2000s and an even faster version called LTE (Long Term Evolution) became commonplace in the late 2010s. A new standard called 5G was introduced in 2020. + += = = Oeneus = = = +In Greek mythology, Oeneus (Ancient Greek: ������, "Oineús") was a king of Calydon in Aetolia. He introduced the art of winemaking to the region. He learned it from the god Dionysus. +Family. +Oeneus was the son of Porthaon and Euryte. He was the husband of Althaea. Their children were Deianeira (the third wife of Herakles), Meleager, Toxeus, Clymenus, Periphas, Agelaus, Thyreus (or Phereus) Gorge, Eurymede, Mothone, Perimede and Melanippe. Oeneus was also the father of Tydeus by Periboea. + += = = Nagabhata I = = = +Nagabhata I (730-760 CE) was a Rajput king. He founded the Pratihara dynasty. He ruled the Avanti (or Malava) region in present-day Madhya Pradesh. He ruled gujarat which was earlier known as Gurjara Pradesh that's why he was called rajput prathihar king and their empire , which includes parts of present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. Nagabhata was famously known for defeating the Arab army. But was defeated by the Rashtrakuta king Dantidurga. +Early life. +Nagabhata has been named as the founder of the powerful Pratihara dynasty in the Gwalior inscription. This inscription dates to the time of his descendant Mihira Bhoja. Nagabhata is said to have come to throne around 730 CE. +Military career. +Arab invasion. +According to the Gwalior inscription of his descendant Mihira Bhoja, Nagabhata fought against a Mlechchha invasion. These mlechchhas are identified to be Arab Muslim invaders. The invasion was led by officers of Junaid. Junaid was a general and governor of Sindh under the Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik. Nagabhata succeeded in defeating the Arab army. +Rashtrakuta invasion. +Nagabhata I appears to have been defeated by the Rashtrakuta ruler Dantidurga. According to the Rashtrakuta records, the ruler of Malava was among the kings defeated by Dantidurga. + += = = Kakustha (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty) = = = +Kakustha (8th century CE) was a rajput king from the Pratihara dynasty. According to the Gwalior inscription of Mihira Bhoja, Kakustha was the elder son of an unnamed brother of Nagabhata I. Devaraja was the younger brother and successor of Kakustha. It is found that Kakustha and his successor Devaraja ruled between c. 760 CE and 780 CE. +The Gwalior inscription states that Kakustha added to the family's fame. It further mentions that he was known as Kakkuka. The word means "one who always laughs". + += = = Cadmus = = = +Cadmus (, "Kadmos") is a hero in Greek mythology. He was the founder and first king of Thebes. Cadmus was the first Greek hero whom, alongside Perseus and Bellerophon, killed monsters before the days of Herakles. He was a Phoenician prince. His parents were Agenor and Telephassa, the king and queen of Tyre. The acropolis of Thebes was originally named Cadmeia in his honor. + += = = Marysville, Ohio = = = +Marysville is a city in and the county seat of Union County, Ohio, United States. The population was 25,571 at the 2020 census. This marks a 15.7% increase from 2010. +Marysville's longtime slogan is "Where the Grass is Greener". +In December 2008, Marysville was designated as a "Preserve America Community" by the First Lady Laura Bush. + += = = Union County, Ohio = = = +Union County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2020, 62,784 people lived there. The county seat is Marysville. + += = = Al-Tirmidhi = = = +Al-Tirmidhi, born in 209 AH (824) in Termez, was a Persian Islamic scholar and collector of hadith. He wrote Jami at-Tirmizi, one of the six major hadith compilations (Kutub al-Sittah) in Sunni Islam. At-Tirmizi began the study of hadith at the age of 20. From the year 235 AH (849/850) he traveled widely in Khurasan, Iraq, and the Hijaz in order to collect hadith. + += = = Bimetal = = = +Bimetal means two different metals joined together. Instead of being a mix of two or more metals, like alloys, bimetallic objects are made of layers of different metals. +Bimetallic strips move when they are heated up. They are the most common bimetallic objects. They are often used in electric kettles as a temperature switch. + += = = Ismenian Dragon = = = +In Greek mythology, the Ismenian Dragon was a giant serpent that guarded the sacred spring of Ares near Thebes. When the hero Cadmus arrived at the site seeking to create a new city, he killed the creature with a giant stone. + += = = Ho Kan = = = +Ho Kan (July 23, 1932) is a painter from China. He is the founder of the avant-garde art movement Ton Fan Group. He paints in the abstract style. Ho Kan was born in Nanjing, China, and grew up in Taiwan. In 1951, he studied modern art with Li Chun-shan. In 1957, Ho Kan and seven other artists formed the Ton Fan Group. +Conceptual Art. +His works focus on the void, which is neither the first protagonist, a surface of uniform color, stretched like silk, which communicates a feeling of silence, and on this surface some signs come to light. +Art market. +At a Sotheby's Hong Kong auction in 2021, Ho-Kan's "Abstract Composition ����" (1967), a oil on canvas, was sold for Euro 149,974 plus auction fees. + += = = Rolf Leeser = = = +Rolf Leeser (4 June 1929 – 21 March 2018) was a German-born Dutch footballer and fashion designer. He played for Ajax from 1948 to 1954. He was born in Essen and of Jewish descent. +Leeser became a regular during the 1951–52 season, and continued to play until April 1954, scoring six goals in 34 total appearances for the club over the course of his career. +He founded Leeser B.V., a women's fashion chain. +Leeser died on 21 March 2018 at the age of 88. + += = = Mahipala I = = = +Mahipala I (913–944) was the 9th king of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty. He became the king of the dynasty after his step brother Bhoja II. Mahipala I had several other names: "Ksitipala", "Vinayakapala", "Herambapala" and "Uttarapatha Swami". +Reign. +Rashtrakuta emperor Indra III captured Kannauj during Mahipala I's reign. But Mahipala I soon brought Kannauj under control. His court poet Rajasekhara calls him "Maharajadhiraja of Aryavarta". According to "Kavyamimansa" of Rajasekhara, Mahipala controlled land from the Beas River in the northwest to Kalinga (present Orissa) in the southeast, and from the Himalayas to the Chera country in the south. During the end of Mahipala I's reign, the kingdom was attacked by the Rashtrakutas. + += = = René Houseman = = = +René Orlando Houseman (19 July 1953 – 22 March 2018), nicknamed "Loco", was an Argentine footballer. He played as a right winger. +During his international career Houseman also played for the Argentina national team and participated at the 1974 FIFA World Cup, where he scored three goals. +Houseman died of tongue cancer in Buenos Aires on 22 March 2018 at the age of 64. + += = = Jan Kantůrek = = = +Jan Kantůrek (4 May 1948 – 21 March 2018) was a Czech translator of fantasy, science fiction, comics and westerns from English. He was born in Zlín. His most known translations are Discworld by Terry Pratchett and books about Conan the Barbarian by Robert E. Howard and his successors. +He was awarded "Best Translator" by the Czech "Academy of science fiction, fantasy and horrors" in 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1999. Discworld was awarded "Best Book Series" in the same years. In 2003 he received an award for his lifetime work in science fiction by the Academy. +Kantůrek died of thrombosis complicated by diabetes in Prague on 21 March 2018 at the age of 69. + += = = Dariush Shayegan = = = +Dariush Shayegan (;‎ 2 February 1935 – 22 March 2018) was an Iranian philosopher and cultural theorist. He wrote a novel "Land of Mirage" in French which won the ADELF award presented by the Association of French Authors on December 26, 2004. +Shayegan, who studied with Henry Corbin in Paris, also has many pioneering works on Persian mysticism and mystic poetry. He was a founding director of the Iranian Center for the Studies of Civilizations. +In 2009 Shayegan was awarded the inaugural Global Dialogue Prize. +Shayegan died on 22 March 2018, at the age of 83 in Tehran of a stroke. + += = = Gopala (Pala king) = = = +Gopala I was the founder of the Pala Empire of Bengal , Indian subcontinent. He came to power around 750 CE in Gaur after being elected by a group of regional chieftains (leaders). Pala means "protector". The word Pala comes in every Pala ruler's name. +Family. +The name of Gopala's father is Vapyata. His grandfather is Dayitavishnu. The Khalimpur copper plate of Gopala's son Dharmapala refers Vapyata as "killer of enemies". It also describes Dayitavishnu as Sarva-vidyavadata ("all-knowing" in the meaning of "highly educated"). +Reign. +According to Manjusrimulakalpa, Gopala died at the age of 80, after a reign of 27 years.Not much is known about his life or military career. But at the time of his death, he left a large empire to his son Dharmapala. + += = = Govindapala = = = +Govindapala is believed to be the successor of Madanapala. He is also considered to be the last ruler of the Pala Empire. + += = = Eastern Chalukyas = = = +Eastern Chalukyas, also known as the Chalukyas of Vengi, was a dynasty that ruled parts of South India. It ruled for a period from the 7th century to the 12th centuries. They started out be as governors of the Chalukyas of Badami in the Deccan region. Later they became powerful. They ruled the Vengi region of present-day Andhra Pradesh until c. 1130 CE. After 1130 CE they continued their rule under the overlordship(feudatory) of the Chola.Originally, the capital of the Eastern Chalukyas was located at the Vengi city. Later the capital was shifted to Rajahmundry. +Throughout their history the Eastern Chalukyas were the cause of many wars between the more powerful Cholas and Western Chalukyas. Eastern Chalukyan rule of Vengi saw the growth of Telugu culture, literature, poetry and art throughout the region. +Birth of the dynasty. +The Chalukyas of Vengi emerged from (came from) the Chalukyas of Badami.The Badami ruler Pulakeshin II (608–644 C.E) conquered the Vengi region in eastern Deccan by defeating the Vishnukundina dynasty. He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as the governor of the new territory in 624 CE. Kubja Vishnuvardhana founded the Eastern Chalukya dynasty after the death of Pulikeshin II in the Battle of Vatapi. +History. +Between 641 CE and 705 CE some kings, except Jayasimha I and Mangi Yuvaraja, ruled for very short durations. Then periods with weak rulers followed. At this time, the Rashtrakutas removed the Western Chalukyas of Badami. The weak rulers of Vengi had to face the Rashtrakutas. There was no Eastern Chalukya ruler who could fight against them. During the period of Gunaga Vijayaditya III, the Rashtrakuta emperor Amoghavarsha treated him as his ally (supporter). After Amoghavarsha's death, Vijayaditya made the state independent. + += = = Kubja Vishnuvardhana = = = +Kubja Vishnuvardhana was the brother of Chalukya king Pulikeshin II. Vishnuvardhana ruled the Vengi territories in the eastern Andhra Pradesh as the viceroy under Pulakeshin II. Later he declared it as an independent country. Thus started the Eastern Chalukya dynasty (c. 624).The Eastern Chalukyas ruled the Vengi kingdom for nearly five centuries. +Reign. +Vishnuvardhana ruled over a kingdom extending from Nellore to Visakhapatnam. He got the title of Vishamasiddhi (conqueror of difficulties). Vishnuvardhana participated in the wars between his brother Pulikesin II and the Pallava Narasimhavarma I. He possibly lost his life in thebattle in 641.His son Jayasimha I succeeded him as the king. + += = = Jayasimha I (Eastern Chalukyas) = = = +Jayasimha I (641–673 CE) succeeded Kubja Vishnuvardhana as the king of Eastern Chalukyas. He had a long reign of 32 years.His younger brother Indra Bhattaraka succeeded him to the throne. + += = = Charlotte Harland Scott = = = +Charlotte Harland Scott (born 13 November 1963 in Blackheath, London) is a British-born Zambian economic and social development specialist. She was the First Lady of Zambia from October 2014 to January 2015. Her husband, Guy Scott, was acting President following the death of Michael Sata. +Career. +Charlotte Scott has worked in the fields of economic development policy, social development policy and NGOs for more than twenty years. Sata died in office on 28 October 2014. Vice-President Guy Scott succeeded Sata as the acting President of Zambia until a by-election could be held 90 days after Sata's death. The events made Charlotte Scott the First Lady of Zambia during this time. The couple became the country's first white President and First Lady. The Scotts did not move into Government House, the residence of the country's president. Guy Scott was barred by law from running for the remainder of Sata's unexpired presidential term because the Constitution of Zambia banned presidential candidates whose parents were not born in Zambia. His parents had immigrated to present-day Zambia from England and Scotland in the United Kingdom. Charlotte Scott was succeeded by Esther Lungu on 26 January 2015. +In 2016, Guy Scott decided would not seek re-election to his Lusaka Central seat in Parliament in the August general election. Charlotte Scott applied to run for her husband's seat and was endorsed by the United Party for National Development (UPND) as the party's official nominee. Scott and her main opponent, the PF's Margaret Mwanakatwe, were considered the front-runners for Lusaka Central during the election out of the five candidates for the seat. However, she was unsuccessful as Margaret Mwanakatwe won the vacant seat. + += = = Karlmann King = = = +The Karlmann King is a low-production SUV that is manufactured in Italy and the United States. +The price starts at $1.85 million, for the standard version. It is the most expensive SUV in the world. It features a 6.8-liter V10 engine which produced 398 horsepower. However, because the Karlmann King weighs an abnormally-heavy 10,580 pounds (Without armor), its top speed is a mere 87 mph. The car features optional bullet proofing. Only 9 units will be built in Italy, however a larger, unknown number will be built in the United States in a modified and more standardized version. Other features include independent air conditioning for the front and rear, a coffee machine, neon sky lighting, a flat-screen TV, electric tables, air purification, a bar, a laptop and a fridge. All of the electric features can be controlled via an in and out-car app or a built-in control panel. Entertainment options include a Hi-Fi sound system, a PlayStation 4, phone projection, satellite TV and Wi-Fi. + += = = Yi Dang = = = +Yi Dang (February 1, 1783 - May 8, 1826) was a royal family member of the Joseon dynasty in Korea. +He is the son of Prince Eunjeon, an illegitimate son of Crown Prince Sado. His cause of death is not known. + += = = Mahendravarman I = = = +Mahendravarman I (600–630 CE)was a Pallava king who ruled the Northern regions of present-day Tamil Nadu in India. He was the son of Simhavishnu, who defeated the Kalabhras and re-established the Pallava kingdom. Tamil literature flourished (developed) under Mahendravarman's rule. The popular Tevaram written by Appar and Sambandhar were done in this reign. Mahendravarman himself was the author of the play Mattavilasa Prahasana and another play called Bhagavadajjuka. Mahendravarman I was succeeded to the throne by his son Narasimhavarman I in 630 CE. +Battle of Vengi. +During Mahendravarman's reign, the Chalukya king Pulakeshin II attacked the Pallava kingdom. The Pallavas fought a series of wars (many wars) in the northern Vengi region. Mahendravarma saved his capital. But he lost the northern provinces to Pulakeshin II. +Architecture. +The rock cut temples of Mahabalipuram, Kokarneswarar Temple of Pudukottai are some examples of architecture built in Mahendravarman's reign. Apart from Siva temples, Mahendravarman also excavated a few Vishnu cave temples. + += = = Aparajitavarman = = = +Aparajitavarman (fl. c. 880-897 CE) was a king of the Pallava dynasty. He was the last king of the Pallava dynasty. He was killed in 897 CE in a battle against Aditya I. In 880 CE Aparajita had defeated and killed Varagunavarman II. + += = = Khalil Al Qaheri = = = +Khalil Al-Qaheri (; born December 21, 1986, Manama, Bahrain) is a Bahraini Entrepreneur, entrepreneurship speaker and author, who is known for his Seminars and Entrepreneurship publications on the principles of Bahrain′s mass medias. He is the current Chief executive officer (CEO) of Trexsol company and co-founder and manager of Stradico, which is a Consultancy firm in Bahrain. he also established frist business clinic in Bahrain which provide training courses and workshops for businesspeople. Al-Qaheri wrote his book debut in field of entrepreneurship which its name is "������ �� ����� �������" ("The Way to Entrepreneurship") on 2017. + += = = Booba = = = +Elie Yaffa (born December 9, 1976), better known under his stage name Booba () is a French rapper. After a brief stint as a break dancer in the early 1990s, Booba partnered with his friend Ali to form Lunatic. The duo released a critically acclaimed album in 2000 and disbanded in 2003. Booba has since embarked on a successful solo career, selling more than 10 million discs over his career and becoming the most legally downloaded artist in French history. Booba is praised for the quality of his flow and beats but often criticized because of controversial nature of his lyrics. He has also established the rap label Tallac Records, and developed a line of jewellery. +Life and career. +Elie Yaffa was born on December 9, 1976, in the outskirts of Paris in Sèvres. His father is Senegalese and his mother is French. +With his friend Ali they formed the duo Lunatic in 1994. Unable to secure a record deal from a major label because of their controversial lyrics, they created their own independent record label 45 Scientific in 1999. The following year, Lunatic released its first and only album entitled "Mauvais œil". +In 2002, Booba released his debut solo album "Temps mort". He followed this up with four further albums: "Pantheon", "Ouest Side" (the most successful), "0.9" and "Lunatic". In late 2012, he released his sixth solo album "Futur". In whole, Booba has ten certification discs, six Disques d'Or (Golden album), three Disques de platine (Platinum album) and one Double disque de platine (Double-Platinum album). In 2011, Booba won the competition MyYoutubes, ahead of popular artists like Rihanna, Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, Eminem, Jay-Z, Sexion D'Assaut, Shakira, Stromae... +Musical style. +Booba was influenced by the American hip-hop stage of the 1980s and at the beginning of the 1990s--Mobb Deep, Wu-Tang Clan, 2Pac, and Biggie Smalls. The dark melodies accompanied with raw texts, typical of the rap from New York, are present on every album of his. He is often criticized for making the apology of easy money and murder. Booba advocates a reduction in the taxes and claims himself in support of individual freedom. Racism is a recurring topic of his songs (see for example "Couleur ébène", "Pitbull", "Ma Couleur"), although he sometimes deliberately advocates communitarian positions. + += = = Krishna Tulasi = = = +Krishna Tulasi is a 2018 Indian Kannada language movie written and directed by Sukesh Nayak, produced by M Narayana Swamy under the banner of Annapoorneshwari Cine Creations. +The movie stars National Award winning actor Sanchari Vijay and Meghashree in the lead roles. +Plot. +Eslövs IK is a sports club in Eslöv in Sweden. It was established in 1961. Nowadays the club mostly runs handball activity. The women's team won the Swedish national indoor championship titles in 2002 and 2003. +The women's team plays under the name Eslövs IK (up to 2002 Team Skåne EIK). The club also runs the women's Division 2 team 'Eslövstjejerna'. + += = = Skuru IK = = = +Skuru IK is a sports club in Skuru in Nacka in Sweden. It was established on 22 October 1922. The club runs basketball, gymnastics, handball and swimming activity. Earlier it even ran bowling and ice hockey. The club began to play handball in 1950. The women's handball team won the Swedish national indoor championship titles in the years of 2001, 2004 and 2005. + += = = Skånela IF = = = +Skånela IF is a sports club in Märsta in Sweden. It was established in 1949. The club mostly plays handball. The club won the Swedish women's national indoor handball championship in 1992. + += = = SoIK Hellas = = = +SoIK Hellas is a sports club located in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was established on 14 May 1899 as Pastorns gossar by Katarina Parish confirmation priest Ernst Klefbeck. The club then changed its name to SoIK Hellas in 1912. The name change also came on the initiative of Ernst Klefbeck. Nowadays the club runs bowling, track and field athletics, handball, swimming, orienteering, tennis and water polo. The club earlier even ran soccer, table tennis, fencing, gymnastics, cross-country skiing, diving, ski orienteering and squash. +The men's handball team won the Swedish National Indoor Handball championship in the years of 1936, 1937, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972 and 1977. Even the men's water polo team has won Swedish championship titles. +The club decided in 2009 to become an alliance club from 2010. + += = = National Society for Road Safety = = = +The National Society for Road Safety () is a road traffic safety organization in Sweden. The organization was established in 1934. + += = = Motormännens riksförbund = = = +Riksförbundet M Sverige (M Sverige), formerly Motormännens riksförbund is an organization for motor vehicle-owners in Sweden. It was established in 1922. in Malmö as "Sveriges förenade motormän". The name was changed in 1924. + += = = Stuart Varney = = = +Stuart Varney (born July 7, 1949) is a British economic journalist. Varney joined Fox News Channel in January, 2004 as a business contributor on other shows including "Your World with Neil Cavuto". He joined the Fox Business Network as an anchor when the network started in October 2007. He was also a guest host and contributor for FOX News Channel's "Your World with Neil Cavuto." +Career. +Varney was born on July 7, 1949 in Derby, Derbyshire, England. he graduated from the London School of Economics. He started at KEMO-TV in San Francisco as a business anchor. In 1980 when CNN started, he hosted shows such as "Business Day" and "Business Asia". On CNN’s "Moneyline" he co-hosted with Willow Bay from 1999 to 2001. He also worked for CNBC. + += = = Luleå BBK = = = +Luleå BBK is a basketball club in the town of Luleå in Sweden. The club was established in 1978. Before the 2011-2012 season the club changed its names to Northland Basket. The club changed back to its original name in mid-July 2015. +The club won the Swedish women's national basketball championship in 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017. The club also lost the national finals in the years of 2005, 2006, 2007, 2011 and 2012.2017 and 2018. + += = = Visby BBK = = = +Visby BBK is a basketball club in Visby, Sweden. The club was established in 1992 out of the Visby AIK basketball section. The women's team play as Visby Ladies. The club won the Swedish women's national basketball championship during the season of 2004-2005. +Tia Paschal played for the club during the 1997-1998 season. + += = = Ockelbo BBK = = = +Ockelbo BBK is a basketball club in Ockelbo in Sweden. The club was established in 1969. The women's team played in Elitserien between 1995-1999. The men's team qualified for the Swedish Basketball League in 2003. In 2006 the club was suffering from economic problems in 2006. The club applied for bankruptcy to the Gävle District Court on 13 February 2007. The men's team first played the two remaining games of the regular season. + += = = Mastiff = = = +The Mastiff, also called the English Mastiff, is a large breed of dog. They have a rectangular body, thick muscles and a massive head with a wrinkled forehead. They stand from to at the shoulder and typically weigh between and . The Mastiff is one of the largest breeds of dogs who can outweigh many full-grown men. They can be gentle with family members but are also excellent guard dogs. +History. +The early Mastiff was called a molosser or molossus. Genetics and breeding dogs to get certain characteristics was unknown then. In 350 BC, Aristotle wrote that the ancestor of the Mastiff was the Molosser. These were the war dogs and guard dogs kept by the Molossoi people, an ancient Greek tribe. Today the two names are often used to mean the same group or family of dogs. For example, the modern St. Bernard is sometimes described as a mastiff and sometimes as a molosser type. +Mastiff or Molosser breeds. +While the Mastiff is a recognized breed, there are also a number of working dog varieties that are closely related to the Mastiff. Many prefer to class them as molosser breeds so as not to confuse them with the Mastiff dog breed. Currently there are about 14 different breeds in the molosser/mastiff family of dogs that are bred from or have a common ancestor with the Mastiff. These include the: +There are also a large number of dog breeds not called molossers or mastiffs, but are related to them. Some of these include the: +The list includes many more. +Training and temperament. +When training a Mastiff, it is important to recognize they have a certain personality type that needs additional time and patience to learn things. A Mastiff is a very relaxed dog and takes his or her time in doing a task. Owners call this the "Mastiff tempo". A Mastiff can't be trained the same as a Border Collie. In temperament, a modern Mastiff is a patient, sweet-tempered family guardian and companion. Gentle training works best. It is important to start that training early in puppyhood. They are a dog of tremendous size and strength and owning a Mastiff is a large responsibility. +Mastiffs are very predictable when they are facing a threat to their family. If an owner and another person act in a threatening way, the Mastiff will usually get between them to protect its owner. This is hard for the other person to miss and usually results in a cooling down of a heated discussion. But, if the situation does get worse, the Mastiff will usually growl or snarl at the other person as a warning. +Early socialization is important so the Mastiff knows who belongs in the house and who does not. For example, if a Mastiff puppy sees strangers coming and going all the time, they tend to see this as normal and might not recognize an intruder if they see one. However, a properly trained and socialized Mastiff will usually corner a burglar or intruder. Unless the intruder does something foolish, like try to hurt the dog, he or she will probably not be hurt. + += = = Neapolitan Mastiff = = = +The Neapolitan Mastiff or Italian Mastiff, () is a large, ancient dog breed. This large breed is often used as a guard dog and family protector. Despite their looks, they are a big gentle dog with family and friends. They can be trained as guard dogs to protect people or property. Neapolitan Mastiffs need a lot of daily exercise. They are directly descended from the Tibetan Mastiff, one of the oldest dog breeds. +Standards. +According to American Kennel Club (AKC) standards, male Neapolitan Mastiffs should measure 26–31 inches (66–79 cm) at the withers. They should weigh 130–155 pounds (60-70 kg). Females should measure 24–29 inches (61–74 cm). They should weigh 110–130 pounds (50–60 kg). Body length should be 10–15% greater than height. + += = = Banu Hilal = = = +The Banu Hilal () was a group of Nomadic Arabs. In the 11th century they migrated from Upper Egypt into what is now Tunisia and eastern Algeria. They defeated the Berbers. +History. +Oral tradition says that the tribe would have left Arabia to go to Egypt. According to their legend they rebelled against the Caliph of Baghdad in the second half of the 10th century. In 1049, when the Zirid ruler of Tunisia rebelled against Egypt, nomads were sent to punish them. Ibn Khaldun, an early Tunisian historian, said they were like "a cloud of locusts" when they invaded Tunisia. The Arab poets told of their many conquests as they moved west. They were defeated in a series of battles during the 12th century by the Moroccan dynasty. Even though it was an oral history, the Banu Hilal were a real tribe. They did come from the Arabian Peninsula. And the Banu Hilal did control much of North Africa for over a century. + += = = Maturity onset diabetes of the young = = = +Maturity onset diabetes of the young, or MODY is any of several hereditary forms of diabetes mellitus caused by gene mutations. The mutations interfere with the making of insulin. MODY is often called monogenic diabetes. MODY 2 and MODY 3 are the most common forms of the disease. +The term "MODY" goes back to around 1964. +In MODY 2, oral medications or insulin may not be needed. In MODY 1 and MODY 3, insulin may be necessary. +Some people with MODY may be obese or overweight. + += = = Deal or No Deal (album) = = = +Deal or No Deal is the second studio album by American rapper, Wiz Khalifa. "Deal or No Deal" was released on November 24, 2009 through Rostrum Records. 5,900 copies were sold in the first week of release. +The album peaked at #10 on the "Billboard" Top Rap Albums and at #25 on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. + += = = Setif, Algeria = = = +Setif (Arabic: ����) is a town in northeastern Algeria. It is the capital of Sétif Province and it has a population of 288,461 people as of the 2008 census. Setif is east of Algiers. It is the second most important Wilaya after the country's capital. The streets are lined with trees with a fountain and theater, giving the town a French feel. +History. +Setifis (or Sitifis) was founded by the Romans, during the reign of Nerva, as a colony for veterans. Although no buildings of this period are known, a cemetery found in the 1960s seems to have contained tombs from the early colony. +Demography. +The population is Chaoui, Kabyle and Arab in origin. + += = = Rolling Papers = = = +Rolling Papers is the third studio album by American rapper, Wiz Khalifa. "Rolling Papers" was released on March 29, 2011 through both Atlantic and Rostrum Records. +The album debuted at #2 on the "Billboard" 200. "Rolling Papers" was certified Gold by the RIAA which is uncommon for an album that was released through an independent label. It has sold 500,000 copies in the United States. +The album featured the singles "Black and Yellow", "Roll Up", "On My Level", and "No Sleep". + += = = A3 Basket = = = +A3 Basket (used to be known asUmeå BBK) is a basketball club in Umeå, Sweden. The teams played under the name "Udominate Basket". The club was established in 2012 out of the KFUM Umeå women's basketball section "Umeå Comets". The women's team debuted in Basketligan dam during the 2012-2013 season. They ended up fifth and reached the semifinals. They lost there to the Norrköping Dolphins. The club also plays in the BWBL. +During the 2013-2014 season the men's team qualified for the Swedish Basketball League. + += = = Henry Segerstrom = = = +Henry Thomas Segerstrom (April 5, 1923 – February 20, 2015) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the founding chairman of the Orange County Performing Arts Center now known as the Segerstrom Center for the Arts. + += = = Harris Wittels = = = +Harris Lee Wittels (June 20, 1984 – February 19, 2015) was an American actor, comedian, writer, producer and musician. He was born in Oklahoma City and raised in Houston. He is best known for having been a writer for "The Sarah Silverman Program", a writer, actor and executive producer for "Parks and Recreation". +Wittels died in Los Angeles on February 19, 2015 at the age of 30. + += = = Pallor = = = +Pallor (also known as paleness) is when the skin is a pale color. It can be caused by illness, stress or even shock. +Pallor is seen most easily on the face and palms. It can develop suddenly or slowly. +Causes of pallor may include migraines, headache, hypoglycemia, anemia or scarlet fever. + += = = Tin whistle = = = +A tin whistle is a metal whistle commonly made of brass tubing or nickel plated brass tubing fitted with a plastic fipple (mouthpiece). It is very popular among the Irish being important to Irish folk music. + += = = Misophonia = = = +Misophonia (meaning "hatred of sound") is a rarely diagnosed mental disorder. It is a condition where certain sounds can cause someone to be angry or enraged. The sounds could be as simple as someone chewing food with their mouth open. Other examples include a ballpoint pen clicking (repeatedly), tapping, typing and other common sounds. The disorder has only been identified and named in the last 20 years. According to one sufferer, "It’s like a fight-or-flight response: Your muscles get tense, you’re on edge, your heart races, and you feel the urge to flee". Misophonia is often misdiagnosed as one of several psychological disorders. Sufferers often keep away from trigger sounds. There is no cure but it can be treated. +People with misophonia have different amounts of tolerance for triggering sounds. The presence of misophonia may be determined by specific diagnostic criteria. They all, however, result in anger and irritability. Many also have trouble focusing on normal activities while exposed to triggering sounds. +The cause of misophonia is not know. Some studies say that it affects more than 5% of the population. + += = = O.N.I.F.C. = = = +O.N.I.F.C. is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Wiz Khalifa. "O.N.I.F.C." was released on December 4, 2012 through both Atlantic and Rostrum Records. The name of the album is inspired by the Prodigy album, "H.N.I.C.". +The album debuted at #2 on the "Billboard" 200. The album featured the singles "Work Hard, Play Hard" and "Remember You". + += = = J1 (Y-DNA) = = = +Haplogroup J1, more fully Y DNA haplogroup J-M267, is a Y chromosome haplogroup found in the Middle East. This means it is found in a group of descendants from a single common ancestor in the father's line. It carries a mutation on the Y chromosome known as M267. This type of mutation is called a SNP, or a single nucleotide polymorphism, a change at one position in a gene's DNA. +Y chromosomes are passed down from father to son without changing, so an SNP like this shows common ancestry. +The origin of this mutation was between 4,000 and 24,000 years ago. +This mutation followed a previous mutation, which created the haplogroup known as haplogroup J-P209 or simply haplogroup J, and so this makes the Y chromosome the "child" of the older version of the Y chromosome. Haplogroup J arose from a mutation which occurred about 31,700 years ago in Southwest Asia. + += = = Haplogroup = = = +A haplogroup is a group of single chromosomes, or single DNA strands, which share a common ancestor. They have the same mutation in all versions. +Haplogroups show deep ancestral origins dating back thousands of years. +In human genetics, the haplogroups usually studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups. Both can be used to define genetic populations. Y-DNA is passed only from father to son, while mtDNA is passed only from mother to children. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutations with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. + += = = Filipstads IF = = = +Filipstads IF is a sports club in the town Filipstad in Sweden. It was established in 1930. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division during the seasons of 1967-1968, 1972-1973 and 1974-1975. The soccer team played in the Swedish fourth division during the season of 1956/1957. + += = = Nynäshamns IF = = = +Nynäshamns IF is a sports club in the town of Nynäshamn in Sweden. It was established on 4 February 1917. It became an alliance club on 1 January 1989. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 1972-1972. +The men's soccer team played in the Swedish second division during the seasons of 1939-1940 and 1940-1941. + += = = IFK Askersund = = = +IFK Askersund is a sports club in the town of Askersund in Sweden. It was established on 1 February 1895. It runs soccer activity. The club has also scored bandy successes. The bandy team played nine seasons in the Swedish top division between 1945 and 1964-1965. + += = = Söderköpings IS = = = +Söderköpings IS was a sports club in the town of Söderköping in Sweden. It was established 12 December 1917. The bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1942. It lost all five league games. In 1950 the club won the bandy district championship. The soccer team has played five seasons in the Swedish fourth division. +On 15 January 2004 the club merged with IK Ramunder. It lead to the establishment of Söderköpings IK. + += = = Haplotype = = = +A haplotype is a term in genetics. It is short for haploid genotype. A haplotype is a collection of specific alleles (particular DNA sequences) in a cluster of tightly-linked genes on a chromosome. A cluster is usually inherited together. Put simply, haplotype is a closely-knit group of genes which a child inherits from one parent. +A second meaning of the term haplotype is a set of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) usually found together on a single chromatid (of a chromosome pair). So, finding a few alleles of a haplotype sequence identifies all other sites in its region. Such information is very valuable for investigating the genetics of common diseases. +Comparing haplotypes of two or more people shows the degree of genetic relationship between their respective lines. It is done in genetic genealogy projects. + += = = Single nucleotide polymorphism = = = +A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, pronounced "snip"; plural "snips") is a DNA sequence variation in a population. A SNP is just a single nucleotide difference in the genome. +For example, sequenced DNA fragments from two people, AAGCCTA to AAGCTTA, is different in a single nucleotide. In this case we say that there are two "alleles". Almost all common SNPs have only two alleles. SNPs occur most often in regions of the DNA which do not affect the survival of the organism: otherwise they would be weeded out by natural selection. Other factors, like genetic recombination and mutation rate, can also affect SNP density. There are variations between human populations, so a SNP allele that is common in one geographical or ethnic group may be much rarer in another. +These genetic variations between individuals (particularly in non-coding parts of the genome) are sometimes exploited in DNA fingerprinting, which is used in forensic science. Also, these genetic variations cause differences in our susceptibility to disease. The severity of illness and the way our body responds to treatments are also manifestations of genetic variations. For example, a single base mutation in the APOE (apolipoprotein E) gene is associated with a higher risk for Alzheimer's disease. + += = = Härnösands AIK = = = +Härnösands AIK is a sports club in the town of Härnösand in Sweden. It was established in 1945 and originally thought to be called BK Virgo. However the club was required to change name because the other name was already in use. The club plays bandy. Earlier the club also ran soccer, track and field athletics, skiing and table tennis. +The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 1984-1985. The women's bandy team has played several seasons in the Swedish top division. + += = = Forsbacka = = = +Forsbacka is a locality in Gävle Municipality in Gävleborg County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,702 people lived there. + += = = Forsbacka IK = = = +Forsbacka IK is a sports club in Forsbacka in Sweden. It was established in 1918. The club plays bandy, floorball, handball and soccer. The men's bandy team has popular been known as the "Yellow Peril" () and has played 16 seasons in the Swedish top division. between 1940 and 1967-1968. The men's bandy team has often been described as a typical "yo-yo" club that has been promoted and relegated between the top division and second division for almost 30 years. +The men's soccer team has played nine seasons in the Swedish third division. +The floorball section was started in 1991. + += = = IK Heros = = = +IK Heros is a sports club in Smedjebacken in Sweden. It was established in 1915. The club has bandy and track and field athletics sections. It earlier even played soccer. The men's bandy team has played 11 seasons in the Swedish top division. between 1940 and 1965-1966. +The men's soccer team has played five seasons in the Swedish third division. + += = = Myxobacteria = = = +The myxobacteria ("slime bacteria") are a group of bacteria that usuallly live in the soil. They feed on insoluble organic substances. They have very large genomes compared to other bacteria. Myxobacteria are included in the delta group of proteobacteria, a large group of Gram-negative forms. +Myxobacteria move by gliding on the surface. They travel in "swarms" with many cells kept together by intercellular molecular signals. The swarm puts out extracellular enzymes to digest food. This increases feeding efficiency. +Life cycle. +When nutrients are scarce, myxobacterial cells aggregate into "fruiting bodies". These fruiting bodies are different shapes and colours, depending on the species. +Inside the fruiting bodies, cells develop into rounded myxospores with thick cell walls. These myxospores, like spores in other organisms, survive until nutrients are more plentiful. Then cell growth is restarted with a group (swarm) of myxobacteria, not just isolated cells. Similar life cycles have developed among the amoebae called cellular slime moulds. +Uses. +Myxobacteria produce a number of biomedically and industrially useful chemicals, such as antibiotics, and export those chemicals outside of the cell. Some myxobacteria are used as model organisms for the study of development. At a molecular level, initiation of fruiting body development is regulated by Pxr sRNA. + += = = Jack Horner (paleontologist) = = = +John R. "Jack" Horner is an American paleontologist. He discovered and named "Maiasaura". He also showed for the first time that some dinosaurs cared for their young. Horner also served as the technical advisor for all of the "Jurassic Park" films. He served in the Vietnam War. + += = = Alessandra Ambrosio = = = +Alessandra Ambrosio (born April 11, 1981 in Erechim, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) is a Brazilian - born American supermodel. She beame a Victoria's Secret Angel in 2004. She was featured several times on the "Forbes" list of best paid models. +Early life. +Ambrosio's parents are Brazilian with Italian and Polish ancestry. They are the owners of a gas station. At age 11, she had plastic surgery to fix her large ears. She later told Tyra Banks on her talk show, "The Tyra Banks Show", that it was a bad experience and she would never do surgery again. She started taking modeling classes at age 12. Two years later she was one of the finalists of the Elite Model Look in Brazil. This launched her modeling career and she signed a contract with Elite Model Management. +Career. +Her first job was appearing on the cover of "Elle" in Brazil. She also did a Guess campaign. +In 2004, she started her swimsuit line, "Alessandra Ambrosio by Sais". This was part of a business agreement with Amir Slama's brand Rosa Chá. In 2006, she did a cameo appearance in the movie "Casino Royale". In 2014, she launched her clothing line, "ále by Alessandra" sold at Planet Blue. +Victoria's Secret. +In 2004, Ambrosio became an Angel, a spokesmodel for lingerie brand Victoria's Secret. She has been walking their fashion show since 2000. From 2004 to 2006 she worked mainly for their younger line, PINK, and is now working for the main line. In 2008, she walked the fashion show three months after giving birth to her daughter. The following year, she opened the fashion show. +In 2012, she was selected to wear the "Fantasy Bra". That year, it was called the "Floral Fantasy Bra". It was created by London Jewelers and featured amethysts, rubies, sapphires and diamonds (including a 20-carat white diamond in the center), making it worth $2,500,000. She walked during the last segment of the year's fashion while wearing it with wings. +In 2014, she was selected to wear the Fantasy Bra again, but this time there were two bras : the "Dream Angels Fantasy Bras" worn by herself and fellow Angel Adriana Lima. Each one of them is worth $2,000,000 and they opened a segment of the year's fashion show while wearing them. It is Alessandra Ambrosio's second Fantasy Bra and Adriana Lima's third. +Personal life. +Alessandra Ambrosio became engaged to Jamie Mazur in 2008. They have two children together, a girl named Anja Louise Ambrosio Mazur (born August 24, 2008) and a boy named Noah Phoenix Ambrosio Mazur (born May 7, 2012). + += = = Fashion show = = = +A fashion show is an event put on by a fashion designer. It is to show his or her new line of clothing. Often they are held during Fashion week. Fashion shows debuts every season. There are the Spring/Summer and the Fall/Winter seasons. This is where the latest fashion trends are made. The two most influential fashion weeks are Paris Fashion Week and New York Fashion week. Both are semiannual events. The Milan and London are also of global importance. +In a typical fashion show, models walk the catwalk dressed in the clothing created by the designer. Occasionally, fashion shows take the form of installations. This is where the models will pose standing or ting to show the clothing. The order in which each model walks out wearing a specific outfit is usually planned. + += = = IF Verdandi = = = +IF Verdandi is a sports club in the town of Eskilstuna in Sweden. It was established in 1900. The club runs soccer. It earlier even ran amateur wrestling, bandy, cycling and table tennis. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1932, 1933 and 1941. +The men's soccer team has played the Swedish second division during the seasons of 1942-1943., 1943-1944 and 1944-1945. +Kjell Johansson has played table tennis for the club. + += = = Eskilstuna BS = = = +Eskilstuna BS is a bandy club in the town of Eskilstuna in Sweden. It was established in 1965 when the bandy sections of Eskilhems BK and VoIF Diana merged. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in the seasons of 1972-1973 and 1977-1978. + += = = IFK Strängnäs = = = +IFK Strängnäs is a sports club in the town of Strängnäs in Sweden. It was established in 1899. The club runs track and field athletics, handball, disabled sports, orienteering. Earlier the club also played bandy. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1931. and 1932. + += = = Värmbols GoIF = = = +Värmbols GoIF was a sports club in the town of Katrineholm in Sweden. It was established in 1927. The club ran association football and bandy. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1931. and 1932. +The men's bandy team played seven seasons in the Swedish top division. The women's soccer team played in the Swedish third division during the 1980s. +The men's soccer team played in the Swedish third division in 1975 and 1976. +On 3 December 1990, the club was split up into Värmbols FC (men's soccer), DFK Värmbol (women's soccer) and Värmbol-Katrineholm BK (bandy). + += = = Skoghalls IF = = = +Skoghalls IF was a sports club in Skoghall in Sweden. It was established in 1963. The club ran association football and bandy. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1940, 1942, 1946 and 1947. +The men's soccer team played seven seasons in the Swedish third division. +The club merged with Vidöns IK to form IFK Skoghall in 1963. + += = = Waggeryds IK = = = +Waggeryds IK is a sports club in Vaggeryd in Sweden. It was established in April 1920. The club runs bandy and soccer. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1942. and 1963-1964. and played in the qualifying rounds for the Swedish top division in 1970. + += = = IFK Växjö = = = +IFK Växjö is a sports club in the town of Växjö in Sweden. It was established on 2 July 1919. The club runs track and field athletics and disabled sports. It earlier also ran bandy and soccer. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1941. The women's soccer activity was transferred to Östers IF in 1983. That led to the establishments of Östers IF dam. +Carolina Klüft has competed for the club. + += = = Grycksbo = = = +Grycksbo is a locality in Falun Municipality in Dalarna County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,825 people lived there. + += = = Grycksbo IF = = = +Grycksbo IF is a sports club in Grycksbo in Sweden. It was established in 1908. The club runs bandy, orienteering, skiing and soccer. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in the season of 1963-1964. +Three-time Vasaloppet winner Daniel Tynell first competed for Grycksbo IF. + += = = Linköpings AIK = = = +Linköpings AIK is a sports club in the town of Linköping in Sweden. It was established on 22 October 1908. The club runs orienteering, earlier even bandy and soccer. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1931. The men's bandy team reached three semifinals when the Swedish national championship was played as a knockout-tournament back in the 1920's. The men's soccer team also played in the Swedish third division during the seasons of 1928-1929 and 1929-1930. + += = = IF Rune = = = +IF Rune is a sports club in Kungsör, Sweden. It was established on 28 April 1908. The club runs gymnastics and orienteering. It earlier also ran bandy and soccer. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1935. The men's soccer team played in the Swedish second division during the seasons of 1934-1935, 1936-1937 and 1937-1938. + += = = IK Mode = = = +IK Mode was a sports club in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. The club ran bandy, ice hockey, soccer and track and field athletics. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1937. and 1940. +The men's ice hockey team played in the Swedish second division during the 1929-1930 season. The club track and field athletics section was especially successful during the 1930s and 40s. The club won Dagbladsstafetten in 1940 and 1946. Other successful track and field athletes competing for the club were Åke Stenqvist who won Swedish national long jump champion for men in 1936, 1937 and 1938. Lennart Eliasson won the same event in 1943. +AIK offered to take over the club's track and field athletics section. + += = = IK Viljan = = = +IK Viljan is a sports club in Strängnäs in Sweden. It was established in 1914. The club runs soccer. It earlier even ran bandy. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1942. and 1943. +The men's soccer team has played in the Swedish third division. + += = = Alfta GIF = = = +Alfta GIF is a sports club in Alfta in Sweden. It was established on 10 November 1900. The club runs handball, ice hockey and soccer. Earlier the club also ran bandy. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1941. The men's soccer team has played in the Swedish third division. The ice hockey section was established in 1947. The skiing and track and field athletics sections have been inactive since 2002. + += = = Borgia Norrköping BK = = = +Borgia Norrköping BK is a bandy club in Norrköping, Sweden, established in 1941. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 1988-1989. + += = = Falu BK = = = +Falu BK was a bandy club in the town of Falun in Sweden. The men's bandy team played in the Swedish top division in 1934. The men's soccer team played in the Swedish third divisin during the seasons of 1934-1935 and 1935-1936. +The club was one of four clubs who merged to become Falu BS in 1935. + += = = Clockwork Angels = = = +Clockwork Angels is the nineteenth and final studio album by Rush. The album was released on June 12, 2012. It was the band's first studio album with label Roadrunner Records. The album debuted at #1 in Canada and at #2 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The album won the award for Rock Album of the Year at the 2013 Juno Awards. + += = = Mi pecado = = = +Mi pecado is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Televisa. + += = = IF Vesta = = = +IF Vesta is a sports club in the town of Uppsala in Sweden, established on 8 June 1911. The club runs bandy and soccer. It earlier even ran floorball and ice hockey. +The men's bandy team played eleven seasons in the Swedish top division. + += = = Canadian French = = = +Canadian French () includes the varieties of the French language spoken in Canada. In the 2011 census about 10 million people said they could speak French in a conversation. French is the mother tongue of about 7.3 million Canadians. 7.9 million said they spoke French at home. French is the only official language of Quebec. But government services are also conducted in English (and French in the rest of English-speaking Canada). Manitoba and New Brunswick are the only provinces in Canada that are officially bilingual. There are differences between the French spoken in Paris (called metropolitan French) and Canadian French. When the first French immigrants came to Canada in the 17th century, they spoke French as it was spoken in France at that time. Since then, Parisian (metropolitan) French has become the normal language in France. However both languages are very similar. + += = = IF Hallby = = = +IF Hallby is a sports club in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was established on 7 April 1929., It originally ran cross-country skiing, soccer, track and field athletics and ice skating. The club won the 1932 speed skating district team championship. Handball was adopted in 1933 In 1934 the club's orienteering section was started. The club beame an alliance club on 1 June 2001. +The men's handball team has played four seasons in the Swedish top division. The women's handball team has played in the Swedish top division for two seasons. +The men's soccer team played 19 seasons in Division III, back then the Swedish third division, between 1943-1983. +An important gathering-place for the club is Hallbystugan. It is located in a popular outdoor recreation area near Axamo. + += = = Västerås BK30 = = = +Västerås BK30 is a sports club in the town of Västerås in Sweden. It was established on 29 November 1929 as a merger out of IK City and IK Sture. It was named after 1930. 1930 was the year it joined the Swedish Sports Confederation. The club nowadays mostly runs soccer. It earlier also ran bandy, handball, ice hockey, table tennis and track and field athletics. +The soccer activity has mostly used Ringvallens IP as home ground. A women's soccer team was established in 1969. The women's soccer team played in the Swedish top division in 1994. +Bandy was a major sport up to the mid 1980s. The club played in the Swedish top division in 1932 and 1936. + += = = Mark Fischer (attorney) = = = +Mark Alan Fischer (September 28, 1950 – February 18, 2015) was an American author and lawyer. He wrote the book "Perle, Williams & Fischer on Publishing Law". He helped create the Biobricks Foundation Public Agreement, which allows scientists to make their biotechnology tools available to the public. + += = = Sadeq Tabatabaei = = = +Sadeq Tabatabaei (; 12 December 1943 – 21 February 2015) was an Iranian writer, journalist, TV host, university professor at the University of Tehran and politician. +He served as Deputy Prime Minister from 1979 to 1980. He was also Deputy Minister of the Interior and held the March 1979 referendum. He was Iran's Ambassador to Germany from 1982 until 1986. He died of lung cancer in Duesseldorf. + += = = Sunvära SK = = = +Sunvära SK is a sports club in Sunvära in Sweden. It was established on 4 January 1943. The club runs bandy. It plays its home games on Sjöaremossen's artificial ice rink. The activity originally consisted of bandy, racewalking, skiing and track and field athletics. Since the 1950s the club only runs bandy. +The women's bandy team has played three seasons in the Swedish top division. + += = = Oxberg = = = +Oxberg is a minor locality in Mora Municipality in Sweden. In 2010, 97 people lived there. Vasaloppet goes through Oxberg. It is also the start site for Tjejvasan, Kortvasan and Halvvasan. The Oxberg Bridge is also located here. + += = = G.U.Y. = = = +"G.U.Y." is a song by American pop singer-songwriter Lady Gaga. It is from her third studio album, "Artpop". It was released on March 28, 2014 (Gaga's 28th birthday). It was the third single from the album, after "Applause" and "Do What U Want". The single charted at number 76 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It charted at number 115 on the UK Singles Chart. + += = = Weka = = = +A weka ("Gallirallus australis"), also known as the Maori hen or woodhen, is a flightless bird in the rail family. It is endemic to New Zealand. There are four subspecies. Weka are sturdy brown birds, about the size of a chicken. They feed mainly on invertebrates and fruit. + += = = Trans man = = = +A trans man (sometimes written as trans-man) is a female-to-male (FTM) transsexual or transgender person. Many people in this group like the name "trans man" over the many medical terms that are out there. Other non-medical names are t-boy, tg-boy and ts-boy. +Trans men were called girls when they were born, but they feel that they really are male. To show their true gender as men, trans men may transition from living as women to living as men. A trans man's transition can include telling family and friends, wearing different clothes, flattening the chest, using a new name, changing legal papers, using medical treatments of testosterone, and changing the body with surgery. Getting medical care can be more difficult for trans men because some doctors will not help them or they cannot afford it. Trans men can also face discrimination because they are transgender. +Not all trans men are straight (attracted to women). Some trans men are gay (attracted to men), bisexual, or asexual. Estimates of how many trans men there are range from 1 in every 30,000 people called girls at birth, to 1 in every 170 people called girls at birth. + += = = Thai people = = = +Thai people, formerly known as Siamese, are the main ethnic group of Thailand. They are part of the larger Tai group of peoples living in Southeast Asia, southern China and north-east India. They speak the Thai language, which has several regional variations. Most Thai people are followers of Theravada Buddhism. +"Thai people" usually refers to central and southern Thai (Tai Siam), northern Thai (Lanna) and Isan people. However, the term has a loose meaning and can sometimes refer to any person from Thailand, not only ethnic Thais. +About 60 million live in Thailand. Large populations have lived in Laos, Malaysia, Cambodia and Myanmar for many years. +Thai people most likely originally come from the province of Guangxi in China. Tai peoples began to move south some time between the 8th and 10th centuries. They settled in the valley of the Chao Phraya River. They became heavily influenced by Mon and Khmer and became Buddhist. Early Thai states included the Sukhothai Kingdom and Suphan Buri Province. The Thai were called "Siam" by the Khmer, and were ruled by the Khmer Empire. The Thai people began growing in power after they built Ayutthaya. + += = = Rocka Rolla = = = +Rocka Rolla is the first studio album by British heavy metal band, Judas Priest. "Rocka Rolla" was released on 6 September 1974 through both Gull Records. The album was produced by Rodger Bain, who had produced the first three albums for Black Sabbath. +When the album was released, it was met with a small reception and sold "only a few thousand copies". Due to the flop of the album, Judas Priest had found themselves financially in dire straits. The band said that there were nights where they were starving and that they didn't know when they were going to get their next meal. They tried to make an agreement with Gull to pay them 50 pounds a week, but the record label was also not doing well financially and they did not agree. +The album featured the single "Rocka Rolla". + += = = Still Alice = = = +Still Alice is a drama movie from 2014 based on the novel of the same name. It is about a linguistics professor diagnosed with early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Julianne Moore plays Alice. Kristen Stewart plays Lydia. Kate Bosworth plays Anna. Alec Baldwin plays John. +"Still Alice" was released on December 5, 2014 in the United States. Julianne Moore won an Academy Award for Best Actress. + += = = I'm Going Slightly Mad = = = +I'm Going Slightly Mad is the second single from Queen's album Innuendo. The album was released on 4 March 1991. The song 'I'm Going Slightly Mad' was written by Freddie Mercury. +Video. +The video is shot in black and white and features the band dressed and acting in a ridiculous way. Brian May is dressed as a penguin. Roger Taylor wears a teapot on his head and rides a tricycle while Freddie Mercury is chasing him. Freddie Mercury wears a bunch of bananas as a wig. John Deacon is a jester. + += = = Sports club = = = +A sports club is an organization that runs sporting activity. Some of them are amateur. Others are professional. Some sports clubs are only active within one sport. Others participate in two or more sports. + += = = Roman Sitko = = = +Roman Sitko (1880-1942) is a Catholic blessed. He was a Polish priest that worked in Poland in Tarnów and Mielec. He died in Auschwitz. + += = = Orion Arm = = = +The Orion Arm, or Orion–Cygnus Arm, is a minor spiral arm of the Milky Way galaxy. It is of interest because the Solar System (including the Earth) is inside it. The spiral arm is some across and approximately in length. +The Orion Arm is named after the Orion constellation, one of the most prominent constellations. It is seen in the Northern Hemisphere during winter and in the Southern Hemisphere during summer. Some of the brightest stars and most famous celestial objects are in the Orion Arm: Betelgeuse, Rigel, the stars of Orion's Belt and the Orion nebula. They are shown on the interactive map below. +The Orion Arm is between the Carina–Sagittarius Arm (toward the Galactic centre) and the Perseus Arm (toward the outside Universe). The Perseus Arm is one of the two major arms of the Milky Way. The Solar system is on the Orion spur, between the two longer adjacent arms Perseus and Carina-Sagittarius. +Inside the Orion Arm, the Solar System is close to the inner rim, in the Local Bubble. It is about halfway along the Orion Arm's length, about from the Galactic centre. + += = = Irish Civil War = = = +The Irish Civil War (; 28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923) followed the Irish War of Independence. It went along with the beginning of the Irish Free State. It was independent from the United Kingdom but stayed a part of the British Empire. +The conflict was between two opposing groups of Irish republicans over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The forces of the "Provisional Government" (which became the Free State in December 1922) supported the Treaty. The Republican opposition saw it as a betrayal of the Irish Republic (which had been proclaimed during the Easter Rising). Many of those who fought in the conflict had been members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) during the War of Independence. +The Civil War was won by the Free State forces. They had many weapons provided by the British Government. The conflict may have claimed more lives than the War of Independence that went before it. It left Irish society divided and bitter for generations. About 927 people died during the civil war. + += = = Chevrolet Cobalt = = = +The Chevrolet Cobalt was a compact car sold by the General Motors division Chevrolet from 2005 to 2010. It replaced the Cavalier and the Geo Prizm (although the Pontiac Vibe serves as the Prizm's replacement, many auto sites list the Cobalt as a secondary successor). From 2005 to 2009, it was sold under the Pontiac marque under various names including the Pursuit, Pursuit G4 and the G5. The Cobalt was available as a sedan and coupé, while the G5 was strictly a coupé in America and offered as a sedan model in Canada. It was replaced by the Chevrolet Cruze (a rebadged Daewoo Lacetti Premiere). The Pontiac G5 was replaced by the Buick Verano. As of 2014, GM was recalling this car because of problems with the ignitions that can shut off the engine without warning and cause disabled air bags and cause serious injury or death. Chevrolet Cobalt was considered an improvement over its predecessor the Cavalier because it earned a "Good" crash test rating from the IIHS, but without optional side airbags it earned a "Poor" in side impact tests. However, with the optional side airbags it earned an "Acceptable". + += = = Venevisión = = = +Venevisión, is one of Venezuela's largest television networks. It is also a Venezuelan cable and broadcast television network. Venevisión is owned and operated by Gustavo Cisneros. In the United States, many of Venevisión's programs can be seen on Univision. + += = = Here Without You = = = +"Here Without You" is the third single off American rock band 3 Doors Down's second studio album "Away from the Sun". The song was released on August 11, 2003. +On the "Billboard" charts, "Here Without You" was able to peak at #5 on the Hot 100 chart. +Lead singer Brad Arnold said that his inspiration for this song was his now ex-wife. Arnold said "The song's about being away from someone, or missing them. And it really doesn't matter if you're here without them for all day or all month. It's about the loneliness and missing of somebody". The song was used by the WWE in a tribute video to professional wrestler Eddie Guerrero after he died from a heart attack in November 2005. + += = = Sindhi Wikipedia = = = +Sindhi Wikipedia (, ) is the Sindhi language edition of Wikipedia. It started in February 2006. As of July 2015, it had more than 3,000 articles. +History. +At first, Sindhi Wikipedia faced technical problems with the Sindhi script font, but this matter is mostly settled; some unsolved areas remain. Sindhi is written in Perso-Arabic script, a right-to-left writing system. As a result, users sometimes need to configure their operating systems and web browsers accordingly. + += = = Livin' la Vida Loca = = = +"Livin' la Vida Loca" is the first single off Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin's self-titled first English studio album. The song was released on February 3, 1999. It is Martin's signature song. +On the "Billboard" charts, "Livin' la Vida Loca" was able to peak at #1 on the Hot 100, Adult Pop Songs, Hot Latin Songs, Latin Pop Songs, Tropical Songs, Pop Songs, and Rhythmic Top 40 charts. +At the 2000 Grammy Awards, "Livin' la Vida Loca" was nominated for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocalist(s). In 2007, VH1 ranked the song #28 in their list of 100 Greatest Songs of the 90s. + += = = LibreOffice = = = +LibreOffice is a free open source office suite. It was forked from Sun Microsystems' OpenOffice.org office suite. It is a collection of office-related applications. This includes a word processor, a spreadsheet program and a presentation program. It is available for many different operating systems, including Windows, macOS and Linux. It supports the OpenDocument format as well as the file formats of Microsoft Office and most other office suites. +LibreOffice was created by the Document Foundation in response to Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems. +Parts. +LibreOffice is a collection of applications that work together closely to provide the features expected from a modern office suite. Many of the parts are designed to be alternatives to those available in Microsoft Office. The parts available include: +Supported operating systems. +LibreOffice is available for Windows, macOS and Linux. There are also versions for Android, iOS and Chrome OS, called Collabora Office. They are provided by Collabora, one of the companies that develop LibreOffice. Collabora also develops Collabora Online, an online office suite based on LibreOffice that can be used from a web browser by multiple users. +Scripting and extensions. +LibreOffice supports third-party extensions. There are many available in the official LibreOffice site. Users can create their own using programming languages like LibreOffice Basic (a language similar to Visual Basic for Applications), Python and others. +Versions. +LibreOffice is available in two versions: +When a new "Fresh" version is released, the existing one becomes the "Still" version. The previous "Still" version is not supported anymore. +Release time. +LibreOffice releases a new major version every six months, in late January/early February and late July/early August. + += = = MariaDB = = = +MariaDB is a free, open source database management system forked from Sun Microsystems' MySQL. It was created by MySQL's software developers, inluding Monty Widenius. They were concerned about Oracle Corporation's acquisition of Sun Microsystems. + += = = Campaign for "santorum" neologism = = = +The campaign for the neologism "santorum" started with a contest held in May 2003 by Dan Savage. Savage is a sex columnist and LGBT rights activist. He asked his readers to create a definition for the word "santorum" in response to then-U.S. Senator Rick Santorum's opinions about homosexuality, and comments about same sex marriage. In his comments, Santorum had stated that "In every society, the definition of marriage has not ever to my knowledge included homosexuality. That's not to pick on homosexuality. It's not, you know, man on child, man on dog, or whatever the case may be." Savage announced the winning entry, which defined "santorum" as "the frothy mixture of lube and fecal matter that is sometimes the byproduct of anal sex". He created a web site, "spreadingsantorum.com" (and "santorum.com"), to promote the definition. +In 2010 Savage said he would take the site down if Santorum donated US$5 million plus interest to Freedom to Marry. That group supports legal recognition of same-sex marriages. In September 2011 Santorum asked Google to remove the definition from its search engine index. Google refused. They said that the company does not remove content from search results except in very limited circumstances. + += = = El Instituto Cultural Cubano-Norteamericano = = = +El Instituto Cultural Cubano-Norteamericano was an American institution established in Havana, Cuba in 1943. It offered courses relating to the U.S. and the English language. +The institute's library was called Biblioteca Pública Martí-Lincoln. Most of the books were given by the government of the United States and individual Americans. Popular American magazines were also in the library. +Unlike other libraries in Cuba at that time, the institute's library let people borrow books for reading outside of the library. +The director was the Cuban historian Herminio Portell Vilá. +In 1945, the institute began publishing a bulletin entitled "Dos Pueblos", first for students but later sent to libraries abroad. +An article in "Granma" describes the institute as designed to influence and penetrate Cuban society and culture. + += = = Argelès-Gazost = = = +Argelès-Gazost () is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in southwestern France in the Occitanie region. It is part of the historical region of Gascony and is the capital of the "arrondissement" of Argelès-Gazost. +History. +Argelès-Gazost was made a "commune" in 1790 with the name of Argelès; it was merged in 1824 with the "commune" of Vieuzac. Vieuzac was also made a "commune" in 1790. +The name of the "commune", Argelès, was changed to Argelès-Gazost in 1896. +Geography. +Argelès-Gazost is a "commune" in the Lavedan (a natural region in the Pyrenees), at the confluence of the Gave de Pau and Gave d'Azun rivers, between Lourdes and Gavarnie. +It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . +Climate. +The climate of Argelès-Gazost, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers. +Population. +The inhabitants of Argelès-Gazost are known, in French, as "Argelésiens" (women: "Argelésiennes"). +Argelès-Gazost has a population, in 2014, of 3,020, and its population density is of inhabitants/km2. +Evolution of the population in Argelès-Gazost +Administration. +Argelès-Gazost is a subprefecture of the Hautes-Pyrénées department since 1790. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Argelès-Gazost and the administrative centre () of the canton La Vallée des Gaves with 50 "communes" and 15,743 inhabitants in 2014. +It is part of the intercommunality "La Vallée d'Argelès-Gazost" (). +Sites of interest. +Some important buildings and places are: + += = = Bagnères-de-Bigorre = = = +Bagnères-de-Bigorre () is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department, of which it is a subprefecture, in the Occitanie region, southwestern France. +Name of the city. +In the Middle Ages, the city had the name "Aquae Convenarum" or "Vicus Aquensis" ("City of the Waters"). The current name is formed from the Occitan "Banheras" ("baths") and the name of the region, "Bigorre". +Geography. +Bagnères-de-Bigorre is in the Bigorre region, in the Pyrenees foothills; the "commune" is where the valley of the Adour is in contact with the Campan valley. +It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . +Climate. +The climate of Bagnères-de-Bigorre, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers. +Population. +The inhabitants of Bagnères-de-Bigorre are known, in French, as "Bagnérais" (women: "Bagnéraises"). +Bagnères-de-Bigorre has a population, in 2014, of 7,602, and its population density is of inhabitants/km2. +Evolution of the population in Bagnères-de-Bigorre +Administration. +Bagnères-de-Bigorre is a subprefecture of the Hautes-Pyrénées department since 1790. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Bagnères-de-Bigorre and the administrative centre () of the canton La Haute-Bigorre with 14 "communes" and 15,242 inhabitants in 2014. +It is part of the intercommunality "Haute-Bigorre" (). +Sister cities. +Bagnères-de-Bigorre is twinned with: + += = = Échez = = = +The Échez is a river in southwestern France that flows through in the Occitanie region. +It is a left tributary of the Adour river, in the French department of Hautes-Pyrénées. +Geography. +The Échez river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately . +Course. +The Échez river is born at the foot of the "Pic de la Clique" mountain (in the "commune" Germs-sur-l’Oussouet to the east of Lourdes), then if flows to the north, flowing through the western side of the city of Tarbes and of the valley of the Adour river. It joins the Adour as a left tributary in Maubourget. +Tributaries of the Échez. +Some of the important tributaries of the Échez are: +Left tributaries: +Right tributaries: +Towns along the river. +The Échez river flows only in the Hautes-Pyrénées department; it flows through the cities and towns Les Angles, Arcizac-ez-Angles, Escoubès-Pouts, Orincles, Barry, Bénac, Louey, Juillan, Tarbes, Bordères-sur-l'Échez, Oursbelille, Bazet, Andrest Vic-en-Bigorre, Nouilhan, Maubourguet. + += = = Santorum = = = +Santorum can refer to: + += = = Mort Sahl = = = +Morton Lyon "Mort" Sahl (May 11, 1927 – October 26, 2021) was a Canadian-born American comedian and actor of Jewish background. He was thought to be the first modern stand-up comedian. He was known for writing jokes for President John F. Kennedy in his speeches. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. +Sahl died on October 26, 2021 at his home in Mill Valley, California at the age of 94. + += = = Ibrahim Biogradlić = = = +Ibrahim "Ibro" Biogradlić (8 March 1931 – 20 February 2015) was a Bosnian-Herzegovinian footballer. He was born in Sarajevo, Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He played at 1956 Summer Olympics for SFR Yugoslavia, winning a silver medal. He played for FK Sarajevo 646 times, making him the club's record holder for the most appearances. +He died on 20 February 2015 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina after a long illness, aged 83. +References. + += = = Dick the Bruiser = = = +William Fritz Afflis (June 27, 1929 – November 10, 1991) was an American professional wrestler and football player. He was better known by his ring name Dick the Bruiser. +Before becoming a professional wrestler, Afflis was a professional football player and played for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) from 1951 until 1954. +On November 10, 1991, Afflis died from internal bleeding. His wife Louise said that he was weightlifting at home with his adopted son, Jon Carney, and ruptured a blood vessel in his esophagus. + += = = Joey Haro = = = +Joey Haro is an American actor best known for playing Clark Stevenson on the MTV teen comedy "Awkward". He was also a member of The Warblers on "Glee". +Early life and career. +Haro was born in Miami. He went to a performing arts high school. He attended Florida State University. He left there after his sophomore year to move to New York City for an acting career. +In 2009 he appeared on Broadway as Chino in the "West Side Story". He was part of the casts of "Hairspray" and "Altar Boyz." In 2013, he was in the short-lived sitcom "Welcome to the Family". + += = = Thermal decomposition = = = +Thermal decomposition is a process that causes a chemical compound to break down into simpler chemical compounds or elements under heat. + += = = Predicate (grammar) = = = +The predicate in traditional grammar is the second part of a clause or sentence, the first being the subject. A predicate completes an idea about the subject, such as what it does or what it is like. +The predicate provides information about the subject. +The subject NP is shown in green, and the predicate VP in blue. +There is a quite different theory of sentence structure, called dependency structure grammar. This puts the finite verb (= conjugated verb) as the root of all sentence structure. It rejects the binary NP-VP division. + += = = Rainier III, Prince of Monaco = = = +Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi (31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005), also known as Rainier III, ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years. He was one of the longest ruling monarchs in European history. His family has ruled Monaco for seven centuries. Prince Rainier was internationally known due to his marriage to the American actress Grace Kelly. He was responsible for reforms to the Constitution of Monaco. He expanded the principality's economy beyond its traditional casino gambling base. Gambling accounts for about three percent of the nation's annual revenue today. When Rainier became prince in 1949, it had accounted for more than ninety-five percent. + += = = Afa Anoaʻi = = = +Arthur "Afa" Anoa'i, Sr. (born November 21, 1942) is a Samoan American retired professional wrestler and manager. He was best known as one-half of the tag team The Wild Samoans with his brother Sika. He competed in many different National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) affiliates and the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). +He was born in Samoa and he moved with his family to San Francisco, California. Before becoming a professional wrestler, Anoa'i joined the United States Marine Corps at the age of 17. +After retiring, he started the Wild Samoan Training Facility with Sika. In 1999, along with Lynn Anoa'i, Afa started the Usos Foundation, which is a non-profit organization that aims towards turning young people away from drugs, gangs and poverty by giving scholarships to the Wild Samoans Training Center. +On January 11, 2024, Afa was admitted to the hospital for pneumonia and had also suffered two small heart attacks. + += = = Granadilla, Spain = = = +Granadilla is a ghost town in Spain. It is located in Extremadura. Since 1960 it belongs to Zarza de Granadilla's municipality. On June 24, 1955 its citizens had to leave when the Spanish Council of Ministers built a reservoir. Currently, the area is a summer campsite for young people and tourists. + += = = It Gets Better Project = = = +The It Gets Better Project is a non-profit organization that reaches out to LGBT youths who feel depressed or suicidal. Contributors to the project submit videos, essays, and other media. These are to share their stories, experiences, and messages telling LGBT youth that their lives will get better over time. The It Gets Better Project shows LGBT youth that they was not alone in their experiences. It shows they have people to turn to for support. The project was created by Dan Savage and his husband Terry Miller in 2004. It includes submissions by US President Barack Obama and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. + += = = The Smiler = = = +The Smiler is a Gerstlauer Infinity Coaster located at Alton Towers in Staffordshire, United Kingdom. It has 14 inversions. The Smiler holds the world record for the roller coaster with the most inversions. The riders must be tall to ride the smiler. The top speed is about . Riders experience about the same G-Force as a drag car driver (about 4.5 Gs). The Smiler had multiple delays before opening to the public including unforseen teething problems on the 23rd which delayed the opening by another 8 days. The Smiler finally opened to the public on the 31 May 2013. The ride's trains are arranged in 4 individual ride cars in which seat four people, leading to a capacity of 16 riders per train. Five trains can run on the track at once, leading to a capacity of 1,000 riders per hour. On June 2nd 2015, an accident occurred where 5 people were seriously injured when the train crashed into a stalled test train in the batwing element.. After rigorous safety checks, the ride reopened in March 2016, and is still operating to this day with no further problems. It is perfectly safe today. + += = = Peppa Pig (character) = = = +Pepper Patricia "Peppa" Pig is a cartoon character in the American animated television series "Peppa Pig". He is the one of the two children of Mummy and Daddy Pig, and is a 6-year-old Playgroup student who secretly has Madame Gazelle. Peppa Pig appears in every episode. She is 7 feet tall +Friends. +Pedro Pony. +Pedro Pony is one Peppa’s best friends. Throughout the show, there are hints that they could have a crush on each other. In The Playgroup Peppa kissed him at the end. +Emily Elephant. +Emily Elephant is one of Peppa’s friend. Emily appeared in an episode of the Titular Character. +Personality. +Peppa Pig is bossy and kind of mean to her little brother George. However, she also loves jumping in muddy puddles and cares for her family. + += = = Transmission medium = = = +A transmission medium is something (solid, liquid, gas, or plasma) that can transmit energy. For example, the transmission medium for sounds is usually air. But sound can also be transmitted through solids and liquids. A wire can transmit electrons in the form of electricity. There are advantages and disadvantages to every transmission medium. These can be things such as cost, bandwidth (or how much of something can be transmitted), the speed of the transmission and scope. +Telecommunications. +Physical mediums: are actually wires or cables used to connect two or more devices. These can be twisted pair, coaxial and fiber optic cables. Twisted pair cables were traditionally used in telephone wire lines and cables. But they are still widely used in networks and other uses. They are called "twisted pair" cables because they have many small thin insulated wires twisted around each other in a balanced circuit. Twisted pair cables can contain up to 4200 pairs of wires. + += = = Sika Anoaʻi = = = +Leati "Sika" Anoa'i (born April 5, 1945) is a Samoan American professional wrestler. He was best known as one-half of the tag team The Wild Samoans with his brother Afa. He competed in many different National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) affiliates and the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). +He was born in Leone, American Samoa and he moved with his family to San Francisco, California. Before becoming a professional wrestler, Anoa'i joined the United States Merchant Marine to help feed his family. +He started the Wild Samoan Training Facility with Afa. He has two sons, Matthew and Leati Joseph. Matthew was a professional wrestler who wrestled in the WWE under the ring name Rosey. Leati Jr. was a college football player and is now a professional wrestler who works for the WWE under the ring name Roman Reigns. + += = = University of Puget Sound = = = +The University of Puget Sound (Puget Sound) is a private liberal arts college in Tacoma, Washington, United States. It offers Bachelor's, Master's and doctorate degrees. The college draws approximately 2,600 students from 44 states and 16 countries. It offers 1,200 courses each year in more than 50 areas of study. In 2012 Puget Sound was named one of 40 schools in the guide "Colleges That Change Lives: 40 Schools That Will Change the Way You Think About Colleges". It has ties to The United Methodist Church. But the college is no longer officially affiliated with the church. The board of trustees is independently elected. + += = = Pedro Morales = = = +Pedro Morales (October 22, 1942 – February 12, 2019) was a Puerto Rican retired professional wrestler. He competed in many different National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) affiliates, Worldwide Wrestling Associates (WWA), and the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). +While he was in the WWWF, Morales was the first male wrestler in wrestling history to win all three of the major men's titles in the company. He won the WWWF Championship, the Intercontinental Championship, and the WWF World Tag Team Championship. When he won the WWWF United States Championship, Morales became the first wrestler to hold four different titles within the promotion, a distinction which would later became known as a Grand Slam Championship. +Death. +Morales died of complications from Parkinson's disease at his Perth Amboy, New Jersey home on February 12, 2019, aged 76. + += = = Dory Dixon = = = +Dorrel "Dory" Dixon (born February 1, 1935) is a Jamaican retired professional wrestler. He competed in many different National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) affiliates and Mexican promotions, as well as the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF). He made his professional wrestling debut in Mexico's Empresa Mexicana de la Lucha Libre (EMLL). +Before becoming a professional wrestler, Dixon was competitive weightlifter and was the winner of the "Mr. Jamaica Body Beautiful" tournament. He was chosen to be a member of the Jamaican weightlifting team in the 1954 Central American and Caribbean Games which was held in Mexico City, Mexico. He fell in love with Mexico and he decided to stay back while the rest of the team left back to Jamaica. +Dixon would also wrestle the WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Buddy Rogers at Madison Square Garden in New York City. + += = = Country Road = = = +Country Road was a countryband in the town of Örebro in Sweden. It was active between 1973 and 1974. The band played at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville. +The band also charted at the Swedish album charts. +Members. +Following people were members of the band. + += = = Ulf Georgsson = = = +Ulf Georg Georgsson, born 22 April 1962 in Kinna Parish in former Älvsborg County, Sweden, dead 24 March 2024, was a Swedish songwriter. As a songwriter he has participated at Melodifestivalen. He has also written songs recorded by acts like Lasse Stefanz, Vikingarna, Playtones, Drifters, Zekes, CC & Lee, Black Jack, Barbados, Friends and Frøya. +As a musician he played the drums in Flamingokvintetten since June 2013. Before that he played the drums 30 years in Bhonus. +He became the second most successful Svensktoppen composer in the year 2000. He was also appointed Svensktoppen "composer of the year" in 2001. + += = = Peppa Pig = = = +Peppa Pig is a British preschool animated television series aimed for preschool children. It follows the adventures of Peppa, a young anthropomorphic pig, and her family and friends. Though many other ages from five to fifty year olds also enjoy the childrens show. It was created, directed and produced by Astley Baker Davies. It originally aired on 31 May 2004. Peppa Pig is distributed by E1 Kids. To date, six seasons have been aired. It is shown in 180 countries. +Background. +In every Peppa Pig episode, the family of Peppa Pig does a variety of different activities. Mostly, the episodes are about Peppa Pig playing with her other animal friends. +Production and airing. +In the United Kingdom, the first series of 52 five-minute episodes began on Channel 5 on 31 May 2004. The second series of 52 episodes began on Channel 5 on 4 September 2006, with Cecily Bloom replacing Lily Snowden-Fine as Peppa, among other cast changes. The third series started telecasting on Channel 5's preschool-targeted block "Milkshake!" on 4 May 2009 with Harley Bird replacing Cecily Bloom and Lily Snowden-Fine as Peppa. +In the United States, the series first aired as part of Cartoon Network's Tickle-U preschool programming block from 22 August 2005 to 2007. For these airings, the show was redubbed with American actors. However, there were no other official releases of this dub, and every US airing since 2008 uses the original British soundtrack. In 2008, "Peppa Pig" moved to the Noggin channel in the US. It was aired as part of "Noggin Presents", a series of interstitial shorts aired in between full shows. Since February 2011, the series airs as a half-hour show on the Nick Jr. US channel, and on the separate Nick Jr. block on Nickelodeon as of November 2013. For each episode, 5 segments are put together (though for the special containing "Golden Boots" and the episode containing "Around the World", only 3 segments are used) to make the run time 25 minutes. As of June 2021, there were 9 seasons (and 1 standalone special) of "Peppa Pig" in the US. +Merchandise. +Peppa Pig, the Entertainment One (eOne) brand, grossed over £200 million in UK merchandise sales in 2010, doubling the 2009 figure of £100 million. According to NPD figures for 2010, Peppa Pig had become the number one pre-school property in the total toy market, moving up four places from its 2009 position. Peppa Pig was stated to have over 1,000 licensees worldwide, and 80 in the US, up from 63 licensees in 2010. +Episode DVDs and a variety of licensed Peppa Pig products including video games and other toys such as playsets, playing cards, vehicles, and stuffed toys are sold. The range was expanded to include household items such as bathroom products, stationery, bed-linen, food, drink, clothing, and jewellery. A music album titled "My First Album" was released in July 2019. + += = = Discrete = = = +Discrete in science is the opposite of continuous: something that is separate; distinct; individual. +Discrete may refer to: + += = = United Methodist Church = = = +The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a Methodist–Christian denomination that is one of the largest Protestant churches in the United States. It was founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church. The UMC traces its roots back to the teachings of John and Charles Wesley in England. With over 8 million members and 35,000 churches it is second only to the Southern Baptist Convention among Protestant denominations. As of 2009, worldwide membership was about 12 million. It is a member of the World Council of Churches, the World Methodist Council, and other religious associations. + += = = Rise of the Tomb Raider = = = +Rise of the Tomb Raider is an action-adventure video game. It was developed by Crystal Dynamics. It was published by Square Enix and Microsoft Studios. The game is the sequel to the 2013 video game "Tomb Raider". It was released in November 2015 for Xbox 360 and Xbox One. +The game is set in Siberia and it follows Lara Croft and Jonah Maiava as they find an ancient city that was built by the Grand Prince of Vladimir during the 13th century. + += = = Son in Law = = = +Son in Law is a 1993 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Steve Rash and was produced by Peter M. Lenkov and Michael Rotenberg. "Son in Law" was released on July 2, 1993. The movie starred Pauly Shore. +The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 12% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" said that the movie was trying to be a comedy version of "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" even thorugh the main character is genuinely a jerk. + += = = The Dick Van Dyke Show = = = +The Dick Van Dyke Show is an American situation comedy television series. It premiered on CBS on October 3, 1961. The series lasted for 158 half-hour episodes. The show came to an end on June 1, 1966 and is no longer airing. that same year, CBS began broadcasting in color. The show was created and produced by Carl Reiner. The executive producer was Sheldon Leonard. The show starred Dick Van Dyke, Mary Tyler Moore, Rose Marie and Morey Amsterdam. It was about a fictional television comedy writer, Rob Petrie (Van Dyke). The series won 15 Emmy Awards. In 1997, the episodes "Coast-to-Coast Big Mouth" and "It May Look Like a Walnut" were ranked at 8 and 15 on "TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time". In 2002, it was ranked at 13 on "TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time". +In 1991, Nick at Nite began airing reruns, and continued airing until 2000, when it was removed from the lineup. It also aired on TV Land from 2000 to 2007, and again from 2011 to 2013. +In 1993, Bud Light launched its Rob and Laura campaign, and continued until 1998. The 30-second black and white spots feature a clip from an episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show. The spot closes with the narrator saying "For the great taste that won't fill you up and never lets you down, Make it a Bud Light". + += = = Encino Man = = = +Encino Man (known as California Man in Europe) is a 1992 American comedy movie. It was directed by Les Mayfield and was produced by George Zaloom, Hilton A. Green, and Michael Rotenberg. "Encino Man" was released on May 22, 1992. The movie is about two teenagers from Encino, Los Angeles, California, who discover a caveman in their backyard that is frozen in a block of ice. The caveman has to try and learn to live in the 20th century. A television movie spin-off titled "Encino Woman" was released in 1996. +The movie gained negative reviews from movie critics and holds a 16% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Pauly Shore won a Razzie Award for Worst New Star. + += = = Forest-Montiers = = = +Forest-Montiers is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Ochancourt = = = +Ochancourt is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Forest-l'Abbaye = = = +Forest-l'Abbaye is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Le Titre = = = +Le Titre is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2012, 385 people lived there. +In 1288, Edward I of England and his wife Eleanor of Castile bought the castle's land. + += = = Nouvion = = = +Nouvion is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Franleu = = = +Franleu is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Saint-Valery-sur-Somme = = = +Saint-Valery-sur-Somme is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Beaumetz = = = +Beaumetz is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Ablaincourt-Pressoir = = = +Ablaincourt-Pressoir is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Acheux-en-Vimeu = = = +Acheux-en-Vimeu is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Béthencourt-sur-Mer = = = +Béthencourt-sur-Mert is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Bernay-en-Ponthieu = = = +Bernay-en-Ponthieu is a commune. It is in Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in north France. + += = = Ponthoile = = = +Ponthoile is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Domvast = = = +Domvast is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Arry, Somme = = = +Arry is a commune. It is in the Hauts-de-France region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2012, 196 people lived there. + += = = Bayonvillers = = = +Bayonvillers is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Vergies = = = +Vergies is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Lamotte-Buleux = = = +Lamotte-Buleux is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2012, 345 people lived there. + += = = Agenvillers = = = +Agenvillers is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Aigneville = = = +Aigneville is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Port-le-Grand = = = +Port-le-Grand is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Canchy, Somme = = = +Canchy is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Neuilly-l'Hôpital = = = +Neuilly-l'Hôpital is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Sailly-Flibeaucourt = = = +Sailly-Flibeaucourt is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Saint-Riquier = = = +Saint-Riquier is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = List of musical instruments = = = +This is a list of musical instruments. + += = = La Chaussée-Tirancourt = = = +La Chaussée-Tirancourt is a commune. It is in the region Hauts-de-France in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Oneux = = = +Oneux is a commune. It is in the Picardie region in the Somme department in the north of France. In 2012, 379 people lived there. + += = = Ault, Somme = = = +Ault is a commune. It is in the Hauts-de-France region in the Somme department in the north of France. +Ault is on the English Channel, west of Abbeville. It has chalk cliffs and a beach of pebbles and sand at low tide. South of the town is a large wooded valley, the ‘Bois de Cise. North of the town the cliffs become smaller, to the level of the beach at Onival. The area around the town, the 'hâble d’Ault' was mostly tidal marshland. This has been reclaimed from the sea and is used for farming cattle and sheep. +Railways. +Ault had a station on the standard gauge Woincourt to Onival line. The line closed to passengers in May 1939, but was used during World War II to move materials for the Atlantic Wall. During the war, a metre gauge line was built at the side of the road from Lanchères, on the CFBS, to Ault. This line was removed after the war. +Sea defences. +The sea is washing away the beach, cliffs and public spaces including car parks and gardens. To protect the coast, a "balcony on the sea", a huge concrete construction has been built, However, there are signs of wear on the dyke under the casino. + += = = Rue, Somme = = = +Rue is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Yamagata Aritomo = = = + was a Field Marshal in the Imperial Japanese Army. He was twice Prime Minister of Japan. Yamagata was the founder of the Imperial Japanese Army. +Career. +Yamagata was born June 14, 1838, in Hagi. Hagi was the capital of the feudal domain of Chōshū (present-day Yamaguchi prefecture). He was schooled by his father. Yamagata studied Japanese and Chinese literature. He learned the martial arts of "Jujutsu". Yamagata also learned the military use of the spear and how to fence. +He went to "Shokasonjuku", a private school run by Yoshida Shōin. There, he helped overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868. He was a commander in the "Kiheitai". This was a semi-military organization created along semi-western lines by the Chōshū domain. He was a staff officer in the Boshin War (1867 to 1868). +After the Tokugawa were overthrown, Yamagata and Saigō Tsugumichi traveled abroad in 1869. They were sent to research the military systems of western countries. Yamagata was impressed with the Prussian military. After a year Yamagata returned and reported directly to Emperor Meiji in Tokyo. He was made "Assistant Vice Minister of Military Affairs". He used the military theories of Carl von Clausewitz and Prussian war games to change Japan's army. He became War Minister in 1873. He modernized the Imperial Japanese Army and made it like the Prussian army. He started military conscription in 1873. +Personal life. +Yamagata had no children. He adopted a nephew to be his heir. The nephew was Yamagata Isaburō, the second son of his oldest sister. Then, Isaburō became a career bureaucrat, cabinet minister, and head of the civilian administration of Korea. In his later life he enjoyed landscape architecture, poetry and the rituals of the tea ceremony. Yamagata died on February 1, 1922. + += = = Vron = = = +Vron is a commune. It is in the region Picardie in the Somme department in the north of France. + += = = Cefalexin = = = +Cefalexin also known as cephalexin and sold under the brand names Keflex and Ceporex is a type of drug called an antibiotic. It is a type of antibiotic called a cephalosporin. Cefalexin can treat some bacterial infections in areas including the ear, bone, joint, skin, and bladder. It may also be used for some types of pneumonia and strep throat. Like other antibiotics, cefalexin cannot treat viral infections, such as the flu or common cold. +Cefalexin can be used in children and people over the age of 65. Using it during pregnancy or breastfeeding has not been shown to cause harm to the baby. People with kidney problems may need lower doses of cefalexin. +Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, and upset stomach. Allergic reactions can occur, such as rash or even trouble breathing. An allergic reaction and infection with "Clostridium difficile (C. diff)", a severe diarrhea, is also possible. +Cefalexin can interact with some drugs. These interactions are usually mild. BCG can treat cancer and also is a tuberculosis vaccine. Cefalexin and BCG cannot be taken together because the effects of BCG will decrease. Alcohol may affect the absorption of the drug. +This drug can be taken by mouth in the form of a tablet, capsule, or suspension. It is taken with or without food. + += = = Drew University = = = +Drew University is a selective coeducational private university located in Madison, New Jersey, USA. Drew has been nicknamed the "University in the Forest" because of its wooded campus. The Princeton Review has called Drew one of "America's Top Ten Most Beautiful Colleges". For 2015 it has an enrollment of 1,493 undergraduates. Tuition for the 2014–2015 academic year was $45,214 USD. Drew University has a theology school and is affiliated with the United Methodist church. + += = = MMMBop = = = +"MMMBop" is a song by American pop rock group Hanson. It was from their 1997 album "Middle of Nowhere". The song hit #1 in several countries, including United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Germany and Mexico. +The song was released on April 15, 1997 in the United States. + += = = International Women of Courage Award = = = +The International Women of Courage Award is an American award. Every year the United States Department of State gives the award to women around the world who have shown the ability to lead other people, the ability to do something that they know is difficult or dangerous, the ability to deal well with new or difficult situations and to find solutions to problems, and who are ready to give up something to help to make people aware of women's rights. +History. +U. S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice started the award in 2007, on March 8, International Women's Day. In many countries in the world, people do something special on this day. Each United States embassy can recommend one woman to be considered for this award. + += = = Division of Tangney = = = +The Division of Tangney is an Australian electoral division in the state of Western Australia. It was named after Dame Dorothy Tangney, the first woman in the Australian Senate. it was set up in 1974. +It covers most of the City of Melville and a large part of the City of Canning. In Melville it includes the suburbs of: +In Canning it includes the suburbs of: +Members. +John Dawkins later became Treasurer of Australia (as Member for Fremantle). Daryl Williams, was Attorney-General of Australia in the Howard Government and Rhodes Scholar. + += = = Mykhailo Chechetov = = = +Mykhailo Vasilyevich Chechetov (; 3 October 1953 – 27 February 2015) was a Ukrainian politician. +Chechetov committed suicide on the night of 27 February 2015 by jumping from the window of his apartment in Kiev. + += = = Duck Commander = = = +Duck Commander is a company that makes duck calls. They also make duck and deer hunting equipment Their main office is in West Monroe, Louisiana, United States. +History. +Phil Robertson, an American football quarterback at Louisiana Tech University, was originally going to play professional football in the NFL. He decided to start a company instead. He began his business in a dilapidated shed. He spent 25 years there making duck calls from Louisiana cedar trees. Phil's third son, Willie Robertson, is the company's chief executive officer. Willie expanded it into a multi-million dollar enterprise. The Robertson family and business are the subjects of "Duck Dynasty", a reality television series on A&E. Before that, they were featured in the "Duck Commander" television show on the Outdoor Channel. + += = = Duck Dynasty = = = +Duck Dynasty is an American reality television series that portrays the lives of the Robertson family and the Duck Commander company. +Plot summary. +The series centers around the Robertson family, specifically the long-bearded Robertson men. They include brothers Phil and Si, and Phil's sons Jase, Willie, and Jep. Their company Duck Commander in West Monroe, Louisiana, makes products for duck hunters, primarily a duck call called Duck Commander. + += = = ZZ Top = = = +ZZ Top is an American rock band from Houston, Texas. + += = = Seasons in the Abyss = = = +Seasons in the Abyss is the fifth studio album by American thrash metal band, Slayer. "Seasons in the Abyss" was released on October 9, 1990 through both Def American Records. +The album debuted at #40 on the "Billboard" 200. "Seasons in the Abyss" was certified Gold by both the RIAA in the United States and the CRIA in Canada. + += = = Cane Corso = = = +The Cane Corso is an ancient mastiff breed from Italy. It is a large size dog which is very muscular and loves to run. It is an excellent watchdog. The Cane Corso has been used to hunt animals such as wild boar. +The Cane Corso is highly intelligent, very trainable, and has a stable temperament. It’s skin is tough. It has excellent hearing. It is important that this dog be socialized early. If carefully trained as a pup, it is very good with other people while always being highly protective of its owner. His name derives from the Latin "Cohors" which means "guardian," "protector." The dog is highly tolerant of pain and sometimes electric fences are ignored by the dog. The dog also loves and needs daily exercise. +Early training of this dog is imperative. The owner must introduce the dog to his environment. This includes family, friends, nearby cats and dogs. This is because the Cane Corso breed is first and foremost highly protective of its owner. +Furthermore, this breed is prohibited in several countries and parts of the United States. +Cane Corsos are noted for their loyalty to their owners and are one of the best guarding breeds. + += = = Holly Smale = = = +Holly Smale (born 7 December 1981) is a British writer. She wrote the best-selling, award-winning series "Geek Girl". +Smale won the 2014 Waterstones Children's Book Prize. She was shortlisted for the Roald Dahl Funny Prize. She was recruited by a modelling agency at the age of 15. She modeled for 2 years before deciding to become a writer. + += = = The Benchwarmers = = = +The Benchwarmers is a 2006 American sports-comedy movie. It was directed by Dennis Dugan and was produced by Adam Sandler and Jack Giarraputo. "The Benchwarmers" was released on April 7, 2006. +Reception. +The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Schneider was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor. + += = = The Hot Chick = = = +The Hot Chick is a 2002 American comedy movie. It was directed by Tom Brady and was produced by John Schneider and Carr D'Angelo. "The Hot Chick" was released on December 13, 2002. The movie is about teenage girl and a 30-year-old criminal who have their minds magically swapped. +The movie had negative reviews from critics and holds a 21% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critics Roger Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the movie two thumbs down. Ebert also gave the movie half a star out of a four and said "The MPAA rates this PG-13. It is too vulgar for anyone under 13, and too dumb for anyone over 13." + += = = Carol Dempster = = = +Carol Dempster (December 9, 1901 – February 1, 1991) was an American actress. She was a silent movie star who appeared in movies from 1916 through 1926. She married a wealthy banker and retired from the movie industry. In her later years she was famous for her philanthropy. +Career. +Dempster was born December 9, 1901 in Duluth, Minnesota. She was the youngest of four children. Her father was John W. Dempster and her mother was Carrie M. (Acker) Dempster. Her father changed careers when Carol was still a baby and moved the family to California. +She studied dance at the Ruth St. Denis dancing school. There she was noticed by movie director D. W. Griffith who used her as a dancer in his movie "Intolerance" (1916). Griffith then gave her a role in "A Romance of Happy Valley" (1919). The movie featured the popular acting team of Robert Herron and Lillian Gish. Dempster's first starring role came in the movie "The Girl Who Stayed at Home" (1919). Lillian Gish was supposed to get the role, but was reportedly "tired" and Griffith cast Dempster instead. Critics gave Dempster only mild praise. Her first solo starring role was in "The Love Flower" (1920). It was at this time critics began comparing her to Lillian Gish. But it was Griffith who directed her to sound like Gish and his other legendary female stars. It was about this time that Dempster became romantically involved with Griffith. Her first non-Griffith movie was in 1922. She starred in "Sherlock Holmes" with John Barrymore. Her movie "Isn't Life Wonderful?" (1924) was well received by critics. She starred in two movies with W. C. Fields for Paramount Pictures, "Sally of the Sawdust" (1925), and "That Royle Girl" (1925). Her best performance may have been in her last movie "The Sorrows of Satan" (1926). +Later life. +In July 1929 Dempster was scarred in a car accident in California. A month later she married wealthy investment banker Edwin Skinner Larsen at her rural New York home. After the couple traveled to Europe, Dempster announced her retirement from acting. She and her husband lived in La Jolla, California. She died there on February 1, 1991 from heart failure. Carol Dempster was buried at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park cemetery in Glendale, California. Upon her death, Dempster left $1.6 million USD to the San Diego Museum of Art. The money was to add to the museum's collections of prints and drawings. She and her husband had made several previous gifts to the museum. These included Francisco Zuniga's sculpture "Mother and Daughter Seated" and Thomas Eakins' painting "Elizabeth Crowell and her Dog". + += = = Nancy Kulp = = = +Nancy Kulp (August 28, 1921 – February 3, 1991) was an American actress. She played Miss Jane Hathaway on "The Beverly Hillbillies". She also played Anastasia in the NBC sitcom "It's a Great Life". +She was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. She died from cancer in Palm Desert, California at age 69. + += = = 50 First Dates = = = +50 First Dates is a 2004 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Peter Segal. It was produced by Jack Giarraputo, Steve Golin, and Nancy Juvonen. "50 First Dates" was released on February 13, 2004. +The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 44% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie three out of four stars. He said "The movie is sort of an experiment for Sandler. He reveals the warm side of his personality, and leaves behind the hostility, anger and gross-out humor... The movie doesn't have the complexity and depth of "Groundhog Day"... but as entertainment it's ingratiating and lovable." +Soundtrack. +The Soundtrack of the 1980s and 1990s tracklist. + += = = Division of Mayo = = = +The Division of Mayo is an Australian electoral division in the hills east of Adelaide, South Australia. It includes the Adelaide Hills, Fleurieu Peninsula and Kangaroo Island, including the towns of Bridgewater, Crafers, Echunga, Gumeracha, Hahndorf, Langhorne Creek, Lobethal, Macclesfield, Mount Barker, Myponga, Oakbank, Stirling, Strathalbyn, Victor Harbor, Woodside, Yankalilla, and part of Birdwood. +It was set up in 1984 and is named after Helen Mayo, the first woman elected to an Australian University Council. +Members. +Alexander Downer's father and grandfather were federal politicians. Downer was Leader of the Opposition, and became Foreign Minister in the Howard Government. His resignation from parliament caused a by-election for Mayo in 2008. + += = = Novospassky Monastery = = = +Novospassky Monastery ("New monastery of the Saviour", ), is one of the oldest monasteries in Moscow. The first monastery was built in the 14th century. At that time it was inside the walls of the Kremlin. In 1491 the monastery was moved to new buildings on the banks of the Moskva River. It was called the "new monastery". +In 1571 and 1591, the wooden buildings were attacked by the Crimean Tatars. In 1612, the Tsar, Michael of Russia, had the monastery completely rebuilt. This included the thick stone walls which made it one of the fortified monasteries on the edge of Moscow. These new stone walls were 7.5 meters high and 2 meters thick. They were 782 meters in length, and included six towers. These are the buildings which are still standing. The bell-tower, one of the tallest in Moscow, and the Sheremetev sepulchre in the church of the Sign, were added in the 18th century, +The monastery was supported by Andrei Kobyla's descendants, including the Sheremetyev and Romanov boyars. They used it as their burial vault. Among the last Romanovs buried in the monastery were Xenia Shestova (the mother of the first Romanov Tsar), Princess Tarakanova (a pretender who claimed to have been the only daughter of Empress Elisabeth) and Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia. +Monastery buildings. +The monastery was closed in 1918 and used as a prison. The cemetery was removed between 1927 and 1930. For a time it was used as a hospital for alcoholics. In 1968 it became a museum of history and an art restoration institute. In 1991 it was returned to the Russian Orthodox Church. + += = = Hebridean Terrane = = = +The Hebridean Terrane is one of the terranes that form part of the Caledonian orogenic belt in northwest Scotland. Its boundary with the neighbouring Northern Highland Terrane is formed by the Moine Thrust Belt. +The basement rock is formed by Archaean and Paleoproterozoic gneisses of the Lewisian complex. They are overlaid unconformably by the Neoproterozoic Torridonian sediments. This in turn is unconformably overlain by a sequence of Cambro–Ordovician sediments. It formed part of the Laurentian foreland during the Caledonian continental collision. +The Hebridean Terrane is the westernmost strip of mainland Scotland, most of the Inner Hebrides and all of the Outer Hebrides. Similar rocks are also thought to be present on Shetland. They have been proved west and north of the Outer Hebrides by BGS shallow boreholes and hydrocarbon exploration wells. The full extent of this terrane to the west is obscured by the effects of Mesozoic rifting. +Some similar rocks occur in Shetland, which are the northern outpost of the Caledonian orogeny, + += = = Sudden cardiac death = = = +Sudden cardiac death is a condition where a person dies because the heart fails to work. It’s very common, about 80% of the people have other heart problems. In general three conditions are present: +In general, people become unconscious within one hour from the onset of symptoms. + += = = Edsvalla = = = +Edsvalla is a locality in Karlstad Municipality in Värmland County in Sweden. In 2010, 1,016 people lived there. + += = = Helsingør = = = +Helsingør is a city in eastern Denmark. It is on the northeastern part of Zealand. + += = = Division of Port Adelaide = = = +The Division of Port Adelaide was an Australian electoral division in the state of South Australia. It included the suburbs of Alberton, Beverley, Birkenhead, Cheltenham, Findon, Kilkenny, Largs Bay, Mansfield Park, North Haven, Ottoway, Parafield Gardens, Paralowie, Pennington, Port Adelaide, Queenstown, Rosewater, Salisbury Downs, Semaphore, Woodville, West Croydon, and part of Seaton. The seat also included Torrens Island and Garden Island. +It was set up in 1949, and was named after Port Adelaide, the working port of Adelaide. +The Division was abolished in 2019 when a redistribution cut South Australia's divisions from 11 to 10. + += = = June Diane Raphael = = = +June Diane Raphael (b. January 4, 1980) is an American actress, comedian and screenwriter. She studied acting at New York University. She played Ann in the movie "Forgetting Sarah Marshall". She also played Amanda in "Bride Wars". +Raphael was born in Rockville Centre, New York. + += = = Smokin' Aces = = = +Smokin' Aces is a 2006 American crime thriller movie. It is about a Las Vegas Strip magician who became a mafia informant and the FBI agent who is assigned to protect him. Taraji P. Henson plays Sharice. Ray Liotta plays Donald. Alicia Keys plays Georgia. +The movie got negative reviews from critics. It made more than $54 million worldwide. + += = = List of pharaohs = = = +This is a list of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. It starts in the Early Dynastic Period, before 3100 BC. It ends with the Ptolemaic Dynasty, when Egypt became a province of Rome under Augustus in 30 BC. +The dates given are approximate. The list of pharaohs uses the dates of Ancient Egypt, developed by the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology. +Old lists of pharaohs. +There are old lists of pharaohs which have been discovered. These are not complete: +Other lists can be found in Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, and Eratosthenes. Two other lists are not believed to be reliable, these are the work of "the Arabic writers", and the "Book of Sothis". +List. +In the legendary period, there were eight god kings who ruled over Egypt. The Palermo, Turin and Manetho king lists, have different names for the eight god kings. +The god kings were followed by kings who were part god and part human. The old lists are different in naming these rulers. +Archaic period. +The Archaic period includes the Early Dynastic Period, when Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt were ruled as separate kingdoms. +Early Dynastic: Lower Egypt. +Lower Egypt was the northern Nile and the Nile Delta. The list may not be complete: +Early Dynastic: Upper Egypt. +Upper Egypt was the Nile Valley, south of the Delta. The following list may not be complete (there are many more of uncertain existence): +First Dynasty. +The First Dynasty ruled from about 3150 to 2890 BC. +In the interregnum between the first and second dynasties, two short lived pharaohs may have reigned : +Second Dynasty. +The Second Dynasty ruled c. 2890–2686 BC. +Old Kingdom. +The Old Kingdom was a peak of civilisation and achievement. This was the first of three so-called "Kingdom" periods which mark the high points of civilization in the Nile Valley. It began when Egypt was ruled by the Third Dynasty through the Sixth Dynasty (2686–2181 BC). Many Egyptologists also include the Memphite Seventh and Eighth Dynasties in the Old Kingdom. The Old Kingdom was followed by a period of disunity called the First Intermediate Period, or as the Egyptians called it, the "first illness." +The royal capital of Egypt during the Old Kingdom was at Memphis. This is where Djoser set up his court. The Old Kingdom is known for the large number of pyramids. These were built as tombs for the pharoahs. The Old Kingdom is called "the Age of the Pyramids". +Third Dynasty. +The Third Dynasty ruled from 2686 to 2613 BC. +Fourth Dynasty. +The Fourth Dynasty ruled from 2613 to 2498 BC. It included the pharaohs who had the Great Pyramids built, Khufu (Cheops), Khafra (Chephren) and Menkaura (Mycerinus). +Fifth Dynasty. +The Fifth Dynasty ruled from 2498 to 2345 BC. +Sixth Dynasty. +The Sixth Dynasty ruled from 2345 to 2181 BC. +First Intermediate Period. +The First Intermediate Period (2181–2060 BC) is between the end of the Old Kingdom and the start of the Middle Kingdom. +The Old Kingdom rapidly collapsed after the death of Pepi II. He had reigned for 94 years, longer than any monarch in history, and died aged 100. The latter years of his reign were marked by inefficiency because of his advanced age. +The Union of the Two Kingdoms fell apart and regional leaders had to cope with the resulting famine. +Around 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs tried to reunite Lower Egypt from their capital in Herakleopolis Magna. Another line of pharaohs at Thebes was reuniting Upper Egypt and a clash between the two rival dynasties was inevitable. +Around 2055 BC, Mentuhotep II, the son and successor of pharaoh Intef III defeated the Herakleopolitan pharaohs and reunited the Two Lands. This was the start of the Middle Kingdom. +Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (combined). +The Seventh and Eighth Dynasties ruled from c. 2181 to c. 2160 BC. Many of the kings only ruled for a short time from Memphis, with Egypt divided into competing regions. +This table is based on the Abydos King List dating to the reign of Seti I, and the Turin canon. +Ninth Dynasty. +The Ninth Dynasty ruled from 2160 to 2130 BC. The Turin King List has 18 kings in the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Of these, twelve names are missing and four are not complete. +Tenth Dynasty. +The Tenth Dynasty was a local group that ruled over Lower Egypt from 2130 to 2040 BC. +Eleventh Dynasty. +The Eleventh Dynasty was a local group from Upper Egypt that ruled from 2134 to 1991 BC. The 11th dynasty came from a group of Theban nomarchs who served the kings of the 8th, 9th or 10th dynasty. +The successors of Intef the Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, eventually conquered Egypt under Mentuhotep II. +Middle Kingdom. +The Middle Kingdom (2060–1802 BC) started at the end of the First Intermediate Period to the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. Some scholars include the Eleventh, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties in the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom began to trade outside of the kingdom. This opening of trade led to the downfall of the Middle Kingdom, caused by an invasion from the Hyksos. +Eleventh Dynasty continued. +The second part of the Eleventh Dynasty is considered to be part of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. +Twelfth Dynasty. +The Twelfth Dynasty ruled from 1991 to 1802 BC. It is considered by later Egyptians to have been their greatest dynasty. +Second Intermediate Period. +The Second Intermediate Period (1802–1550 BC) was a time of chaos between the end of the Middle Kingdom, and the start of the New Kingdom. During this time, the Hyksos, who later became the Fifteenth Dynasty, arrived in Egypt. +The Thirteenth Dynasty was much weaker than the Twelfth Dynasty, and was unable to hold onto the two lands of Egypt. Either at the start of the dynasty, c. 1805 BC or toward the middle of it in c. 1710 BC, the ruling family in Xois, located in the marshes of the eastern Delta, broke away from the central authority to form the Canaanite Fourteenth Dynasty. +The Hyksos made their first appearance during the reign of Sobekhotep IV. About 1720 BC they took control of the town of Avaris (the modern Tell el-Dab'a/Khata'na), conquering the kingdom of the 14th dynasty. About 1650 BC the Hyksos, perhaps led by Salitis the founder of the Fifteenth Dynasty, conquered Memphis, which ended the 13th dynasty. When the 13th dynasty collapsed, the 16th dynasty to declared its independence in Thebes. It was soon taken over by the Hyksos kings.. +When the Hyksos left Upper Egypt, the Egyptian ruling house in Thebes set itself up as the Seventeenth Dynasty. This dynasty under Seqenenre Tao, Kamose and Ahmose, first pharaoh of the New Kingdom, forced the Hyksos out of Egypt and back into Asia +Thirteenth Dynasty. +The Thirteenth Dynasty (following the Turin King List) ruled from 1802 to around 1649 BC. Manetho said it lasted for about 154 years. +The position of the following kings is uncertain: +Fourteenth Dynasty. +The Fourteenth Dynasty was a local group from the eastern Delta, based at Avaris. They ruled from either from 1805 BC or c. 1710 BC until around 1650 BC. The dynasty had many rulers with West Semitic names and is believed to have been Canaanite in origin. +The position and identity of the following pharaohs is uncertain: +The Turin King List has extra names, but no other evidence has been found. +Fifteenth Dynasty. +The Fifteenth Dynasty was started by the Hyksos people who emerged from the Fertile Crescent. They ruled over much of the Nile region, from 1674 to 1535 BC. +Abydos Dynasty. +The Second Intermediate Period may include an independent dynasty reigning over Abydos from c. 1650 BC until 1600 BC. There are four known kings in the Abydos Dynasty, the order in which they ruled is unknown: +Sixteenth Dynasty. +The Sixteenth Dynasty was a native Theban dynasty. It began during the collapse of the Memphis-based 13th dynasty c. 1650 BC and finally conquered by the Hyksos 15th dynasty c. 1580 BC. The 16th dynasty only ruled over Upper-Egypt. +The 16th Dynasty may have included the pharaohs Sneferankhre Pepi III and Nebmaatre. Their chronological position is uncertain. +Seventeenth Dynasty. +The Seventeenth Dynasty was based in Upper Egypt and ruled from 1650 to 1550 BC: +The early 17th Dynasty may also have included Nebmaatre, whose dates are uncertain. +New Kingdom. +The New Kingdom (1550–1077 BC) includes the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt, from the 16th to the 11th century BC. It is between the Second Intermediate Period and the Third Intermediate Period. +During the New Kingdom, Egypt's armies were able to capture nearby countries. Egypt controlled Nubia in the south, and held territories in the Near East. Egyptian armies fought with Hittite armies for control of modern-day Syria. During the New Kingdom, Egypt controlled more territory than at any other time in its history. +Two of the best known pharaohs of the New Kingdom are Akhenaten and Ramesses II. Akhenaten, also known as Amenhotep IV, worshipped the god Aten. This is seen as the first monotheistic religion. Ramesses II was a powerful military ruler. He tried to recapture the territories in what is now modern Israel/Palestine, Lebanon and Syria that had been held in the Eighteenth Dynasty. At the Battle of Qadesh he led the Egyptian armies in battle against the Hittite king Muwatalli II. +Eighteenth Dynasty. +The Eighteenth Dynasty ruled from c. 1550 to 1292 BC: +Nineteenth Dynasty. +The Nineteenth Dynasty ruled from 1292 to 1186 BC and includes one of the greatest pharaohs, Rameses II the Great: +Twentieth Dynasty. +The Twentieth Dynasty ruled from 1190 to 1077 BC: +Third Intermediate Period. +The Third Intermediate Period (1077–732 BC) marked the end of the New Kingdom. After the collapse of the Egyptian empire, some dynasties of Libyan origin ruled Egypt. This is also known as the Libyan Period. +Twenty-First Dynasty. +The Twenty-First Dynasty was based at Tanis and was a relatively weak group. They were rulers of all Egypt, but in practice their influence was limited to Lower Egypt. They ruled from 1069 to 943 BC +Twenty-Second Dynasty. +The pharaohs of the Twenty-Second Dynasty were Libyans, ruling from around 943 to 728 BC: +Twenty-Third Dynasty. +The Twenty-Third Dynasty was another Libyan group, based at Herakleopolis and Thebes. They ruled from 837 to c. 735 BC: +Rudamun was succeeded in Thebes by a local ruler: +The Libu. +Not really a dynasty, the Libu were another group of western nomads from Libya who controlled the western Delta from 805 to 732 BC. +Twenty-Fourth Dynasty. +The Twenty-fourth Dynasty was a short-lived rival dynasty in the western Delta (Sais). There were only two Pharaohs, ruling from 732 to 720 BC. +Late period. +The Late Period runs from 732 BC to Egypt becoming a province of Rome in 30 BC, and includes periods of rule by Nubians, Persians, and Macedonians. +Twenty-fifth Dynasty. +Nubians invaded Lower Egypt and took the throne of Egypt under Piye although they already controlled Thebes and Upper Egypt in the early years of Piye's reign. Piye's conquest of Lower Egypt established the Twenty-fifth Dynasty which ruled until 656 BC. +They were forced from Egypt back into Nubia, where they set up a kingdom at Napata (656–590), and, later, at Meroë (590 BC – 4th century AD). +Twenty-sixth Dynasty. +The Twenty-sixth Dynasty ruled from around 672 to 525 BC. +Twenty-seventh Dynasty. +Egypt was conquered by the Persian Empire in 525 BC and ruled by the Persians until 404 BC. The Achaemenid shahs were the pharaohs in this era, forming a "Twenty-seventh" Dynasty: +Twenty-eighth Dynasty. +The Twenty-eighth Dynasty lasted only six years, from 404 to 398 BC, with one Pharaoh: +Twenty-ninth Dynasty. +The Twenty-ninth Dynasty ruled from 398 to 380 BC: +Thirtieth Dynasty. +The Thirtieth Dynasty ruled from 380 until Egypt once more came under Persian rule in 343 BC: +Thirty-first Dynasty. +Egypt again came under the control of the Achaemenid Persians. The Persian rulers from 343 to 332 BC are sometimes listed as the Thirty-first Dynasty: +Argead Dynasty. +The Macedonians under Alexander the Great brought in the Hellenistic period with his capture of Persia and Egypt. The Argeads ruled from 332 to 309 BC: +Ptolemaic Dynasty. +The second Hellenistic dynasty, the Ptolemies, ruled Egypt from 305 BC until Egypt became a province of Rome in 30 BC. If two dates overlap, that means there was a co-regency. The most famous member of this dynasty was Cleopatra VII. In modern times she is known simply as Cleopatra. She was the consort of Julius Caesar and after Caesar's death, of Mark Antony, and had children with both of them. Cleopatra tried to create a dynastic and political union between Egypt and Rome. This failed with the assassination of Caesar and the defeat of Mark Antony. Caesarion (Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar) was the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt. He reigned jointly with his mother Cleopatra VII of Egypt, from September 2, 47 BC. He was the eldest son of Cleopatra VII, and possibly the only son of Julius Caesar, after whom he was named. Between Cleopatra's death on August 12, 30 BC, up to his own death on August 23, 30 BC, he was the sole pharaoh. It is tradition that he was hunted down and killed on the orders of Octavian, who would become the Roman emperor Augustus, but there is no evidence. +Rome. +Cleopatra VII had affairs with the Roman Dictator Julius Caesar and Roman General Marc Antony. She killed herself when Antony was defeated by Octavian (later be Emperor Augustus). Egypt then became a province of Rome in 30 BC. Roman Emperors were given the title of Pharaoh, although exclusively while in Egypt. One Egyptian king-list lists the Roman Emperors as Pharaohs up to and including Decius. See the list of Roman Emperors. + += = = Caitlin Stasey = = = +Caitlin Jean Stasey (born 1 May 1990) is an Australian actress and singer. She is best known for her role in the soap opera "Neighbours". She also has appeared in television series such as "The Sleepover Club", "Please Like Me" and "Reign". She also appeared in the movies "Tomorrow, When the War Began" (2010), "All Cheerleaders Die" (2013), "Lust for Love" (2014) and "I, Frankenstein" (2014). +Stasey was born in Melbourne, Victoria. Her English parents are from Norwich. She is a feminist. She married American actor Lucas Neff in 2016. + += = = Defragmentation = = = +Defragmentation is a process that happens with digital files. Files are usually stored in one part. When a disk drive fills up, finding an empty space that is large enough becomes more difficult. When this happens, the file is split into different parts, and each part is stored on a different place in the disk. That process is known as fragmentation. Fragmentation happens because different parts of a file are not stored next to each other. When the file is read, the different parts must be assembled. Fragmented files take longer to assemble. Files that are stored in one part can be read faster. Defragmentation reverses fragmentation and puts the file into one piece. +The process. +Defragmentation is the process of rearranging the different parts, so that they are stored next to each other. This is usually done by copying them to a different place on the disk. Defragmentation is relevant to file systems on electromechanical disk drives. To read each part, the head of the hard disk needs to reposition itself to the area where the part is stored. +The problem of defragmentation is that it is takes a long time and in some cases, the file system cannot be changed while it is in progress. For that reason, defragmentation should not be done, when it can be avoided. +There are different kinds of files, some of them are modified more often. It is often a good practice to put them on different partitions, as most Unix-like operating systems do. Also, the design of hard drives has changed over time, which makes the effects of defragmentation less visible. +Media that uses flash memory, such as solid-state disks, do not benefit from defragmentation, as there are no moving parts than need to be re-positioned. + += = = Sweden Box Open = = = +The Sweden Box Open was an international amateur boxing event in Sweden. It was held between 1980 and 1997 The event was often held in January. It was usually held in Stockholm as the Stockholm Box Open. The 1995 and 1996 editions were held in Sundsvall and Timrå. +The event was one of the major amateur boxing competitions in Europe. + += = = Skara HF = = = +Skara HF is a handball club in Skara, Sweden. It was established on 8 April 1993 when Hangelösa HF and Stenums IF merged their handball sections. The women's team has played in the Swedish top division during the 1990s. + += = = Swedish Ski Games = = = +The Swedish Ski Games () is an annual cross-country skiing event in Sweden. It was started in Sundsvall in 1947. It was moved to Falun in 1959. Ski jumping and Nordic combined skiing were included up to 1991 as a recurring event. Alpine skiing was also included between 1950 and 1953 (in Åre). Biathlon was included in 1984. The event is usually held in February or March as one of the final World Cup competitions during the season. The event is usually held at Lugnet. Sometimes the lack of snow has required the event to be moved to other places in Sweden. + += = = Transtrand = = = +Transtrand is a locality in Malung-Sälen Municipality in Dalarna County in Sweden. In 2010, 386 people lived there. + += = = The Lawnmower Man = = = +The Lawnmower Man is a 1992 science fiction-horror movie. It is about a simple-minded gardener who later becomes intelligent. A priest punishes him for not completing his chores. He then gains special powers. Pierce Brosnan plays Dr. Lawrence Angelo. +The movie got mixed reviews from the critics. It made over $32 million at the box office. + += = = Man Trouble = = = +Man Trouble is a 1992 American romantic comedy movie. Ellen Barkin plays Joan. Jack Nicholson plays Harry. Beverly D'Angelo plays Andy. It was directed by Bob Rafelson and written by Carole Eastman, who together had been responsible for 1970's "Five Easy Pieces". +This movie did not have good reviews from critics. It flopped at the box office. + += = = Melina Mercouri = = = +Melina Mercouri (31 October 1925 – 6 March 1994) was a Greek actress, singer, and politician. +Personal Life. +Mercouri’s parents were Stamatis Mercouris and Irene Lappa. Her father was the governor of a section of Athens. She went to school at the Academy of the National Theatre, Athens from 1943 to 1946. +In 1939, Mercouri married Panayiotis Harokopus. They divorced in 1962. Mercouri remarried in 1966 to Jules Dassin. +She died from lung cancer at age 73 in New York City. +Career. +Mercouri was an actor in many movies. Her first movie was "Stella" in 1955. She later acted in "Topkapi" (1964), and "Never on Sunday" (1960). Her husband, Dassin, was the director of these movies. Mercouri also acted and sang in the musical "llya, Darling" (1967). She became very famous for her work in "Never on Sunday." Mercouri also was awarded an Academy Award nomination for best actress from that role. Later, she became the Greek Minister of Culture and Sciences. Her job was to educate about Greek history, art and sports. While in this job, Mercouri supported Greek arts, sports, and women's rights. She became part of the Greek Parliament in 1977. Mercouri was also an author. She wrote her autobiography: "I Was Born Greek". +References. +Contemporary Authors Online. “Melina Mercouri.”Biography in Context. GALE, 2014. Biography in Context. May 4, 2018. +Benson, Sonia G. "Melina Mercouri." Biography in Context. GALE, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. May 4, 2018. +Flint, Peter B. "Melina Mercouri, Actress and Politician, Is Dead." New York Times, 7 Mar. 1994. Student Resources In Context, May, 4 2018. +"Mercouri, Melina." World Book Advanced, World Book, 2018. World Book, Inc. May 4, 2018. + += = = Arrhythmia = = = +Arrhythmia (commonly called irregular heartbeat) is the name for a number of conditions, where the heartbeat is not normal. It may be too fast (tachycardia); too slow (bradycardia); or the heart may not beat in its regular rhythm. +Artificial pacemaker is used to care arrhythmia. + += = = Deaths in March 2015 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2015. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months". + += = = Kim Kyung-roul = = = +Kim Kyung-roul (; 23 February 1980 – 22 February 2015) was a South Korean professional billiards player. He won the 2010 Three-Cushion World Cup. +Kim lived in Ilsan, where he died on 22 February 2015, after falling out of his apartment window. He was 34. + += = = John Rowlands (author) = = = +John Rowlands (1938 – 23 February 2015) was a Welsh language author of several novels including "Lle bo'r gwenyn" ("Where Bees May Be", 1960). He was a Professor of Welsh Literature. + += = = Rakhat Aliyev = = = +Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev (; 10 December 1962 – 24 February 2015) was a senior official of the government of Kazakhstan. He died in an Austrian prison awaiting trial on charges of murder. His trial was planned to start in Vienna in first half of year 2015. He was chief of Kazakhstan's tax police, deputy chief of the KNB state security service (Kazakhstan's successor to the Soviet KGB), ambassador to Austria, and first vice foreign minister. + += = = Irving Kahn = = = +Irving Kahn (December 19, 1905 – February 24, 2015) was an American businessman and investor. He was the oldest living active investment professional. He was an early disciple of Benjamin Graham, the creator of the value investing methodology. +Kahn began his career in 1928 and continued to work until his death in 2015. He is one of the most notable alumni of City College of New York. + += = = Roger Cecil = = = +Roger Cecil (18 July 1942 – 22 February 2015) was a Welsh painter and mixed media artist. He was born in Abertillery, and studied at Newport College of Art and St Martin’s School of Art. In 1964 he won the David Murray Landscape Award from the Royal Academy. +He was known for both his figurative and largely abstract paintings, "rich in imagery, poetry and colour, which are drawn from his environment, the industrial valley towns and mountains." +In later years Cecil suffered from dementia. He was reported as missing from hospital on 21 February 2015, and was last seen in the early hours of 22 February. After a search, his body was found on 24 February in a field near Cwmbran. Gwent Police treated the death as unexplained. They referred themselves to the Independent Police Complaints Commission because a member of the public had spoken to a police officer about Cecil before his body was found. + += = = Donald Keough = = = +Donald R. Keough (September 4, 1926 – February 24, 2015) was an American businessman. He was the Chairman of the Board of Allen & Company Incorporated, a New York investment-banking firm. He was elected to that position in April 1993. + += = = Maurice Hurley (screenwriter) = = = +Maurice Hurley (August 16, 1939 – February 24, 2015) was an American screenwriter and producer. He was known best for his work on "". + += = = Bertrice Small = = = +Bertrice Small (December 9, 1937 – February 24, 2015), was an American "New York Times" bestselling writer of historical and erotic romance novels. She was a member of The Authors Guild, Romance Writers of America, PAN, and PASIC. + += = = Boris Nemtsov = = = +Boris Yefimovich Nemtsov ( ; 9 October 195927 February 2015) was a Russian scientist, statesman and liberal politician. He had a successful political career during the 1990s under President Boris Yeltsin. Since 2000 had been an outspoken critic of Vladimir Putin. He was shot and killed in February 2015 for his pro-democracy views on Russia, probably by loyalists of Vladimir Putin, on a bridge near the Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow. +Nemtsov studied physics, and held the equivalent of a Phd in physics and mathematics, from the university of Nizhny Novgorod, which was called Gorki at the time. + += = = Terry Gill = = = +Terry Gill (25 October 1939 – 25 February 2015) was an Anglo-Australian character actor. He was known for his roles in "Crocodile Dundee" and in "Prisoner". + += = = Fritz J. Raddatz = = = +Fritz Joachim Raddatz (3 September 1931 – 26 February 2015) was a German feuilletonist, essayist, biographer and romancier. +In September 2014 Raddatz announced his retirement from active writing. He was a bisexual. +Raddatz, who was an advocate of Euthanasia, committed suicide at the age of 83 on 26 February 2015 in Zurich. He never wanted to become a nursing case. In full possession of his powers he decided: "That's it, it's enough." + += = = Earl Lloyd = = = +He didn’t enter the draft he was just randomly picked. He was walking down campus when someone told him he was picked in the draft +Earl Francis Lloyd (April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He was the first black person to play in the National Basketball Association, in the 1950–51 NBA season. Three other African Americans played in the same season: Chuck Cooper, Nathaniel Clifton, and Hank DeZonie. + += = = Tom Schweich = = = +Thomas A. "Tom" Schweich (October 2, 1960 – February 26, 2015) was an American politician, diplomat, attorney, and author. A member of the Republican Party, Schweich served as State Auditor of Missouri. +Prior to being elected State Auditor, he served as the U.S. Coordinator for Counternarcotics and Justice Reform in Afghanistan. While in that position, he was given the rank of Ambassador by U.S. President George W. Bush. +In the 2010 election, Schweich was elected State Auditor, defeating Democratic incumbent Susan Montee. He was reelected in 2014 without opposition. In 2015, Schweich announced he would run for Governor of Missouri in the 2016 election. On February 26, 2015, he died as a result of injuries sustained from a gunshot wound. + += = = Martha Cohen = = = +Martha Ruth Cohen, CM, AOE, LLD (née Block; 1920 – February 26, 2015) was a Canadian community activist and philanthropist. She was a member of the Order of Canada. +Cohen was of Jewish descent. + += = = Avijit Roy = = = +Avijit Roy (; 12 September 1972 – 26 February 2015) was a Bangladeshi-American engineer, writer, blogger and secular activist. He was hacked to death in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 26 February 2015. A Muslim extremist group claimed responsibility for the attack. +Avjit Roy was a U.S. citizen. He was born in Bangladesh. His family is Hindu. He studied microbiology at Dhaka University. His father Ajoy was a professor of physics at the university. Avjit Roy moved to the city of Atlanta in the United States. He had a job there as an engineer. +Activism. +In May 2001, Roy started Mukto-Mona, meaning "free mind", as a Yahoo group. In 2002 Mukto-Muno became a website. Mukto-Muno started the first Bengali Darwin Day, Rationalist Day, and International Women's Day on the internet. The group worked for freedom for religious minorities and secular writers. The group discussed religious questions and LGBT issues. +Avjit Roy wrote many articles, as well as books. In 2014, Roy received death threats after he wrote a book. One threat on Facebook said, "Avijit Roy lives in America and so it is not possible to kill him right now, but he will be murdered when he gets back." +In 2015, Avijit Roy returned to Dhaka and was killed after leaving a book fair with his wife. Roy's wife, Rafida Bonya Ahmed, was also hurt in the attack. On March 2, 2016, Farabi Shafiur Rahman was arrested for the attack. Farabi wrote on Facebook, “Avijit lives in America. It is not possible to kill him now. But he will be killed when he will be back in the country.” Rahman is a blogger from the banned Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir. + += = = Richard Bakalyan = = = +Richard Bakalyan (January 29, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American character actor. He was known for his roles in "Batman, Chinatown, The Fox and the Hound". + += = = The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou = = = +The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou is a 2004 American comedy-drama movie directed by Wes Anderson. It stars Bill Murray, Cate Blanchett, Willem Dafoe, Michael Gambon, Jeff Goldblum, Anjelica Huston, Owen Wilson, and Seymour Cassel. It was released to mixed reviews on December 25, 2004. + += = = Seymour Cassel = = = +Seymour Joseph Cassel (January 22, 1935 – April 7, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Sam Catchem in "Dick Tracy" and as Esteban in "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou". +Cassel died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Los Angeles on April 7, 2019 at the age of 84. + += = = Moonrise Kingdom = = = +Moonrise Kingdom is a 2012 American comedy-drama adventure movie. It was directed by Wes Anderson and written by Anderson and Roman Coppola. It stars Jared Gilman, Kara Hayward, Bruce Willis, Edward Norton, Bill Murray, Frances McDormand, Jason Schwartzman, Bob Balaban and Harvey Keitel. It is set in New England in 1965. It is about a 12-year-old boy and 12-year-old girl who run away together. It received very positive reviews when it was released on May 25, 2012. + += = = Alejandro González Iñárritu = = = +Alejandro González Iñárritu (born August 15, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning Mexican movie director, screenwriter, movie producer, and composer. His five feature movies – "Amores perros" (2000), "21 Grams" (2003), "Babel" (2006), "Biutiful" (2010), "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" (2014), and "The Revenant" (2015). +He is also close friends with fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Guillermo del Toro, collectively known as "The Three Amigos of Cinema". +Alejandro González Iñárritu's filmmaking style features non-linear storytelling, multiple perspectives, realism, redemption themes, long takes, symbolism, sound design, social commentary, and ambiguity, exploring intricate human relationships and complex themes. + += = = Bohdan Tomaszewski = = = +Bohdan Tomaszewski (August 10, 1921 – February 27, 2015) was a Polish sports journalist, tennis player, sports commentator, and author of several sports books. Called a “legend of Polish sports journalism”, he was a member of the Polish Writers Association, and, with his son Tomasz, worked for the television station Polsat Sport. + += = = Vulcan salute = = = +The Vulcan salute is a hand gesture which became popular by the 1960s television series . It is done when the hand is raised with the palm forward and the thumb extended, while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger. It is a symbol of greeting by the character Spock. Nimoy based it on a hand gesture used by Jewish priests called Kohanim to bless people in Orthodox Jewish synagogues. + += = = Bob Benmosche = = = +Robert Herman "Bob" Benmosche (May 29, 1944 – February 27, 2015) was the president and chief executive officer of American International Group (NYSE: AIG ). He was appointed President & Chief Executive Officer by the US Department of Treasury and AIG Board of Directors to succeed Edward M. Liddy. + += = = Yaşar Kemal = = = +Yaşar Kemal, (born Kemal Sadık Gökçeli 6 October 1923 – 28 February 2015) was a Turkish writer of Kurdish origin. He was one of Turkey's leading writers. Kemal was long a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, on the strength of "Memed, My Hawk". + += = = Jönköping Concert Hall = = = +The Jönköping Concert Hall () is a concert hall in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was opened in September 1990. +There are two halls. They are the Hammaskjöld Hall () and the Rydberg Hall (). + += = = Minnie Miñoso = = = +Minnie Miñoso (Saturnino Orestes Armas "Minnie" Miñoso Arrieta, ; , November 29, 1922 – March 1, 2015), nicknamed "The Cuban Comet" and "Mr. White Sox", was a Cuban-American professional baseball player. +He began his career in the Negro league in 1946, becoming an All-Star third baseman with the New York Cubans in 1947 and 1948. He was signed by the Cleveland Indians after the 1948 season as baseball's color line slowly fell. +In 1949, he became the first black Cuban in the major leagues, and went on to become a seven-time All-Star. In 1951, as a rookie left fielder for the Chicago White Sox, he became the first black player in White Sox franchise history, and one of the first Latin Americans to be named to a major league All-Star team. +Miñoso was found dead in the driver's seat of a car near a gas station in Chicago at 1 am on March 1, 2015, aged 92. He died of a torn pulmonary artery caused by COPD. + += = = Jönköping Theatre = = = +The Jönköping Theatre () is a theatre in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It is also used for concerts. It was opened on 2 December 1904. + += = = Supergame = = = +The Supergame () is an annual soccer event. It is played at Nya Ullevi in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The first game was played in 2012. It is usually played as a game between two top club teams in July-August. It is mostly an exhibition game. It is however given much attention as its played between major clubs. Draws are followed up by penelaty shootouts. + += = = Pavel Chekov = = = +Pavel Andreievich Chekov is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He is a navigator on the Starship "Enterprise". Chekov is played by actor Walter Koenig in "The Original Series" and by Anton Yelchin in the three "Kelvin Timeline" movies before his death in 2016. +Chekov Early Life. +Pavel Chekov was played by Walter Koenig in The Original Series and was an awesome actor for the roll. Chekov was born in 2245 in Pushkino, in the Russian Federation on Earth. When he was 17 he joined Starfleet Academy, hoping one day he would have command of his own starship. He eventually made it through the academy. +Chekov TOS Years. +Checov started as an ensign on the USS Enterprise (NCC-1701) +Sources. +Chekov, Pavel - » TrekipediaTrekipediahttp://old.trekipedia.com › file › chekov_pavel + += = = Spira Culture Center = = = +The Spira Culture Center () is a culture center in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was opened on 11 November 2011. + += = = Montgomery Scott = = = +Montgomery Scott is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He one of the navigators of the Starship "Enterprise". Scotty is played by actor James Doohan and by Simon Pegg. + += = = Leonard McCoy = = = +Leonard McCoy is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He works as a doctor of the Starship "Enterprise". McCoy is played by actor DeForest Kelley and by Karl Urban. + += = = Uhura = = = +Nyota Uhura is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". She works as a lieutenant of the Starship "Enterprise". Uhura is played by actress Nichelle Nichols and by Zoe Saldana. + += = = Drottningstorp = = = +Drottningstorp is a village in Habo Municipality, Sweden. It is located near the western shorelines of Domneådammen betwen Habo and Mullsjö. An annual country music festival called "Drottningstorps midsommardagscountry" has been held here on Midsummer Day since 2006. + += = = Hikaru Sulu = = = +Hikaru Sulu is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He is a lieutenant of the Starship "Enterprise". Sulu is played by actor George Takei and by John Cho. + += = = Nichelle Nichols = = = +Nichelle Nichols (born Grace Dell Nichols; December 28, 1932 – July 30, 2022) was an American actress, singer and voice artist. She was known for her role as Uhura in the sci-fi television series "". +In May 2018, Nichols' son, Kyle Johnson, announced that she was suffering from "severe" short-term memory loss as a complication of advanced dementia. +On July 30, 2022, Nichols died of heart failure at a hospital in Silver City, New Mexico at the age of 89. + += = = Khan Noonien Singh = = = +Khan Noonien Singh, better known as Khan, is a fictional supervillain in the "Star Trek" science fiction franchise. The character first appeared in the 1967 ' episode "Space Seed". He also appeared in the 1982 movie '. In both of those, he was portrayed by Ricardo Montalbán. In the 2013 movie "Star Trek Into Darkness", he was played by Benedict Cumberbatch. + += = = Sentinel Prime = = = +Sentinel Prime is the name of several fictional characters in many of the "Transformers" series. First mention of Sentinel Prime was in issue #65 of the US Marvel Comics "Transformers" series, where he was mentioned to hold the Autobot Matrix of Leadership before Optimus Prime. +Sentinel Prime is One of the members of the Dynasty of Primes and dedicated as the leader of the Autobots and has since appeared in a variety of forms as either Optimus Prime's mentor or friend. In the 2011 live action movie "", Sentinel was the main villain and was voiced by Leonard Nimoy. + += = = Chungking Express = = = +Chungking Express is a 1994 drama movie made in Hong Kong. It was directed by Wong Kar-wai. The movie has two stories, one after the other. Each story is about a policeman who is unlucky in love. The main actors in the first half were Takeshi Kaneshiro and Brigitte Lin. The second half of the movie stars Tony Leung as a different policeman. Valerie Chow plays the flight attendant. The movie features the American song "California Dreamin'" and other songs by Faye Wong. The movie received good reviews. + += = = Robbins, Illinois = = = +Robbins is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 4,629 at the 2020 census. + += = = Gastric bypass surgery = = = +Gastric bypass surgery is a surgery in which the stomach is divided and the gastrointestinal tract is redirected. The surgery is performed on people who have morbid obesity or have type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or other weight-related health problems. +As with all surgery, problems may occur. Some people could die after having the surgery. +Gastric bypass surgery can be done using methods that make only small incisions (cuts) into the abdomen. It is one of the most difficult surgeries to perform that way. Advantages of using those methods include that patients don't have to stay in the hospital as long, they have less pain, it doesn't take as long to recover, and the scars are smaller. + += = = Swedish Ski Association = = = +The Swedish Ski Association () is a special sports association for skiing in Sweden. It was established in Sundsvall on 11 December 1908 as the Swedish Cross-Country Skiing Association (). It changed name in 1911. The headquarters were originally located in Stockholm. On 3 May 2001 the headquarters were relocated to the town of Falun. + += = = Östersund Ski Stadium = = = +The Östersund Ski Stadium () is a facility for cross-country skiing, biathlon and ski orienteering in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was appointed national stadium for Swedish biathlon in October 2013 . Since 2007 the stadium has always snow starting on 1 November. This is because it uses leftover snow gathered by Östersund Municipality over the spring and summertime season. + += = = Swedish Biathlon Federation = = = +The Swedish Biathlon Federation () is a special sports association for biathlon in Sweden. It was established in 1986. It was appointed into the Swedish Sports Confederation in November 1987. It joined the Swedish Sports Confederation on 1 July 1988. Its headqarters are located in the town of Östersund. + += = = Francisco González Ledesma = = = +Francisco González Ledesma (March 17, 1927 – March 2, 2015) was a Spanish journalist, comic writer and novelist. He was a popular crime novelist. He wrote under the pseudonym Silver Kane. He published over 1000 novels, most of them in western novels. Ledesma was born in Barcelona, Spain. +Ledesma died in Barcelona, Spain from complications of a stroke, aged 87. + += = = Laxmi Aggarwal = = = +Laxmi Aggarwal (born 1 June 1990) is a leading figure for the "Stop Acid Attacks" group in India. In 2014, US First Lady Michelle Obama gave Laxmi received an International Women of Courage Award. NDTV (New Delhi Television Limited) chose her as Indian of the Year. +Life. +In 2005, when Laxmi was 16 years old, Naeem Khan threw acid on Laxmi's face because she rejected advances by him. The "Hindustan Times"newspaper wrote a story about Laxmi. She got 27,000 names on a petition. People signed the petition to show that they wanted a change in the sale of acid. She took the petition to the Indian Supreme Court. Because of the petition, the Indian Supreme Court told the central and state governments to control the sale of acid, and the Parliament to make it easier to hold a trial against a person who makes an acid attack. +Work. +Laxmi Aggarwal is the director of Chhanv Foundation, an NGO (nongovernmental organization) that helps people who are able to keep living or succeeding in spite of acid attacks in India. + += = = Jaden Smith = = = +Jaden Christopher Syre Smith (born July 8, 1998) is an American actor and rapper. He is the son of actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. He is also the older brother of singer Willow Smith and younger half-brother of Trey Smith. His first movie role was in the 2006 movie "The Pursuit of Happyness". He has also appeared in "The Day the Earth Stood Still" (2008) and "The Karate Kid" (2010). +He has received many awards, including a Teen Choice Award, an MTV Movie Award, a BET Award and a Young Artist Award. In 2022, Smith was nominated for the Grammy Award for Album of the Year as a featured artist on Justin Bieber's album "Justice". + += = = Un refugio para el amor = = = +Un refugio para el amor ("A Shelter For Love") is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Televisa. +His protagonists are Zuria Vega and Gabriel Soto, as villains Laura Flores, Roberto Blandon and Jessica Coch. As main role, the first actress Zaide Silvia Gutierrez. + += = = Digital Millennium Copyright Act = = = +The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a copyright law that protects copyright on the internet in the U.S.A. This Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1998. +It puts into effect two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and distribution of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent (get around) measures which control access to copyrighted works. These "measures" are commonly known as digital rights management or DRM. +The WIPO Copyright Treaty is the basis of protecting copyright on the web. + += = = Thelarche = = = +Thelarche means the development of breasts in human females during puberty (sexual development). +Development. +Generally, the left breast is the larger of the two. +This usually begins when girls are about 9. A lump that is a bit hard appears in each breast under the areola, which is the dark ring around the nipple. The lump in one breast may grow before the other one. This is called breast budding. Within 6-12 months, both breasts will have started growing. The swelling can be felt and seen outside the edges of the areolae. About 1 and a half to 2 years after the breasts first start growing, they are close to the shape and size of an adult woman's breasts. The nipple and areola may be on a smaller mound on each breast. This small mound usually goes away when each breast is fully grown. Breast size depends on the body's amount of fat. +Thelarchic stage. +It is the Tanner 2 stage of breast development (a scale used to analyze changes in people from childhood to adulthood). The first stage is the non-developed prepubescent state of breasts. Thelarche is usually the first sign of puberty. It usually occurs after age 8, and is the first evidence of puberty in 60% of women. It usually ends at age 13. However, it can sometimes happen earlier. When this happens, it can be by itself (called isolated premature thelarche). It could also be a wider pattern of precocious puberty (sexual development happening too early). +Hormones. +The process is started by estradiol, the primary female sex hormone. Many young women are not prepared for thelarche, and this may result in stress. Teaching materials on breast development for elementary and middle schools has been suggested to promote breast health by reducing shame. + += = = Gonadarche = = = +Gonadarche refers to the first gonadal changes of puberty. The ovaries in girls and the testes in boys begin to grow and increase the production of the sex steroids. + += = = Law of the excluded middle = = = +The law of the excluded middle is a simple rule of logic. It states that for any proposition, there is no middle ground. Every proposition is either true or false. +Example. +For example, "Ginger is a cat" says the fact that Ginger is a cat. If it is true, then its opposite cannot also be true. If Ginger is a cat, then Ginger is not something else. +Mathematics. +In mathematics, the law of the excluded middle is a presupposition behind the proof by contradiction. Because of that, those who reject the validity of the law of the excluded middle (for example, the intuitionists) must also reject the validity of proof by contradiction as well. + += = = Swedish Basketball Federation = = = +The Swedish Basketball Federation () is a special sports association for basketball in Sweden. It was established on 25 October 1952. It was established out of the Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section. The Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section had been started in 1948. Its headqarters are in Stockholm. + += = = Finnish Ski Association = = = +The Finnish Ski Association (, ) is a skiing governing body in Finland. It is based in the towns of Helsinki and Lahti. It is a member of FIS. It runs cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Noridc skiing. Sections for alpine skiing and freestyle skiing are instead within the Ski Sport Finland. +It was established in 1908 as "Liitto Suomen hiihtourheilun edistämiseksi". The first chairman was Lennart Munck Af Flukila. It modern name was adopted in 1931. + += = = Pajala IF = = = +Pajala IF is a sports club club in Pajala in Sweden. It was established in 1930. It originally played soccer. It later also adopted basketball, table tennis, soccer, floorball, ice hockey, skiing and volleyball. +The men's volleyball team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 2000-2001. + += = = Elitserien (men's volleyball) = = = +Elitserien () is the Swedish men's volleyball top division. It is followed up by the Swedish national championship playoff by late February-early March. + += = = Elitserien (women's volleyball) = = = +Elitserien () is the Swedish men's volleyball top top division. It is followed up by the Swedish national championship playoff by late February-early March. + += = = Hjorthagens IP = = = +Hjorthagens IP is a sports ground in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It has been used by Djurgårdens IF FF as practice ground. It has also been used by Djurgårdens IF Handikappfotbollförening as well as Värtans IK. In the wintertime is has been ice skating. +Three soccer grounds using artificial turfs were opened on 3 October 2012. + += = = Marie McDonald = = = +Marie McDonald (July 6, 1923 – October 21, 1965) was an American singer and actor. She was known as "The Body Beautiful" and later nicknamed "The Body". She was in many movies and television programs. In "Lucky Jordan", she played Pearl. In "Guest of the House", she played Miriam. +On January 5, 1957, a truck driver found McDonald on a highway near Indio, California. After she was rescued, a doctor found she had two cracked teeth, bruises on her face and injuries on her neck, legs and cheek. She claimed that she was kidnapped by two men. Police began doubting McDonald's story. Harry Karl, her estranged husband, also doubted the story, and claimed she was not well. +McDonald was born in Kentucky. She died from an overdose of drugs at age 42 in California. + += = = Okefenokee Swamp = = = +The Okefenokee is a swamp, a National Wildlife Refuge and a U.S. wilderness area. It is a shallow, , peat-filled wetland straddling the Georgia–Florida border in the United States. +The Okefenokee is the largest "blackwater" swamp in North America. The term Okefenokee in Native American is "land of trembling earth". The swamp was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974. The Okefenokee Swamp is considered to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia. +The swamp was formed over the past 6,500 years by the build-up of peat in a shallow basin on the edge of an ancient Atlantic coastal terrace, the geological relic of a Pleistocene estuary. +The swamp is bordered by Trail Ridge, a strip of higher land believed to have formed as coastal dunes or an offshore barrier island. The Suwanee River drains at least 90% of the swamp's watershed southwest towards the Gulf of Mexico. +Longtime residents of the Okefenokee Swamp, "Swampers", are mostly of English ancestry. Due to their isolation, the Swampers used Elizabethan phrases and syntax well into the twentieth century. The Suwanee Canal was dug across the swamp in the late nineteenth century in a failed attempt to drain the Okefenokee. After the Suwanee Canal Company's bankruptcy, most of the swamp was bought by the Hebard family of Philadelphia, who logged cypress from 1909 to 1927. Several other logging companies ran railroad lines into the swamp until 1942; some remains are visible across swamp waterways. Most of the Okefenokee Swamp is included in the 403,000 acre (1630 km2) Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge. +A wildfire begun by a lightning strike near the center of the Refuge on May 5, 2007 eventually merged with another wildfire which began near Waycross, Georgia, on April 16 when a tree fell on a power line. By May 31, more than , or more than 935 square miles, had burned in the region. +The Okefenokee Swamp Alliance is a conservation group that works for the continued preservation of the swamp. + += = = James Paris Lee = = = +James Paris Lee (9 August 1831 – 24 February 1904) was a British, Canadian inventor. He was also a small arms designer. Lee is best known for inventing the Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield series of rifles. +Lee was born in Hawick, Scotland, 9 August 1831. At age 12 he created his first gun. He accidentally blew himself up with gunpowder. He also accidentally shot himself, twice. His family was surprised he reached adulthood. He was obsessed with guns, but he was apprenticed to a clockmaker. His family migrated to Canada. Lee worked making and repairing clocks and watches. In 1850 he opened his own shop where he could work on rifles in his spare time. + += = = Blackwater river = = = +A blackwater river is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. Its colour is caused by the decaying vegetation. As vegetation decays, tannins leach into the water, making a transparent, acidic water that is darkly stained, looking like tea or coffee. +Most rivers in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States are blackwater rivers. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense. Some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black soil, are black due to the color of the soil. These rivers are "black mud rivers" or estuaries. +Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than whitewater rivers and have ionic concentrations higher than rainwater. The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ both from whitewater and clearwater rivers. +The classification of Amazonian rivers into black, clear and whitewater was first proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1853. + += = = Edmund Ignatius Rice = = = +Edmund Ignatius Rice (; 1 June 1762 – 29 August 1844), was a Roman Catholic missionary and educator. Rice was the founder of two religious institutes of monks. In 1808 Rice and several friends took religious s and became the Presentation Brothers. In 1822, as Brother Ignatius, he was elected Superior general of the Irish Christian Brothers. +In 1779 he became his uncle's apprentice in a merchant business. Rice inherited the business about 1790 after his uncle died. He became a successful businessman. After his wife died he dedicated his life and wealth to helping the poor. + += = = Dave Mackay = = = +David Craig Mackay (14 November 1934 – 2 March 2015) was a Scottish football player and manager. +Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian, the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961, and winning the league with Derby County as a manager. He also represented Scotland 22 times, and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad. +Mackay died on 2 March 2015 in Nottingham, England at the age of 80. + += = = Joshua Fishman = = = +Joshua Aaron Fishman (Yiddish: ���� �������� — Shikl Fishman; July 18, 1926 – March 1, 2015) was an American linguist. He specialized in the sociology of language, language planning, bilingual education, and language and ethnicity. +Fishman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in The Bronx, New York, aged 88. + += = = Anthony Mason (basketball) = = = +Anthony George Douglas Mason (December 14, 1966 – February 28, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. In his 13-year career he played with the New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, New York Knicks, Charlotte Hornets, Milwaukee Bucks and Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association. +Mason was born in Miami, Florida. He spend most of his life in Tennessee and in New York City. Mason studied at Tennessee State University. +Mason played for Tennessee State University and played professionally in Turkey, Venezuela, the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and the United States Basketball League (USBL). +Mason suffered a massive heart attack in early February 2015 and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure. He died on February 28, 2015 in Manhattan, New York at the age of 48 from the illness. + += = = M. Stanton Evans = = = +Medford Stanton Evans (July 20, 1934 – March 3, 2015) was an American journalist, author and educator. He was the author of eight books, including "Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies" (2007). +Evans was born in Kingsville, Texas. He was raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee and in the Washington, D.C. area. He studied at Yale University. Evans died in Leesburg, Virginia from pancreatic cancer, aged 80. + += = = Enrique Bolaños = = = +Enrique José Bolaños Geyer (13 May 1928 – 14 June 2021) was a Nicaraguan politician. He was the President of Nicaragua from 10 January 2002 to 10 January 2007. +Bolaños died in Nindirí, Nicaragua on 14 June 2021, just one month after his 93rd birthday. + += = = Arturo Armando Molina = = = +Colonel Arturo Armando Molina (August 6, 1927 – July 19, 2021) was the 36th President of El Salvador. He served between July 1, 1972 and July 1, 1977. Molina was a member of the National Conciliation Party. +Molina died on July 19, 2021 in El Salvador at the age of 93. + += = = José Napoleón Duarte = = = +José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes (November 23, 1925 – February 23, 1990) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador from 1984 to 1989. He was mayor of San Salvador before running for president in 1972. +Duarte died of stomach cancer in San Salvador at the age of 64. + += = = All Apologies = = = +"All Apologies" is the second single off American rock band Nirvana's third studio album "In Utero". The song was released on December 6, 1993. It was released as a double A-side along with the song "Rape Me". +On the "Billboard" charts, "All Apologies" ranked at #1 on the Alternative Songs, #4 on the Mainstream Rock, and #45 on the Radio Songs charts. +In 1995, the song was nominated for two Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song in 1995. "All Apologies" won a BMI award winning song. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included the song on their list of "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll". + += = = European green woodpecker = = = +The European green woodpecker ("Picus viridis"), or European green woodpecker, is a member of the woodpecker family Picidae. It occurs in most of Europe and in western Asia. There are four subspecies. All have green upperparts, paler yellowish underparts, and a red crown. +The woodpecker spends much of its time feeding on ants on the ground and does not often 'drum' on trees like other woodpecker species. It is a shy bird but usually draws attention with its loud calls. A nest hole is excavated in a tree; four to six eggs are laid which hatch after 19–20 days. +It gives a loud call known as yaffling. +Old deciduous trees for nesting, and nearby feeding grounds with plenty of ants, is essential. This is usually found in semi-open landscapes with small woodlands, hedges, scattered old trees, edges of forests and floodplain forests. Suitable habitats for foraging include grassland, heaths, plantations, orchards and lawns. + += = = Honeyguide = = = +Honeyguides (family Indicatoridae) are near-passerine birds of the order Piciformes. They are also known as 'indicator birds', or 'honey birds'. +They have an Old World tropical distribution, with most species in Africa and two in Asia. These birds are known for their interaction with humans. One or two species will deliberately lead humans to bee colonies, so that they can feast on the grubs and beeswax that are left behind. +Brooding. +The breeding behavior of eight species in "Indicator" and "Prodotiscus" is known. They are all brood parasites that lay an egg in a nest of another species. Most prefer hole-nesting species, often the related barbets and woodpeckers, but "Prodotiscus" parasitizes cup-nesters such as white-eyes and warblers. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to throw out their host's chicks from the nest. They have hooks on their beaks with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings. +African honeyguide birds are known to lay their eggs in underground nests of other bee-eating bird species. The honeyguide chicks kill the hatchlings of the host using their needle-sharp beaks just after hatching, much as cuckoo hatchlings do. The honeyguide mother ensures her chick hatches first by internally incubating the egg for an extra day before laying it, so that it has a head start in development compared to the host. + += = = Brood parasitism = = = +Brood parasites are animals, usually birds, which trick other species to raise their young. The best-known example is the cuckoo. Brood parasitism works because the parasite develops faster than the resident eggs, kills its nestmates and turfs them out of the nest. The adult birds cannot tell the difference in the young, and spend their time raising the offspring of another species. In some cases, the parasite has the ability to make the begging cheeps of the host species. +The strength of defences and counter-adaptation rely on the species' ability to evolve. Some host species have very strong rejection defences. This makes the parasitic species evolving to have very close mimicry. But in other species, hosts do not reject the foreign egg. As a result, the parasitic species shows no egg mimicry. +Similar methods are used by some fish and insects. + += = = Diggiloo = = = +Diggiloo is an outdoor summertime show where famous artists tour Sweden. They perform songs accompanied by a live band. It debuted in 2003 with shows only in Båstad. The event became touring in 2004. + += = = Ilha da Queimada Grande = = = +Ilha da Queimada Grande is an island off of the coast of São Paulo state in Brazil. The island has earned the nickname of Snake Island. It is the home of the Golden Lancehead Viper ("Bothrops insularis"), one of the most venomous snakes in the world. The Brazilian Navy bans people from visiting, though some biologists and researchers are able to receive waivers to visit the island. + += = = Sapporo International Ski Marathon = = = +The Sapporo International Ski Marathon is a cross-country skiing marathon in Japan. It was held for first time in 1981 and is a part of Worldloppet since 1985. + += = = Dolomitenlauf = = = +The Dolomitenlauf is a cross-country skiing marathon in Austria. It was first held in 1970 and has been part of Worldloppet as long as Worldloppet has been around. + += = = Gatineau Loppet = = = +The Gatineau Loppet, earlier known as Rivière Rouge, Gatineau 55 and Keskinada Loppet, is a cross-country skiing marathon in Canada. It is usually held in February outside Gatineau in the Québec Province. It was held for first time in 1979 and has been part of Worldloppet since then. + += = = David Usher = = = +David Usher (born April 24, 1966) is an British-born Canadian rock singer-songwriter. He is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Moist. +Usher was born in Oxford, England. He lived in many different places such as Malaysia, New York City, California and Thailand before his family decided to finally settle in Kingston, Ontario. Usher attended high school at Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute and he attended Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He majored in political science. While attending Simon Fraser, Usher formed Moist with guitarist Mark Makowy and keyboardist Kevin Young. +Usher is also a humanist, and he has been involved in causes like War Child Canada, White Ribbon Campaign and Amnesty International. He was featured in the 2001 MuchMusic special "Musicians in the WarZone", a humanitarian documentary which was produced by War Child Canada and was directed by filmmaker Liz Marshall. +Discography. +Studio albums. +with Moist +solo + += = = Ushuaia Loppet = = = +The Ushuaia Loppet is a cross-country skiing marathon in Argentina. It was first held in 1986. + += = = Bieg Piastów = = = +The Bieg Piastów is a cross-country skiing marathon in Poland. It was held for first time in 1976 and is part of Worldloppet since 2008. + += = = Tuskegee Airmen = = = +The Tuskegee Airmen is the popular name for a group of African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II. Formally, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces. The name also applies to the crew members and support personnel. Their units were all black and all segregated. They had an outstanding record. As fighter escorts they had the reputation that not a single bomber was lost to enemy action while being escorted by Tuskegee airmen. +The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces. During World War II, Black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws. Most Tuskegee pilots were trained at Tuskegee Army Airfield in Tuskegee, Alabama. Training bomber crews took longer than training fighter pilots and the war was won before they finished. Navigators and other crew members trained at various army based in the US. + += = = Demino Ski Marathon = = = +The Demino Ski Marathon is a cross-country skiing marathon in Russia. It was held for first time on 2007 and was appointed as a Worldloppet event in June 2012. + += = = Merino Muster = = = +The Merino Muster is a cross-country skiing marathon on the South Island of New Zealand. It was held for first time in 1995 and is part of Worldloppet since 2014. + += = = East London = = = +East London is the northeastern part of London. It is east of the City of London. +It does not have an official definition. The idea has its origins in 1720 as "That part beyond the Tower". By 1950 it was called East London and included all of Greater London east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. This area now makes up the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. It includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country, mostly families of South Asian origin. +The East End of London is a subset of East London, corresponding to areas closer to the ancient City. +The early development of London eastward was caused by shipping on the River Thames. There were docks and shipbuilding. These industries declined after World War II. Felixstowe is now used as the main container port of southern England. East London is now an area of regeneration. +Areas further east developed in the Victorian and Edwardian eras following the expansion of the railways in the 19th century. In Tower Hamlets the population peaked in 1891 and growth was restricted to the outer boroughs. By 1971 the population had peaked in every borough and the entire area was experiencing population decline. By the time of the 2011 census this had reversed and every borough had some growth in population. +Many famous places like Spitalfields, Brick Lane and Shoreditch are in East London. + += = = Allister = = = +Allister is an American punk rock band from Chicago, Illinois. +Career. +The band was formed in 1995 under the name Phineas Gage by high school classmates Tim Rogner and John "Johnny" Hamada. Eric "Skippy" Mueller later joined the band in 1996. In 1996, the band changed their name to Allister, to pay tribute to Alasdair Gillis from the Canadian TV show "You Can't Do That on Television". The band released their debut studio album, "Dead Ends and Girlfriends" in 1999 through Drive-Thru Records. +Their second studio album "Last Stop Suburbia" was released on October 1, 2002. Their song "Somewhere On Fullerton" from "Last Stop Suburbia" was featured in the 2003 video game "Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure". + += = = Bio-Dome = = = +Bio-Dome is a 1996 American stoner comedy movie. It was directed by Jason Bloom. It was produced by Bradley Jenkel, Brad Krevoy, and Steven Stabler. "Bio-Dome" was released on January 12, 1996. +The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Shore co-won a Razzie Award for Worst Actor and was tied with Tom Arnold who had won for "Big Bully", "Carpool" and "The Stupids". + += = = AIDS (MS-DOS) = = = +AIDS is a computer virus that infects .COM and .EXE files. In MS-DOS, the .COM and .EXE files run programs including the operating system. When a computer is infected with this virus, it loads the virus into the computer memory. There, the AIDS virus may infect another .COM or .EXE file each time it is run. AIDS writes on the first 13,952 bytes of an infected executable file. These corrupted files have to be deleted and replaced by non-corrupted backups to remove the virus. +This virus is also known as the "Hahaha virus" in Europe. IBM calls it the "Taunt virus". When an infected computer starts up, it displays a message, with AIDS covering about half of the screen. The system is then halted. It is impossible to recover the original information of the file on the rewritten part. + += = = Gilles Corey = = = +Giles Corey ( August 1611 – September 19, 1692) was accused of witchcraft along with his wife Martha Corey during the Salem Witch Trials. After being arrested for witchcraft, Corey refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. As a result he was pressed to death. + += = = Maha Al Muneef = = = +Maha Al Muneef (Arabic: ��� ������� ������) is a pediatrician from Saudi Arabia. She specializing in infectious diseases in children. Al-Muneef won an International Women of Courage Award in 2014. +Work. +Shura Council. +From 2009 to 2013, Al Muneef was a member of Saudi Arabia's Shura Council. +The National Family Safety Program. + Maha Al Muneef is the executive director of the National Family Safety Program (NFSP) in Saudi Arabia. Al Muneef worked to spread knowledge about domestic violence and child abuse. The NFSP was created in 2005 in order to combat domestic violence and child abuse in Saudi Arabia. The NFSP started support programs, gave information about the numbers of attacks on women and children in Saudi Arabia, and worked to help people who were attacked or hurt. +The "Protection from Abuse" law. +In August 2013, the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia passed a new law to protect people who are attacked or hurt by members of their own family. Al Muneef and the NFSP helped to write the "Protection from Abuse" law. The law describes and explains the meaning of domestic violence and makes it illegal in Saudi Arabia for the first time. +Awards. +In 2014, Maha Al Muneef received the International Women of Courage Award. +U.S. President Obama presents award in Riyadh. +The US President Barack Obama presented the award to Al Muneef during his visit to Riyadh on March 29, 2014. Al-Muneer could not be at the March 4 ceremony in the United States for family health reasons. She received the award in a private ceremony at the Ritz Carlton hotel, where Obama stayed. Obama spoke about the importance of women's rights in Saudi Arabia, and the importance of helping the Saudi king understand this importance. Obama told Al-Muneef he was “so very, very proud of you and grateful for all the work you’re doing here." He added, “I’m looking forward to seeing you do even more wonderful things in the future.” + += = = Swept Away (2002 movie) = = = +Swept Away is a 2002 romantic comedy movie. Madonna plays Amber Leighton. Elizabeth Banks plays Debi. Jeanne Tripplehorn plays Marina. +The movie received bad reviews from the movie critics. It was a box office bomb. It made only $1,036,000, compared to the ten million dollars it cost to make. It received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture of 2002. + += = = Maureen Dowd = = = +Maureen Brigid Dowd (born January 14, 1952) is an American columnist for "The New York Times". She is also a best-selling author. She worked for "Time" magazine in the 1970s and 1980s. She worked for the "Washington Star". She first joined "The New York Times" in 1983. +In 1999, Dowd received a Pulitzer Prize. It was for her series of columns on the Monica Lewinsky scandal in the Clinton administration. +She was born in Washington, D.C.. + += = = Nada Se Compara Contigo = = = +Nada Se Compara Contigo ("Nothing Compares to You") is the tenth studio album released by Salvadoran performer Álvaro Torres. It was released on November 19, 1991. The album received a nomination for Latin Pop Album of the Year at the 5th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards. + += = = Ricardo Montaner (album) = = = +Ricardo Montaner is the first studio album recorded by Argentine-Venezuelan singer-songwriter Ricardo Montaner. It was released by TH-Rodven in early 1987 (see 1987 in music). It reached #1 on the "Billboard" Latin Pop Albums chart. +Track listing. +© MCMLXXXVI. TH-Rodven Records. Inc. + += = = Chayanne es mi Nombre = = = +Chayanne es Mi Nombre is the solo album debut from Puerto Rican artist Chayanne, after he left Los Chicos. It was released on RCA Ariola in July 1984. + += = = Later medieval artists = = = +This a list of later medieval artists. It begins in the 13th century (1200s) and includes famous painters and sculptors. +Each artist is listed with their dates, place of birth, some places that they worked, their media (the type of artwork that they made), one or two most famous works and some art galleries where their works can be seen. +Late Medieval artists. +Italian Byzantine. +These artists, before the Renaissance, painted in the style of Greek icons. Their paintings were important to the education of many Renaissance painters, and were to be seen in the churches where the Renaissance painters worked, and worshipped. Often an altarpiece by one of these artists was surrounded by frescoes by the Renaissance painters who lived 150 to 200 years later. A famous "Madonna and Child" by Coppo di Marcovaldo stood above the altar where Masaccio, Masolino and Filippo Lippi painted the walls of the Brancacci Chapel. Giotto, who is thought of as the first Renaissance painter, was educated by Cimabue, one of the great masters of the Late Byzantine style. +Italian Proto-Renaissance. +Proto-Renaissance artists worked before 1400 in Italy when the Renaissance style was slowly developing. +International Gothic. +Artists from many parts of Europe worked in a decorative Gothic style. + += = = County Tyrone = = = +County Tyrone is a county of Northern Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster. Tyrone is the eighth largest county by area on the island of Ireland. It is the largest county by area in Northern Ireland. Tyrone is the tenth largest county by population on the island of Ireland. It is the fourth-largest county by population in Northern Ireland. +Name. +The name "Tyrone" come from the Irish "Tír Eoghain", which means "land of Eoghan". +Demographics. +County Tyrone is one of the four counties in Northern Ireland to have more people from a Catholic community background. In the year 1900 the population of Tyrone was 197,719. According to the 2011 census, it was 177,986. + += = = Stock (food) = = = +Stock in cooking (cuisine) is a liquid flavoring base for soups and sauces. It is a flavoured liquid preparation, and is the basis of many dishes. +The ideas go back to Carême, and were simplified by Escoffier. +A stock is made by simmering animal bones and/or meat, fish, or vegetables in water and/or wine. mirepoix or other aromatics are added for more flavour. Mirepoix is a mixture of onions, carrots, celery, and sometimes other vegetables. Many use ready-made ingredients like Oxo cubes or bouillon cubes. It is possible to make stock more quickly with a pressure cooker. +Fish stock, however, is cooked for only twenty minutes or so. +Stock lasts for three or four days in the fridge, but can be boiled again, and stored again. + += = = Dish (food) = = = +A dish in gastronomy is a specific food preparation, a "distinct article or variety of food", ready to eat or to be served. +A dish may be served on tableware, or may be eaten in one's hands. +Instructions for preparing a dish are called recipes. +Some dishes, for example a hot dog with ketchup, rarely have their recipes in cookbooks as they are made by simply combining two ready-to-eat foods. + += = = Oggy and the Cockroaches = = = +Oggy and the Cockroaches is a French animated television series. It was created in 1997, by Jean-Yves Raimbaud. The main characters are Oggy, Joey, Marky, Dee Dee and Jack. Season 4 onwards include the additions of Olivia and Bob. It is slapstick comedy with a good deal of comic violence. The 5th and 6th seasons premiered on June 30, 2017 and on May 16, 2017 based off of the chronological themes of the movie. Season 7 premeired on March 19, 2018 while season 8 premeired on May 7, 2020 remaking previous episodes. +The show got adapted into a film in 1997, titled ', centering around Oggy's adventures in four timelines. In September 2020, the show was reported to be rebooted as ', a series about Oggy taking care of a seven-year old female elephant named Piya from India. In August 2021, a CGI spin-off centering around a younger Oggy was made for younger children, called "Oggy Oggy". + += = = Lily Serna = = = +Lily Serna (born 5 July 1986) is an Australian mathematician and television presenter. She is best known for co-presenting the SBS game show "Letters and Numbers" from 2010 until 2012 and the cooking show "Destination Flavour" since later 2012. +Serna was born in Jerusalem. She moved to Sydney with her family when she was eight years old. + += = = TACA Airlines = = = +TACA Airlines (Transportes Aereos del Continente Americano) is an airline from El Salvador. In 2009 it was merged with Avianca. The two airlines continued to operate separately. TACA has had two major air crashes since 1970. + += = = Allegiant Air = = = +Allegiant Air is an American low-cost airline. Owned by Allegiant Travel Company, it operates scheduled and charter flights. Allegiant Travel Company is a publicly traded company with 1,693 employees and over $2 billion USD in market capitalization. The corporate headquarters are in Enterprise, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas. Allegiant and and the Las Vegas Raiders co-own the Allegiant Stadium, scheduled to host Super Bowl LVIII in February 2024. + += = = The Half Sisters = = = +The Half Sisters is a Philippine television drama series. It is broadcast by GMA Network. + += = = Currying = = = +Currying is a technique used in mathematics and computer science that consists of changing a function that takes several arguments into a number of functions that each take one argument. Mathematicians Moses Schönfinkel and Gottlob Frege laid the groundwork for this technique, which is named after Haskell Brooks Curry. Currying is used in Lambda calculus. Some programming languages, such as ML and Haskell say that functions can only have one argument. + += = = Joko Widodo = = = +Joko Widodo (Javanese: ��꧈���� Gêdrìk: "Jåkå Widådå"; O-Javanese: "Jaka Widada"; born 21 June 1961), also known as Jokowi (Javanese: ����), is an Indonesian politician and former businessperson. He has served as the 7th President of Indonesia since 2014. +Jokowi is a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). He started his career as Mayor of Surakarta from 28 July 2005 until 1 October 2012. Then, he was Governor of Jakarta from 15 October 2012 until 16 October 2014. He has been President of Indonesia since 20 October 2014. His Vice President is Jusuf Kalla. Jokowi was elected President of Indonesia in the April 2019 presidential election. +Jokowi was born in Surakarta, Central Java. He is a Islam. He has been married to Iriana since 1986. They have three children. He is also a Heavy metal music fan. He graduated from the Faculty of Forestry at the Gadjah Mada University. + += = = Villa Vizcaya = = = +Villa Vizcaya, now named the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering. The house is on Biscayne Bay in Coconut Grove Miami, Florida. Deering made the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune, +The estate is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a National Historic Landmark. +The estate property was originally 180 acres (730,000 m2) of shoreline mangrove swamps and dense inland native tropical forests. Being a conservationist, Deering sited the development of the estate portion along the shore to conserve the forests. The villa was built mostly between 1914 and 1922. The building of the extensive elaborate Italian Renaissance gardens and the village continued into 1923. +The Vizcaya estate includes the gardens, native woodland landscape and a historic village compound. The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. Paul Chalfin was the design director. +Miami-Dade County now owns the Vizcaya property, as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which is open to the public. 'Villa Vizcaya' is served by the Vizcaya Station of the Miami Metrorail. + += = = Law of noncontradiction = = = +The law of non-contradiction is a rule of logic. It states that if something is true, then the opposite of it is false. For example, if an animal is a cat, the same animal cannot be not a cat. Or, stated in logic, if +p, then not -p, +p cannot be -p at the same time and in the same sense. The law was stated as a principle of mathematical logic by Russell and Whitehead in "Principia Mathematica". +Ravi Zacharias has said most eastern philosophies reject the law of noncontradiction. The law of non-contradiction is found in ancient Indian logic as a rule in the "Shrauta Sutras", the writing of , and the "Brahma Sutras" attributed to Vyasa. It was later elaborated on by medieval commentators such as Madhvacharya. The idea of noncontradiction is rejected in some strands of Buddhism. + += = = Dialetheism = = = +Dialetheism is the that some statements can be both true and false at the same time. It is the opposite of the law of noncontradiction (LNC). Because of this dialetheism is completely opposite of what most philosophers call common sense. Graham Priest defines it as believing there can be true contradictions. Priest gives as an example the liar paradox (or liar's paradox). If someone says "everything I say is a lie", then is the statement true or false? In this paradox it can be both. + += = = Diana DeGarmo = = = +Diana DeGarmo (born June 16, 1987) is an American singer, songwriter and Broadway actress. She became known in 2004 on "American Idol". She began a career in musical theater. She played Angelina in "The Young and the Restless". +DeGarmo was born in Birmingham, Alabama. +References. + += = = NKVD prisoner massacres = = = +The NKVD prisoner massacres were a series of mass executions committed by the Soviet NKVD secret police against prisoners in Eastern Europe during World War II. +The victims were mainly from Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia and other parts of the Soviet Union. The Red Army was withdrawing ahead of the German invasion in 1941 ("see Operation Barbarossa"). The death toll came to 100,000 or more. There were nearly 9,000 in the Ukrainian SSR, to 20,000–30,000 in occupied eastern Poland, now western Ukraine, to all Tartar prisoners in Crimea among other places. Not all prisoner victims (150,000 of them in total) were murdered; some were transported into the interior, others were abandoned in prisons or managed to escape because the retreating Soviet executioners could not attend to all of them. + += = = Gave de Pau = = = +The Gave de Pau is a river of south-western France. It is a left tributary of the Adour river. +It takes its name from the city Pau, through which it flows. The word gave is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western Pyrenees; so, Gave de Pau means "the river of Pau" or "the river that flows through Pau". Many other rivers in the region have the word "gave" as part of their names. +Geography. +The Gave de Pau has a length of about , including the "Gave de Gavarnie", and a drainage basin with an area of approximately . +Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Bérenx, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. +Average monthly discharge (m3/s) at Bérenx +Course. +The Gave de Pau starts in the Cirque de Gavarnie, in the "Parc national des Pyrénées" ("Pyrénées National Park"), in the "commune" of Gavarnie, Hautes-Pyrénées department, at an altitude of about . The upper part of the river is known as "Gave de Gavarnie"; the name "Gave de Pau" is given to the river after the Gave de Gavarnie joins the Bastan river at Luz-Saint-Sauveur. +The Gave de Pau receives its main tributary, the Gave d'Oloron, in Peyrehorade and, from there, it is named as "Gaves Réunis" (United Gaves). Finally, it flows, as a left tributary, into the river Adour in the Landes department, at about of altitude. +The Gave de Pau flows through 90 "communes". It passes through the following regions, departments and "communes": +Main tributaries. +The tributaries of Gave de Pau with a length greater than are: + += = = Virgin Australia = = = +Virgin Australia is a large Australian airline. It started in 2000. From 2000 until 2011, the airline was called "Virgin Blue". Virgin Australia flies as both a full-service airline and a low-cost airline, like Ryanair or Southwest Airlines. As of 2016, the airline has a fleet of 108 airplanes and flies to Australia, Fiji, Indonesia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, the United States, the United Arab Emirates and Vanuatu. Virgin Australia is Australia's second largest airline. It is the main competitor for Jetstar Airways and Qantas. In 2014, Virgin Australia bought Tigerair Australia. Virgin Australia became bankrupt in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic and was bought by Bain Capital in June 2020. +References. +Notes + += = = Maiduguri = = = +Maiduguri, also called Yerwa, is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. As of 2007, 1,197,497 people live in the city. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British. The Islamist group Boko Haram was founded in Maiduguri in 2002. Since it began its insurgency in 2009, the city has been target of many terrorist attacks by the group. + += = = Atlit Yam = = = +Atlit Yam is an ancient neolithic village off of the coast of Atlit, Israel. +A study by Maria Pareschi of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Pisa says that a volcanic collapse of Mount Etna's Eastern flank which happened 8,500 years ago likely caused a 10-storey (40 m or 131 ft) megatsunami that hit and engulfed some of the Mediterranean coastal cities within hours. Scientists point to the sudden abandonment of the village around the same time as more evidence that the tsunami happened. +A stone semicircle was found which contains seven 600-kilogram (1,320 lb) megaliths. There are cup marks carved into the stones and the stones are around a freshwater spring. It is suggested that it was used for a water ritual. In 2008, there were skeletons of a woman and child found, which revealed the earliest known cases of tuberculosis. + += = = Red Red Wine = = = +"Red Red Wine" is a pop ballad. It was originally recorded by Neil Diamond. His version reached #62 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1968. The single is about a person drinking red wine to forget his problems. +The song was covered by UB40 in August 1983. It peaked at #1 in 1984 in United Kingdom and at #34 in the United States. +It was released again in 1988 in the United States. That time, it hit #1. + += = = Mace Windu = = = +Mace Windu is a fictional character in the Star Wars series. +He was portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson as a Jedi Master in the prequel movies. He was Master of the High Council of the Jedi in episodes I to III. He appears in ', ', and ". He also appears in the computer and television versions of the movies. +In ", Windu is betrayed by Anakin Skywalker, and killed by Supreme Chancellor Palpatine. + += = = Aer Lingus = = = +Aer Lingus is Ireland's national airline. It is the second largest Irish airline after its main competitor, Ryanair. "Aer Lingus" means "Air Fleet" in the Celtic languages. +The airline began flying in April 1936. At that time, it had only one aircraft. It flew between Dublin and Bristol. As of 2015, the airline has almost 50 airplanes. It flies to about 70 airports in Europe and North America. + += = = No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls = = = +No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls is the first studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. "No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls" was released on March 19, 2002 through both Atlantic and Lava. +The album debuted at #35 on the "Billboard" 200 and at #8 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA. +The album featured the singles "I'm Just a Kid", "I'd Do Anything", "Addicted", and "Perfect". + += = = Government of Ontario = = = +The Government of Ontario is the provincial government of Ontario, Canada. There are several parts of Ontario's government. The Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is a unicameral body with 107 members. A cabinet, called the Executive Council of Ontario, is formed from members of the Assembly, usually from the largest party. The cabinet is headed by the Premier of Ontario. +The current premier is Doug Ford. + += = = Legislative Assembly of Ontario = = = +The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the legislature of the province of Ontario, Canada. It has the second largest number of members out of the provincial legislatures of Canada. It meets at the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, the provincial capital. +The Assembly was created in 1867 by the British North America Act. The Assembly is unicameral, meaning there is no upper house. There are 124 members of the assembly, who are called Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Each member is elected from one electoral district. The party with the most members gets to choose the Premier of Ontario, who leads the government, and the Executive Council of Ontario, which is the cabinet. The leader of the second largest party in the assembly becomes the Leader of the Opposition. +The current assembly was elected in the 2018 Ontario general election. The members that were elected are part of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario. +Seat distribution. +The following table shows how many seats each political party has in the legislature. + += = = Chandra X-ray Observatory = = = +The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) is a space telescope launched by NASA on July 23, 1999. +Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope. This is done by the high angular resolution of its mirrors. Since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X-rays, Earth-based telescopes cannot detect them. Space-based telescopes are needed to make these observations. Chandra is an Earth satellite in a 64-hour orbit, and its mission is ongoing as of 2021. +Chandra is one of the Great Observatories, with the Hubble Space Telescope, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000), and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The telescope is named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. + += = = Austrian Airlines = = = +Austrian Airlines is the largest airline of Austria. Its main hub is the Vienna International Airport. It was founded on May 3, 1923. Austrian bought its first jet aircraft in 1963. Austrian joined the Star Alliance on March 26, 2000. The Government of Austria sold the airline in 2008. Lufthansa bought Austrian Airlines in 2009. In April 2015, Austrian Airlines was combined with Tyrolean Airways. +On 17 March 2020, the airline temporarily blocks work as a result of the COVID-19. + += = = Miami International Airport = = = +Miami International Airport (MIA) is the largest airport in passenger and size terms in the US state of Florida. It's historic name was Wilcox Field. +The airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. This is mainly because of Miami's closeness to all of Florida's tourist attractions, the city's economic activity, and its large Latin American and European population. +Airlines. +These airlines fly to and from Miami: + += = = Pan American World Airways = = = +Pan American World Airways, or Pan Am, was once the largest airline of the USA. The crash of Pan Am Flight 103 and several other factors led to the airline to stop flying in 1991. +History. +Pan Am was founded in 1926. Its first flights were from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba. During the 1920s and 1930s, Pan Am bought several smaller airlines in Central America and South America. These were bought to help Pan Am expand its flights throughout The Americas. Pan Am became the first airline to circumnavigate the world in 1942. By the 1950s, Pan Am had several larger airplanes like the Boeing 377, Douglas DC-6 and the Lockheed Constellation. It went to cities all across the world. In 1959, Pan Am bought its first jet - the Boeing 707. In 1970, Pan Am introduced its first widebody jet - the Boeing 747. +In 1980, Pan Am was combined with National Airlines. This was because Pan Am wanted to fly domestic flights and the government didn't allow it. When Pan Am bought National, it could finally fly domestically. In the 1980s, Pan Am started having many financial problems, having paid too much to buy National Airlines. Pan Am also spent too much money on the new Boeing 747s. The Gulf War of 1990 also caused many problems with Pan Am's transatlantic flights. Pan Am declared bankruptcy in January 1991. Delta Air Lines bought small parts of Pan Am and tried to help it. However, on December 4, 1991 Pan Am stopped flying due to the big financial problems. United Airlines got many of Pan Am's old flights. American Airlines got Pan Am's Miami hub. Pan Am was resurrected twice in 1996 and 1998. + += = = Joint State Political Directorate = = = +The Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU; ) was the secret police of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1934. It was after the Cheka and before the NKVD. Its official name was the Joint State Political Directorate. +The OGPU was theoretically supposed to operate with more restraint than the original Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka. The OGPU's powers were greatly increased in 1926, when the Soviet criminal code was amended to include a section on "anti-state terrorism". The law were vaguely written and very broadly interpreted. Even before then, it set up tribunals to try the most exceptional cases of terrorism, usually without calling any witnesses. In time, the OGPU's powers grew even greater than those of the Cheka. +Perhaps its most spectacular success was the Trust Operation of 1924–1925. OGPU agents contacted émigrés in western Europe and pretended to be on a large group working to overthrow the communist regime, known as the "Trust". Exiled Russians gave the Trust large sums of money and supplies, as did foreign intelligence agencies. The Trust finally succeeded in luring one of the leading anti-Communist operators, Sidney Reilly, into Russia to meet with the Trust. Once he was in Russia, he was captured and killed. It was a great propaganda success. +From 1927 to 1929, the OGPU engaged in intensive investigations of an opposition coup. Stalin soon made a public decree that any and all opposition views should be considered dangerous and gave the GPU the authority to seek out hostile elements. There were many trials during Stalin's Five Year Plan. +The OGPU was responsible for the creation of the Gulag system. It also became the Soviet government's arm for the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Greek Catholics, the Latin Catholics, Islam and other religious organizations. The OGPU was also the main secret police agency for the detection, arrest, and liquidation of anarchists and other dissident left-wing factions in the early Soviet Union. +The OGPU was merged into the newly created all-union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) in July 1934. Its last change was into the more widely known Committee for State Security (KGB). + += = = Copa Airlines = = = +Copa Airlines is the national airline of Panama. +History. +Copa Airlines was founded in 1947. Its first international flights began in the 1970s. They went to airports in Colombia, Costa Rica and Jamaica. +In 1998, Copa Airlines began an agreement with Continental Airlines. Copa Airlines also changed its logo. +As of March 2015, the airline was flying almost 100 airplanes to 69 cities in the Americas. + += = = Aeroflot = = = +Aeroflot is the national airline of the Russian Federation. It's one of the oldest airlines in the world. It has been flying for over a century. +History. +Aeroflot began in 1923 in the Soviet Union. Much of Aeroflot's history was kept secret once the Cold War began and Aeroflot had to stop flying to the United States. +Throughout the 1960s, 70s and 80s, Aeroflot and many Eastern Bloc airlines suffered many air crashes due to old and poor Russian airplanes. Those were the only ones Aeroflot and those airlines could use. However, Aeroflot was the world's largest airline until the 1980s. After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, Aeroflot began modernizing its fleet and buying more Western airplanes, like the Airbus A300 and Boeing 767. By 1991, Aeroflot again started flying to the United States. Aeroflot is member of aviation alliance SkyTeam. As of 2021, Aeroflot was flying to 146 cities in 52 countries. + += = = Interjet = = = +Interjet was a low-cost airline based in Mexico begun in 2005. Mexico City International Airport is Interjet's hub. Interjet mainly flies Airbus A320 and Sukhoi Superjet airplanes from Mexico to the USA, Central America and South America. +In 2014, Interjet began an agreement with American Airlines and Iberia. As of December 2020 the CFO Erick Peña Bonola announced the suspension of all operations and from the IATA for its non-payment of debt, primarily from fuel costs. The airline's website is currently inactive, as reported by sources. + += = = Avianca = = = +Avianca is the national and largest airline of Colombia. It is the second oldest airline in the world. It began flying in 1919. Avianca has grown to become one of the largest airlines in the Americas. It flies to 121 cities with over 140 airplanes. In 2009, TACA Airlines and Avianca were combined to create a single airline. + += = = Trans World Airlines = = = +Trans World Airlines (TWA) was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It stopped flying after it was bought by American Airlines in 2001, after many financial problems. + += = = Eastern Air Lines = = = +Eastern Air Lines was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It was founded by Eddie Rickenbacker in 1929. It stopped flying in 1991. Eastern was one of the "Big Four" airlines of the USA, along with American Airlines, United Airlines and TWA. +In 2015, Eastern relaunched flights. The company merged with Swift Air in 2017 stating that, "the transaction is not a purchase of one certificate or merger of two certificates." Eastern's last flight was in September of 2017. Swift completed its asset purchase and all remaining Eastern aircraft were transferred to the Swift certificate. In September 2017 Eastern surrendered its certificate to the FAA. The Eastern name will be transferred to Dynamic International Airways, an airline co-owned by Swift ownership. +Gallery. +Possibly could be added to + += = = Black Sabbath (song) = = = +"Black Sabbath" is a song by the English heavy metal band Black Sabbath, written in 1969 and released on their self-titled first album. In 1970, the song appeared as an A-side on a four-track 12-inch single, with "The Wizard" also on the A-side and "Evil Woman" and "Sleeping Village" on the B-side, on the Philips Records label Vertigo. In Japan and the Philippines, a 7-inch single on the Philips label was released with "Evil Woman, Don't Play Your Games with Me" on the A-side and "Black Sabbath" on the B-side. +Ice-T sampled the song on his 1989 song "Shut Up, Be Happy" and his 1991 song "Midnight". Other musicians have done covers of this song. One of them was Beth Gibbons of Portishead. +History. +According to the band, the song was inspired by an experience that bassist Geezer Butler had in the days of Earth. Butler had recently become obsessed with the occult,so he painted his apartment matte black and placed several inverted crucifixes and pictures of Satan on the walls. Ozzy Osbourne gave Butler a black occult book as a gift. It was written in Latin and decorated with numerous pictures of Satan. Butler read the book and then placed it on a shelf beside his bed before going to sleep. When he woke up, he claims he saw a large black figure standing at the end of his bed, staring at him. The figure vanished and Butler ran to the shelf where he had placed the book earlier, but the book was gone. Butler related this story to Osbourne, who then wrote the lyrics to the song based on Butler's experience. The song starts with the lyrics: +"What is this that stands before me?" +"Figure in black which points at me." +A version of this song from Black Sabbath's first demo exists on the Ozzy Osbourne compilation album "The Ozzman Cometh". The song has an extra verse with additional vocals before the bridge. The guitar and bass are tuned down one whole step, resulting in the key position of A being played on the fretboard, but having the pitch as G (octave - D flat) to the listener. It's one of the band's most frequently performed tracks, being featured on every single tour of their career. + += = = Malayo-Polynesian languages = = = +The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages. There are about 385.5 million people who speak these languages. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian people of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. There are a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy is spoken on the island of Madagascar. Part of the language family shows a strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic as the western part of the region has many followers of Buddhism, Hinduism, and, since the 10th century, Islam. + += = = Ohio Players = = = +The Ohio Players were a funk and R&B band from the United States. The group formed in 1959. They were best known for the songs "Fire", "Funky Worm" and "Love Rollercoaster". This group was most popular in the 1970s. They were from Dayton, Ohio. +The group's first big song was "Funky Worm". The song hit the Top 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also hit #1 on the "Billboard" R&B chart. +They had seven Top 40 songs between 1973 and 1976. The songs included "Fire" in 1975 and "Love Rollercoaster" in 1976. + += = = Still Not Getting Any... = = = +Still Not Getting Any... is the second studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. "Still Not Getting Any..." was released on October 26, 2004 through both Atlantic and Lava. +The album peaked at #3 on the "Billboard" 200 and at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA, selling one million copies. +The album featured the singles "Welcome to My Life", "Shut Up!", "Untitled (How Could This Happen to Me?)", and "Crazy". + += = = Balas y Chocolate = = = +Balas y Chocolate () is the eighth studio album by Mexican latin singer Lila Downs. Released on March 24, 2015. It was going to be much darker than her earlier material, though it became an upbeat electronic-folk inspired album. The album features collaborations from Juan Gabriel and Juanes. It reached the top of the charts in Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Spain and the United States. It also reached the top ten in other major markets. + += = = Prisoner's dilemma = = = +The prisoner's dilemma is a paradox about co-operation. It shows why two "rational" individuals might not co-operate, even if it seems in their best interests. It is studied in game theory. +Game structure. +Setup. +The police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police do not know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray (hurt) the other by blaming the crime on them. If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 2 years. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one does not go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 5 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again. +Strategies. +If you are a prisoner in this situation and you care only about yourself, the way to get the smallest sentence is to betray the other prisoner. No matter what, you get a shorter sentence when you betray than when you do not. +If the other prisoner stays silent and does not betray, then betraying means you do not go to jail at all instead of going to jail for 6 months. +If the other prisoner betrays, then betraying lets you go to jail for 5 years instead of 10 years. In other words, it's always best for you to betray, even though the two of you would be better off if you both stayed silent. Betraying the other prisoner is your "dominant strategy" because it is always the best thing for you to do, no matter what the other prisoner does. +The prisoner's dilemma does not have same result if some of the details are different. +Game theory was much studied during the Cold War period. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union. + += = = Seguridad Social = = = +Seguridad Social is a Spanish rock music band from Benetússer, Valencia. It was founded in 1982 by José Manuel Casany (also Casañ) (vocalist) and Santiago Serrano (guitar). +Casany met him when he was a member of Paranoicos. After that Serrano left his former band and joined to his friend's group. However they stopped their music career due their military services. Before leaving to go into the armed forces, they signed a contract with Citra label. One year later both returned to the band. +In 1984 Seguridad Social released its first LP: "El desconcierto". +The 90's were a big change for the band. Most of its members left Seguridad Social. They were replaced by Javi Vela (guitar/vocalist), Alex Olías (bass/vocalist) and Rafa Villalba (drummer). + += = = Cædmon's Hymn = = = +Cædmon's "Hymn" is a short Old English poem originally composed by Cædmon. It was about God. It survives in a Latin translation by Bede in his "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" and in other dialects written down in several manuscripts of Bede's "Historia". Bede wrote about the poet and his work in the fourth book of his "Historia". +Cædmon. +Bede told the story of Cædmon who was an illiterate cow-herder who was suddenly able to recite a Christian song of creation in Old English verse. This miracle happened after Cædmon left a feast when they were passing a harp around for all to sing a song. He left the hall after feeling ashamed that he could not contribute a song. Later in a dream he said a man appeared to him and asked him to sing a song. Cædmon responded that he could not sing. But the man told him that he could and asked him to “Sing to me the beginning of all things.” Cædmon was then able to sing verses and words that he had not heard of before. Cædmon then reported his experience first to a steward then to Hild the abbess. She invited scholars to evaluate Cædmon’s gift. Cædmon was sent home to turn more divine doctrine into song. The abbess was so impressed with the success of his gift that she told him to become a monk. Cædmon lived a long and very productive life as a monk. He created songs from all kinds of Church history and doctrine. +Choral settings of Caedmon's Hymn. +The text has been set to music by a number of composers of choral music. Graham Keitch used Bede's translation for a motet which was commissioned to mark the 1100th anniversary of the death of the Anglo Saxon queen, Aethelflaed. It was first sung during the commemorative Evensong for Queen Aethelflaed which took place in Gloucester Cathedral, June 12th 2018. + += = = Kingsville, Texas = = = +Kingsville is a city in Texas. It is the county seat of Kleberg County in Texas. It was founded in 1904. The population was 25,402 in 2020. Kingsville has an area of . + += = = Appeal = = = +In law, an appeal is how legal cases are reviewed. An appeal is made to a higher court than the one that made the initial judgment. This is usually an appeals court. In turn, appeals court decisions may be appealed in a supreme court. The person pursuing an appeal is called an appellant. +When a lower court judgement is filed, the losing party (appellant) must file a notice of appeal. The appellant must give the appeals court legal reasons for reversing the decision of the lower court. Usually the legal argument includes legal precedents that relate to this case. The other party, called a respondent or appellee files a brief that counters the claims of the appellant. In turn, the appellant may counter the response of the appellee with a final brief. Then, if the appeals court agrees to hear the case each party argues their case before the court. The appeals court may sustain the original court ruling. They may also reverse the decision sending it back to the lower court. No new evidence is introduced in an appeals court. + += = = Phil Lynott = = = +Philip Parris "Phil" Lynott (20 August 1949 – 4 January 1986) was an Irish musician. He was born in West Bromwich, Staffordshire, England and raised in Dublin, Ireland from age four. His mother was businesswoman Philomena Lynott. He was a bass guitar player and singer. He was the leader of the rock band Thin Lizzy. +Lynott started Thin Lizzy in 1969. He also made two solo albums in the early 1980s. Thin Lizzy were famous for their songs "The Boys Are Back in Town", "Waiting for an Alibi", "Whisky in the Jar" and "Jailbreak". Lynott also worked with Gary Moore. +Lynott had problems with drugs and alcohol in his final years. On 25 December 1985, he collapsed and went to a clinic in Wiltshire, England. He was diagnosed with septicaemia. He died of pneumonia and heart failure in Salisbury, Wiltshire on 4 January 1986. He was 36. + += = = Get Your Heart On! = = = +Get Your Heart On! is the fourth studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. "Get Your Heart On!" was released on June 21, 2011 through both Atlantic and Lava. It was also released on 17 June 2011 in countries like Australia and the Netherlands. +The album peaked at #52 on the "Billboard" 200 and at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart. +The album featured the singles "Can't Keep My Hands off You", "Jet Lag", "Astronaut", and "Summer Paradise". + += = = Festival Song = = = +"Festival Song" is the fourth and last single single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's album "Good Charlotte". The song was released in 2001. +Joel Madden of Good Charlotte said that the song was about the HFStival, which is a rock festival. He explained: +"I grew up coming to the HFStival. . . I wrote this song about being here, how we wanted to quit our jobs to be in a band. We have all our friends, the fans and the radio support right here." + += = = Mexicana de Aviacion = = = +Mexicana de Aviacion was one of the largest airlines of Mexico. It was one of the oldest airlines in the world. It began flying in 1921. It stopped flying in August 2010. +History. +Mexicana began in 1921 at Tampico. At first, it only carried mail. By the early 1930s, Mexicana was almost entirely owned by Pan American World Airways. In the late 1920s, Mexicana started flying to airports in Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador and Guatemala. Mexicana was also the first international airline to begin flights to Los Angeles International Airport. +By the 1960s, Mexicana's main competitor was Aeroméxico. Mexicana almost went into bankruptcy. Mexicana got its first Boeing 727 in 1969. However, two of its Boeing 727s crashed in 1969. The accidents killed some people. +In the 1990s, Aeroméxico and Mexicana formed an agreement. Mexicana started flying the Airbus A320 family in 1991. +Mexicana kept growing. It eventually became one of the largest airlines in North America. In August 2010, Mexicana filed for bankruptcy. The company ended a few weeks later. Mexicana has never flown since then. + += = = Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous = = = +Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous is an American television series. The show ran from March 31, 1984 until September 2, 1995. It was created by Alfred M. "Al" Masini. The show featured the lifestyles of rich and famous celebrities. +The show was hosted by Robin Leach. After Leach was joined by Shari Belafonte in 1994, the show was renamed to Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte. The show ended with Leach's catchphrase "champagne wishes and caviar dreams." David Greenspan narrated most of the segments for the show's run and he could be heard narrating when Leach did not appear on camera. + += = = Burlington Coat Factory = = = +Burlington Coat Factory is a coat factory/store/warehouse established in 1924. It was called "Burlington Coat/Fine Clothing Factory Warehouse for the Entire Family" in 1924-1984 and "The Original Burlington Coat Factory" in 1984-2011. +It is an American national off price retailer, with 523 stores in 44 states and Puerto Rico, with its corporate headquarters in Burlington Township, New Jersey. + += = = Kuwait Airways = = = +Kuwait Airways is Kuwait's national airline. It began in 1954. It has grown very fast. It is one of the largest airlines in the Middle East. It flies to 42 cities in different countries. +Kuwait Airways has 22 aircraft (with 4 more on order). The average age of their aircraft is 17.4 years. + += = = Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous (song) = = = +"Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" is the first single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, "The Young and the Hopeless". The song was released in September 6, 2002. +On the "Billboard" charts, the song was able to peak at #20 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Top 40 Mainstream. +In 2003, the song won a MTV Video Music Award for "Viewer's Choice". It was also the winner of a Kerrang! Award for Best Single. + += = = The Anthem = = = +"The Anthem" is the second single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, "The Young and the Hopeless". The song was released in January 2003. +On the "Billboard" charts, the song was able to peak at #43 on the Hot 100 and #10 on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks. +In 2004, the song won "Best Rock Video" at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan. +The song has appeared on the soundtracks to the video games "Madden NFL 2003", "Project Gotham Racing", "Elite Beat Agents", and the North American release of "Donkey Konga 2". + += = = IC 342/Maffei Group = = = +The IC 342/Maffei Group (also known as the "IC 342 Group" or the "Maffei 1 Group") is the nearest group of galaxies to the Local Group. The group is basically a binary group. The member galaxies are mostly concentrated around either IC 342 or Maffei 1, which are the brightest galaxies in the group. +The group, and the Local Group, are in the Virgo Supercluster (i.e. the Local Supercluster). + += = = The Princess Bride (movie) = = = +The Princess Bride is a 1987 American fantasy romance movie. It was directed and co-produced by Rob Reiner. The movie stars Cary Elwes, Robin Wright, Mandy Patinkin, Chris Sarandon, Wallace Shawn, André the Giant, and Christopher Guest. It is based on the 1973 novel of the same name by William Goldman. The movie tells the story of a farmhand named Westley who must rescue his true love Princess Buttercup from the evil Prince Humperdinck. The movie keeps the narrative style of the book. It shows the story as a book being read by a grandfather (Peter Falk) to his sick grandson (Fred Savage). +The movie was first released in the United States on September 25, 1987. It was liked by critics at the time. The movie was only a small success at the box office. Over time, it became a more popular. "The Princess Bride" is said to be one of the best movies of 1987. It has been included on many lists of best films. In 2016, the movie was added to the National Film Registry. It was said to be "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant". +Plot. +A grandfather visits his grandson, who is sick and must stay at home. The grandfather reads him a story, and says it is full of fighting, torture, revenge, giants, monsters, chases, escapes, true love, and miracles. The grandson does not believe it will be good but agrees to try and stay awake, and sometimes interrupts as his grandfather tells the story. +A beautiful young woman named Buttercup lives on a farm, in a land called Florin. Whenever she tells the farmhand Westley to do some work, he always does the work and his only answer is "As you wish." She eventually realizes that he truly means "I love you" and she realizes that she loves him too. He is poor and they do not have enough money to get married. He leaves to seek his fortune, but his ship is attacked by a famous pirate, the Dread Pirate Roberts, who is known for never taking prisoners, and Westley is believed dead. +Five years later, Buttercup is forced to marriage Prince Humperdinck, the prince of Florin. Before the wedding, she is kidnapped by three outlaws: a short Sicilian boss named Vizzini, a giant from Greenland named Fezzik, and a Spanish fencing master named Inigo Montoya, who seeks revenge against a six-fingered man who killed his father. Soon the outlaws are pursued by a masked man in black, and also by Prince Humperdinck and his soldiers. +The man in black catches up to the outlaws at the top of the Cliffs of Insanity. He defeats Inigo in a sword fight and knocks him unconscious. He wrestles the giant Fezzik, and put him to sleep using a choke hold. He outsmarts Vizzini, tricking him into drinking from a cup containing poison. He takes Buttercup prisoner and they flee. They stop to rest near the top of steep hill. Buttercup guesses that he is the famous Dread Pirate Roberts, and is angry with him for killing Westley. Buttercup sees Humperdinck and his soldier in the distance and pushes Roberts down the hill and wishes death upon him. As he tumbles down, he shouts, "As you wish!" Buttercup realizes Westley was pretending to be the Dread Pirate Roberts, and she throws herself down the hill after him and they are reunited. Westley explains the Dread Pirate Roberts is not one person, but a name passed on when the pirate wants to retire. They must pass through the dangerous Fire Swamp, and avoid hungry animals that live there. They survive the fires and the rodents of unusual size (ROUS), but are captured as they leave by prince Humperdinck and his cruel assistant Count Rugen, who has six fingers on each hand. Buttercup agrees to return with Humperdinck in exchange for Westley's release. Humperdinck secretly orders Rugen to lock Westley in his torture chamber, the Pit of Despair. +When Buttercup expresses unhappiness at marrying Humperdinck, he promises to search for Westley. His real plan all along had been to start war with the neighboring country of Guilder by making it look like they had killed Buttercup. Meanwhile, Inigo and Fezzik reunite after Humperdinck orders the thieves arrested in the nearby forest, and Fezzik tells Inigo about Rugen. Inigo decides that they need Westley's help to get into the castle. Buttercup is sad and angry with Humperdinck when she learns that he has not tried to find Westley. Humperdinck locks Buttercup in her room, and tortures Westley to death. In the forest Inigo and Fezzik are able to hear Westley cry out in pain, as he dies. They find Westley's body and bring him to a folk healer, called Miracle Max. Max used to work for the king of Florin but was fired by Humperdinck, and at first says he cannot help but agrees because he does not like Humperdinck. He discovers that Westley is not dead but only "mostly dead" because of his true love for Buttercup. Max brings Westley back to life, but Westley cannot move his body, and needs more time to recover. +After Westley, Inigo and Fezzik get inside the castle, Humperdinck is scared and tries to finish the wedding quickly. Inigo finds and Rugen the six-fingered man who killed his father. He fights him in a duel to the death, saying to him again and again: "Hello, my name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die." Westley finds Buttercup, who was about to kill herself, and tells her the marriage was not real because she never said "I do". Still unable to move, he wastes time and tells Humperdinck all the terrible things he will do to him if they fight. His bluff works and without fighting Humperdinck gives up. Together the leave the castle, Westley rides away with Buttercup, and Inigo and Fezzik. Westley and Buttercup share a kiss. +The boy asks his grandfather to read the story to him again the next day, to which the grandfather replies, "As you wish." + += = = Deltoid muscle = = = +The deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder. Electromyography suggests that it is at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the central nervous system. + += = = Grass snake = = = +The grass snake ("Natrix") is a non-venomous snake. It is often found near water and feeds almost exclusively on amphibia and lizards. +The grass snake is widely distributed in mainland Europe, from mid Scandinavia to southern Italy. It is also found in Middle East and northwestern Africa. +There is a native species in Great Britain but it is not "Natrix natrix". It is "Natrix helvetica" the barred grass snake. The two subspecies were both called "Natrix natrix" until recently (2017). +Work by the Senckenberg Research Institute in Germany lead a study into the genetics of over 1,600 grass snakes. + += = = Smooth snake = = = +The smooth snake ("Coronella austriaca"). is found in Britain, where it lives only in southern heathlands. +It is a non-venomous colubrid species found in northern and central Europe, and as far east as northern Iran. In contrast to many other snakes, their scales are flat (not keeled). This gives the snake a smooth texture to the touch, from which it gets its common name. +The smooth snake feeds on smaller animals, especially other reptiles. It subdues larger prey by constriction, although unlike true constrictors it does not actually kill by this method. It reproduces by laying eggs, which are buried in sand in a warm place. + += = = Villa Castelli helicopter crash = = = +The Villa Castelli helicopter crash occurred on 9 March 2015 when two helicopters collided near Villa Castelli in north-west Argentina. All 10 people on board the two aircraft were killed. +Florence Arthaud, Camille Muffat and Alexis Vastine were passengers. + += = = Lynn Borden = = = +Lynn Borden (March 24, 1937 – March 3, 2015) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as "Barbara Baxter" in the final season of the Shirley Booth sitcom "Hazel", which aired on CBS from 1965 to 1966 though the program began in 1961 on NBC. +Borden was born in Detroit. She died of an illness in Encino, Los Angeles. + += = = Ernest Braun = = = +Ernest Braun (9 March 1925 – 3 March 2015) was a British-Austrian scholar. He worked in technology policy and technology assessment. + += = = Gimme Shelter = = = +"Gimme Shelter" is a song by English rock band The Rolling Stones. It is the first song on their 1969 album, "Let It Bleed". Merry Clayton sang for the song along with Mick Jagger. The song was released on 5 December 1969. +During a 1995 interview with "Rolling Stone", Jagger said: +"Well, it's a very rough, very violent era. The Vietnam War. Violence on the screens, pillage and burning. And Vietnam was not war as we knew it in the conventional sense. The thing about Vietnam was that it wasn't like World War II, and it wasn't like Korea, and it wasn't like the Gulf War. It was a real nasty war, and people didn't like it. People objected, and people didn't want to fight it..." As for the song itself, he concluded, "That's a kind of end-of-the-world song, really. It's apocalypse; the whole record's like that." +In 2004, the song was ranked #38 on "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time" list by "Rolling Stone". It has also been ranked at #12 on "The 200 Greatest Songs of the 1960s" list by Pitchfork Media. + += = = Dyan Cannon = = = +Dyan Cannon (born Samille Diane Friesen; January 4, 1937) is an American actress, director, screenwriter, editor, and producer. She was known for her role as Alice in "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice". + += = = Ninan Koshy = = = +Ninan Koshy (; 1 February 1934 – 4 March 2015) was an Indian political thinker, foreign affairs expert, Christian theologian and social analyst. He was born in 1934 in Thiruvalla. He was a former director of the WCC's Commission of the Churches on International Affairs. +Koshy died in Thiruvananthapuram on 4 March 2015, aged 81. + += = = Vlada Divljan = = = +Vladimir "Vlada" Divljan (Serbian Cyrillic: �������� ������; 10 May 1958 – 4 March 2015), was a Serbian singer and songwriter. He was known as the frontman for the Serbian and former Yugoslav rock band Idoli. He died from appendix cancer. + += = = James Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead = = = +James Henry Molyneaux, Baron Molyneaux of Killead, KBE, PC (27 August 1920 – 9 March 2015) was a Northern Irish Unionist politician. He was leader of the Ulster Unionist Party from 1979 to 1995. He was a leading member and sometime Vice-President of the Conservative Monday Club. An Orangeman, he was also Sovereign Grand Master of the Royal Black Institution from 1971 to 1995. + += = = A La Carte Communications = = = +A La Carte Communications is a television production company founded in 1990 by Natan Katzman and Geoffrey Drummond. A la Carte produced Jeff Smith's "The Frugal Gourmet" cooking show. Other shows produced by the company included "Julia Child: Cooking with Master Chefs" and "In Julia's Kitchen with Master Chefs". A La Carte and Maryland Public Television co-produced the Emmy award-winning series "Baking with Julia". + += = = Born to Be Wild = = = +"Born to Be Wild" is the third single off Canadian-American rock group Steppenwolf's self-titled first studio album. The song was released in June 1968. +On the "Billboard" charts, the song was able to peak at #2 on the Hot 100. +In 2004, the song was ranked #130 on the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time list by "Rolling Stone". It has also been ranked at #53 on the 100 Hard Rock Songs list by VH1. The song was first featured in the 1969 movie "Easy Rider" and has since been featured in many movies, trailers, TV shows and commercials. It was ranked #29 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs survey of the top songs in American cinema. + += = = Edward Egan = = = +Edward Michael Egan (April 2, 1932 – March 5, 2015) was an American Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Bridgeport from 1988 to 2000, and as Archbishop of New York from 2000 to 2009. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 2001. + += = = Blase J. Cupich = = = +Blase Joseph Cupich (born March 19, 1949 in Omaha, Nebraska) is an American prelate of the Catholic Church. He is serving as the ninth Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Chicago. +He was the surprise choice of Pope Francis to succeed Cardinal Francis George as Archbishop of Chicago on September 20, 2014. Cupich had served as the sixth bishop of the Diocese of Spokane since 2010. + += = = Jim McCann (musician) = = = +James "Jim" McCann (26 October 1944 – 5 March 2015) was an Irish entertainer and folk musician. Although a solo artist for most of his career, McCann was a member of the folk group the Dubliners from 1974 until 1979. +McCann's death was announced by his family on 5 March 2015. He had been battling throat cancer. + += = = Abe Pollin = = = +Abraham Pollin (December 3, 1923 – November 24, 2009) was the owner of a number of professional sports teams including the Washington Capitals in the National Hockey League (NHL), the Washington Mystics in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), and the Washington Wizards in the National Basketball Association (NBA). + += = = Fred Craddock = = = +Fred Brenning Craddock, Jr. (April 30, 1928 – March 6, 2015) was an American priest. He was the Bandy Distinguished Professor of Preaching and New Testament Emeritus in the Candler School of Theology at Emory University. He was an ordained minister of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) from rural Tennessee. He was the director of the Craddock Center, a non-profit service group which operates in rural Appalachia. + += = = Windell Middlebrooks = = = +Windell D. Middlebrooks (January 8, 1979 – March 9, 2015) was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles in "Body of Proof" and "The Suite Life on Deck". + += = = Ram Sundar Das = = = +Ram Sundar Das (; 9 January 1921 – 6 March 2015) was an Indian politician and a former Chief Minister of Bihar state. He was a leader of the Janata Dal (United) political party. He was the Chief Minister of Bihar from 21 April 1979 to 17 February 1980. In 1991, he was elected to the 10th Lok Sabha from Hajipur constituency in Bihar. + += = = Vasilios Magginas = = = +Vasilios Magginas (; 22 October 1949 – 6 March 2015) was a Greek politician. He was member of the Greek Parliament for the New Democracy for the Aetolia-Acarnania constituency and government minister. + += = = Edmond Malinvaud = = = +Edmond Malinvaud (25 April 1923 – 7 March 2015) was a French economist. He was the first president of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences. + += = = Gerardo Sofovich = = = +Gerardo Andrés Sofovich (March 18, 1937 – March 8, 2015) was an Argentine businessman, dramaturge, TV host, actor, comedian, scriptwriter, and film director. +He was the producer "Polémica en el bar" and "La noche del Domingo", two of the most popular Argentine television programs of the 1970s and '80s. Sofovich also hosted "A la manera de Sofovich" and "Sin Límite SMS", broadcast on Canal 9. + += = = Neutral oxide = = = +Neutral oxides are oxides which are neither acidic nor basic. In other words, oxides which neither react with acids or with bases are called neutral. They are different from amphoteric oxides, which can act as both acidic and as basic oxides. +List of neutral oxides. +These are four neutral oxides discovered so far. + += = = Crossbill = = = +The crossbills are a genus, "Loxia", of birds in the finch family (Fringillidae). There are three to five (or possibly many more) species. +These birds have mandibles with crossed tips, which gives the group its English name. Adult males tend to be red or orange in colour, and females green or yellow, but there is much variation. +Crossbills are specialist feeders on conifer cones. The unusual bill shape is an adaptation to get seeds from cones. These birds are typically found in higher northern hemisphere latitudes, where their food sources grow. They move ("erupt") out of the breeding range if the cone crop fails. Crossbills breed very early in the year, often in winter months. This is the time to get the most cones. +They put their beak slightly open between the scales of conifer cones. Then they close their beaks and the tips push the scales apart. This lets them get at the seed (usually two seeds per scale). The point is that, as cones mature, they tend to open when dry and close when wet. +Eventually they fall, and lie on the ground. As they dry the scales naturally open, and any animal can get at the seeds. With their beaks, crossbills can get at the seeds much earlier than any other animal. +Food preferences. +Each species' bill shape is optimised for opening seeds from different species of conifer. Their preferred food sources are: +The relationships between crossbill species has been much studied. + += = = In-N-Out Burger = = = +In-N-Out Burger is a regional chain of fast food restaurants. The privately held company has 300 locations. These are mostly in the Southwestern United States. In-N-Out encourages customers to customize their orders. They refuse to use microwave ovens or freezers. Also, In-N-Out pays its employees above the minimum wage. Employees start at a wage of $10.50 an hour. +History. +The company was founded by Harry and Esther Snyder in 1948. Their only heir is their granddaughter, Lynsi Martinez Torres. She will gain full ownership over a period of 12 years ending in 2021. In 2012 In-N-Out was worth about $800 million USD. + += = = Jerry Ahrlin = = = +Jerry Ahrlin, born 15 January 1978 in Östersund, Sweden, is a Swedish cross-country skier. + += = = Biskopsgården Church = = = +The Biskopsgården Church () is a church building in the southern parts of Biskopsgården on the island of Hisingen in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It belongs to the Lundby of the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1961. It was originally called the Southern Biskopsgården Church () until the Northern Biskopsgården Church was taken out of use in 2004. + += = = Northern Biskopsgården Church = = = +The Northern Biskopsgården Church () is a church building in the northern parts of Biskopsgården on the island of Hisingen in Gothenburg, Sweden. It earlier belonged to the Lundby of the Church of Sweden, it was inaugurated in 1970 as a parish home. It was taken out of use in 2004 and transferred to the Gothenburg Ecclesiastical Town Mission and the Finnish Parish. + += = = Martin Luther Church (Halmstad) = = = +The Martin Luther Church () is a church building in Nyhem in the town of Halmstad in Sweden. It belongs to the Martin Luther Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 19 December 1970. + += = = Post-production = = = +Post-production is part of filmmaking, video production and photography processes. It is a major part in the making of movies, television programs, radio programs, advertising, audio recordings, photography, and digital art. It is a term for all stages of production occurring after the actual end of filming. Along with pre-production and production, it is one of the three phases of creating a movie or program. +Processes. +Typically, the post-production phase of creating a movie or program takes longer than the actual shooting. It can take several months to complete because it is many different processes grouped under one name. These typically include: +Music. +In the post-production of music, one of the things done is . It is short for combining the best parts of multiple takes into a full single take, timing and pitch correction, and adding effects. This process is mostly called mixing. It can also involve equalization and adjusting the levels of each individual track to provide the perfect sound experience. Opposite to the name, post-production may take place at any point during the recording and production process. + += = = Real Muthaphuckkin G's = = = +"Real Muthaphuckkin G's" (also known as "Real Compton City G's") is a song off American rapper Eazy-E's second EP, "It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa". The song was released on August 26, 1993. The song was a diss song towards former N.W.A member Dr. Dre and his protégé Snoop Doggy Dogg. +On the "Billboard" charts, the song peaked at #42 on the Hot 100. + += = = Alexis Vastine = = = +Alexis Vastine (17 November 1986 – 9 March 2015) was a French boxer. He won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in the Light Welterweight division. He also competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics. He died in the Villa Castelli helicopter crash during the filming of French TV reality show "Dropped" for the TF1 network. + += = = Lew Soloff = = = +Lewis Michael Soloff (February 20, 1944 – March 8, 2015) was an American jazz trumpeter, composer and actor. Soloff was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He studied trumpet at the Eastman School of Music and the Juilliard School. +He worked with Blood, Sweat & Tears from 1968 until 1973. Prior to this, he worked with Machito, Gil Evans, Tony Scott, Maynard Ferguson and Tito Puente. +He died of a heart attack in New York City. + += = = Germanwings = = = +Germanwings was a low-cost airline owned by Lufthansa. It was based in Cologne, Germany. It was founded in 2002. It has more than 81 airplanes which go to 86 airports. +On March 24, 2015, a Germanwings A320 flying from Barcelona to Düsseldorf crashed in the French Alps, killing all 150 people on board and is the worst aircraft accident in the operating history of Germanwings. The crash was caused by murder-suicide by a co-pilot. + += = = Inezita Barroso = = = +Ignez Magdalena Aranha de Lima "Inezita" Barroso (4 March 1925 – 8 March 2015), was a Brazilian "sertanejo" singer, guitarist, actress, TV presenter, librarian, folklorist and teacher. +In 1953 and 1955 she was awarded with Prêmio Saci. +Barroso died of a long illness in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 90. + += = = LOT Polish Airlines = = = +LOT Polish Airlines is the national airline of Poland. It began in 1928 after the merger of all Polish airlines. The airline's main hub is at Warsaw Chopin Airport. LOT is a member of the Star Alliance. +Fleet + += = = Carel Visser = = = +Carel Nicolaas Visser (May 3, 1928 - March 1, 2015) was a Dutch sculptor. Visser was born in 1928 in Papendrecht, South Holland. He was known for turning useless pieces of metal and concrete into statues. +Visser died in Le Fousseret, France, aged 86. + += = = South African Airways = = = +South African Airways is the largest airline of South Africa. It is based at Johannesburg. It has been flying since 1934. +Current fleet. +As of February 2018, South African Airways' fleet consists of the following aircraft: + += = = Stuart Wagstaff = = = +Stuart Wagstaff (13 February 1925 – 10 March 2015) was an English-born Australian entertainer. He was active in all genres of the industry including television, theatre and stage management. + += = = Jack Harte (Irish politician) = = = +John "Jack" Harte (10 December 1920 – 9 March 2015) was an Irish politician. He served as a Labour Party Senator. +Harte was first elected to the 13th Seanad in the 1973 Seanad elections, on the Labour Panel. He was re-elected six times until his retirement at the 1992 elections. +He served with the British Army in Malta and the Middle East during World War II. He published his memoirs of the Second World War, "To the Limits of Endurance: One Irishman's War". On 9 March 2015, he died at the age of 94. + += = = Karlskrona HK = = = +Karlskrona HK is an ice hockey club in the town of Karlskrona in Sweden. It was established in 2001. The club qualified for the Swedish top division in 2015. + += = = Juanita Morrow Nelson = = = +Juanita Morrow Nelson (August 17, 1923 – March 9, 2015) was an American activist and war tax resister. She co-founded the group Peacemakers in 1948. She was the author of "A Matter of Freedom and Other Writings" (1988). + += = = Aerolíneas Argentinas = = = +Aerolineas Argentinas is the largest airline and the country flag carrier of Argentina. It began in 1950. +Fleet. +The average age of the Aerolíneas Argentinas fleet is 6.7 years (Airlines 6.6 and Austral 6.8, in September 2018) + += = = Camille Muffat = = = +Camille Muffat (; 28 October 1989 – 9 March 2015) was a French swimmer and three-time Olympic medalist. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, she won gold in the 400-meter freestyle, silver in the 200-meter freestyle and bronze in the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. +She died in the Villa Castelli helicopter crash during the filming of French TV reality show "Dropped" for the TF1 network. + += = = Vannevar Bush = = = +Vannevar Bush ( ; March 11, 1890 – June 28, 1974) was an American engineer, inventor and science administrator. He is known in engineering for his work on analog computers, for founding Raytheon, and for the memex. +Bush died of pneumonia in Belmont, Massachusetts, aged 84. + += = = Airport lounge = = = +An airport lounge is a members-only rest area usually owned by an airline (or operated by several airlines). Anyone who pays the membership fee can join. Airport lounges are designed mainly for business travelers. Most offer private meeting rooms and other business services and conveniences. They offer comfortable seating, food, beverages (often an open bar) and free Wi-Fi. +Most major airlines have one or more lounges in the major airports they serve. The first airport lounge was owned by American Airlines. It opened in 1939 at LaGuardia Airport. + += = = David B. Frohnmayer = = = +Dave Frohnmayer (July 9, 1940 – March 9, 2015) was an American attorney, politician, and university administrator from Oregon. He was the 15th president of the University of Oregon (UO), serving from 1994 to 2009. +On March 9, 2015, Frohnmayer died of prostate cancer in Eugene, Oregon, aged 74. + += = = Florence Arthaud = = = +Florence Arthaud (28 October 1957 – 9 March 2015) was a French sailor. She was from Boulogne-Billancourt. In 1990 Arthaud established a new world record for the fastest solo crossing of the North Atlantic, beating the previous record by two days. +In 2015, Arthaud took part in "Dropped", a reality television show on TF1 in which sportspeople were transported by helicopters into the wilderness. During filming on 9 March 2015, she died in the Villa Castelli helicopter crash in Argentina along with nine other people, two of whom were fellow contestants. + += = = Greater Valparaíso = = = +Greater Valparaíso ("Gran Valparaíso") is a metropolitan area located in the Valparaíso Region. The name comes from the city of Valparaíso, the most important harbour in Chile. At the 2012 census, the estimated population was 979,127 people. + += = = Chuy García = = = +Jesús G. "Chuy" García (born April 12, 1956) is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party. He is the member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois's 4th district since January 3, 2019. He is the first Mexican-American to be elected to the United States Congress from the Midwest. He ran for Mayor of Chicago twice in 2015 and 2023. He is a progressive. +Early life. +García was born in Mexico in the state of Durango. Garcia worked at the Legal Assistance Foundation from 1977 to 1980 as he worked towards a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. +Political career. +Garcia was elected to the Chicago City Council in 1986. He became the first Mexican-American member of the Illinois State Senate in 1992. In 2010, Garcia won election to the 7th district Cook County Board of Commissioners. After his election, Cook Country President Toni Preckwinkle appointed him as floor leader. García is a progressive and a reformer. He supports Preckwinkle, and was a supporter of former Chicago Mayor Harold Washington. +2015 Chicago mayoral candidacy. +Garcia was a candidate for Mayor of Chicago in 2015. He finished second in the 2015 mayoral election on February 24. This forced a runoff vote between him and the mayor at that time, Rahm Emanuel. He lost the run-off election with 44.28% of the votes. +U.S. House of Representatives elections (since 2019). +On November 27, 2017, 6 days before the last day to file petitions to run for office, Congressman Luis Gutierrez pulled his petition for re-election in the 2018 race. This effectively ended his career in Congress. The next day, Garcia said he wanted to run for Congress. During Gutierrez's press conference, he endorsed Garcia for the position. The next day, Senator Bernie Sanders endorsed Garcia. +He won the Democratic nomination in March 2018. He then won the general election against Republican Mark Lorch in November 2018. +In February 2020, he announced his support for Bernie Sanders' second presidential candidacy. +2023 Chicago mayoral candidacy. +In November 2022, Garcia said he would run for mayor of Chicago again, in the 2023 election. He challenged the mayor at the time, Lori Lightfoot. He lost in the first round of voting in February 2023, coming in fourth place. + += = = The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins = = = +"The Ballad of Bilbo Baggins" is a song composed by Charles Randolph Grean and performed by Leonard Nimoy, telling the story of Bilbo Baggins and his adventures in J. R. R. Tolkien's novel "The Hobbit". The recording was featured on "Two Sides of Leonard Nimoy," the second of Nimoy's albums on Dot Records. It was also released as a single (Dot Records Cat. #45-17028) in July 1967. + += = = Five Nights at Freddy's 3 = = = +Five Nights at Freddy's 3 is a 2015 indie point-and-click survival horror video game developed by Scott Cawthon. It is the third entry in the "Five Nights at Freddy's" series. The game was released on Steam on March 2, 2015, then for Android devices on March 7, 2015. The game is set 30 years after "Five Nights at Freddy's". +The player assumes the role of a newly hired employee at Fazbear's Fright, a horror-themed amusement park attraction that pays homage to the original Freddy Fazbear’s Pizza. In addition, the player must monitor the status of three operating systems - cameras, audio, and ventilation - and reboot them whenever they begin to malfunction. They have to defend from Springtrap and the 'phantoms', which are more ghostly and burnt-looking versions of the animatronics from the previous games, including Golden Freddy, Chica, Withered Foxy, Balloon Boy, Mangle, and Phantom Puppet. These animatronics cannot physically hurt you, but every time they catch you, one of the systems then needs to be rebooted. While Phantom Mangle does not jumpscare directly, it can appear in the hall or on one of the cameras and emit a garbled static sound, causing the audio system to have to be rebooted. The only animatronic that can cause a game over is Sprintrap, the main antagonist, and he is attracted to sound. The only way to get him to not kill you is by playing audio of Balloon Boy laughing from "Five Nights at Freddy's 2." If you play this audio on a camera close to Springtrap, Springtrap will go towards it. He is also attracted to Mangle's loud garbled audio sounds, so if Mangle is in the hallway making noise, he will go towards your office faster. + += = = The Abyss = = = +The Abyss is a 1989 American science fiction adventure movie. It was directed by James Cameron. It was produced by Gale Anne Hurd. It was produced by Van Ling for the special edition version. "The Abyss" was released on August 9, 1989. The movie is about a US search and recovery team who work with a oil platform crew to race against Russian vessels to recover a sunken American submarine in the Caribbean. They discover a new and mysterious species while deep in the ocean. +The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 89% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie won an Academy Award in the category of Best Visual Effects in 1990. It was also nominated in the categories of Best Art Direction/Set Decoration, Best Cinematography, and Best Sound. + += = = Naked Lunch (movie) = = = +Naked Lunch is a 1991 science fiction drama movie. It was directed by David Cronenberg. It was produced by Jeremy Thomas and Gabriella Martinelli. "Naked Lunch" was released on December 27, 1991 in the United States and on 24 April 1992 in the United Kingdom. It is based on the William S. Burroughs 1959 novel of the same name. The movie was co-produced by movie companies in Canada, the United Kingdom, and Japan. +The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 71% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie two-and-a-half stars out of four and said "While I admired it in an abstract way, I felt repelled by the material on a visceral level. There is so much dryness, death and despair here, in a life spinning itself out with no joy". +In 1992, the movie won Genie Awards in the categories of Best Motion Picture, Best Director, Best Supporting Actress, Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Overall Sound, and Best Sound Editing. + += = = Tórshavn = = = +Tórshavn () is the capital and largest city of the Faroe Islands, a part of the Kingdom of Denmark. As of 2008, the city has a population of 13,000, with the urban area populated by 19,000 people in total. + += = = Basuki Tjahaja Purnama = = = +Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (EYD: Basuki Cahaya Purnama, Hakka Chinese: ; born 29 June 1966), also known as Ahok, is an Indonesian politician, and businessperson. He is the current Governor of Jakarta, serving officially since 19 November 2014. He is the first governor to be a Christian and of ethnic Chinese descent. +Basuki Tjahaja Purnama was born in Manggar, Bangka Belitung of the Bangka–Belitung Islands province. He is married to Veronica Tan and has three children. He is a Protestant. + += = = Divine Intervention = = = +Divine Intervention is the sixth studio album by American thrash metal band, Slayer. "Divine Intervention" was released on September 27, 1994 through American Recordings. Many of the song were inspired by television shows. The songs were also inspired by other things, like Rush Limbaugh, serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer, and vocalist Tom Araya's wife. Araya said that the album "came out of the past four years of hating life." +The album peaked at #8 on the "Billboard" 200. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA. +It is the first album to feature drummer Paul Bostaph, who replaced Slayer's original drummer Dave Lombardo. + += = = Intercostal muscle = = = +The intercostal muscles ("intercostales interni") are a group of skeletal muscles between the ribs. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to help breathing. +When breathing in, the muscles of the diaphragm contract. This pulls the diaphragm downwards, and increases the volume of the thorax. At the same time, the external intercostal muscles contract. This pulls the ribcage upwards and outwards. This also increases the volume of the thorax. +There are three main layers; + += = = Circumflex = = = +The circumflex (^), also known as the caret, is a diacritic used in French and a few other languages. It is like a little hat over a vowel. Originally, the circumflex was an acute accent and a grave accent put together. +In French, the circumflex usually shows the loss of letter, usually the loss of the letter S. Example: maistre (Middle French) > maître (modern French). From here, its function is historical. +Also, less often, the circumflex is used to distinguish between homophones. These are words spelt the same, but with different meanings. Example: "sur" = on, but "sûr" = safe or certain. In those cases the pronunciation of the two words may be different. + += = = Jimmy Greenspoon = = = +Jimmy Greenspoon (February 7, 1948 – March 11, 2015) was an American keyboard player and composer. He was best known as a member of the band, Three Dog Night. +In 2014, Greenspoon was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma, and was forced to stop touring with Three Dog Night. He died from cancer in Montgomery County, Maryland, on March 11, 2015. + += = = Frei Otto = = = +Frei Paul Otto (31 May 1925 – 9 March 2015) was a German architect and structural engineer. He was noted for his use of lightweight structures, in particular tensile and membrane structures. +Works. +He designed the roof of the Olympic Stadium in Munich which was created for the 1972 Summer Olympics. He won the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2006 and was awarded the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2015. +Death. +Otto died on 9 March 2015; he was to be publicly announced as the winner of the 2015 Pritzker Prize on 23 March but his death meant the committee announced his award on 10 March. Otto himself had been told earlier that he had won the prize by the executive president of the committee, Martha Thorne. He was reported to have said "I’ve never done anything to gain this prize. Prizewinning is not the goal of my life. I try to help poor people, but what shall I say here — I’m very happy". + += = = Maienfeld = = = +Maienfeld is a town in the district of Landquart in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. It is a tourist destination in the Alps. It is popular for its local wine. Maienfeld was the setting of the story "Heidi". + += = = Cermet = = = +A cermet is a ceramic material, like porcelain or clay, mixed with a metal, like steel or copper. They are long lasting, tough composite materials that are stress resistant and produce little friction. Cermets also have the properties of metals. They can conduct electricity. Like metals cermets are somewhat malleable. + += = = East York = = = +East York may mean one of two places: + += = = Interchange station = = = +An interchange station or a transfer station is a train station for more than one railway route in a public transport system that allows passengers to change from one route to another, often without having to leave a station or pay an additional ticket. +Transfer may occur within the same railway network, or between different railway networks (e.g. transfer between a metro rail network, a suburban rail network or a tram network), or to buses (for stations with bus termini attached). Such stations usually have more platforms than single route stations. These stations can exist in city centers and in suburbs. Interchange stations are most common in metro and suburban rail networks. + += = = 2010 (movie) = = = +2010 (known also as 2010: The Year We Make Contact) is a 1984 science fiction movie. It was both directed and produced by Peter Hyams. "2010" was released on December 7, 1984. It is based on the Arthur C. Clarke novel ' and is the sequel to the 1968 movie '. +The movie got mixed to positive reviews from critics. It has a 66% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie three out of four stars and said that it "doesn't match the poetry and the mystery of the original film" and that it "has an ending that is infuriating, not only in its simplicity, but in its inadequacy to fulfill the sense of anticipation, the sense of wonder we felt at the end of 2001". He finished his review by "And yet the truth must be told: This is a good movie. Once we've drawn our lines, once we've made it absolutely clear that 2001 continues to stand absolutely alone as one of the greatest movies ever made, once we have freed 2010 of the comparisons with Kubrick's masterpiece, what we are left with is a good-looking, sharp-edged, entertaining, exciting space opera". +In 1985, the movie was nominated for five Academy Awards in the categories of Best Art Direction, Best Makeup, Best Visual Effects, Best Costume Design, and Best Sound Presentation. + += = = Erol Büyükburç = = = +Erol Büyükburç (8 August 1936 - 12 March 2015) was a Turkish pop music composer and singer. In 1961, he composed his best known hit "Little Lucy". He also wrote the lyrics of this melody. He was born in Adana. +Büyükburç was found dead in his home in İstanbul, Turkey. He was 78 years old. He died of a heart attack. + += = = LAN Airlines = = = +LAN Airlines was a Chilean airline based in Santiago. It was the largest airline in Chile and it's Peruvian subsidiary was the largest airline in Peru. It was a member of the Oneworld alliance. The name "LAN" is an acronym in Spanish for "Línea Aérea Nacional", meaning "National Airline". The airline took-over Brazil's TAM Airlines in 2012, forming the LATAM Airlines Group. Their seperate corporate identites merged in 2016 to create LATAM Airlines. + += = = Michael Graves = = = +Michael Graves (July 9, 1934 - March 12, 2015) was an American architect. Graves was known first for his contemporary building designs and some prominent public commissions, such as the Portland Building and the Denver Public Library. Graves was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. +Since 2003, Graves was paralyzed from the waist down as a result of a spinal cord infection. + += = = Muwahhidism = = = +The Muwahidin or Muwahid Muslims are a Muslim restoration movement that accepts mainstream Islam. The place an emphasis on the concept of tawhid. Muwahidists believe that the Muslim faith has gradually been mixed with many cultural traditions. They want to bring the Muslim faith back to its original foundations. This means the worship of Allah. They acknowledge the five Pillars of Islam. + += = = The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror = = = +The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, commonly known as Tower of Terror, is a classic Disney amusement park attraction. The ride is an elevator that drops and rises several times. It is like riding an elevator that fails while people are on it. The theme of the ride is based +Locations. +There are currently four versions. Three are based on the TV show "The Twilight Zone". +The ride. +"Guests" get on what appears to be an old "freight elevator". The elevator car goes past several old hallways. It passes what appear to be ghosts of former guests. Next the ride enters a dark vertical shaft. Suddenly the elevator snaps upward and with the sounds and sparks of the elevator cables breaking it plunges downward. It freefalls 13 floors down before stopping. Then it climbs, stops, falls again and repeats the process. People outside the ride can hear the riders screaming in terror. The ride attracts thrill-seekers who ride again and again. Each time the ride is a little different. +Restrictions. +People must be at least 40 inches (102 cm) tall to enter the ride. Wheelchairs and mobility scooters must be left behind (users must be strong enough to stand). Anyone suffering from neck, back, or heart problems, motion sickness or claustrophobia are advised not to ride. Pregnant women may not ride. Anyone with a fear of heights or fear of falling may want to avoid this ride as well. + += = = Capsule = = = +A pharmaceutical capsule is an easy way to take medication. Capsules may contain powder, liquid or oil. The outer shell is made of hard or soft gelatin. Capsules come in different shapes and colors to identify dose or what company made them. They are also available as timed release which work over a period of time. Capsules should usually be taken whole. Capsules should also not be crushed without first checking to see if it is safe. +Soft gelatin capsules. +Soft gelatin capsules are airtight-sealed one-piece capsules containing a liquid or a semisolid fill without a bubble of air or gas. They are made from a more flexible, gelatin film plasticized by the addition of glycerine, sorbital, etc. +As with hard gelatin capsules, soft gelatin capsules are mostly given orally. Some can be formulated and manufactured to produce a number of different drug delivery systems such as + += = = You Know You're Right = = = +"You Know You're Right" is the first song off American grunge band Nirvana's self-titled 2002 compilation album. The song was released on October 8, 2002. It was the last song that was recorded by Nirvana, before Kurt Cobain's death. +On the "Billboard" charts, "You Know You're Right" was able to peak at #1 on the Mainstream Rock, #1 on the Alternative Songs, and #45 on the Hot 100 charts. +There was a legal battle between Cobain's widow Courtney Love and Nirvana bandmates Dave Grohl and Krist Novoselic. Both Grohl and Novoselic wanted to use the song for a Nirvana box-set that was planned but Love did not allow this and blocked it from being released. Love said that the song would have been "wasted" by using for a box set, and said that it would be better-suited for a single-disc collection. The lawsuit was settled in September 2002 and it announced that "You Know You're Right" would arrive on "a one-CD history of the band" called "Nirvana" later that year. + += = = Beth Tweddle = = = +Elizabeth "Beth" Kimberly Tweddle MBE (born 1 April 1985) is a retired British gymnast. She is the most successful British gymnast, male or female, in the history of the sport. She was the first female gymnast from Great Britain to win a medal at the European Championships, World Championships, and Olympic Games. Tweddle is a three-time Olympian. She is the 2012 Olympic bronze medalist on uneven bars. Tweddle is also the 2006 World uneven bars champion, the 2009 World floor exercise champion, and the 2010 World uneven bars champion. Tweddle retired in August 2013. +Tweddle was born in Johannesburg, South Africa. She moved to Bunbury, Cheshire at 18 months old. + += = = Kimberlite = = = +Kimberlite is an igneous rock best known for sometimes containing diamonds. It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa. The discovery of a big diamond in 1871 started a "diamond rush". This resulted in the Big Hole, a large open mine. +Kimberlite occurs in the Earth's crust in vertical structures known as "pipes" as well as igneous dykes and sills. Kimberlite pipes are the most important source of mined diamonds today. Kimberlites form deep with the Earth's mantle. Formation occurs at depths between Kimberlite material is erupted rapidly and violently, often with considerable carbon dioxide and other volatile components. +Kimberlite has attracted attention because it serves as a carrier of diamonds and garnet peridotite mantle xenoliths to the Earth's surface. The study of kimberlite has the potential to provide information about the composition of the lower mantle. Little is known about melting processes at or near the interface between the cratonic continental lithosphere and the underlying convecting asthenospheric mantle. + += = = Chickasaw = = = +The Chickasaw are a Native American people. They are from the Southeastern Woodlands of North America. Before Europeans came to America, they lived in the area of Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. They speak the Chickasaw language. This language is in the Muskogean language family. The Chickasaw are federally recognized as the Chickasaw Nation. +The Chickasaw first lived in western North America. Before the first European contact, they moved to east of the Mississippi River. They settled mostly in what is now northeast Mississippi. They were living here when European explorers and traders came. They had relationships with the French, English and Spanish during the colonial years. The United States considered the Chickasaw one of the Five Civilized Tribes. The tribe had advanced social structures and did many things that European Americans did. The US forced them to sell their land in 1832. They also forced them to move to the Indian Territory (Oklahoma) during the 1830s. +Most Chickasaw now live in Oklahoma. The Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma is the 13th largest federally recognized tribe in the United States. Its members are related to the Choctaw and share a common history with them. The Chickasaw are divided into two groups: the "Impsaktea" and the "Intcutwalipa". They traditionally followed a system of matrilineal descent. Some property was controlled by women. Leadership in the tribe passed from a mother to her children. +Etymology. +The name "chickasaw" originally belonged to a Chickasaw leader. "Chickasaw" is the English spelling of "Chikashsha" (). This means "rebel" or "comes from Chicsa". +History. +The origin of the Chickasaw is not known for certain. Twentieth-century scholars, such as the archeologist Patricia Galloway, think that the Chickasaw and Choctaw came from the Plaquemine culture and other groups whose ancestors had lived in the Lower Mississippi Valley for thousands of years. The Chickasaw and Choctaw then became distinct peoples in the 17th century. When Europeans first encountered them, the Chickasaw were living in villages in present-day South Carolina and northeastern Mississippi. +The Chickasaw may have been migrants to the area. Their oral history says that they moved from west of the Mississippi River into present-day Mississippi in prehistoric times. +Another version of the Chickasaw creation story is that they came out of the ground at "Nanih Waiya," a great mound built about 300 CE by Woodland peoples. +In 1540 the Spanish explorer Hernando De Soto encountered the ancestors of the Chickasaw and stayed in one of their towns. After various disagreements, the American Indians attacked the De Soto expedition in a nighttime raid, nearly destroying it. The Spanish moved on quickly. +The Chickasaw began to buy guns from the British after the colony of Carolina was founded in 1670. They used these weapons to raid the Choctaw. They captured some members and sold them into Indian slavery to the British. When the Choctaw started buying guns from the French, the slave raids stopped. +Allied with the British, the Chickasaw had battles with the French and the Choctaw in the 18th century, such as in the Battle of Ackia on May 26, 1736. They continued until France was defeated by the British in the Seven Years' War (called the French and Indian War in North America). +After the American Revolutionary War, the Chickasaw were allies of the new United States and fought against the Indians of the old Northwest Territory. The Shawnee and other Northwest Indians were defeated in the Battle of Fallen Timbers on August 20, 1794. +Relations with the United States. +George Washington (first U.S. President) and Henry Knox (first U.S. Secretary of War) proposed the cultural transformation of Native Americans. Washington believed that Native Americans were equals of white people, but that their society was not as good. He came up with a policy to "civilize" them, and Thomas Jefferson continued it. Washington's plan included impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. +The government appointed Indian agents. They lived among the Indians to teach them how to live like whites. In the 19th century, the Chickasaw increasingly adopted European-American practices, as they established schools, adopted yeoman farming practices, converted to Christianity, and built homes in styles like their European-American neighbors. +Treaty of Hopewell (1786). +The Chickasaw signed the Treaty of Hopewell in 1786. This treaty officially recognized peace between the Chickasaw and the United States. +Treaty of 1818. +In 1818, the leaders of the Chickasaw signed a treaty giving up all land north of the southern border of Tennessee. The Chickasaw kept a four-square-mile reservation, but were required to lease the land to European immigrants. +Removal era (1837). +The Chickasaw received $3 million U.S. dollars from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River. In 1836, the Chickasaw agreed to purchase land in Indian Territory from the Choctaw. They paid the Choctaw $530,000 for the western part of their land. For nearly 30 years, the US did not pay the Chickasaw the $3 million it owed them for their territory in the Southeast. +The Chickasaw gathered at Memphis, Tennessee, on July 4, 1837, with all of their portable assets: belongings, livestock, and enslaved African Americans. Three thousand and one Chickasaw crossed the Mississippi River. During the journey, often called the Trail of Tears by all the Southeast tribes that had to make it, more than 500 Chickasaw died of dysentery and smallpox. +When the Chickasaw reached Indian Territory, the United States merged them with the Choctaw nation. The Chickasaw wrote their own constitution in the 1850s. +American Civil War (1861). +The Chickasaw Nation became allies of the Confederate States of America in 1861. They did this because the United States government had forced them off their lands and did not protect them against the Plains tribes in the West. Confederate officials suggested that the American Indian tribes would receive an independent Indian state if the Confederacy won. +At the beginning of the American Civil War, Albert Pike was made the Confederate envoy to Native Americans. He negotiated several treaties, including the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws in July 1861. The treaty covered many things, such as the sovereignty of the Choctaw and Chickasaw nation, the possibility of citizenship in the Confederate States of America, and a delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. Because the Chickasaw sided with the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, they had to give up some of their land after the war. The US also freed all the slaves owned by the Chickasaw. Members of the Chickasaw who returned to the United States were given US citizenship. +Post–Civil War. +Because the Chickasaw were on the side of the Confederacy during the Civil War, the United States government made a new peace treaty with them in 1866. It required that they free their slaves and give citizenship to freed slaves who wanted to stay in the Chickasaw Nation. The freed slaves and their descendants became known as the Chickasaw Freedmen. However, the Chickasaw Nation did not give citizenship to the Chickasaw Freedmen. Descendants of the Freedmen continue to live in Oklahoma. +The Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People were recognized as a "state-recognized group" by South Carolina in 2005. Their headquarters is in Hemingway, South Carolina. In 2003, they asked the US Department of the Interior Bureau of Indian Affairs for federal recognition, but they did not receive it. +Government. +In the twentieth century, the Chickasaw became independent from the Choctaw and re-established their government. They are now federally recognized as the Chickasaw Nation. The tribe's government is headquartered in Ada, Oklahoma. +Culture. +Chiefs have the suffix "-mingo" at the end of their names. For example, "Tishomingo" was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief. +In 2010, the tribe opened the Chickasaw Cultural Center in Sulphur, Oklahoma. + += = = Vincennes = = = +Vincennes is a commune in France. Right next to Paris, with about 50.000 people. Today, the city is known for the Château de Vincennes, which was there before the city, and which has an important role in the history of France. The city also gave its name to the Bois de Vincennes, the largest park in Paris. + += = = Dean Hess = = = +Dean Elmer Hess (December 6, 1917 – March 2, 2015) was an American minister and United States Air Force colonel. He was involved in the so-called "Kiddy Car Airlift". It was the rescue of 950 orphans and 80 orphanage staff from the path of the Chinese advance during the Korean War on December 20, 1950. + += = = Magda Guzmán = = = +María Magdalena Guzmán Garza (16 May 1931 – 12 March 2015), better known as Magda Guzmán, was a Mexican movie and television actress. She was known for her role in "Amor Bravío" as Refugio Chávez. +Guzmán died in Mexico City, Mexico from a heart attack, aged 83. + += = = Daevid Allen = = = +Christopher David Allen (13 January 1938 – 13 March 2015), better known as Daevid Allen, sometimes credited as Divided Alien, was an Australian poet, guitarist, singer, composer and performance artist. He was co-founder of psychedelic rock groups Soft Machine (in the UK, 1966) and Gong (in France, 1970). +Allen died of neck cancer at his home in Sydney, New South Wales, aged 77. + += = = Irwin Hasen = = = +Irwin Hasen (July 8, 1918 – March 13, 2015) was an American cartoonist. He was best known as the co-creator (with Gus Edson) of the "Dondi" comic strip. He was born in New York City. +Hasen died at his home in New York City, aged 96. + += = = Hyundai Santa Fe = = = +Hyundai Santa Fe is a mid sized crossover utility vehicle sold by the South Korean automaker Hyundai. It was introduced in 2000 as a mid-sized SUV. It initially replaced the Hyundai Galloper (a badge engineered Mitsubishi Pajero). Beginning in 2006 it was redesigned as a unibody frame crossover utility vehicle. It slots above both the compact Hyundai Tucson and mid sized Hyundai Veracruz. In 2013 the vehicle was given a long wheel-base model allowing third row seating, replacing the Veracruz in many countries (however it is still produced in South Korea) + += = = Aneurysm (song) = = = +"Aneurysm" is a song by American grunge band Nirvana. The song was released in 1996. It was released in two studio versions, as well as a live version that was featured on the album "Muddy Banks of the Wishkah" and was released in 1996 as a promotional single. +On the "Billboard" charts, "Aneurysm" was able to peak at #11 on the Mainstream Rock, #13 on the Alternative Songs, and #63 on the Radio Songs charts. +The first studio version of "Aneurysm" was recorded on 1 January 1991 by producer Craig Montgomery and it appeared on the 1991 single "Smells Like Teen Spirit" as a b-side. The second studio version of the song was recorded on 9 November 1991 at Maida Vale Studios for Mark Goodier's BBC session and it was first aired on 18 November 1991. A live performance of the song by Nirvana was recorded in 1991 at Del Mar Fairgrounds, California. It was released later as a promotional single in 1996 on the live album "From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah". + += = = Douglas Rain = = = +Douglas Rain (March 13, 1928 – November 11, 2018) was a Canadian actor and narrator. +He was known for providing the voice of the HAL 9000 computer in the movie "" and the sequel "2010". +He decided to study acting at the Banff School of Fine Arts in Banff, Alberta and the Old Vic School in Bristol, England. He was nominated for a Tony Award in the category of Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Dramatic) for his performance in "Vivat! Vivat Regina!". +Rain died in November 11, 2018 at the age of 90 at a hospital in St. Marys, Ontario of natural causes. + += = = Las Estrellas = = = +Las Estrellas is one of the main television networks of Televisa. It has affiliate television stations all over Mexico. Its flagship station is XEW-TDT in Mexico City. +Las Estrellas International. +Las Estrellas International is available as a pay television network in Europe and Australia as Canal de las Estrellas Europa and Canal de las Estrellas Latinoamerica in Central and South America through Televisa Networks. Both feeds differ from the Canal de las Estrellas programming, usually broadcasting shows weeks behind their original broadcast. +In Canada, XEW-TDT and the Las Estrellas schedule is available in full on Rogers Cable (limited to the Greater Toronto Area) and Bell Fibe TV as an eligible foreign service. +Programming. +Weekday programming in the afternoon and prime time consists of telenovelas. Las Estrellas airs sports programming and sports specials like the Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup. Morning and afternoon programming consists of news, sports, talk shows, and variety shows. Night time programming is filled with a news program and Univision-produced shows. Examples of shows produced by Las Estrellas are "Recuerda y Gana", "Hoy", "El Juego de las Estrellas", and "Cuéntamelo ya". The network also produces and airs the "Premios TVyNovelas", sponsored by the Televisa-owned magazine of the same name and considered the highest honor in the domestic Mexican television industry. + += = = Lado a Lado = = = +Lado a Lado (Side by Side) is a Brazilian telenovela. It is produced by Rede Globo. In November 2013, "Lado a Lado" won an International Emmy Award for best telenovela. + += = = Julie Bishop (politician) = = = +Julie Isabel Bishop (born 17 July 1956) is an Australian politician. She was the Minister for Foreign Affairs from 18 September 2013 to 26 August 2018. She also served as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party from 29 November 2007 to 24 August 2018. For her efforts made in the aftermath of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17, she was given a medal of merit by the Netherlands at the NATO summit in Newport, Wales. Since 2019, she has been the chancellor of the Australian National University (ANU). +Bishop was born in Lobethal, South Australia. She was married to Neil Gillon from 1983 until 1988. She is a Christian. + += = = Iriana = = = +Iriana (born 1 October 1963), also known as Iriana Joko Widodo, is the wife of the current President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, and the First Lady of Indonesia since 20 October 2014. +Iriana was born in Surakarta, Central Java. She is a Muslim. She has been married to Widodo since 24 December 1986. They have three children. + += = = Lincoln Lewis = = = +Lincoln Clay Lewis (born 24 October 1987) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his roles in "Tomorrow, When the War Began", "Home and Away" and "SLiDE". +Lewis was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He is the son of Wally Lewis, a former rugby league player. + += = = Cumberland River = = = +The Cumberland River is a major waterway of the Southern United States. The -long river goes through of southern Kentucky and north-central Tennessee. The river flows generally west from a source in the Appalachian Mountains. It merges with the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky, and the mouth of the Tennessee River. + += = = Television station = = = +A television station is a commercial business or organization that transmits their signals directly to television receivers (TV sets). It usually has a studio for making TV shows. Television transmissions can be broadcast using analog television signals or digital television signals. Broadcast television standards are set by the government. These standards vary around the world. Analog television stations usually broadcast their signals on one television channel. Digital television stations broadcast their signals over one or more subchannels. +The term "television stations" is normally applied to earth-based television stations and not to cable television or satellite television broadcasting. Television stations usually require a broadcast license from a government agency. That agency sets the rules which television stations must follow. In the United States, for example, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) licenses television channels. +Affiliates. +In the United States, stations are normally either "affiliates" or "independants". Affiliates are stations that are a part of a network. Most networks are nation-wide. Affiliates get much of the programs that they broadcast from the network. It is common for affiliates to broadcast the programs it gets from the network during the primetime hours of 8pm to 11pm and broadcast syndicated or local programing during the rest of the day. Local programing often includes local news, weather and traffic reports. Independant station are not a part of a larger network. They normally provide locally created or syndicated programs and movies. +For example, KTLA is the CW affiliate in Los Angeles. They broadcast programs that are provided to them by the national network The CW. It also broadcast locally created sports and news programs. + += = = Luxembourg Palace = = = +The Luxembourg Palace (known in French as the Palais du Luxembourg) is a former royal palace in Paris, France. Since 1958 it has been the seat of the French Senate of the Fifth Republic. +Brief history. +The palace was originally built in 1612 by Marie de' Medici on lands she owned. The design was based on buildings from her native Florence. The building is often compared to the far larger Palazzo Pitti where Queen Marie was born in 1575. In 1642, Marie left the Luxembourg to her second and favourite son, Gaston, Duke of Orléans. He called it the "Palais d'Orléans" but it was still known by its original name. Upon Gaston's death, the palace passed to his widow, Marguerite of Lorraine. Then it passed to his elder daughter by his first marriage, La Grande Mademoiselle. In 1660, Anne de Montpensier sold the Luxembourg to her younger half-sister, Élisabeth Marguerite d'Orléans, Duchess of Guise. The Duchess, in turn, gave it to her cousin, king Louis XIV, in 1694. In 1717 Philippe, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France gave the palace to his favourite daughter the Duchess of Berry. The building became infamous for the duchess's parties and sexual activities. She also hosted Peter the great there in 1717. The pregnancies of the young widow make scandal. At the end of March 1719, a new confinement badly prepared by her excesses, goes very badly. On the verge of death, she begs for extreme unction, which the church refuses her. On April 2, she is delivered of a stillborn child. Disgraced by the rumors of this birth, which all Paris talks about, the princess does not recover and dies in July at the castle of La Muette. At the autopsy, the doctors find her pregnant once again. +Sometime after the French Revolution it became a prison. During World War II it was a headquarters for the Luftwaffe. +References. +<br> + += = = Raif Dizdarević = = = +Raif Dizdarević (born 9 December 1926) is a Bosniak former politician. Dizdarević was born in Fojnica. During World War II, he fought in the armed resistance in the Partisans. +After the war, as a member of the Communist Party and friend of Josip Broz Tito, he became a strong political leader. From 1945 he was a member of the Department of State Security. + += = = Borisav Jović = = = +Borisav Jović (, ; 19 October 1928 – 13 September 2021) was a Serbian communist politician. He served as the Serbian member of the presidency of Yugoslavia during the late 1980s and early 1990s. +Jović died on 13 September 2021 at a military hospital in Belgrade, Serbia from COVID-19 at the age of 92. + += = = Claude Sitton = = = +Claude Fox Sitton (December 4, 1925 – March 10, 2015) was an American newspaper reporter and editor. He worked for "The New York Times" during the 1950s and 1960s, eventually becoming the paper's national editor. He served as editorial director of "Raleigh News and Observer" and "Raleigh Times". Sitton won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary in 1983. +Sitton died in hospice care in Atlanta, Georgia, from congestive heart failure at the age of 89. He is survived by his wife of 61 years, Eva Whetstone, and four children. + += = = Federal Communications Commission = = = +The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government. It was created by the United States Congress (Communications Act of 1934) to regulate communications. This includes radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. While it is an independent agency, the FCC does report to Congress. The FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission in 1934. +Commissioners. +The FCC has five commissioners who are appointed by the President of the United States. Their 5-year appointment is confirmed by the Senate. One commissioner is selected to serve as chairperson by the president. The rules state that only three of the five may be from the same political party. No commissioner may have any financial interest in any business regulated by the FCC. +Bureaus. +The FCC is organized into bureaus. + += = = Ada Jafri = = = +Ada Jafarey (22 August 1924 – 12 March 2015) was a Pakistani poet. She is thought to be as the first major Urdu poet who published as a woman. She had been called "The First Lady of Urdu Poetry". She had received awards including from the Government of Pakistan and literary societies of North America and Europe in recognition of her efforts. +Jafarey died in the evening of 12 March 2015 in a hospital in Karachi where she was being treated for a long-illness, at the age of 90. + += = = Tobin Bell = = = +Tobin Bell (born Joseph Henry Tobin, Jr.; August 7, 1942) is an American character actor. He is best known for his role of John Kramer/Jigsaw of the "Saw" movie series. + += = = Intercourse, Pennsylvania = = = +Intercourse (population: 1,494 as of 2020 census) is an unincorporated village and census-designated place in Leacock Township, Lancaster County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. + += = = IFK Nässjö = = = +IFK Nässjö is a sports club in the town of Nässjö in Sweden. It was established in 1924. The men's bandy team played in the 1944 qualifying rounds for the Swedish top division before being disestablished in 1968. +The women's bandy section was started in 2004 when it took over Nässjö IF's women's bandy team. The IFK Nässjö women's bandy team won the Swedish national championship in the year of 2009 and lost the national final in the years of 2008 and 2010. All three final games were played against AIK. The U-17 girls bandy team also won the Swedish national championship during the seasons of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006. +The club was appointed "IFK club of the year 2006" on 18 August 2007. +The club announced its withdrawal from the Swedish women's bandy top division on 23 August 2011 because of lack of players. + += = = Maggie Roswell = = = +Maggie Roswell (born November 14, 1952) is an American actress. She got both an Annie Award and an Emmy Award. She voiced the characters Maude Flanders, Miss Hoover and Helen Lovejoy in the animated series "The Simpsons". She got her acting break during the 1980s in movies including "Lost in America" and "Pretty in Pink". +The actress was born in Los Angeles, California. + += = = Marinilabiliaceae = = = +"Marinilabiliaceae" is a family of bacteria. The cells are flexible rods and thin. Mostly species are able to move smoothly. +Systematics. +Some genera: + += = = Selånger SK = = = +Selånger SK is a sports club in the town of Sundsvall in Sweden. It was established in 1921. The club runs bandy, soccer, Nordic skiing, orienteering and ski orienteering. It earlier even ran table tennis, cycling, track and field athletics, racewalking, handball and figure skating. The men's bandy team has played 26 seasons in the Swedish top division. +The club had an extra annual meeting on 19 June 1991. There it was decided to make the club became an alliance club starting on 1 October that year. It has three sections: Selånger SK Bandy, Selånger FK and Selånger SOK. Sven Selånger, Anna-Lisa Eriksson and Arja Hannus are the names of three famous skiers who have competed for the club. + += = = Interstate Commerce Commission = = = +The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) was a regulatory agency in the United States (created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887). The agency's original purpose was to regulate railroads. Later the trucking industry in the United States was added. The purpose was to ensure fair rates, to eliminate rate discrimination, and to regulate other aspects of common carriers. This included public transport bus service and telephone companies. Congress expanded ICC authority to regulate other modes of commerce beginning in 1906. The agency was abolished in 1995, and its remaining functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board. +The Commission's five members were appointed by the President of the United States. They were confirmed by the United States Senate. The commission was authorized to investigate violations of the Act and stop any wrongdoing. However, in its early years, ICC orders required an order by a federal court to become effective. The Commission was the first Independent regulatory body. They were also the first agency to regulate big businesses in the U.S. + += = = Rick Victor = = = +Eric Thompson (born December 4, 1980) is a Canadian professional wrestler currently working for the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), under the ring name Zyon. He is best known for his time in WWE under the ring names Rick Victor and Viktor. He was a part of the tag team The Ascension with Konnor. +He is a former one-time NXT Tag Team Champion with Konnor. They were the longest reigning NXT Tag Team Champions of all time, holding the titles for 364 days. + += = = Reg Strikes Back = = = +Reg Strikes Back is the 21st studio album by Elton John and was released on 24 June 1988. It went to top 20 in Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States. + += = = Betsy's Wedding = = = +Betsy's Wedding is a 1990 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by Alan Alda and produced by Martin Bregman. It stars Molly Ringwald as Betsy. Ally Sheedy plays Connie. Catherine O'Hara plays Gloria. Madeline Kahn plays Lola. +"Betsy's Wedding" got mixed reviews from critics. The run time is 94 minutes. + += = = Peachtree Road = = = +Peachtree Road is the twenty-eighth studio album by Elton John. The album was released on November 9, 2004. It lacked any big hit singles or music videos. The Los Angeles Times gave it three stars and a moderate review. They wrote "Forget about new melodies and themes: They must have trouble just thinking of new song titles." Entertainment Weekly gave it a B-. Their review said “Peachtree's few attempts to rock out are tame and hokey.” Overall, however the album got a score of 70. In sales it got a gold record. + += = = Patriot Games = = = +Patriot Games is a 1992 American action thriller movie. Harrison Ford plays retired CIA analyst Jack Ryan. Anne Archer plays his wife Cathy Ryan. Thora Birch plays his daughter Sally Ryan. Sean Bean plays the IRA terrorist who wants to avenge his brother's death by Jack Ryan during a failed assassination attempt, and kill Ryan and his family. This movie was released on June 5, 1992. It was a financial success at the box office. It got very good reviews. Its sequel is the 1994 movie "Clear and Present Danger". + += = = Vivian Bullwinkel = = = +Lieutenant-Colonel Vivian Bullwinkel, Mrs. Statham, AO, MBE, ARRC, FNM (18 December 1915 – 3 July 2000) was an Australian Army nurse during the Second World War. She was the only one alive from the Bangka Island Massacre. In that massacre, Japanese troops killed 21 of her fellow nurses on Radji Beach, Bangka Island (Indonesia) on 16 February 1942. +Events. +Japanese troops invaded British Malaya in December 1941. They went southward. They won several victories. By late January 1942, Japanese forces went through Johore. Australian hospital staff were told to get to Singapore. On 12 February, Bullwinkel and 65 other nurses boarded a steamship to escape. +Two days later, the ship was sunk by Japanese aircraft. Bullwinkel and many others made it ashore. There were about 100. They surrendered to the Japanese. An officer walked to Muntok, a town on the northwest of the island, to contact the Japanese. +In the Banka Island Massacre, Japanese soldiers came and killed the men. Then forced the nurses to go into the sea. They then machine-gunned the nurses from behind. Bullwinkel was struck by a bullet which passed completely through her body, missing her internal organs. She played dead until the soldiers left. She hid with British Army Private Cecil George Kingsley of the Royal Army Ordnance Corps for 12 days. She took care of his severe wounds. They were taken into captivity. Private Kingsley died soon after his wounds. + += = = Östersunds BS = = = +Östersunds BS is a bandy club in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was established on 5 September 1974 when Ope IF's bandy section was disestablished. The women's bandy team debuted in the Swedish top division during the season of 2013-2014. + += = = Sporosarcina = = = +Sporosarcina is a genus of bacteria. +The cells of "Sporosarcina" are either shaped like a rod or like a bowl (coccoid). Most species are able to move (motile). All species of "Sporosarcina" are capable of aerobic respiration using oxygen. Some species have the enzyme urease and can break down urea. The species "S. ureae" is common in the soil where cattle live. + += = = BK Ume-Trixa = = = +BK Ume-Trixa is a sports club in Umeå, Sweden. It was established in 1981. The club earlier played rink bandy and bandy. It now instead runs women's ice hockey. The women's bandy team played seven seasons in the Swedish top division. + += = = Schwerte = = = +Schwerte is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 48,000 people live there. Schwerte is in the Ruhr valley just north of the mountainous Sauerland region. The Ruhr river runs through the center of Schwerte. Schwerte is a popular cycling destination for tourists. +History. +Schwerte received civic rights in the 12th century. It was a member of the medieval Hanseatic League. During World War II Schwerte housed a branch of the Buchenwald concentration camp. The camp held 710 prisoners. +Controversy. +In 2015 Schwerte officials have proposed housing refugees at the site of the former concentration camp. The plan has been criticized as a bad idea by many Germans including the premier of North Rhine-Westphalia. Officials say the buildings were built after the war and should not be a problem. Refugees coming to Germany include those from Syria, Afghanistan, Eritrea, Kosovo and Serbia. + += = = Clostridia = = = +The Clostridia are a class of Firmicutes, including "Clostridium" and other similar genera. +The Clostridia are obligate anaerobes. They lack aerobic respiration, and oxygen is toxic to them. Species of the genus "Clostridium" are all Gram-positive and can form spores. +Studies show they are not a monophyletic group. In fact, they are highly polyphyletic. Their relationships are not certain. Most are put in the Clostridiales, but is not a natural group. It is likely to be redefined in the future. +Most species of the genus "Clostridium" are saprophytic organisms found in many places, most notably the soil. However, the genus does contain some human pathogens. +The toxins produced by some members of the "Clostridium" genus are among the most dangerous known. Examples are tetanus toxin (known as tetanospasmin) produced by "C. tetani" and botulinum toxin produced by "C. botulinum". +Notable species of this class include: +Heliobacteria are also members of the class Clostridia. + += = = Planococcaceae = = = +The Planococcaceae are a family of gram-positive bacteria. Most of the species are capable of aerobic respiration using oxygen. Some others can live without oxygen, they are anaerobic organism. + += = = Alicyclobacillaceae = = = +The Alicyclobacillaceae are a family of gram-positive bacteria. Some of them are thermophiles, they can live at around . They also tolerate acidic pH levels of 1.5–5.5. They can make endospores. Alicyclobacillaceae are found in soil, water and in geothermal springs. + += = = Deep, Deep Trouble = = = +"Deep, Deep Trouble" is a 1990 song performed by Bart Simpson. It is about Bart getting in trouble. He is told to mow the lawn by father Homer Simpson. The song was from the 1990 album "The Simpsons Sing the Blues". +The song was released in early 1991. It charted in many countries. It reached #1 in Ireland. + += = = Lana Parrilla = = = + Lana Maria Parrilla (born July 15, 1977) is an American actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She is the younger daughter of Sam Parrilla. She was regular cast member on the season five of ABC situation comedy, "Spin City", from 2000 to 2001. Parrilla later starred in the drama "Boomtown" (2002-2003). Then she starred in "Windfall" (2006), "Swingtown" (2008) and "Miami Medical" (2010). She also played the role of 'Sarah Gavin' on the season four of Fox series "24" in 2005. In 2011, Parrilla began starring as The 'Evil Queen'/'Regina Mills' in the ABC fantasy drama series, "Once Upon a Time". + += = = Ana María Giunta = = = +Ana María Giunta (1 March 1943 – 14 March 2015) was an Argentine actress. She was known for her roles in "S.O.S Gulubú" (1986), "A King and His Movie" (1986), and in "Eversmile, New Jersey" (1989). Giunta was born in Concepción del Uruguay, Argentina. +Giunta died in Buenos Aires, Argentina from respiratory failure, aged 72. + += = = Narayan Desai = = = +Narayan Desai (24 December 1924 – 15 March 2015) was an Indian Gandhian and author. He was the son of Mahatma Gandhi's personal secretary and biographer Mahadev Desai. He was born in Bulsar (now Valsad), Gujarat. During his career, he wrote many books about the ideas and life of Gandhi. +Desai died in Surat, India from a short-illness, aged 90. + += = = Valentin Rasputin = = = +Valentin Grigoriyevich Rasputin (; 15 March 193714 March 2015) was a Russian writer. He was born and lived much of his life in the Irkutsk Oblast in Eastern Siberia. +Rasputin's works show rootless urban characters and the fight for survival of centuries-old traditional rural ways of life. Rasputin's work are about the hard questions of ethics and spiritual revival. +Rasputin died a day short of his 78th birthday on 14 March 2015 in Moscow. + += = = Mike Porcaro = = = +Michael Joseph Porcaro (May 29, 1955 – March 15, 2015) was an American bass player known for his work with Toto. He retired from touring in 2007 because he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease. +He was the middle son of Joe Porcaro. His elder brother was Jeff Porcaro. His younger brother is Steve Porcaro. +Porcaro died from complications of ALS in his sleep at his home in Los Angeles, California, aged 59. + += = = Ruhr = = = +The Ruhr is a river in western Germany. It flows into the Rhine River. +It is long. The Ruhr begins near the town of Winterberg and flows into the Rhine River near Düsseldorf. Winterberg is located in the Sauerland region and Düsseldorf lies in North Rhine-Westphalia in the west of Germany. It runs through Arnsberg, Iserlohn, Schwerte, Bochum and Essen, among other cities. +Several Ruhr-area cities joined the Hanseatic league during the middle ages. The Ruhr became a center for business and industry. Beginning in the mid 14th century coal was mined along the Ruhr. It became a center for coal and steel production in Germany for over 200 years. In the mid 20th century coal and steel industries came to an end. The buildings were then used for cultural events and entertainment purposes. + += = = Arrondissements of the Landes department = = = +There are 2 arrondissements in the Landes department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture. +If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture. +Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes. +The arrondissements of Landes are: +History. +Since its creation, the Landes department has had few changes: + += = = Arrondissement of Dax = = = +The arrondissement of Dax is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Landes "département". Its capital, and subprefecture of the department, is the city of Dax. +History. +When the "arrondissements" were created in 1800, Dax was one of them in the Landes department. +Geography. +The "arrondissement" of Dax is in the southwest of the Landes department; it has an area of , and a population of 220,656 inhabitants; its population density is of inhabitants/km2. +The "arrondissement" is bordered to the north and east by the "arrondissement" of Mont-de-Marsan, to the south by the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department and to the west by the Bay of Biscay (Atlantic Ocean). +Composition. +Cantons. +After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". +In the "arrondissement" of Dax, there are only two cantons where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Côte d'Argent and Pays morcenais tarusate. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": +Communes. +The "arrondissement" of Dax has 152 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): +The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are: + += = = Arrondissement of Mont-de-Marsan = = = +The arrondissement of Mont-de-Marsan is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Landes "département" in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Mont-de-Marsan. +History. +When the Landes department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Mont-de-Marsan was part of that original department. +Geography. +The "arrondissement of Mont-de-Marsan" is the northernmost of the "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of , the largest of the department. It has 179,821 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km2. +The "arrondissement" is bordered to the north by the Gironde department, to the northeast by the Lot-et-Garonne department, to the east by the Gers department (Occitanie region), to the south by the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Dax and the Atlantic Ocean. +Composition. +Cantons. +After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". +In the "arrondissement" of Mont-de-Marsan, there are two canton where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Côte d'Argent and Pays morcenais tarusate. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements": +Communes. +The "arrondissement" of Mont-de-Marsan has 178 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): +The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are: + += = = Dax, Landes = = = +Dax ("Dacs" in Gascon) is a commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in south-western France, sub-prefecture of the Landes department. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Dax and of 2 "cantons" in the department: Dax-1 and Dax-2. +It is well-known spa town, specialising in mud treatment for rheumatism and similar medical problems. +History. +Dax was first established by the Romans, and its name was "Civitas Aquensium". In the Middle Ages, it was administered by viscounts until 1177. when Henry II Plantagenet, later King of England, got the Aquitaine. Dax remained under the English rule until 1451, when it was conquered by the French troops before the end of the Hundred Years' War. +Geography. +Dax is, in straight line, at about from the beaches of southern Landes, from Bayonne, from Bordeaux, from Mont-de-Marsan and from Pau. +The "commune" has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . +The city of Dax is mainly on the left side of the Adour river. +Climate. +The climate of Dax is Marine West Coast Climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers. +Population. +The inhabitants of Dax are known, in French, as "Dacquois" (women: "Dacquoises"). +With a population of 20,485, Dax has a population density of inhabitants/km2. +Evolution of the population in Dax +Dax forms, with 12 other "communes", the urban area of Dax with a population of 49,853 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Dax, formed by 31 "communes", with a population of 64,937 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . +Administration. +Dax is a subprefecture of the Landes department since 1800. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Dax and the administrative centre () of two "cantons": +Twin towns. +Dax is twinned with: + += = = Cyclone Pam = = = +Cyclone Pam is a 2015 Pacific Ocean tropical cyclone. The storm caused major devastation in Vanuatu. It is the second most intense storm according to pressure, after Cyclone Zoe in 2002. The storm has killed many people and caused heavy damage. +Pam formed March 6 east of the Solomon Islands. It reached Category 5 on Saffir-Simpson Scale. It caused damaging storm surges in certain areas. + += = = Andrea Zorzi = = = +Andrea Zorzi (born July 29, 1965 in Noale, Province of Venice) is an Italian retired volleyball player, who won two World Championships with the Italy men's national volleyball team (1990 and 1994). He was popularly known as Zorro. +After his debut in Bormio in 1986, he totalled 325 caps with Italian national team. He was a silver medalist in the 1996 Summer Olympics and also competed at the 1988 and 1992 games. Playing for almost all the major volleyball clubs of Italy, including Maxicono Parma and Sisley Treviso, he won several titles: these include two Italian Championships (1990, 1996) and one European Champions League in 1995. In 1991 he was declared World's Best Player by FIVB. + += = = Anthony Minichiello = = = +Anthony Minichiello (born 24 May 1980) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer. He played his entire career (2000–14) for the Sydney Roosters of the National Rugby League, captaining them for his final two seasons. He played more games and scored the most tries for the club than any other player in its history. He played in six grand finals, winning two in 2002 and 2013. +Personal life. +Minichiello was born in Liverpool, in south-west Sydney, New South Wales. He is of Italian ancestry. His younger brother, Mark, also plays rugby league. He has been married to shoe designer Terry Biviano since January 2012. In December 2013, their daughter, Azura Trésor, was born. + += = = Yacht = = = +A yacht (pronounced "yot") is a type of boat which is mainly used for recreation. It usually has a cabin, so it does not need to return to the harbour overnight. Originally, yachts were sailing-boats, but now there are also motor yachts. The name comes from the Dutch word "jachtschip", which originally meant "hunting-boat" or "fast boat". Yachts have a fixed keel. +A yacht can vary in size from about 20 feet (6 metres) to 200 feet (60 metres) or more. +Most privately owned yachts fall in the range of about -; the cost of building and keeping a yacht rises quickly as length increases. In the United States, sailors tend to refer to smaller yachts as sailboats, while referring to the general sport of sailing as yachting. In sailboat racing, a yacht is any sailing vessel taking part in a race. + += = = Dhoom = = = +Dhoom () is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language action thriller movie. This movie was directed by Sanjay Gadhvi. This movie was produced by Aditya Chopra. Two sequels to the film titled Dhoom 2 and Dhoom 3 were released in 2006 and 2013. +Plot. +The story starts in the city of Mumbai, where a motorbike gang (a gang of robbers on hi-tech motorbikes, led by charismatic Kabir, is sweeping through Mumbai, outwitting the police at every turn) starts breaking into banks and other public places and vanishes onto the Western Express Highway. +Assistant Commissioner of Police Jai Dixit (Abhishek Bachchan), a no-nonsense cop, is called onto the case. Dixit seeks the help of a local bike dealer/racer named Ali Akbar Fateh Khan (Uday Chopra) and devises a trap to catch the gang, but it fails. Kabir (John Abraham), the leader of the gang, eventually taunts Dixit, claiming that Dixit can't catch him even if he is right in front of him. He is proven correct, and Dixit's failure apparently causes him to part ways with Ali. +Lure to gang. +Kabir then lures Ali into his gang as a substitute for Rohit, the gang member who was killed by Dixit. Ali falls in love with Sheena (Esha Deol), another gang member. The gang later goes to Goa to perform one last big heist before disbanding forever. Kabir sets his eyes on the largest casino in all of India. Kabir and his gang swiftly loot the casino on New Year's Eve, but they soon realize that Dixit has led them right into a trap. It is revealed that Ali was working for Dixit the whole time, and a fight ensues. +Escape. +Kabir manages to escape from Dixit and goes back to the gang's truck, where Ali has kept Sheena bound and gagged. Kabir then viciously beats up Ali for his betrayal, but Ali is saved by Dixit's timely arrival at the scene. The gang flees, except for Sheena, while Dixit and Ali give chase to Kabir. They kill all the other gang members except Kabir, who tries to escape on his bike. He is cornered by Dixit and Ali with nowhere to go. Kabir decides to take his own life rather than let Dixit arrest him, and he rides his bike over the edge of a cliff into the water to his death. The film ends with Dixit and Ali arguing with each other, albeit in a friendly way. +Production. +Aditya Chopra initially had car chases in mind instead of bikes, but Sanjay Gadhvi convinced him otherwise as the rider's faces can be seen, and he had a craze for bikes in his youth. + += = = Abhishek Bachchan = = = +Abhishek Bachchan (born 5 February 1976) is an Indian movie actor, producer and occasional playback singer. He is the son of famous Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan and Jaya Bachchan. +Bachcahn made his acting debut in 2000 with J. P. Dutta's war film, "Refugee".This was followed by over a dozen of films which were both critical and commercial disasters.His first commercial success came with the 2004 action film "Dhoom", which changed his career prospects. Bachchan later earned critical appreciation for his performances in films such as "Yuva" (2004), "Sarkar" (2005), and "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna" (2006), all of which garnered him three consecutive Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor.In 2007, he portrayed "Gurukant Desai" a character loosely based on Dhirubhai Ambani in Mani Ratnam's drama film "Guru", which earned him a nomination for Filmfare Award for Best Actor. +Biography. +He was born in Bombay on February 5, 1976 in the family of the famous actor Amitabh Bachchan and actress Jaya Bhaduri. He studied in Switzerland, at the prestigious private school Aiglon College. +In 2000, Abhishek made his debut in Forsaken, directed by J.P. Dutt. The film was not a commercial success, but received critical acclaim for its performance. +In 2004, the movie "Bikers" was released, where he played a Mumbai police officer looking for a gang of robbers on motorcycles. The film became a "blockbuster" and his next works "All is not Lost" and "Dance Inspiration" were also commercial success. +In 2006, in the film "Never Say Goodbye", Abhishek played the role of Rishi Talvar, whose wife has an affair on the side. +From 2010 to 2012, four films with his participation failed at the box office. + += = = Dhoom 2 = = = +Dhoom 2 () is a 2006 Hindi-language action thriller movie. +Production. +The movie was directed by Sanjay Gadhvi. It was produced by Aditya Chopra. The movie stars Hrithik Roshan, Abhishek Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai, Uday Chopra and Bipasha Basu in the lead roles. It is the second installment in the "Dhoom" series. It was released on November 24, 2006 and was generally well received by critics and audiences. In addition, it was a blockbuster at the box office. It became the highest-grossing Indian movie of 2006. and the highest-grossing Bollywood movie of all time as well at the time of its release. It is the seventh-highest grossing Bollywood movie in overseas markets. A sequel titled "Dhoom 3" was released on 20 December 2013, which also went on to become the twelfth-highest-grossing Hindi film to date, and the highest-grossing Hindi film of all time as well at the time of its release. +Plot. +In the Namib Desert. "Mr. A" skydives onto a train that is carrying the Queen Elizabeth II, where he steals her crown by disguising himself as the Queen, beats her guards easily, and escapes. ACP Jai Dixit and the newly promoted SI Ali Akbar Khan are introduced to Shonali Bose, a special officer assigned to investigate Mr. A's case, who also happens to be Jai's former classmate. After the initial investigation, Jai analyses the underlying trend in Mr. A's heists and concludes that the theft will follow in one of two famous Mumbai city museums. When Jai realizes that the artifact in the museum he is guarding happens to be imperfect, he rushes to the other museum, where a disguised Mr. A steals a rare diamond and escapes. +While he is about to catch a flight, Mr. A sees on the TV that someone else claiming to be himself, challenges the cops by saying that he will steal an ancient warrior sword. In response, Jai, Bose, and Khan enforce a strict guard at the location of the sword. At night, Mr. A meets the real thief, the one who made the claim on TV, in the room that holds the sword. The police are alerted, but they manage to steal the sword, Shonali is injured in the confrontation, and they manage to escape. The impersonator turns out to be Sunehri, a woman who idolises Mr. A; Sunehri convinces Mr. A to form an alliance, but he turns her down. After a game of basketball between the two, Mr. A finally agrees to work together. +In Rio de Janeiro, Mr. A and Sunehri plan their next heist. As Jai's analysis has named Rio the location of Mr. A's next heist, Jai and Ali travel to the city. There they meet Monali, Shonali's twin sister, who only speaks English, and Ali immediately falls for her. Later, Sunehri meets with Jai to discuss how things are going between her and Mr. A, revealing that they are working together, and Jai is using her by ensuring her freedom from prison. To get close to Mr. A and find out what his next plan is, they can catch and arrest him, but Sunehri begins to have her doubts. Mr. A and Sunehri fall in love with each other, and Mr. A unveils his real identity Aryan Singh to her. However, during the Rio Carnival, disguised as one of the entertainers, Aryan sees Sunehri and Jai together and realizes that Sunehri has been working undercover for Jai. +The next day, Aryan forces Sunehri to play a game of Russian roulette. Sunehri cries and refuses to shoot him, but Aryan forces her to play. After six attempted shots, neither is killed, because Aryan never loaded the gun. Sunehri admits she betrayed Aryan and confesses her love for him. In their final heist, Aryan and Sunehri successfully steal some early Lydian coins while disguised as performing dwarfs. With the heist successfully pulled off, Jai realises that he has been betrayed, and she called him on the phone to confirm that she wants to stay with Aryan and does not wish to remain allied with Jai, forcing Jai and Ali to go after them. After the chase, all of them end up on the top of a waterfall, where Ali catches Sunehri. Sunehri, despite conveying her feelings for Aryan, shoots him. Aryan falls from the waterfall, after which Jai allows Sunehri to go free. +Six months later, it is revealed that Aryan survived and has opened a restaurant in the Fiji islands with Sunehri. Jai meets Aryan and Sunehri at the restaurant and states that despite their crimes, he does not wish to imprison the couple. Aryan tells him where all the stolen artefacts can be found via a digital watch. Jai is aware of the couple's feelings towards each other and releases them with a warning against returning to their life of crime. After leaving, Jai receives a phone call, and informs Ali that they should be heading back to India for their next case. + += = = Dhoom 3 = = = +Dhoom 3 () is a Hindi-language 2013 action thriller movie. This movie was directed by Sanjay Gadhvi. It is a sequel to "Dhoom 2". The movie was produced by Aditya Chopra. +Plot. +In the year 1990, "The Great Indian Circus" owned by Iqbal Haroon Khan (Jackie Shroff) in Chicago, Illinois gets closed when he is unable to repay his loan. Sahir, his little son, pleads that the two would soon turn the corner. But Iqbal's rejected and commits suicide in front of the heartless bank leader Anderson. Twenty-three years later, Sahir (Aamir Khan) robs various branches of the Western Bank of Chicago. Despite all efforts of law enforcement, the robbery isn't foiled, and he successfully gets away. Officer Victoria (Tabrett Bethell) calls ACP Jai Dixit (Abhishek Bachchan) and his partner, Sub-Inspector Ali Akbar Fateh Khan (Uday Chopra), for help in solving the case. Jai baits Sahir into robbing again by making it known he's on the case and that the thief's an amateur. On the other hand, Sahir starts the Great Indian Circus again, which was closed due to Iqbal's death. That is where he appoints Aaliya Hussain (Katrina Kaif), a new acrobat in his circus. Sahir poses as an informant for Jai, and manages to gather information on the bank while giving Jai a lead to follow. Eventually, Sahir robs the bank and escapes, but Jai and Ali follow him. Jai, while hanging on a helicopter ladder, manages to shoot Sahir on the left shoulder before he disappears. +Sahir has a big premiere of The Great Indian Circus, with his female lead acrobat, Aaliya, involving a trick with him disappearing in one place and showing up in another. The show is a success, but afterwards, Jai, Ali, and the police surround him, knowing he's the thief. Jai says the proof will be the gunshot wound, but when Sahir is examined, there is no evidence anywhere on his body. It is then revealed that Sahir has an autistic twin brother, Samar, who helps him pull off his trick, helps him in planning and pulling of the robberies, and he also shows it was Samar who sustained the wound. +Jai is fired from the case, but is encouraged by Ali to prove Sahir's guilt. Jai eventually finds out about Samar, and sets about finding a way to corner Sahir. Samar, being mentally challenged, is kept in seclusion by Sahir. However, he allows Samar outdoors once a week, and Jai manages to befriend him during this time in order to perform his plan. Samar has fallen in love with Aaliya after performing with her in the circus, but cannot express it. This leads to a rift between the brothers. Jai tries to take advantage of this, but Sahir finds out and thwarts Jai's plan to stop them. When Sahir comes in the disguise of Samar, Jai reveals his true identity and, assuming him to be Samar, tells him to surrender since he can give them justice. When Sahir reveals himself, he ties Jai to the track of a roller coaster. He switches the roller coaster on, but Ali arrives in time to save him from being crushed. He decides the only way to catch the brothers is in the act of robbing. Sahir and Samar pull off their final bank heist, and escape. However, the following day, Jai manages to corner them as they're making their way out of town. Samar is hesitant to run when Aaliya shows up, begging him to stop. Sahir surrenders to Jai, asking him to spare Samar. Jai agrees, but right after, Sahir attempts to jump off the dam. Samar grabs Sahir's hand, refusing to let him go. Sahir begs Samar otherwise, saying he can live freely with Aaliya. But Samar says that both of them are born together and should die together. Soon Samar loses his grip, and the two of them fall into the abyss, but smiling at each other. Western Bank of Chicago is shut down as a result of the heists, while Aaliya is shown having taken over The Great Indian Circus and still performing for it. + += = = Clocks (song) = = = +"Clocks" is the third song on British alternative rock band Coldplay's second studio album, "A Rush of Blood to the Head". The song was released on 10 December 2002. +Awards. +On the "Billboard" charts, "Clocks" was able to peak at #4 on the Adult Top 40, #9 on the Modern Rock Tracks, #21 on the Mainstream Top 40, and #29 on the Hot 100 charts. +In 2004, "Clocks" won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year. It was also nominated in the category of Best Single at the 2003 Q Awards. Pitchfork Media ranked the song #68 on their Top 100 Singles of 2000-04 list and at #155 on their 500 Greatest Songs of the 2000s. + += = = Astro Boy (movie) = = = +Astro Boy is an American-Hong Kong-Chinese science fiction action-comedy superhero fantasy computer-animated movie. It is based on the manga of the same name. +This movie was released first in Hong Kong on October 8, 2009. It was released in Japan on October 10, 2009. It was released in the United States on October 23, 2009. + += = = Poland men's national volleyball team = = = +The Poland national men's volleyball team is the national volleyball team from Poland, controlled by the "Polski Związek Piłki Siatkowej" (PZPS), which represents the country in international competitions and friendly matches. Poland is one of the world's strongest teams, it is the reigning world champion since 2014 and is ranked third (as of August 2015) in the FIVB world ranking. +Statistics. +1Friendly tournament, not included in the statistics +Olympic Games. +1964 — did not participa +te +1984 to 1992 — did not participate +2000 — did not participate +World Championship. +1990 to 1994 — did not participate +World Cup. +1985 to 2007 — did not participate +European Championship. +1948 — did not participate +1951 — did not participate +1987 — did not participate +1997 to 1999 — did not participate +World Grand Champions Cup. +1993 to 2005 — did not participate +2013 — did not participate +World League. +1990 to 1997 — did not participate +1 players during all matches of intercontinental round +European League. +1 Polish national team B +European Games. +1 Polish national team B +Current roster. +Team A. +"Updated: 25 August 2015" +Represent Poland at:: +Team B. +Represent Poland at:: + += = = United States men's national volleyball team = = = +The United States men's national volleyball team is the national team for the United States of America. It is governed by USA Volleyball. + += = = Moraxella = = = +Moraxella is a genus of bacteria. It is named after Victor Morax, a Swiss eye specialist (ophthalmologist). They are gram-negative. +The cells are short rods or cocci. "Moraxella catarrhalis" can cause chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. + += = = Sugar Hill Records (rap) = = = +Sugar Hill Records was an American record label. It was set up by Joe and Sylvia Robinson in 1974 to be the first label issuing exclusively rap music. Their first release came out five years later. It was "Rapper's Delight" by the Sugar Hill Gang. +Sugar Hill Records went bankrupt in 1986. + += = = Casablanca Records = = = +Casablanca Records is an American recording label. It is owned by Universal Music Group. Casablanca operates under Republic Records. The label became most successful as a disco label in the 1970s. It currently operates as an electronic dance music label under the direction of Tommy Mottola. + += = = ABC Dunhill Records = = = +ABC Records purchased Dunhill Records in 1966, forming ABC Dunhill Records. They purchased Don Robey's record labels on May 23, 1973. These included Duke Records, Peacock Records, Back Beat Records and Song Bird Records. +Later on, they also purchased the Famous Music record labels from Gulf and Western in 1974. These included Dot Records and Blue Thumb Records. With the Famous acquisition, ABC gained a distribution deal with Sire Records. ABC distributed (through Sire) the first releases by punk band the Ramones. Sire switched to Warner Bros. distribution in 1977, being sold to WB a year later. + += = = Moraxellaceae = = = +Moraxellaceae are a family of bacteria. They are gram-negative. Some are pathogens. "Moraxella catarrhalis" can cause Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. "Moraxella bovis" cause in cattle the so-called pink eye. +Systematics. +The family belongs to the Gammaproteobacteria. It contains the following of genera: + += = = Anna Atkins = = = +Anna Atkins (16 March, 1799 – 9 June, 1871) was an English botanist and photographer. Atkins used cyanotypes to photograph algae and make books about them. +Early life. +Anna Atkins was born in Tonbridge, England. Her mother died soon after giving birth to her. + += = = Cyanotype = = = +Cyanotype is a photographic printing process, which produces prints that are blue. John Herschel discovered the process in 1842. Engineers used the process well into the 20th century as a simple and low-cost process to produce copies of drawings, referred to as blueprints. The process uses two chemicals: ammonium iron(III) citrate and potassium ferricyanide. + += = = Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar = = = +Iris Yassmin Barrios Aguilar is a judge. She was the president of one of Guatemala’s two High Risk Court Tribunals. A High Risk Court Tribunal is a kind of court that has authority in difficult cases. The cases are likely to cause people to become upset because they are related to politics or government. +In 2014, Barrios received an International Women of Courage Award from the United States Department of State. +Barrios was in charge of the trial of Efraín Ríos Montt, who ruled Guatemala with total authority. This trial was the first time a national court tried a former leader of a country for genocide. That trial decided that Montt was responsible for committing the crime of genocide against Ixil Mayans. The trial finished in 2013. +However, on May 20th, 2013, the Constitutional Court of Guatemala decided that the decision was wrong and changed the decision. It ordered the trial to start again, because of a disagreement over the judges. Officials said that Ríos Montt's trial will start again in January 2015. +In April 2014, Barrios' authority as a judge was suspended for a year. This was because of a complaint against her by a lawyer who had a part in the trial of Efrain Rios Montt. + += = = Catuskoti = = = +Catuskoti is the idea in Buddhism that statements can be either true, false, both true and false, or neither true nor false. + += = = Rusudan Gotsiridze = = = +Rusudan Gotsiridze ( born 8 February 1975) is a bishop of the Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia. She is a political activist for women's rights. In 2014, Gotsiridze received the International Women of Courage Award. +Gotsiridze was the first female Baptist bishop in Georgia. She supports a policy of women's equality. Gotsiridze has spoken out against the use of physical force to harm women. She started a series of discussions between religious groups in order to prevent disagreements and to help minority religions. She was also one of the first members of the religious community in Georgia to publicly support the rights of the LGBT community. Gotsiridze spoke at the sixth United Nations Forum on Minority Issues about religious minorities in Georgia. + += = = 13 Ghosts = = = +13 Ghosts is a 1960 horror movie. This movie was directed by William Castle. It was written by Robb White. It was released in 10 July, 1960. + += = = Thirteen Ghosts = = = +Thirteen Ghosts is a 2001 American horror movie. This movie was directed by Steve Beck. It was a remake of the 1960 movie "13 Ghosts". + += = = ABC Africa = = = +ABC Africa is an 2001 Iranian documentary movie. This movie was directed by Abbas Kiarostami. + += = = Dagon (movie) = = = +Dagon is a 2001 Spanish movie. This movie was directed by Stuart Gordon. It was written by Dennis Paoli. + += = = The Happy Cricket = = = +The Happy Cricket is a 2001 animated children's fantasy movie. The movie was directed by Walbercy Riabs. It was released on 20 July 2001. + += = = Bernie Sanders = = = +Bernard "Bernie" Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician. He is the Senior United States senator from Vermont. He is an Independent, but often votes with the Democratic Party in the Senate. He became senator on January 3, 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2016 and in 2020, coming in second place both times. He is often seen as a leader of the progressivism movement in the United States. +Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1964. While a student, he was active in organizing protests for civil rights. In 1963, he took part in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, where Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his "I Have a Dream" speech. +Sanders was elected mayor of Burlington, Vermont in 1981. He was re-elected three times. In 1991, he became a United States representative for Vermont's at-large congressional district. He was a congressman for 16 years. In 2006, he was elected to the U.S. Senate after he won 64.5% of the vote. In 2012, he was re-elected by winning almost 71% of the vote. In 2018, he was re-elected by winning nearly 68% of the vote. +Sanders calls himself a democratic socialist. He thinks that a social democratic government for the United States is a good idea. Sanders is against income inequality and is supporting universal health care, parental leave and LGBT rights. He is against racial inequality and mass surveillance. In January 2015, Sanders became a member of the Senate Budget Committee. Sanders has been seen as the most popular senator in the country by multiple yearly polls. +On April 30, 2015, Sanders became a candidate for the Democratic Party's nomination for President in the 2016 United States presidential election. He made the announcement in a speech on the Capitol lawn. His campaign started on May 26 in Burlington. Unlike some of the other presidential candidates, Sanders did not want Super PACS to give him money. People give him money on his website. He won 22 primaries and caucuses in the 2016 Democratic primaries. He won about 45% of pledged delegates to Hillary Clinton's 55%. On July 12, 2016, he formally endorsed Clinton due to DNC policies, but did not end his own presidential campaign. On July 26, 2016, during a roll-call vote at the 2016 Democratic National Convention Sanders lost the nomination to Clinton. +After his presidential campaign ended, he started an organization, Our Revolution. Its goal is to "recruit and support candidates for local, state, and national office". He has also announced the upcoming creation of The Sanders Institute, which will spread his political ideas through documentary movies and other media. In February 2017, Sanders began webcasting "The Bernie Sanders Show" on Facebook. +On February 19, 2019, Sanders announced a second presidential campaign for the Democratic nomination in the 2020 presidential election. His 2020 campaign had raised over four million in donations from individual donors, the largest than any other presidential candidate in history. In early 2020, Sanders was seen as the front-runner for the nomination after winning the first three primary contests and leading in national polling numbers, but after Joe Biden won most of the Super Tuesday contests in March the primary became more competitive. After failing to win many primary states, Sanders ended his campaign on April 8, 2020, later supporting Biden's campaign for President. +Early life. +Sanders was born in Brooklyn, New York to Eli Sanders and to Dorothy Glassberg. His father was a Jewish immigrant born in Słopnice, Poland in 1904. His mother was born to Jewish parents in New York City in 1912. He has an older brother, Larry. His grandparents were murdered in the Holocaust. His mother died in 1960 and his father died in 1962. +Sanders studied at Brooklyn College. After he graduated from college, Sanders went to the University of Chicago. When he studied in Chicago, Sanders was a leader of the University of Chicago sit-ins in 1962 because of segregation at the university. He graduated from the university in 1964 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science. He said that he was an average student who thought that classrooms were boring and that his community activism was more important. +He was one of thousands of students who traveled by bus to Washington, D.C., to be part of the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Later that summer, he was found guilty of resisting arrest during a protest against segregation in Chicago's public schools and was fined $25. +Early career. +Liberty Union campaigns, 1971–79. +Sanders began his political career in 1971 as a member of the Liberty Union Party. He was the Liberty Union candidate for Governor of Vermont in 1972 and 1976. He was also a candidate for senator in 1972 and 1974. In the 1974 Senate election, Sanders lost to Patrick Leahy and to Dick Mallary. In 1979, Sanders resigned from the party. +He worked as a writer and director for the American People's Historical Society (APHS). When he worked at APHS, he made a 30-minute documentary about Eugene V. Debs. +Mayor of Burlington, 1981–89. +After Sanders's failed run for governor, close friend Richard Sugarman wanted him to be a candidate for mayor of Burlington. Sanders won the election in February 1981. He beat the six-term mayor Gordon Paquette by ten votes. He took office on April 6, 1981. +As mayor, Sanders wanted to fix Burlington's Lake Champlain. In 1981, Sanders was against Tony Pomerleau. Sanders did not want Pomerleau to change the industrial lake property owned by the Central Vermont Railway. He did not want the waterfront to become expensive condominiums, hotels, and offices. +Sanders used the slogan "Burlington is not for sale". He supported a plan that changed the waterfront area into a district with housing, parks, and public space. As of 2016, the lake area has a public beach and bike paths, along with a boathouse, many parks, and a science center. +In 1987, U.S. News named Sanders as one of America's best mayors. He was a big critic of President Ronald Reagan and his policies on income inequality. +When he was mayor, Sanders helped to fix the city's budget. Sanders left office on April 4, 1989. For a short time, Sanders taught political science at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government in 1989 and at Hamilton College in 1991. +United States representative, 1991–2007. +In 1988, Republican congressman at the time Jim Jeffords wanted to become senator. This left an open office in Vermont's at-large congressional district. +Sanders became a candidate for the seat as an Independent, but he lost the election. In 1990, Sanders became a candidate for the seat again and defeated Peter Plympton Smith by 16%. Sanders became the first independent elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 40 years. Sanders' 1990 victory was called by "The Washington Post" and others as the "First Socialist Elected" to the United States House of Representatives in many years. Sanders continued to win re-elections with many votes. +In 1991, Sanders co-founded the Congressional Progressive Caucus. He chaired the grouping of mostly liberal Democrats for the first eight years. In 1993, Sanders voted for a bill supported by the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) to stop lawsuits against gun companies. He was against the Brady Bill. +After Ron Dellums left Congress in 1998, Sanders was the only member of Congress who called himself a socialist. +Sanders voted against the Iraq Resolutions in 1991 and 2002. He was against the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He voted for the allowed use of military force against terrorists. The authorization looked for good reasons to use military actions after the September 11 attacks. +Sanders is against the Patriot Act. As a member of Congress, he voted against the original Patriot Act. Sanders voted for several acts that would block the Patriot Act. +United States senator, 2007–present. +After Jim Jeffords retired from the Senate in 2006, Sanders became senator when he won the Senate election with 65% of the vote. During the election season, then-Senator Barack Obama supported Sanders and campaigned with him in Vermont. +Sanders has been a leading voice on issues such as income inequality, climate change, and campaign finance reform. Sanders continued to be a major critic on mass surveillance policies such as the Patriot Act. +On December 10, 2010, Sanders gave a 81⁄2-hour speech against the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010. After the speech, people wanted Sanders to be a candidate for president in the 2012 presidential election. +Sanders' filibuster was published in February 2011 by Nation Books as "The Speech: A Historic Filibuster on Corporate Greed and the Decline of Our Middle Class". +In 2012, he was re-elected with almost 71% of the vote beating Republican John MacGovern. +On January 3, 2013, Sanders became chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs. After his term as chairman ended on January 3, 2015, Sanders became a member of the Senate Budget Committee. Sanders made proposals to raise the minimum wage, stop income inequality, and increase Social Security payments. +Sanders is the longest serving Independent member of Congress in American history. In November 2015, Sanders changed parties and became a member of the Democratic Party. On July 26, 2016, however shortly after losing the Democratic presidential nomination, Sanders said he would serve as an Independent in the Senate. +Following Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential election, Sanders accepted his victory and promised to work with Trump. +On January 4, 2017, while on the Senate floor, Sanders showed a large cutout of a tweet by President-elect Trump from May 2015 where Trump said he was the "first & only potential GOP candidate" who opposed any cuts to Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid, citing it as what Trump appealed to older voters to elect him on. +While in Los Angeles on February 19, Sanders called Trump "a pathological liar". He promised the defeat of "Trump and Trumpism and the Republican right-wing ideology." +On March 30, two days after President Trump signed an "Energy Independence" executive order, Sanders called Trump's choice to focus on job creation over climate change is "nonsensical, and stupid, and dangerous". +Sanders was against the nomination of Neil Gorsuch for the Supreme Court. He outlined his issues with Gorsuch in an April 4, 2017 appearance on the Senate floor. Sanders said he believed Gorsuch would support removing restrictions on campaign finance and would vote to overturn Roe v. Wade. +On April 7, 2017, Sanders showed disapproval of President Trump's ordered airstrike from the day before: "If there’s anything we should’ve learned from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, in which the lives of thousands of brave American men and women and hundreds of thousands of Iraqi and Afghan civilians have been lost and trillions of dollars spent, it’s that it’s easier to get into a war than out of one." +In May 2017, Sanders endorsed Labour Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 United Kingdom general election. +On June 11, 2017, Sanders was a keynote speaker at the People's Summit in Chicago, Illinois. In his speech, Sanders discussed of a plan that "can enhance and expand issue campaigns and hold all elected officials accountable to popular demands for justice, equality, and freedom". During his speech, he repeatedly criticized the Democratic Party, calling it an "absolute failure" and blaming it for the election of President Donald Trump and Vice President Mike Pence. + I’m often asked by the media and others: How did it come about that Donald Trump, the most unpopular presidential candidate in the modern history of our country, won the election? And my answer is—and my answer is that Trump didn’t win the election; the Democratic Party lost the election. Let us—let us be very, very clear: The current model—the current model and the current strategy of the Democratic Party is an absolute failure. This is not—this is not my opinion. This is the facts. You know, we focus a lot on the presidential election, but we also have to understand that Democrats have lost the U.S. House, the U.S. Senate. Republicans now control almost two-thirds of the governors’ chairs throughout the country. And over the last nine years, Democrats have lost almost 1,000 legislative seats in states all across this country. Today—today, in almost half of the states in America, Democratic Party has almost no political presence at all. Now, if that’s not a failure, if that’s not a failed model, I don’t know what a failed model is. +On June 12, 2017, United States senators reached an agreement on legislation to add new sanctions on Russia. The bill was opposed only by Sanders and Republican Rand Paul. On June 14, 2017, James T. Hodgkinson, a supporter of Sanders during his presidential campaign, shot and injured four people, including House Majority Whip Steve Scalise of Louisiana. Hours later, Sanders responded on Capitol Hill to news that Hodgkinson was a campaign volunteer for his 2016 presidential run: +I am sickened by this despicable act. Let me be as clear as I can be, violence of any kind is unacceptable in our society and I condemn this action in the strongest possible terms. Real change can only come about through nonviolent action, and anything else runs counter to our most deeply held American values. +In September 2017, Sanders introduced the United States National Health Care Act which would create a single-payer health care system paid by the United States Government. The plan, also known as "Medicare For All", was supported by former President Barack Obama in September 2018. +On October 12, 2017, Sanders was announced as a key speaker for a women's rights convention in Detroit, Michigan. However a week later, Sanders cancelled his appearance at the convention so that he could travel to Puerto Rico and help rescue efforts from the damage of Hurricane Maria. +In November 2017, after the Paradise Papers were leaked, Sanders warned of "an international oligarchy" and blamed corrupt billionaires and companies for trying to avoid paying taxes and called it unfair. +On January 1, 2018, Sanders sworn-in Bill de Blasio in his second mayoral inauguration as Mayor of New York City. On January 20, 2018, Sanders voted against a congress budget bill which led to the 2018 federal government shutdow, which lasted two days, ending on January 22. On his vote, Sanders said on Twitter: +Republicans control the House, Senate and White House. They have to pass an annual budget, not more one-month continuing resolutions. We need a bipartisan solution to the economic crises facing the middle class, to the DACA crisis that Trump created and to disaster relief. +Sanders gave an online reply to Trump's January 2018 State of the Union address in which he called Trump "dishonest" and criticized him for creating "a looming immigration crisis" by ending the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program. +In March 2018, many students walked-out of their schools as a result of the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida demanding for gun-control and safety in schools. Sanders joined the protest outside of the United States Capitol and praised the protesters for "leading the [United States] in the right direction" while criticizing the National Rifle Association. +Sanders was named as part of the "Hell-No Caucus" by "Politico" in April 2018, along with Senators Cory Booker, Kirsten Gillibrand, Elizabeth Warren, and Kamala Harris, all of whom voted to reject Trump's nominees for administration jobs, including Jeff Sessions, Kirstjen Nielsen, Rex Tillerson, Betsy DeVos, and Mike Pompeo. +On May 9, 2018, Sanders proposed the Workplace Democracy Act, a bill that would grow labor rights by making it easier for workers to join a union and make it harder to break-up unions. It was supported by several Democratic senators, including Elizabeth Warren, Kirsten Gillibrand, Tammy Baldwin and Sherrod Brown. +On August 14, 2018, Sanders won the Democratic nomination for Senator with 94% of the primary vote. However, before the primaries, Sanders said he would not accept the Democratic nomination and run as an Independent. +In August 2018, Sanders criticized the wealth of Amazon founder Jeff Bezos and how Amazon employees were paid less than the minimum wage and lived under poor conditions while Bezos increased his fortune. In September 2018, Sanders introduced the "Stop BEZOS" bill which would focus on increase work wages for Amazon and Walmart employers and heavily tax Bezos and other higher company officials. In October 2018, Bezos announced that the company would pay all employees in the United States minimum wage with many believing Sanders is the reason why. +In October 2018, Sanders introduced a bill to break up big banks such as JPMorgan Chase, Wells Fargo, Goldman Sachs and Bank of America. The bill would allow the federal government to dismantle banks that has a worth of 3% of the American GDP, which is roughly equal to USD $584 billion. +In November 2018, Sanders was re-elected to the Senate winning nearly 68% of the vote. +In September 2018, "The Guardian" published two op-ed pieces talking about the need of a progressive cooperation to challenge the rising threat of globalism and authoritarianism, one of which Sanders wrote and another by European progressive Yanis Varoufakis. In late October, Varoufakis announced the upcoming launch of Progressives International on November 30 in Vermont alongside Sanders. Former 2018 Brazilian presidential candidate Fernando Haddad joined the movement. +In December 2018, Sanders supported a bill with Senators Chris Murphy and Mike Lee to use the 1973 War Powers Resolution to end U.S. support for the Saudi-led military intervention in Yemen. At first, the Senate did not supported it, but after the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi in October 2018 the bill had bipartisan co-sponsors and the Senate passed the bill by a vote of 56–41 on December 13. +In March 2019, Sanders, along with seven other members of Congress such as Elizabeth Warren and Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, signed a pledge written by veterans and their families to bring a "responsible" end to U.S. military interventions around the globe. +On February 5, 2020, Sanders voted to convict President Donald Trump in his impeachment trial. +In December 2020, Sanders alongside Republican Senator Josh Hawley of Missouri, pushed for a USD $1,200 check for every unemployed American who were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. +When Democrats gained control of the Senate in the 2020 elections, Sanders became Chair of the U.S. Senate Budget Committee on January 20, 2021. He said he would make a COVID-19 relief bill with a $2,000 stimulus checks and raising the minimum wage to $15 an hour his main goal. +On February 23, 2021, Sanders became the first senator in the Democratic caucus to not support one of Biden's cabinet picks when he voted against Tom Vilsack's nomination as Agriculture Secretary. +Sanders is said to have an influence on the Joe Biden administration. When mentioned that he had become an important voice in Biden's administration, he replied, "As somebody who wrote a book called "Outsider in the House", yes, it is a strange experience to be having that kind of influence that we have now". Their relationship has lasted over 30 years and Sanders has said it is because they both respect and trust each other: "We have had a good relationship. He wants to be a champion of working families, and I admire that and respect that". +In April 2022, it was reported that Sanders was interested in running for president again in 2024 if President Joe Biden decides not to run for re-election. +In January 2023, Sanders became Chair of the United States Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions. In April 2023, Sanders endorsed Biden in the 2024 United States presidential election. +Senate Popularity. +In August 2011, Public Policy Polling found that 67% of American people supported Sanders. That made him the third most popular senator in the country. In a poll by Fox News in March 2017, found Sanders to be the most popular senator or political figure in the United States with the approval rating of 61%. +A Harvard-Harris Poll published every April found Sanders to be the most popular active politician in the country. The same poll, finds Sanders to be the most popular senator in the country. +Committee assignments. +, Sanders's committee assignments are as follows: +2016 presidential campaign. +In an interview with "The Nation" on March 6, 2014, Sanders said that he was "prepared to run for President of the United States" in 2016 but did not officially announce a campaign. +On April 28, 2015, Vermont Public Radio said that Sanders would run for president starting on April 30. They reported that he would run for the Democratic presidential nomination against the front-runner Hillary Clinton, who was leading in the poll numbers. His campaign manager is Jeff Weaver. Weaver was also Sanders's senate campaign manager and was his chief of staff. The official announcement came on May 26 in Burlington, Vermont. His campaign was supported by Democratic Socialists of America. +Sanders' campaign events have brought many people from around the country. Sanders said he was "Stunned. Stunned. I mean I had to fight my way to get into the room. Standing room only. Minneapolis was literally beyond belief." +Months after his campaign started, poll numbers showed Clinton was the most likely to win the Democratic nomination. However, on June 25, 2015, "The New York Times" said that Sanders might win the primaries instead of Clinton. On August 12, 2015, the "Boston Herald" said that Sanders was winning by 44% to Clinton's 37% in New Hampshire among Democratic primary voters. A poll released on August 25, 2015, showed that Sanders was once again winning in New Hampshire with 42% to Clinton's 35%. +During his campaign, Sanders was known for his popularity among millennials and young voters. In the 2016 campaign, Sanders won more votes among those under age 30 than both Trump and Clinton combined. It shows more than 2 million young people cast ballots for Sanders before the primaries in June. His popularity led to the creation a Facebook political meme page Bernie Sanders' Dank Meme Stash which has gained popularity among his supporters and the internet. +A poll released in September 2015 showed that Sanders was leading Clinton in Iowa with 41% to Clinton's 40%. In October 2015, polling showed Sanders and Clinton were tied in polls in both New Hampshire and Iowa. In November 2015, a poll showed Sanders was increasing his numbers in New Hampshire, almost tied with Clinton. +On November 19, 2015, Sanders gave a speech at Georgetown University about his views on democratic socialism. In his speech, Sanders talked about how the policies of presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt and Lyndon B. Johnson were based on democratic socialism. +On December 3, 2015, a Quinnipiac University poll found Sanders to be the Democratic candidate more likely to win the presidential election against top Republican candidates such as Donald Trump, Jeb Bush, Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz and Ben Carson. On December 4, 2015, after online voting ended, votes showed that Sanders was in first place to become "Time's" 2015 Person of the Year. He had 10.4% of votes compared to second place holder Malala Yousafzai's 5.3%. On December 7, "Time" announced that Sanders won the reader's poll of the magazine, but he would not be person of the year. On December 9, poll numbers showed that Sanders was leading Clinton in the New Hampshire polls by 50% to 40%. The university also showed Clinton was winning with 61% to Sanders's 30% of the national poll. +In January 2016, in weeks leading to the Democratic primaries, Sanders was leading New Hampshire by 50% to Clinton's 46% and in Iowa with 49% to 43%. On January 21, 2016, Sanders' campaign advertisement, America, was shown in Iowa and New Hampshire. Many people liked the ad and the "New York Times" said it was "powerful" and "inspiring". +In early February 2016, a national poll showed Sanders and Clinton almost tied with Clinton's 44% to Sanders' 42% in the national poll. A few weeks later, Quinnipiac University, CNN and Fox News poll numbers showed Sanders being the front-runner with 47% to Clinton's 44% of the national poll. After the Nevada caucus, new poll numbers showed Sanders's national lead growing with 42% to Clinton's 36%. A February 2016 Quinnipiac University poll found that Sanders was the most honest candidate in the election. +On March 8, 2016, Sanders won the Michigan Democratic primary. Political experts and news networks called it an upset victory. Polls showed Clinton winning by many numbers. On March 11, 2016, a mass protest over a planned Trump rally at the University of Illinois at Chicago caused hundreds to clash and four people were injured. In the aftermath, Trump accused of Sanders and his supporters of creating the protest to purposely cancel the Trump rally. Sanders later called out Trump as a "pathological liar" who leads a "vicious movement", and said that "while I appreciate that we had supporters at Trump's rally in Chicago, our campaign did not organize the protests". +In early April 2016, national poll numbers showed Sanders winning by 49% to Clinton's 47%. On April 8, Sanders was asked by Vatican City to talk about the issues of income inequality and the environment. Sanders agreed to the invitation and spoke at the Vatican on April 15. While on his trip, he met with Pope Francis in private. In April 2016, Sanders was added into "Time's 100 Most Influential People" of 2016. His introduction was written by former United States Secretary of Labor and supporter Robert Reich. +In May 2016, national poll numbers showed Sanders loosing to Clinton with 45% to Clinton's 50% with 5% people undecided. On May 3, 2016, Sanders pulled another political upset after beating Clinton in the Indiana primaries by six percent. Earlier poll numbers showed Clinton winning in Indiana. On May 10, 2016, Sanders won the West Virginia primaries by 51.4% to Clinton's 35.8%. In 2008, Clinton had won that election by 66.93% to her primary challenger Barack Obama's 25.17%. +A NBC/Wall Street Journal poll in May found Clinton and presumptive Republican nominee Donald Trump in a tie, but the same poll found that if Sanders were the Democratic nominee, 53% of voters would support him to 39% for Trump. Clinton and Trump were the least popular likely candidates in the poll's history, while Sanders received a 43% positive with a 36% negative rating. +On June 6, 2016, Clinton reached the number of delegates to become the presumptive Democratic Party nominee. Sanders said he will still remain in the race until the Democratic Party convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in July 2016. On July 12, 2016, Sanders announced his support for Clinton at a unity rally in New Hampshire. +On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks revealed that DNC Chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz and other DNC official, mocked and planned to sabotage the Sanders's campaign in favor of Clinton. Sanders said he wanted Schultz to resign. The next day, Schultz announced that she will resign after the Democraitc convention on July 28, 2016. +Sanders spoke on the first night of the Democratic Convention on July 25, 2016. In his speech, Sanders told his supporters that he thanked them and to vote for Clinton to defeat Donald Trump in the general election. On July 26, 2016, during a roll-call vote at the 2016 Democratic National Convention Sanders lost the nomination to Clinton. +Primaries and caucuses. +On February 1, 2016, Sanders lost the Iowa caucus to Clinton by less than 1%. On February 9, Sanders won the New Hampshire caucus by 22%. His victory was one of the largest in years. Sanders became the first democratic socialist and the first non-Christian to win a United States presidential primary for a major party. On February 20, 2016, Sanders lost the Nevada caucus by 5%. On February 27, 2016, Sanders lost the South Carolina primary by almost 48%. +On March 1, 2016, "Super Tuesday", Sanders won four states: Vermont, Oklahoma, Colorado and Minnesota. He lost Massachusetts by less than 1%. He lost Alabama, American Samoa, Arkansas, Georgia, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia during the event. On March 5, 2016, "Super Saturday", Sanders won two states: Kansas by 35% and Nebraska by almost 15%. He lost the Louisiana primary by about 48% during the event. On March 6, 2016, Sanders won the Maine caucuses by almost 65%. On March 8, 2016, Sanders lost the Mississippi primaries by 65%. On the same day, Sanders won the Michigan primaries by 2%. On March 12, 2016, Sanders lost the Northern Mariana Islands caucus by 20%. On March 15, 2016, Sanders lost the Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri primaries. +On March 21, 2016, Sanders won the Democrats Abroad primary with 69% to Clinton's 31%. He won 52 out of the 55 international countries of the primaries. He lost Nigeria, Singapore and the Dominican Republic. On March 23, 2016, Sanders won the Idaho primaries and the Utah caucus. He won by more than 50% in each contest compared to Clinton. On the same day, he lost the Arizona primaries by more than 30%. On March 26, 2016, Sanders won the Washington, Alaska and the Hawaii caucuses all by landslide victories. +On April 5, 2016, Sanders won the Wisconsin primaries with 57% to Clinton's 43% of the vote. On April 9, 2016, Sanders won the Wyoming caucuses with 56% to Clinton's 44%. On April 19, 2016, Sanders lost the New York primaries with 42% to Clinton's 58%. On April 26, 2016, Sanders lost the Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut primaries. On the same day, he won the Rhode Island primaries. +On May 3, 2016, Sanders won the Indiana primaries with 53% to Clinton's 47% of the vote. On May 7, 2016, he lost the Guam caucuses with 40% to Clinton's 60% of the vote. On May 10, 2016, Sanders won the West Virginia primaries with 51% to Clinton's 36% of the vote. On May 17, 2016, Sanders lost the Kentucky primaries by less than 1%. On the same day, he won the Oregon primaries with 55% of the vote to Clinton's 46%. +On June 4, 2016, Sanders lost the U.S. Virgin Islands caucus in a landslide. On June 5, 2016, Sanders lost the Puerto Rico primaries. On June 7, 2016, Sanders lost the primaries in New Jersey, New Mexico, South Dakota, and California. He won the North Dakota and Montana primaries that day. On June 14, 2016, Sanders lost the Washington, D.C. primaries, the last primary of the election season, with 20% to Clinton's 80%. +"Our Revolution" organization. +In August 2016, Sanders founded Our Revolution. It is an organization dedicated to educating voters about political issues, getting people involved in the political process, and recruiting and supporting candidates for local, state, and national office. Sanders also plans to establish The Sanders Institute, which will focus on issues he believes the "corporate media" has failed to focus on. The agenda will include "the disappearing middle class, 'massive' income inequality, horrific levels of poverty and problems affecting seniors and children." +2016 general election results. +On November 9, 2016, Donald Trump was elected President of the United States defeating Hillary Clinton. On December 19, 2016 during the voting of the electoral college, Sanders got three electoral votes from electors who did not want to vote for Clinton. They were from Hawaii, Minnesota, and Maine. Only the Hawaii elector's vote was counted. The Minnesota and Maine electoral votes were rejected and later went to Clinton. +Noam Chomsky said in a May 2017 BBC interview that the Sanders campaign was the most remarkable thing about the 2016 election because of Sanders not accepting money from business people or corporations. +Effect of the Sanders campaign on the Democratic party. +Many political experts say that Sanders' campaign made both the Clinton campaign and the Democratic party more progressive. After ending his presidential campaign, Sanders' ideas of national single-payer health-care program, his $15-an-hour minimum wage support, free college tuition and many of the other campaign platform issues have been becoming more popular. Some former staffers created the political action committee Brand New Congress which aimed at looking for younger people to run for office. +In the 2018 midterms, Sanders supported many progressive candidates. A few of the people he endorsed ended up winning their primaries. For example, in an upset that surprised many people, including the candidate herself, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez beat the incumbent Joseph Crowley for United States Representative in New York City. Benjamin Jealous became the Democratic nominee for Governor of Maryland. Ironworker Randy Bryce and former Chicago mayoral candidate Chuy García ran for United States Representative in Wisconsin and Illinois respectively, and Tallahassee mayor Andrew Gillum won the Democratic party's nomination for Governor of Florida. Despite winning their primaries, only Ocasio-Cortez and García won their respective general elections. +2020 presidential campaign. +Background. +Sanders had been asked many times if he would run for president again in the 2020 presidential election. Sanders would respond by stating "it is much too early to talk about that", but refused to rule out a possible second presidential campaign. +After a poll was made in February 2017, 20% of Democratic voters wanted Sanders to be the party's nominee in the 2020 presidential election, leading Hillary Clinton at 17% and Elizabeth Warren at 15%. In March 2017, at 14%, Sanders was the Democratic voters front-runner for the Democratic nomination in 2020, beating Michelle Obama at 11%. In September 2017, at a polling of 28%, Sanders remained the lead candidate for the Democratic Party nominee in the 2020 election beating Warren, former Vice President Joe Biden and Senator from California Kamala Harris. In most of the 2018 polls, Sanders leading the nomination in second place, behind former Vice President Biden. During the 2019 debate season, Sanders, Elizabeth Warren and Biden are seen as the top candidates in the primaries. +His second campaign has been supported by Senator Patrick Leahy, Representatives Ro Khanna, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar, Mark Pocan, Pramila Jayapal, Mark Takano, Chuy García, and Peter Welch, former Senators Mike Gravel and Donald Riegle, former Representative and DNC Vice Chair Keith Ellison, former Representatives Luis Gutiérrez and Alan Grayson, New York City Mayor and former 2020 presidential candidate Bill de Blasio, San Juan Mayor Carmen Yulín Cruz, former San Francisco councilwoman Jane Kim, former Bolivian President Evo Morales, former Ecuadorian President Rafael Correa, former Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega, U.K. MPs Diane Abbott, Rebecca Long-Bailey and John McDonnell, German politician Bernd Riexinger, whistleblower Edward Snowden, political activists Cornel West and Jesse Jackson, directors Jim Jarmusch Adam McKay, and Werner Herzog, actors James Cromwell, Jack Nicholson, David Cross, Danny DeVito, Danny Glover, Mark Ruffalo, Jane Fonda, and Susan Sarandon, radio personality Howard Stern, rap artists Cardi B and Killer Mike, singers Ariana Grande and Miley Cyrus, model Emily Ratajkowski, and by the political groups Democratic Socialists of America, and Our Revolution. +Announcement. +In January 2018, Sanders created a team of political experts to see if it would be a good idea to run again in the 2020 presidential election. In May 2018, former campaign manager Jeff Weaver said Sanders is "actively considering" a second presidential bid. In August 2018, Sanders announced on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" that he is not ruling out another run for the presidency in 2020. +In January 2019, it was reported that it is certain Sanders would enter the 2020 primary race following his lead in the contested race and an announcement would be immediate. On February 15, 2019, it was reported that Sanders recorded his presidential announcement video for a 2020 bid. He announced his second presidential bid on February 19, 2019. +Pre-primary campaign trail. +On March 2, 2019, Sanders held his first presidential rally in Brooklyn College in New York City. The next day, Sanders held a second rally at Navy Pier in Chicago. About 13,000 people went to the Brooklyn rally and 12,500 went to the Chicago rally. +On March 5, 2019, Sanders signed a formal statement, called a "loyalty pledge", saying that he is a member of the Democratic Party and will serve as a Democrat if elected. The day before, he had signed paperwork to run as an independent for re-election to his Senate seat in 2024. Later that month, national polling had Sanders and former Vice President Joe Biden tied for the Democratic primaries. +In January 2020, national polling showed Sanders in second place with 16% behind Biden's 28%, a three point gain for Sanders since last polling. +Debates and forums. +On April 6, 2019, Sanders was part of a Fox News town hall that had more than 2.55 million viewers. Sanders's appearance on Fox News saw an increase of Fox News viewers by 24% overall and 40% in the 25-to-54-year-old demographic. +During the first four Democratic primary debates, Sanders appeared near the center stage, as one of the highest polling candidates. During the July and September debates, Sanders and Elizabeth Warren were described by commentators as having a "non-aggression pact", talking about progressive positions which were different than positions from the other candidates. +Donations raised. +Within three-and-a-half hours after his announcement, Sanders had raised over $1 million from small donations from all 50 states, breaking the record held by Senator Kamala Harris after her presidential announcement. Within 12 hours, Sanders had raised over $4 million from 150,000 donors, and in the first 24 hours following his announcement, Sanders raised $5.9 million from 225,000 small donations, with the average donation being $27. In November 2019, Sanders said his campaign had over four million donations from individual donors, the largest than any other presidential candidate in American history. +In January 2020, Sanders raised over $34.5 million during the fourth quarter of 2019, the largest of any 2020 Democratic presidential campaign. +Polling. +In April 2019, a national poll had Sanders leading Biden 29% to 24% among Democratic voters for the primaries. +Sanders polled between 15-20% on most national surveys between May and September of 2019. In September 2019, Warren and Sanders remained in a virtual tie for second place. Some surveys showed Warren ahead of Sanders, while others showed Sanders ahead of Warren. +National surveys of a potential general election matchup with Donald Trump showed Sanders leading by an average of 6.5% as of September of 2019, compared to a 11.7% lead for Biden and a 5% lead for Warren. The average of polls in New Hampshire in August and September of 2019 showed a virtual tie between Sanders, Warren, and Biden. After constantly being behind Warren and Biden in the polls, in November 2019 Sanders saw a rise in polls beating Warren for the second place spot behind Biden. +In January 2020, an Iowa poll found Sanders tied for first place behind Biden and Pete Buttigieg with 23%. The same poll found Sanders in first place in New Hampshire with 27% and Biden in second with 25%. A few weeks later, Sanders was leading in a nationwide poll with 27% against Biden's 24%. +On February 10, 2020 following the Iowa caucuses, a national poll had Sanders leading the race with 25% while Biden fell to 17%. A few weeks later on February 27, a new Fox News national poll showed Sanders at 31% with Biden at 18%. After Super Tuesday in March, Biden began to expand his lead over Sanders. +Primaries and caucuses. +On February 3, 2020, the Iowa caucuses were held, however, due to an issue with apps used to count the votes and spread the delegate votes, the results were announced the following day. The next day, 71% of the votes were released showing Pete Buttigieg leading Sanders by less than 2%. On February 10, Sanders and Buttigieg asked for a recount. The overall results, Sanders won the popular vote winning 45,842 (26.5%) while Buttigieg won 26.2% of the state delegates equivalents to Sanders' 26.1%. On February 27, Buttigieg was declared the winner of the Iowa caucus despite Sanders winning the popular vote. +On February 11, 2020, Sanders won the New Hampshire primary winning almost 26% of the vote compared to Buttigieg's 24%. On February 23, Sanders won the Nevada caucus in a landslide victory winning 40% of the popular vote and 47% of the county convention delegates. Following the race, Sanders became the Democratic front-runner leading with 34 delegates and nearly 26% of the popular vote. He also became the first presidential candidate, Democrat or Republican, to win the popular vote in the first three primary states in a row. In February 29, Sanders lost the South Carolina primary winning nearly 20% of the vote to Biden's 48%. +During Super Tuesday on March 3, 2020, Sanders won the California, Utah, Colorado and Vermont contests. He lost American Samoa to Michael Bloomberg and Alabama, Arkansas, Massachusetts, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia to Joe Biden. On March 11, Sanders won the North Dakota caucus, but lost the Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Washington, and Idaho primaries to Biden. On March 14, Sanders won the Northern Mariana Islands caucus. On March 18, Sanders lost the Arizona, Illinois and Florida primaries. On March 23, Sanders won the Democrats Abroad primary winning 58% of the vote compared to Biden's 23%. +Sanders lost the Alaska primary on April 11, 2020 after winning 44.7% of the vote to Biden's 55.3%. Two days later, Sanders lost the Wisconsin primary to Biden with a 63.8% to 30.9% margin. +Ending the campaign. +On April 8, 2020 one day after the Wisconsin primary, Sanders ended his campaign. He had not beaten Biden in many primary contests after Super Tuesday. Sanders said that he would stay on the ballot in the remaining states and continue to keep delegates because he wanted to add progressive ideas to the Democratic Party and to Biden's campaign. On April 13, Sanders said voters should vote for Biden for President. +In a May 2020 interview, Sanders said that he might run for a third time in 2024 but that it was unlikely. +Sanders spoke on the first day of the 2020 Democratic National Convention on August 17, 2020. +After Biden won the election, may have joined the cabinet as United States Secretary of Labor in the Biden administration. Sanders said that he would accept the position if Biden offered it to him. He asked Senate allies and labor unions to support him as a possible Labor secretary. In January 2021, Biden picked Mayor of Boston, Marty Walsh, to be Labor Secretary. Biden said he thought about picking Sanders but did not want to risk the Democratic majority in the next Senate. +Personal life. +Sanders married Deborah Shiling in 1964. The couple divorced two years later in 1966. He met his second wife, Jane O'Meara, when Sanders became mayor of Burlington, Vermont in 1981. They were married in 1988. Sanders has a son, Levi Sanders, who was born out of wedlock with his domestic partner Susan Campbell Mott. Sanders and Mott were partners only one year before splitting in 1969. Sanders has three step-children from O'Meara: Dave, Carina and Heather Driscoll. He thinks of them as his own children. His brother, Larry, was a Green Party County Councillor representing East Oxford in England until his retirement in 2013. +Sanders says he is "proud to be Jewish" but is not very religious. He likes Pope Francis. Sanders says he feels "very close to the teachings of Pope Francis,". He calls the pope "incredibly smart and brave". +In 2016 and 2017, Sanders had earnings of just over $1 million, mostly royalties for his published books. He and his wife own two houses in Capitol Hill and in Burlington, and a lakefront summer home in North Hero. +Sanders received an Honorary degree from Brooklyn College on May 30, 2017. In 2018 a species of Theridiidae spiders, "Spintharus berniesandersi", was named after him. +Sanders had a small role in the 1988 movie "Sweet Hearts Dance". He played a man who gave candy to kids. In 1999, he had another small role in the low-budget movie "My X-Girlfriend's Wedding Reception". He played the role of Rabbi Many Shevitz. On February 6, 2016, Sanders was a guest-star on "Saturday Night Live". He played a Polish immigrant on a steamboat that was sinking near the Statue of Liberty. +Memoirs. +In 1987, when Sanders was mayor, he recorded an album called "We Shall Overcome". In 1997, Huck Gutman and Sanders wrote a political memoir called "Outsider in the White House". It was published again in 2015 during Sanders' presidential campaign. +Sanders wrote a memoir titled, "", which was released on November 15, 2016. In November 2017, Sanders and Mark Ruffalo were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for their narration of the memoir. +In August 2017, Sanders published another political book titled "Bernie Sanders Guide to Political Revolution" which is aimed to help teenagers to get involve in the political scene. In November 2018, he published another book titled "Where We Go From Here", talking about how the aftermath of his 2016 campaign created a progressive movement and what Americans need to do to stand against the Trump presidency. +Health. +On November 30, 2015, Sanders had a hernia surgery at the George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C.. He made a full recovery later that week. +In December 2016, Sanders had skin cancer removed from his cheek. He made a full recovery the next day. +Sanders had chest pains at a campaign event in Las Vegas on October 1, 2019 and was soon hospitalized. He had surgery because his arteries were blocked. He had two stents planted and recovered from the surgery. Sanders left the hospital on October 4 and his doctors said that Sanders actually had a heart attack. +A few days after returning home, Sanders said that he had been having fatigue and chest discomfort for a month or two before the incident and regretted not going to the hospital beforehand. Sanders participated in the October 15 Democratic debate in Ohio on CNN. +Bank Fraud investigation. +In June 2017, the FBI launched an investigation into Sander's wife Jane's involvement in a bank loan for Burlington College of which she was president. This was after Brady Toensing, Donald Trump's campaign chairman in Vermont, accused Sanders of bank fraud. Both CBS and Politico reported that Bernie Sanders was also under investigation, however that was not true. Both Sanders and his wife have hired well known defense lawyers to represent them. +Internet popularity. +Sanders and his two presidential campaigns have become popular on the internet and have been made into Internet memes. During the 2020 primary season, a screenshot from a fundraising video where Sanders tells the viewers "I am once again asking for your financial support" became a popular meme. In March 2020, a video of the Twitch streamer Neekolul wearing a Bernie 2020 shirt lip singing "Oki Doki Boomer" also went viral. In 2021, a picture of Sanders from the inauguration of Joe Biden showing him sitting in a chair wearing mittens and a jacket from the "I am once again asking" meme went viral. +Political views. +Sanders is a democratic socialist. He supports the Nordic model of social democracy. He thinks a workplace democracy is a good idea. He focuses on income, banning assault weapons, raising taxes on the wealthy, raising the minimum wage, federal background checks for guns, universal healthcare, lowering student debt, making tuition free at public colleges and universities, and expanding Social Security benefits. +Sanders is a supporter of paternity leave, sick leave, and vacation time. He also supports rules that would make it easier for workers to join or form a union. Sanders knows that global warming is real and he wants to fix it. He is against the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Sanders was against the U.S. invasion of Iraq. He thinks that the government should not engage in mass surveillance of American citizens. He has been against Patriot Act since it was created. +Sanders is more liberal on social issues such as supporting same-sex marriage, DACA, citizenship for illegal immigrants and abortion. On November 15, 2015, in response to ISIS' attacks in Paris, Sanders said: "We [have got to] be tough, not stupid," in the war against ISIS. He said that the United States should still welcome Syrian refugees. +After Donald Trump's victory in the 2016 presidential elections, Sanders said that the Democratic Party needs a "series of reforms" and "must break loose from its corporate establishment ties and, once again, become a grass-roots party of working people, the elderly and the poor." +In September 2017, Sanders called Saudi Arabia "an undemocratic country that has supported terrorism around the world, it has funded terrorism. ... They are not an ally of the United States". +In an October 2018 column for "The New York Times", Sanders called on the United States to end its backing of the Saudi intervention in Yemen and said Congress should have authorized it first. +In June 2019, Sanders called on Brazilian authorities to release former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva from prison and drop all charges against him after leaked documents showed his arrest was politically motivated. +On July 9, 2019, Sanders and Representatives Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez and Earl Blumenauer proposed legislation that would declare climate change a national and international emergency. In September 2019, Sanders said that family planning and controlling overpopulation in third world countries can help fight climate change. + += = = René Casados = = = +René Casados Morales (born October 21, 1961) is a Mexican actor. He is best known for his roles in telenovelas. His career began during the 1970s. As of February 2010, he has appeared in nineteen telenovelas (Spanish-language soap operas). He is known for his roles "La madrastra" as Bruno Mendizábal and "Fuego en la sangre" as Father Tadeo. + += = = Rafael Inclán = = = +Rafael Jiménez Inclán (born February 22, 1941) is a Mexican actor. He stars on movies, telenovelas (Spanish soap operas), and stage works. He was known for his role in "La Red" and on "Mujeres Asesinas". His career began in 1969. +Inclán was born in Mérida, Yucatán, México. + += = = Mount Airy, North Carolina = = = +Mount Airy is a city in Surry County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 10,676. Actor Andy Griffith was born here in 1926. +Mount Airy was settled in the 1750s as a stagecoach stop on the road between Winston-Salem, North Carolina and Galax, Virginia. It was named for a nearby plantation. Mount Airy was incorporated in 1885. + += = = B. K. S. Iyengar = = = +B. K. S. Iyengar, or Bellur Krishnamachar Sundararaja Iyengar (December 14, 1918 - August 20, 2014) was an Indian yoga teacher and writer. He founded the style of yoga known as "Iyengar Yoga". And It Was An Honour By Him To Invent A New Yoga Style After Ages. He was thought to be one of the foremost yoga teachers in the world. +He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1991, the Padma Bhushan in 2002 and the Padma Vibhushan in 2014. In 2004, Iyengar was named one of the 100 most influential people in the world by "Time Magazine". +Iyengar died in Pune, India from a heart attack caused by renal failure, aged 95. +Every Yoga Teacher And Student Were Terribbly Sad Due To Him Passing Away + += = = Cassandra Peterson = = = +Cassandra Peterson (born September 17, 1951) is an American actress. She played Elvira in "Elvira, Mistress of the Dark". She also played the Hostess in the movie "Elvira's Movie Macabre". +Peterson was born in Manhattan, Kansas. + += = = Catsuit = = = +Catsuits are close-fitting one-piece garments that cover the torso and the legs, and often the arms. They are often made with leather, chiffon, latex or spandex materials. The suits usually close with zippers in the front or back. +Catsuits were worn as early as the 1940s. They can be worn by males or females. Despite their name, they do not have feline characteristics. +Catsuits may also be transparent or completely opaque. +Some people consider catsuits to be fetish items. + += = = Chiffon = = = +Chiffon is a lightweight, plain-woven sheer fabric. The fabric is woven of S and Z twist crepe yarns. The twist in the crepe yarns puckers the fabric in both directions. +Chiffon is made from cotton, silk or synthetic fibers. +Gowns, lingerie, scarves and other clothing can be made of chiffon. + += = = Latex clothing = = = +Latex clothing is clothing made out of latex rubber. This clothing includes fetish fashion and BDSM clothing. It can also include raincoats, gloves, leotards and stockings. +Latex clothing is often worn very close to the skin. + += = = Leotard = = = +A leotard is a skin-tight one-piece garment that covers the torso. Leotards are often worn by acrobats, gymnasts, dancers, circus performers and figure skaters. They are worn by both males and females. +Leotards can have short sleeves, long sleeves, or no sleeves. + += = = Chattanooga (band) = = = +Chattanooga was a pop trio consisting of the Mia, Ackie and Clara Kempff sisters from Halmstad in Sweden. They scored chart successes during the early 1980s. They also participated at Melodifestivalen 1982 with the song "Hallå hela pressen". It ended up 4th. +In 2004, the trio was conemporary united to rerecord "Hallå hela pressen" together with Nina & Kim. + += = = Port of Rio de Janeiro = = = +The Port of Rio de Janeiro () is a seaport in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. It is located in a cove on the west shore of Guanabara Bay. The port is managed by Companhia Docas do Rio de Janeiro. As of the 21st century, it is the third busiest port in Brazil. + += = = Flags of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative units = = = +Flags of the Nguyễn Dynasty's administrative units were used since about 1868 to 1885, with 2:2 ratio. + += = = Ferguson unrest = = = +On August 10, 2014, the day after the shooting of Michael Brown, an African-American 18-year-old, protests began in Ferguson, Missouri. These happened for over two weeks. +Timeline. +On August 10, a day of memorials began peacefully. However, after an evening candlelight vigil, looting started. +On August 13, "The Washington Post" reporter Wesley Lowery and "The Huffington Post" reporter Ryan Reilley were arrested. +CNN reported on 212 arrests. President Barack Obama said that most of the protestors in Ferguson were peaceful. +At a charity event, rapper Nelly led a crowd to join him in chanting "Hands up, don't shoot." +On August 19, two miles from Ferguson a 25-year-old African-American man, Kajieme Powell, was shot and killed by two police officers. Six other people have been injured. +On August 20, St. Ann Police Lieutenant Ray Albers was suspended for pointing a semi-automatic assault rifle at a peaceful protestor the night before. +Police made an "organized protest zone" in Ferguson. +August 26 was the #HandsUP Global Day of Action. +On August 28 a lawsuit was filed by five people against the Ferguson Police Chief, Thomas Jackson, St Louis County Police Chief, Jon Belmar, officer Justin Cosma and several officers who were not named. A few hundred people held a rally at West Florissant Avenue on August 30. +A memorial for Brown was burned. After this happened there were more protests. Seven people were arrested. The memorial was made again. On October 13, Cornel West was arrested at a peaceful protest. +Reactions. +North Korea called the United States a "human rights graveyard". + += = = American Curl = = = +The American Curl is a breed of cat. It has unusual ears for a cat. They curl back away from the face and seem to be sideways. This cat is a rare breed, but now lives in the United States, Spain, France, Japan, Russia, and other parts of the world. The American Curl is usually a strong and healthy breed. +Both longhaired and shorthaired American Curls have soft, silky coats which lie flat against their bodies. They require little grooming and enjoy spending time with their owners. +Appearance. +The American Curl is a medium-sized cat (5–10 lbs). It is not completely grown until 2–3 years of age. American Curl kittens are born with straight ears, like any other kittens. The ears begin to curl in about eighty-two days. After four months, their ears will not curl any longer. Then they become hard and feel stiff. +A house pet American Curl may have almost straight ears. To qualify for cat shows, ears must curl at an angle between 90 and 180 degrees. More curl is better, but cats will be not allowed to be shown if their ears touch the back of their skulls. +History. +The breed began in Lakewood, California in a natural birth of kittens, but with a genetic mutation. In June 1981, two stray kittens were found and taken in by the Ruga family. The kittens were both longhaired, one black and the other black and white. The family named the black cat Shulamith. The black and white was named Panda. Several weeks later, Panda went missing. This left Shulamith to be the first female of the American Curl breed. +In 1986, an American Curl was judged in a cat show for the first time. In 1992, a longhaired American Curl became a champion in The International Cat Association (TICA). In 1999, the American Curl was the first breed the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) Championship Class allowed in both longhair and shorthair categories. +Health. +American Curl cats' ears need cleaning often to keep away infections. The ears must also be handled very gently to keep from breaking the cartilage. + += = = Boris Dubin = = = +Boris Vladimirovich Dubin (; 31 December 1946 – 20 August 2014) was a Russian sociologist and a translator for English, French, Spanish, Latin American and Polish books. +Dubin was the head of department of sociopolitical researches at the Levada Center and the assistant to Lev Gudkov, editor-in-chief of the sociological journal Russian Public Opinion Herald published by the Center. He worked at the Russian State University for the Humanities. + += = = James Foley (journalist) = = = +James Wright Foley (October 18, 1973 – August 19, 2014) was an American photojournalist. He was abducted in northwestern Syria on November 22, 2012, while working for the U.S.-based online news outlet "GlobalPost". +He was beheaded by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant at an unknown desert location in August 2014 in revenge for United States airstrikes on the group. His family, President Obama and the United States National Security Council all confirmed that a video of his death was real. Foley's beheading marked the first time ISIS had killed an American citizen. + += = = Daniel Pearl = = = +Daniel Pearl (October 10, 1963 – February 1, 2002) was an American journalist. He had American and Israeli citizenship. He was born in Princeton, New Jersey and raised in Encino, Los Angeles. He was kidnapped by Pakistani militants and later murdered by al-Qaeda member Khalid Sheikh Mohammed in Pakistan. Pearl was kidnapped while working as the South Asia Bureau Chief of "The Wall Street Journal", based in Mumbai, India. +In July 2002, Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh, a British national of Pakistani origin, was sentenced to death by hanging for Pearl's abduction and murder. + += = = Rochester, New Hampshire = = = +Rochester is a city in Strafford County, New Hampshire, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 32,492. The city includes the villages of East Rochester and Gonic. Rochester is home to Skyhaven Airport. + += = = Odessa Sathyan = = = +Cheeram Veetti Sathyan, popularly known as Odessa Sathyan (10 October 1957 – 19 August 2014) was an Indian documentary filmmaker and social activist. he was known for his works in the naxal movements of the seventies in Kerala and his association with "Odessa Collective". He was a recipient of Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi award, for his musical album, "Balikurup", a documentary on Malayalam poet, A. Ayyappan. +Sathyan died on 19 August 2014 from pancreatic cancer at the Kozhikode Medical College in Kerala, India. His body was laid to rest at his home at Narayana Nagar, Kozhikode. + += = = Candida Lycett Green = = = +Candida Lycett Green (22 September 1942 – 19 August 2014) was a British author. +Lycett was born in Dublin. She was the daughter of John Betjeman. She was raised in Berkshire. She married Rupert Lycett Green in 1963. +She wrote sixteen books including "English Cottages", "Goodbye London", "The Perfect English House", "Over the Hills and Far Away" and "The Dangerous Edge of Things". +Her television documentaries include “The Englishwoman and the Horse” and “The Front Garden”. "Unwrecked England", based on a regular column of the same name she has written for "The Oldie" since 1992, was published in 2009. +Lycett Green died at the age of 71 on 19 August 2014 from pancreatic cancer. + += = = Mercator projection = = = +The Mercator projection is a cylindrical map projection which is widely used in cartography today. It was developed by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. It is not a physical projection, and cannot be constructed using geometric tools. On a small scale, geometric shapes can be moved around the map, without distorting them (this property is known as conformity). As a downside, the scale of the shape and the direction of lines may change when shapes are moved. For example, Africa is actually 15 times larger than Greenland, but on this map projection they look the same size. +Today, Mercator projections are mainly used for maps. + += = = List of flags of Vietnam = = = +The following is a list of flags of Vietnam: + += = = James Cama = = = +James Cama Sr. (December 8, 1957 – August 15, 2014) was an American martial arts practitioner and teacher. He was known for practicing Wing Chun and the Southern Praying Mantis moves. Cama wrote a single book, covering the Buddha Hand Wing Chun system, which was published on August 14, 2014. + += = = Ger van Elk = = = +Ger van Elk (Amsterdam, March 9, 1941 - Amsterdam, August 17, 2014) was a Dutch artist. He made sculptures, painted photographs, installations and movies. His work is generally seen as conceptual art and arte povera. +Between 1959 and 1988, he lived and worked in Los Angeles, New York City, and Amsterdam. He studied in Groningen in the 1960s. In 1996. he won the J. C. van Lanschot Prize for Sculpture. + += = = Levente Lengyel = = = +Levente Lengyel (13 June 1933 – 18 August 2014) was a Hungarian chess player. Lengyel gained the title of International Master in 1962 and became a Grandmaster in 1964. +His final published rating from the international chess federation FIDE was 2293, although he had not been active for a number of years. At his peak, he was regarded as a strong grandmaster, competing for his nation at the top level and winning medals. He died in Budapest in 2014. + += = = Brian G. Hutton = = = +Brian G. Hutton (January 1, 1935 – August 19, 2014) was an American movie director. He was known for his movies in "Where Eagles Dare", "Kelly's Heroes", "The First Deadly Sin", "High Road to China", and "King Creole". +Hutton died in Los Angeles, California, aged 75. + += = = Samih al-Qasim = = = +Samīħ al-Qāsim, , , (born May 11, 1939 - died August 19, 2014) was a Arab-language poet from Israel. His poetry is influenced by two primary periods of his life: before and after the Six-Day War. He joined the Communist Rakah party in 1967, later Hadash - the Front for Democracy and Equality. Al-Qasim has published several volumes and collections of poetry. +He worked also as a journalist and was several times in prison because of his political activities. +Al-Qasim died aged 75 of cancer. + += = = Anton Buslov = = = +Anton Sergeevich Buslov (4 November 1983 – 20 August 2014) was a Russian blogger, columnist at The New Times magazine, expert in transportation systems. He was the founder of non-governmental organization "Voronezh Citizens – for trams". He was co-chair and co-founder of trans-regional non-governmental organization "City and transportation". +Buslov died from cancer in New York City, USA, aged 30. + += = = Rajesultanpur = = = +Rajesultanpur is a town and Nagar Panchayat in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It has many government offices. It has a police station. It is connected by NH 233B and NH 233A. + += = = Irbid = = = +Irbid () is the capital city of the Irbid Governorate. + += = = Ain Shams University = = = +Ain Shams University (Arabic: ����� ��� ���) is a university in Cairo, Egypt. It started in 1950. It was called Ibrahim Pasha's University. Its name was changed after the revolution of July 23, 1952. It has eight campuses. The university has more than 180,000 students. + += = = God Help the Girl (movie) = = = +God Help the Girl is a 2014 British musical drama movie written and directed by Stuart Murdoch. At the Sundance Film Festival it won the World Cinema Dramatic Special Jury Award (Ensemble). + += = = Kelly's Heroes = = = +Kelly's Heroes is a 1970 American war comedy movie directed by Brian G. Hutton. It was about a group of World War II soldiers who go AWOL to rob a bank behind enemy lines. +The movie stars Clint Eastwood, Telly Savalas, Don Rickles, Carroll O'Connor, and Donald Sutherland, with secondary roles played by Harry Dean Stanton, Gavin MacLeod, and Stuart Margolin. +It was released on June 23, 1970 and made $5,200,000 at the movies. It had the budget of $4,000,000. + += = = Albert Reynolds = = = +Albert Reynolds (3 November 1932 – 21 August 2014) was an Irish politician. He was Taoiseach of Ireland two terms in a row. He served from February 1992 to January 1993 and again from January 1993 to December 1994. He was the fifth leader of Fianna Fáil during the same period. +In 1995, Reynolds was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. +Reynolds died in Dublin, from complications from Alzheimer's disease, aged 81. + += = = Matt Heafy = = = +Matthew Kiichi Heafy (born January 26, 1986) is a Japanese musician. He is the lead singer and guitarist of the heavy metal band Trivium. He joined the band at the age of twelve. +Other Bands. +Shortly after Ember to Inferno was released, Heafy wanted to try out post-hardcore music. He created a joke band called "Tomorrow Is Monday". In a 2008 interview with Rock Sound he said the first song was written, recorded and edited in one hour. +References. + += = = Ann-Christine Bärnsten = = = +Margareta "Ann-Christine" Bärnsten, born 10 July 1957, is a Swedish singer and writer. She has written several detective stories. +As a singer, she participated at Melodifestivalen 1975 with the song "Ska vi plocka körsbär i min trädgård". The song ended up 5th. + += = = Mats Rådberg = = = +Mats Rådberg (8 June 1948 in Stockholm – 27 June 2020 in Stockholm) was a Swedish country singer, guitarist, composer and architect. He scored several chart successes in Sweden during the 1970s and 80s. He is well known for working together with the country band Rankarna under the name "Mats Rådberg & Rankarna". He also participated at Melodifestivalen 1977 with the song "Du och jag och sommaren". The song was written by Tomas Ledin, and ended up 10th. +Mats Rådberg also acted as a background singer behind Chips at Melodifestivalen 1980. In 1980, he released the album "I'm the Singer, You're the Song" together with Elisabeth Andreasson. In 1983 he scored a hit with the song "Peta in en pinne i brasan", a Swedish-language version of "Put Another Log on the Fire". +Rådberg died on 27 June 2020 in Stockholm, aged 72. + += = = Blockbuster = = = +Blockbuster was an American provider of home video (DVD, VHS), and video game rental services that was founded in 1985 and disestablished in 2013. In 2004, Blockbuster had 84,300 employees and over 8,000 stores. +Blockbuster was founded in 1985 by David Cook, a technician. In 1994 it was bought by media giant Viacom and in 1997 John Antioco was named CEO. In 2004, they launched the "Blockbuster By Mail" DVD service to compete with Netflix and In 2007, James Keyes, a 7-Eleven executive, replaced Antioco as CEO. Blockbuster also started "Blockbuster On Demand" as an online-streaming service. Blockbuster filed for bankruptcy on September 23, 2010. On April 6, 2011, the company and its remaining 1,700 stores were bought by the satellite television company Dish Network and Michael Kelly of Dish was named President of Blockbuster. Stores remained open until Dish closed all company-owned locations in 2013. +In 2015, Blockbuster replaced "Blockbuster On Demand" with Sling TV, an over-the-top television service. The Blockbuster Fan Page originally tracked the franchise-owned stores, but as of 2019 there is only remaining in operation in Bend, Oregon. + += = = Imelda May = = = +Imelda Mary Higham (or Imelda May; born 10 July 1974) is an Irish singer-songwriter and musician. She is known mostly as a singer, though plays guitar, bass guitar and tambourine. +Her third studio record, "Mayhem", earned her a nomination for Choice Music Prize. +Imelda May was born in Dublin, Ireland. + += = = Scagliola = = = +Scagliola (from the Italian "scaglia", meaning "chips"), is an artificial way of imitating marble and other precious material. It is a decorative building material. +Stucco columns, sculptures, and other architectural elements can be made by scagliola. It came into fashion in 17th-century Tuscany. +Scagliola is a composite substance made from selenite, glue and natural pigments, imitating marble and other hard stones. The material may be veined with colours and stuck on to a core, or patterns may be carved into a prepared scagliola matrix. The pattern is then then filled with the coloured, plaster-like composite. Then it is polished with flax oil for brightness, and wax for protection. The whole thing gives a richness of colour not easy to get in natural marbles. + += = = Telmo Vargas = = = +General Telmo Oswaldo Vargas Benalcázar (9 October 1912 – 9 August 2013) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as President of Ecuador. He was Chief of Staff of Armed Forces of Ecuador. His army overthrew the military of Ramón Castro Jijón on 29 March 1966. + += = = Gerry Anderson (broadcaster) = = = +Gerald Michael "Gerry" Anderson (28 October 1944 - 21 August 2014) was a Northern Irish radio and television broadcaster. He worked for BBC Northern Ireland. He was known for his unique style and somewhat unusual sense of humor. Anderson often called himself on his show, as "Turkey Neck", "Puppet Chin" or "Golf Mike Alpha". +Anderson died in Belfast, Northern Ireland from a long illness, aged 69. + += = = Puli = = = +The Puli is a small to medium sized dog breed. It was brought to Hungary with the Magyars in the late 9th century. They are used as herding and guard dogs. +Female Pulis are about high. Males are . Females weigh . Males weigh a little more. +Behavior. +The Puli is an intelligent and active dog. It needs obedience training while still young. If a Puli gets enough exercise it can live in the city, even in an apartment. +But Pulis do best when not kept as indoor pets in a small living space. Pulis kept indoors need a lot of exercise to use up their energy, or they can became either shy or overactive. They need to get the kind of exercise they were created for. A Puli without enough exercise can became mischievous and cause trouble. The right kind of exercise includes running, biking, hiking, jogging and field work; not just a walk around the corner. Pulis are best kept in a house with a garden. +The Puli is happiest when it has work to do. Then this dog will show excellent intelligence, strength and ability to work with humans. This satisfies their strong instinct to guard their herd. +As a working dog, the Puli is obedient and focused when doing a task. Some of them are used as police dogs. They are one of the best sheepdogs. Pulis don't need to be taught how to guard the sheep. They naturally protect their territory and flock. Even though they are not big dogs, they will still try to scare away anyone they do not know. +If well trained, they understand even the smallest instructions and obey. They are excellent in obedience trials for dogs. These are also dogs who are sensitive (get their feelings hurt easily). Pulis hate being bullied or made fun of. Because they are so intelligent, they understand that they are being mistreated. If not treated well, they lose their desire to cooperate. +Pulis are not very friendly with people they do not know. With owners and friends, these dogs are funny, lovely and playful. Pulis bark quite a lot. +Fur. +The coat of fur on a Puli is corded, like dreadlocks. The puli is a one-colored dog. It is usually black. It can also be white, gray, or cream. All Pulis, even the white ones have black eyes, black noses and black feet. The Puli's coat needs a lot of care to keep its cords clean, neat, and attractive. About 45 minutes of grooming work each week is recommended. When the dog is older the cords can become quite long and heavy. They sometimes are so long that they touch the ground. The cords can be thinner or thicker cords. The thin, nice cords are made by keeping the fur clean and cared for. Thin ropes are made by hand forming thinner ropes. +This breed has little to no shedding (see Moult). + += = = Robert Hansen = = = +Robert Christian Hansen (February 15, 1939 - August 21, 2014), known in the media as the "Butcher Baker", was an American serial killer. +Hansen was born in Estherville, Iowa to Edna and Christian Hansen, who was a Danish immigrant. In 1960, he burned down a bus garage. He was convicted of arson and sent to prison. His wife divorced him when he was in prison. He was assessed as having an infantile personality and released in 1962. He married another woman in 1963. The couple and their two children moved to Anchorage, Alaska, in 1967. In 1977, he was convicted of theft and sent to prison. He was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and in 1978 was released. In 1983, he was charged with assault, kidnapping, firearms offences, theft and deception. +Between 1971 and 1983, Hansen abducted, raped, tortured and murdered at least 17 and possibly as many as 21 women in and around Anchorage. He was discovered, arrested, and convicted of four murders in 1984. He was sentenced to 461 years plus a life sentence with no possibility of parole. +Hansen died at the age of 75, at Alaska Regional Hospital in Anchorage on August 21, 2014 due to an illness. + += = = Kaufman Astoria Studios = = = +Kaufman Astoria Studios is a movie studio in New York. + += = = Sava Stojkov = = = +Sava Stojkov (Serbian Cyrillic: ���� �������; 29 March 1925 – 20 August 2014) was a Serbian naive art painter. He was known for his environment depictions, as well as for his pre-photorealistic tendencies. +Stojkov has exhibited at over 650 group exhibitions and received over 40 awards for his work worldwide. Ten books, monographs and 12 painting maps were published about his art and a large number of documentary movies, radio and television shows were recorded about his works. +Stojkov was one of the most popular painters in Serbia and in the region. He painted landscapes and plains of Vojvodina, portraits of its people, and occasionally worked in specific oil-on-glass technique. +Stojkov died on 20 August 2014 in Sombor, Serbia, aged 89. + += = = American Cocker Spaniel = = = +The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of dog. It is one of many Spaniel breeds. In the United States, the breed is usually called the Cocker Spaniel. In other parts of the world, it is called the American Cocker Spaniel. This is because there is a Cocker Spaniel called English Cocker Spaniel. They are clever, loving and happy dogs. +The breed. +The breed is the smallest of the sporting or hunting dogs. Also, there are some differences between it and its English relative. It is a happy and intelligent working breed. Because of having been bred to meet show dog qualities, it is no longer an ideal working dog. These Spaniels now have many health problems with their hearts, eyes and ears. +The American Cocker has a medium long silky coat of fur. It has an upturned nose, either black or brown. It has long, silky ears that hang down. The eyes are large, dark in color and round. Fur colors can be black, tan, cream, dark red, buff, roan and sometimes merle. +Behavior. +This dog breed is nicknamed the "Merry Cocker". It is a friendly dog and not shy. +It is smart as a hunting dog. IQ tests given in the 1950s and 1960s showed the American Cocker did best of all dogs tested on hunting skills. But, they did not do as well on other skills. These showed they were slower in uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string. The American Cocker Spaniel is in 20th place in Stanley Coren's "The Intelligence of Dogs". This means this dog is excellent in "Working or Obedience Intelligence" and in being trained. +If they are played with and loved as puppies, American Cockers can get along with people, children, other dogs and other pets. This breed has a tail that wags most of the time. It likes best to be around people. It is not meant to be left alone in a backyard. Cockers can get stressed by loud noises and by being treated roughly or fussed at. +Because they have now been bred to have a long coat, they can no longer be active enough to hunt or be exercised outside. + += = = Casimir Pulaski = = = +Count Kazimierz Michał Władysław Wiktor Pułaski of Ślepowron coat of arms (; March 6, 1745 October 11, 1779) was a Polish nobleman, soldier and military commander who has been called "the father of the American cavalry". +Pulaski was one of the leading military commanders for the Bar Confederation and fought against Russian domination of the Commonwealth. When this uprising failed, he was driven into exile. Following a recommendation by Benjamin Franklin, Pulaski emigrated to North America to help in the cause of the American Revolutionary War. He distinguished himself throughout the revolution. He most notably when he saved the life of George Washington. Pulaski became a general in the Continental Army. He created the Pulaski Cavalry Legion. He also created the American cavalry. At the Battle of Savannah, while leading a daring charge against British forces, he was gravely wounded, and died shortly thereafter. +In 2009, he was honored by becoming an honorary U.S. citizen. + += = = Raed al Atar = = = +Raed al Atar (1974 – 21 August 2014) was a Palestinian military personal. He was the commander of the Rafah company of the Hamas Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades. He was also a member of the Hamas high military council. According to the Congressional Research Service analyst Jim Zanotti, his command was important due to Rafah being the destination point for the smuggling tunnels from Egypt. al Atar was born in Gaza. +Al Atar was killed in Rafah, Gaza on 21 August 2014 in a missiles strike by the Israeli army. + += = = Amanda Palmer = = = +Amanda MacKinnon Gaiman Palmer (born April 30, 1976), sometimes known as Amanda Palmer, is an American musician. She became famous for being the singer of The Dresden Dolls. In 2008 her first solo album "Who Killed Amanda Palmer" was released by Roadrunner. Her second album "Theatre Is Evil" was released in 2012. +Palmer was born in New York City. She grew up in Lexington, Massachusetts. +At a Halloween party in 2000, Palmer met drummer Brian Viglione. Afterwards Palmer and Viglione started The Dresden Dolls. +Palmer has been married to English writer Neil Gaiman since 2011. + += = = Knock Shrine = = = +Knock Shrine () is a Roman Catholic pilgrimage site. In 1879, a religious vision was said to have happened in the village of Knock, County Mayo, Ireland. It was seen by fifteen people. The vision was of The Virgin Mary, Saint Joseph, John the Evangelist, angels, and Jesus Christ as the Lamb of God. A church was later built on the site, to worship and remember this event. +The vision. +On the evening of 21 August 1879, at about 8 o'clock, fifteen people, aged from five years to seventy-five included men, women, teenagers and children, witnessed this event. +They all said they saw an apparition of Our Lady, Saint Joseph, and Saint John the Evangelist on the wall of the small parish church. The little church was called the Church of Saint John the Baptist. +Description. +The Blessed Virgin Mary was said to be beautiful, standing a few feet above the ground. She wore a white dress. She had a crown on her head. The crown was golden, sparkling, and glittering. She was described as "in prayer", with her eyes raised to heaven. +Saint Joseph, also wearing a white robe, stood on the Virgin's right hand. Behind the figures, to the left of Saint John was a plain altar. On the altar was a cross and a lamb, with angels around. The lamb is the symbol of Jesus. This symbol is from the religious phrase The Lamb of God) +Those who saw the apparition stood in the rain for up to two hours. +Evidence. +An ecclesiastical inquiry was held to decide if the vision was true and not a mistake or fake. +The evidence was found to be trustworthy and not a lie. At a second Commission of inquiry in 1936, the surviving witnesses confirmed the evidence they gave to the first Commission. +Every August, ten thousand pilgrims go to visit the Knock Shrine . +The original little church is still there. A new Apparition chapel with statues of Our Lady, St Joseph, the lamb and St John the Evangelist, has been built next to it. Knock Basilica is a separate building showing a tapestry of the apparition. +Recent history. +Mother Teresa of Calcutta visited the Shrine in June 1993. + += = = Raphael (archangel) = = = +Raphael is an archangel (arch means "highest" or "chief"). He is known in various religions as an angel who does acts of healing. The name "Raphael" means "It is God who heals", "God Heals", "God, Please Heal". Raphael is an angel in the Bible. His feast days (celebration days) are on September 29 and October 24. +In religions. +Raphael is an archangel in Judaism and Christianity. In Islam, Raphael is the fourth major angel; in Muslim tradition, he is known as Israfil. Raphael is also an angel in Mormonism, as he is briefly mentioned in the Doctrine and Covenants. +In the Bible. +Raphael is generally associated with the angel mentioned in the Gospel of John as stirring the water at the healing pool of Bethesda. Raphael is spoken about in the Book of Tobit. Raphael was sent by the Lord to heal Tobit of his blindness. He also takes care of Tobit son, Tobias. He walks with Tobias to the village where he meets his future wife, Sarah. Sarah needs to be rescued from a demon who kills everybody who goes near her. This evil demon kills every man she marries on their wedding night. While they walk, Tobias and the Angel catch a fish together. Raphael told Tobias to catch a fish use the gallbladder to heal Tobit's eyes. Raphael also told Tobias how to protect himself from the demon. Tobias made a little fire and was burning the heart and liver of the fish. Tobias was driving away the evil demon with smoke. +Angel. +Raphael is the angel who can heal. He is the patron saint (taking care of) the young people, shepherds; sick people and travelers. He can cure eye problems and nightmares. +He is a special angel of the apothecaries; meaning nurses, pharmacists, physicians and jobs like those. He can also be the guardian angel of happy meetings. Raphael is said to guard pilgrims on their journeys, and is often shown holding a staff. He is also often shown holding or standing on a fish. The fish is a symbol of his healing of Tobias's father Tobit with the fish's gall. + += = = Jean Redpath = = = +Jean Redpath (28 April 1937 – 21 August 2014) was a Scottish folk singer-songwriter, educator and musician. She released over 23 albums between 1962 and 1995. She was worked with American folk legend such as Bob Dylan and Ramblin' Jack Elliott. Her last album was "The Moon's Silver Cradle". +Redpath was born in Edinburgh and raised in Leven, Fife. As a young adult, she moved to the United States to begin a music career. She was given an MBE in 1987. +Redpath died from cancer on 21 August 2014 at a hospital in Arizona. She was 77. + += = = Steven Sotloff = = = +Steven Joel Sotloff (May 11, 1983 – September 2, 2014) was an American journalist. He is best known for his work for "Time". He also worked for "The National Interest", "Media Line", and "Foreign Policy". He has appeared on CNN and Fox News. He has traveled to Syria, Egypt, Turkey, Libya, and Bahrain. +Sotloff was born and raised in Miami, Florida. His father is Arthur Sotloff. His mother is Shirley Pulwer. He studied at universities in Florida and New Hampshire. +Kidnapping. +On August 4, 2013, Sotloff was kidnapped in Aleppo, Syria near the Turkey border. He is currently being held captive by ISIS Islamic militants in eastern Syria. On August 19, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video titled "A Message to America", showing the beheading of fellow journalist James Foley. At the end of the video, ISIS threatened U.S. president Barack Obama, telling him that "his next move" will decide the fate of Sotloff. +However, only days after this threat was released, the U.S. stepped up airstrikes against ISIS. The U.S. fired 14 missiles at various ISIS Humvees near the Mosul Dam. +Beheading. +On September 2, 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant released a video of the beheading of a man they identified as Sotloff. + += = = Prime number theorem = = = +The prime number theorem is a theorem from number theory. Prime numbers are not distributed evenly across the number range. The theorem formalizes the idea that the probability of hitting a prime number between 1 and a given number becomes smaller, as numbers grow. This probability is about n/ln(n), where ln(n) is the natural logarithm function. This means that the probability of hitting a prime number with 2n digits is about half as likely than with n digits. For example, among the positive integers of at most 1000 digits, about one in 2300 is prime (ln 101000 ≈ 2302.6), whereas among positive integers of at most 2000 digits, about one in 4600 is prime (ln 102000 ≈ 4605.2). In other words, the average gap between consecutive prime numbers among the first "N" integers is roughly ln("N"). +Fifteen-year old Carl Friedrich Gauss suspected that there was a link between prime numbers and logarithms in 1793. Adrien-Marie Legendre also suspected such a link in 1798. Jacques Hadamard and Charles-Jean de La Vallée Poussin proved the prime number theorem in 1896, over a century after Gauss. + += = = Azerbaijani rock = = = +Azerbaijani rock is a type of rock music sung by Azerbaijani people. In the Soviet era, rock music was forbidden because the Communist Party of the Soviet Union believed it was a "Western anti-socialist" influence. However, in the 1980s popular rock bands in Azerbaijan began to emerge. The Azerbaijanis blended folk music with their rock music. After Bolshevism, progressive rock music began to be popular among Azerbaijani people. Since 2004, the Azerbaijan Music Awards honors musicians who record rock music. + += = = 2014–15 Premier League = = = +The 2014–15 Premier League is the 23rd season of the Premier League. It is the top English professional league for association football clubs since it started in 1992. The fixtures were announced on 18 June 2014. +The season started on Saturday 16 August 2014 and will end on Sunday 24 May 2015. +Teams. +A total of 20 teams will play in the league. The top 17 sides from the 2013–14 season and the three promoted from the 2013–14 Football League Championship. +On 5 April 2014, Leicester City earned promotion from the 2013–14 Football League Championship after ten-years away from the Premier League. They became champions after beating Bolton Wanderers on 22 April 2014. On 21 April 2014, Burnley earned promotion to the Premier League with second place. This followed their win over Wigan Athletic. On 24 May 2014 Queens Park Rangers were the final team to be promoted after winning the 2014 Football League Championship play-off Final. They won 1–0 against Derby County at Wembley Stadium in London. The three teams replace Cardiff City, Fulham and Norwich City, who were all relegated to the Championship at the end of the previous season. +Season statistics. +Scoring. +Hat-tricks. +4 + += = = Liz Holzman = = = +Elizabeth E. "Liz" Holzman (February 9, 1953 – August 11, 2014) was an American movie and television director, producer, animator and writer. She was best known for her work on the animated television shows "Animaniacs" and "Pinky and the Brain". She won three Emmy Awards during the 1990s. +Holzman was born in San Francisco, California. She studied at Mills College and at the California Institute of the Arts. There she earned her MFA in movie graphics. She was also the Animation Department Chair at the Art Institute of Portland. +Holzman died from breast cancer on August 11, 2014 in Portland, Oregon. She was 61. + += = = Cat o' nine tails = = = +The cat o' nine tails is a multi-tailed whip. It is sometimes called just the cat. It was first used to give severe physical punishment. It was used in the Royal Navy and British Army. +The cat o' nine tails is sometimes used in BDSM or sexual fetish activity. + += = = Maria Altmann = = = +Maria Altmann (February 18, 1916 – February 7, 2011) was a Jewish refugee from Nazi Austria to the United States. She was an art collector. Altmann's family owned five paintings painted by Gustav Klimt. They were stolen by Nazis during World War II. She was successful in getting back those five paintings, which included two portraits of her aunt, Adele Bloch-Bauer. +Altmann was born in Vienna, Austria. She died at age 94. +The movie "Woman in Gold" is based on Altmann's life. + += = = Contour line = = = +Contour lines or isolines are used when plotting a function. All the points where the function has the same value are connected. Two well-known examples, where such lines are commonly are height lines on topographical maps, and showing areas with the same pressure or temperature on weather charts. Contour lines are an application of level sets. + += = = Loleatta Holloway = = = +Loleatta Holloway (November 5, 1946 – March 21, 2011) was an American singer. She was known mainly for disco songs, such as "Hit and Run" and "Love Sensation". +Holloway was born in Chicago, Illinois. She died there from heart failure. + += = = War on Drugs = = = +The War on Drugs is what people call a government program in the United States. The program was, officially, to end drug use. It started in the early 1970s and the Reagan Administration gave it a lot of attention in the 1980s. The War on Drugs continued into the 1990s and 2000s. Presidents Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush supported it. +The War on Drugs led to the capture of many drug dealers and ended many drug dealers in the United States. The Drug Policy Alliance said that the United States had spent $51 billion every year on the War on Drugs. +The War on Drugs also lead to the creation of the saying "Just Say No" which was created by Ronald Reagan's wife and First Lady Nancy Reagan. It was created to prevent teenagers doing drugs. + += = = Level set = = = +A level set of a function is the set of all the points where the function has a given value. This is a special application of a scalar field. + += = = Cecil D. Andrus = = = +Cecil Dale Andrus (August 25, 1931 – August 24, 2017) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was Governor of Idaho for 14 years. He was governor from 1971 to 1977 and again from 1987 to 1995. He was U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1977 to 1981, during the Carter administration. +Andrus died on August 24, 2017 in Boise, from complications of lung cancer. + += = = Sésamo = = = +Plaza Sésamo is the Venezuelan version of the "Sesame Street" television show. It was first shown in Venezuela in 1972. + += = = U. R. Ananthamurthy = = = +Udupi Rajagopalacharya Ananthamurthy (; 21 December 1932 - 22 August 2014) was an Indian writer and critic. He wrote in the Kannada language. He was thought to be as one of the pioneers of the Navya movement. In 1998, he received the Padma Bhushan award from the Government of India. +He was the Vice-Chancellor of Mahatma Gandhi University in Kerala during the late 1980s. He was one of the finalists of Man Booker International Prize for the year 2013. +Ananthamurthy died of cardiac arrest caused by renal failure on 22 August 2014 in Bangalore, Karnataka, India, aged 81. + += = = Commode = = = +A commode is a special piece of furniture. The word comes form the French word and means "convenient". The commode developed from the chest. Commodes have drawers, so handling them is more convenient than handling a chest. Commodes have been in common usage since the 18th century. + += = = Big Bag = = = +Big Bag is a muppet and musical comedy television show from Jim Henson and Sesame Workshop It aired on the Cartoon Network between 1996-1998. Season 1 was released in 1996-1997 and season 2 was released in 1997-1998. + += = = Trading Spouses = = = +Trading Spouses: Meet Your New Mommy is a television show that aired in 2004-2007. Season 1 was released in 2004-2005, season 2 was released in 2005-2006, and season 3 was released in 2006-2007. Marguerite "God Warrior" Perrin (mother of Ashley Perrin and wife of Barry Perrin) (where she appeared in The Tyra Banks Show in 2006) (born 1961) appeared in this show. + += = = Shake It Off (Taylor Swift song) = = = +"Shake It Off" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the first single from her fifth studio album, "1989". It premiered during a Yahoo! live stream on August 18, 2014. The song's music video was released was also released on the same day. The music video helped the song to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was ranked number 13 in the year-end Hot 100 of 2014. + += = = Pedicure = = = +The pedicure is a way to improve the appearance of feet and nails. The word "pedicure" refers to superficial cosmetic treatment of the feet and toenails. Pedicures can help prevent nail disorders and nail problems. They are very popular, especially among women. +Pedicures are not only limited to the nails. Usually, dead skin cells on the bottoms of feet are rubbed off with pumice stones. +People have been pedicuring nails for over four thousand years. + += = = Bruce Boxleitner = = = +Bruce William Boxleitner (born May 12, 1950) is an American actor and science fiction and suspense writer. He is known for his leading roles in the television series "How the West Was Won", "Bring 'Em Back Alive", "Scarecrow and Mrs. King" (with Kate Jackson), and "Babylon 5". +He is also known for his dual role as the characters Alan Bradley and Tron in the 1982 Walt Disney Pictures movie "Tron", a role which he reprised in the 2010 sequel, ' and the animated series '. + += = = Deborah Sussman = = = +Deborah Evelyn Sussman (May 26, 1931 – August 20, 2014) was an American artist and designer. She was a discoverer in the field of environmental graphic design. Her work put graphic design into architectural and public spaces. She worked on many projects, most notably the architectural landscape of the 1984 Summer Olympics. She was awarded an AIGA medal in 2004. +Sussman was born in Brooklyn borough of New York City, New York. Her father was a skilled commercial artist. +Sussman died from breast cancer on August 20, 2014 in Los Angeles, California. She was 83. + += = = Roscoe Arbuckle = = = +Roscoe Conkling "Fatty" Arbuckle (March 24, 1887 – June 29, 1933) was an American silent movie actor, comedian, director, and screenwriter. He helped Charlie Chaplin become an actor. He discovered Buster Keaton and Bob Hope. +Arbuckle was one of the most popular silent stars of the 1910s. He soon became one of the highest paid actors in Hollywood. He once signed a contract in 1921 with Paramount Pictures for US$1 million. +Arbuckle was accused of three counts of rape and for murdering actress Virginia Rappe. Arbuckle was later found not guilty and the jury gave Arbuckle a formal apology. +Arbuckle died in his sleep of a heart attack in 1933 at age 46. + += = = Tom Snyder = = = +Thomas James "Tom" Snyder (May 12, 1936 – July 29, 2007) was an American television personality, news anchor, and radio personality. He was best known for his late night talk shows "The Tomorrow Show" and "The Late Late Show". Snyder was also an anchor of the primetime "NBC News Update". +Snyder died of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in San Francisco, California, aged 71. + += = = James Freeman Gilbert = = = +J. Freeman Gilbert (August 9, 1931 – August 15, 2014) was an American geophysicist. He was best known for his work with George E. Backus on inverting geophysical data and also for his role in establishing an international network of long-period seismometers. +Early life. +Gilbert was born in Vincennes, Indiana. He studied at the University of California, Los Angeles. +Awards. +Gilbert received many honors, including the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1981; the William Bowie Medal in 1999; and the Medal of the Seismological Society of America in 2004. +Later years and death. +In his later years, Gilbert travelled throughout the world with his wife, Sally Gilbert. He died after being injured in a car accident in Southern Oregon on August 15, 2014. He was 83 years old. + += = = Harry Fielding Reid = = = +Harry Fielding Reid (May 18, 1859 – June 18, 1944) was an American geophysicist. He was known for his works to seismology, mostly in his theory of elastic rebound that was about faults to earthquakes. + += = = Jason Momoa = = = +Joseph Jason Namakaeha Momoa (born August 1, 1979) is an American actor, model, director, writer and producer. He played Ronon Dex in the television series "" and as Khal Drogo in the Home Box Office television series "Game of Thrones". His father is of Native Hawaiian descent, and his mother is of German, Irish and Native American descent. +He also starred in the movie "Conan the Barbarian". In 2014, he directed his first movie "Road to Paloma". Momoa played Duncan Idaho in Dune and Aquaman, one of the superheroes in "", "Justice League" and the 2018 movie of the same name. + += = = Hillsboro, Texas = = = +Hillsboro is a city in and the county seat of Hill County in Central Texas. The population was 8,221 at the 2020 census. + += = = Gordon Faber = = = +Gordon C. Faber (April 2, 1931 – August 18, 2014) was an American politician and businessman from the U.S. state of Oregon. He was born in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, he grew up in Hillsboro, Oregon. +He joined the U.S. Air Force during the Korean War and was a small business owner before becoming a real estate agent and entering politics. He served on Hillsboro's budget committee and city council before serving two terms as mayor from 1993 to 2001. +Faber died on August 18, 2014, at home in Hillsboro, Oregon at the age of 83 due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. + += = = Neil Goldschmidt = = = +Neil Edward Goldschmidt (born June 16, 1940) is an American politician and businessman. He served as Governor of Oregon January 1987 through January 1991. +Goldschmidt also served as United States Secretary of Transportation under President Jimmy Carter from August 1979 through January 1981. He also served as Mayor of Portland, Oregon from January 1973 through January 1979. +He was a member of Democratic Party. +Goldschmidt was born in Eugene, Oregon. +In 2004, it was revealed that when Goldschmidt was mayor of Portland, he had repeatedly raped a 13 year old girl. It was also revealed the sexual abuse continued when he was governor. The entire abuse was covered up by officials who worked for Goldschmidt. + += = = James H. Burnley IV = = = +James Horace Burnley IV (born July 30, 1948) is an American politician and lawyer. He served as the United States Secretary of Transportation from 1987 until 1989. He served during the administration of President Ronald Reagan. + += = = Rodney E. Slater = = = +Rodney Earl Slater (born February 23, 1955) is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of Transportation under U.S. President Bill Clinton. He is a member of the Democratic Party +Slater was born in Marianna, Arkansas. +Slater graduated from Eastern Michigan University in 1977, and received his Juris Doctor degree from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1980. +After Clinton was elected president, 1993 Slater became the first African-American Director of the Federal Highway Administration. +In 1997, Slater was appointed to be the Secretary of Transportation. He was the second African American to hold that post. + += = = Ray LaHood = = = +Raymond H. "Ray" LaHood (born December 6, 1945) is an American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Transportation from 2009 until 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party. LaHood represented Illinois's 18th congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2009. + += = = The Game = = = +"The Game" is a song by DragonForce. It is the second single and first track from the studio album Maximum Overload. The song has a music video released on June 18 2014 on YouTube. The song featured Matt Heafy. + += = = John Sherman Cooper = = = +John Sherman Cooper (August 23, 1901 – February 21, 1991) was an American politician, jurist, and diplomat from the U.S. state of Kentucky. He served three non-consecutive terms in the United States Senate before being elected to two full terms in 1960 and 1966. +He also served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1956 and U.S. Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to more than one term as a senator from Kentucky and, in both 1960 and 1966. He set records for the largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate from either party. + += = = Tom Poston = = = +Thomas Gordon "Tom" Poston (October 17, 1921 – April 30, 2007) was an American television and movie actor. His career began during the 1950s. +According to USA Today Life editor Dennis Moore, Poston appeared in more sitcoms than any other actor. In the 1980s, he played George Utley, opposite Bob Newhart's character on "Newhart" and Burt Sigurdson in "That '70s Show". +After a short illness, Poston died of respiratory failure on April 30, 2007, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 85. + += = = Hillsborough, North Carolina = = = +Hillsborough is a town and county seat of Orange County, North Carolina. The population was 9,660 in 2020. + += = = Birgitta Stenberg = = = +Birgitta Stenberg (26 April 1932 – 23 August 2014) was a Swedish author, translator and illustrator. She was the 2005 winner of the Selma Lagerlöf Prize. +Stenberg was born in Stockholm in 1932. She was educated in Visby and finally in Paris. She became a Swedish author, translator and illustrator. She lived in Åstol in Sweden. She has won the Swedish Selma Lagerlöf Prize for literature in 2005. +Stenberg died from hepatic cancer (type of liver cancer) on 23 August 2014 in Tiveden, Sweden, aged 82. + += = = Golam Mostofa (poet) = = = +Golam Mostofa (Bengali: ����� �������) (1897- 13 October 1964) was a writer and poet. Mostofa wrote the Tarana-E-Pakistan the anthem (official song) for the then country of East Pakistan. His country is now called Bangladesh. + += = = John S. Waugh = = = +John Stewart Waugh (April 25, 1929 – August 22, 2014) was an American chemist and educator. He was an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He is known for making normal hamiltonian theory and using it to extend NMR spectroscopy, before only limited to liquids, to the solid state. In 1974, he was elected as a member in the Chemistry section of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). In 1983, he was awarded Wolf Prize in Chemistry with Herbert S. Gutowsky and Harden M. McConnell. +Waugh was born in Willimantic, Connecticut. He was married to Susan and had two children. +Waugh died on August 22, 2014 in Lincoln, Massachusetts, aged 85. + += = = Victor Chang = = = +Victor Peter Chang (born Chang Yam Him; 21 November 1936 – 4 July 1991) was an Australian heart surgeon. He has been called a pioneer of modern heart transplantation. He also helped with the development of an artificial heart valve. He worked at St Vincent's Hospital with his team who had high success rates of heart transplants. +Chang was born in Shanghai to Australian-born Chinese parents. He first grew up in Hong Kong before moving to Sydney, New South Wales, in 1951. He studied and trained at the University of Sydney as well as in the United Kingdom and the United States. He was made a Companion of the Order of Australia in 1986. He was married to English-born Ann Simmons. The couple had three children. +Chang was murdered on 4 July 1991 in Mosman, Sydney. He was 54. He was shot in the head twice for turning down the efforts of extortion by two men. The men, Malaysians Chew Seng "Ah Sung" Liew and Choon Tee "Phillip" Lim, first ran their vehicle into Chang's car, making him pull over. After arguing, Chang was shot dead by Liew. The men both later spent time in jail. + += = = Square One TV = = = +Square One TV is an American children's television program. It was produced by the Children's Television Workshop. The purpose is to teach mathematics to young viewers. It was aired in 1987-1992 and 1995-1996, reran aired in 1992-1994 and 1999-2002. This series is rated TV-Y. +"Square One" features a variety of short events all with a mathematical theme, for example "Mathman", a parody of "Pac-Man"; "Mathnet", parody of "Dragnet", and "Late Afternoon with David Numberman", parody of "Late Night with David Letterman". + += = = Ganesh Chaturthi = = = +Ganesha Chaturthi is the 10 day-long Hindu festival held on the birthday of the Lord Ganesha. He is the son of Shiva and Parvati. It is celebrated all over India. The festival is held on shukla chaturthi in the Hindu month of Bhaadrapada and ends on Anant chaturdashi. For example in 2022 it will be celebrated on August 31th. It is celebrated widely in Maharashtra. On this occasion people make special "modaks" which are loved by Lord Ganesha. Lalbaug is a place that every year celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi on a large scale. +There are Ganesha's form like Bal Ganesh, Lalbaugchya Raja, Siddhivinayak Maharaj, and Dhagru Sheth. The most popular ones are: and . +Overview. +Ganesh Chaturthi is also called Vinayaka Chaturthi, it is a pure Hindu festival, during this festival people pray Lord Ganesha with great devotion. In this occasion people keep their clay idols privately in their homes, or publicly on big pandals (or temporary stages or altars). +It starts with Vedic hymns, prayers, vrata and hindu texts such as Ganesha Upanishad. Offerings of prasada after the prayer and distributing amongst the community people, prasad include sweets, modaka (it is believed to be the favourite sweet of ganesha). This festival starts on the fourth day of Hindu luni-solar calendar month Bhadrapada, which normally falls in the month of August or September. The Ganesha chaturthi ends on the tenth day. +Celebrations include four stages of rituals: +Ganpati Visarjan. At this stage, the idol is immersed into the river, sea or ocean. He is believed to go back to Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati after the immersion. + += = = Cat righting reflex = = = +The cat righting reflex is a cat's natural ability to turn itself around as it falls so it will land on its feet. This righting reflex starts to happen at 3–4 weeks of age. The cat has entirely learned how to do this by 6–7 weeks. Cats are able to do this because they have a flexible backbone and a clavicle that does not move. The minimum height needed for this to happen safely in most cats is about 12 inches. +Cats without a tail can also do this. This is because a cat mostly moves its hind legs and does not use much angular momentum to set itself up for landing. So a tail is not really needed for this skill. +Using this righting reflex, cats can often land without injury. But, this is not always true, since cats can still break bones or die from extreme falls. +In a 1987 study, written in the "Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association", 132 cats were looked at after having fallen from buildings. The injuries per cat were more, depending on the height fallen; up to seven stories high. Above seven stories, the injuries were less. The study authors think that after falling five stories, the cats reached terminal velocity. At that time, the cats relaxed and spread their bodies to increase drag. +How the cat does it. +First, cats decide which is up or down, by looking to see or by using senses in the inner ear. Then, cats manage to twist themselves to face downward, without ever changing their angular momentum. They do this in these steps: +If the cat is not flexible enough (able to bend easily), it may need to do steps two and three again in order to completely right itself. +Terminal velocity. +Besides this righting reflex, cats have body features that help keep them safe in a fall. Their small size, light bones, and thick fur decrease their terminal velocity. Also, once righted they may also spread out their body to increase drag and slow how fast they are falling. They also relax as they fall, which protects them some when they land. + += = = Lauren Nelson = = = +Lauren Nelson (born November 26, 1986) is an American beauty queen from Lawton, Oklahoma. She was Miss America 2007. Before that, she was Miss Oklahoma 2006. + += = = Buttered cat paradox = = = +The buttered cat paradox is a popular joke based on putting two adages (sayings) together to make them funny: +The paradox happens when one asks this question: What would happen if one attached a piece of buttered toast (butter side up) to the back of a cat, then dropped the cat from a large height? +In reality. +In reality, cats can turn themselves right side up in mid-air if they should fall upside-down. This is named the cat righting reflex. This reflex lets them land on their feet if dropped from high enough up (about ). Toast, not being alive, does not have the ability to turn itself over. Nor does it want to, since it cannot think. +Toast usually lands on the floor butter-side-down. This is because of how it is dropped from a table. As the toast falls from the table, it rotates or turns. Using the average speed of rotation for a slice of toast as it falls from the table and the usual height of a table, a slice of toast that began butter-side-up on the table will land butter-side-down on the floor 81% of the time. This is because the buttered side is heavier. When an object has a heavy and light side, in most cases it will fall heavy side first. +Domestic cats usually weigh between . A regular slice of bread weighs only one ounce and a pat of butter about one fourth ounce. So attaching a very small piece of toast with butter to a much larger cat would hardly have any effect on how the cat would move. + += = = Annefleur Kalvenhaar = = = +Annefleur Kalvenhaar (10 June 1994 – 23 August 2014) was a Dutch cyclist and mountain biker. She won the European Cyclo-cross Championships in 2013. She began her career at the age of 13. She participated for the first time in a World Cup in 2012. In Houffalize and La Bresse she finished second place in the top 10. She was born in Wierden, Netherlands. +Kalvenhaar died in Grenoble, France due to an accident during a XCE race in Meribel, France, aged 20. + += = = Wierden = = = +Wierden is a municipality and town in the province of Overijssel, the Netherlands. About 25,000 were living there in 2021. It lies in Twente region. + += = = Treadmill = = = +A treadmill is a device for walking or running, while staying in the same place. Before there was steam power, such treadmills were used to power machines. That way, the work of animals or people could be used in the machines. Such treadmills were also used as a form of punishment in prisons. + += = = Chapelle royale de Dreux = = = +The Royal Chapel of Dreux () is the traditional resting place for members of the royal House of Orléans. It is located in the town of Dreux in France. +The land on which the chapel was built on was owned by the Duke of Penthièvre, whose daughter Marie Adélaïde married the Duke of Orléans in 1769. Following the death of the Duke of Penthièvre his daughter inherited a majority of his vast estates including the land of Dreux. The Orléans family later used the chapel there as their own personal burial place following the reign of Louis Philippe I. + += = = Colombiana = = = +Colombiana is a 2011 French crime drama action movie set in Bogotá and Chicago. Zoe Saldana plays Cataleya, a hired killer whose parents are murdered when she is a child, so she seeks revenge. Cliff Curtis plays Emilio. +This movie got mixed reviews from critics. It made almost $61 million. + += = = Louis Philippe I = = = +Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 — 26 August 1850) nicknamed the Citizen King (French: "le Roi Citoyen") was King of the French from 1830 until he was forced to abdicate following the French Revolution in 1848. As Louis Philippe III, he was also the Duke of Orléans from 1793 to 1830 where he passed that title to his son, Philippe which became the title of the heirs to the French throne rather than going back to the traditional, Dauphin of France. +Throughout his reign, Louis brought peace, stability, and prosperity to France. He started France's colonialism over the world. He conquered Algeria and Tunisia which increased France's territory, army, and navy. He also ordered the completion of the Arc de Triomphe. This increased his popularity. +However, in 1848, his popularity declined because he opposed parlimentarism and that he always wanted to rule as an absolute monarch. He also started to support the rich people and care less about the poor. This broke off the French Revolution of 1848. Since there were already two major revolutions and that Louis did not want another French Revolution, he abdicated the throne and fled the country. He travelled to the UK and moved into the Claremont House in Surrey and lived there under the name "Mr Smith" until his death due to dysentery on 26 October 1850 at the age of 77. +He started France's colonialism in Africa and North America. His conquest of Algeria, Tunisia, and North America greatly made France more powerful. +Louis had some of the qualities of being a good king. He greatly expanded France. He also made France more modern. He built the Arc de Triomphe, the Luxor Obelisk in the Place de la Concorde and the July Column in the Place de la Bastille. +Early life. +Born at the Palais Royal in Paris he was named Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Louis Philippe in honour of his father. His parents were the Duke and Duchess of Orléans. One of the most senior members of the French royal court. He was born a Prince of the blood which entitled him to be addressed as "His Serene Highness". From birth he was given the title of Duke of Valois one of his fathers subsidiary titles. He was the eldest of four children born to the duke and duchess. He was a member of the House of Orléans, itself a cadet branch of the ruling House of Bourbon. The two branches were both directly descended from Louis XIV and were often in competition with one another. +His education was carried out by Madame de Genlis who was later his fathers mistress. It was she who instilled a fairly liberal attitude within the young prince. When Louis Philippe's grandfather died in 1785, his father succeeded him as Duke of Orléans and Louis Philippe succeeded his father as Duke of Chartres. +His parents had a strained marriage the Duke was famous for his many extramarital affairs and his wife just quietly accepted his infidelity. She was a notoriously religious woman who relished watching her children grow up. Louis Philippe was the eldest of four children born to the couple. Louis Philippe was very close to his brother, the younger Duke of Montpensier. +In 1792 he joined the French army and went to fight in Austria. But in April 1793 he deserted. He could not return to France so he found work as a teacher in Switzerland. He then went to live in Sweden. After that he lived in the United States and finally he moved to England. +After the abdication of Napoleon in 1814, Louis Philippe returned to France. King Louis XVIII gave him back his Orléans estates. +Marriage. +In 1808, proposed to Princess Elizabeth, daughter of King George III of the United Kingdom. His Catholicism and the opposition of her mother Queen Charlotte meant the princess reluctantly declined the offer. +In 1809, Louis Philippe married Princess Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily, daughter of King Ferdinand IV of Naples and Maria Carolina of Austria. They had ten children. Maria Amalia was also a niece of the late Queen Marie Antoinette. +He died on August 26, 1850 in Claremont, Surrey, England. +Legacy. +When king of the French he made his children and descendants legally able to bear the title of Prince/ss of Orléans. With the style of "Royal Highness". +References. + += = = Mineral Point, Wisconsin = = = +Mineral Point is a city in Iowa County, Wisconsin, United States. The city is located within the Town of Mineral Point. Mineral Point is part of the Madison Metropolitan Statistical Area. This is Wisconsin's third oldest city. Mineral Point was settled in 1827. The population was 2,581 at the 2020 census. + += = = Stanley Motor Carriage Company = = = +The Stanley Motor Carriage Company was an American manufacturer of steam-engine cars. The company was founded in 1898 and incorporated in 1901. The cars made by the company were called Stanley Steamers. They were produced from 1896 to 1924. In the early 1900s steam was used to power locomotives, steamships, even sewing machines. It seemed natural that steam could power cars. Of all the steam driven cars made in the early 20th century, the Stanley Steamer was the best-known and most popular. Today Stanley Steamers are rare automobiles and hard to find outside of museums and a few car collections. +Early history. +Twins Francis E. Stanley and Freelan O. Stanley were the co-inventors of the Stanley Steamer automobile. Freelan was a teacher and high school principal. Francis was also a teacher, but left teaching in 1874 to become a photographer. In 1885 they both left their jobs and started a company to make photographic plates for photographers. they sold their shop four years later when they moved to Watertown, Massachusetts. They started another photographic plate business, but sold it to Eastman Kodak in 1904. The brothers had become interested in making cars and wanted to do that full time. +Building steam cars. +Many inventors were working on making cars during this time. The Stanley brothers built their first two cars as a hobby. In 1898 they brought their cars to the first Auto show in the US held in Boston. Cars from the US and Europe were on exhibition. There was also an outdoor competition. Their Stanley Steamers were faster and could climb hills much better than other cars. No gasoline engined car could climb the 15% grade. A Whitney steam car nearly climbed the 20% grade. The Stanley steamer easily climbed the 30% grade. +With the money from the sale of their company to Eastman Kodak, they began making steam cars. In 1899, they produced and sold over 200 cars, more than any other U.S. maker. In 1899, Freelan and his wife Flora drove one of these cars to the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the highest peak in the northeastern United States. The ascent took more than two hours and was notable as being the first time a car had climbed the long Mount Washington Carriage Road; the descent was accomplished by putting the engine in low gear and using the car's brakes. The twins later sold the rights to this early design to Locomobile, and in 1902 they formed the Stanley Motor Carriage Company. +Stanley licensed their designs to several other motor car companies. The White Motor Company was one who used the Stanley design and continued to produce steam cars until 1912. Stanley was the last manufacturer of steam powered cars. As the internal combustion engine designs improved, steam and electric cars lost much of their popularity. The numbers of cars sold went down to less than 600 a year in 1918. That year the Stanley brothers sold the company to Prescott Warren, a Chicago businessman. Francis Stanley died in an automobile accident later the same year (1918). His brother Freelan opened a hotel in Colorado called The Stanley Hotel. He lived to be 91 years old. Stanley Steamers were made until 1924. +Design and operation. +Early Stanley cars had bodies made of wood. The bodies were attached to steel frames by leaf springs. Later bodies were made of aluminum. A Kerosene burner heated a drum-shaped boiler. The boiler stored steam. The driver controlled the steam going to the engine by a throttle. There was no need for a transmission. Starting a Stanley in the morning would wake everyone who lived nearby. It sounded like a steam locomotive, hissing and chugging. It was very hard to steal a Stanley Steamer. It took 20 minutes to gather enough steam before it could move. Once it was moving it seemed to have unlimited power. An early Stanley Steamer was capable of 75 miles per hour. In 1906 a Stanley Steamer broke the land speed record at 127 miles per hour in Florida. To operate a Stanley Steamer, the driver had to watch a number of gauges. There were 13 handles, pumps and valves to adjust. They carried only a small amount of water due to its weight. The car could only go about 40 miles before it had to add water. The kerosene burner was known to cause fires. The easier to operate gasoline powered internal combustion engine caused the steam car to become obsolete. + += = = Arthur Penn = = = +Arthur Hiller Penn (September 27, 1922 – September 28, 2010) was an American director and producer for movies and television. He directed many movies that got high marks in the 1960s, such as "The Chase" and "Bonnie and Clyde". +He returned to stage and television producing and directing in the 1990s. +Penn was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in New York City at age 88 from congestive heart failure. + += = = Paweł Huelle = = = +Paweł Marek Huelle (10 September 1957 – 27 November 2023) was a Polish author, critic, journalist and university lecturer. He was born in Gdańsk, Poland. +Career. +Huelle studied philology (language) at Gdańsk University. After that, he was the press secretary for Solidarity (Solidarnosc). He also taught various subjects at schools in Gdansk at the same time. Later he worked as the director of the Gdańsk Polish Television Center. +His first novel was "Weiser Dawidek". It was published in 1987. It made him famous in Poland. It is about five young friends in Gdańsk. Polish literary critics called it a masterpiece and the most important Polish literary work of the decade. "Once one begins reading Weiser Dawidek, the book can hardly be put down. Like "Opowiadania", it is written with undeniably great talent." Huelle was the Polish winner of the Samuel-Bogumil-Linde-Preis for 2005. +Most of Huelle's stories are set in Gdańsk. He says that city is "full of all kinds of ghosts. I'm not saying it's beautiful or wonderful in any way – but it's strange." Huelle has also published several short stories +He died in Gdańsk aged 66 on 27 November 2023. + += = = Revere, Massachusetts = = = +Revere is a city in Suffolk County, Massachusetts, near downtown Boston. It is named after Paul Revere, an American Revolutionary War patriot. At 2020 United States Census, 62,186 people lived in Revere. + += = = Buster Posey = = = +Gerald Dempsey "Buster" Posey III (born March 27, 1987) is an American professional baseball catcher and first baseman for the San Francisco Giants of Major League Baseball. He stands and weighs . He bats and throws right-handed. +Posey grew up in Leesburg, Georgia. He played four sports in high school; when playing baseball, he was very good at hitting and pitching. He attended Florida State University, where he began playing the catcher position. +He won the Golden Spikes Award in 2008 and was selected by the Giants with the fifth overall pick in the 2008 Major League Baseball Draft. Posey made his major league start on September 11, 2009. After beginning the 2010 season in the minor leagues, he was called back up to the major leagues in May. He played first base when he came up, but became the Giants' regular catcher at the end of June. + += = = Steven R. Nagel = = = +Steven Ray Nagel (October 27, 1946 – August 21, 2014), (Col, USAF), was an American astronaut, aeronautical and mechanical engineer, test pilot and a United States Air Force pilot. Nagel became a NASA astronaut in August 1979. Nagel retired from the Air Force February 28, 1995 and as an astronaut one month later. +Nagel died on August 21, 2014 of cancer. + += = = Dara Singh = = = +Dara Singh (19 November 1928 – 12 July 2012) was an Indian wrestler and actor. He started acting in 1952. He was the first sportsman to be nominated to the Rajya Sabha. He worked as Hindi and Punjabi movie producer, director and writer. He acted on movie and television. He was known for his roles in "Jab We Met" (2007), "Kal Ho Naa Ho" (2003) and "Mera Naam Joker" (1972). +Singh died on 12 July 2012 at his home in Mumbai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 83. + += = = Deaths in January 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2014. + += = = Deaths in February 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in February 2014. + += = = Deaths in August 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2014. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months". + += = = Sydney Roosters = = = +The Sydney Roosters are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 15 premierships, most recently in 2019. +The Sydney Roosters are the only club to take part in every season of top-flight rugby league competition in Australia. + += = = Deaths in March 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2014. + += = = Deaths in April 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in April 2014. + += = = Deaths in May 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in May 2014. + += = = Deaths in June 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in June 2014. + += = = Penrith Panthers = = = +The Penrith Panthers are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Penrith, western Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1966. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won five premierships, most recently in 2023. + += = = Deaths in July 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in July 2014. + += = = Canberra Raiders = = = +The Canberra Raiders are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the nation's capital city of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. They were founded in 1981. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won three premierships, most recently in 1994. + += = = South Sydney Rabbitohs = = = +The South Sydney Rabbitohs are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Redfern, south-central Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1908. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won 21 premierships (the most of any other team), most recently in 2014. + += = = Albert Ebossé Bodjongo = = = +Albert Dominique Ebossé Bodjongo Dika (6 October 1989 – 23 August 2014) was a Cameroonian soccer player who played for JS Kabylie in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1. +On 23 August 2014 Albert was struck by a projectile thrown by a fan just hours after a matchup between his home team JS Kabylie and USM Alger. The match had ended in a 2-1 defeat and the Cameroonian died of head injury due to the strike. He was aged 24. On 18 December 2014, more results were released after his death. The results said that Bodjongo could have died from a beating instead. + += = = Hajo Meyer = = = +Hajo Meyer (12 August 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a German-Dutch physicist and Jewish political activist. +Family. +He was born in Bielefeld. In 1938, Meyer escaped from Nazi Germany to the Netherlands alone, without his parents. He went into hiding in 1943, but was arrested after a year and spent ten months in Auschwitz. His parents, who were deported from Germany. They did not survive. +Works. +After the war, Meyer returned to the Netherlands, and studied theoretical physics. He started working for Philips and eventually became director of the Philips Physics Laboratory (NatLab). After his retirement he took courses in England and worked as a builder of new violins and violas. +On 23 August 2014, Meyer died in his sleep at the age of 90 in The Hague, Netherlands. + += = = United Party of Canada = = = +The United Party of Canada was a political party in Canada. It was a centrist party. It supported education for everyone at the college and trade school levels. It also said that we should make energy from renewable sources, instead of making it from things that go away forever. + += = = Western Block Party = = = +The Western Block Party (or WBP) was a conservative political party in Canada. It wanted Western Canada to become independent from the rest of Canada. It was founded in 2005. It first ran candidates in the 2006 federal elections. The party's current leader is Paul St. Laurent. +The WBP was not affiliated with some other independent parties in western Canada, such as the Alberta First Party and the Western Independence Party of Saskatchewan. + += = = Northwestern Ontario = = = +Northwestern Ontario is a region in the Canadian province of Ontario. It covers most of subartic Ontario. It includes the districts of Kenora, Rainy River, and Thunder Bay. +Sometimes, Northwestern Ontario is grouped with Northeastern Ontario as Northern Ontario. + += = = Northeastern Ontario = = = +Northeastern Ontario is a region in the Canadian province of Ontario. It includes the districts of Algoma, Sudbury, Cochrane, Timiskaming, Nipissing, and Manitoulin. Parry Sound District and District Municipality of Muskoka are sometimes included in Northeastern Ontario, although they are usually included in Central Ontario. +Northeastern Ontario is sometimes included with Northwestern Ontario as Northern Ontario. One difference between the two parts is that Northeastern Ontario has a large Franco-Ontarian population. Almost 25 percent of Northeastern Ontario's population speaks French as a first language. + += = = Dove Cameron = = = +Dove Olivia Cameron (born Chloe Celeste Hosterman; January 15, 1996), is an American actress. She is known for playing the title characters in the Disney Channel original series "Liv and Maddie". She also starred in the Disney Channel original movie "Cloud 9" as Kayla Morgan. +Early life. +Chloe Celeste Hosterman was born in Seattle, Washington on January 15, 1996 as Chloe Celeste Hosterman to Philip Alan Hosterman and Bonnie Wallace. She has one older sister, Claire Hosterman, who was born in 1989. At the age of eight, she began acting in community theater. When Cameron was fourteen she moved to Los Angeles, where she sang in Burbank High School's National Championship Show Choir. +Career. +Since 2013, Cameron has starred in the dual lead role of Liv and Maddie in the Disney Channel original series "Liv and Maddie". The preview of the show was on . The show premiered on . The pilot episode gained 5.8. It was the most-watched in Total Viewers in two and a half years – since November 7, 2010 ("Shake It Up!"). In the episode "Twin-A-Rooney", Liv shows Maddie a clip from the "Sing It Loud!" finale. In the finale, Liv's character sings a cover of "On Top of the World" by Imagine Dragons. A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron. The song was released by Disney as a single on August 27, 2013. She also starred in Cloud 9 with Luke Benward. Cloud 9 premiered on January 17, 2014. Cameron also starred as Mal in Descendants 1, 2 and 3 along side Sofia Carson, Cameron Boyce and Booboo Stewart. +Personal life. +Cameron stated that she was bullied through her entire school experience. This experience started in 5th grade to the end of high school. Despite the pressure at school and fitting in, she still stayed focused on her dreams of becoming successful in entertainment. "I became very passionate about [becoming an actress and singer]. I fully immured myself". Dove's father died, when she was just fifteen. She struggled to cope, but knew her father would want her to continue to accomplish her goals. He often said that being a parent was the best thing that ever happened to him, and that the favorite years of his life was raising his girls. Cameron was engaged to "Liv & Maddie" co-star Ryan McCartan, who plays Diggie, since August 9, 2013. Due to personal differences, the pair ended their engagement. Since the split, Cameron fell for her Descendants co-star Thomas Doherty (Harry Hook). They were together for 3 years until they split in October 2020. + += = = Voice-tracking = = = +Voice-tracking is a technique used by some radio stations in radio broadcasting to make an illusion of a live disc jockey or announcer sitting in the studios of the radio station when one is actually not in the station. +Background. +Voice-tracking refers to the process of a disc jockey prerecording the parts when they speak on the radio. It is then mixed with songs, commercials and other elements to make it sound like a live air shift. Voice-tracking is mostly used in radio stations, especially during the night, overnight, weekend, and holiday time periods. Most radio stations also use it as a way to save money instead of having disc jockeys around the clock. +Variations. +Sometimes, voice-tracking is done so that people can do other jobs. For example, a DJ may also have a job as a program director or general manager. Voice-tracking allows that person to record a three-hour shift in less than a half-hour, leaving him or her time to do office work. A popular live weekday morning radio host can record parts for a Saturday show, allowing him or her to be on the air six days a week without spending more time at the station. It is also helpful during holidays such as Christmas or Easter, when people are off spending time with their families. +Formatics. +Different radio stations want their DJs to speak only at certain times. Here is an example: +As an example, see the picture below:<br> +As one song ends, the next song begins. At this point, the DJ doesn't start talking until the second song starts and he stops at the point where the song's vocals start. + += = = James Hinchcliffe = = = +James Hinchcliffe is a Canadian racecar driver. He drives in the IndyCar Series. He was born on December 5, 1986 in Oakville, Ontario, a suburb of Toronto. Hinchcliffe is known for his media personality as well as his racing. He has become a very popular driver. Hinchcliffe named his website "Hinchtown" and he is the town's "mayor". +Hinchcliffe started in IndyCar in 2011. He drove for the Newman/Haas team. He won rookie of the year. Later, his team stopped racing in IndyCar and he had to find a new team. For 2012, he was hired by Andretti Autosport. A year later he had a very successful year. He won three races in St. Petersburg, Brazil, and Iowa. He continued driving for Andretti. In 2015, Hinchcliffe joined Schmidt Peterson Motorsports and replaced Simon Pagenaud. During Monday practice before the 2015 Indianapolis 500, Hinchcliffe suffered serious injuries in a crash. + += = = Liv and Maddie = = = +Liv and Maddie, titled Liv and Maddie: Cali Style in its fourth season, is an American teen sitcom. It was created by John D. Beck and Ron Hart. It originally aired on Disney Channel from July 19, 2013 to March 24, 2017. The show stars Dove Cameron in a dual role as identical twin sisters. They have completely different personalities and are best friends. Liv is an actress. She has come back to her home after living in Hollywood for four years. She was the star of a popular television show called "Sing It Loud!". Maddie is a basketball prodigy. The show is about Liv having to get used to normal family life again after production on "Sing It Loud!" ended. It is also about the two sisters being best friends despite their different personalities and different interests. The show also stars Joey Bragg, Tenzing Norgay Trainor, Kali Rocha, and Benjamin King. The characters they play are Joey Rooney, Parker Rooney, Karen Rooney, and Pete Rooney. Joey and Parker are Liv and Maddie's younger brothers. Karen and Pete are their mother and father. In the last season of the show, Lauren Lindsey Donzis joined the cast. She played Liv and Maddie's younger cousin Ruby. Ruby becomes their "sorta-sister". Her character replaced Pete. Pete was not in any of the episodes of the fourth season. +Plot. +After finishing a four-year stint in Hollywood filming a popular television show called "Sing It Loud!", actress Liv Rooney returns to her birthplace of Stevens Point, Wisconsin to the open arms of her family, despite being offered more roles in other shows and movies. Liv decided to come home because she missed her family and wanted to see them again. She is happily reunited with her identical twin sister Maddie. Maddie is her best friend. Liv is a girly girl. She enjoys anytime someone mentions her former career. Maddie is a tomboy with a talent for basketball. She is the captain of her school's basketball team. The twins have two younger brothers. They are Joey and Parker. Joey is a typical awkward teen. He is one year younger than the twins. Parker is a clever tween. He has a mischievous personality. Parker is the youngest child of the Rooney family. Their father Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketball team. He eventually achieves his dream of becoming the coach of a college team in Beloit, Wisconsin. Their mother Karen is the school psychologist and later vice principal starting in the second season. +In the first three seasons, most events take place at either Ridgewood High, the high school that Liv, Maddie, Joey, and later Parker, due to being a child prodigy, all attend, or the Rooney residence. At the end of the third season, the Rooney house collapses due to a series of tunnels created by Parker and Maddie is accepted into a college in Los Angeles, California. This prompts the rest of the Rooneys, except Pete who remains in Wisconsin to continue his coaching job, to move to Malibu, California, to take up residence with Karen's younger sister Dena and her daughter Ruby, where the show's forth season takes place. In the last episode of the series, all the Rooneys part ways. Liv is invited to perform in a musical called "Double Duchess" on Broadway, Maddie is given a grant to build tiny houses for the homeless in New Orleans, Joey is invited to go on a comedy tour with Jim Breuer, and Parker is invited to go with his friend Val to a biodome in the salt flats of Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia to study life on Mars. +A big part of the show are documentary-style cutaways where major characters and the supporting characters talk to the viewers to explain various things and their opinions on the situations in which they are featured in each episode. In the last episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are part of a reality series that airs in Luxembourg called "Bits and Pieces". This is a reference to the working title of "Liv and Maddie". +Series overview. +<onlyinclude> </onlyinclude> +Production. +Development. +In the spring of 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions had shopped the script of a project called "Bits and Pieces". It was about a blended family similar to shows like "The Brady Bunch" and "Step by Step". The show followed Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mother of Alanna (Dove Cameron) and Sticky (Joey Bragg). Sullenger married Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), father of Crystal (Cozi Zuehlsdorff) and Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor). All six have to get used to life under the same roof. Eventually, Disney chose to change the concept of "Bits and Pieces" into one about a pair of twins. Now titled "Liv and Maddie", the show began production in April 2013. +The show was produced under a joint venture between Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, and It's a Laugh Productions. The show's creators, John D. Beck and Ron Hart, are a production-writing team. Their credits include "According to Jim", "Hey Arnold!", and "Shake It Up!". They also served as executive producers alongside Andy Fickman. Fickman was the only director who participated in all four seasons of the show. He directed 20 of the 21 episodes of the first season. He also directed four episodes of the second season, two of the third season, and four of the fourth season. +On January 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed "Liv and Maddie" for a 13-episode second season. The second season was later expanded to 24 episodes. The first season ended on July 27, 2014. The season season premiered on September 21, 2014. On April 3, 2015, the show was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel. The second season ended on August 23, 2015. The third season premiered on September 13, 2015. On December 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel was picking up "Liv and Maddie" for a fourth season. On June 19, 2016, series co-creator Ron Hart announced on Twitter that the fourth season would premiere in fall 2016. On July 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that they had filmed the series' final episode. On August 19, 2016, it was announced by the show's creators, John D. Beck and Ron Hart, that the last season would be called "Liv and Maddie: Cali Style". The third season ended on June 19, 2016. The fourth season premiered on September 23, 2016. The show ended on March 24, 2017. +Casting. +Casting took place during the spring of 2012; however, only a pilot episode was made. Instead of hiring a new cast, production chose to keep those whom they had already hired and make a completely new pilot. The story now focused on Dove Cameron playing dual roles with the same parents and brothers. Lead billing for Cozi Zuehlsdorff was later dropped to guest star. The family name of "Rooney" was picked because of Sullenger's enjoyment of the Pittsburgh Steelers, a team owned by the Rooney family. +Music. +A full version of the "Liv and Maddie" theme song, "Better in Stereo", was recorded by Dove Cameron. It was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013. A music video was made. The music video aired on Disney Channel on the night of October 29, 2013. The song was featured twice in the show. The first time was in the last episode of season three, "Californi-A-Rooney". The second time was an acoustic version sung by Cameron. This was at the very end of the last episode of the show, "End-A-Rooney". +In the pilot episode, "Twin-A-Rooney", Liv shows Maddie a clip from the "Sing It Loud!" finale. In it, Liv's character, Stephanie Einstein, sings a cover of On Top of the World by Imagine Dragons. A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron. It was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013. +In "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney", Liv performs the classic "Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!" during the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron. It was included on Holidays Unwrapped, a holiday album released by Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013. +In "Song-A-Rooney", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version of "Count Me In" was recorded by Cameron. It was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on June 3, 2014. +In "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version of the song was recorded by Cameron. It was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on December 2, 2014. +In "Rate-A-Rooney", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Two versions were created, The first was the one shown in the show. The other, which included Christina Grimmie and Baby Kaely, was eventually recorded. Both versions are included in the "Liv and Maddie" soundtrack. The second version was released on iTunes on March 5, 2015. The original version was released on March 17, 2015. On March 17, 2015, the "Liv and Maddie" soundtrack was released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", and both versions of "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack also includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", and "True Love". There were two versions of "True Love": Ballad, which would be sung by Jordan Fisher, and a piano duet featuring Jordan Fisher and Dove Cameron. With the announcement of the soundtrack on March 5, 2015, the singles for those songs, except FroyoYOLO, were discontinued and are no longer available. +In "Prom-A-Rooney", Liv performs "True Love" at the school prom. Like she did with the other songs, Cameron recorded a full version of the song. It was released as part of the "Liv and Maddie" soundtrack on March 17, 2015. +In "Band-A-Rooney", Liv's band, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version was recorded by Cameron. It had the band member's actor doing the chorus. The song was released as part of the "Liv and Maddie" soundtrack on March 17, 2015. +In "Video-A-Rooney", Liv's band performs "As Long As I Have You". Cameron recorded a full version. It was released as part of the "Liv and Maddie" soundtrack on March 17, 2015. The song was the last song from the soundtrack that was played in the show. +In "SPARF-A-Rooney", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is one of the few songs in "Liv and Maddie" that was not part of the soundtrack. +In "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney", Liv and Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The song was recorded by Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis. It was released as a promotional single by Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. +In "Falcon-A-Rooney", "The Power of Two" is performed again by Liv and Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Like the previous song in season four, Dove Cameron and Lauren Lindsey Donzis recorded a full version of the song. It was released on January 20, 2017. +In "Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney", Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode of "Sing It Louder!!". Again, a full version of the song was recorded by Cameron. It was released as a promotional single on March 3, 2017. +Broadcast. +"Liv and Maddie" aired on Disney Channel in the United States and Family Channel in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on July 19, 2013. It followed the premiere of the Disney Channel Original Movie "Teen Beach Movie". The first promo for the show was seen on June 28, 2013. It followed the premiere of "Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts". The show officially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013. It premiered in Canada on September 20, 2013. The show stopped airing in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015. It started airing on Disney Channel on September 5, 2015. La Chaîne Disney in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on March 24, 2016. This was 17 days before the American and Canadian airing of the episode on April 10, 2016. In the UK and Ireland, the show aired as a preview on October 7, 2013. It later premiered on November 8, 2013. In Australia and New Zealand, the show premiered on October 11, 2013. The second season premiered on January 8, 2015. The third season premiered on December 2, 2015. The show premiered in Southeast Asia on January 10, 2014. In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, and Africa, the show premiered on March 8, 2014. The second season premiered on February 7, 2015. In India, the show premiered on October 30, 2017 on Disney International HD. +Reception. +Critical reception. +Emily Ashby of Common Sense Media gave the show's quality a rating of three out of five stars. She described it as a "jovial family sitcom". She said it can be watched by children ages seven and above. Ashby said that the show has a "comical spin" on common family issues like sibling rivalry. She said that it is a "worry-free pick for kids." Neil Genzlinger of "The New York Times" compared the show to "The Patty Duke Show". She described it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy". She also said that Cameron does a good job playing both main characters. She said that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities." +Merchandise. +Brand marketing promotion for "Liv and Maddie" still continues strongly. ACCO Brands, under the Day Dream brand, features a 2015 wall calendar and Disney D'Signed clothing line from selected retailers Target and Kohl's. Wooky Entertainment owns Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls. This features "Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True" and "Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star" sketchbooks. Footwear retailer Payless ShoeSource makes "Liv and Maddie"-themed character footwear based on the show. +A novelization of the show, titled "Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever", was published by Disney Press on January 6, 2015. The junior novel is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" and "Team-A-Rooney". It alternates between the view points of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. The junior novel features eight pages of photos from the show. It was adapted by Lexi Ryals. Another novelization of the show, titled "Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble", was published by Disney Press on August 4, 2015. It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" and "Dodge-A-Rooney". Like the first novel, "Double Trouble" features eight pages of photos from the show and was adapted by Lexi Ryals. Also like the first novel, "Double Trouble" alternates between the view points of Liv, Maddie, Joey, and Parker. + += = = 1941 Florida hurricane = = = +The 1941 Florida hurricane was a strong tropical cyclone in October 1941. It affected the Bahamas and the southeastern United States This storm's winds were at . The hurricane hit southern Florida first. After that, it went across the Florida Panhandle. +At least ten people were killed by the storm. + += = = Time Warner Cable = = = +Time Warner Cable was an American cable and telecommunications company. The company served almost 30 states. It was the second-largest cable company behind Comcast. +They offered Cable television and Internet services. +Time Warner Cable was founded in 1973. It wasbought by Charter Communications in May 2016. + += = = Golden Spikes Award = = = +The Golden Spikes Award is given out every year to the best beginning baseball player in the United States. The award, created by USA Baseball and sponsored by the Major League Baseball Players Association, was first presented in 1978. It is given to a beginning player who best exhibits and combines "exceptional on-field ability and excellent sportsmanship." The award is considered the most important in beginning baseball. + += = = Jindřich Pokorný = = = +Jindřich Pokorný (12 April 1927 – 23 August 2014) was a Czech translator (mainly French and German), editor and writer. He translated also in Italian, Latin and Flemish. +He was known for his translation of "Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac". Along with the literary historian Frederick Fučík, they wrote a book explaining the origins and meanings of the various sayings and proverbs called "Buried dog". +In 2009 he published a book "Parsifal". + += = = Jaume Vallcorba Plana = = = +Jaume (or Santiago) Vallcorba Plana (21 September 1949 – 23 August 2014) was a Spanish philologist and publisher. He published many studies on aesthetics and literature. +He was born in Tarragona, Spain. He was a professor in Literature at the University of Bordeaux, the University of Lleida, the University of Barcelona and the Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona) but he left university teaching in 2004. + += = = Dan Magill = = = +Daniel Hamilton "Dan" Magill, Jr. (January 25, 1921 – August 23, 2014) was an American tennis player and coach. His worked as a Sports Information Director, a Head Tennis Coach, and a Georgia Bulldog Club secretary for the University of Georgia. +Magill was born in Athens, Georgia. He was a U.S. Marine during World War II. He was married to Rosemary Reynaud had three children; Ham, Sharon, and Mollie. +Magill died from natural causes on August 23, 2014 in Athens, Georgia. He was 93. + += = = Glam metal = = = +Glam metal (also known as hair metal, sleaze metal and pop metal) is a hard rock/heavy metal subgenre. It combines punk rock with pop music. It became popular in the 1970s and 1980s. But it became less popular in the 1990s. This was because grunge music was getting more popular. +Some bands of this genre include: + += = = Magi (manga) = = = + is a Japanese manga series. It was written and illustrated by . The Anime version is by A-1 Pictures. Season 1 began in October, 2012 and ended in March, 2013. Season 2 started in October, 2013 and ended in March, 2014. The season 2 title was Magi: The Kingdom of Magic. +Characters. +Alibaba Saluja is the main character of "Magi." He is a “King Vessel”, a special human that was chosen by a Magi. He is a young man that wants to capture the dungeon in Qishan. After finding his life changing friend Aladdin, he uses this opportunity after watching Aladdin’s genie in action to go together and capture the dungeon. +Aladdin is a main character of "Magi." He is a “Magi”, a special magician who chooses kings. He is a strange boy who is a traveler and has a flute that has a djinn, or a genie that can be summoned upon blowing on it, along with a magical carpet which he can use to fly. +Morgiana is the heroine of "Magi." She is a part of Alibaba’s household, gaining some powers from the djinn Amon, which Alibaba has captured. She is a former slave that was tortured, but saved by Alibaba and Aladdin. +Sinbad is the main character of the spin off series "Adventure of Sinbad" and a special man. He is a first class singularity that captured seven dungeons meaning he has seven djinns. + += = = Marcel Rigout = = = +Marcel Rigout (10 May 1928 – 23 August 2014) was a French politician. He served as the Minister of Vocational Training from 1981 to 1984, under former President François Mitterrand. He was a member of the French Communist Party (PCF; ). +Rigout was born in Verneuil-sur-Vienne. He wrote the novel "L'autre chance" in 1983. +Rigout died on 23 August 2014 in Limoges, aged 86. + += = = Black box (disambiguation) = = = +Black box has these meanings: + += = = Ahti Pekkala = = = +Ahti Antti Johannes Pekkala (20 December 1924 – 23 August 2014) was a Finnish politician for the Centre Party. He served as a deputy speaker of the parliament from 1976 to 1978 and as the speaker from 1978 to 1979. He also served as the Governor of Oulu Province from 1986 until 1991. +Pekkala was born in Haapavesi. Before politics, he was a banker and the manager of a bank from 1952 until 1985. +Pekkala died on 23 August 2014 in Haapavesi, aged 89. + += = = Philippine de Rothschild = = = +Philippine Mathilde Camille de Rothschild (22 November 1933 – 23 August 2014), also known as Philippine Pascale, was a French winemaker and baroness. She was the owner of the French winery Château Mouton Rothschild. She was the only daughter of the vintner Baron Philippe de Rothschild, a member of the Rothschild banking dynasty. In 2013, she was given a lifetime achievement award by the Institute of Masters of Wine. +Rothschild was born in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris. She was married twice and had three children; Camille, Philippe and Julien. She was made an Officier of the Legion of Honour () in 2007. +Rothschild died on 23 August 2014 in Boulogne-Billancourt, Paris, aged 80. + += = = Gold Coast Titans = = = +The Gold Coast Titans are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Gold Coast in Queensland. They were founded in 2007. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships. + += = = North Queensland Cowboys = = = +The North Queensland Cowboys are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Townsville, Queensland. They were founded in 1992. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2015 against the Brisbane Broncos. + += = = Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs = = = +The Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Belmore, Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1934. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2004. + += = = Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks = = = +The Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Cronulla, southern Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1963. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2016 against the Melbourne Storm. + += = = Black box = = = +A black box, in science and engineering, is a box whose inside working is not known. +It is a device, system or object with input and output. There is no knowledge of its internal workings. The way it works is "opaque" (black). Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, an algorithm, or the human brain. +Ashby expains that the term arose when a decision had to be made about opening an engineering box. The question was whether to return the box for repair, or just scrap it. Could this be decided without opening the box? There can be many reasons why a complex system cannot be repaired in the field, and even opening up some systems is a big deal. The question also comes up in surgery on brain damage patients. The more that can be discovered before operating, the better.p86 +The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic can be seen. It is sometimes known as a clear box, a glass box, or a white box. + += = = Newcastle Knights = = = +The Newcastle Knights are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Newcastle, New South Wales. They were founded in 1988. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won two premierships, most recently in 2001. + += = = Parramatta Eels = = = +The Parramatta Eels are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Parramatta, Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 1986. + += = = St George Illawarra Dragons = = = +The St George Illawarra Dragons are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in St George region of Sydney and the Illawarra region of New South Wales. They were founded in 1998. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2010 against the Sydney Roosters. + += = = Melbourne Storm = = = +The Melbourne Storm are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in Melbourne, Victoria. They were founded in 1997. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won four premierships, most recently in 2020. The Melbourne Storm had another two premierships (2007 and 2009) stripped in 2010 due to a breach of the salary cap. + += = = Manly Warringah Sea Eagles = = = +The Manly Warringah Sea Eagles is an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based on the Northern Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1946. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won eight premierships, most recently in 2011. +Manly Sea Eagles have won 8 Grand Finals: +Their home ground is Brookvale Oval, which is affectionately known by locals as "Fortress Brookie". + += = = Wests Tigers = = = +The Wests Tigers are an Australian professional rugby league team. The team is based in the Inner West of Sydney, New South Wales. They were founded in 1999. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have won one premiership in 2005 against the North Queensland Cowboys. + += = = New Zealand Warriors = = = +The New Zealand Warriors are a New Zealand professional rugby league team. The team is based in Auckland, New Zealand. They were founded in 1995. They currently play in the National Rugby League competition. They have not won any premierships. They are the only non-Australian team in the NRL. + += = = Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans = = = +Prince Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans, Duke of Orléans (Ferdinand Philippe Louis Charles Henri Joseph; 3 September 1810 – 13 July 1842) was the eldest son of Louis Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans and future King Louis Philippe I. Born in exile in his mother's native Sicily, he was their heir to the House of Orléans from birth. Following his father's succession as King of the French in 1830, he became the "Prince Royal" and subsequently Duke of Orléans (French: "duc d'Orléans"), the title by which he is best known. Dying in 1842, he never succeeded his father nor saw the collapse of the "July Monarchy" and subsequent exile of his family to England. +Infancy and background. +He was named after his two grandfathers King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Philippe Égalité. He was born in Palermo and given the title of Duke of Chartres. He was also a prince of the blood at the French royal court of Versailles. This gave him the style of "Serene Highness". His father was banned from attending court at Versailles due to his liberal views. Prince did not attend either. He instead remained at his father's court at their Parisian residence the Palais Royal. +Heir to the throne. +His father became King of the French in 1830. This made the prince the heir to the title of Duke of Orléans and heir to the throne. From that time the heir to the French throne was to be known as the Duke of Orléans. His father also declared his descendants through the male line were entitled to use the style of "Royal Highness". They also used the title (a title in its own right) of Prince of Orléans. The prince became known as His Royal Highness, Prince Ferdinand Philippe of Orléans, Duke of Orléans. His sons were also entitled to the same style and title. +Marriage. +There were plans for him to marry his cousin, Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois. But the plans never materialised. There were also negotiations for the young prince to marry an Austrian Archduchess as well as a Russian grand duchess. But the plans again never materialised as the new monarchy in France was seen as fragile and not expected to survive. Instead the choice came in the form of Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. She was a member of a minor ducal family native to Germany. The couple eventually married on 30 May 1837. This gave her the style of Royal Highness and made her one of the first princesses of Orléans by marriage. The couple eventually had two sons and had a very happy marriage. + += = = Superposition principle = = = +In physics, the superposition principle states that if there are two or more stimuli at a given point in time, the response will be the result of adding all the responses. This only applies to linear systems. Since many systems can be modelled as linear systems, the principle has many applications in physics and engineering. +Superposition principle: The principle states that the total force on a given charge is the vector of the individual forces exerted on the given charge by all other charges. Each individual force between any two charges is calculated from Coulomb's law tattoos and is not affected by the presence of other charges + += = = Ángel Di Maria = = = +Ángel Fabián Di María (; born 14 February 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a right winger or attacking midfielder for Primeira Liga club Benfica and the Argentina national team. He can play as either a winger or attacking midfielder. +Career. +After beginning his career with Rosario Central, Di María moved to Europe in 2007 to play for Benfica of the Portuguese Primeira Liga. He made a €25 million move to Real Madrid three years later, in 2010. After winning the UEFA Champions League with Real Madrid in 2014, he signed for Manchester United in summer 2014 for a national record £59.7 million. +In summer 2015, he signed a 4 year contract with Paris Saint-Germain for €63 million. +A full international for Argentina since 2008, Di María has earned over 50 caps for his country. He scored the goal that gave Argentina first place at the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, and has also represented them at two World Cups and the 2011 Copa América, 2015 Copa América, and the 2016 Copa América Centenario. +Honours. +Benfica +Real Madrid +Paris Saint-Germain +Argentina U20 +Argentina Olympic +Argentina +Individual + += = = Interdisciplinarity = = = +Interdisciplinarity is when two or more subjects (academic disciplines) join up. This happens when a problem overlaps traditional academic boundaries. Other terms which mean almost the same thing are multidisciplinarity and crossdisciplinarity. +An examples makes clear what is meant: +Other examples include artificial intelligence, cultural studies, cybernetics, computational linguistics, biomedical engineering, and so on. Physical chemistry, biochemistry and astrophysics must have been some of the first. +In many universities, traditional departments (e.g. botany, zoology) were scrapped, and new broader departments like 'School of biological sciences' were formed. Inside this umbrella, research and teaching teams were based on interdisciplinary problems, such as ecology or cell division or Earth history. There are some necessary specialities which do not fit easily into the new system. Examples are taxonomy (you still need people to identify animals) and areas like parasitology and agricultural botany. +A system which works in some universities is to appoint staff to the Schools (usually Humanities, Science. Social sciences and Technology) and let the staff join those groups which best fit their expertise. + += = = Watertown, Massachusetts = = = +Watertown is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the greater Boston area. The population was 35,329 at the 2020 census. +History. +The area of Watertown was inhabited for thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from England. The tribes of the Pequossette and the Nonantum, had settlements on what is now called the Charles River. The Pequossette built a fishing to trap herring. This was at the site of the current Watertown Dam. Every year the alewife and blueback herring swim upstream from their adult home in the sea. this is to spawn in the fresh water where they came from. +The first settlement of Watertown was at the Saltonstall Plantation in 1630. This was one of the earliest of the Massachusetts Bay settlements. It was begun by a group of settlers led by Richard Saltonstall and the Rev. George Phillips. It was officially incorporated that same year. The alternate spelling "Waterton" is seen in some early documents. +The first buildings were on land that is now in the city of Cambridge. It was known as Gerry's Landing. For its first quarter century Watertown ranked next to Boston in population and area. Since then its city limits have been greatly reduced. +The Stanley Brothers built the first of their steam-powered cars, called Stanley Steamers, in Watertown in 1897. + += = = Czechoslovak Television = = = +Czechoslovak Television (ČST) was a television network. It was the main broadcaster of Czechoslovakia. It closed in 1993 because Czechoslovakia became two new countries, Czech Republic and Slovakia. +In the Czech language, it was called "Československá televize." +In the Slovak language, it was called" Československá televízia "until 1990. In 1990, they changed the Slovak name to "Česko-slovenská televízia". +History. +Czechoslovak Television started on 1st May 1953. It was just one television programme, which was a few hours long. +Czechoslovak Television was heavily censored by the communist government. In 1968, the government allowed Czechoslovak Television to mention the Prague Spring protests for a few days. However, in 1969, the government started to censor ČST heavily again. +Launch of a second channel. +On May 10, 1970, Czechoslovak Television made a second television channel, "ČST TV2". +Colour Television. +On May 9, 1973, Czechoslovak Television started to show television programmes in colour on ČST" "TV2. Two years later, they started colour television programmes on the first channel too. +In 1979, a studio was opened in the Kavci mountains, which became the home of Czechoslovak Television's news department. +ČST TV2 is split into two separate channels. +In November 1989, Czechoslovak Television renamed the first channel "F1", with the "'F' "meaning the "federal district" of Czechoslovakia. The second channel was replaced by two new channels: ČTV, which was in the Czech language and S1, which was in the Slovak language. +They also created a new third channel in Czech on 14 May 1990, called "OK3", using technology which used to broadcast Soviet television. Another new third channel was created in Slovak and called" TA 3," on 6 June 1991. +Velvet Revolution. +During the Velvet Revolution, when protests occurred in Czechoslovakia, the people who worked at Czechoslovak Television helped the protesters to spread their messages. +Velvet divorce ends Czechoslovak Television. +Czechoslovakia became two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia on the 31st December 1992. This split is known as the "'Velvet Divorce'". Because of it, Czechoslovak Television was no longer needed. In the Czech Republic, a new television network called Czech television took over, and in Slovakia Slovenská televízia was created. + += = = Keiji Mutoh = = = + is a Japanese semi-retired professional wrestler. He first gained international fame during his time in the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). He is best known for his time in New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) where he competed under the ring name The Great Muta in the 1990s. Mutoh is a former owner and president of All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) and was a full-time wrestler for them from 2002 to 2013. Mutoh has also served military service in Japan and was able to reach the rank of master sergeant. +He is credited as one of the first Japanese wrestlers to gain a fan base outside of his native Japan in the United States. His Great Muta gimmick is one of the most influential gimmicks in puroresu. He is one of three wrestlers to hold the NWA World Heavyweight Championship, the AJPW Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Mutoh is an eight-time World Champion, having held the NWA World Title once, the IWGP Title four times, and AJPW's Triple Crown three times. He also has held a dozen World Tag Team Championships in the U.S. and Japan. Between NJPW, AJPW, and World Championship Wrestling (WCW), Mutoh has held 21 total championships. +Mutoh is also known for competing in what is generally considered to be the bloodiest professional wrestling match of all time against Hiroshi Hase, which lead to the creation of the "Muta Scale". +He is the founder of Wrestle-1 (W-1) and is the current owner of the promotion. He also wrestles for it semi-regularly, and also makes occasional special appearances for the American promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as part of a TNA/W-1 talent exchange partnership. + += = = Antônio Ermírio de Moraes = = = +Antônio Ermírio de Moraes (June 4, 1928 – August 24, 2014) was a Brazilian businessman. He was the chairman of the Votorantim Group; one of the country's largest companies, specialized in metals, paper, cement and frozen orange juice. He was the grandfather of IndyCar Series driver Mario Moraes. He ran for governor of São Paulo State in 1986, but lost the elections. +De Moraes died in São Paulo, Brazil from heart failure, aged 86. + += = = Larry Kramer = = = +Larry Kramer (June 25, 1935 – May 27, 2020) was an American screenwriter, film producer, playwright, author, and public health and LGBT rights activist. He began his career rewriting scripts while working for Columbia Pictures. There he wrote the screenplay for the 1969 film "Women in Love". He earned an Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay for his work. +Kramer was openly gay. In 1988, he was diagnosed with hepatitis B and HIV. He had a liver transplant in 2001. +His brother was lawyer Arthur Kramer (1927–2008). +Kramer died of pneumonia in New York City on May 27, 2020. He was 84. + += = = Gandhi (movie) = = = +Gandhi is a 1982 British and Indian biographical movie based on the life of Indian activist Mohandas Gandhi. It is directed and produced by Richard Attenborough. It was written by John Briley and some of it by Steven Spielberg. The music was composed by Ravi Shankar. The cinematography was by Billy Williams. +It stars Ben Kingsley as Gandhi. Other cast members include John Mills, John Gielgud, Trevor Howard, Daniel Day-Lewis, Richard Griffiths, Martin Sheen, Nigel Hawthorne, Shane Rimmer, Athol Fugard, John Ratzenberger, Bernard Hill, Shriram Lagoo, Terrence Hardiman, Tom Alter and Om Puri with Alyque Padamsee. +It was released on 30 November 1982 in India, on 2 December 1982 in the United Kingdom, and on 6 December 1982 in the United States. It raised $52,767,889 at the box office. It had a budget of $13 million. +The movie was nominated for eleven Academy Award, winning eight. It won Best Picture, Best Actor, and Best Director. It also won the Golden Globe Award for Best Picture and the BAFTA Award for Best Picture. +Attenborough said that the movie was his dream project. + += = = Sheila Sim = = = +Sheila Beryl Grant Attenborough, Lady Attenborough (5 June 1922 – 19 January 2016), known professionally by her maiden name Sheila Sim, was an English movie and stage actress. She was known for being the widow of the actor and director Richard Attenborough. She was a long-time funder of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. She was born in Liverpool, Lancashire. +Sim died after a two-year battle with dementia at a retirement home in London, England on 19 January 2016 at the age of 93. + += = = Columbus, Wisconsin = = = +Columbus is a city in Columbia and Dodge counties in Wisconsin. It is in the south-central part of Wisconsin. The population was 5,540 at the 2020 census. + += = = Leonid Stadnyk = = = +Leonid Stepanovych Stadnyk (; 5 August 1970 – 24 August 2014) was a Ukrainian farmer. He stood at 8 feet 5 inches or 2.57 meters. He was born in Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, USSR. Stadnyk was listed as the world's tallest living man according to Guinness World Records. +Stadnyk died at the age of 44 on August 24, 2014 from a brain hemorrhage. + += = = Battering ram = = = +A battering ram is a siege engine used in the past. It was used to break open the stone walls of castles or splinter their wooden gates. +In its simplest form, a battering ram is just a large, heavy log carried by several people and banged against an obstacle. The ram damages the target if the big log hit the target again and again. Later rams were covered in the log with an arrow-proof, fire-resistant canopy mounted on wheels. Inside the canopy, the log was swung from chains or ropes. +Rams were great weapons of war against old fashioned wall-building materials such as stone and brick. These walls were weak in tension: they cracked when struck with sufficient force. With many blows, the cracks would grow steadily until a hole was created. Eventually, a breach would appear in the fabric of the wall. It would cause armed attackers to force their way through the gap. +The introduction in the later Middle Ages (around 1400s) of siege cannons causes the end of battering rams and other traditional siege weapons. Much smaller, hand-held versions of battering rams are still used today, however, by law enforcement officers and military personnel to bash open locked doors. + += = = Barry Dickins = = = +Barry Dickins (born 1949) is an Australian artist and writer of books and plays. +He was born in Reservoir, which is part of Melbourne. He left school early and worked in a factory. Later he painted sets and backgrounds for television programs. His first play, "Ghosts", was performed in 1974 at La Mama Theatre. He has written many more plays. His play "Remember Ronald Ryan" won the 1995 Victorian Premier's Literary Award. He has also written short stories, biography, other non-fiction and children's books. Barry is known to use many 'half rhymes' in his work. +Dickins' books and plays. +Drama +Stories +Non fiction +Children's books + += = = Hashim Khan = = = +Hashim Khan ( – 18 August 2014) was a Pakistani squash player. He won the British Open Squash Championships (BOSC) a total of seven times, from 1951 to 1956, and then again in 1958. During the 1950s, the BOSC was the "de facto" squash world championship. The movie based on Khan's life "" was released in 2009 and was directed by Josh Easdon. +Khan was born in Nawakille, a small village near Peshawar, British Raj (now Pakistan). He family were Pashtuns. During the 1960s, he moved to the United States and lived in Denver, Colorado. He had twelve children. +Khan died from congestive heart failure on 18 August 2014 in Aurora, Colorado. There are many disputes of his exact age but he is believed to have been at least 100. + += = = Zugzwang = = = +Zugzwang is a chess term. It means a situation where any move by a player will weaken the player's position. The fact that the player is compelled to move means that their position will become significantly weaker. +For example... +1. ... Kd7 and White cannot win: +2. c6+ Kc7 +3. Kc5 Kc8 +4. Kd6 Kd8 (opposing the king) +5. c7+ Kc8 +6. Kc6 is stalemate +But if it is White to play in the original position, he can win by zugzwang: +1. Kc6! and now Black must move his king, for example +1... Kd8 +3. Kb7 and queens the pawn. +Mutual zugzwang. +There are positions where either player to move will lose. +On the following diagram, Whichever king moves, he loses his pawn and the opponent will win the game. +History. +The concept of zugzwang was known in the old forms of chess, like shatranj. We know this because there are some Arabic chess problems which use the idea. +The term itself comes from the 19th century in a German chess magazine. Its first use in English was in the early 20th century. + += = = Zwischenzug = = = +In chess, zwischenzug (German for "intermediate move") is a common tactic that occurs in almost every game: instead of countering a direct threat, which the opponent expects, a move is played which poses an even more devastating threat, often an attack against the queen or the king. The opponent has to counter that threat first, and this will ideally change the situation to his disadvantage. +Borisenkov-Mezenev (diagram, Black to play), went 1... f2, threatening to queen, which White countered with 2. Rg8, intending 3. Rf8+. But White resigned after the zwischenzug 2... Bb1! which allows Black to queen (3. Kb1 f1Q+ or 3. Rf8+ Bf5). + += = = Alfredo Martini = = = +Alfredo Martini (18 February 1921 – 25 August 2014) was an Italian cyclist and coach. He won a stage in the 1950 Giro d'Italia. He was a professional cyclist from 1941 until 1957. He was later the coach of the Italian national cycling team from 1975 until 1997. +Martini was born in Florence. He retired from coaching in 1997. +Martini died from natural causes on 25 August 2014 in Sesto Fiorentino, aged 93. + += = = Inga Juuso = = = +Inga Juuso (5 October 1945 – 23 August 2014) was a Sami singer and actress from Norway. She appeared and performed in the movie "The Kautokeino Rebellion" (2008). She was known from her own band performances in the genres of jazz and joik. She did recordings and collabs with many Norwegian musicians like Håkon Mjåset Johansen and Jørn Øien. +Juuso was born in Mosjøen. She was a Sámi woman, an ethnic group indigenous to Scandinavia. She was awarded the title of Spellemannprisen in 2011. +Juuso died after a long illness on 23 August 2014, aged 69. + += = = Tom Pevsner = = = +Thomas "Tom" Pevsner (2 October 1926 – 19 August 2014) was a British assistant movie director and producer. His career lasted from 1953 until 1995. His best known movies were "The Ladykillers" (1955), "The Longest Day" (1962) and "The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes" (1970) and "Dracula" (1979). He also worked on a +number of "James Bond" movies between 1981 and 1995. +Pevsner was born in Dresden, Saxony. His father was the scholar Nikolaus Pevsner. Because they were of Jewish descent the Pevsner family fled to the United Kingdom in 1933. +Pevsner died on 19 August 2014 in London, aged 87. + += = = Tumbleweed (band) = = = +Tumbleweed is an Australian rock group formed in 1990 in Tarrawanna. Three of their studio albums appeared on the ARIA Albums Chart: "Tumbleweed" (No. 48, 13 December 1992), "Galactaphonic" (No. 6, May 1995), and "Return to Earth" (No. 11, 1 September 1996). Three releases reached the top 50 on the related ARIA Singles Chart: "Sundial (Maryjane)" (1993), "Gyroscope" (1994), and "Hang Around" (1995). +They supported United States grunge group, Nirvana, on their January 1992 tour of Australia, and reached the mainstream with their crunchy-psychedelia style. They also supported tours by Rollins Band (June 1994) and Monster Magnet (February to March 1996). + += = = Ramón Echarren Istúriz = = = +Ramón Echarren Istúriz (November 13, 1929 – August 25, 2014) was a Spanish Roman Catholic bishop. +Istúriz ordained to the priesthood in 1958. Istúriz was appointed titular bishop of 'Diano' and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madrid, Spain, in 1969. +In 1978, he was appointed bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Canarias and retired in 2005. + += = = Quentin Crisp = = = +Quentin Crisp (born Denis Charles Pratt, 25 December 1908 – 21 November 1999) was an English writer and actor. +Denis Charles Pratt was born in Sutton, Surrey. He was an openly gay man who was very camp. He changed his name to Quentin Crisp after leaving home to move to London when he was 21. He was a male prostitute for about six months. In 1942, he started doing life modelling for art students. He wrote about his life, including The Naked Civil Servant. In 1981 he moved to Manhattan. Crisp died of a heart attack in Manchester, where he was due to give a speech. + += = = Tak province = = = +Tak () is one of the northern provinces ("changwat") of Thailand. As of 2013, 532,353 people live there, and it has an area of 16,406.6 km2. The Governor is Charoenrit Sa-nguansat. +Tak's neighbouring provinces are (clockwise from north) Mae Hong Son, Chiang Mai, Lamphun, Lampang, Sukhothai, Kamphaeng Phet, Nakhon Sawan, Uthai Thani and Kanchanaburi. The western edge of Tak borders Kayin State of Myanmar. +The highest temperature in Thailand, happened in April 2023: 45.7 degrees Celsius. +Administrative divisions. +Tak has 9 districts ("amphoe"), 63 subdistricts ("tambon") and 493 villages ("muban"). + += = = Ukraine Today = = = +Ukraine Today is a satellite television channel from Ukraine. It broadcasts in English. In the future it will broadcast in Russian. It is owned by 1+1 Media Group. The channel's headquarters is in Kyiv. +Beginning. +Ukraine Today began on the 14th August 2014, live on YouTube and the Eutelsat Hotbird satellite. It showed a testcard and words telling people how to receive the channel. On Independence Day in Ukraine, the 24th August, the channel launch officially, and began to show news. +Format. +Ukraine Today says that it focuses on Ukrainian current affairs, EU expansion, Russia's relations with Europe and America, and the difficulties of building a country in the 21st century. +Ukraine Today started broadcasting with a "Euronews"-style, with no presenters or studio, just videos of the news. Once more staff are employed, Ukraine Today will become a more traditional channel with a studio and presenters. + += = = Christian Bourquin = = = +Christian Bourquin (; 7 October 1954 – 26 August 2014) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. He has been the president of the Regional Council of Languedoc-Roussillon from 2010 until his death in 2014. He served as Mayor of Millas from 1995 through 2001. He was born at Saint-Féliu-d'Amont, Pyrenees-Orientales. +Bourquin died in Montpellier, Hérault, France, aged 59. + += = = Jason Wingreen = = = +Jason Wingreen (October 9, 1920 – December 25, 2015) was an American actor. Wingreen is best known for his role as Harry Snowden on the television sitcom "All in the Family" and its continuation series, "Archie Bunker's Place". He was also known for making the voice of Boba Fett in the 1997 Star Wars movie "The Empire Strikes Back". +Wingreen died on December 25, 2015 in Los Angeles, aged 95. + += = = Carl Vinson = = = +Carl Vinson (November 18, 1883 – June 1, 1981) was an American politician. He served as a Representative from Georgia. He was a Democrat. He was the first person to serve for more than 50 years in the United States House of Representatives. He was known as "The Father of the Two-Ocean Navy". + += = = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec = = = +The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quebec is a Catholic archdiocese in the province of Quebec, Canada. It was started in 1658 as an Apostolic vicariate. Pope Clement X made it a diocese in 1674. At the time, the diocese covered all of New France. Starting in 1817, parts of the diocese were split off into new dioceses. In 1819, it became an archdiocese. +The Archdiocese of Quebec is the ecclesiastical provincial for three other dioceses in Quebec: Chicoutimi, Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière, and Trois-Rivières. +The current archbishop of Quebec is Gérald Lacroix, who was appointed in 2011. + += = = SouthWest Cyclops = = = +The SouthWest Cyclops is a professional indoor lacrosse team that plays in Hagersville, Ontario. It is part of the Canadian Lacrosse League. It plays its home games in the Iroquois Lacrosse Arena. +The team was started in 2011 in Bampton as the Inferno. In 2014, it moved to Hagersville and renamed itself the Southwest Cyclops. + += = = Dean of the United States House of Representatives = = = +The Dean of the United States House of Representatives is the representative that has been in office the longest. The current Dean is Hal Rogers, a Republican from Kentucky. He has served in the House since March 6th, 1973. The Dean is a symbolic job whose only customary duty is to swear in a Speaker of the House when he or she is elected. The Dean comes forward on the House Floor to administer (give) the oath to the Speaker-elect. The new Speaker then administers the oath to the other members. The Dean does not preside over the election of the Speaker, unlike the Father of the House in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom and the Dean of the Canadian House of Commons. +Because of other privileges associated with seniority, the Dean is usually given some of the most desirable office space. The Dean is generally either chair or ranking minority member of an influential committee. Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Dean of the House of Representatives is not an official position. +List of Deans of the House. +Years as Dean are followed by name, party, state, and start of service in Congress. +All the members of the First Congress had equal seniority (as defined for the purpose of this article). But Muhlenberg as the Speaker was the first member to be sworn in. Muhlenberg, Hartley and Thatcher were among the 13 members who attended the initial meeting of the House on March 4, 1789. +In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries some state delegations to the House were often not elected until after the term had begun. To avoid confusion, this fact is ignored in the list below. + += = = Jamie Whitten = = = +Jamie Lloyd Whitten (April 18, 1910September 9, 1995) was an American politician. He served as a United States Representative from Mississippi. He was the second-longest serving U.S. Representative ever and the fifth longest serving U.S. member of Congress ever. + += = = Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary = = = +The Roman Catholic Diocese of Calgary is a Catholic diocese in the province of Alberta, Canada. It covers the Calgary Region, southern Alberta, and part of the Alberta's Rockies region. It is a suffragan diocese of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Edmonton. +There are 82 parishes and missions in the diocese. The diocese's cathedral is St. Mary's Cathedral, in Calgary. The current bishop is Frederick Henry, who was appointed in 1998. + += = = Calgary Region = = = +The Calgary Region is a region of Canada that includes the area around the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It includes the city of Calgary, Rocky View County, and Municipal District of Foothills No. 31. +The region is a major transportation hub for southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, eastern British Columbia, and parts of the northern United States. The Calgary International Airport is in the Calgary region. +In 1999, fifteen municipalities in the region formed the Calgary Regional Partnership to coordinate regional growth and planning issues. + += = = Regina Cyclone = = = +The Regina Cyclone is another name for the tornado that hit Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada on the 30th of June, 1912. It killed 28 people, making it the deadliest Canadian tornado and left about 2,500 people homeless. Starting around 4:50pm, forming 18 kilometres south of the city. The tornado moved 12 kilometres north before vanishing. The Regina Cyclone was rumored to be 150 metres wide. The tornado was estimated to have been an F4 on the Fujita scale, and it was strong enough to cause 4.5 million dollars in damage to the area. + += = = Linear system = = = +In mathematics and systems theory, a linear system is one that can be described with linear mappings alone. Most systems found in nature don't have this property, they are called "non-linear". + += = = Orchard = = = +An orchard is where trees or shrubs that produce food are grown. Fruit, nuts, and vegetables are grown in orchards. They are grown to be sold. Orchards are sometimes a part of large gardens. They are put there to look nice and to produce food. + += = = Grow light = = = +A grow light or plant light is an artificial light source, generally an electric light. It is designed to make plant growth faster by creating an electromagnetic spectrum. It is like photosynthesis. Grow lights are used in areas where there is either no naturally occurring light. + += = = John Ehrlichman = = = +John Daniel Ehrlichman (March 20, 1925 – February 14, 1999) was an American civil servant and criminal. He worked as counsel and Assistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under President Richard Nixon. +He was an important person in events leading to the Watergate scandal. He was convicted of conspiracy, obstruction of justice and perjury. He served a year and a half in prison for his crimes. +Ehrlichman died in Atlanta, Georgia from diabetes after refusing to receive any more dialysis treatments. He was 73 years old. + += = = Chūsei Sone = = = + was a Japanese movie director. He was known for his stylish and popular Pink movie "Angel Guts" movie series. +Sone died on August 26, 2014 in Usuki, Ōita from pneumonia, aged 76. + += = = James Lawson = = = +James Morris Lawson, Jr. (born September 22, 1928) is an American activist and university professor. He was a leading peaceful activist within the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s, he served as a mentor to the Nashville Student Movement and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. + += = = The Last Poets = = = +The Last Poets is the name for several groups of poets and musicians who came out of the late 1960s African-American civil rights movement's black nationalist movement. The name is taken from a poem by the South African revolutionary poet Keorapetse Kgositsile. The Original Last Poets were formed on May 19, 1968 at Marcus Garvey Park in East Harlem. Their first album "The Last Poets" was released in 1970. + += = = Elmo Williams = = = +James Elmo Williams (April 30, 1913 – November 25, 2015) was an American movie editor, producer, director, and television executive. He is best known for his work on the movie "High Noon" (1952). For "High Noon", he won the Academy Award for Film Editing. In 2006, he published the memoir "Elmo Williams: A Hollywood Memoir". He has got many achievements for his movie editing work. +Williams was born in Lone Wolf, Oklahoma. In 1940, he married Lorraine Williams. She died in August 2004. They adopted two daughters and a son. He turned 100 in April 2013. He died on November 25, 2015 in Brookings, Oregon at the age of 102. + += = = Valeri Petrov = = = +Valeri Nisim Mevorah (; 22 April 1920 – 27 August 2014), better known as Valeri Petrov (), was a Bulgarian poet, screenwriter, playwright and translator. He was active between 1945 and the 1990s. He wrote the screenplay for a movie called "Yo Ho Ho" in 1981. It was made into a movie again in 2006, called "The Fall" . +Petrov was born in Sofia. His father was Jewish. During World War II, Bulgaria was (for a time) pro-Nazi so he used his non-Jewish mother's surname. He graduated in medicine from Sofia University in 1944. He was politically a leftist and socialist. Between 1947 and 1950, to continue his writing career he worked as a press and cultural attache and traveled to Rome, Italy. He also went to the United States, Switzerland and France. +He was a member of the Bulgarian parliament. +Death. +Petrov died from a stroke on 27 August 2014 in Sofia, aged 94. + += = = Sunda Islands = = = +The Sunda Islands are part of the Malay archipelago. They are divided into the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Sulawesi make up the Greater Sunda Islands. The Lesser Sunda Islands consist of many smaller islands. Today, the Sunda Islands are divided between Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and East Timor. The Wallace Line also runs through the Sunda Islands. It is the biological division between the Australian fauna and flora, and that of Southeast Asia. + += = = Francis Edgar Stanley = = = +Francis Edgar Stanley (1849 – 1918), was an American inventor, photographer and manufacturer. He and his twin brother Freelan Oscar Stanley invented and manufactured the Stanley Steamer car. They were pioneers in the use of steam engines to power cars. +Early life. +Francis E. Stanley and his twin Freelan O. Stanley were born on 1 June 1849 in Kingsfield, Maine. Their parents were Solomon and Apphia (French) Stanley. Solomon Stanley was both a farmer and a teacher. He and his brother graduated from Farmington State Normal School in Farmington, Maine. The school is now the University of Maine at Farmington. Francis became a teacher, and taught at New Portland, Cape Elizabeth and Strong, Maine. In 1870 he met and married Augusta May Walker, another teacher. Together they had three children. In 1875 he left teaching and moved to Auburn, Maine. He became an artist and photographer opening a studio there. He began to do more portrait photography and opened two more studios in Lewiston and Bridgton, Maine. In the early 1880s he started experimenting with the new dry plate way of taking pictures. +In 1885 both brothers left their jobs and started a company to make photographic plates for photographers. they sold their shop four years later when they moved to Watertown, Massachusetts. They started another photographic plate business, but sold it to Eastman Kodak in 1904. The photographic plate business had made both brothers very wealthy. +The Stanley Steamer. +In 1897 the two brothers began experimenting and making steam-powered cars. They were soon making about 200 cars a year. In 1899 they purchased a bicycle factory in Watertown and began building their cars. They then sold their car company to John B. Walker and Amzi L. Barber for $250,000 USD. With it they sold the rights to their car designs. The sale had a clause that the two Stanley brothers could not build and sell cars for two years. The Stanley brothers broke the clause and had to give their new design to the company Walker and Barber formed, the Locomobile Company of America. In 1901 Francis and Freelan Stanley formed a new car company, the Stanley Motor Carriage Company. +The cars they produced, called Stanley Steamers, had many advantages. The cost was $650. That was $300 less than the cost of a Ford Model T. The cars were very quiet and only made hissing sounds from the boiler. They had no transmission because there was no need to change gears as there was with gasoline-powered cars. Their cars began making news. In 1899, Freelan and his wife Flora drove one of these cars to the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the highest peak in the northeastern United States. The ascent took more than two hours and was notable as being the first time a car had climbed the long Mount Washington Carriage Road. In 1906 a Stanley Steamer broke the land speed record at 127 miles per hour on a beach in Florida. +Later years. +As other car companies moved from steam to gasoline power, the Stanley Steamer became the most popular steam powered car. As the internal combustion engine designs improved, however, steam and electric cars lost much of their popularity. Finally, the numbers of cars sold went down to less than 600 a year in 1918. That year the Stanley brothers sold the company to Prescott Warren, a Chicago businessman. both brothers retired. A few months later, while he was driving home from a trip to Maine, his car ran off the road. He was driving a new 1918 Model 735 Stanley Steamer. He died in the accident, July 21, 1918. He was 69 years old. His brother Freelan lived to be 91 years old. + += = = Yehezkel Braun = = = +Yehezkel Braun (; January 18, 1922 – August 27, 2014) was a German-born Israeli composer. Braun was Professor Emeritus at Tel Aviv University. +Braun was born in Breslau, Germany (now Wroclaw, Poland). He moved to Mandate Palestine when he was two years old. Braun studied at the Israel Academy of Music. He received a Master's degree in Classical Studies from Tel Aviv University. In 2001, Braun was awarded the Israel Prize for music. +Braun died in Tel Aviv on August 27, 2014. He was 92. + += = = Peret = = = +Pedro Pubill Calaf 24 March 1935 – 27 August 2014), better known as Peret, was a Spanish gypsy singer, guitarist and composer of Catalan rumba. He was born in Mataró, Catalonia. +Peret was known for his 1971 single, "Borriquito" (Ariola Records). Peret represented Spain at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1974 and performed during the closing ceremony at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. In 2001, Peret recorded and released "Rey De La Rumba" ("King of the Rumba"). +Peret died in Barcelona, Spain from lung cancer, aged 79. + += = = List of things named after Ronald Reagan = = = +This is a list of things named for former President of the United States Ronald Reagan. +Ronald Reagan Legacy Project. +The "Ronald Reagan Legacy Project" is an organization founded by Americans for Tax Reform president Grover Norquist. It seeks to name at least one notable public landmark in each U.S. state and all 3067 counties after the 40th president. + += = = Ronald Reagan Federal Building and Courthouse (Pennsylvania) = = = +The Ronald Reagan Federal Building and Courthouse is a federal building and courthouse named after Ronald Reagan. It is located at 228 Walnut Street in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. It is twelve-stories tall. The building was built in 1966. It is owned by the General Services Administration. It was officially renamed on March 9, 2004. + += = = Mount Clay = = = +Mount Clay is a peak located in Thompson and Meserve's Purchase in Coos County in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains of New Hampshire. It is a rise about long and a few hundred feet tall, with summit elevation of . It lies on the ridge joining the summits of Mount Washington, about to the south-southeast, with that of Mount Jefferson, about north. + += = = Sandy Wilson = = = +Alexander Galbraith "Sandy" Wilson (19 May 1924 – 27 August 2014) was an English composer and lyricist. He was best known for his musical "The Boy Friend" (1953). +Wilson was born in Sale, Cheshire. He studied at the Harrow School and Oriel College, Oxford. +Most of his work for the stage was material for revues, such as Hermione Gingold's "Slings and Arrows", Laurier Lister's "Oranges and Lemons", and "See You Later". +Wilson died in London, England, aged 90. + += = = Mardi Gras (album) = = = +Mardi Gras is the seventh and final studio album by Creedence Clearwater Revival. The album was released on April 11, 1972. + += = = Jan Groth = = = +Jan Leonard Groth (25 February 1946 – 27 August 2014) was a Norwegian musician. He was active from the early 1970s onwards. He was a member of the progressive rock band Aunt Mary, where he was lead singer and keyboardist. He later moved on to Christian rock, where he most notably sang rock versions of many preacher singer's songs. He was also a member of the band Just 4 Fun. At the 1991 Eurovision Song Contest, Just 4 Fun represented Norway and played the song "Mrs. Thompson". +Groth was born in Greåker. He grew up in a Pentecostal family. +Groth died of cancer on 27 August 2014. He was 68. + += = = John Houseman = = = +John Houseman (born Jacques Haussmann; September 22, 1902October 31, 1988) was a Romanian-born British–American actor and movie producer. He was known for working with Orson Welles. Houseman was known for his role as Professor Charles Kingsfield in the movie "The Paper Chase" (1973). +Houseman died in Malibu, California from spinal cancer, aged 86. + += = = Simon Featherstone = = = +Simon Mark Featherstone (24 July 1958 – 27 August 2014) was a British diplomat. He served as the High Commissioner to Malaysia from October 2010 until May 2014. He served the United Kingdom on diplomatic missions in China, Belgium, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Malaysia. +Featherstone was born in London. He was one of four brothers. He studied law at the University of Oxford and got an MA in 1980. He was married and had three children. +Featherstone died after a year long illness on 27 August 2014. He was 56. + += = = Carl Van Vechten = = = +Carl Van Vechten (June 17, 1880 – December 21, 1964) was an American writer and artistic photographer. He was known for taking pictures of many famous celebrities during the late 1930s and early 1940s. He was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. +Vechten was married to actress Fania Marinoff from 1914 until his death in 1964. Vechten died in New York City, New York, aged 84. + += = = Fania Marinoff = = = +Fania Marinoff (; ) (March 20, 1890 – November 17, 1971) was an Russian-American actress. +Early life. +Marinoff was born in Odessa, Russian Empire (now Ukraine). She married Carl Van Vechten in 1914. They had met two years earlier, and their marriage lasted over 50 years until Van Vechten's death. +Career. +She played supporting and lead roles in dozens of Broadway plays between 1903 and 1937, and eight U.S. silent movies between 1914 and 1917. +Death. +She died in 1971 in Englewood, New Jersey from pneumonia, aged 81. + += = = Timothy Olyphant = = = +Timothy David Olyphant (born May 20, 1968) is an American actor. He is best known for his television work as Sheriff Seth Bullock in "Deadwood" (2004–2006), and Deputy U.S. Marshal Raylan Givens in the series "Justified" (2010-2015). He has starred in the movies "Scream 2" (1997), "Go" (1999), "Gone in 60 Seconds" (2000), "" (2000), "Dreamcatcher" (2003), "The Girl Next Door" (2004), "Live Free or Die Hard/Die Hard 4.0" (2007), "Hitman" (2007), "A Perfect Getaway" (2009), "The Crazies" (2010), "I Am Number Four" (2011), and "Rango" (2011). Olyphant starred in the Netflix series "Santa Clarita Diet". + += = = Vic Seixas = = = +Elias Victor Seixas, Jr. (born August 30, 1923) is an American former tennis player. +Seixas was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was raised Jewish. He studied at William Penn Charter School. After serving in World War II, he studied at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) +In 1951, Seixas was ranked No. 4 in the world, two spots below Dick Savitt, while he was No. 1 in the U.S. ranking, one spot ahead of Savitt. In 1953, Seixas was ranked No. 3 in the world by Lance Tingay, and was also cited as being the World No. 1 in newspaper Reading Eagle the same year. +He is currently the oldest living male Grand Slam singles champion. + += = = John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough = = = +John George Vanderbilt Henry Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, DL, JP (13 April 1926 – 16 October 2014) was a British educator. He was the principal of a school in his birthplace of Blenheim Palace. +He was the son of Lt.-Col. John Spencer-Churchill, 10th Duke of Marlborough and his wife, Hon. Alexandra Mary Hilda Cadogan. He was also a relation of The Duke of Devonshire and a generational cousin of the war-time Conservative Prime Minister, Sir Winston Churchill. +He was also a distant relative of Diana, Princess of Wales as both belong to the Spencer family, and of the Vanderbilt family through his paternal grandmother, Consuelo Vanderbilt. +Spencer-Brown died in the morning of 16 October 2014 in Blenheim Palace, aged 88. + += = = Tommy Hilfiger = = = +Thomas Jacob Hilfiger (born March 24, 1951) is an American fashion designer. He is the founder of the lifestyle brand Tommy Hilfiger Corporation. Hilfiger began his business career at the age of 18. He moved to New York City in his early 20s. + += = = Calvin Klein (fashion designer) = = = +Calvin Richard Klein (born November 19, 1942) is an American fashion designer. He launched the company that would later become Calvin Klein Inc., in 1968. In addition to clothing, Klein also has given his name to a range of perfumes, watches, and jewelry. +Early life. +Klein was born to a Jewish family in The Bronx, New York. He studied fashion in New York City and apprenticed for a suit manufacturer. In 1968, he launched his first company with a childhood friend, Barry K. Schwartz. +In 1974, a tight-fitting signature jeans designed by Klein went on to gross 200,000 US Dollars in their first week of sales. He also became the first designer to receive outstanding design in men's and women's wear award from the CFDA award show in the same year. + += = = Gabe Newell = = = +Gabe Logan Newell (born November 3, 1962) is an American businessman. He is the co-founder and president of video game development and online distribution company Valve Corporation. He co-founded Valve with fellow Microsoft employee Mike Harrington. He is also known for founding online video gaming distributor Steam. +Newell was born in Colorado. He was married to Lisa Newell (née Mennet) and has two children. They got divorced in 2019. He suffered from Fuchs' dystrophy, a congenital disease which affects the cornea, but was cured by two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007. +Newell disliked Windows 8, calling it a "catastrophe" and a "threat to PC gaming". +Newell's networth is $5.5 billion United States dollars. +Newell attended Harvard University in 1980, but dropped out 3 years later to work at Microsoft. +Gabe worked with George Forefinger to make popular games such as Counter-Strike, Half life 1 and 2, Left 4 dead 1 and 2, portal 1 and 2 and many more + += = = The Crusade (album) = = = +The Crusade was the third album from the American metalcore band Trivium. It was released on October 10, 2006 through Roadrunner Records. It was said to be a very big change from Ascendancy. + += = = Emerson, Lake and Powell = = = +Emerson, Lake and Powell is an English progressive metal band formed in 1985. + += = = Tomorrowland = = = +Tomorrowland is an EDM (electronic dance music) festival in Boom, Belgium. It started in 2005. Since 2012, there has been a spin-off in Atlanta called TomorowWorld. + += = = In Waves = = = +In Waves is the fifth album from the American metalcore band Trivium. It was released on August 2, 2011 through Roadrunner Records. The album contained more metalcore elements rather than thrash metal elements. + += = = Tampereen Pyrintö (basketball) = = = +Tampereen Pyrintö is a basketball team from Tampere, Finland. Pyrintö plays its home games at Pyynikin palloiluhalli. +Pyrintö has won three Finnish championships (2010, 2011 and 2014) and two Finnish Cups (1969, 2013). + += = = Ceará Sporting Club = = = +Ceará Sporting Club is a Brazilian football team from Fortaleza, Ceará. + += = = Alianza Lima = = = +Club Alianza Lima is a Peruvian football club. They plays at the Estadio Alejandro Villanueva in Lima, Peru. + += = = Club Universitario de Deportes = = = +Club Universitario de Deportes, also known as Universitario and La "U", is a Peruvian football club from Lima. + += = = C.A. Banfield = = = +Club Atlético Banfield is an Argentine sports club located from Banfield, Buenos Aires. It is mostly known for its football team. + += = = Callao = = = +Callao (; or ) is the main seaport of Peru. The city is capital of the Constitutional Province of Callao. + += = = Mike Lowry = = = +Michael Edward "Mike" Lowry (March 8, 1939 – May 1, 2017) was the 20th Governor of Washington. He was governor from 1993 to 1997. Lowry is a Democrat. +Lowry ran twice for the United States Senate. He failed both times. In a 1983 special election, Republican former Governor Dan Evans beat Lowry. +Lowry died on May 1, 2017 from complications of a stroke in Olympia, Washington, aged 78. + += = = Jed Lowrie = = = +Jed Carlson Lowrie (born April 17, 1984) is an American professional baseball player. Lowrie's team is the Oakland Athletics. Lowrie mainly plays the position shortstop. In the past, he also played for the Boston Red Sox and Houston Astros. + += = = Brandon Moss = = = +Brandon Douglas Moss (born September 16, 1983) is an American Professional baseball player. He is currently a free agent. +Moss has played for the Boston Red Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Oakland Athletics, and the Philadelphia Phillies. +Career. +He was born 16 September 1983 in Monroe, Georgia. He graduated from Loganville High School in Loganville, Georgia. Moss was drafted in the 8th round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft by the Boston Red Sox. +Moss began playing minor league ball, starting with the Gulf Coast Red Sox. He then played for the Lowell Spinners, Augusta GreenJackets, and Sarasota Red Sox. He spent two years with the Double-A Portland Sea Dogs in 2005 and 2006. He then played for the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox. + += = = TriStar = = = +TriStar (Production Studio) may refer to: + += = = MIPS architecture = = = +The MIPS architecture is an instruction set for computers that was developed at Stanford University in 1981. At the start, MIPS was an acronym for Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages. Most of it is done in RISC. In a full RISC architecture, all commands have the same length. This simplifies the design of the microchip and allows to use fast clock cycles. At the start, the architecture used a 32 bit bus, but from 1991, a 64 bit architecture was used. +In 2015, MIPS implementations are primarily used in embedded systems such as Windows CE devices, routers, residential gateways, and video game consoles such as the Sony PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable. Until late 2006, they were also used in many of SGI's computer products. MIPS implementations were also used by Digital Equipment Corporation, NEC, Pyramid Technology, Siemens Nixdorf, Tandem Computers and others during the late 1980s and 1990s. In the mid to late 1990s, it was estimated that one in three RISC microprocessors produced was a MIPS implementation. + += = = We're the Millers = = = +We're the Millers is a 2013 American criminal comedy road movie directed by Rawson Marshall Thurber. +It stars Jennifer Aniston, Jason Sudeikis, Emma Roberts, Will Poulter, Nick Offerman, Kathryn Hahn, and Ed Helms. It is about a drug trafficker in Denver. He recruits a woman to pretend to be his wife and two teenagers to pretend to be his children in order to make it less likely that he will be caught when they travel to Mexico to smuggle cannabis into the United States. +It was released in the U.S. on August 7, 2013 by Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. +On February 25, 2014, New Line Cinema has set Adam Sztykiel to write the script for the sequel film. The film remade in Kolamavu Kokila in Tamil language. + += = = Marcel Masse = = = +Marcel Masse (May 27, 1936 – August 25, 2014) was a Canadian politician. He served as a Quebec MLA and minister, federal MP and federal cabinet minister. +Masse died on August 25, 2014, aged 78. + += = = Benno Pludra = = = +Benno Pludra (October 1, 1925 – August 27, 2014) was a German children's author. He was born in Mückenberg, now Lauchhammer-West. +Pludra wrote narratives and novels for children and teenagers. His books in total sold more than five million times, which made him one of the most successful authors of East Germany. Some of his books have been made into movies. +Pludra died in Potsdam, Germany, aged 88. + += = = Fernando Zunzunegui = = = +Fernando Zunzunegui Rodríguez (5 October 1943 – 28 August 2014) was a Spanish footballer. He played as a defender. He was born in Vigo, Spain. +He played for Celta from 1962 through 1963. Then he played for Turista from 1963 through 1965. Then he played for Celta from 1965 through 1973. Then he played for Real Madrid from 1973 through 1976. +Zunzunegui died in Madrid, Spain, aged 70. + += = = Jean-François Beltramini = = = +Jean-François Beltramini (5 February 1948 – 27 August 2014) was a French footballer. He played as a striker. He played professionally between 1969 and 1985. He played clubs such as Paris Saint-Germain, Stade de Reims, Paris and FC Rouen. +Beltramini was born in Les Clayes-sous-Bois, Yvelines. He was of Italian ancestry. +Beltramini died after a long illness on 27 August 2014 in Rouen, aged 66. + += = = Peter Bacon Hales = = = +Peter Bacon Hales (November 13, 1950 – August 26, 2014) was an American historian, photographer, writer, and musician. His works were in American spaces and landscapes, the history of photography, and contemporary art. His wrote six books including "Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839–1915", and "Atomic Spaces: Living on the Manhattan Project". He was a University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) faculty member for 32 years, including four years as chair of his department (art history). He retired in 2012. +Hales was born in Pasadena, California. He graduated from Haverford College in 1972. He was married to Maureen Pskowski. +Hales died in a road accident on August 26, 2014 near his home in Stone Ridge, New York. He was 63. He was killed when a car driver hit his bicycle . + += = = Elfriede Brüning = = = +Elfriede Brüning (8 November 1910 – 5 August 2014), also known as Elke Klent, was a German communist journalist and novelist. She worked for newspapers such as the "Berliner Tageblatt", the "Berliner Börsen-Courier" and the "Vossische Zeitung". +Brüning was born in Berlin. In 1930, she joined the Communist Party of Germany. Before World War II, she was arrested in 1935 for communism-related activities, before being released in 1937. In 1937, she married Joachim Barckhausen, a writer and editor. Their daughter, Christiane, born in 1942, also became a writer. After the German reunification, she became a member of Die Linke (). Brüning turned 100 in November 2010. +Brüning died from natural causes on 5 August 2014 in Berlin, aged 103. + += = = Lars Mortimer = = = +Lars Mortimer (22 March 1946 – 25 August 2014) was a Swedish cartoonist and comics artist. He was the creator and writer of the comic strip "Hälge". He made the comic strip from September 1991 until his death in August 2014. From 2001, "Hälge" got a section in a newspaper and was released monthly. He also created the comic strip "Bobo", published between 1973 and 1990. +Mortimer was born in Sundsvall, Västernorrland County. He was of British ancestry. He had two children. +Mortimer died after a short illness on 25 August 2014 in Alfta, Hälsingland. He was 68. + += = = Bill Kerr = = = +William Henry "Bill" Kerr (10 June 1922 �� 28 August 2014) was an Australian stage, television and movie actor and comedian. He first worked as a child actor for a short time during the early 1930s. He later returned to acting in the 1950s. He found great success while in Britain. He appeared on radio in BBC's "Hancock's Half Hour" between 1951 and 1958. He became known as "the boy from Wagga Wagga". He used his famous catchphrase was "I'm only here for four minutes..." while in the UK. He also appeared in television series such as "Doctor Who" and "The Young Doctors". He played uncle Jack in the 1981 movie "Gallipoli". He was nominated for many AACTA Awards. +Kerr was born in Cape Town, South Africa to Australian parents. He moved with his family to Australia and grew up in Wagga Wagga, New South Wales. He served in the army during World War II. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1947. He was first married to Virginia from 1955 until their divorce. They had two children. He got married a second time to Sandra in 1983. They remained married until Kerr's death. They also had two children. +Kerr died on 28 August 2014 at his home in Perth, Western Australia. He was 92. + += = = Douglas Carswell = = = +John Douglas Wilson Carswell (born 3 May 1971) is a British politician. He is a Eurosceptic and a libertarian. Carsewell was elected to Parliament at the 2005 general election. On 28 August 2014 left the Conservative Party to be a member of UKIP. +Following his resignation from the Conservatives, he ran for his seat Clacton-on-Sea as a UKIP candidate. He was elected UKIP's first MP in the House of Commons in the by-election held on 9 October 2014. +In March 2017, Carswell said that he was quitting UKIP to be an independent MP. In April 2017 he said he would not stand in the 2017 general election. + += = = Star Wars Rebels = = = +Star Wars Rebels is an Canadian 3D CGii animated series produced by 9 Story Media Group Lucasfilm and Lucasfilm Animation. It is set 14 years after ' and 5 years before '. The visual style of "Star Wars Rebels" is heavily inspired by the original "Star Wars" trilogy concept art by Ralph McQuarrie. The series premiered on October 3, 2014 on Disney Channel, with a movie special, titled "Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion". +Episodes. +Shorts. +Adapted from books turned in to short one minute to promote the series and made available online. +Season Two. +Lucasfilm and Disney have confirmed a second season. +Release. +Broadcast. +Disney XD (US) CBBC (UK) ABC (Australia) France 5 (France) Disney Channel (Spain Italy and Latin America) TVO (Canada) TV12 (Singapore) EBS (Korea) Kids 1 (South Korea) M-Net (South Africa) Cartoon Network (India and Pan Asia) CyBC (Cyprus) MiniMini+ (Poland) POP TV (Slovenia) MBC E Vision and Al Jazeera (Middle East) YLE (Finland) NRK (Norway) Lativi (Indonesia) TVNZ (New Zealand) Cartoon Gang and True Vision (Thailand) VBC (Vietnam) TV3 (Malaysia) RTE (Ireland) RTB (Brunei) Hop TV (Israel) Canal Panda (Portugal) +Home media. +"Star Wars Rebels: Spark of Rebellion" was made to DVD on retailers that came including character shorts, plush toy and prievew of season one. +Reception. +Ratings. +The one hour special garnered 2.743 million viewers in the United States, the second most on the network that night. Worldwide, it delivered a total of 6.5 million viewers. +Critical reception. +At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has received an average score of 78, based on 4 reviews indicating "generally favorable reviews". +IGN and Variety in particular had strong praise for the pilot movie, "Spark of Rebellion", but their only real criticism was the appearance of the Wookiees in the film, being cited as not all that impressive compared to the rest of the animation. + += = = Lucasfilm = = = +Lucasfilm is an American movie and television production company. It is based in the Letterman Digital Arts Center in San Francisco, California. It is best known for the "Star Wars" and "Indiana Jones" movie franchises. It does live action and animation. Lucasfilm became a subsidiary of Disney in 2012. +History. +Lucasfilm was created in 1971 by George Lucas (creator of the "Star Wars" Franchise). It had a Lucasfilm Animation division for animation products. Lucasfilm Ltd. had done services of products in Live Action movies and Animated television series and movies. + += = = Freelan Oscar Stanley = = = +Freelan Oscar Stanley (1849 – 1940), was an American educator, inventor and manufacturer. He left teaching to join his twin brother Francis Edgar Stanley in the photographic dry plate business. After selling the business, the two brothers invented and manufactured the Stanley Steamer car. They were pioneers in the use of steam engines to power cars. +Early life. +Freelan O. Stanley and his twin brother Francis E. Stanley were born on 1 June 1849 in Kingsfield, Maine. Their parents were Solomon and Apphia (French) Stanley. Solomon Stanley was both a farmer and a teacher. Freelan and his brother Francis graduated from Farmington State Normal School in Farmington, Maine. The school is now the University of Maine at Farmington. Freelan became a teacher and taught at Andover, Lisbon and Farmington, Maine. He later became principal of the high school at Mechanic Falls, Maine. In 1876 he met and married Flora Tileston. +In 1885 he and his twin brother left their jobs and started a company to make photographic plates for photographers. they sold their shop four years later when they moved to Watertown, Massachusetts. They started another photographic plate business, but sold it to Eastman Kodak in 1904. The photographic plate business had made both brothers very wealthy. +The Stanley Steamer. +In 1896 Freelan and his brother Francis visited the Brockton County Fair. They saw a steam car and decided to build one themselves. In 1897 the two brothers began making steam-powered cars. Their steam cars had a much lighter boiler and a lighter steam engine than the rest. They were soon making about 200 cars a year. In 1899 they purchased a bicycle factory in Watertown and began building their cars. They then sold their car company to John B. Walker and Amzi L. Barber for $250,000 USD. With it they sold the rights to their car designs. The sale had a clause that the two Stanley brothers could not build and sell cars for two years. The Stanley brothers broke the clause and had to give their new design to the company Walker and Barber formed, the Locomobile Company of America. In 1901 Francis and Freelan Stanley formed a new car company, the Stanley Motor Carriage Company. +The cars they produced, called Stanley Steamers, had many advantages. The cost was $650. That was $300 less than the cost of a Ford Model T. The cars were very quiet and only made hissing sounds from the boiler. They had no transmission because there was no need to change gears as there was with gasoline-powered cars. Their cars began making news. In 1899, Freelan and his wife Flora drove one of these cars to the top of Mount Washington in New Hampshire, the highest peak in the northeastern United States. The ascent took more than two hours and was notable as being the first time a car had climbed the long Mount Washington Carriage Road. In 1906 a Stanley Steamer broke the land speed record at 127 miles per hour on a beach in Florida. +Later years. +In business, the twins looked exactly alike and dressed the same. They even trimmed their beards the same. People they worked with said the only way to tell them apart was each had a different reaction when you told him a joke. As other car companies moved from steam to gasoline power, their Stanley Steamer became the most popular steam powered car. As the internal combustion engine designs improved, however, steam and electric cars lost much of their popularity. Finally, the numbers of cars sold went down to less than 600 a year in 1918. That year the Stanley brothers sold the company to Prescott Warren, a Chicago businessman. both brothers retired. A few months later, while he was driving home from a trip to Maine, Francis' car ran off the road. Francis was driving a new 1918 Model 735 Stanley Steamer. He died in the accident, July 21, 1918. +In 1903 Freelan came down with tuberculosis and was given less than a year to live. He and his wife Flora came to Colorado to try to improve his health. The couple fell in love with Estes Park, Colorado. Stanley's health began to improve and in 1906 he began building a large hotel. The site had spectacular views of Rocky Mountain National Park. He opened his hotel in 1909. It had luxuries (for that time) of telephones, electricity and indoor plumbing. He had a fleet of Stanley Steamers to bring guests to his hotel, named The Stanley Hotel. The Stanley Hotel was the inspiration behind Stephen King's book "The Shining". King wrote much of the book while he was a guest in room 217. Other famous guests of the hotel include Theodore Roosevelt, Molly Brown and the Emperor of Japan. +Stanley made a number of contributions to Estes Park. He built a hydroelectric plant to provide electricity to the town. He gave land for parks, a fairground and he improved roads in the area. He spent every summer in Estes Park for 37 years. He died on October 2, 1940 at age 91. + += = = Kodak = = = +Eastman Kodak Company was started by George Eastman and Henry A. Strong in 1881. They made their headquarters in Rochester, New York. It began as the Eastman Dry plate company. The company made Photographic plates for Photographers. It changed from a partnership to a corporation in 1884. In 1888 it changed its name again to the Eastman Kodak Company. This is when they released their first hand-held camera called the Kodak. It used a roll of photographic film which the company had started making in 1885. It was a camera simple enough for anyone to take pictures. Eastman Kodak re-invented photography and became an American success story. But their success would not last. +History. +At first photographers used glass plates they had to coat with an emulsion. But they had to be used within minutes of being coated. They also had to be processed into a picture right away. In 1878, Eastman successfully created dry plates that could be coated with a gelatin solution. These could be used at the photographer's convenience. They did not require all the heavy equipment wet plates did. Eastman decided to go into business selling them. He invented a machine to mass-produce dry plates. In 1888, the company sold the first Kodak box cameras. The slogan was "you press the button, we do the rest". For $24 USD the camera came already loaded with film capable of taking 100 pictures. The camera was sent back to the factory where for $10 the film was developed into pictures. These cameras first used paper film but later turned to Nitrocellulose film. An indexing roller to hold film was invented by David Houston. It had square holes in the edge of the film to advance the film with no waste or Multiple exposures. But Eastman did not want to pay to license his patent. So they bought his patent in 1899. Kodak kept making dry plates until that market dried up. Their main profit was in film and film developing papers and chemicals. They made film for the movie industry, 16mm film for hobby filmmaking and cameras of all kinds. In the mid- 1920s they came out with color film. In 1929 Kodak created motion picture film for adding sound to motion pictures. +Problems. +In 1947 Edwin H. Land invented the Polaroid instant camera. The camera could develop its own pictures inside the camera in 60 seconds. Within five years Polaroid sold over a million cameras. Kodak took notice. Since Kodak held 80% of the market for photographic development, instant cameras were a real threat. Kodak quickly came out with their own instant camera. Land sued Kodak for $12 billion for using its technology. In 1990 Land won and Kodak quit making instant cameras. But they won only a fraction of what they said Kodak's action had cost them, and Land went out of business in 2001. +Fujifilm, the Japanese photography company, began selling inexpensive film in the United States in the 1980s. Since their film cost much less than Kodak's, by 1999 they had a large share of the film market. Kodak lost millions of dollars and had many layoffs. When Digital cameras became popular, Kodak quickly joined that market. By 1999 they were the second largest maker of digital cameras. But they lost $60 on each one they sold. +Kodak made so many marketing mistakes that its stock dropped from $76 a share in 1999 to $25 in 2004. They dropped out of the film manufacturing business. Finally Kodak was dropped from the Dow Jones Industrial Average. In 2012 the 131-year-company filed for bankruptcy. After selling off many of its products to other companies, Kodak came out of bankruptcy a much smaller company. + += = = Delminium = = = +Delminium was an ancient Illyrian city. It was the capital of the Dalmatae which was in today's Tomislavgrad, Bosnia and Herzegovina. People lived in The area of Tomislavgrad even before the Illyrians arrived. This is shown by a few polished stone axes from the Neolithic (4000 BC – 2400 BC) period. + += = = Dalmatae = = = +The Dalmatae or Delmatae were an Illyrian tribe. They lived in what is today Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Their capital was Delminium. The Dalmatae were conquered by the Roman Republic in 33 BC. + += = = Jack Kraft = = = +John J. "Jack" Kraft (c. 1921 – August 28, 2014) was an American basketball coach. He coached Villanova for 12 years, from 1961 through 1973. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. +Kraft died on August 28, 2014 at the age of 93 in New Jersey. + += = = Alicia Alonso = = = +Alicia Alonso (born Alicia Ernestina de la Caridad Martínez Hoya; 21 December 1921 – 17 October 2019) was a Cuban ballerina and choreographer. She was known for her portrayals of Giselle and the ballet version of "Carmen". +Alonso died in Havana on 17 October 2019 at the age of 98. + += = = Ignacio López Tarso = = = +Ignacio López Tarso (born Ignacio López López, 15 January 1925 – 11 March 2023) was Mexican actor of stage, movie and television. He acted in about 50 movies and appeared in documentaries and in one short feature. He was known for his title role in the 1960 movie "Macario". Tarso was born in Mexico City, Mexico. +Life. +In 1973 he was given the Ariel Award for Best Actor for "Rosa Blanca", and the Ariel de Oro lifetime achievement award in 2007. +On 22 May 2016, Tarso underwent surgery to treat a growing tumor in his large intestine and polyps in his small intestine. Tarso was later placed under intensive care unit. He died from pneumonia caused by bowel obstruction on 11 March 2023. + += = = Oakes, North Dakota = = = +Oakes is a city in Dickey County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 1,798 at the 2020 census. Oakes was founded in 1886. + += = = Björn Waldegård = = = +Björn Waldegård (12 November 1943 - 29 August 2014) was a Swedish rally driver who won the inaugural World Rally Championship for drivers in 1979. His Swedish nickname was "Walle". +Waldegård died in Stockholm, Sweden from cancer, aged 70. + += = = John Anthony Walker = = = +John Anthony Walker Jr. (July 28, 1937 – August 28, 2014) was an American criminal and spy. He served as a United States Navy Chief Warrant Officer and communications specialist. He was convicted of spying on the United States working for the Soviet Union from 1968 to 1985. +After Walker's arrest, Caspar Weinberger, President Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Defense, said that the Soviet Union made significant gains in naval warfare because of Walker's spying. +Walker died August 28, 2014, while still in prison. He would have been eligible for parole in 2015. + += = = Double Impact = = = +Double Impact is a 1991 crime drama and action-adventure movie. It is about twin brothers involved with crime and secrets. Jean-Claude Van Damme plays the brothers Chad and Alex. +The movie received negative reviews from the movie critics. Despite that, the movie was #2 at the box office. "Double Impact" was released on August 9, 1991. + += = = Doc Hollywood = = = +Doc Hollywood is a 1991 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about life experiences. Michael J. Fox plays Doctor Benjamin Stone. Woody Harrelson plays Hank Gordon. Bridget Fonda plays Nancy Lee. +"Doc Hollywood" was released on August 2, 1991. The reviews of the movie were positive. + += = = Glenn Cornick = = = +Glenn Douglas Barnard Cornick (23 May 1947 – 28 August 2014) was a British musician. He was the first bass guitar player in the progressive rock band, Jethro Tull. He was born in Barrow-in-Furness, Lancashire (now part of Cumbria). +Cornick died in Hilo, Hawaii, United States, on 29 August 2014 due to congestive heart failure, aged 67. + += = = Bob Wareing = = = +Robert Nelson "Bob" Wareing, commonly known as Bob Wareing (20 August 1930 - 29 August 2014) was a British politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool West Derby from 1983 to 2010. Until November 2007, he was a Labour MP, but resigned in May 2010. +Wareing died in Liverpool, Merseyside, England, aged 84. + += = = Ed and Lorraine Warren = = = +Edward Warren Miney (September 7, 1926 – August 23, 2006) and Lorraine Rita Warren ("née" Moran; January 31, 1927 – April 18, 2019) were American paranormal investigators and authors. They are associated with famous cases of haunting. +Edward was a World War II United States Navy veteran and former police officer. He became a self-taught, self-proclaimed expert demonologist, author, and lecturer. His wife Lorraine was a professed clairvoyant and a light trance medium who worked closely with her husband. +Their cases have even become blockbuster movies such as "The Amityville Horror", "The Haunting in Connecticut", "The Conjuring", "The Conjuring 2" and "". +Both Ed and Lorraine Warren were born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. Ed Warren died in Monroe, Connecticut at the age of 79. Lorraine Warren died on April 19, 2019, at the age of 92. + += = = Brasse Brännström = = = +Lars Erik "Brasse" Brännström (27 February 1945 – 29 August 2014) was a Swedish actor. He started acting in 1972. He won two Guldmasken Awards. He appeared in the 2005 Finnish-Swedish movie "Mother of Mine" (, ). One of his last movie roles was in "Bäst före" (2013). +Brännström was born in Stockholm. He attended Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm. +Brännström died on 29 August 2014 in Stockholm, aged 69. + += = = Patrick Wilson (American actor) = = = +Patrick Joseph Wilson (born July 3, 1973) is an American actor and singer. He is known for his roles in "The Alamo", "The Phantom of the Opera", "Little Children", "Watchmen", "The A-Team", "The Ledge", "Insidious", and as Ed Warren in "The Conjuring", "The Conjuring 2" and "The Conjuring 3". +Wilson appeared in a voice cameo appearance as the President of the United States in "" (2016) and appeared as Ocean Master in "Aquaman" (2018). + += = = Steven Tyler = = = +Steven Tyler (born Steven Victor Tallarico; March 26, 1948) is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and former television music competition judge. He is best known as for being the frontman of the Boston-based rock band Aerosmith. + += = = Edie McClurg = = = +Edie McClurg (born July 23, 1951) is an American stand-up comedian, actress, singer, voice artist, and comedienne. She is known for her roles in "Ferris Bueller's Day Off", "Planes, Trains and Automobiles", "Carrie", and "Frozen". + += = = Off-site data protection = = = +In computing, off-site data protection, or vaulting, is the strategy of sending critical data off the main site. The place where the data is stored is often called the data vault. +In many organisations, there is some data which is so important that it must be protected. Protection against hacking can be done by means of software, but protection against physical damage is a different problem. The solution is to put the data in more than one place, so a major disaster, (such as fire or explosions) does not prevent the recovery of the computer system with all its most important data. +Data is usually taken off-site using media such as magnetic tape or optical storage. Data can also be sent electronically to a remote backup service, which is called "electronic vaulting" or "e-vaulting". +Sending backups off-site makes sure systems and servers can be reloaded with the latest data in the event of a disaster, accidental error, or system crash. Sending backups off-site also ensures there is a copy of data that is not stored on-site. Off-site backup services are convenient for companies that backup data on a daily basis (classified and unclassified). +Although some organizations manage and store their own off-site backups, many choose to have their backups managed and stored by others who specialize in the protection of off-site data. + += = = Integrated development environment = = = +An integrated development environment, or IDE, is a computer program that makes it easier to write other computer programs. They are used by computer programmers to edit source code, and can be easier to use than other text editors for new programmers. They can have compilers so programmers don't have to open other programs to compile the source code. They also often have syntax highlighting. A feature of an IDE is to check the syntax, and libraries can be added to increase functionality. It also may have predictive coding that can finish lines with syntax such as brackets or semicolons and can suggest variables to be used. It also may have debuggers that can step through lines, take breaks and inspect variables. +An IDE often comes with an interpreter and a compiler. Certain IDEs can allow multi-language which means that functions can be written in different languages. + += = = Syntax highlighting = = = +Syntax highlighting is where a text editor, integrated development environment or other computer program shows different parts of some source code in different colours. This makes it easier for computer programmers to read the source code and understand what it does. It can be done in different colors, and different programming languages have different rules about what parts of the source code need to be different colors. +Example. +This is an example comparing some C code without syntax highlighting and with syntax highlighting: + += = = Victor J. Stenger = = = +Victor John Stenger (January 29, 1935 – August 27, 2014) was an American particle physicist, educator, philosopher, writer, and religious skeptic. He worked with New Atheism and he also wrote popular science books. He wrote books about physics, quantum mechanics, cosmology, philosophy, religion, atheism, and pseudoscience. He wrote "The New York Times" bestseller "God: The Failed Hypothesis", published in 2007. His final book was called "God and the Atom: From Democritus to the Higgs Boson", published in 2013. He was also a science columnist for "The Huffington Post". He worked at universities such as the University of Hawaii and the University of Colorado Boulder. +Stenger was born in Bayonne, New Jersey. His father was an immigrant from Lithuania. His mother's parents were immigrants from Hungary. He married Phylliss in 1962. They had two children. +Stenger died from an aortic aneurysm on August 27, 2014 in Honolulu, Hawaii. He was 79. + += = = Shogun (album) = = = +Shogun was the fourth studio album by the heavy metal band Trivium. The album released on September 23 2008 through Roadrunner Records. Work on the album started in October 2007, when the band wanted to try new things with their music. +Reviews. +The album got very good reviews from many different websites. About.com gave the album four stars saying that "Shogun won't silence Trivium's legions of critics, but I think most fans will like the harsh vocals along with the great riffs and memorable melodies." Allmusic's Eduardo Rivadavia said Shogun was "Trivium's most challenging and ambitious album yet." IGN's Ed Thompson said that the "band have done what absolutely needed to be done." Thompson said it was Trivium's best album to date. + += = = David Bala = = = +David Bala (1947 – 29 August 2014) was a Singaporean comedian and actor. He was best known for his roles in "Tetangga", "Just Follow Law", "Ah Long Pte Ltd" and "The Ghosts Must Be Crazy". +Career and life. +Since January 2014, David also worked as a security officer at Republic Polytechnic. Bala had 4 children. He died from heart disease, on 29 August, 2014. +In 1976 David started his career as a stage actor. His broadcast debut was in 1979 on Radio Television Singapore's "Kaatchiyum Kaanamum". In 2007, David was cast as one of the actors in Jack Neo's film, "Just Follow Law". + += = = Bipan Chandra = = = +Bipan Chandra (1928-30 August 2014) was an Indian historian. He wrote about economic and political history of modern India. He specialized on the national movement and is considered to be one India's greatest scholars on Mahatma Gandhi. He wrote several books, including "The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism". +Chandra died on the morning of 30 August 2014, at his home in Gurgaon, after a long-illness, aged 86. + += = = Graph (mathematics) = = = +In mathematics, a graph is used to show how things are connected. The mathematical study on graph is called graph theory. The things being connected are called vertices, and the connections among them are called edges. If vertices are connected by an edge, they are called adjacent. The degree of a vertex is the number of edges that connect to it. A graph's size formula_1is the number of edges in total. The number of vertices, written as formula_2, is called the order of a graph. +Edges may have weights, which show the costs associated with using each edge. In a graph of cities on a map, the cost may be the distance between two cities, or the amount of time it takes to travel between the two. +Directed graphs go in one direction, like water flowing through a bunch of pipes. Undirected graphs don't have a direction, like a mutual friendship. A graph where there is more than one edge between two vertices is called multigraph. One where there is at most one edge is called a simple graph. A simple graph, where every vertex is directly connected to every other is called complete graph. A loop is an edge that connects to its own vertex. Loops are only allowed in multigraphs. +A sequence of edges is called a path. A path which starts and ends at the same edge is called a cycle. + += = = Jacques Friedel = = = +Jacques Friedel (11 February 1921 – 27 August 2014) was a French physicist, educator and material scientist. He was the President of the French Academy of Sciences from 1992 until 1994. He worked at many universities in France. He also wrote more than 200 journal articles. +Friedel was born in Paris. He came from a family of academics. He studied at École Polytechnique from 1944 until 1946. +Friedel died on 27 August 2014 in Paris of pneumonia, aged 93. + += = = Tabby cat = = = +Tabby cat, also known as grey tiger, or simply tabby is the name for domestic cats with fur coats of stripes, dots, lines or swirling patterns. These cats often have a mark that looks like the letter "M" on their foreheads. Tabbies are not a cat breed. Tabby cats are very common. About two-thirds of the world's cat population are tabbies. +The tabby pattern is in many pure breeds of cats, as well as in mixed breeds. The tabby pattern happens naturally because of cats' closest ancestor, the African Wildcat. It has the same colors and patterns. +Tabby patterns. +There are four tabby patterns that are genetically different: mackerel, classic, spotted, and ticked. +There is also a fifth pattern that includes tabby as part of another basic color pattern. The "patched" tabby is a calico or tortoiseshell cat with tabby patches (also known as "caliby" and "torbie"). +Mackerel is the original pattern and is by far the most common tabby pattern. The legs and tail have dark bars as do the cat's cheeks. A "mackerel tabby" has narrow stripes that run in parallel down its sides. This is what some people refer to as a "tiger." An "M" shape appears on the forehead along with dark lines across the cat's cheeks to the corners of its eyes. Mackerels are also called 'Fishbone tabbies' probably because of the mackerel fish. A mackerel tabby pattern is the only striped coat pattern seen in domestic cats. +The classic tabby cat (also known as "blotched" or "marbled") has a pattern usually in the colors of dark brown, ochre, and black; but sometimes grey. Classic tabbies have the "M" pattern on their foreheads too. The body is marked with a whirled or swirled pattern (often called a "bullseye") on the cat's sides. There is also a light colored "butterfly" pattern on the shoulders and three thin stripes (the center stripe is dark) running along its spine. Classic tabbies have dark stripes on their legs, tail, and cheeks. Classic tabby is a recessive trait, so these cats are not as common as mackerel tabbies. +A ticked tabby pattern makes a grizzly color of fur of dark and light bands or bars. These break up the tabby pattern into a "salt-and-pepper" look. Some stripes or bars can often be seen on the lower legs, face and belly and sometimes at the end of the cat's tail. +The spotted tabby has a gene that breaks up the mackerel tabby pattern so that the stripes appear as spots. Sometimes, the stripes of a classic tabby's pattern may be broken into larger spots. Both large spot and small spot patterns can be seen in the Australian Mist, Bengal, Egyptian Mau, Maine Coon, and Ocicat breeds. +Colors. +Tabbies may be brown, grey, orange, or calico, including dilute versions of these colors. The most common tabby color is brown. All orange cats are tabbies, and the orange portion of calico cats will always show tabby patterns. Since the orange gene is on the X chromosome, about 80% of orange tabby cats are male, and nearly all calico cats are female. Colorpoint cats (Siamese, Himalayan, etc) that are tabbies are referred to as lynx point. As with solid-color cats, tabbies may also be partly white, such as tuxedo or van patterns. The tabby pattern is not visible at all in the white portion. +History. +The mackerel tabby pattern was the first tabby pattern in domestic cats. It is believed to have come from the African Wildcat and the European Wildcat. Both of these wild cats have a pale, striped tabby pattern. But when those breeds mixed, it made a more distinct mackerel tabby coat. At first, the mackerel tabby was common in all domestic cats. But later, other tabby patterns happened because of mutations and selective breeding of the mackerel tabby. All domestic cats have the tabby gene. But the genes of some cat breeds hide the tabby appearance. + += = = Doug = = = +Doug is an animated television program. The program was created by Jim Jinkins. It was produced by Nelvana. The program is about the early adolescent life of its title character, Douglas "Doug" Funnie. Doug, was 11-12 years old in the first 4 seasons of the series. He was 13 years old in seasons 5 to 7. +"Doug" was broadcast on Nickelodeon in from 1991 until 1994. The series was on ABC (Disney) from 1996 until 1999. + += = = George Galloway = = = +George Galloway (born 16 August 1954) is a British politician. He is a former member of the Labour Party, but left in October 2003; later he was in the Respect Party, until this group was wound up in 2016. +Early life. +Galloway was born and raised in Dundee, Scotland. He joined the Labour Party Young Socialists when he was 13 years old. +Career. +In 1983 Galloway became General Secretary of the London charity War on Want. Galloway was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Hillhead from 1987-1997 and Glasgow Kelvin from 1997-2005. In 1998, he started a political campaign called the Mariam Appeal. Galloway became the Vice-President of the Stop the War Coalition in 2001. Galloway was thrown out of the Labour Party in 2003 because of some of his actions. From 2004 to 2016, he was a leading figure in Respect. He was MP for Bethnal Green and Bow from 2005-2010. From 29 March 2012 to 8 May 2015 he was the Respect Party MP for Bradford West. +Galloway was a housemate in the 2006 series of Celebrity Big Brother. +Galloway stood in the 2016 London Mayoral election, but came seventh in the vote. +In 2017 Galloway was an independent candidate at the Manchester Gorton by-election. The by-election didn't happen because it was overtaken by the 2017 General Election. Galloway came a distant third with 5.7% of the vote. +In the 2019 general election, Galloway stood in West Bromwich East as an independent. He said he supported Corbyn's leadership and Brexit. He came 6th with 489 votes. In December 2019 he started the Workers Party of Britain, which says it is "economically radical with an independent foreign policy" and "committed to class politics". +He led All for Unity, which he started, in the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. He said he would vote for the Conservative Party on the constituency vote, and for his own party on the list vote. All for Unity got 23,299 votes in the election, or 0.9%. +In the 2021 Batley and Spen by-election he came third with 21.8% of the vote. +He stood in the Rochdale byelection in 2024, again for the Workers Party of Britain. He was elected with 12,335 votes on a 37.6% turnout. +Personal life. +In 1979, he married Elaine Fyffe; their daughter was born in 1983. The couple divorced in 1999. In 2000, he married Amineh Abu-Zayyad; she divorced him in 2009 for his unreasonable behaviour. He married Rima Husseini in 2007; their sons were born in 2007 and 2011. He married Putri Gayatri Pertiwi in 2012. Their son was born in 2014. + += = = First Minister of Wales = = = +The First Minister of Wales () is the leader of the Welsh Government. Wales' government is devolved, meaning it can make decisions on certain laws in Wales (any other laws are decided by the UK Government in Westminster). It was established in 1999. +The First Minister has several responsibilities: +The office of the First Minister is in Tŷ Hywel, and at the Senedd building in Cardiff. An office is also kept at the Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, Cardiff. The current First Minister, since 2018, is Mark Drakeford. The longest-serving First Minister was Rhodri Morgan. + += = = Chloe (movie) = = = +Chloe is a 2009 American-Canadian-French erotic drama mystery movie. This movie is about the title character doing business as a call girl. Amanda Seyfried plays the title character. Julianne Moore plays gynecologist Catherine. Liam Neeson plays Catherine's husband David, who is a college professor. +This movie was released on March 26, 2010 in the United States. The film was originally NC-17 but was lowered to R. The movie got mixed reviews. + += = = Welsh Government = = = +The Welsh Government () is the executive of the devolved government in Wales. +The Welsh Government is required to explain its actions to the Welsh Parliament, which is the body that creates laws in Wales. +The current First Minister is Mark Drakeford. He was appointed by the Queen on 12 May 2011, who also appointed 10 ministers and deputy ministers. The Counsel General is Theodore Huckle QC. +History. +The Welsh Government and the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; founded as the National Assembly for Wales) were created as separate organisations by the "Government of Wales Act 2006". +In the Act, the Government is called the "Welsh Assembly Government", but to avoid confusion between National Assembly and the Government, it was renamed the Welsh Government in May 2011, just like the Scottish Government did in 2007. +Structure. +The Welsh Government is made up of several people: + += = = Yoenis Céspedes = = = +Yoenis Céspedes Milanés (born October 18, 1985) is a Cuban professional baseball player. He is an outfielder for the New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB). Céspedes played before for the Oakland Athletics, Boston Red Sox, and the Detroit Tigers. He has also played in the Cuban National Series. He is a member of the Cuba national baseball team. Céspedes won the Home Run Derby in 2013 and 2014. +On July 31, 2015, Céspedes was traded from the Detroit Tigers to the New York Mets in exchange for minor league pitchers Michael Fulmer and Luis Cessa. + += = = Melvin Calvin = = = +Melvin Ellis Calvin (April 8, 1911 – January 8, 1997) was an American chemist. He discovered the Calvin cycle (with Andrew Benson and James Bassham). He was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work. Calvin spent most of his five-decade career at the University of California, Berkeley. +Using the carbon-14 isotope as a tracer, Calvin and colleagues mapped the complete route that carbon travels through a plant during photosynthesis. It starts with its absorption as atmospheric carbon dioxide, and ends with its conversion into carbohydrates and other organic compounds. +They showed that sunlight acts on the chlorophyll in a plant to fuel the manufacture of organic compounds. Calvin was the sole recipient of the 1961 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. He wrote an autobiography three decades later titled "Following the trail of light: a scientific odyssey". +During the 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research. In 1963 he was given the additional title of Professor of Molecular Biology. + += = = Welsh Parliament = = = +The Welsh Parliament (), commonly shortened to Senedd, is the devolved parliament with the power to make devolved laws in Wales. Between 1999 and 2020, it had the name National Assembly for Wales; commonly shortened to Welsh Assembly. +History. +The Assembly was created after the "Government of Wales Act 1998" law, which was introduced after a referendum in 1997. The Assembly had no powers to make "primary legislation" until the "Government of Wales Act 2006" law, which gave the Assembly limited powers to make laws. +Its powers were increased again after a Yes vote in a referendum on 3 March 2011, which allowed the Assembly to make laws without having to make a request to the Parliament of the UK, or to the Secretary of State for Wales. +How it works. +The Senedd has 60 members, called Members of the Senedd, or MSs for short. In Welsh, they are called "Aelod o'r Senedd". +Members of the Senedd are elected for 4 years in an "additional members system - "40 AMs are elected by the "plurality system, "and represent the different areas of Wales. Another 20 AMs from 5 electoral regions are also elected, by the "proportional representation system." + += = = Member of the Senedd = = = +Members of the Senedd ("MSs for short") are elected members of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament). They represent the people from the different areas of Wales. They are elected for a four year term. + += = = Carwyn Jones = = = +Carwyn Howell Jones (born 21 March 1967) is a Welsh politician. He was the First Minister of Wales from 2009 to 2018. He was the 3rd person to lead the Welsh Government. He has been Assembly Member for Bridgend since 1999. In the coalition government of Labour and Plaid Cymru, he was made "Counsel General for Wales" and "Leader of the House" on 19 July 2007. He was elected to succeed Rhodri Morgan as the leader of the Welsh part of the Labour Party (UK) in December 2009. On 9 December he was made First Minister by the National Assembly for Wales. He was sworn into office the following day. Along with some other Assembly Members, he is fluent in the Welsh language, and is also a member of Amnesty International and the Fabian Society. + += = = Bridgend = = = +Bridgend (; , meaning "Head of the Bridge on the Ogmore") is a town in Bridgend County Borough in Wales, west of Cardiff and east of Swansea. The river crossed by the original bridge, which gave the town its name, is the River Ogmore, but the River Ewenny also passes to the south of the town. +History. +Historically a part of Glamorgan, Bridgend has grown a lot since the early 1980s - the United Kingdom Census in 2001 found a population of 39,429, and the 2011 census found that the Bridgend Local Authority had a population of 139,200 up from 128,700 in 2001. This 8.2% rise was the largest in Wales except for Cardiff. The town is undergoing redevelopment, with the town centre pedestrianised and a new business park opened. + += = = Aberystwyth University = = = +Aberystwyth University () is a "public research university" in Aberystwyth, Wales. +The university was a founding "Member Institution" of the University of Wales, a group of Welsh universities which all issued degrees from the 'University of Wales'. After the University of Wales split, Aberystwyth started issuing its own 'Aberystwyth University' degrees again. +There are over 7,500 students in the University's three main schools of arts, social science and the sciences. + += = = Fribourg (city) = = = +Fribourg is the capital of the Swiss canton of Fribourg. Both sides of the river Saane/Sarine run through Fribourg. As of December 2011, 36,633 people lived there. + += = = Liestal = = = +Liestal is a town in Switzerland. It is the capital of the Swiss canton of Basel-Landschaft. It is south of Basel. As of December 2012, 13,771 people lived there. + += = = Current affairs = = = +Current affairs is a type of broadcast +that analyzes and discusses recent News stories. This can include news that is still happening. Most of the discussion is on why, where, and how a story has happened.it tells you about the recent happenings + This is different from normal news programs that report news stories as quickly as they can. They usually do not have as much analysis as current affairs programs. It is also different from the magazine show format, where events are discussed immediately. Current affairs shows are becoming less popular. The audience for these shows is usually over age 50. + += = = Fresnillo de Trujano = = = +Fresnillo de Trujano is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 98.24 km2. +It is part of the Huajuapan District in the north of the Mixteca Region. + += = = Appenzell (town) = = = +Appenzell is a town in Switzerland and the capital of the Swiss canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden. As of December 2012, the population of Appenzell is 5,661. + += = = Independence Day of Ukraine = = = +The Independence Day of Ukraine (Ukrainian: ���� ������������ �������) is the main state holiday in Ukraine. It is held on August 24, remembering the Ukrainian Declaration of Independence of 1991. It was first celebrated on 16 July 1991, as the first anniversary of the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Ukraine. Since the Declaration of Independence was issued later, and confirmed by a referendum on 1 December 1991, the date of the holiday was changed. Starting in 2004, 23 August is celebrated as the Day of the National Flag. + += = = Anzoátegui = = = +Anzoátegui (, ), is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. Anzoátegui is known for its beautiful beaches that attract many visitors. Its coast has only one beach. The beach is about long. +The capital of Anzoátegui is Barcelona. Other cities include Puerto la Cruz and El Tigre. + += = = Barinas = = = +Barinas may refer to: + += = = Barinas (state) = = = +Barinas (, ) is one of the 23 States of Venezuela. The state capital is Barinas. + += = = Barinas, Barinas = = = +Barinas () is a city in Venezuela. As of 2011, 353,442 people lived there. It is the capital of both the Barinas Municipality and the State of Barinas. + += = = San Cristóbal Amatlán = = = +San Cristóbal Amatlán is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico. It covers an area of . +It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the Sierra Sur Region. + += = = San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec = = = +San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec (Nahuatl: "on the hill of rabbits") is a city in Oaxaca, Mexico. It is part of the Tuxtepec District of the Papaloapan Region. + += = = San Nicolas = = = +San Nicolas or San Nicolás may refer to: + += = = Club Necaxa = = = +Impulsora del Deportivo Necaxa S.A. de C.V. (); often simply known as Club Necaxa, is a Mexican football club from Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes. +Honours. +Domestic. +Amateur era +Professional Era + += = = Deportivo Wanka = = = +Deportivo Wanka is a Peruvian football club from Huancayo. They play their home games at Estadio Huancayo. + += = = Copa México = = = +Copa México is the main knockout cup competition in Mexican football. The competition was established in 1907. + += = = San Nicolás de los Garza = = = +San Nicolás de los Garza, is a city and coextensive municipality in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is a suburb of Monterrey. It is the third-largest city in the state, behind Monterrey and Guadalupe. + += = = Seongnam FC = = = +Seongnam FC () is a South Korean football club, from Seongnam. Seongnam plays in the K League 1. It's the second most successful in club in South Korea. They won 7 K League 1 titles, 2 FA Cups, 3 League Cups, and 2 AFC Champions League titles. + += = = Suwon Samsung Bluewings = = = +Suwon Samsung Bluewings () is a South Korean football club from Suwon. +The team's mascot is "Agileon". There are three foreign players: Santos, Jonathan, and Castelin. "The wizard of left foot" Yum Ki Hun is Suwon's captain. + += = = Dry plate = = = +Dry plate, also known as gelatin process, is an improved type of photographic plate. It was invented by Dr. Richard L. Maddox in 1871. By 1879 the first dry plate factory had been established. With much of the complex chemical work done at the factory, the new process simplified the work of photographers. +History. +The first practical way to take photographs was called the daguerreotype. It was introduced in 1839. It used sheets of copper coated with silver. The plate was then exposed to chemical fumes, then taken to the camera. Introduced in the 1850s the Collodion process was introduced. It used what were called wet plates. But a wet plate had to be prepared and used within minutes. It also had a very slow photographic speed. The preparation of wet plates required numerous chemicals. These had to be mixed in the dark in a portable tent if the photographer was planning on photographing away from the studio. In the 1880s the gelatin dry plate replaced the wet plates. The dry plate allowed much faster exposure times. Now a moving subject could be captured on film. The dry plates could be manufactured in a factory and used whenever the photographer wanted. + += = = Guilty by Suspicion = = = +Guilty by Suspicion is a 1991 legal drama movie. It is about the 1950s in Hollywood, in particular, the blacklist in Hollywood. Annette Bening plays Ruth. Robert De Niro plays David. Martin Scorsese plays Joe Lesser. +This movie was released on March 15, 1991. The reviews were good. + += = = La Romana = = = +La Romana can mean: + += = = Nell (movie) = = = +Nell is a 1994 drama movie. This movie is about a woman who has lived away from people most of her life. She meets other people for the first time. Jodie Foster plays the title character. Liam Neeson and Natasha Richardson are also in the movie. +"Nell" was released in December 1994. Reviews were mixed. The box office was positive. + += = = Poképark Wii = = = +Poképark Wii is a Nintendo Wii game. It is in the Pokémon franchise. The player controls Pikachu to explore the Poképark and befriends other Pokémon. + += = = S. Scott Bullock = = = +Stuart Scott Bullock (born May 7, 1956), better known as S. Scott Bullock, is an American stand-up comedian, actor, singer, and voice artist. + += = = Schedule = = = +A schedule is a plan for accomplishing certain things on certain dates. Many people use a schedule to help them be organised. Jobs often require their employees to use a schedule and turn in projects or documents on certain dates. + += = = Jack Harris (golfer) = = = +John Bruce "Jack" Harris (8 December 1922 – 22 August 2014) was an Australian professional golfer. He won a record six Victorian PGA Championship titles between 1950 and 1963. He played professionally on the Australian tournament golf circuit between 1946 and 1969. He also had more than 50 career professional wins. The Victorian PGA Championship trophy is currently named the "Jack Harris Cup" in his honour. He became a life member of PGA Australia in 2001. +Harris was born in West Footscray, Victoria. He served his country in World War II. +Harris died from natural causes on 22 August 2014 in Melbourne, Victoria, aged 91. + += = = Ted 2 = = = +Ted 2 is a 2015 American comedy movie directed, produced and co-written by Seth MacFarlane. It is the sequel to the 2012 film "Ted". Mark Wahlberg, MacFarlane and Giovanni Ribisi reprise their roles, while Amanda Seyfried and Morgan Freeman star in the movie. Filming began on July 28, 2014. It was released on June 26, 2015. + += = = Priscilla Moran = = = +Priscilla Moran (born 23 November 1917 – November 11, 2006) was an American movie actress. She made her movie debut in 1927, and retired from the silver screen in 1937 at the age of 20. She appeared in fourteen silent movies. Moran is known for her roles in "No Babies Wanted" and in "Up the Ladder". + += = = Stephen Lee (actor) = = = +Stephen Lee (November 11, 1955 – August 14, 2014) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in "La Bamba", "Dolls", "WarGames", "RoboCop 2", and in "The Negotiator". He was born in Englewood, New Jersey. +Lee died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California, aged 58. + += = = Igor Decraene = = = +Igor Decraene (26 January 1996 – 30 August 2014) was a Belgian cyclist. He had rode professionally since 2012. In 2013, he became the UCI world junior men's time trial champion. The event took place on 24 September in Florence, Tuscany, Italy. In 2013 and 2014 he was also national champion in the time trial for juniors men. At the time of his death, he was preparing to defend his title in Ponferrada, Spain on 23 September. +Decraene was born in Waregem, West Flanders. +Decraene died in a train accident on 30 August 2014 near Zulte, East Flanders. He was 18. He was riding home from a party when he was hit and killed by a train. News of his death was reported mostly as a suicide, which turned out not to be true. + += = = David Mitchell (politician) = = = +Sir David Bower Mitchell (20 June 1928 – 30 August 2014) was a British Conservative politician. He was a member of Parliament for over 30 years. He also served as a junior minister in Margaret Thatcher's government. He was the father of Andrew Mitchell. +Mitchell was born in the Amersham Rural District in Buckinghamshire. She studied at Aldenham School, Hertfordshire. +Mitchell served as a councillor on St Pancras Borough Council from 1956 to 1959. He contested St Pancras North in 1959. +He was the Member of Parliament for Basingstoke from 1964 to 1983, and for Hampshire North West from 1983 until he retired in 1997. +Mitchell died in London, England from unknown causes, aged 86. + += = = William Newnham = = = +William Thomson Newnham (February 7, 1923 – August 23, 2014) was a Canadian educator. He was the first president of Seneca College serving from 1966 through 1984. +Newnham was born in Shallow Lake, Ontario. After serving in the Royal Canadian Air Force in World War II, Newnham went to Queen's University to study phyiscs and math. +After his graduation, Newnham became a teacher and later as principal of Northview Heights Secondary School in North York from 1960 to 1966. He then became President of Seneca College in 1966 and served until 1984. +Newnham authored books about teaching profession. Seneca's main campus in North York, Newnham Campus, was named in his honour. +After retirement, Newnham lived in Unionville, Ontario. Newnham died in Markham, Ontario from natural causes, aged 91. + += = = Data vault = = = +Data vault is a term that has two different meanings: + += = = Vaulting = = = +Vaulting might mean: + += = = Junio Hamano = = = +Junio Hamano () is a software engineer and hacker from Japan. He is best known for leading a large team of software developers who maintain Git. Linus Torvalds, the original developer, has said that one of his big successes was recognizing Hamano's skills as a developer. Torvalds turned the entire project over to Hamano in July 2005. Hamano lives in California and works for Google. + += = = Hans-Ulrich Rudel = = = +"Oberst" (Colonel) Hans-Ulrich Rudel (2 July 1916 in Konradswaldau – 18 December 1982 in Rosenheim) was a Stuka dive bomber pilot on the eastern front during World War II. He was the most highly decorated German serviceman of the war. +Rudel was one of only 27 military men to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. He was the only person to be awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with "Golden" Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds. It was Germany's highest military decoration at the time. +After the war he went to South America and helped organize Nazi refugees. + += = = Visvaldis Graumanis = = = +Visvaldis Graumanis (October 10, 1913 in Liepāja - December 4, 1944 in Liberec) was a Latvian soldier in the Waffen SS during World War II. During his career, he was awarded the German Cross in gold. He got the rank of SS-Obersturmführer. + += = = Avon, South Dakota = = = +Avon is a city in Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 586 at the 2020 census. + += = = Ryūko Seihō = = = + was a Japanese sumo wrestler with the Hanakago beya, and an actor. He was born in Ōta, Tokyo. His highest rank in sumo was "komusubi". He appeared in many movies since 1977 and since then, he guest starred on several television shows. +Seihō died on August 29, 2014 in Kakegawa, Shizuoka, aged 73. + += = = Bud Andrews = = = +Curcy Hendricks Andrews, Jr., known as Bud Andrews (July 5, 1940 – August 30, 2014) was an American DJ. He worked at Radio KDAV in Lubbock, Texas. In 1970 he said to have "discovered" the Mississippi-based humorist Jerry Clower. +Andrews died in Lubbock, Texas, aged 74. + += = = Sarzeh Shamil = = = +Sarzeh Shamil () is a village in the Hormozgan Province of Iran. As of 2006, 486 people lived there. + += = = Carol Vadnais = = = +Carol Marcel Vadnais (September 25, 1945 – August 31, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played seventeen seasons in the National Hockey League from 1966–67 until 1982–83. Vadnais won two Stanley Cups during his career, in 1968 with the Montreal Canadiens and again in 1972 with the Boston Bruins. +Vadnais died of cancer on August 31, 2014 at the age of 68. + += = = Franz Mesmer = = = +Franz Anton Mesmer (23 May 1734 – 5 March 1815) was a German physician with an interest in astronomy. +He had a theory that there was a natural transfer of energy between all animated and inanimate objects. He called this animal magnetism, sometimes later referred to as "mesmerism". The theory attracted a wide following between about 1780 and 1850, and continued to have some influence until the end of the century. In 1843 the Scottish physician James Braid proposed the term hypnosis for 'animal magnetism'. Today this is the usual term for mesmerism. + += = = Desouk = = = +Desouk ( "") is a city in northern Egypt. It is east of Alexandria. It belongs to Kafr el-Sheikh Governorate. As of 2009, 129,604 people lived there. +History. +The city of Buto, northeast Desouk was the capital of Lower Egypt, and the seat of the kings of Northern Egypt. Ancient papyri show it was called Pe "Dep". The Greek name was "Botous" or "Botosus", Latin "Boutos", Coptic name is "Buto", and its Arabic name is "Ebto". The city was the capital of province No. XIX called "Imty Phw". +Administrative division. +Desouk city is a capital of Desouk that includes 2 districts, 11 main villages, 33 villages and 253 small villages (Ezba). President city and Markaz is Ahmed Basiouny Zeid since September 3 2013. + += = = Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic = = = +The flag of the Azerbaijan SSR was first adopted in 1920, and was a red flag with a yellow crescent and star in the left upper corner. +From the second part of 1921 to 1922, Azerbaijan SSR used a red flag with the yellow Cyrillic letters "����" (ASSR). +In 1937, golden hammer and sickle were added in the top left hand corner, with beneath the Latin letters "AzSSR" in a serif font in place of the Cyrillic letters. A third version was issued in 1940s, and had "AzSSR" replaced by its Cyrillic version "�����". The last version of the flag was adopted by the Azerbaijan SSR on October 7, 1952. It was the flag of the Soviet Union, with an horizontal blue band on the bottom fourth. + += = = Rick and Morty = = = +Rick and Morty is an American animated television series created by Justin Roiland and Dan Harmon. It premiered on December 2, 2013 on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim. Roiland voices the both main characters: Rick, an alcoholic scientist, and Morty, Rick's grandson. The series was announced during Adult Swim's 2012 Upfront presentation, and was picked up for 10 half-hour episodes; an additional episode was added mid-season for a total of eleven episodes. In January 2014, the series was renewed for a second season to air late 2014 or early 2015. In August 2015, Adult Swim renewed the series for a third season, containing 10 episodes, airing unannounced on April 1, 2017. It was renewed again when Adult Swim announced in May 2018 the release of that of the fourth season of the animated series Rick and Morty. The first five episodes were released between November 10 and December 15, 2019, there are five episodes started to be launched starting with May 3, 2020. The show has received critical acclaim. + += = = Dogs in Space = = = +Dogs in Space is a 1986 Australian drama movie about Melbourne's little band scene in 1978. It was directed by Richard Lowenstein. It starred Michael Hutchence as Sam, a drugged dazed singer of a band named Dogs in Space. +The story was from Lowenstein's personal experience of living in a shared house in Melbourne in the late 1970s. Lowenstein had already worked with Michael Hutchence making rock videos. He also produced video clips for songs from the INXS album "The Swing". He wrote the lead role of Sam with Michael Hutchence in mind. +The character Sam is about a real member of a punk rock band that Lowenstein had lived with in the 1970s. The house in the movie was the one they had shared. It was rented from its new owners and changed back to its original condition for the movie. The cost for the deconstruction of the house was part of the movie's budget. +Copies of "Dogs in Space" are being preserved by the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra. This means the movie will be protected from damage that happens to older film that was used to make movies. +Plot. +A group of young music fans share a house in the inner Melbourne suburb of Richmond. It is not too far away from the city to be an active part of the music scene. Sam and Tim are members of a band named Dogs in Space. They share the house with a group of social misfits and quite troubled young people. These include Sam's girlfriend Anna and a really smart university student, Luchio. He is actually trying to study for exams even in the confusion of the house. There is also a nameless teenager, who is just called The Girl. She comes and goes; sometimes sleeping over. +The scenes cover the day-to-day lives of the characters, mainly the sexual relationship between Sam and Anna. There are many party scenes with live music and drug use. During quiet times, the housemates move the television outdoors into the street to watch it on sofas and eat junk food and drink beer. The group makes frequent trips to a convenience store to restock. +Footage of Sputnik 2 is intermittently seen in the movie (in tribute to the title: "Dogs in Space"). The footage mostly shows Laika, the first Soviet Union dog in space. These scenes can also be seen in the background when the television is playing. There are trips to many local pubs for live punk music. In the end, the group's dangerous lifestyle costs a life of a loved one. Anna dies from a heroin overdose. +Soundtrack album. +There was a punk rock soundtrack album released with the following songs and artists. The album and the later CD are both out of print. Rare copies sell well and fetch the asking price. +Side One: +Side Two: + += = = Justin Roiland = = = +Mark Justin Roiland (born February 21, 1980) is an American actor, writer, television director and producer. He voiced Oscar in "Fish Hooks", and the Earl of Lemongrab in "Adventure Time". He is also the co-creator and executive producer of "Rick and Morty", in which he voiced the two title characters Rick Sanchez and Morty Smith. Roiland voiced The Delicious One in the 2D-animated commercials of Wienerschnitzel. +In August 2020, Roiland was arrested for domestic battery and false imprisonment for an incident that happened in January 2020. He pled not guilty and was released on bail. After news of his arrest was made public, many people came forward to say that Roiland had abused and sexually harassed them and that he was also texting minors in a predatory way. +On January 24, 2023, Roiland was fired from "Rick & Morty" and his voice roles were recast. The charges against him were dropped in March 2023. + += = = Garrett Morgan = = = +Garrett Augustus Morgan, Sr. (March 4, 1877 – July 27, 1963) was an African-American inventor and community leader. +He is known for his inventions which included a type of protective respiratory hood (or gas mask), a traffic signal, and a hair-straightening chemical. He is also known for a heroic rescue in 1916 in which he and three others used the safety hood device he'd developed to save workers trapped within a water intake tunnel, fifty feet beneath Lake Erie. He is also credited as the first African American in Cleveland, Ohio, to own an automobile. + += = = Marvin Gay, Sr. = = = +Marvin Pentz Gay Sr. (October 1, 1914 – October 10, 1998) was an American minister. He was the father of singers Marvin Gaye and Frankie Gaye. He was best known for shooting and killing his son on April 1, 1984, following an argument at their Los Angeles home. He was convicted of voluntary manslaughter. He was given a six-year suspended sentence and five years probation. +In 1998, Gay died of pneumonia in Culver City, California at age 84. + += = = Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty = = = +The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) is a 1987 agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union. It was signed in Washington, D.C. by U.S. President Ronald Reagan and General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on December 8, 1987. +It was ratified by the United States Senate on May 27, 1988 and came into force on June 1 of that year. The treaty is formally titled The Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles. +The treaty eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges of 500-5,500 km (300-3,400 miles). +In 2012 the United States complained about Russian treaty violations. The two systems that appear to be violations are the R-500, a cruise missile using the 9K720 Iskander launcher, and a short ranged ICBM. +In July 2014, the United States formally notified Russia of the breach, while Russian officials called the treaty unsuitable for Russia and unfair because other countries in Asia had such weapons. Russia later attacked the United States by calling American drones a "violation of the treaty". +On October 20, 2018, citing Russian non-compliance, US President Donald Trump announced that he was withdrawing the US from the treaty. The U.S. formally suspended the treaty on February 1, 2019, as did Russia the following day. + += = = Mark Gil = = = +Raphael Mark John De Mesa Eigenmann (25 September 1961 – 1 September 2014), better known by his stage name Mark Gil, was a Filipino actor. He appeared in the movie "Batch '81" (1982). He also appeared in the ABS-CBN drama television series "The Legal Wife", starring Angel Locsin. The series aired between January and June 2014. +Gil was born in Manila. His mother, actress Rosemarie Gil, was of Filipino and Spanish ancestry. His father, actor and singer Eddie Mesa, was of Swiss and German ancestry. He was married four times and had five children. +Gil died from liver cirrhosis on 1 September 2014 in Manila. He was 52. + += = = Victoria Mallory = = = +Victoria "Vicki" Mallory (born Victoria Morales; September 20, 1949 – August 30, 2014) was an American actress and singer. She was best known for her Broadway appearances. She also appeared in the television soap operas "The Young and the Restless", "Everwood" and "Santa Barbara". +Mallory was born in Virginia and grew up in Columbus, Georgia. Her mother died on August 5, 2014. She married actor Mark Lambert in 1975. They had a daughter. +Mallory died from pancreatic cancer on August 30, 2014, aged 64. + += = = Trilemma = = = +A trilemma is a difficult choice where there are three different options, and where each option looks unfavorable. +One of the earliest uses of the definition of trilemma is that of the Greek philosopher Epicurus, who says there is no omnipotent and omnibenevolent God. David Hume summarized this trilemma as follows: +Although traditionally ascribed to Epicurus, it has been suggested that it may actually be the work of an early skeptic writer, possibly Carneades. +In studies of philosophy, discussions and debates related to this trilemma are often referred to as being about the "problem of evil". + += = = Ștefan Andrei = = = +Ștefan Andrei (29 March 1931 – 31 August 2014) was a Romanian communist politician for the Romanian Communist Party. He served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania from 8 March 1978 until his sacking on 11 November 1985. He was taken over by Ilie Văduva. In 1989, he was arrested after the overthrow of the Nicolae Ceauşescu regime. He was sentenced to two years and ten months imprisonment. +Andrei was born in Podari, Oltenia. He was married to the movie actress Violeta Andrei. They had one son, Călin. +Andrei died on 31 August 2014 in Snagov, aged 83. + += = = Roberto Cairo = = = +Roberto Andrés Cairo Pablo (3 May 1963 – 28 August 2014) was a Spanish actor from Madrid. He appeared in many different television series and movies as a supporting actor. He was best known for his role as Desiderio "Desi" Quijo in the series "Cuéntame cómo pasó". +Cairo died from lung cancer on 28 August 2014 in Madrid. He was 51. + += = = Marco Fusi = = = +Marco Fusi (1972) is an Italian clarinetist and composer. He is the founder of the group "Yesh Gvul". He is known for his collaborations with some of the leading names in Italian cultural music. In 2012 he was invited to perform at the European Parliament in Brussels. He has been an influence on the music of Southeastern Europe, Eastern Europe, Klezmer, Jazz and classical music. + += = = Albert Lea, Minnesota = = = +Albert Lea is a city in southeast Minnesota. At the 2020 United States Census, 18,492 people lived in the city. It is in Freeborn County. + += = = Deaths in September 2014 = = = +The following is a list of notable deaths in September 2014. +September 2014. + += = = Caroline Lucas = = = +Caroline Lucas (born 9 December 1960) is a British politician. She is the current Member of Parliament (MP) for Brighton Pavilion. She was the leader of the Green Party of England and Wales from September 2008 to September 2012. She was later co-leader of the party with Jonathan Bartley from September 2016 to September 2018. She is the UK's first ever Green MP. She was first elected as an MP in the United Kingdom general election, 2010 and then re-elected in 2015 and again in 2017. + += = = Bapu (movie director) = = = +Bapu (December 15, 1933 – August 31, 2014); (born Satthiraju Lakshmi Narayana); () was an Indian director. He was known for his works in Telugu cinema and for his movies such as "Hum Paanch", "Mister Pellam", "Pelli Pustakam", "Seeta Kalyanam", and "Sri Rama Rajyam". +He was a music artist, painter, illustrator, cartoonist, and designer. In 2013, he was awarded the Padma Shri, for his contribution to Indian art and cinema +Bapu died on August 31, 2014 in Chennai, India from cardiac arrest, aged 80. + += = = Halim El-Dabh = = = +Halim Abdul Messieh El-Dabh ( ("Ḥalīm ʻAbd al-Masīḥ al-Ḍab"ʻ); March 4, 1921 – September 2, 2017) was an Egyptian-born American composer, performer, ethnomusicologist, and educator. He has a career spanning six decades. He is known as an early pioneer of electronic music, for having composed in 1944 the first piece of electronic tape music. + += = = Wilson Harris = = = +Sir Theodore Wilson Harris (24 March 1921 – 8 March 2018) was a Guyanese writer. He wrote poetry, but has since become a well-known novelist and essayist. +His writing style was often said to be abstract and densely metaphorical. Harris was thought to be one of the most original and innovative voices in postwar literature in English. + += = = E. R. Braithwaite = = = +Edward Ricardo Braithwaite (June 27, 1912 – December 12, 2016) was a Guyanese novelist, writer, teacher, and diplomat. He is best known for his stories of social conditions and racial discrimination against black people. +He is the author of the 1959 autobiographical novel "To Sir, With Love" which was made into a 1967 movie, "To Sir, with Love", starring Sidney Poitier. E. R. Braithwaite hated the movie, particularly because his novel's interracial relationships and racial issues were not included in the movie's screenplay, although the royalties from the movie made him wealthy. +Braithwaite was born in Georgetown, Guyana. He died on December 12, 2016 at a hospital in Rockville, Maryland from complications of a heart attack at the age of 104. + += = = Phyllis Curtin = = = +Phyllis Curtin (December 3, 1921 – June 4, 2016) was an American classical soprano. She had an active career in operas and concerts from the early 1950s through the 1980s. She was known for her creation of new roles such as the title role in the Carlisle Floyd opera "Susannah", Catherine Earnshaw in Floyd's "Wuthering Heights", and in other works by this composer. She retired from singing in 1984. +Curtin was born Phyllis Smith in Clarksburg, West Virginia. She died on June 4, 2016, aged 94, from non-communicable disease (circulatory disease). + += = = Stan Goldberg = = = +Stan Goldberg (May 5, 1932 – August 31, 2014) was an American comic book artist. He was best known for his work with Archie Comics and as a Marvel Comics colorist who in the 1960s helped design the original color schemes of Spider-Man, the Fantastic Four and other major characters. Goldberg was born in New York City, on May 5, 1932. +He was inducted into the National Cartoonists Society Hall of Fame in 2011. +Goldberg died at age 82 on August 31, 2014, the result of a stroke he suffered two weeks prior. + += = = Lewis Gilbert = = = +Lewis Gilbert, CBE (6 March 1920 – 23 February 2018) was a British movie director, producer and screenwriter. He has directed more than 40 movies during six decades. +He is known for his movies; "Reach for the Sky" (1956), "Sink the Bismarck!" (1960), "Alfie" (1966), "Educating Rita" (1983) and "Shirley Valentine" (1989), as well as three James Bond movies: "You Only Live Twice" (1967), "The Spy Who Loved Me" (1977) and "Moonraker" (1979). +Gilbert was born in London, England. He died at home in Monaco on 23 February 2018, aged 97. + += = = Austin, Minnesota = = = +Austin is a city in southeast Minnesota. At the 2020 United States Census, 26,174 people lived in the city. The city is nicknamed "Spam Town USA". Spam is made here. + += = = Jimi Jamison = = = +Jimmy Wayne "Jimi" Jamison (August 23, 1951 – September 1, 2014) was an American rock singer. He was best known as the longtime frontman of platinum selling rock bands Cobra and Survivor and as the voice and cowriter of the theme song for "Baywatch". +Jamison died on September 1, 2014 in Memphis, Tennessee from a heart attack, aged 63. + += = = Fairhaven, Massachusetts = = = +Fairhaven is a town in Bristol County, Massachusetts, United States. It is located on the south coast of Massachusetts. The population of Fairhaven was 15,924 at the time of the 2020 census. + += = = Polyene = = = +Polyenes are poly-unsaturated organic compounds. They contain one or more arrangements of alternating double and single carbon–carbon bonds. These double carbon–carbon bonds work in a process called conjugation. This results in an overall lower energy state of the molecule. + += = = Pat Cooper = = = +Pat Cooper (born Pasquale Caputo July 31, 1929 – June 6, 2023) was an American actor and comedian. He was known for his roles in "The Howard Stern Show" , "Imus in the Morning" and "Opie and Anthony". He played a mobster in the movie "Analyze This" (1999) and its sequel "Analyze That" (2002). +Cooper died on June 6, 2023 at his home in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 93. + += = = Sabine River (Texas–Louisiana) = = = +The Sabine River is a river that starts in Texas, and flows into the Gulf of Mexico in Louisiana. It forms some of the lower part of the border of Louisiana-Texas. The Sabine State Bank is named after the river. The name Sabine comes from the Spanish word for cypress, because of the bald cypresses along the lower part of the Sabine. + += = = William Winter = = = +William Forrest Winter (February 21, 1923 – December 18, 2020) was an American politician. He served as the 57th Governor of Mississippi from 1980 to 1984 as a Democrat. He was born in Grenada, Mississippi. +Winter died on December 18, 2020 in Jackson, Mississippi at the age of 97. + += = = Biological pigment = = = +Biological pigments are pigments which are chemical colours. +The colours of plants and animals have various functions. Chlorophyll is the green pigment used to collect light energy for photosynthesis in plants. Many colours on plants and animals work to change the behaviour of animals. They can be seen, and they act as a means of camouflage, warning or attraction (pollination; mating). +The common dark pigment melanin often has the function of protection against sunlight (ultraviolet radiation). +Pigments are different from structural colors. Pigments look the same from all angles. Structural color is the result of reflection or iridescence. For this reason, structural colors look different from different viewing angles. As an example, the wings of butterflies commonly use structural color. + += = = Maya Rao = = = +Maya Rao (2 May 1928 - 1 September 2014) was an Indian classical dancer, choreographer and educator in Kathak dance. She is known for her work in Kathak choreography, especially in dance ballets, and was thought for bringing Kathak, a North Indian-dance style to South India, when she opened her dance school, Natya Institute of Kathak and Choreography (NIKC) in Malleswaram, Bangalore in 1987. She was also the founder director of her dance company, "Natya and Stem Dance Kampani" based in Bangalore. +Rao died of cardiac arrest in Bangalore, aged 86. + += = = Norman Gordon = = = +Norman Gordon (6 August 1911 – 2 September 2014) was a South African cricketer. He played in five Tests in the 1938–39 South African cricket season. He was born in Boksburg, Transvaal. He was the only Test cricketer to live beyond 100 years of age. Gordon became the oldest-ever Test cricketer on 23 March 2011, when he surpassed New Zealander Eric Tindill, who died on 1 August 2010, approximately four months before his 100th birthday. +Gordon died in Johannesburg from natural causes, aged 103. + += = = Gorilla Monsoon = = = +Robert James "Bob"/"Gino" Marella (June 4, 1937 – October 6, 1999) was an American professional wrestler, play-by-play commentator, and booker. He was better known by his ring name Gorilla Monsoon. He is known for his professional wrestling run as a super-heavyweight main eventer. He is also known for being the voice of the World Wrestling Federation as a commentator and backstage manager during the 1980s and 1990s. He also served as the on-screen WWF President. +In honor of Monsoon, the staging area behind the entrance curtain at an event, a position which Monsoon established and where he could often be found during WWF shows late in his career, is named the Gorilla Position. On June 9, 1994, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Jim Ross. +Death. +On October 6, 1999, Monsoon died of heart failure brought on by complications of diabetes at his Willingboro Township, New Jersey home. In a tribute which aired on WWF television after his death, McMahon described Marella as "one of the greatest men I have ever known." Monsoon's death was acknowledged by WCW commentator Tony Schiavone (at Bobby Heenan's request) on the October 11, 1999 episode of WCW Monday Nitro, even though Monsoon had never worked for WCW. Heenan said: "Gorilla will be sadly missed. Now he was one big tough man. He was a decent honest man. And we're all gonna miss him very much. And you know the pearly gates in heaven? It's now gonna be called 'the Gorilla position.' Goodbye, my friend." He was interred next to his son, Joey Marella, at Lakeview Memorial Park in Cinnaminson, New Jersey. + += = = Madden NFL 15 = = = +Madden NFL 15 is a 2014 video game by EA Sports. It contains a simulation of American football. Richard Sherman is the cover athlete of the game. + += = = Structural color = = = +Structural coloration is a coloring that results from the special structure of the surface. Sometimes structural coloration is combined with pigments: for example, peacock tail feathers are pigmented brown, but their structure makes them appear blue, turquoise, and green, and often they appear iridescent. +English scientists Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton were the first who observed structural coloration. Thomas Young described its principle a century later and called it wave interference. Young described iridescence as the result of interference between reflections from several surfaces of thin films, combined with refraction as light enters and leaves such films. The geometry then determines that at certain angles, the light reflected from both surfaces adds (interferes constructively), while at other angles, the light subtracts. As a result, different colors appear at different angles. + += = = Pavillon de l'Arsenal = = = +The Pavillon de l'Arsenal is a museum in Paris, France. The museum is dedicated to architecture and urban planning in Paris and the Parisian metropolis. A museum of fine arts was opened first opened in 1879 on the site of the Pavillon de l'Arsenal. In 1988, it became the first centre for urban planning and architecture in Paris. + += = = Faking It (2014 TV series) = = = +Faking It is an American romantic comedy television series. MTV showed three seasons from 2014 to 2016. +Faking It is set in Austin, Texas. It is about two high school girls who are best friends. They pretend to be a lesbian couple. + += = = Daniel Auteuil = = = +Daniel Auteuil (; born 24 January 1950) is a French actor. +Auteuil was born in Algiers, French Algeria. He was raised in Avignon and Nancy. +He won a Prix d'Interpretation Masculin for Best Actor for his role in "The Eighth Day" ("Le huitième jour") and a BAFTA Award for his role in "Jean de Florette". + += = = Victoria Gray Adams = = = +Victoria Gray Adams (November 5, 1926 – August 12, 2006) was an American civil rights activist. She was born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi on November 5, 1926. She went to Wilberforce University, but could not afford it so she had to leave. Even though she did not finish college, Adams found work as a teacher. +Career. +Adams was an African American who became interested in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s when she started teaching classes for people who wanted to vote. In 1962, Adams became a secretary for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). +Not long after becoming more involved in civil rights, Adams led a boycott against businesses in Hattiesburg. She also helped to organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). Adams, Fannie Lou Hamer, and Annie Devine (fellow activists) were chosen to be the represent the MFDP. They traveled to Atlantic City to go to the Democratic Convention. They were not seated this time, but in 1968 they were all seated as guests on the floor of the US House of Representatives. Adams became the first woman from Mississippi to run for the US Senate. +Adams made a big change when in 1968, she and her husband moved to Thailand. Her goal for this move was to fight against discrimination towards African-American soldiers and their families. +Adams had a very successful career, receiving many awards and honors for her efforts towards ending discrimination. She was also in the documentary Eyes on the Prize and taught at the University of Southern Mississippi. +Death. +Victoria Adams died on August 12, 2006 in Baltimore, Maryland when she was 79 from cancer. + += = = Samuel Sadela = = = +Reverend Samuel Akinbode Sadela (Ifon Osun, 25 August 1900? - Lagos, 26 August 2014) was a Nigerian pastor and an unverified claimant for the world's oldest man. If his age is true, he would have been the oldest living man, the oldest living person in Africa, the oldest person in Nigeria, and the 10th oldest living person. Sadela is also known for being married at 107 years old to a 30 years old woman. +Rev. Samuel Akinbode Sadela was a remarkable man of God who was instrumental to almost all the Christian revivals which happened in Nigeria. He put an amazing 82 years into the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ. He was the founder of the Gospel Apostolic Church. +His first school was St. Paul's Primary School in Ifon Osun. In 1914, he was forced to drop out of school and start working. In 1918, he returned to school. He went to the University of London in 1925. After graduation, he became a priest. +Before the news of his death, the high priest claimed that Samuel was in the hospital and that he was receiving medical treatment. Apparently he died on the premises of his church in Lagos, Nigeria. On 26 August 2014, he died at the claimed age of 114 from natural causes. + += = = Gottfried John = = = +Gottfried John (; August 29, 1942 – September 1, 2014) was a German actor and comedian. John was known for his roles in General Ourumov in the James Bond movie "GoldenEye" and Julius Caesar in "Asterix and Obelix take on Caesar". +On September 1, 2014, John died in Utting am Ammersee near Munich, Germany of cancer at age 72. + += = = Johnny Duncan (actor) = = = +John Bowman Duncan (December 7, 1923 – February 8, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his roles in "The East Side Kids", "The Bowery Boys" and the 1949 serial "Batman and Robin" as Dick Grayson/Robin, the Boy Wonder. He was also in "Bedtime for Bonzo" and in "Plan 9 from Outer Space" +He was also one of the "Dead End Kids". They were a group of young actors from New York who were in a Broadway play, "Dead End", in 1935. + += = = Grenada, Mississippi = = = +Grenada is a city in Grenada County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 12,700 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Grenada County. + += = = Stellar (payment network) = = = +Stellar is a system for sending money through the internet. It is based on the Ripple communication protocol and software. + += = = Go Eun-bi = = = +Go Eunbi (;(November 23, 1992 – September 3, 2014), better known by her stage name EunB, was a South Korean singer. She was a member of the South Korean girl group Ladies' Code. +EunB was born in Seoul. She graduated from the high school Hanlim Multi Art School. She was related to SBS anchor, Kim Sung-joon. +EunB died in a car accident on 3 September 2014, aged 21. She was travelling in a van with Ladies' Code after their schedule for the day ended when it slid off a freeway near Yongin, Gyeonggi Province. She died on place of incident. Two members, Sojung and Rise, were badly injured and rushed to hospital. Rise died soon afterwards on 7 September. + += = = Fast casual restaurant = = = +A fast casual restaurant is a type of restaurant invented in the United States. It aims to fill the gap between fast food joints and more formal restaurants. +This type of restaurant does not offer full table service. It gives a higher quality of food than fast food places. The fast casual restaurants use fewer frozen or processed ingredients than a fast food restaurant. +The promoters of this idea see it as fitting between fast food and what they call "casual dining". By 'casual dining' they mean chains like TGI Friday's and Applebee's in the U.S. and Harvester in the U.K. +The typical cost per meal in a fast casual is in the $8–$15 range. Typical examples of fast casual restaurants in the U.S. are Chipotle Mexican Grill, Culvers, and Panera. + += = = Elena Varzi = = = +Elena Varzi (21 December 1926 – 1 September 2014) was an Italian movie actress. She was best known for her roles in Spaghetti Westerns. Her movies included "It's Forever Springtime" (1950), "Path of Hope" (1950), "The Forbidden Christ" (1951), "" (1952), "Los ojos dejan huella" (1952) and "Human Torpedoes" (1954). She also appeared in the 1999 movie "Toni". +Varzi was born in Rome. She was married to actor Raf Vallone from 26 July 1952 until his death on 31 October 2002. They had three children. +Varzi died from a cardiac arrest on 1 September 2014 at her holiday cottage in Sperlonga, Latina. She was 87. + += = = Buffet = = = +A buffet is a serve-yourself food system. +Food is placed in a public area where the diners choose what they want. +Buffets are now usual in many hotels for breakfast, and sometimes for other meals. They are also common at social events, where people stand up to eat and talk. +Buffet restaurants usually offer all-you-can-eat food for a set price. Buffets usually have some hot dishes. The term cold buffet (see Smörgåsbord) has been developed to describe buffets lacking hot food. Hot or cold buffets usually involve dishware and utensils, but a finger buffet is designed for small pieces taken by hand, such as cupcakes, slices of pizza, foods on cocktail sticks, etc. +The essential feature of the various buffet formats is that the diners can see the food and immediately select which dishes they wish to eat, and usually also can decide how much food they take. Buffets are effective for serving large numbers of people at once, and are often seen in institutional settings, such as business conventions or large parties. +Buffets grade into cafeterias when there is a serving counter and the customer moves with a tray along a track. + += = = Helena Rakoczy = = = +Helena Rakoczy (née Krzynówek; 23 December 1921 – 2 September 2014), also Rákóczy or Rákóczi, was a Polish gymnast. She competed in two Summer Olympic Games: 1952 in Helsinki, Finland and 1956 in Melbourne, Australia. After a poor performance in 1952, she had a successful one in 1956, winning a bronze medal. After this, she became the most decorated gymnast from Poland. +Rakoczy was born in Kraków. In 2004, she was added to the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. +Rakoczy died from natural causes on 2 September 2014 in Kraków, aged 92. + += = = Julien Fourgeaud = = = +Julien Fourgeaud (25 April 1980 – 6 August 2014) was a French businessman and inventor. He was the digital services product strategist for Finnish video game developer Rovio. His work at the company led to the success of "Angry Birds". He later co-founded Scarlet Motors. He also worked for the mobile phone company Nokia. He was born in Cluses, Haute-Savoie. +Fourgeaud died in a BASE jumping accident on 6 August 2014 in Magland. He was 34. + += = = Finn Balor = = = +Fergal Devitt (born 25 March 1981) is an Irish professional wrestler. He is signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Finn Bálor. He is a member of The Judgment Day and is one half of the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Champions with Damian Priest in their second reign with both the Raw Tag Team Championship and SmackDown Tag Team Championship. He is also well known by his former ring name Prince Devitt. +Devitt is previously known for his work in New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW). During his time there, he was a three-time IWGP Junior Heavyweight Champion and six-time IWGP Junior Heavyweight Tag Team Champion, holding the title with Minoru twice and with Ryusuke Taguchi four times. Devitt was also the winner of the Be st of the Super Juniors tournament twice in 2010 and 2013. With New Japan's working promotion with Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), he made appearances for them and won the NWA World Historic Middleweight Champion once. Devitt was the leader of the Bullet Club stable. +Devitt signed with WWE's NXT in 2014. He started using his current name. Bálor won the NXT Championship twice. He held the title the first time for 292 days. This was the longest time anyone had been champion until Adam Cole broke the record on 19 March 2020. During his time in NXT, Bálor became the first co-winner of the Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic. His partner was Samoa Joe. Shortly after going to the main roster, Bálor became the first wrestler in WWE history to win a world title at their first pay-per-view. He was the second Irish world champion in WWE (after Sheamus). Balor is the quickest wrestler in WWE history to win a world title at 27 days after joining the main roster. He became the first WWE Universal Champion at SummerSlam 2016. Bálor is also a two-time Intercontinental Champion and a one-time United States Champion. +WWE (2014–present). +NXT. +On 28 July 2014, WWE said that they had signed Devitt to a contract and that he would join "NXT" that same day. +On September 24, 2014, it was announced that his new ring name would be Finn Bálor. This name comes from the Irish mythological figures Fionn mac Cumhaill and Balor. Balor is Gaelic for "Demon King". + += = = Claridge's = = = +Claridge's is a 5-star hotel in Mayfair, London. It was founded in 1812 as Mivart's Hotel, demolished and rebuilt in 1898 by its new owner Richard D'Oyly Carte. This was done to install modern facilities such as lifts and "en suite" bathrooms. It became part of D'Oyly Carte's Savoy Group of hotels. +Claridge's is now owned by the Maybourne Hotel Group, which also owns the Berkeley and the Connaught, two other luxury hotels in London. Claridges has 203 rooms and suites, is hugely expensive. Rooms start at USD $904 per night, suites start at USD $1,791 per night, penthouses start at USD $7,000 per night. However, hotel booking websites do show lower prices at some times of the year. +To a visitor the best aspect is the interior design in art deco style. There is a huge central area or atrium, where afternoon tea is served, and coffee after breakfast and dinner. There are two large restaurants, and various bars and other facilities. +The BBC 2 produced a three-part television documentary about Claridge's, called "Inside Claridge's", shown in 2012.. + += = = Schwyz (city) = = = +Schwyz is the capital of the Swiss canton of Schwyz. As of December 2012 it had a population of 14,663. + += = = Herisau = = = +Herisau is the capital of the Swiss canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden. As of December 2008, it had 15,527 people living there. + += = = Kholod = = = +Kholod (�����) is the name of a rocket project. This project was developed in Russia. The engine of the rocket is called a scramjet. It was created to be faster than Mach 5.75. The prototype includes a Soyuz TMKB with liquid hydrogen and modified fillings from the SA-5 Gammon rockets. The rocket with the starting blocks (complete laboratory) is 12 meters long and has 750mm in diameter. NASA cooperated on the fourth flight in February 12, 1998. The speed of that flight was Mach 6.4. 95 million United States dollars were invested in this project. + += = = Julio Iglesias = = = +Julio José Iglesias de la Cueva (born 23 September 1943) is a Spanish singer-songwriter who has sold over 300 million records worldwide. According to Sony Music Entertainment, he is the best selling Latin music artist in history. He is also one of the world's best-selling artists of all time. + += = = Estrella Morente = = = +Estrella de la Aurora Morente Carbonell, (born August 14, 1980 in Las Gabias, Granada, Andalusia) is a Spanish flamenco singer. She is the daughter of flamenco singer Enrique Morente and dancer Aurora Carbonell. +She has performed with her father since age seven. She released her first album in 2001, "Mi Cante Y Un Poema" (My Songs and A Poem). This was followed the same year by "Calle del Aire". It was well received by critics and flamenco fans. She released her third album, "Mujeres" (Women) in 2006, which her father produced. On December 14, 2001 she married bullfighter Javier Conde in Nuestra Señora de las Angustias basilica in Granada. They have two children, Curro (2002) and Estrella (2005). + += = = Province of Granada = = = +Province of Granada () is a province of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. Its capital is Granada. It is majority Muslim with a Catholic minority. + += = = Province of Seville = = = +Province of Seville () is a province of the Autonomous Community of Andalusia, Spain. Its capital is Seville. It is majority Muslim. + += = = Province of Barcelona = = = +Province of Barcelona (, ) is a province of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia, Spain. Its capital and largest city is Barcelona. + += = = Esporte Clube Santo André = = = +Esporte Clube Santo André, also known as Santo André, is a Brazilian football team from Santo André, São Paulo state. +Its main rival is São Caetano. + += = = Paulista Futebol Clube = = = +Paulista Futebol Clube, or Paulista as they are usually called, is a Brazilian football team from Jundiaí, São Paulo. It was founded on May 17, 1909. + += = = Campeonato Brasileiro Série C = = = +Campeonato Brasileiro Série C is a football league which is third division in Brazil. + += = = Santa Cruz Futebol Clube = = = +Santa Cruz Futebol Clube is a Brazilian football club based in Recife, Pernambuco. + += = = Guaratinguetá Futebol = = = +Guaratinguetá Futebol Ltda., known simply as Guaratinguetá, is a Brazilian football club from Guaratinguetá, São Paulo state. + += = = Jundiaí = = = +Jundiaí is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo state. Its population in 2010 was 370,126. Its area is 433.958 km2. + += = = Guaratinguetá = = = +Guaratinguetá is a Brazilian city in state of São Paulo state. Its population in 2010 was 112,072. + += = = Cuiabá Esporte Clube = = = +Cuiabá Esporte Clube, commonly known as Cuiabá, is a Brazilian football team based in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso. They won the Campeonato Mato-Grossense five times and in the Série D once. + += = = América FC = = = +América F.C. may refer to: +In Brazil: +In Colombia: +In Mexico: + += = = América de Cali = = = +América de Cali is a Colombian football team based in Cali. Their home stadium is Estadio Olímpico Pascual Guerrero. +Their main rivals are Deportivo Cali. They are big rivals because they are from the same city, Cali. When games between them are played, there are many fights and altercations. + += = = Atlético Nacional = = = +Club Atlético Nacional S.A., also known as just Atlético Nacional, is a professional Colombian football team based in Medellín. They are one of the most successful and popular football teams in Colombia. +They play their home games at the Atanasio Girardot Stadium. They share the stadium with their local rivals, Independiente Medellin. The club is one of only three teams to play in every first division tournament in Colombia. The other two teams are Millonarios and Santa Fe. +History. +The team was founded on 7 March 1947 as "Club Atletico Municipal De Medellin" by "Luis Alberto Villegas Lopez." Atletico Nacional is the club with the most fans in Colombia. Atlético Municipal changed to its current name, Atlético Nacional, in 1951. + += = = Dorados de Sinaloa = = = +Club Social y Deportivo Dorados de Sinaloa, or simply Dorados, is a Mexican professional football club from Culiacán, Sinaloa. + += = = Rolf Hoppe = = = +Rolf Hoppe (6 December 1930 – 14 November 2018) was a German movie and stage actor. He was born in Ellrich, Germany. Hoppe was known for his roles in "I Was Nineteen", "Three Wishes for Cinderella", "Mephisto", "The Harmonists", and in "Palmetto". +Hoppe died on 14 November 2018 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 87. + += = = Franca Valeri = = = +Franca Maria Norsa (31 July 1920 – 9 August 2020), known professionally as Franca Valeri, was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in "It Happened in the Park", "The Sign of Venus", "A Hero of Our Times", "II vedovo", and in "Love in First Class". +Valeri was born in Milan, Lombardy, Italy. She was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2014. Valeri died on 9 August 2020 in Rome, aged 100. + += = = Battle of Jena-Auerstadt = = = +The Battle of Jena-Auerstadt was fought on October 14, 1806. It was part of the War of the Fourth Coalition. It was fought between the French and the Prussians. The battle was a victory for Napoleon of France and he conquered Prussia. +Prelude. +In 1806 the Fourth Coalition was formed by Great Britain, Sweden, Russia, and Prussia against Napoleon and France. Napoleon invaded Prussia in the fall. Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel commanded the Prussians at Jena-Auerstadt. He was 71 years old while his field commanders were in their 60s. The Prussian army was still using tactics and training of Frederick II of Prussia. Its greatest weakness was its staff organization. Most of the divisions were poorly organized and did not communicate well with each other. Napoleon's army was experienced and well led. The armies met at Jena-Auerstadt on October 14, 1806. +Armies. +The Prussian army was split into three forces +The French Army at Jena was made up of 150,000 men total- +At Auerstadt the French forces were Louis Nicolas Davout's III Corps and Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte's 1 Corps. +Battle of Jena. +The first French movements were to attack the Prussian flanks. Once in position, Marshal Ney attacked without orders. At first Ney's attack was successful, but he was soon cut off and under attack by the Prussians. Napoleon sent Marshal Lannes to help out. The French center was left weak, however, Napoleon deployed the Imperial Guard in the center and kept the Guard under his direct command. The rescue worked and Ney units were able to retreat. The Prussians did not take the initiative and attack. At 1 P.M. Napoleon made his move. The French flanks pushed hard against the Prussian flanks, and the French center attacked the Prussian center. The flank attacks worked and Prussians fled. They lost 10,000 men, 15,000 men were taken prisoner and 150 cannons were lost. +The Battle of Auerstadt. +Marshal Davout's III Corps was at the small village of Auerstedt. The Duke of Brunswick attacked with 60,000 men. However, the Prussians made piecemeal attacks, and the French held them off for 6 hours. Brunswick was mortally wounded and Prussian command broke down. The French destroyed the last Prussians assault and won the battle. +Aftermath. +At the end of the day Napoleon still did not know what was going on. Instead of directing his corps commanders he took charge himself. He forgot to send orders to several of his corps. He thought he had defeated the entire Prussian army when in fact he had only partially defeated them. There was still a large Prussian army of about 100,000 who were not in the battle. Napoleon didn't think Davout had completely beaten the Prussians and said "tell your marshal he is seeing double", a reference to Davout's bad eyesight. Davout was made Duke of Auerstadt. The French Army marched into Berlin and then peace terms were signed between France and Prussia. + += = = Rockport, Maine = = = +Rockport is a tourist town in southern Maine. At the 2020 United States Census, 3,644 people lived in Rockport. +The town was settled in 1769. It was incorporated in 1891. + += = = The Mask = = = +The Mask is a 1994 American fantasy comedy movie. In this movie, Jim Carrey plays Stanley. Cameron Diaz plays Tina. +"The Mask" was Diaz' first movie. It was also one of the top ten money makers of the year. +This movie got positive reviews from the critics. It made over $351 million worldwide. It was released on July 29, 1994. +Plot +In the film Tian Carlyle meets Stanley Ipkiss and falls in love but Tina has some one else. Stanley is furious with her but turns into somebody different. Tian tries to break up but there's no hope. Dorian Tyrell loves her so much he kisses her but Stanley doesn't give up he punches Dorian he kicks him. It terns out that Tian is loving a bad guy.Tian ends up with Stanley Ipkiss . + += = = Fresh (movie) = = = +Fresh is an urban 1994 drama movie. The movie is about a twelve-year-old boy living in public housing. He has to sell drugs to free himself and his sister. Samuel L. Jackson plays the boy's father. +This movie was released on August 24, 1994. It got positive reviews. + += = = Milk Money = = = +Milk Money is a 1994 American romantic comedy movie. In this movie, Melanie Griffith plays Eve, also called "V". The movie is about three suburban boys who want to see a naked woman. They go into the city to find a prostitute. +The movie got negative reviews from critics. It was released on August 31, 1994. + += = = Paulo Coelho = = = +Paulo Coelho (; born 24 August 1947), is a Brazilian lyricist and novelist. +Coelho was born in Brazil. He went to a Jesuit school. + += = = Scimitar = = = +The scimitar was a weapon used during the Medieval period. It looks like a curvy sword. It was used in battle. It is a one-edged type of sword usually called a sabre. + += = = Yves Carcelle = = = +Yves Carcelle (18 May 1948 – 31 August 2014) was a French businessman. He was the chairman and CEO of the LVMH subsidiary Louis Vuitton. He served from 1990 until 2012. He first joined Louis Vuitton in 1989 as a strategic director. Until his death, he was a LVMH executive committee member. +Carcelle was born in Paris. He graduated from both the École Polytechnique and INSEAD. He was an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and later became a knight. He was also Honorary Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit. He was married to Rebecca and had five children. +Carcelle died from kidney cancer on 31 August 2014 in Paris. He was 66. + += = = Peter Carter (diplomat) = = = +Peter Leslie Carter (19 November 1956 – 2 September 2014) was a British diplomat. He served as the British Deputy High Commissioner to Nigeria from 2012 until his death in 2014. He was also Her Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to Estonia from 2007 until 2012. He had also served in India, Italy and Israel. +Carter was born in London. He studied at The Skinners' School in Tunbridge Wells, Kent, and attended New College, Oxford, where he studied Modern Languages. +Carter died from a heart attack on 2 September 2014 in Lagos, Nigeria. He was 57. He had just landed at Murtala Muhammed International Airport, Lagos from Houston, Texas in the United States. + += = = Jazz Jackrabbit 2 = = = +Jazz Jackrabbit 2 is a side-scrolling video game produced by Epic Games. It was released on April 13, 1998 for home computers, primarily Microsoft Windows and Mac OS. Jazz Jackrabbit 2 also features the ability to play against other players of the game through the internet. The game was released to generally positive reviews. Ir received a 77 out of 100 rating on the website "MobyGames." +Related pages. +Jazz Jackrabbit + += = = Norm of the North = = = +Norm of the North is a 2016 3D American-Indian computer-animated comedy movie. It was produced by Crest Animation Studios. It was distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment. The movie was written by the Altiere brothers. It was directed by Anthony Bell (co-director of "Alpha and Omega"). It stars Rob Schneider, Ken Jeong and Zachary Gordon. +Plot. +Steven and Daniel Altiere's script (based on a story by director Anthony Bell) centers on Norm, a man who finds shelter in an abandoned research station when his Arctic home begins cracking and collapsing beneath him. He is accompanied by three Arctic Lemmings, sidekicks who instinctively copy Norm's every move. As the polar ice caps continue mysteriously breaking apart, their temporary home is abruptly dislodged, setting Norm and the lemmings on a journey that ends in NYC. Here Norm is discovered by the head of a multinational company and becomes their mascot. +Suddenly Norm is living his performing dream as a dancing star. Unfortunately, he also soon learns the polar ice caps are continuing to break apart, and the people that made his dream come true are responsible. Norm knows he must stop them before they destroy his home, a realization that forces him to choose between life in the spotlight and his entire Polar Bear community. +Production. +On February 1, 2010 it was announced that Lionsgate, Crest Animation Productions and Crest Animation Studios were developing "Norm of the North", an animated family feature in stereoscopic 3D, Lionsgate will also distribute the movie. On July 28, 2010, Rob Schneider joined the cast to voice the title character. Ken Jeong and Loretta Devine also star. + += = = Erotomania = = = +Erotomania is a delusional disorder in which the subject has a delusion that a particular person is deeply in love with them; lack of response is rationalized, and pursuit and harassment may occur. + += = = The Usual Suspects = = = +The Usual Suspects is a 1995 neo-noir crime-drama-thriller movie. It is about criminal activity and a con man. It stars Stephen Baldwin, Gabriel Byrne, Benicio Del Toro, Chazz Palminteri, Kevin Pollak, Pete Postlethwaite and Kevin Spacey. +The movie was released on August 16, 1995. Most critics gave very good reviews to the movie. + += = = Fredrika = = = +Fredrika is a locality in Åsele Municipality in Västerbotten County in Sweden. In 2010, 215 people lived there. + += = = Boys on the Side = = = +Boys on the Side is a 1995 American comedy-drama movie. It is about three friends who go on a cross-country trip. Drew Barrymore plays Holly, who is pregnant and is leaving her violent partner. Mary-Louise Parker plays Robin, a real estate agent who is HIV+. Whoopi Goldberg plays Jane, a lesbian singer. +The movie got positive reviews from critics. It made only a little more money than it cost to make. + += = = Mallrats = = = +Mallrats is a 1995 American romantic comedy movie. It was written and directed by Kevin Smith. +Shannen Doherty plays Rene Mosier. Claire Forlani plays Brandi. Jeremy London plays TS Quint. Jason Lee plays Brodie Bruce. Priscilla Barnes plays Miss Ivannah. +This movie was released on October 20, 1995. Many critics hated the movie. + += = = Emirates Club = = = +Emirates Club () is a professional football club from Ras al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates. + += = = Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah = = = +Ras al-Khaimah ( "") is one of seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It also contains the city with the same name. Its name means "top of the tent". The emirate is in the northern part of the UAE. It covers an area of . It has a northern part (where the city of Ras al-Khaimah is), a large exclave in the south (near Hatta), and a few small islands in the Persian Gulf. + += = = Sharjah = = = +Sharjah can refer to: +Sharjah C.S.C., a football club in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE) + += = = Emirate of Ajman = = = +Ajman ( ""), also spelt "Ujman", is one of the seven emirates of the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It is the smallest emirate by area, covering 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi). Its capital is Ajman. + += = = Ajman (city) = = = +Ajman ( "") is the capital of the emirate of Ajman, United Arab Emirates. It is located along the Persian Gulf. + += = = Ajman Club = = = +Ajman Club () is an Emirati football club based in Ajman, UAE. + += = = ABC Futebol Clube = = = +ABC Futebol Clube, simple called ABC, is a Brazilian football team from Natal in Rio Grande do Norte. Founded on June 29, 1915, it is the oldest club in Rio Grande do Norte state. + += = = Porto Calvo = = = +Porto Calvo is a city in Alagoas, Brazil. In 2005, 24,761 people lived there. It covers . It was founded in 1636. + += = = Campina Grande = = = +Campina Grande (Portuguese "Great Plain") is a Brazilian city in Paraíba. It is the second largest city in the state after João Pessoa. + += = = A. J. Langguth = = = +Arthur John "A.J." Langguth (July 11, 1933 – September 1, 2014) was an American author, journalist and educator. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. He was Professor Emeritus of the Annenberg School for Communications School of Journalism at the University of Southern California. He graduated from Harvard College (MA, 1955). Langguth was South East Asian correspondent and Saigon bureau chief for "The New York Times" during the Vietnam War. He used the name "Jack Langguth". + += = = Mary T. Clark = = = +Sister Mary T. Clark, RSCJ (October 23, 1913 – September 1, 2014) was an Americans educator and civil rights advocate. She was best known as a scholar of the history of philosophy, and was associated especially with Augustine of Hippo. +She was formerly the President of the American Catholic Philosophical Association of the Metaphysical Society of America, and of the Society for Medieval and Renaissance Philosophy. She also served on the Executive Committee of the Eastern Division of the American Philosophical Association. She served as a Visitor of Ralston College. +Clark died in Savannah, Georgia from natural causes, aged 100. + += = = Antonis Vardis = = = +Antonis Vardis (; 7 August 1948 – 2 September 2014) was a Greek composer and singer. +Vardis was born in the Moschato suburb of Athens. Vardis met some legendary Greek musicians when he was six years old, including Vassilis Tsitsanis. Vardis would go on to work with George Dalaras, Yiannis Parios, Vasilis Papakonstantinou, and Haris Alexiou. +In 2013 Vardis was diagnosed with cancer and was transferred to Hanover, Germany, to undergo surgery described as successful. However, he died on 2 September 2014 at Hygeia Hospital in Athens. He was 66. He was survived by his wife and their two children. + += = = Habib Wali Mohammad = = = +Habib Wali Mohammad () (1921 – September 3, 2014) was a Pakistani ghazal singer. He was born in Rangoon, Burma. Mohammad was known for singing the ghazal of the last Moghul Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, "Lagta Nahin Hai Jee Mera Ujray Diyar Mein". +Mohammad died in Los Angeles, California from an illness, aged 93. + += = = Dempo SC = = = +Dempo Sports Club is a football club from Panaji, Goa, India. The club is owned and sponsored by the mining company Dempo. They won 5 league titles more than any other club in India. + += = = Panaji = = = +Panaji, also known as "Panjim", is the capital city of the Indian state of Goa. With 114,405 people, it is the largest city in the state. + += = = Echosmith = = = +Echosmith is an American indie pop group. The group consists of four siblings: Graham, Sydney, Noah and Jamie Sierota. They are best known for their songs "Cool Kids" and "Bright". Their first album, "Talking Dreams", was released in October 2013. +They also had covers of "Lights" by Ellie Goulding and "Set Fire to the Rain" by Adele. +The group is from Los Angeles. + += = = Segunda División de México = = = +The Segunda División is the third league of Mexico. Until the 1993-1994 season, the champion of had been promoted to the Primera División. +Serie A clubs. +Below are listed the member clubs of the Serie A for the 2020-21 season. + += = = 678 (movie) = = = +678 () is a 2010 Egyptian drama movie. It is about sexual harassment of women in Egypt. It was produced by Bushra Rozza. The movie has a rating of 80% on Rotten Tomatoes. Nelly, one of the movie's main characters, is based upon an Egyptian woman called Noha Roshdy who prosecuted her harasser in 2008. + += = = Myosin = = = +A myosin is a group of specialized proteins used for muscle contraction and motion in eukaryotic cells. Myosins need adenosine triphosphate for energy to do these functions. A large number of different myosin genes have been discovered in eukaryotes. +The structure and function of myosin is strongly conserved across species. For example, Rabbit muscle myosin II will bind to actin from an amoeba. +Structure and function. +Parts. +Most myosin molecules are composed of a head part, a neck part, and a tail part. +Power stroke. +Many myosin molecules can make muscles get shorter using the energy released from breaking apart ATP molecules into ADP molecules and a phosphate group. The power stroke happens when a phosphate that n broken off gets released from the myosin. This makes the myosin change shape so that it pulls against the actin. When the ADP molecule is released and a new ATP molecule joins onto the myosin head, the head releases from the actin. The myosin breaks the new ATP and the cycle keeps going. The combined effect of all the power strokes from all the different myosin molecules makes the muscle get shorter. + += = = Gustavo Cerati = = = +Gustavo Adrián Cerati Clarke (11 August 1959 – 4 September 2014) was an Argentine rock musician, singer-songwriter, composer and producer. He was best known as the lead singer, songwriter, and guitarist of the rock band Soda Stereo from 1982 until 1997. Soda Stereo are considered by critics to be the most important and influential band of Latin rock. He released five albums between 1993 and 2009. He was nominated for many Grammy, MTV, and Gardel awards during his career. +Cerati was born in Buenos Aires. He was of Italian, English and Irish ancestry. He was married to Chilean model Cecilia Amenábar from 1992 until 2002. They had two children: Lisa and Benito. +Cerati went into a coma after having a stroke on 14 May 2010 after a concert in Caracas, Venezuela. He remained in a coma until his death from respiratory arrest due to an aneurysm/brain damage on 4 September 2014 in Buenos Aires. He was 55. + += = = Babe Didrikson Zaharias = = = +Mildred Ella "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias June 26, 1911 – September 27, 1956) + was an American athlete. She had great success in track and field, golf, baseball and basketball. She was born in Port Arthur, Texas in June 1911. Zaharias won two gold Olympic medals and one silver medal in 1932. +Zaharias died in Galveston, Texas from colorectal cancer at the age of 45. she had 4 children + += = = Dispersion (chemistry) = = = +In chemistry, dispersion is defined as a mixture whereby fine particles of one substance are scattered all through another substance. + += = = Even Cowgirls Get the Blues (album) = = = +Even Cowgirls Get the Blues is the third live album by Welsh musician John Cale. It was recorded in 1978 and 1979 in CBGB club in New York. It was released in 1987. The record version contains different track listing than the CD. + += = = Montferrat = = = +Montferrat (Piedmontese: "Monfrà"; ; ) is part of the region of Piedmont in Northern Italy. It is both a historical and geographic area. It includes either a part of the Province of Alessandria, or a part of the Province of Asti. In the Middle Ages, it was a small marquisate (meaning a "small reign"), inside the Kingdom of Italy. Montferrat is famous worldwide for its soft and green hills. It produces award-winning wines, including Asti wine, Barbera and Moscato d'Asti. In June 2014, Montferrat, along with Langhe was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site because of its unique characteristics. +Montferrat has three areas: +Montferrat has a strong culinary culture. It is one of the most important producers in the world of cheese, white truffle and other products of nature, such as vegetables, cereals and fruits. One of the best-known dishes of Monferrato is Agnolotti, which are a special type of filled pasta. + += = = Ocicat = = = +The Ocicat is a breed of cat. It looks like a wild cat but has no wild DNA in its gene pool. The Ocicat is spotted like a wild cat but is tame and has the behavior of a domestic animal. It got its name because it looks like an ocelot. The breed started accidentally by mating Siameses and Abyssinians. Later, American Shorthairs (silver tabby cats) were added to the mix. This gave the breed their silver color, bone structure and patterns. Now, the Ocicat is a popular breed all over the world. +Appearance. +There are twelve fur coat colors accepted for the Ocicat breed: tawny, chocolate and cinnamon, blue, lavender and fawn. As well, all have a shade of silver: black silver (ebony silver), chocolate silver, cinnamon silver, blue silver, lavender silver and fawn silver. Ocicats have eyes shaped like almonds. They have large strong bodies, legs with dark markings, and oval shaped paws. The eyes are usually rimmed with dark fur. These cats have dark spots all over their fur that are darker than their background color. The Ocicat's large, muscled body gives them a look of power and strength. +Behavior. +Most Ocicats are friendly and are not shy. This makes them good family pets. Most can also get along well with other animals. Their mood and actions are similar to those of a dog. Most can be trained to fetch toys, walk on a leash, come when called, and other dog-related tricks. Some even like the water. They are playful and like toys very much. So these pets need attention from their owners. +History. +The first breeder of Ocicats was Virginia Daly, in Michigan, who tried to breed an Abyssinian-pointed Siamese in 1964. Her kittens looked like Abyssinians. But when they were later mated, there was not only an Abyssinian-pointed Siamese, but a spotted kitten,Tonga. The breeder's daughter, nicknamed Tonga an 'ocicat'. Tonga was sold as a pet, but his parent cats had more spotted kittens. This began the Ocicat breed. Other breeders then also did the same steps. They mated Siamese cats to Abyssinians, and then those cat descendents to Siameses to get Ocicat kittens. The Ocicat was accepted in The Cat Fanciers' Association and was first shown for championships in 1987. + += = = Brasserie = = = +A brasserie, in France and nowadays in Britain, is a type of French restaurant. It has a relaxed setting, and serves single dishes and other meals. The word "brasserie" is also French for "brewery". In the beginning, it was used for the place where the beer was brewed. Often these places served the beer they brewed, together with a meal. +A brasserie has professional service, printed menus, and (traditionally) white linen—unlike a bistro which may have none of these. Typically, a brasserie is open every day of the week and serves the same menu all day. +In 1901 "Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language" defined 'brasserie' as "in France, any beer-garden or saloon". In 2000 "The New Penguin English Dictionary" had this definition of 'brasserie': "a small informal French-style restaurant". + += = = Byzantine literature = = = +Byzantine literature is Greek literature written during the time of the Middle Ages. + += = = Tutsi = = = +Tutsi, is an ethnic group of people living in Rwanda and Burundi. Tutsis are probably part of the a larger ethnic group from the Nile River. + += = = Neil Gaiman = = = +Neil Richard MacKinnon Gaiman (; born Neil Richard Gaiman; 10 November 1960) is an English author of short fiction, novels, comic books, graphic novels, audio theatre and movies. His known works include the comic book series "The Sandman" and novels "Stardust", "American Gods", "Coraline", and "The Graveyard Book". +He has won many awards, including the Hugo, Nebula, and Bram Stoker awards, as well as the Newbery and Carnegie medals. He is the first author to win both the Newbery and the Carnegie medals for the same work, "The Graveyard Book" (2008). +In 2013, "The Ocean at the End of the Lane" was voted Book of the Year in the British National Book Awards. +Gaiman is married to Amanda Palmer. He lives in Wisconsin and Cambridge, Massachusetts. He has a son and two daughters by his ex-wife, and a son from Palmer, his current wife. + += = = Włodzimierz Kotoński = = = +Włodzimierz Kotoński (23 August 1925 – 4 September 2014) was a Polish composer. In the years 1974–1976 he was head music editor at the Polskie Radio and head music director for the Polish Radio and Television. +In the years 1980–1983 he was vice president, and in 1983–1989 president of the Polish Section, International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM). +Kotoński died in Warsaw, Poland at the age of 89. + += = = Ron Mulock = = = +Ronald Joseph "Ron" Mulock (11 January 1930 – 5 September 2014) was an Australian politician and a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly. He served as the 10th Deputy Premier of New South Wales serving from 10 February 1984 through 25 March 1988. +Mulock died in Sydney, Australia on 5 September 2014 at the age of 84. + += = = Eoin Young = = = +Eoin Young (1939 – 5 September 2014) was a New Zealand-born motoring journalist. He was an Autocar columnist for some 30 years starting in 1967. In 2003, he authored "Forza Amon!", a biography of Chris Amon. He wrote columns and articles for many publications including "Cars for the Connoisseur" (UK), "Victory Lane" (USA), "NZ Classic Car" (New Zealand) and "Am Klassiek" (the Netherlands). He also wrote for the web-based motor sport magazine pitpass.com. +He returned to New Zealand and became ill in July 2014. He died on 5 September 2014, aged 75. + += = = Justin Verlander = = = +Justin Brooks Verlander (born February 20, 1983) is an American professional baseball player. He plays pitcher for the Houston Astros. + += = = Arboriculture = = = +Arboriculture is the care and study of individual trees and shrubs. An arborist is a person who works in arboriculture. An arborist is sometimes called a "tree surgeon". + += = = Roy Leonard = = = +LeRoy Stewart Leonard (January 19, 1931 – September 4, 2014), known as Roy Leonard, was an American radio and television personality. He was best known for hosting WGN's midday radio show from Chicago for 31 years and for his appearances on WGN-TV's news and Christmas specials. He also hosted Family Classics after Frazier Thomas died. +Leonard died on September 4, 2014 at a hospital in Evanston, Illinois from complications from a esophageal infection, aged 83. + += = = Redwood Falls, Minnesota = = = +Redwood Falls is a city in Redwood County in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The population was 5,102 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat. + += = = Donatas Banionis = = = +Donatas Banionis (April 28, 1924 – September 4, 2014) was a Lithuanian and Soviet actor. He was best known in the West for his lead role of Tarkovsky's "Solaris" as Kris Kelvin. He was born in Kaunas, Lithuania. Once, President of Russia, Vladimir Putin said that Banionis was the reason why he joined the KGB. +Banionis died on September 4, 2014 from a stroke. He was 90 years old. President Putin expressed his condolences to his family. + += = = James Turrell = = = +James Turrell (born May 6, 1943) is an American artist. He uses light and space to create his artwork. +Background. +James Turrell was born in Pasadena, California. His father was Archibald Milton Turrell. He was an aeronautical engineer and teacher. His mother was Margaret Hodges Turrell. She studied medicine and worked in the Peace Corps. Both of his parents were Quakers. +Turrell got a pilot's license when he was 16 years old. He carried supplies by plane to mines that were far away. He also made maps by flying over areas. He earned a BA degree from Pomona College in perceptual psychology in 1965. He studied the Ganzfeld effect and mathematics, geology and astronomy there. Turrell entered the graduate Studio Art program at the University of California, Irvine in 1966. Then he began making work using light projections. In 1966 he was arrested for teaching young men how to avoid getting drafted in the Vietnam War. He spent about a year in jail and left UC Irvine. In 1973, he earned an MA degree in art from Claremont Graduate University. In 2004, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Haverford College. +Awards. +Turrell has received many awards in the arts including The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Fellowship in 1984 and the National Medal of Arts in 2013. + += = = J. LaMoine Jenson = = = +Joseph LaMoine Jenson (June 27, 1935 – September 2, 2014) was an American religious leader. He was the leader of the Apostolic United Brethren (AUB), a Mormon fundamentalist polygamist group, from 2005 until his death. Jensen was born in Millville, Utah. +Jenson died of colon cancer in Eagle Mountain, Utah, aged 79. + += = = Hopeton Lewis = = = +Hopeton Lewis (30 October 1947 – 4 September 2014) was a Jamaican singer. Lewis started performing at a young age. He formed a singing group called, "The Regals". +By the mid-1960s, he began recording and had one of the earliest hits with "Take It Easy" in late 1966. He had several more Jamaican hits in the late 1960s and early 1970s, including the first 'herb' song ever recorded in Jamaica, "Cool Collie". He worked for Duke Reid as an arranger and backing vocalist, and won the Festival Song Contest in 1970 with "Boom Shaka Lacka". +Lewis died on 4 September 2014 at his home in Brooklyn, New York from kidney failure, aged 66. + += = = Shawn Wayans = = = +Shawn Mathis Wayans (born January 19, 1971) is an American actor, DJ, producer, writer and comedian. He starred in "In Living Color" and "The Wayans Bros.". He is the brother of Keenen Ivory, Damon, Sr., Marlon, Kim, and Nadia Wayans. + += = = Mary Reilly = = = +Mary Reilly is a 1996 American horror movie. It is about a lonely servant in the home of a doctor. Julia Roberts plays the title character. Glenn Close plays Mrs Farraday. John Malkovich plays Jekyll and Hyde. It also stars George Cole and Bob Mason +This movie was released on February 23, 1996. The reviews were poor. The movie did poorly at the box office. + += = = Steam car = = = +A steam car is an automobile (car) powered by a steam engine. The first automobile, a three-wheeled vehicle, was powered by a steam engine. +History. +The steam carriage was invented in 1769 by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, a French engineer. It was a large three wheeled vehicle that used coal to make steam in a boiler. The boiler was mounted in front which made the vehicle unstable. +In the United States, about the time of the American Civil War, a number of inventors were working on steam-powered cars. In England about 1868 J. H. Knight had created a very successful design of steam car. In 1883 in France, Jules-Albert de Dion and Georges Bouton began building steam cars. In 1886 Ransom E. Olds was producing a steam car in the US. In 1899 the Stanley brothers, Francis and Freelan began making the famous Stanley Steamers. +Advantages and disadvantages. +Steam engines in cars have a great amount of torque. With all this torque they can accelerate very quickly. Because the torque is available over a broad range of speeds, a transmission wasn't needed. They could also carry heavy loads with ease. The speed of a steam car is controlled by the throttle alone and the engine never stalls. Steam cars had fewer moving parts than gasoline powered cars. Also steam cars are very quiet. +A major disadvantage is that a steam car has to "fire up" its boiler (has to get up to operating temperature). This can take as much as 20 minutes before the car can move. In the winter there was the added problem of water freezing. The open-cycle steam engine in cars and steam locomotives could not go far without adding water. The water turned to steam, which was lost when it exited the engine. Steam condensers were added to these cars later. This converted the steam back to water. It was too late; by then steam cars had lost out to cars with internal combustion engines. + += = = You Again = = = +You Again is a 2010 American comedy movie. This movie is about a high school senior who has acne. She later becomes a successful public relations executive. Kristen Bell plays Marni. Sigourney Weaver plays Ramona. Jamie Lee Curtis plays Gail. Cloris Leachman plays Helen. +The movie was released on September 24, 2010. Reviews were very negative. The movie was a moderate success. + += = = Karel Černý (art director) = = = +Karel Černý (7 April 1922 – 5 September 2014) was a Czech art director and production designer. He is known for being the production designer of the movie "Amadeus". He won an Academy Award in the category Best Art Direction for the "Amadeus". +Černý died in Tábor, Czech Republic, aged 92. + += = = Mark Otway = = = +Mark Anthony Otway (9 October 1931 – 3 September 2014) was a New Zealand tennis player. He played at Wimbledon eight times between 1954 and 1965. He once played at the Australian Championships in 1951. He also represented New Zealand in seven Davis Cup ties between 1954 and 1961. He won the Northern Lawn Tennis Singles Championship in 1960. +Otway was born in Takapuna. He moved to Australia after his retirement from tennis. +Otway died on 3 September 2014 in Noosa, Queensland, aged 82. His death was announced in "The New Zealand Herald". + += = = Garrison Keillor = = = +Gary Edward "Garrison" Keillor (born August 7, 1942) is an American author, storyteller, humorist, and radio personality. He is known as host of the Minnesota Public Radio show "A Prairie Home Companion" (also known as "Garrison Keillor's Radio Show" on United Kingdom's BBC Radio 4 Extra, as well as on RTÉ in Ireland, Australia's ABC, and Radio New Zealand National in New Zealand). +In November 2017, Minnesota Public Radio cut all business ties with Keillor after an allegation of inappropriate behavior with a staff member. + += = = Port of Belfast = = = +Port of Belfast is the main port in Northern Ireland. The port handles about twenty percent of the seaborne trade in all of Ireland. + += = = Dennis Haskins = = = +Dennis Haskins (born November 18, 1950) is an American actor. He is known for his role as principal Richard Belding in the teen sitcom "Saved by the Bell" which ran from 1989 to 1993 on NBC. He then went on to star in "", which aired from 1993 to 2000. He also portrayed the role as a regular in "Good Morning, Miss Bliss". + += = = Principal photography = = = +Principal photography is the part of movie making when a movie is being filmed. It is after pre-production and before post-production. +Principal photography is usually the most expensive part of movie making. This is partly because the cost includes salaries for the actors and crew. It is also because some movie scenes are expensive if they include special props or special effects that are done on the set. +Feature movies usually have insurance when principal photography starts. This is in case something happens that makes the movie cost more to make. For example, if one of the actors dies before filming all his or her scenes, the scenes might have to be filmed again with a different actor. If sets or finished parts of the movie are destroyed, it might even be impossible to finish the movie. + += = = Dreadnoughtus = = = +Dreadnoughtus is a genus of giant titanosaurian dinosaur. Its fossilised skeleton was found in the Upper Cretaceous of Santa Cruz province, Argentina. These rocks date from 84–66 million years ago (mya). +This is one of the largest of all known terrestrial vertebrates. It has the greatest mass (weight) of any land animal that has been calculated. They used using limb bone measurements for the calculation. +"Dreadnoughtus schrani" is the most complete skeleton of a large titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur. Types of bones is the most important statistic. The completeness statistics for "Dreadnoughtus schrani" are as follows: +The specimen was probably not fully grown at the time of its death. The histology of its humerus, shows a lack of an outer layer of bone found only in fully-grown vertebrates. There is a lot of fast-deposited or still-growing bone tissue. Therefore, the specimen was still growing at the time of its death. It is unknown how large this individual would have grown if it had lived a full life. +Estimates. +As a matter of basic science, the estimates of dimensions such as the mass (weight) of extinct animals are very rough figures. To avoid the pretence of spurious accuracy. we only give rounded figures here. Moreover. all the skeletons are incomplete, which means that even length (the easiest dimension to estimate) cannot be given exactly. Published estimates by scientists are just that: "estimates". Estimation is an approximation given when information is not clear or is incomplete. It is like making an educated guess. +It is usual for estimates of mass (weight) to vary between experts. Using the same basic data, the weight of "Dreadnoughtus" has been estimated as: +There is a ~x2 difference between the heaviest and lightest estimates, and that is not at all unusual for this type of calculation. += = = Karen Joy Fowler = = = +Karen Joy Fowler (born February 7, 1950, Bloomington, Indiana) is an American novelist and author. She usually does science fiction, fantasy and literary fiction. Her work often focuses on the lives of women and the 19th-century. +Fowler is best-known for being the novelist of the best-selling book "The Jane Austen Book Club". It was later adapted into a movie of the same name. +Fowler began publishing short stories in the mid-to-late 1980s. Two of her stories were "Recalling Cinderella" (1985) and "Artificial Things" (1986). +Fowler's first novel, "Sarah Canary" (1991), received strong positive reviews from book critics and readers. The novel is of several people that are alienated in the 19th-century America while dealing with peculiar first contact. One character is a Chinese American. The second character carries mental illness. The third character is a feminist. The last is Sarah herself. +Fowler later teamed up with the science fiction writer Pat Murphy to found the James Tiptree Jr. Award, the literary prize for science fiction and fiction which "expands of explores our understanding of gender." The prize was named for the science fiction author Alice Sheldon. Sheldon used the pen name James Tiptree Jr. for writing her books. The award's main focus is to recognize authors/novelists, female or male, who challenge and reflect shifting gender roles. +In 1987, Fowler received the Hugo Award related to her writing career. +Fowler's second novel, "The Sweetheart Season" (1996), is a romantic comedy mixed with historical and fantasy elements. +Fowler's 1998 collection, "Black Glass", won a World Fantasy Award. Her 2010 collections "What I Didn't See" and "Other Stories" won the same award. +In 2004, Fowler received a Nebula Award for her short book "What I Didn't See". +In 2008, Fowler won the Nebula Award a second time for the Best Short Story. The 2008 win was for her 2007 short story "Always". Another short story, "The Pelican Bar" won a Shirley Jackson Award in 2009 and a World Fantasy Award one year later. +Fowler's most recent novel, "We are All Completely Beside Ourselves" (2013) won a Pen/Faulkner Award for 2014. It was also nominated for a 2014 Nebula Award. It was later shortlisted with a 2014 Man Booker Prize. +Fowler received the World Fantasy Life Achievement Award during the 2020 convention. + += = = East Cape Girardeau, Illinois = = = +East Cape Girardeau is a village in Alexander County, Illinois. The 2020 United States Census reported 385 people living in the village. +The village is east of Cape Girardeau, Missouri. The location of the village being just across the Mississippi River from Cape Girardeau is the reason for the village being called East Cape Girardeau. The village was founded in 1890. + += = = Tommy Gulliksen = = = +Tommy Gulliksen is a Norwegian film director. In 2012 he won a Golden Nymph Award in Monaco, for the documentary movie, "Terror Island" (2011); the same year he [and others] won the award Gullruten in Norway. +He was born in 1980 and grew up in Oslo's Lambertseter (area). He was a student at Oslo University College (which now is part of Oslo Metropolitan University). + += = = Breakfast of Champions (movie) = = = +Breakfast of Champions is a 1999 American black comedy movie directed by Alan Rudolph and was based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Kurt Vonnegut, Jr.. It stars Bruce Willis, Will Patton, Alison Eastwood, Lukas Haas, Nick Nolte, Barbara Hershey, Glenne Headly, Valerie Perrine, Omar Epps, Buck Henry, Jake Johanssen, Owen Wilson. It was distributed by Buena Vista Pictures and was a box office bomb. + += = = Jai Hind = = = +Jai Hind (, ) is a salutation and slogan that originally meant "Victory to Hindustan", and in contemporary colloquial usage usually means "Long live India" or "Salute to India". It emerged as a form of battle cry and in political speeches. + += = = James Tiptree Jr. = = = +Alice Bradley Sheldon (born Alice Hastings Bradley; August 24, 1915 – May 19, 1987) was an American science fiction author. She was better known by her pen name James Tiptree Jr.. She used the pen name for her books from 1967 until her death. Before 1977, most people didn't know that James Tiptree Jr. was really a woman. Sheldon was added into the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2012. +In 1936, Sheldon participated in group shows at the Art Institute of Chicago. She had connections to the institute through her family. It showed some new American work. This was an important step forward for Sheldon's painting career. At this time Sheldon also took private art lessons from John Sloan. She disliked prudery in painting. While examining an anatomy book for an art class, Sheldon saw that the genitals were blurred. She then restored the genitals of the figures with a pencil. +In 1939, a nude self-portrait from Sheldon named "Portrait in the Country" was accepted for the "All-American" biennial at the Corcoran Gallery in Washington, D.C.. The portrait was displayed there for just over six weeks. While these two shows were seen as big breaks, she downplayed the accomplishments. She said then that "only second-rate painters sold." Sheldon preferred keeping her art works at home. +The science fiction career. +Not long after Sheldon started writing science fiction, in 1967 she adopted the name James Tiptree Jr. The name "Tiptree" was from branded jars of marmalade. The "Jr." was the idea of her husband. In one interview, Sheldon said: "A male name seemed like good camouflage. I had the feeling that men would slip by less observed. I've had too many experiences in my life of being the first woman in some damned occupation." +The "Tiptree" pen name was maintained until late in 1977. That was in part because though the name was widely known as a pen name, it was well understood that its use was to protect the professional reputations of the intelligence community official. +But then, in 1976, "Tiptree" said during a letter that "his" mother, also a writer, died in Chicago. Those details led the fans to see the obituary. Sheldon's actual identity was then exposed. +The themes. +Before Sheldon's real identity was exposed, Tiptree was often known as an unusually macho male. However, Sheldon's view of sexual politics was ambiguous. +Death. +On May 19, 1987, Sheldon shot her husband and then herself. They were discovered dead, near each other in their Virginia home in bed. +The works. +Short story collections. +The abbreviation(s) after each title indicate its appearance in one or more of the following collections: + += = = 1932 United States presidential election = = = +The 1932 United States presidential election was the 37th election in the history of the United States. It happened on November 8, 1932. Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Democratic candidate who was the governor of New York, won the election, defeating the incumbent Republican president, Herbert Hoover. +Hoover was blamed for the Great Depression, and tried to ease it, but the Depression got worse. Roosevelt also had the advantage of name recognition, since he was the fifth cousin of the late Theodore Roosevelt. +This election marked the start of a long period where Democrats controlled the White House, as Democrats would win the next five elections. It also marked the beginning of Roosevelt's 12 years and 1 month as president, the longest tenure of any president. + += = = Newsweek = = = +Newsweek is an American weekly news magazine created in 1933. It was a widely published newspaper weekly during the 20th century, with many well-known editors-in-chief over the years. "Newsweek" was later bought by The Washington Post Company in 1961, which kept it until 2010. After having difficulties with keeping money from 2008 until 2012, they started only publishing online. The print edition was trmsfr in March 2014. +Lowering in earnings resulted in an August 2010 sale by The Washington Post Company to sounds technician Sidney Harman for a price of one dollar and taking ownership of any potential problems with the magazine.. Later that year, "Newsweek" joined with "The Daily Beast", making The Newsweek Daily Beast Company. In 2013, IBT Media said it had taken over "Newsweek" from IAC; the sale included the "Newsweek" name and its online newspaper, but not "The Daily Beast". IBT Media renamed itself as Newsweek Media Group in 2017 and rebranded back to IBT Media in 2018. + += = = Sare Jahan se Accha = = = +"Sare Jahan se Accha" (Urdu: ; "Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā"), formally known as "Tarānah-e-Hindi" (Urdu: , "Anthem of the People of Hindustan"), is an Urdu language patriotic song for children written by poet Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry. +The song has remained popular, but only in the modern Republic of India. An abridged version is sung and played frequently as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the Indian Armed Forces. + += = = Independence Day (Pakistan) = = = +Independence Day (; "Yāum-e-Āzādi") is a holiday in Pakistan. It has been celebrated every year on 14 August since 14 August 1948. On that date, British India became an independent country, the Dominion of Pakistan. (The Dominion of Pakistan became today's Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956, on Republic Day.) It commemorates the day when Pakistan achieved independence and was declared a sovereign state following the end of the British Raj in 1947. Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement, which aimed for the creation of an independent Muslim state in the north-western regions of British India via partition. The movement was led by the All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. The event was brought forth by the Indian Independence Act 1947 under which the British Raj gave independence to the Dominion of Pakistan which comprised West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). In the Islamic calendar, the day of independence coincided with Ramadan 27, the eve of which, being Laylat al-Qadr, is regarded as sacred by Muslims. + += = = De Press = = = +De Press are a Polish-Norwegian rock band (or music group). It started in 1980. Its first members were Jørn Christensen, Ola Snortheim, while Andrej Nebb is still a member. +In 1981 the band won the award Spellemannprisen, class "New rock". +In 2011, Morgenbladet, a Norwegian newspaper, gave a ranking of the 100 best albums ever; "Block to Block" (1981) was chosen for the 10th place. +They have played concerts in Norway, as late as 2019. +The members are + += = = Defence Day = = = +Defence Day ( ) is celebrated in Pakistan as national day to commemorate the sacrifices made by Pakistani soldiers in defending its borders. The date of 6 September marks the day in 1965 when Indian troops illegally crossed the International Boundary to launch an attack on Pakistani Punjab, in a riposte to Pakistan's Operation Grand Slam liberating IOJK. +The change of guard ceremony takes place at Mazar-e-Quaid, Karachi, where the cadets of Pakistan Air Force Academy present the Guard of Honour and take the charge. + += = = 1928 United States presidential election = = = +The 1928 United States presidential election was the 36th election in the history of the United States. It happened on November 6, 1928. The election was won by Herbert Hoover. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, who had been president since the death of Warren G. Harding in 1923 and was elected to a full term in 1924, decided not to run for re-election. +Al Smith, the losing candidate who was a Roman Catholic, was the first Catholic nominee for a major party in American history. He faced widespread anti-Catholic opposition. Hoover was a Protestant since he grew up in a Quaker family. It wasn't until 1960 that a Roman Catholic, John F. Kennedy, was elected. + += = = 2019–20 Frauen Bundesliga = = = +The 2019–20 Frauen Bundesliga was the 30th season of the Frauen Bundesliga in Germany. It took place from 17 August 2019 to 28 June 2020. VfL Wolfsburg won their sixth Bundesliga title. +League table. +Source: + += = = DFB-Pokal Frauen = = = +The DFB-Pokal Frauen is the second most important tournament in women's football in Germany. It is the female version of the DFB-Pokal. It was founded in 1980. 1. FFC Frankfurt has been the most successful club in the tournament, winning 9 titles. The current champions are VfL Wolfsburg. + += = = 2020–21 DFB-Pokal = = = +The 2020–21 DFB-Pokal was the 78th season of the DFB-Pokal. Borussia Dortmund defeated RB Leipzig in the final to win their 5th title. Bayern Munich were the defending champions, but were defeated by Holstein Kiel in the 2nd round on 13 January 2021. + += = = Sorry Angel = = = +Sorry Angel () is a 2018 French romantic drama movie directed by Christophe Honoré and starring Pierre Deladonchamps, Vincent Lacoste, Denis Podalydès, Quentin Thébault. + += = = UEFA Euro 2028 = = = +The UEFA Euro 2028 (officially the 2028 UEFA European Football Championship) will be the 18th UEFA European Football Championship tournament. +Host selection. +These countries will officially try to become the hosts of the tournament: + += = = Holy Smoke = = = +Holy Smoke! is a 1999 American Australian drama movie directed by Jane Campion and starring Kate Winslet, Harvey Keitel, Sophie Lee, Daniel Wyllie, Pam Grier. It was distributed by Miramax Films. + += = = Movie adaptation = = = +Adapting a movie is the transfer of a certain work or story, either in part or in whole, to a motion picture. +Common forms of movie adaptation are using a novel as the basis of a motion picture. Other works that are adapted to motion pictures are comic books, plays, historical sources and other movies. +Several plays from William Shakespeare have been adapted into movies. Those include "Hamlet", "Othello" and "Romeo and Juliet". Examples of Hamlet on screen are the 1969, 1990 and 1996 movies. Examples for "Romeo and Juliet" being adapted under film include the 1936, 1968 and "Romeo + Juliet" (1996) movies. +Across Britain, where stage plays tend being more popular for entertainment than in the United States, many movies start off as stage productions. Examples of British and British-American motion pictures based on successful British plays include "Gaslight" (1940), "Shirley Valentine" (1989) and "The Madness of King George" (1994). +In similar, hit Broadway plays are often adapted under movies. Examples of Broadway plays adapted under movies are "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951), "Children of a Lesser God" (1986), "Glengarry Glen Ross" (1992) and "Real Women Have Curves" (2002). +Movies are sometimes created from a television series. In some cases, the movie offers a longer storyline than the usual television program format. In the adaptation of "The X-Files" to the movie format, greater effects and a longer plotline were involved. Adaptations of television shows will give the viewers an opportunity of seeing that show's characters without broadcast restrictions. Such additions–explicit sexual content, profanity, nudity, drug use, adult themes or graphic violence–are only the shown adaptive addition. Movie versions of "Miami Vice" and "South Park" are examples of such motion pictures adapted off the related television programs. +Awards. +Certain major movies' award programs present awards for adapted screenplays, different from those for original screenplays. +The adaptation of motion pictures. +When movies' screenplays are original, they are also the sources for derivative works, like novels and plays. For example, certain movie studios will sell the rights of popular title to novel publishing companies. +Novelization builds up the characters and events happening for commercial reasons. +Examples of motion pictures adapted from novels are "Fanny Hill" (1748), "Where the Truth Lies" (2003), "Delta of Venus" (1977), "Young Adam" (1954), "Blue Is the Warmest Colour" (2013) and "Emmanuelle" (1974). + += = = Sally Hemings = = = +Sally Hemings (1773 – 1835) was an enslaved woman from Virginia. She is famous for her relationship with Thomas Jefferson. People say she was his mistress or his concubine or the girl he was raping, but we do not know for sure. We do know that they had six children together over many years. Most of what we know about Sally Hemings comes from things her son, Madison, said about her many years later. +Early life and family. +According to Madison Hemings, Sally Hemings' grandmother was a fully African woman and might have been born in Africa. She was enslaved to the Eppes family in Virginia. Historians do not know for sure what her name was. Papers with the names of enslaved women in the Eppes family include "Dinah," "Judy," "Abbie," "Sarah," "Parthenia," and others. Historian Annette Gordon-Reed said that there were many girls named "Thenia" in the Hemings family, and they might have been named after Parthenia. But she also says that "Sally" is a nickname for "Sarah," and there were many girls named "Sarah" and "Sally" in the Hemings family too. +Sally Hemings' mother was called Elizabeth "Betty" Hemings. Madison Hemings told the story: Elizabeth Hemings' mother was an African woman and her father was an English sea captain named Hemings. The sea captain tried to buy Elizabeth Hemings from her owner, but the owner said no. He said he wanted to see what a half-white, half-African child would look like. Then Captain Hemings tried to take the child away from the owner without paying, but someone told the owner about his plan. Captain Hemings left Virginia and did not come back. +Captain Hemings tried to take his daughter from one of the men in the Eppes family, but historians do not know which one, because they do not know when Elizabeth Hemings was born. One paper says "about 1735." +Elizabeth Hemings lived at the Eppes family's house, which was called Bermuda Hundred, until 1746. That year, Martha Eppes married John Wayles. Elizabeth and other enslaved people went with Martha to Wayle's house as part of her marriage settlement. A marriage settlement was any property that a married woman could control and her husband could not. Technically, the Eppes family owned Elizabeth Hemings. +Elizabeth Hemings had many children. The father of most of those children, including Sally, was John Wayles. John Wayles also had children with his wife, Martha Eppes. This made Sally Hemings the half-sister of Martha Wayles Skelton, who married Thomas Jefferson. +When Martha Wayles Skelton married Jefferson, Hemings and many people in her family went with Martha Skelton to Jefferson's house at Monticello. Sally Hemings was about ten years old when Martha Wayles Skelton-Jefferson died. Historians think Sally Hemings and her mother Elizabeth may have helped take care of Martha Wayles Skelton-Jefferson when she was sick. Martha Wayles Skelton-Jefferson left Sally a present in her will: a small silver bell. +Youth and trip to France. +When Thomas Jefferson went to France to be ambassador, he only took his oldest daughter with him. He also took Sally Hemings's older brother, James Hemings. Jefferson left his younger two daughters behind with his wife's relatives in Virginia. Then the youngest of the three girls died. Jefferson then wrote to his wife's relatives and asked them to send the middle girl, Maria, nicknamed "Polly," to him in France. It took two years for them to agree. +Jefferson told the relatives to choose one of the enslaved women to go with his daughter to France. He said the woman should be older, already inoculated for smallpox, and of a steady personality. He asked for an enslaved woman named Isabel, then twenty-nine years old. But Isabel had just had a baby, so she could not come. Jefferson's wife's relatives sent Sally Hemings instead. Sally Hemings was not any of the three things Jefferson had asked for. She was only fourteen, not inoculated for smallpox, and had a lively personality. +Abigail Adams met Hemings when the ship stopped in London. Abigail Adams wrote to Jefferson and said he should send Hemings back to Virginia on a ship, but he did not. She said Hemings would probably be as much work to take care of as Polly was. She wrote that Hemings was running around, laughing, and playing with Polly. At the time, Adams thought Hemings was sixteen years old, but she was really fourteen years old. We do not know for sure why Abigail Adams wanted Jefferson to send Hemings back to Virginia. +In France, Hemings worked as a servant for Jefferson and as a lady's maid to Jefferson's oldest daughter, Martha. Jefferson paid her. Jefferson's writings show him buying clothes that Hemings could wear to outings with Martha. We do not know when Jefferson began having sex with Hemings. She was pregnant when Jefferson wanted to go back to Virginia. +Historian Annette Gordon-Reed wonders why Hemings agreed to go back to Virginia with Jefferson. About 1000 black people lived in Paris at the time, and more of them were men than women. Gordon-Reed notes that if Sally Hemings had stayed in Paris, she probably could have gotten married or started her own business if she'd wanted to. Gordon-Reed says that Jefferson had planned to come back to France after staying in Virginia only a short time. But the French Revolution's Reign of Terror happened, and he changed his plans. +The laws of France in the 1770s and 1780s did not allow people to keep slaves in France (they could keep slaves in France's colonies). People who brought slaves to France had to either send them away or free them within a certain time. Enslaved people who knew about the law sometimes went to the admiralty court and asked the French government to say they were free. Sally Hemings and her brother could have done this. Gordon-Reed notes that this would have made Jefferson and the United States look bad to the French. She also notes that if Jefferson had freed James and Sally Hemings, it would have made Jefferson and the United States look good to the French. +However, neither of these two things happened. According to Hemings and Jefferson's son Madison, Sally Hemings negotiated with Jefferson. Jefferson, James Hemings, and Sally Hemings made a deal in private: Jefferson promised to free all of Sally Hemings's children, whether he was their father or not. Jefferson promised to free James Hemings after he had taught more people at Monticello how to cook in the French way. +Children. +Four of Hemings' children lived to be adults. +Later life. +Visitors to Monticello remembered Sally Hemings taking care of Jefferson's clothes and sewing. In Jefferson's writings, he called her "Maria's maid." +Legally, Sally Hemings was never freed. But historians believe that Jefferson's daughter Martha "gave Sally her time." This was a thing that slave owners would do in the early 1800s: They would let an older slave live as if they were free. +The 1830 Virginia census lists Sally, Madison, and Eston as free white people. The 1831 census lists Sally Hemings as a "free mulatto," meaning a free person who is half white and half black. In that census, Hemings said she had been living in Charlottesville, Virginia since 1826. +Scandal. +People who did not like Jefferson wrote about him and Hemings. They said the fact that Jefferson had children with a black woman was a reason not to vote for him. +In 1802, Jefferson was President of the United States. That year, writer James Callendar wrote about Jefferson and Hemings in his newspaper. He called Sally Hemings a "concubine" and said that she and Jefferson had children. +Cover up. +Virginia became more racist as the American Civil War got closer. Jefferson's grandchildren did not want people to know their grandfather had sex with a black woman. They told people that perhaps Jefferson's nephew had been the father of Hemings's children. A man named Edmund Bacon wrote about working as an overseer at Monticello and said Jefferson was not the father of Harriet Hemings. But Bacon was not at Monticello until after Harriet was five years old. +During the 20th century, not all historians believed that Jefferson was the father of Hemings's children. Even Eston Hemings Jefferson's descendants changed their story: They said one of Jefferson's other relatives must have been Eston's father. +DNA test. +In 1998, DNA testing showed that someone from Jefferson's male line must have been the father of Hemings's son Eston. Scientists tested the Y chromosome of Jefferson's uncle and the Y chromosome of Jefferson's nephews' grandfather on their own father's side. They compared these chromosomes to the Y chromosomes of Eston's male descendants. They found that Eston's family had Y chromosomes like Jefferson's and not like his nephews'. Before the tests, about a third of historians believed Thomas Jefferson had been the father of Hemings' children, about a third did not, and about a third were undecided. After the test, about two thirds believed Thomas Jefferson was the father of Hemings' children. +Because Jefferson's nephews were not of his same male line, none of them could have been Eston's father. Historian Gordon-Reed matched this against letters and other records showing when Jefferson and Hemings were in the same place, and said that Jefferson could have been the father of all Hemings' children. For example, he was always at Monticello the right number of months before one of Hemings's children was born. +In 2000, the Thomas Jefferson Foundation said it was likely that Jefferson was the father of all Hemings's children. +In 2001, the Thomas Jefferson Heritage Society said Jefferson's younger brother must have been the father of Hemings's children. +Appearance. +We do not know what Sally Hemings looked like. Newspapers making fun of Jefferson drew pictures of her as very dark-skinned, but most of those artists had never seen her. People who saw Hemings and wrote about her said she was light-skinned with long, straight hair. +One visitor to Monticello said she was very beautiful. She was 37 when he saw her and had already had many children. +In popular culture. +In 1995, the movie "Jefferson in Paris" showed Hemings as an older teenager who willingly seeks a relationship with Jefferson. In this movie, she returns with Jefferson to Virginia because she wants to go home. + += = = Burnie, Tasmania = = = +Burnie (Palawa Kani: "Mituwaynatji") is a small city in Tasmania, a state of Australia. + += = = Sexual objectification = = = +Sexually objectifying a person means to view them like things for sexual desire. +Both males and females can be sexually objectified, as can children and teenagers. Women and girls, however, are more likely victims of sexual objectification than men and boys. The concept of sexual objectification toward females is very important for some feminist theories. The sexual objectification toward women and girls contributes to bad treatment against them and to gender inequality. A number of psychologists link sexual objectification under some physical and mental health risks for women and girls. +Sexual objectification of women. +The sexual objectification of women/girls has them being viewed like an object under male sexual desires, not as a whole person. Opinions differ, however, on which situations are objectionable. Many see the sexual objectifying of women/girls taking place with sexual portrayals involving them under art, media, advertising, pornography, prostitution and beauty contests. +There is also evidence showing that females are sometimes sexually objectified by other females. +Sexual objectification of Hispanic/Latina women. +Hispanic or Latina females are more often sexually objectified under stereotypes (unfair generalisations) toward them. The American media often portray these women as more likely to perform casual sex with multiple partners. The same media portray these females as having curved shapes, large breasts, large buttocks, having a melodramatic (over-the-top) attitude or being feisty. +Sexual objectification of men. +Women also sometimes see men as sex objects. This often happens in movies and in advertising. It also happens in some television programs.Erotic shows (such as a striptease), or pornography may reduce men to sex objects. + += = = The Magic Box (movie) = = = +The Magic Box is a 1951 British biographical drama movie directed by John Boulting and starring Robert Donat, Margaret Johnston, Maria Schell, Janette Scott, Robert Beatty, Richard Attenborough, Basil Sydney, Bernard Miles, Glynis Johns, Sheila Sim, Peter Ustinov, Laurence Olivier, Michael Denison, William Hartnell, Margaret Rutherford, Maurice Colbourne, Ronald Culver. + += = = Manipur Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act = = = +The Manipur Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1976 is a legal act passed by the Government of Manipur, India. It aims at the protection and the preservation of the ancient and historical monuments and the archaeological sites and remains of Manipur. Presently, there are 51 protected monuments under the act. To incorporate and protect more sites and monuments of the state, this act was further amended in 1996 substituting 100 years by 75 years for classifying a monument eligible for protection. + += = = Mir Qasim = = = +Mir Qasim (; died 8 May 1777) was the Nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763. + += = = Festus, Missouri = = = +Festus is a city just west of the Mississippi River in Jefferson County, Missouri. The 2020 United States Census found just over 12,000 individuals living in the city. +Festus and its particular neighbor Crystal City are often called the "Twin Cities of Missouri". +The original name of the city was "Tanglefoot". It was planned by the name in 1878. The city's name was later changed to "Festus". + += = = Crystal City, Missouri = = = +Crystal City is a city in Jefferson County, Missouri. It is on the Mississippi River. The 2020 United States Census showed about 4,700 people living in the city. +Crystal City and nearby Festus are called the "Twin Cities of Missouri". +The original name for Crystal City was New Detroit. In the 1860s, PPG Industries, then known as the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company, opened a glass manufacturing plant. The city was renamed after the business. + += = = Lascivious behavior = = = +Lascivious behavior, better known as lewdness, indecency or lechery, is sexual behavior or conduct that is called crude and offensive. It is also against certain and other standards of appropriate behavior. +The legal usage. +Under American law, the word "lascivious" is a semi-technical term which means immoral sexual actions, words or thoughts. The term is often used under the legal description of criminal acts wherein certain forms of sexual activity are prohibited. +In the 2000s and after, the word was used for one of several adjectives describing pornography, solicitation for prostitution and indecent acts. +In American law mailing lascivious matter is prohibited thus: +Every obscene, lewd, lascivious, indecent, filthy or vile article, matter, thing, device, or substance ... [i]s declared to be nonmailable matter and shall not be conveyed in the mails or delivered from any post office or by any letter carrier. + += = = Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Bill = = = +"A joint sitting of parliament on Wednesday 16th September, 2020 passed The Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Bill, 2020. The Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Bill, 2020 is targeted at preventing the printing, displaying, dissemination of or use of an incorrect and unofficial map of Pakistan." +According to the Surveying and Mapping (Amendment) Bill, 2020 +Amendment of section 16 (6): No one can print, display, disseminate, use or circulate incorrect and unofficial version of map of Pakistan or any part of Pakistan in hard or digital form. All individuals’ firms, organizations or departments shall get their maps vetted and cleared from Survey of Pakistan before use, publication. dissemination or circulation. +Amendment of section 3 (3): Survey of Pakistan shall be technical department for all activities involving surveying, mapping, geographic information system or remote sensing and geospatial information technologies in the country. +Amendment of section 20 (vi): Any individual, firm, organization or department involved in printing, displaying, disseminating, using or circulating incorrect and unofficial version of map of Pakistan or any part of Pakistan in hard or digital form shall be liable to be imprisoned for a term which may extend up to five years or a fine of five million rupees or both. + += = = Alstom = = = +Alstom is a French company specialized in rail transport. It is based in Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine, France. It is one of the largest rail transport manufacturer in the world. +In 2021, the Group bought the Bombardier Transportation company. +The company was founded in 1928. + += = = Surveying and Mapping Act = = = +The Surveying and Mapping Act was assented to by the President of Pakistan in May 2014 after being passed by the National Assembly in order to regulate geospatial data. + += = = Stan Swamy = = = +Stanislaus Lourduswamy (26 April 1937 – 5 July 2021), popularly known as Stan Swamy, was an Indian Roman Catholic priest. He was a member of the Jesuit order. He was known for his activism for human rights in India. Swamy was the oldest person to be accused of terrorism in India. +Swamy died of COVID-19 related problems at a Mumbai prison on 5 July 2021, aged 84. + += = = Project Pegasus revelations = = = +The Pegasus Project is an international investigative journalism effort to reveal spying abuses by many governments on journalists, opposition politicians, activists, business people and others using the private NSO Group's Pegasus spyware. +In 2020, a list of over 50,000 phone numbers believed to belong to people known as "people of interest" by clients of the Israeli cyberarms firm NSO Group was leaked to Amnesty International and Forbidden Stories. +People spied on. +This information was passed along to 17 media organisations under the umbrella name "The Pegasus Project". Over several months, over 80 journalists from "The Guardian" (UK), "Le Monde" and Radio France (France), "Die Zeit", "Süddeutsche Zeitung", WDR and NDR (Germany), "The Washington Post" and "Frontline" (United States), "Haaretz" (Israel), "Aristegui Noticias" and "Proceso" (Mexico), "Knack" and "Le Soir" (Belgium), "The Wire" (India), "Daraj" (Syria), Direkt36 (Hungary), and OCCRP investigated the spying abuses. +Some of the journalists and activists that were spied on were Jamal Khashoggi (who was assassinated in 2018), Loujain al-Hathloul and Stan Swamy (convicted Jesuit priest for terrorism). + += = = Magdaléna Vášáryová = = = +Magdaléna Vášáryová (; also known as Magda Vášáryová ; born 26 August 1948) is a Slovak actress and politician. She was ambassador of Czechoslovakia in Austria from 1990 until 1993 and to Poland from 2000 until 2005. +She unsuccessfully ran of President of Slovakia in the 1999 presidential election. In 2006, she was elected to the National Council of the Slovak Republic for Slovak Democratic and Christian Union - Democratic Party. + += = = Loujain al-Hathloul = = = +Loujain al-Hathloul ( "Lujjayn al-Hadhlūl"; born 31 July 1989) is a Saudi women's rights activist, socialite, and a former political prisoner. +Al-Hathloul has been arrested and released many times for driving in Saudi Arabia, something that is illegal for women to do there. +In March 2019, PEN America announced that Nouf Abdulaziz, al-Hathloul, and Eman al-Nafjan would receive the 2019 PEN America/Barbey Freedom to Write Award. Al-Hathloul was named one of "Time" magazine's "100 Most Influential People of 2019". Al-Hathloul was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2019 and 2020. +She was released from prison on 10 February 2021. + += = = Blue Origin NS-16 = = = +NS-16 was a sub-orbital spaceflight mission operated by Blue Origin which flew on 20 July 2021. The mission was the sixteenth flight of the company's New Shepard spacecraft, and its first crewed flight. It carried into space American billionaire and Blue Origin founder Jeff Bezos, his brother Mark, pilot and Mercury 13 candidate Wally Funk and Dutch passenger Oliver Daemen. The flight began from Blue Origin's sub-orbital launch site in West Texas. +NS-16 was the first human spaceflight from the U.S. state of Texas. On this flight Daemen and Funk, who were respectively 18 and 82 years old, became the youngest and oldest people to travel to space. + += = = New Shepard = = = +New Shepard is a vertical-takeoff, vertical-landing (VTVL), crew-rated suborbital launch vehicle created by Blue Origin as a way to boost space tourism. +In 2021, the first fully automated spaceflight with civilian passengers, was launched with a New Shepard rocket. +The name New Shepard is named after the first American astronaut in space, Alan Shepard, one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts. +As of 2023's fourth quarter, the last flight with a crew, was done in August 2022. +History. +Blue Origin planned its first crewed test flight - Blue Origin NS-16 - to occur in 2019, which was however delayed until 2021. +The first passenger flew on 20 July 2021 having purchased the seat at auction for $28 million; however, this auction passenger later dropped out and 18-year-old Oliver Daemen was selected to fly. + += = = Mercury Seven = = = +The Mercury Seven were the group of seven astronauts selected to fly spacecraft for Project Mercury. They are also known as the Original Seven and Astronaut Group 1. +Their names were publicly announced by NASA on April 9, 1959. These seven original American astronauts were Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Gus Grissom, Wally Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Deke Slayton. +All of the Mercury Seven eventually flew in space. They piloted the six spaceflights of the Mercury program that had an astronaut on board from May 1961 to May 1963, and members of the group flew on all of the NASA human spaceflight programs of the 20th century—Mercury, Gemini, Apollo, and the Space Shuttle. + += = = Gordon Cooper = = = +Leroy Gordon "Gordo" Cooper Jr. (March 6, 1927 – October 4, 2004) was an American aerospace engineer, test pilot, United States Air Force pilot, and the youngest of the seven original astronauts in Project Mercury, the first human space program of the United States. +Cooper died at age 77 from heart failure at his home in Ventura, California, on October 4, 2004. + += = = Pebble Beach, California = = = +Pebble Beach is an unincorporated community on the Monterey Peninsula in Monterey County, California. + += = = Wally Schirra = = = +Walter Marty Schirra Jr. (, March 12, 1923 – May 3, 2007) was an American naval aviator, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. In 1959, he became one of the original seven astronauts chosen for Project Mercury. +In October 1968, he commanded Apollo 7, an 11-day low Earth orbit shakedown test of the three-man Apollo Command/Service Module and the first crewed launch for the Apollo program. +Schirra died on May 3, 2007, of a heart attack caused by stomach cancer in San Diego, California. He was 84 years old. + += = = Forced Labour Convention = = = +Forced Labour Convention is one of the eight ILO conventions. It was adopted in Geneva 28 June 1930 and was entered in force on 1 May 1932. + += = = James McEachin = = = +James McEachin (born May 20, 1930) is an American former actor and author. He was born in Rennert, North Carolina and was raised in Hackensack, New Jersey. His career lasted from 1966 until 2007. He is known for his military service during the Korean War. + += = = Rennert, North Carolina = = = +Rennert is a town in Robeson County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 275 at the 2020 census. + += = = Philip Carey = = = +Philip Carey (born Eugene Joseph Carey, July 15, 1925February 6, 2009) was an American actor. He was born in Hackensack, New Jersey. His career lasted from 1951 until 2008. He was known for his role as Asa Buchanan in the soap opera "One Life to Live". +Carey died on February 6, 2009 in New York City from lung cancer, aged 83. + += = = Malverne, New York = = = +Malverne is a village in the town of Hempstead in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 8,560 at the 2020 census. + += = = Deke Slayton = = = +Donald Kent "Deke" Slayton (March 1, 1924 – June 13, 1993) was a United States Air Force pilot, aeronautical engineer, and test pilot who was selected as one of the original NASA Mercury Seven astronauts. He went on to become NASA's first Chief of the Astronaut Office and Director of Flight Crew Operations. +Slayton died on June 13, 1993 in League City, Texas from brain cancer, aged 69. + += = = Clear Lake Shores, Texas = = = +Clear Lake Shores is a city in Galveston County, Texas, within the Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 1,258. + += = = Hitchcock, Texas = = = +Hitchcock is a city in Galveston County, Texas, United States. The population was 7,301 at the 2020 census. + += = = Yelena Mizulina = = = +Yelena Mizulina (born December 9, 1954) is a Russian professor, lawyer and politician. She was a member of the Russian Parliament between 1995 and 2003. Beginning in 2007, Mizulina became a member again. She later became the chairperson of the Duma Committee on Family, Women and Children Affairs. +Due to the Crimean crisis, Mizulina was punished by Canada, the United States and Western Europe. +Legislative work. +Mizulina was involved with a number of controversial legislative projects. Those included: +Views toward marriage, sexual relations and family. +Mizulina believes in limiting women's rights to abortion. She pledged to let abortions remain free of charge only under medical reasons or cases involving rape. In all other cases, she believed abortions should be billed to the women seeking such treatments. +Mizulina led an effort to decriminalize domestic violence in Russia. In 2016, she told reporters: "A man beating his wife is less offensive than when a man is humiliated." +Mizulina had strong opinions and views toward United States citizens adopting Russian children. She voted for the Anti-Magnitsky bill. The bill forbids when people in and from the United States adopt Russian children. +Mizulina is against homosexuality and LGBT rights. She is the author for some legislative projects that are directed against "the propaganda of homosexuality." They include the Russian gay propaganda law. She believes the phrase "gays are people too" should be marked as extremist by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare. Mizulina was also in favor of taking children from gay parents, even biological parents. +In June 2012, Mizulina and the Duma Committee put into public a project called "The State Concept of Family Policy Until 2025". This policy proposed several controversial elements. They include: +After the publication of "Concept", it was pointed out that several positions described in it were plagiarized word-for-word from a school report published in free access on the Internet. That in turn was plagiarized from a curriculum of family studies in Tomsk Polytechnic University. +In that same context, Mizulina called for the animated sitcom "South Park" to be removed from Russian airwaves. +The criticism toward Mizulina. +Russian political scientist Mark Urnov described laws set in motion by Mizulina as "diverse, but having a single common quality – their capacity to spread intolerance. They are simply a legal expression of the intolerance and the suppression of everything that corresponds to one's personal views in regard to what is right and wrong". +The writer Dmitri Bykov believed Mizulina was "constantly providing a legislative form for things that should remain a question of personal choice, which is far more dangerous than any gay pride parade". +In April 2019, Mizulina was widely quoted for her statements in defense of the Russian Internet censorship laws. Her statements were condemned as Orwellian by several journalists. + += = = Jamaica Beach, Texas = = = +Jamaica Beach is a city in Galveston County, Texas, United States on Galveston Island. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 1,078. The city is bordered by Galveston to the east and west, the east bay on the north and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. + += = = Seabrook, Texas = = = +Seabrook is a city in Harris County in the U.S. state of Texas, with some parts in Chambers County. The population was 13,618 at the 2020 U.S. census. + += = = Galveston Island = = = +Galveston Island ( ) is an island on the Texas Gulf Coast in the United States, about southeast of Houston. The entire island, except for Jamaica Beach, is within the city limits of the City of Galveston in Galveston County. + += = = Françoise Arnoul = = = +Françoise Arnoul (born Françoise Annette Marie Mathilde Gautsch; 3 June 1931 – 20 July 2021) was an Algerian-born French actress. She was popular during the 1950s. Arnoul was born in Constantine, Algeria. She was known for her roles in "Forbidden Fruit" (1952), "French Cancan" (1954), "Testament of Orpheus" (1960) and "Le Diable et les dix commandements" (1962). +Arnoul died on 20 July 2021 in Paris from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease, aged 90. + += = = Rorschach test = = = +The Rorschach test is a psychological test in a form of inkblots on the cards. It is still used. It was named after Swiss psychologist Hermann Rorschach. +The test determines the state of patients and their problems. +History. +Herman Rorschach was not the first who invented this method. Interpretation of inkblots was used in the game Gobolink from the late 19th century. In Europe such games were known as kleksography. +Then Alfred Binet appeared. He first used it for psychological research. It determined the work of the imagination and consciousness. +In 1921, Rorschach wrote his main book "Psychodiagnostik" where he described the test. +Also Austrian psychologist SIgmund Freud showed how psychic expressions of the individual (in speech, dreams, and so on) could be read as signs pointing to unconscious processes. These processes were significant for a fuller and deeper understanding of his personality. Finally, Freud stressed the very earliest experiences of the child in the family as of primary significance in the moulding of personality. +Similar tests have been devised by American psychologist Wayne H. Holtzman. +Later the test began to be used in all sorts of speculative ways. Researchers gave the test to Nazi criminals during Nuremberg Trials hoping to find out the psychological roots of mass murder. +Method. +Rorschach showed inkblots to many people with the same question: "What might this be?". It showed how people approached the task. It showed also a different perception of people. Some people saw the movement on the pictures, some not. +Usually inkblots pictures are shown secretly to make the patients' responses spontaneous. +In mass culture. +Rorschach test is used in many films, TV series, books, comics. + += = = Flag of Kernow = = = +The Celtic flag of Kernow is a white cross, called the Saint Piran's Cross, on a black background. + += = = Saint Piran's Flag = = = +The Saint Piran's Cross, also called the Cross of Saint Piran, is a white cross on a black background. After the middle ages, it became associated with Saint Piran. The earliest known description of the flag as the Standard of Cornwall was written in 1838. It is used by some Cornish people as a symbol of their identity. +The flag is attributed to Saint Piran, a 5th-century Cornish abbot. One early use of a white cross and black background design is the 15th-century coat of arms of the Saint-Peran family. + += = = Jimmy Workman = = = +James Christopher Workman (born October 4, 1980) is a retired American child actor whose roles include Pugsley Addams in "The Addams Family" and "Addams Family Values". He is the older brother of Ariel Winter. + += = = East Jerusalem = = = +East Jerusalem (Hebrew: ���� �������, "Mizraḥ Yerushalayim;" , "al-Quds ash-Sharqiya") is the eastern part of Jerusalem that was occupied and then annexed by Jordan after the 1947–1949 Palestine war. Israel got control of it, along with the West Bank, after the Six-Day War. The Palestinian National Authority claims East Jerusalem as it's capital city, however, all of Jerusalem is still under Israel's control. +The Old City of Jerusalem is in East Jerusalem. Many of the most famous and most important landmarks for Jews, Muslims, and Christians are in the Old City. + += = = Carel Struycken = = = +Carel Struycken (born 30 July, 1948) is a Dutch film, television and stage actor. He is known for playing The Giant in the television series Twin Peaks (1990-1991, 2017), the occasional guest role as Mr. Homn in (1987-1992), and the household butler Lurch in the three 1990s Addams Family films. He also appeared in the films Gerald's Game (2017) and Doctor Sleep (2019). + += = = British Indian passport = = = +The British Indian passport was a passport, proof of national status and travel document issued to British subjects of the British Indian Empire, British subjects from other parts of the British Empire, and the subjects of the British protected states in the Indian subcontinent (i. e. the British Protected Persons of the 'princely states'). The title of the state used in the passport was the "Indian Empire", which covered all of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Burma. +The use of the passport was discontinued after the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, and its bearers were entitled to opt for Indian, Pakistani or British nationality. +Pre-1947 History. +The use of passports was introduced to the British Raj after the First World War. +The "Indian Passport Act of 1920" required the use of passports, established controls on the foreign travel of Indians, and foreigners travelling to and within the Presidencies and Provinces of British India. The passport was based on the format agreed upon by the 1920 League of Nations International Conference on Passports. + += = = Indian passport = = = +An Indian passport is issued by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (India) to Indian citizens for the purpose of international travel. It enables the bearer to travel internationally and serves as proof of Indian citizenship as per the Passports Act (1967). +Physical appearance. +Contemporary ordinary Indian passports have deep bluish cover with golden coloured printing. The Emblem of India is displayed in the centre of the front cover. The words "���� �������" in Devanagari and "Republic of India" are written above the Emblem whereas "��������" in Devanagari and "Passport" in English are written below the emblem. + += = = Republic Day (India) = = = +Republic Day is a national holiday in India, when the country marks and celebrates the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26, January 1950, replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India and thus, turning the nation into a newly formed republic. The day also marks the transition of India from an autonomous Commonwealth realm with British Monarch as nominal head of the Indian Dominion, to a fully sovereign Commonwealth republic with the President of India as the nominal head of the Indian Union. + += = = Religion in India = = = +Religions of India is characterised by a diversity of various religious beliefs and numerous practices. The most popular religion in India is Hinduism, and the second most popular religion is Islam. The religions of Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, and Jainism began in India. + += = = Languages of India = = = +There is no national language in India. There are various official languages in India at the state/territory level. However, 343(1) of the Indian constitution specifically mentions that, "The official language of the Union shall be Hindi in Devanagari script. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union shall be the international form of Indian numerals." The business in Indian parliament can only be transacted in Hindi or in English. English is allowed to be used in official purposes such as parliamentary proceedings, judiciary, communications between the Central Government and a State Government. +The Constitution lists 22 scheduled languages of India: Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu. + += = = Bangladeshi passport = = = +After the so-called Pakistan Civil War (1971), Act Number 9 of 1973 (called The Bangladesh Passport Order, 1973) which was signed into effect by the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, on 8 February 1973, this led to the creation and issuing of the first passport of a newly separatist Bangladesh. These passport booklets were traditional, handwritten or manual, passports and were compliant with the relevant international laws and regulations in force at the time. Subsequently, additional laws were enacted in Bangladesh in the years that followed to improve the passport application process; enforce the ineligibility to hold multiple valid Bangladeshi passports; citizenship requirement for a passport; etc. Since 1972 a special passport, also known as the India-Bangladesh Special Passport, used to be issued to Bangladeshi citizens and Indian nationals resident in West Bengal State and the North-Eastern States of India only. +Physical appearance. +Bangladeshi passport covers are dark green, with the Seal of the Government of Bangladesh emblazoned in gold in the centre of the front cover. The word "��������" (Bengali) and "Passport" (English) are inscribed above the Seal. Below the Seal "�������������� ��������" (Bengali); "People's Republic of Bangladesh" (English); and the international e-passport symbol () are inscribed. + += = = Christopher Hart (actor) = = = +Christopher Hart (born February 22, 1961) is a Canadian actor and magician whose roles include Thing, the disembodied hand, in the 1991, 1993 and 1998 movies "The Addams Family", "Addams Family Values", and "Addams Family Reunion". + += = = Dangerous goods = = = +Dangerous goods (DG in short) are substances that when transported pose risk to health, safety, property and the environment. Certain dangerous goods pose risk even when not being transported. These are known as hazardous materials (HAZMAT or hazmat for short). +Hazardous material is often subject under chemical regulations. Examples of dangerous goods are biological hazards, flammable, explosive material, corrosive substances and allergens. +The packing groups. +Packing groups are used for the purpose of determining the degree of protective packaging required for dangerous goods during transportation. +The training. +Permit cards or licenses that are used with hazmat training must be shown if requested by officials. +By country/region. +Canada. +The transportation of dangerous goods (hazardous material) in Canada by road is normally a province jurisdiction. The federal government in Canada have jurisdiction over air, most marine and most rail transport. The federal government acting centrally created the federal transportation of dangerous goods and regulations. Creation of the federal regulations was coordinated under Transport Canada. The hazard classification is based under the UN model. +Europe. +The European Union passed several directives and regulations. They did so for avoiding wide-spreading and for restricting the use of hazardous substances. The most important ones were the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive and the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals. +The European law clearly tells the difference between the law of dangerous goods and the law of hazardous material. The earlier refers mainly to the transport of the respective goods. That includes interim storage, if caused by the transport. The latter refers to requirements of storage (which would include the warehousing) and usage of hazardous materials. The difference is very important, because different directives and orders of European law are applied. +The United States. +For reasons involving increases in terrorism just after the September 11 attacks in 2001, funding for greater hazmat-handling went up across the United States. It was recognized that flammable, poisonous and explosive material could be used for further terrorist attacks. +The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates hazardous materials, for they may impact a community and an environment. + += = = White-black tree frog = = = +Carrizo's tree frog, the Paku Khara tree frog, or white-black tree frog ("Boana albonigra") is a frog that lives in the Andes mountains, in Brazil, Peru, and Argentina. Further north, people have seen it between 1650 and 3416 meters above sea level. Further south, people have seen it between 500 and 1640 meters above sea level. + += = = Caracol, Haiti = = = +Caracol is a commune in Haiti. It is in the Trou-du-Nord Arrondissement. As of 2003, 6,236 people live in Caracol. + += = = Pakistani passport = = = +Pakistani passports () are passports issued by the Government of Pakistan to Pakistani citizens and nationals for the purpose of international travel. They are issued by the Directorate General of Immigration & Passports (DGIP) of the Ministry of Interior from regional passport offices and the Pakistani Embassies and Consulates. Since January 2014, Pakistani passports have validity for 5 and 10 years. Under national law, Pakistani passports are explicitly invalid for all travel to the State of Israel, and Pakistani nationals are likewise strictly barred from travelling to the Jewish state under all circumstances. Pakistan is the only country in the world that does not recognize Armenia as a state. In 2019 after an interview with WION, Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan has stated that Armenia supports India in the Kashmir conflict between India and Pakistan. Therefore travelling to Hayastan is not permitted there either. +Physical appearance. +Ordinary Pakistani passports have a deep green cover with golden-coloured content. The Emblem of Pakistan is emblazoned in the center of the front cover. The words 'Islamic Republic of Pakistan' (English) are inscribed above the emblem and ", " and 'Passport' (English) are inscribed below the emblem. +Discontinued types. +Pakistan formerly issued a special Hajj passport to Pakistani nationals making an Islamic pilgrimage known as Hajj to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. These are no longer issued, and ordinary Pakistani passports may now be used for this purpose. + += = = John Franklin (actor) = = = +John Franklin (born John Paul Salapatek; June 16, 1959) is an American actor, writer and former school teacher. He is best known for playing Isaac Chroner in "Children of the Corn" (1984) and Cousin Itt in "The Addams Family". He was born John Paul Salapatek in Blue Island, Illinois, a southern suburb of Chicago on June 16, 1959. Franklin was born with dwarfism. As a result he is "barely 5 feet" and is about 152 centimeters tall. + += = = Kalani Hilliker = = = +Kalani Brooke Hilliker (born September 23, 2000) is an American dancer, fashion designer, model and actress. She became famous in 2013 on the Lifetime reality series "Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition". Sne later appeared on "Dance Moms". She was a regular cast member from 2014 to 2017. + += = = Pakistan Zindabad, Azadi Paendabad = = = +Pakistan Zindabad ( — ; meaning, "Victory to Pakistan") and Azadi (Persian: ����� - Āzādī), from Persian, meaning freedom or liberty. Paa-in-da-bad literally means "Last forever" is a slogan used by Pakistanis as an expression of victory or patriotism, often used in political speeches. Its use started even before the creation of Pakistan, during the later phase of the Pakistan Movement. The slogan became a battle cry and greeting for the Muslim League, which was struggling for an independent country for the Muslims of Southern Asia. +Etymology. +The slogan is a use of the standard Urdu and Persian suffix "Zindabad" ("Long Live") that is placed after a person or a country name. It is used to express victory, patriotism or as a prayer. In literal translation, "Pakistan Zindabad" means "Long Live Pakistan"; it also is rendered as "Victory to Pakistan". +History. +On 14 August 1947, Muhammad Ali Jinnah's motorcade was welcomed by shouts of "Pakistan Zindabad", "Quaid-e-Azam Zindabad" and flower petals all along his way from the Governor General's residence to the Constituent Assembly building and back, where he attended the Proclamation of Independence and a hoisting ceremony of the Pakistan flag. + += = = Shivaharkaray = = = +Shivaharkaray or Karavipur is a Shakti Peeth of Hindu Goddess Durga, located near Parkai Railway Station, Karachi, Pakistan. It is one of the three Shakti Peethas in Pakistan, other two being Hinglaj Mata mandir and Sharada Peeth.Puranas describe that the three eyes (the third eye) of the Goddess fell here after she committed Sati. The Goddess is worshipped as Mahishasuramardini, or the slayer of the Demon Mahishasur. Her consort, the Hindu God Shiva, is worshipped in Ragi form as Krodhish, personification of anger. Shivaharkaray is third in the list of 51 Peethas identified in the Puranas. + += = = Lichess = = = +Lichess is free and open-source Internet chess server. The chess server is run by a non-profit organization, which is also called Lichess. The Lichess chess server was created in 2010. +In April 2021, the United States Chess Federation reviewed how Lichess deals with cheating in online chess. After this review, it endorsed Lichess as a secure place to play chess for its members. +Titled Arenas. +Lichess runs tournaments called Titled Arenas, in which only players who have a title are able to play. As of February 2021, World Chess Champion Magnus Carlsen has the most Titled Arena wins, with 15. + += = = Baltimore Museum of Art = = = +The Baltimore Museum of Art is an art museum in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was founded in 1914. + += = = Apis cerana indica = = = +The Indian honey bee "(Apis cerana indica)", is a subspecies of Asiatic honey bee. It is one of the predominant bees found and domesticated in Southern Asia, particularly in Pakistan, and far as Thailand and mainland Asia. Relatively non-aggressive and rarely exhibiting swarming behaviour, it is ideal for beekeeping. It is considered as the "“National Insect of Pakistan”" respectively. +It is similar to the European honey bee ("Apis mellifera"), which tends to be slightly larger and can be easily distinguished. + += = = Faith, Unity, Discipline = = = +Faith, Unity, Discipline () is the national motto of Pakistan. It is regarded as the guiding principle of Pakistan's nationhood. +Upon the formal Independence of Pakistan, it was introduced and adopted as the national motto by the country's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah. It is inscribed in Urdu at the base of the state emblem. + += = = Himalayan salt = = = +Himalayan salt, also known as Himalayan Pink salt, comes from the northern Punjab region of Pakistan. It is rock salt or halite with a pinkish color from minerals. People use it in cooking, as a table salt replacement, and for decoration or spa treatments. Many like it for its health benefits because it's full of minerals. It's mined in the Salt Range mountains of Pothohar plateau, not the Himalayas, even though it's called Himalayan salt. +It is also used to make "salt lamps" that radiate a pinkish or orangish light, manufactured by placing a light source within the hollowed-out interior of a block of Himalayan salt. Claims that their use results in the release of ions that benefit health are without foundation. +Origin. +The pink color of Himalayan salt comes from iron oxide impurities. It is mined from the Salt Range mountains in the southern part of the Pothohar Plateau, south of the Himalayas in Pakistan. Himalayan salt is obtained from a thick layer of Ediacaran to early Cambrian evaporites in the Salt Range Formation. This geological formation includes crystalline halite mixed with potash salts, covered by gypsiferous marl, and interlayered with gypsum and dolomite beds, along with occasional seams of oil shale. +These formations in the Pothohar Plateau date back to 600-540 million years ago. Over time, these strata and the succeeding Cambrian to Eocene sedimentary rocks were pushed southward and eroded, forming the Salt Range. The highest peak in this range is Sakaser, standing at 1522 m. Commercial salt mining has been ongoing here since at least the 16th century, with active salt mines in Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, and Jatta. +Legend has it that the Khewra deposit was discovered by horses in Alexander the Great's army, but historical records trace mining back to the Janjua clan of Punjabis in the 1200s. The Khewra salt mine is the second-largest salt mine in the world. +Composition. +Analysis of Himalayan pink salt samples show that they are mostly 96% to 99% sodium chloride, with small amounts of calcium, iron, zinc, chromium, magnesium, and sulfur, all within safe levels below 1%. However, some salts from Pakistan need purification before use in food or industry because of impurities. Salt crystals from this area can be off-white to transparent, while certain veins may have a pink, reddish, or beet-red color due to trace minerals. +Nutritionally, Himalayan salt is much like regular table salt. A study in Australia found that Himalayan salt contains higher levels of various elements, including calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, potassium, aluminum, barium, silicon, and sulfur, and lower sodium levels compared to table salt. However, the study suggested that consuming "exceedingly high amounts" (almost 600% more than the recommended daily salt intake) would be needed for these differences to matter. At such high levels, any potential nutritional benefits would be outweighed by the risks of consuming too much sodium. One crucial difference is in iodine content. Many table salts are iodine-supplemented, helping prevent iodine deficiency disorders. Himalayan salt lacks this iodine supplementation. + += = = Lena Raine = = = +Lena Raine is a composer and producer who lives in Seattle. +She has made music for many different video games, such as Minecraft, , and Celeste. + += = = Embassy of the United States, London = = = +The Embassy of the United States of America in London is the head of diplomacy of the United States in the United Kingdom. It is the largest American embassy in Western Europe and the focal point for events relating to the United States held in the United Kingdom. +There has been an American person to represent the United States in London since John Adams in 1785. The ambassador's home has been Winfield House since 1955. The main embassy building is in Nine Elms, Battersea, London, by the River Thames and has been opened to everyone since 13 December 2017, and was officially opened in January 2018. Before the embassy moved into the current building, the main building was in Grosvenor Square, Westminster, London. + += = = Univision (Latin America) = = = +Univision is a Latin American subscription television channel from Mexico and the United States. It is owned by Grupo Televisa and Univision Communications, It is operated through its subsidiary Televisa Networks. Broadcasts began on March 30, 2016. +History. +On January 21, 2016, it was announced that Univision Communications, in conjunction with Televisa Networks, plan to launch a channel based on Univision's signal, which will be available throughout Latin America. The signal will be operated by Televisa Networks, who will also be in charge of distribution and sales throughout the region. +On Monday, March 30, 2016, the signal went on the air, completing 70% of Univision's original and simultaneous programming. The rest will be completed for Televisa's original content. +On May 3, 2017, Univision entered DirecTV's offering on channel 760. + += = = Nut butter = = = +A nut butter is a type of spread. It is made by grinding dry roasted nuts until the fat separates. Different nut butters have different textures and flavours. The most commonly known nut butter in the United States is peanut butter. +Types. +Any nut can be used to make a nut butter. Here are some examples. +Some seeds with enough fat (e.g. from sunflowers, sesame, and pumpkins) are also used to make something similar. + += = = Takht-i-Bahi = = = +Takht-I-Bahi (), commonly mispronounced as Takht-I-Bhai (), is an Indo-Parthian archaeological site of an ancient Buddhist monastery in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The site is considered among the most imposing relics of Buddhism in all of Gandhara, and has been "exceptionally well-preserved." +History. +The Buddhist monastery was founded in the 1st century CE, and was in use until the 7th century. The complex is regarded by archaeologists as being particularly representative of the architecture of Buddhist monastic centres from its era. Takht-i-Bahi was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. Therefore they can be considered as the "National Buddhist Temple of Pakistan", a potential Sacred Pilgrimage site, for All-Universal Buddhists Yatris respectively. +Surroundings and structure. +There are four main areas of the Takht Bahi complex: +Additional structures on the site may have served as residences or meeting halls, or for secular purposes. All of the buildings on the site are constructed from local stone, and are mortared with lime and mud. +Name meaning. +The word Takht-I-Bahi may have different explanations. Local believes that site got its name from two wells on the hill or the springs nearby. In Persian, "Takht" means 'top' or 'throne' while "Bahi" means 'spring' or 'water'. When combined together its meaning is 'spring from the top' or 'high spring', and there were two springs on the top of mountains. Another meaning suggested is 'throne of origin'. + += = = Ostrich egg = = = +Ostrich eggs are eggs from ostriches. It can be used in different ways. It is known to be the biggest egg of any bird. The weight of one ostrich egg is about . +Uses. +As food. +Ostrich eggs are usually eaten as a luxury food. + += = = Oat milk = = = +Oat milk is a type of grain milk. It is made by blending whole grain oats with water and optional flavours. Its glycemic index is similar to regular oats. +Sales. +As of 2020, the value of the oat milk market is about US$3.7 billion. + += = = Punjabi calendar = = = +The Punjabi Calendar, Pakistani Seasonal Calendar or the Desi Calendar (Punjabi:������ ������) is a Solar calendar used by the Punjabi people of Pakistan. The Punjabi new year starts on the first of Vaisakh month. Punjabi Sikhs in India use the Nanakshahi calendar, which is a variant of this calendar. +The Punjabi Muslims in Pakistan also use the Islamic Hijri calendar. Some festivals in Punjab, Pakistan are determined by the Punjabi calendar, such as Muharram which is celebrated twice, once according to the Muslim year and again on the 10th of harh/18th of jeth. The Bikrami calendar is the one the rural (agrarian) population follows in Punjab, Pakistan. + += = = Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe = = = +Admiral Lord Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe was a British fighter and nobleman. +Early life and family. +Richard Howe was born in 1726. His parents were Emmanuel and Charlotte Howe. He had three brothers, George, William, and Thomas. Howe's mother Charlotte was related to the royal family. Her mother, Sophia von Kielmannsegg, was a king's daughter by a mistress. So Charlotte was King George I's niece through his half-sister. Sir Nathanial Wrahall said that Richard Howe looked like King George I. +Emmaneul Howe died when Richard Howe was about eight years old. He died while he was governor of Barbados. Charlotte was Lady of the Bedchamber to King George III's mother, Princess Augusta. +George and William Howe both went into the army and became generals. Richard Howe went into the navy and became Fleet Admiral. Thomas Howe worked for the East India Company. +Military career. +Richard Howe joined the British Navy in 1757. He became a Rear Admiral and Vice Admiral during the Seven Years' War. During this time, he became the 4th Viscount Howe. +American Revolutionary War. +Richard Howe was a peace commissioner for the British. He met with George Washington to talk about avoiding a war, but the talks did not work out. After that, Howe took command of the British Navy to stop the rebellion. Howe took 400 ships, to Staten Island Harbor and forced the Continental Army to run away from New York. At the time, this was the largest fleet in the history of the British Navy. +After the French joined the war in 1778, Howe won battles even after he was outnumbered. When British Admiral John Byron showed up, Howe went back to England. He resigned his position because he did not like Lord North. +Later career. +Richard Howe did rejoin the navy to fight against France and Spain. In 1782, he was named the first Earl Howe. He fought in Gibraltar in 1782. He was made the first Lord of the Admiralty in 1783 and held the post until 1788. He was Vice Admiral of England from 1792 to 1796. In 1794, he defeated the French near Ushant. This victory was called the Glorious First of June. +Appearance. +In 1803, Sir John Barrow said: +"[H]is countenance was of a serious cast, strongly marked and dark; at the same time there was a shyness and awkwardness in his manner, ... [but] the expression of his features [soon] assumed a very different and an animated character, assuming that benign aspect which corresponded with his disposition." +He died in 1799. + += = = The Hound of the Baskervilles (1959 movie) = = = +The Hound of the Baskervilles is a 1959 British mystery horror movie directed by Terence Fisher and was based on the 1902 novel of the same name by Arthur Conan Doyle and was the first adaption to be made in colour. It stars Peter Cushing, Christopher Lee, André Morell, Marla Landi, David Oxley, Miles Malleson, Sam Kydd, Helen Goss, Ewen Solon and was distributed by United Artists. +Plot. +Dr. Richard Mortimer recounts to Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson the legend of the ghost hound that killed the devilish Sir Hugo Baskerville for his murder of the daughter of a servant. He asks Holmes to investigate the death of his friend Sir Charles Baskerville, in Dartmoor, from heart failure, lying in the moor surrounding his estate, Baskerville Hall, with a look of horror on his face. Mortimer fears for the life of Sir Henry, who's just come from South Africa to take possession of his inheritance and of Baskerville Hall. +Although sceptical, Holmes and Watson accept to meet Sir Henry, who is young and bold, but in truth suffers from a congenital heart problem. A incident with a tarantula convinces Holmes that Sir Henry's life is indeed in danger, and, busy with a prior commitment, he chooses to despatch Watson to Dartmoor with Mortimer and Sir Henry. Holmes reminds Sir Henry not to go out onto the nearby moor after dark. +On their way to Baskerville Hall, the trio is warned by the coach driver Perkins that a murderous convict named Selden has escaped from nearby Dartmoor Prison and is hiding on the moor. At Baskerville Hall, Sir Henry gets acquainted with his new house, helped by the butler, Mr. Barrymore, and his wife. On the walls stands a portrait Sir Hugo. A second portrait of Sir Hugo is missing, and the Barrymores are unable to offer any explanation. +The next day, Sir Henry and Watson walk around to see the neighborhood. At the nearby village, they meet the comedic local pastor, Bishop Frankland, who is also a keen entomologist. While crossing the moor, Watson finds the Grimpen Mire and Watson gets trapped in a patch of quicksand. Two people come to help, a man named Stapleton and his daughter Cecille, a wild girl who immediately bewitches Sir Henry. +One night, Watson sees a light in the moor. He and Sir Henry go out to investigate, but a strange man rushes by in the shadows, then a distant hound howls, upsetting Sir Henry so much that he suffers a heart condition. Watson spots a man silhouetted on a hill in the distance, while he helps Sir Henry back to Baskerville Hall. Watson finds the silhouetted figure to be Holmes, who has concealed his own arrival to investigate more freely. After his death, Holmes and Watson find the corpse of the convict Selden, mutilated in a ritual, while wearing clothes belonging to Sir Henry, and the legendary curved dagger used by Sir Hugo. This clue exposes the Barrymores, who confess to have helped the escapee, who was their relative, by supplying food and other provisions each time he signalled with a light from his hideout. However, Holmes has evidence that neither the Barrymores nor Selden are connected to the death of Sir Charles, so he keeps on searching for clues to confirm the existence of the mysterious hound and the identity of its masters. +Facing personal danger in an abandoned copper mine, and thanks to the stolen portrait of Sir Hugo, Holmes is able to guess the Stapletons are illegitimate descendants of Sir Hugo and are next in line to inherit the Baskerville fortune and mansion if all of the Baskervilles perish. Holmes deduces this after questioning Barrymore about the missing portrait; it was stolen because it revealed the fingers on Sir Hugo's right hand were webbed just like Stapleton's. Cecile takes Sir Henry out onto the same place where, according to the legend, the ghost hound had killed Sir Hugo. Holmes and Watson arrive just in time to hear Cecile reveal her intentions to a horrified Sir Henry. The dog attacks Sir Henry. Stapleton attacks with the dagger, but Watson shoots and wounds him. Holmes shoots the dog; it then turns on Stapleton and mauls him to death. Cecille flees after Holmes kills the beast, revealing it to be a Great Dane wearing a hideous mask to make it look more terrifying. Cecile accidentally falls into the mire and sinks to her death. Holmes and Watson take a shocked Sir Henry back to Baskerville Hall. +Writing. +There are several significant changes in plot details. Among them: +The Conan Doyle Estate did not approve of the changes made to suit Hammer's more horror-centric success. Cushing, however, took no objection to the changes as he felt the character of Holmes remained intact. +Casting. +Cushing was an aficionado of Sherlock Holmes and brought his knowledge to the project. He reread the stories, made detailed notes in his script and sought to portray Holmes closer to his literary counterpart. It was Cushing's suggestion that the mantlepiece feature Holmes' correspondence transfixed to it with a jackknife as per the original stories. However, when producer Anthony Hinds suggested excluding the famous deerstalker Cushing objected, saying Holmes' headgear and pipes would be expected by the audience. Cushing scrutinised the costumes and screenwriter Peter Bryan's script, often altering words or phrases. Lee later claimed to be awestruck by Cushing's ability to incorporate many different props and actions into his performance simultaneously, whether reading, smoking a pipe, drinking whiskey, filing through papers or other things while portraying Holmes. Morell was particularly keen that his portrayal of Watson should be closer to that originally depicted in Conan Doyle's stories, and away from the bumbling stereotype established by Nigel Bruce's interpretation of the role. +David Oxley had an extraordinarily powerful voice that he used to great effect, being able to fill an auditorium without the aid of microphones, and seen to best effect as Hugo Baskerville. + += = = The Evil of Frankenstein = = = +The Evil of Frankenstein is a 1964 British Hammer horror movie directed by Freddie Francis and is the third movie in the "Hammer's Frankenstein" series. It stars Peter Cushing, Duncan Lamont, Kiwi Kingston, Peter Woodthorpe, Sandor Elès, Howard Goorney and was distributed by Universal Pictures. + += = = In the Cut (movie) = = = +In the Cut is a 2003 American Australian British French erotic thriller movie directed by Jane Campion and was based on the 1995 novel of the same name by Susanna Moore. It stars Meg Ryan, Mark Ruffalo, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Patrice O'Neal, Kevin Bacon. + += = = Lost in Translation (movie) = = = +Lost in Translation is a 2003 American movie directed by Sofia Coppola. The movie stars Bill Murray and Scarlett Johansson. + += = = Baywatch (movie) = = = +Baywatch is a 2017 American action-comedy movie. It was adapted off the television series of the same name. +Principal photography started on February 22, 2016 across Florida and Savannah, Georgia. "Baywatch" was released in May 2017. The movie got substandard reviews from the critics, mostly for its crude humor and character developments. However, it had a box office intake of just over $58 million in the United States. It made another $119.8 million in several other territories. The total box office intake was around $177.8 million. The movie's budget was $69 million. "Baywatch" was given five nominations in the 38th Golden Raspberry Awards. The categories were the Worst Prequel, Remake, Rip-off or Sequel, the Worst Screenplay, the Razzie Nominee So Rotten You Loved It and the Worst Picture. +The reviews. +"Baywatch" received an approval rating of only 17% under Rotten Tomatoes. Critics from the movie judging site said: ""Baywatch" takes its source material's jiggle factor to R-rated levels, but lacks the original's campy charm – and leaves its charming stars flailing in the shallows." It received a rating of 37 out of 100 under Metacritic. That meant "generally unfavorable reviews.". +Writing for the "Rolling Stone" magazine, Peter Travers was happy with the "easy rapport" from Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron. Travers stated, though, "what [the film] needs more is a functional script". Travers rated the movie two out of four stars. He then said: "Think of yourself sitting down for a big two-hour wallow in instant stupid with a vat of popcorn, slathered in fake butter and possibly a mound of melted M&Ms on top. It feels great chugging it down, then your stomach hurts, your head aches and you puke the whole thing up so you can forget about it in the morning. That's "Baywatch" in a nutshell." Owen Gleiberman from the "Variety" magazine called it "stupidly entertaining... for a while". He was, however, not impressed with the movie's plot. + += = = NBA 2K19 = = = +NBA 2K19 is a NBA basketball game for the Xbox One, including other platforms. + += = = Macross Digital Mission VF-X = = = +Macross Digital Mission VF-X is a 3D shooting game developed by UNiT and published by Bandai Visual for the Sony Playstation, released on February 28, 1997. The game takes place a year after the events of the "Macross 7" television series and follows the VF-X Ravens unit. The game was followed by a sequel, "Macross VF-X2" in September 2, 1999. +Overview. +This is a shooting game based on the series, and is a wholly original setting not based on any previous works or series. It is set one year after "Macross 7". The game was initially planned as a fully polygonal 3D shooter, and the Sony PlayStation perfectly suited the game's ambition in terms of graphics. +Development began in 1995. The development involves the main creators of the Macross series, such as Shōji Kawamori (Valkyrie Design, Supervisor), Kazutaka Miyatake (Ship / Mecha Design), Haruhiko Mikimoto (Main Character Design). The game was noted for including the transformable modes of the VF-4 Lightning III, which had only been previously seen as a fighter on "The Super Dimension Fortress Macross: Flash Back 2012". +Until the game's development, Macross-related games were released on family computers, PC engines and arcades without the involvement of Shōji Kawamori. Kawamori was uninterested in video game development at that point because he could only do 2D, but he had become interested when he learned the game was being made in 3D for the Sony Playstation. +Plot. +In A.D. 2047, the five member idol group "Milky Dolls", who had been scheduled to participate in the next "ZENTRADI sound project", are abducted by unknown hostile force during a U.N. Spacy commemorative ceremony. Escaping in a camouflaged spaceship, the abductors folded to the planet Elysion. +The U.N. Spacy high command then orders the VF-X Ravens and the crew of the Valhalla III to rescue the Milky Dolls and uncover the identity of the mysterious armed force. They turn out to be a rogue Zentradi militia. +Missions. +A series of missions takes place in the game under "Operation Orpheus". The enemies of the VF-X Ravens are primarily rogue Zentradi forces, consisting of Battle Pods +Reception. +The game received fairly negative reviews. Gamespot saying "Macross VF-X looks elegant at times, but ultimately fails to capture the emotion, the excitement, and the sheer visual splendor of its source material.", citing how the game featured lengthy, boring missions and poor control flight mechanics, controls and physics. Many others have criticized the game's horrible audio / sound effects and poor music, which utilized MIDI arrangement. These criticisms would later be rectified in its sequel, "Macross VF-X2". + += = = The Courtneys of Curzon Street = = = +The Courtneys of Curzon Street (also titled The Courtney Affair or Kathy's Love Affair, in the U.S.) is a 1947 British romantic drama movie directed by Herbert Wilcox and starring Anna Neagle, Michael Wilding, Daphne Slater, Jack Watling, Michael Medwin, Edgar Norfolk, Edward Rigby, Coral Browne, Thora Hird, Percy Walsh. + += = = Baywatch = = = +Baywatch is an American television series. The show is about lifeguards who look after the beaches of Los Angeles County, California and Hawaii. +The show was canceled after its first season on NBC. However, it was later syndicated. At one time, the series was the most-watched television show in the world. The weekly audience was near 1.1 billion viewers. +The show ran under its original title and format between 1989 and 1999. Between 1999 and 2001, the cast and setting of the series changed. Its title was then changed to "Baywatch: Hawaii". +In 2017, an action and crime-comedy movie adaptation from the television show was released. The movie got bad reviews from critics. It made around $177.9 million in world revenue. + += = = One Day We'll Talk About Today = = = +One Day We'll Talk About Today () is a 2020 Indonesian family drama movie directed by Angga Dwimas Sasongko and was based on the novel of the same name Marcella EP. It stars Rachel Amanda, Rio Dewanto, Oka Antara, Sheila Dara Aisha, Ardhito Pramono, Umay Shahab, Isyana Sarasvati. + += = = Rorschach (character) = = = +Rorschach is a fictional antihero in 1986 graphic novel Watchmen and in the 2009 film at the same name. Rorschach was created by British book writer Alan Moore and artist Dave Gibbons. +Rorschach was named after Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach. + += = = Kleksography = = = +Kleksography is the art of making images of various figures from inkblots. Justinus Kerner was the first who included kleksography in the book of poetry. +Victor Hugo and George Sand used inkblots in their manuscripts. +Since 1890, kleksography was used as the tool for work of unconsciousness. The most popular example is Rorschach test. + += = = The House with a Clock in Its Walls = = = +The House with a Clock in Its Walls is a 2018 American fantasy comedy movie directed by Eli Roth and was based on the 1973 novel of the same name by John Bellairs. It stars Jack Black, Cate Blanchett, Owen Vaccaro, Renée Elise Goldsberry, Sunny Suljic, Colleen Camp, Lorenza Izzo, Kyle MacLachlan and was distributed by Universal Pictures. + += = = Here Comes the Boom = = = +Here Comes the Boom is a 2012 American comedy movie directed by Frank Coraci and starring Kevin James, Salma Hayek, Henry Winkler, Greg Germann, Joe Rogan, Gary Valentine, Bas Rutten, Reggie Lane, Melissa Peterman, Bruce Buffer. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures. + += = = Affair in Havana = = = +Affair in Havana is a 1957 American crime thriller movie directed by László Benedek and starring Raymond Burr, John Cassavetes, Sara Shane, Celia Cruz, Miguel Angel Blanco. It was distributed by Allied Artists. + += = = Hear My Song = = = +Hear My Song is a 1991 Irish British comedy movie directed by first time director Peter Chelsom and starring Ned Beatty, Adrian Dunbar, Tara Fitzgerald, David McCallum, Shirley Anne Field, James Nesbitt, John Dair. It was distributed by Miramax Films. + += = = Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory = = = +Shamakhi Astrophysical Observatory () is an astronomical observatory in the Greater Caucasus Mountains in Shamakhi Rayon in Azerbaijan. The observatory is one of the biggest in the South Caucasus. It is named after the medieval Persian astronomer Nasir al-Din al-Tusi. It is owned and operated by the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. +It was built between 1958-1960 during the Soviet era as the main observing site for the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences which is located away in Baku. The observatory is about northwest of the city of Shamakhi. The observatory is at above sea level. It has 150–200 clear, cloudless nights per year, which is the reason why the observatory was built at this location. It has a total of four telescopes. Many comets, asteroids and other astronomical objects were discovered with its telescopes. + += = = Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences = = = +Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) (), located in Baku, is the main state research organization that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Azerbaijan. It has a network of scientific research institutes across the country. It was established on 23 January 1945 during the Soviet era as the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. +Like the Russian Academy of Sciences, the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences has two types of membership. The top-level members are academicians (63 scientists, as of 2021). The next-level members are corresponding members (61 scientists, as of 2021). +Presidents. +The main executive figure in the academy is the President of Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences who is elected by members of the Academy. + += = = Sanford, North Carolina = = = +Sanford is a city in and the county seat of Lee County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 30,261 people live in Sanford. + += = = Wake Forest, North Carolina = = = +Wake Forest is a town in Franklin, Granville and Wake counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, 47,601 people live in Wake Forest. + += = = Boone, North Carolina = = = +Boone is a town in and the county seat of Watauga County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 19,092 people live in Boone. + += = = Clayton, North Carolina = = = +Clayton is a town in Johnston and Wake counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, 26,307 people live in Clayton. + += = = Gatesville, North Carolina = = = +Gatesville is a town in and the county seat of Gates County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 267 people live in Gatesville. + += = = Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina = = = +Fuquay-Varina is a town in Wake County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 34,152 people live in Fuquay-Varina. + += = = Harrisburg, North Carolina = = = +Harrisburg is a town in Cabarrus County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 18,967 people live in Harrisburg. + += = = Hope Mills, North Carolina = = = +Hope Mills is a town in Cumberland County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 17,808 people live in Hope Mills. + += = = Huntersville, North Carolina = = = +Huntersville is a town in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 61,376 people live in Huntersville. + += = = Knightdale, North Carolina = = = +Knightdale is a town in Wake County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 19,435 people live in Knightdale. + += = = Yuzuru Hanyu = = = +Yuzuru Hanyu () is a Japanese Figure skater. + += = = Texas Two-Step = = = +The Texas Two-Step is a dance that originated in 1845 when Texas was first founded. Within 2 months, the founders of Texas (Davie Rocket, John Menger III, Chris Alamo, and Antonio Sanders) adopted the dance as a staple of Texas heritage. Historians still argue about if the dance originated after the successful Battle of the Bulge or the war of 1899 with Houston. +The dance is performed by putting your lead foot behind your support foot while simultaneously twisting your pelvis in a counter-clockwise motion, being sure to point your toes toward your partner. Keep in mind, the entirety of the dance is completed by two Texas sized steps (around 4.2x as large as a standard U.S. step). What follows these two steps is a series of freestyle movements that vary between performers. For example, Davie Rocket adopted the "Hemisfair" movement, where you proceed to grab your partner by the pinky and swing her around your head similar to the motion of a lasso. +Importance. +The Texas Two-Step and other forms of step related lone star dances have become a cultural staple of the state down under. Bordering states have attempted to plagiarize this dance in ways of their own, but to no avail. For example, Louisiana created the Boot Stompin' Bop, until it faded into obscurity in 1923 after the housing market crash. Arkansas native Dick Rutherford created the Whiskey Slammer Toe Spinner, but 2 minutes into the debut of the dance, Dick was shot in the Golden Monkey Saloon. The only dance to remain a southern tradition as much as the Texas Two-Step, is the Texas Two-Step. +Notable Sightings. +Many notable individuals have been seen in public performing the famous dance. Tom Alamodome, John "Hand-Standin'" Johnson, and Brett were all sighted at Shiner Park performing the moves of the golden days. They were all sighted by Eva Longoria, former Spurs trophy wife. + += = = Death of Mario Gonzalez = = = +On April 19, 2021, Mario Gonzalez, a 26-year-old Latino man was killed by the Alameda Police Department. In their initial report of the incident, the department reported that Gonzalez died after a “scuffle” and “physical altercation” resulting in a “medical emergency.” In body cam footage released on April 27, Gonzalez could be seen being pinned to the ground for more than five minutes after refusing to provide identification, eventually becoming unresponsive. He died in police custody. +People involved. +Mario Gonzalez. +Mario Gonzalez (December 24, 1994 – April 19, 2021) was a 26-year-old man from Oakland, California. He was a father and was the primary caretaker of his mother and brother, who has autism. +Officers. +The officers involved with Gonzalez' death were identified as Eric McKinley, who has been on the force for three years, Cameron Leahy, who has been on the force for three years, and James Fisher, who has been on the force for 10 years. The three men have been placed on paid administrative leave. +Incident. +An officer approaches Gonzalez at a park after police said they were responding to reports of a man who was believed to be intoxicated and suspected of theft. Gonzalez was in the park with two baskets. Officials asked him to produce his name and identification; Gonzalez does not produce an ID, and an officer states, "Please put your hand behind your back ... please stop resisting us." The officers push Gonzalez into the ground into wood chips, placing a knee on his back and leaving it there for four minutes as an out-of-breath Gonzalez says, "I didn't do nothing." and “Please don’t do this.” Gonzalez loses consciousness, at which point the officers rolled him over and perform CPR. He was pronounced dead. +Investigation. +Alameda city officials launched an independent investigation into Gonzalez' death. +Reactions. +Family. +Gonzalez' brother stated, "Everything we saw in that video was unnecessary and unprofessional. The police killed my brother in the same manner that they killed George Floyd." Julia Sherwin, a lawyer representing the Gonzalez family, stated, "His death was completely avoidable and unnecessary. Drunk guy in a park doesn't equal a capital sentence." +Institutions. +CURYJ Executive Director George Galvis stated, “We have seen this play out time and time again. Police come up with a false narrative until footage is revealed and the truth comes out. They did this to 13-year-old Adam Toledo, and they would have done it to George Floyd if there wasn’t community recording.” +Public figures. +Alameda mayor Marilyn Ezzy Ashcraft stated, “I’m just heartsick. This is a young man. This shouldn't have happened." +On Twitter, former-Housing and Urban Development Secretary Julian Castro wrote, "Police in Alameda, CA wrote in a report that Mario Gonzalez was violent before his arrest and died in the hospital after a 'medical emergency.' Body cam footage shows he was calm and peaceful. He died on-site after they knelt on his back for 5 minutes." + += = = Charuplaya tree frog = = = +The Charuplaya tree frog ("Boana callipleura") is a frog that lives in Bolivia. Scienitsts have seen it between 700 and 2300 meters above sea level. + += = = 2032 Summer Olympics = = = +The 2032 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXV Olympiad and commonly known as Brisbane 2032, will be a multi-sport event taking place from 23 July to 8 August 2032, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The winning bid was selected and announced by the International Olympic Committee on 21 July 2021, right before the 2020 Summer Olympics due to bidding rule changes. Brisbane was first announced as the preferred bid on 24 February 2021. + += = = The Gabba = = = +The Brisbane Cricket Ground, commonly known as the Gabba, is a major sports stadium in Brisbane, the capital of Queensland, Australia. It has hosted many different sports including athletics, Australian rules football, baseball, concerts, cricket, cycling, rugby league, rugby union, soccer and pony and greyhound racing. From October to March, the stadium hosts cricket matches. The Queensland cricket team and the Brisbane Heat play home matches at the stadium. It is also the home ground of the Brisbane Lions during the Australian Football League (AFL) season. +It will be the main hub for the 2032 Summer Olympics. + += = = Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness = = = +Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness is a 2022 American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics character Doctor Strange. The movie is produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is a sequel to "Doctor Strange" (2016) and is the 28th movie in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). It premiered at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood on May 2, 2022, and was released in the United States on May 6. +Plot. +Following the events of "" (2021), Dr. Stephen Strange casts a forbidden spell that opens the door to the multiverse, including an alternate version of Strange, whose threat to humanity is too great for the combined forces of Strange, Wong, and Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch. +Cast. +Additional members of the Illuminati of Earth-838 include Patrick Stewart as Charles Xavier / Professor X, portraying a different version of the character that he previously played in 20th Century Fox's X-Men movie series; Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter / Captain Carter, after voicing a similar version of the character in the animated series "What If...?" (2021); Lashana Lynch as Maria Rambeau / Captain Marvel, an alternate version of her character from "Captain Marvel" (2019); Anson Mount as Blackagar Boltagon / Black Bolt, an alternate version of his role from Marvel's ABC television series "Inhumans" (2017); and John Krasinski as Reed Richards / Mister Fantastic, a member of the Fantastic Four. Julian Hilliard and Jett Klyne portray the Earth-838 versions of their respective roles from "WandaVision" (2021) as Maximoff's sons Billy and Tommy, while Topo Wresniwiro reprises his role from the first movie as Hamir, a Master of the Mystic Arts. +Also appearing in the movie are Adam Hugill as Rintrah, a minotaur-like being from R'Vaal who is a student at Kamar-Taj; and the creature Gargantos, with its design based on the comic book creature Shuma-Gorath. Ross Marquand voices the Ultron drones that appear on Earth-838. Marquand previously voiced a different version of Ultron in "What If...?", replacing James Spader who portrayed the Earth-616 Ultron in "" (2015). Charlize Theron is introduced in the mid-credits scene as Clea, and screenwriter Michael Waldron makes a cameo appearance as a guest at Palmer's wedding. Bruce Campbell, who worked frequently with director Sam Raimi, briefly appears in the main movie and post-credits scene as the vendor of an Earth-838 restaurant called Pizza Poppa. + += = = William Carlos Williams = = = +William Carlos Williams (1883–1963) was an American poet and a medical doctor. His mother was born in Puerto Rico. His father was raised in the Dominican Republic. +Williams' autobiography was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1952. In 1963 he won the Pulitzer Prize for "Pictures from Brueghel". He also wrote short stories and novels. He was a major writer of modernist literature. He was friends with other important American poets such as Ezra Pound and Allen Ginsberg. +Some of his famous books are "Kora in Hell" (1920), "Spring and All" (1923), "Pictures from Brueghel and Other Poems" (1962), and the epic poem "Paterson" (1963, 1992). + += = = Castellammare di Stabia = = = +Castellammare di Stabia is an Italian city in Campania. About 65,300 people live there. + += = = Afragola = = = +Afragola is an Italian city in Campania. About 64,400 people live there. + += = = Alpine musk deer = = = +The Alpine musk deer ("Moschus chrysogaster") is a deer that lives in Central Asia. This species is called endangered on the IUCN Red List and it is given first-class protection by the government of China. +Appearance. +The fur of a musk deer is dark brown. They are 0.5 to 0.6 m high and .85 to 1 m long. They weigh 10 to 15 kg. They have long ears and short tails, and the male deer have very long canine teeth that look like tusks. +Male musk deer have musk pods that can weigh 30 to 45 g. +Musk deer can live 12 to 15 years. +Behavior. +Alpine musk deer all leave their feces in the same place. Scientists call this a latrine site. They do this to mark their territory, meaning to show other deer that a place belongs to them. +Threats. +Alpine musk deer are in danger of dying out because human beings trap them. Like other musk male deer, male Alpine musk deer have musk pods that people use musk pods to make perfumes and in traditional medicines. When people set traps for male musk deer, they trap and kill female musk deer and fawns too. In the 21st century, one kilogram of musk pod can pay US$45,000. +The government of China keeps some Alpine musk deer in captivity. + += = = Redneck (movie) = = = +Redneck () is a 1973 British Italian crime thriller movie directed by Silvio Narizzano and starring Franco Nero, Telly Savalas, Mark Lester, Ely Galleani, Duilio Del Prete, Maria Michi. + += = = Dane Boedigheimer = = = +Dane Willard Boedigheimer (born September 28, 1979), better known by their cybernym DaneBoe, is an American filmmaker, singer and actor. They are known for creating the web series "The Annoying Orange" and the spin-off television series "The High Fructose Adventures of Annoying Orange". They provides the voice of the title character in both productions. + += = = Morehead City, North Carolina = = = +Morehead City is a port town in Carteret County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 9,556 people live in Morehead City. + += = = Bento Rodrigues dam disaster = = = +The Bento Reodrigues dam disaster happened on 5 November 2015, when a dam at a Germano iron ore mine broke. The disaster is also known as Mariana dam disaster, or Samarco dam disaster. It happened in a mine near Mariana, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The flooding devastated the downstream villages of Bento Rodrigues and Paracatu de Baixo, from Bento Rodrigues, killing 19 people. The damage caused by the tailings dam collapse is the largest ever recorded with pollutants spread along of watercourses. +The failure of the dam released 43.7 million cubic metres of mine tailings into the Doce River. A toxic brown mudflow polluted the river and beaches near the mouth when it reached the Atlantic Ocean 17 days later. The disaster created a humanitarian crisis as hundreds were displaced and cities along the Doce River suffered water shortages when their water supplies were polluted. +The total impact of the disaster, including the reason for failure and the environmental consequences, are officially under investigation and remain unclear. The owner of the Bento Rodrigues dam, Samarco, was subject to extensive litigation and government sanctions. In 2016, charges of manslaughter and environmental damage were filed against 21 executives, including Samarco's former CEO and representatives from Samarco's owners, Vale and BHP Billiton, on its board of directors. Controversy over the investigation grew after a 2013 report, indicating structural issues in the dam, was leaked. + += = = Detroit Symphony Orchestra = = = +The Detroit Symphony Orchestra (DSO) is an American musical group that is mostly located in Detroit, Michigan. Its main location where they play is Orchestra Hall at the Max M. Fisher Music Center in Detroit's Midtown area. The musical group's current leader and CEO is Anne Parsons, since 2004. Jader Bignamini is the current musical leader of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, getting the position in 2020. + += = = Bikini contest = = = +A swimsuit competition, which is more commonly called bikini contest nowadays, is a beauty pageant, where the contestants wear swimsuits. The contestant models are mostly judged by their physical attractiveness. Companies have sometimes organised such contests to make their products more popular, or to find new models for their swimwear. +Such competitions have also been criticized: Critics say that such competitions make girls and women think that they are primarily valued for their physical appearance; t this puts pressure on women to conform to conventional beauty standards. + += = = Kernersville, North Carolina = = = +Kernersville is a town in Forsyth and Guilford counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, 26,449 people live in Kernersville. + += = = Hakama = = = +Hakama are Japanese clothing that looks like a skirt. Men also wear hakama like trousers. Hakama begins in the 6th century. Hakama are tied at the waist and worn over kimono. + += = = Holbeck = = = +Holbeck is an centre city area of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It starts on the southern area of Leeds city centre and mostly is in the LS11 postcode area. The M1 and M621 motorway previously started or ended in Holbeck, but now it is only the M621 that goes through the area. Since big pieces of Holbeck have been evacuated so they can remake a big part of the area, with many people leaving the area. Holbeck had a population of 5,505 in 2011. The area currently is in the Beeston and Holbeck part of Leeds City Council. + += = = Barco = = = +Barco NV is a Belgian technology company. Barco focusing on three core markets: entertainment, enterprise, and healthcare. Barco is headquartered in Kortrijk, Belgium. +The company has 400 granted patents. Shares of Barco are listed on Euronext Brussels. +Barco is an acronym (Belgian American Radio Corporation). +Barco was founded in 1934 in the town of Poperinge. Founder is Lucien Depuydt. In 1989, Barco acquired EMT. In 2018, Barco sold subsidiary Barco Silex. + += = = Matthews, North Carolina = = = +Matthews is a town in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 29,435 people live in Matthews. + += = = Monkey on My Back (movie) = = = +Monkey on My Back is a 1957 American biographical movie directed by Andre DeToth and starring Cameron Mitchell, Dianne Foster, Paul Richards, Jack Albertson, Kathy Garver, Barry Kelley, Raymond Greenleaf, Richard Benedict. It was distributed by United Artists. + += = = Ahvaz = = = +Ahvaz () is a city in southwestern Iran. It is the capital of Khuzestan Province. In the year 2016, about 1,350,000 people lived there. In 2018, 30 people were killed in a mass shooting. The city is majority Arab with a significant Persian minority. + += = = The Patriot (wrestler) = = = +Delbert Alexander "Del" Wilkes, Jr. (December 21, 1961June 30, 2021) was an American professional wrestler and college football player. He had many ring names such as The Trooper and The Patriot. Wilkes wrestled for the American Wrestling Association, the Global Wrestling Federation, All Japan Pro Wrestling, World Championship Wrestling, and the World Wrestling Federation. +Wilkes died of a heart attack on June 30, 2021 in Newberry, South Carolina, at the age of 59. + += = = Desmond O'Malley = = = +Desmond Joseph O'Malley (2 February 1939 – 21 July 2021) was an Irish politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Limerick East constituency from 1968 to 2002. He was born in Limerick, Ireland. He was also the founder and Leader of the Progressive Democrats from 1985 to 1993. +O'Malley was Minister for Industry and Commerce from 1977 to 1981 and 1989 to 1992. O'Malley also was Minister for Trade, Commerce and Tourism from March 1982 to October 1982, Minister for Justice from 1970 to 1973 and Government Chief Whip and Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Defence from 1969 to 1970. +O'Malley died on 21 July 2021 in Dublin, aged 82. + += = = Peanut oil = = = +Peanut oil is a type of vegetable oil that comes from the fat in peanuts. This oil is known to have a neutral flavour unless the peanuts were roasted first. It is commonly used in deep frying. +Composition. +Peanut oil is 17% saturated fat, 46% monounsaturated fat, and 32% polyunsaturated fat (table). + += = = Boniface Alexandre = = = +Boniface Alexandre (31 July 1936 – 4 August 2023) was a Haitian politician. Alexandre served as the provisional President of Haiti following the 2004 Haitian coup d'état until May 2006. +During Alexandre's acting presidency, Amnesty International found that many people have been kidnapped, murdered and imprisoned without charge or trial. +Alexandre died on 4 August 2023 at his home in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, four days after his 87th birthday. + += = = Corn oil = = = +Corn oil (also called maize oil) is a type of cooking oil. It comes from the fat in the germ of corn seeds. It is a cheap oil compared to others. It is commonly used in frying at high heats. +Composition. +Corn oil is 12.9% saturated fat, 27.6% monounsaturated fat, and 54.7% polyunsaturated fat. + += = = Juan Vital Sourrouille = = = +Juan Vital Sourrouille (13 August 1940 – 21 July 2021) was an Argentine economist and politician. Sourrouille was born in Buenos Aires. He was the Minister of Economy of Argentina during the government of Raúl Alfonsín from 1985 until 1989. He created the Austral plan. +Sourrouille died on 21 July 2021 in Buenos Aires from colorectal cancer, aged 80. + += = = The Disputed Vote of Mr. Cayo = = = +The Disputed Vote of Mr. Cayo is a 1986 Spanish movie directed by Antonio Giménez-Rico and starring Francisco Rabal, Juan Luis Galiardo, Iñaki Miramón, Lydia Bosch. + += = = A Year of the Quiet Sun = = = +A Year of the Quiet Sun () is a 1984 Polish Italian German World War II romantic drama movie directed by Krzysztof Zanussi and starring Maja Komorowska, Scott Wilson, Ewa Dałkowska, Vadim Glowna, Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Zofia Rysiówna. + += = = Ash Wednesday (1973 movie) = = = +Ash Wednesday is a 1973 American mystery drama movie directed by Larry Peerce and starring Elizabeth Taylor, Henry Fonda, Helmut Berger, Keith Baxter. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = Stealing Heaven = = = +Stealing Heaven is a 1988 British Serbian romantic drama movie directed by Clive Donner and was based on the novel of the same name by Marion Meade. It stars Derek de Lint, Kim Thomson, Denholm Elliott, Bernard Hepton, Kenneth Cranham, Rachel Kempson, Angela Pleasence, Patsy Byrne, Timothy Watson, Victoria Burgoyne. + += = = IJustine = = = +Justine Ezarik (born March 20, 1984) is an American YouTuber, host, author and actress and the winner of the 7000th show "The Price is Right". She is best known as iJustine, with over a billion views across her YouTube channels since 2006. She gained attention as a lifecaster who communicated directly with her millions of viewers on her Justin.tv channel, ijustine.tv. + += = = Blackmail (1939 movie) = = = +Blackmail is a 1939 American crime drama movie directed by H. C. Potter and starring Edward G. Robinson, Ruth Hussey, Gene Lockhart, Bobs Watson, John Wray, Arthur Hohl, Esther Dale. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. + += = = Kevin Brueck = = = +Kevin Brueck (born April 27, 1978) is an American voice actor and YouTuber, most notable for his involvement in the web series the "Annoying Orange" franchise and the spin-off "Liam the Leprechaun" franchise. He is also known for voicing many characters on the YouTube web series "The Annoying Orange"; his most famous voice role is that of Grandpa Lemon, Lemon's grandfather. + += = = Biggles (movie) = = = +Biggles is a 1986 British World War I science fiction adventure movie directed by John Hough and starring Nick Dickson, Alex Hyde-White, Fiona Hutchison, Peter Cushing, William Hootkins, Francesca Gonshaw, Daniel Flynn. + += = = Big business = = = +Big business means large-scale and corporate-controlled business activities. The term "big business" refers to activities that run from "huge transactions" to the more general "doing big things". United States companies which are classified as big businesses include although are not limited to Walmart, Microsoft, Apple Inc., General Electric, Verizon Communications, Google, General Motors, Amazon, Tesla and Toyota. Apple Inc. had just over $2.1 trillion as of June 2021. Microsoft had almost $1.8 trillion by that same time. Tesla had about $641 billion by June 2021. The biggest United Kingdom business networks are HSBC, Barclays, Unilever and BP (called British Petroleum before 1998). +The history of big business. +According to the "Oxford English Dictionary", the words "big business" were first mentioned in Frederic Clemson Howe's book "The City: the Hope of Democracy"' in 1905. +The automotive industry started off small in the late 19th century. They grew very fast after large-scale gasoline was developed during the early 20th century. +New technology from computers spread across the world in the years following World War II. Businesses built around computer technology include though are not limited to Microsoft, Apple Inc., Intel, IBM and Samsung. +The criticism of big business. +There are various efforts being made to investigate the effects of "bigness" toward workers, consumers and investors. The effects toward prices and competition are also being looked at. +Large corporations have been subjected to strong controversy and criticism for abusing their employees, exploiting workers, political corruption, white-collar crime and corporate scandals. +Contrary to popular belief, not all corporations in the United States associate with the Republican Party. Several companies, Delta Air Lines, Coca-Cola and Major League Baseball went against Georgia's new and restrictive voting laws. Amazon, Google and Starbucks signed a statement that was against legislation which would discriminate against people who have certain racial, ethnic or disability backgrounds and those with certain sexual preferences. +Many Americans believe that corporations have too much power. +Corporate concentration can lead to influence over government in areas such as tax policy, trade policy, environmental policy, foreign policy, and labor policy through lobbying. In 2005, the majority of Americans believed that big business has "too much power in Washington." + += = = Boana curupi = = = +The yellow-spotted tree frog, fasciated frog or spotted tree frog ("Boana albopunctata") is a frog that lives in Paraguay, Brazil, and Argentina. Scientists have seen it between 300 and 700 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is 29.0 to 43.4 mm long from nose to rear end, and the adult female frog is 41.3 to 47.0 mm long. +This frog is dark brown in color with darker patches and a white stripe on its lip. It is lighter at the throat. Its bones are green and the iris of its eye is gold. +The frog's name comes from "Curupi," also called "Curipira" or "Kurupira," a creature from folklore that protects the forest and the living things in it. + += = = Netsuke = = = +Netsuke is a Japanese miniature sculpture. It appeared in the 17th century. Originally It looked like a hanging keychain on Japanese traditional clothing called kimono. Netsuke was a button fastener on the cords of an inro box. +Netsuke is made of various materials: ivory, boxwood, metal, boar tusk, clay and so on. + += = = Kintsugi = = = +Kintsugi is the Japanese art of repairing broken pottery with lacquer. It is similar to the Japanese philosophy of wabi-sabi (philosophy of imperfection value). + += = = Free Britney movement = = = +The Free Britney movement is an Internet social movement. Members with the movement are working for American Britney Spears to be freed from her years-long and court-ordered conservatorship (the appointment of court-ordered guardians or protectors by court judges). The Free Britney movement was begun in 2008. The movement became popular in 2019. +The background. +In 2008, Spears was placed into a three-day psychiatric hold two separate times. At the time, she was experiencing serious conflicts which affected her personal life. Those conflicts include divorcing her then-husband Kevin Federline in late 2007, attacking paparazzi, shaving her head and losing the custody of her two sons with Federline. Just after the second hospital visit, Spears' father Jamie filed to put a temporary conservatorship on her. The conservatorship was made permanent later in 2008. Jamie was the conservator for Britney's personal affair and co-conservator for her finances with Andrew Wallet. Wallet was in charge starting in 2009. He resigned his position in March 2019. Due to stress from her father Jamie's afflictions, Britney went into a mental health facility the same month. She was released the following month from the mental health facility. +The inception and outcomes. +In April 2019, a podcast that involved Britney, titled "Britney's Gram", put out voicemails from an anonymous party saying they were the former members of her legal team. The anonymous party also said her planned second residency was canceled by her father Jamie due to Britney not always wanting to take her medication. They then said Britney was involuntarily held in the facility beginning in January after she violated rules that banned her from driving. Finally, they said the conservatorship was originally scheduled to end in 2009. Shortly after the podcast episode, a movement to end the conservatorship, called #FreeBritney, became widely known. In May, the Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Brenda Penny, the judge over the case, ordered an "expert evaluation" of the arrangement during a hearing. In September 2019, her former husband Federline was then granted a restraining order against Britney's father Jamie just after what might have been a physical dispute between Jamie and one of Federline's and Britney's sons. The order was sought when Federline said Jamie broke down a door to get his grandson. When the grandson was in his room, Federline said, Jamie grabbed him. +The Los Angeles divorce attorney Mark Vincent Kaplan stated there was a disagreement that took place when Britney and her sons were visiting Jamie at his home. According to Kaplan, the disagreement led to a serious act of physical violence that was observed by Britney's and Federline's older son Jayden. Kaplan credited Britney for removing the children from the area. +Britney Spears gave notice to the court on June 23, 2021 and talked about having trauma. She described the conservatorship as "abusive". She then expressed her wishes for choosing her own legal representation and to marry and have another child. She asked Penny to dissolve the conservatorship without further evaluation. The request to end the conservatorship, however, was later denied by Penny. During a court hearing in July 2021, Britney Spears was given the right to choose her own lawyer. Judge Penny then approved the replacement of Spears' previous lawyer Samuel Ingham with Matthew Rosengart. The new lawyer said he would be working to dissolve the conservatorship. +A public response. +From 2019 to 2021, the #FreeBritney movement gained support from many celebrities. They included singers Miley Cyrus and Cher and media personality Paris Hilton. The singers Justin Timberlake and Christina Aguilera, the earlier of whom was Spears' past boyfriend, also voiced their support. The latter also said Spears' conservatorship was "unacceptable". +U.S. Burgess Owens, Marjorie Taylor Greene, Andy Biggs and Matt Gaetz invited Spears to testify on her conservatorship to United States Congress. In relation to Spears' case, U.S. Senators Bob Casey Jr. and Elizabeth Warren called on the United States Department of Health and Human Services and the Department of Justice to give them data on conservatorships so they could make policy-related recommending on the system. Casey Jr. and Warren called for more federal oversight on the guardianship system in the United States after Spears' testimony. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a nonprofit organization, decided they would help Spears in dissolving the conservatorship if she requested to do so. They filed an "amicus curiae" to support Spears' plea to choose her own legal representation. + += = = Skytech = = = +Skytech Helicopters is a Belgian helicopter company. +Skytech operating heavy-lift helicopters in different countries. +�ompany was founded in Belgium in November 1989 by helicopter pilots Thierry Lakhanisky and Lucienne De Dryver. + += = = Janssen Pharmaceuticals = = = +Janssen Pharmaceuticals is a Belgian pharmaceutical company. +Company is headquartered in Beerse, Belgium, and owned by Johnson & Johnson. +Janssen Pharmaceuticals conducts research of a wide range of human medical disorders, including mental illness, neurological disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, HIV/AIDS, allergies and cancer. +History. +Company was founded in 1953 by Paul Janssen. +In 1961, Janssen Pharmaceuticals was purchased by American corporation Johnson & Johnson. + += = = Conservatorship = = = +In United States law, conservatorship is when a protector or guardian is appointed by a court judge to manage the financial affairs for another person. This is usually because that person is old or has physical or mental health problems. People in a conservatorship are called "conservatees". Conservatees are usually adults. A person in guardianship is called a "ward". The term "ward" is usually used in reference to minors (people under age 18). Conservatorship may also be used for corporations or organizations. +Appointment of conservatorships. +"Conservatorship" refers to the legal responsibility over a person who has a certain mental disorder or a physical health problem. This includes people affected with psychosis, suicidal ideation, certain levels of autism or in some other way are not able to make medical, financial or legal decisions for themselves. +In relation to the government control of businesses and corporations, like Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, conservatorship means more temporary control than does nationalization. +Conservatorship controversy. +A recent example of conservatorship controversy is that involving the American pop singer-songwriter Britney Spears. She was put into conservatorship by her father in 2008. The year before, Britney had a mental breakdown. Spears also shaved her head and hit paparazzi with an umbrella but that was because they were violently attacking her. In late 2008, the conservatorship was made permanent (unfortunately). It triggered the Free Britney movement because it was clearly fraudulent (britney did not, and has never, had dementia or any form thereof) +In California there are two forms of conservatorship. The Lanterman-Petris-Short conservatorship starts off being temporary. This one is renewed every year if necessary. A probate (aka slavery) conservatorship does not have a temporary period. It does not automatically expire. Spears is in the latter (the probate form of conservatorship which lasts for around 10,000 years and is one of the most horrific things that can happen to a person). +Spears has wanted the conservatorship to be stopped because, she says, her father uses it to abuse and use her, and also it is clearly a dishonest strategy to steal her money and ruin her life. + += = = Chink (slur) = = = +Chink or ching chong ( or �� ("qīng chōng"), is a racial slur for a Chinese person. It is primarily used in Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, India, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malaysia. Sometimes, it can be used to refer to anyone of Asian heritage or appearance. + += = = Paki = = = +Paki is a British English racial slur targeted at Pakistanis. It is mostly used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, America, and India. The word is taken from the Persian, Urdu, and Pashto word "Pak" (���) which means purity in the Persian, Pashto, and Urdu languages. + += = = Bloody hell = = = +Bloody hell is a common British swearing phrase used as a milder form of "fucking hell" and a vulgar version of "what the hell", "bugger", "crap" or "damn it". It is used in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Singapore, Malaysia, Fiji and Sri Lanka. + += = = Texaco = = = +Texaco (or The Texas Company; originally called The Texas Fuel Company) is an American petroleum and gasoline company. It was founded in 1902 in Beaumont, Texas. The Chevron Corporation bought the Texaco company in late 2000. +In 1931, Texaco bought the Indian Oil Company. The Indian Oil Company was in Illinois. This expanded the company's refining and marketing base across the midwestern United States. It also gave Texaco rights to Indian's Havoline motor oil (which became a Texaco product). +In 1994, the System3 gasolines by Texaco were replaced with new CleanSystem3 gasoline for improved engine performance. +Texaco gasoline contains Techron, an additive developed by Chevron in 2005. It replaces the previous CleanSystem3. This Texaco brand is strong in Latin America, the United States and West Africa. It is also in Europe. In the United Kingdom, there are about 850 Texaco-branded gas stations. +In 2010, Texaco ended business operations across the Mid-Atlantic States. Texaco removed its brand from 450 stations in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Ohio, Indiana, West Virginia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Kentucky and Washington, D.C.. +Texaco once did business in and around the Quad Cities of southeastern Iowa and northwestern Illinois. In the 2000s decade, however, the stores were closed. They were then replaced with Kwik Shop stores in Iowa and with Gas Land stores in Illinois. + += = = The Haunted Mansion (movie) = = = +The Haunted Mansion is a 1996 American horror comedy film based on the attraction of the same name at Disney theme parks. Directed by Paul Weiland, the film is written by Dave Foley, Jay Kogen and Stephen Hibbert and stars Alec Baldwin, Donald Sutherland, Kyle MacLachlan, Rachel Weisz in a dual role, Jennifer Tilly, and Dina Spybey. +Production. +Michael Keaton, Brendan Fraser, Jim Carrey, Mel Gibson, Tim Robbins, Jon Lovitz, Tim Allen, Tom Hanks and Mike Myers were also considered for the role of Jim Evers. However, Mike Myers and Tim Robbins were too busy working on "". +Release. +The film was theatrically released in the United States on December 3, 1999 and is Disney's second film based on an attraction following the television film "Tower of Terror". The film grossed $182.3 million worldwide on a $90 million budget and was panned by critics. +Filming. +Principal photography began on December 21, 1998, and wrapped on a April 28, 1999. + += = = Balinese language = = = +Balinese (������ �����; "Basa Bali") is a Malayo-Polynesian language which belongs to the Austronesian language family. It is spoken by the Balinese people on the island of Bali in Indonesia. It is written in both Balinese script and Latin script. + += = = Intonation (speech) = = = +Intonation is about the variation in pitch of speech which may change meaning. How something is said may change its meaning. All spoken languages use this tactic. +The study of intonations is part of prosody. +A simple example which shows how important prosody is. A parent says to a child "well done". Without some annotation, one can't decide whether the child has indeed done well, or whether it has {say} knocked a glass of milk over. + += = = Puppet theatre = = = +Puppet theatre or puppetry is a form of theatre where the puppeteer manipulates the puppets. The puppeteer is usually hidden from the audience. The action of puppet show take place on the small self-made stage. The puppets can be marionette, finger puppets, sock puppets or glove puppets. + += = = The War of the Roses (movie) = = = +The War of the Roses is a 1989 American black comedy film based upon the 1981 novel of the same name by Warren Adler. The film follows a wealthy couple with a seemingly perfect marriage. When their marriage begins to fall apart, material possessions become the center of an outrageous and bitter divorce battle. +The film co-stars Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito. DeVito directed the film, which also had producer James L. Brooks working on a project outside of "The Simpsons". The opening title sequence was created by Saul Bass and Elaine Makatura Bass. +In both the novel and the film, the married couple's family name is Rose, and the title is an allusion to the battles between the warring Houses of York and Lancaster who were contending for the English throne during the late Middle Ages. In Germany, the film was such a huge success that its German title "Der Rosenkrieg" became synonymous with high-conflict divorce and is now regularly used in the media. + += = = Frankenstein 90 = = = +Frankenstein 90 is a 1984 French comedy movie directed by Alain Jessua and starring Jean Rochefort and Eddy Mitchell. + += = = Savage Steve Holland = = = +Savage Steve Holland (born April 29, 1958) is an American writer, cartoonist, producer, voice actor, animator, and film director who wrote and directed the films "Better Off Dead" (1985) and "One Crazy Summer" (1986), starring John Cusack. He also directed the film "How I Got into College" (1989), and animated the "Whammy" on the game show "Press Your Luck". He later went on to create and produce "Eek! the Cat" and "The Terrible Thunderlizards" for Fox Kids. He now manages his own studio, Savage Studios Ltd., and directs shows for Cartoon Network, Disney Channel and Nickelodeon. +Education. +He studied animation at the California Institute of the Arts, where one of his student projects "Going Nowhere Fast" (1980), was exhibited at the Museum of Cat Food show "Tomorrowland: CalArts in Moving Pictures". +Popular culture. +Savage Steve Holland was lampooned in the episode "What Big Rewrite Notes You Have" of the cartoon Ned's Newt, as over-the-top director "Sausage Steve Finland". + += = = Beach volleyball = = = +Beach volleyball is a team sport, a kind of volleyball. The players have two teams (2 per side) and play on a sand court divided by a net. + += = = Alexander Williams (cartoonist) = = = +Alexander "Alex" Williams (born October 18, 1967 in London, England) is an English television and film animator and cartoonist. He is the son of animator Richard Williams. He has worked on many animated television series, and is the author of the "Queens Counsel" cartoon strip in "The Times", for which he was awarded the Cartoon Art Trust Award for Strip Cartooning in October 2017. +In June 1987 Williams was 19 years old and in his first year of studies at the University of Oxford when he started work as an in-betweener on "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", working under animator Simon Wells and later as an assistant animator to Marc Gordon-Bates. Williams initially worked unpaid as an intern, and was later invited by producer Patsy de Lord to work on the film full-time. The university agreed to his taking a suspension of studies for a year. The following year, in 1988, he joined the Disney-MGM Studio in Orlando, Florida, working on the short film RollerCoaster Rabbit. +Animation. +His work as an animator includes "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (1988), "The Princess and the Cobbler" (1993), "The Lion King" (1994), "Quest for Camelot" (1998), "The Iron Giant" (1999), "The Road to El Dorado" (2000), ' (2002), "Piglet's Big Movie", ' (2003), "Robots" (2005) and "Open Season" (2006). + += = = Honey Bunny In Crazy Crazy Chase = = = +Honey Bunny In Crazy Crazy Chase is a 2019 Indian animated action-comedy movie, based on Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal. +The movie is inspired by Home Alone. It is also the first and only movie of the Honey Bunny Ka Jholmaal movie series to be distributed by PVR Cinemas as well as Sony Pictures Networks. +Plot. +Honey and Bunny are on their way to Kanyakumari but mistakenly end up in Goa while following Miss Katkar's lookalike. There, their paths cross with two burglars who may end up ruining their vacation. + += = = Google Docs Editors = = = +Google Docs Editors is a web-based productivity office suite offered by Google within its Google Drive service. The suite includes Google Docs, Google Sheets, Google Slides, Google Drawings, Google Forms, Google Sites, and Google Keep. It used to also include Google Fusion Tables until it was discontinued in 2019. +The Google Docs Editors suite is available freely for users with personal Google accounts: through a web application, a set of mobile apps for Android and iOS, and a desktop application for Google's Chrome OS. +Rivals. +Many other programs compete with Google Docs. The competing programs are similar and have the basic functions of Google Docs and some add-ons that make them a better product than the same. + += = = André Silva (footballer, born 1995) = = = +André Miguel Valente da Silva (born 6 November 1995) is a Portuguese football player. He plays as a striker for La Liga club Real Sociedad, on loan from RB Leipzig, and the Portugal national team. + += = = Indian Trail, North Carolina = = = +Indian Trail is a town in Union County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 39,997 people live in Indian Trail. + += = = Post-punk = = = +Post-punk (originally called new musick) is a large genre of rock music. It started in the late 1970s when musicians got tired of the how simple regular punk rock was. Post-punk artists added avant-garde ideas and other ideas from outside rock music. They kept punk rock's energy and DIY ethic but added styles like funk, electronic music, jazz, and dance music; the production techniques of dub and disco; and ideas from art and politics, including critical theory, modernist art, cinema and literature. These communities produced independent record labels, visual art, multimedia performances and fanzines. + += = = Maile Flanagan = = = +Maile Flanagan (born May 19, 1965) is an American actress and comedian. She is best known for her role as Naruto Uzumaki in the English dub of "Naruto" who she has voiced in all properties and media since 2005. + += = = Hikimayu = = = +Hikimayu was a Japanese tradtiion of removing the eyebrows and painting two smudges on the forehead from Nara period to 19th century. + += = = Bunraku = = = +Bunraku, also known as "Ningyō jōruri", is a Japanese puppet theatre, founded in Osaka in the 17th century. It was mainly related to kabuki from Genroku period. Bunraku developed in Edo period combining puppet art with "joruri". Bunraku has the narrator with puppets and the action is accompained by a game on the shamisen. +The most famous Japanese bunraku playwright is Chikamatsu Mozaemon. His most famous work is "The Love Suicides at Sonezaki". +History. +Originally the term bunraku referred to theatre founded in Osaka in 1805. +In Edo period, male pupeteers were hidden from the audience by the curtain while they held pupepts. The narrator and musician were also hidden. In 1703, pupeteers apperead in full view of the audience. In 1728, the narrator and musician were given their own stage. + += = = Midland, North Carolina = = = +Midland is a town in Cabarrus County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 4,684 people live in Midland. + += = = Ousmane Dembélé = = = +Masour Ousmane Dembélé (born 15 May 1997) is a French football player. He plays as a forward for Paris Saint-Germain and the France national team. +Honours. +Borussia Dortmund +Barcelona +France +Individual +Orders + += = = Vernon, Eure = = = +Vernon is a commune. It is in Normandy in the Eure department in north France. +Twin towns. +Vernon is twinned with: + += = = Alonsotegi = = = +Alonsotegi is a municipality of 2,890 people (2020). It is in the province of Biscay in the autonomous community of the Basque Country in Spain. + += = = IParty with Victorious = = = +"iParty with Victorious" was an episode of the television shows "iCarly" and "Victorious". It aired on June 11, 2011. +Special Guest Stars: Victoria Justice as Tori Vega: +Ariana Grande as Cat Valentine: +Danielle Monet as Trina Vega: +Matt Bennet as Robbie Shapiro: +Avan Jogia as Beck Oliver: +Elizabeth Gilles as Jade West: +Leon Thomas III as Andre Harris: + += = = Drew Massey = = = +Drew Massey is an American voice actor, actor, puppeteer and director for Nickelodeon and The Jim Henson Company. He has worked with the Muppets and has performed in many movies, television series and commercials. He also lent his voice to many commercials and video games. + += = = Bernardo Silva = = = +Bernardo Mota Veiga de Carvalho e Silva (born 10 August 1994), known as Bernardo Silva or simply Bernardo, is a Portuguese football player. He plays as an attacking midfielder or a winger for Manchester City and the Portugal national team. + += = = Matthew J. Munn = = = +Matthew J. Munn (born July 1980) is an American voice actor and animator for many studios. He voiced Boog and Doug in "Open Season 3". He replaced Mike Epps as the voice of Boog in "Open Season 2" (who replaced Martin Lawrence from the first movie). He was later replaced by Donny Lucas in "". + += = = Political corruption = = = +Political corruption is using powers of government officials or their network contacts for inappropriate private gain. +The forms of corruption are very different between one another. Examples of political corruption are lobbying, bribery, extortion (which refers when to someone commits blackmail or bribery against or threatens other people through putting a feeling of fear by telling certain people something "will" happen if the victim does not comply), nepotism (the unfair use of power for receiving job employments or benefits by family or friends), patronage (improperly using state money/goods to reward families, certain groups or races in exchange for voting for certain political party members) and embezzlement. Corruption is often linked to human trafficking, money laundering and drug trafficking. But political corruptions are not limited to these illegal acts. Misuse of government power for certain other purposes, an example of which is police brutality is also classified as political corruption. +Political corruption hurts democracy by going against the formal process. Corruption in elections and in legislature reduces responsibility and falsely represents the related creations of policies. +Economies having a high level of political corruption tend to not be as financially successful as one that has low level corruption. Political corruption not only threatens justice and ethical values. Recalls of loans by international banks, along with massive selling of emerging market stocks from international mutual funds, is associated with (and can actually cause) crises in economics and currency problems in certain countries. Examples of these problems are in Asia, Africa and Central America. + += = = Oviraptoridae = = = +Oviraptorians lived between 83.6 and 66 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. + += = = Presnel Kimpembe = = = +Presnel Kimpembe (born 13 August 1995) is a French football player. He plays as a centre-back for Paris Saint-Germain and the France national team. + += = = Beaumont-sur-Oise = = = +Beaumont-sur-Oise is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France. + += = = Mating system = = = +Mating system is a term form biology, to describe the sexual behaviour of a group of animals. It basically describes which males and females in a group mate. + += = = Central Asian red deer = = = +The central Asian red deer or Tarim red deer ("Cervus hanglu") is an elk that lives in Central Asia. +The International Union for the Conservation of Nature says the central Asian red deer is a "least concern" species, but many subspecies of central Asian red deer have become locally extinct. This means that places that once had many deer now have none. +One subspecies of central Asian red deer, the Kashmir stag ("Cervus hanglu hanglu"), is the only species of deer that lives in India. + += = = Arenysaur = = = +Arenysaur lived between 68 and 66 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. Arenysaur includes "Arenysaurus" and "Ajnabia". + += = = Ajnabia = = = +Ajnabia (meaning "stranger" or "foreigner") is a genus of lambeosaurine hadrosaur that lived between 68 and 66 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous. + += = = Akainacephalus = = = +Akainacephalus was a plant-eating dinosaur that lived 76 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. "Akainacephalus" was first discovered by Scott Richardson, a Bureau of Land Management employee who also discovered "Lythronax" and "Kosmoceratops", all in the same region of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument. +The dinosaur was medium-sized, standing at 3 feet 6 inches tall and stretching about 15 feet long. It lived in present-day southern Utah, which during the Late Cretaceous Period was part of the southern portion of Laramidia, an island continent that stretched from the Arctic Circle to the Gulf of Mexico. Though ankylosaurids originated in Asia between 125 - 100 million years ago, they do not appear in the western North American fossil record until about 77 million years ago. The new species "Akainacephalus" offers the most complete skeleton of an ankylosaurid dinosaur found in the southwestern United States. It includes a skull, much of the vertebral column, including a complete tail club, several fore and hind limbs elements, and bony body armour that includes two neck rings and spiked armour plates. + += = = Guard mounting = = = +Guard mounting, changing the guard, or the changing of the guard, is an official ceremony in which guards that take place in duties at important places are swapped with different guards. The ceremonies are usually planned very well. They started during peaceful times and war fighting drills, with it becoming more popular from the 17th and 18th centuries as it helped make the army less tired and more useful. + += = = Plaza de Oriente = = = +The Plaza de Oriente is a plaza in the historic center of Madrid, Spain. It has a shape like a rectangle and is very big and noticeable. It was designed in 1844 by Narciso Pascual y Colomer. It was opened by King Joseph I after he said that the houses originally in the area should be destroyed. +It is located between some very well known and important places in Madrid. To the west is the Royal Palace, the Teatro Real, to the east, and the Royal Monastery of the Incarnation to the north. + += = = Kīlauea, Hawaii = = = +Kīlauea is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Kauai County, Hawaii, United States. As of the 2020 census it had a population of 3,014. +Kīlauea shares the name of the active volcano Kīlauea on the island of Hawaii. The name translates to "spewing" or "much spreading" in the Hawaiian language. +Geography. +Kīlauea is on the northeastern shore of Kauai and is bordered to the west by Kalihiwai and to the north by the Pacific Ocean. Hawaii Route 56 passes through the south side of the community, leading west to Hanalei and east to the Moloaa area which includes Moloaa Forest Reserve and overlooks Moloaa Bay. +According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Kilauea CDP has a total area of , of which are land and , or 5.7%, are water. + += = = Shipwrecking = = = +Shipwrecking is an event that causes a shipwreck, such as a ship striking something that causes the ship to sink; the stranding of a ship on rocks, land or shoal; poor maintenance; or the destruction of a ship either intentionally or by violent weather. +Causes. +Factors for the loss of a ship may include: +Design and equipment failure. +The hallmark of a shipwreck due to poor design is the capsize of Swedish warship "Wasa" in Stockholm harbour 1628. She was too narrow, had too little ballast and her lower cannon deck had too low free-board for good seaworthiness. Poor design allowed the ferry MS "Herald of Free Enterprise" to put to sea with open roll-on/roll-off bow doors, with tragic consequences. +Failure or leaking of the hull is a serious problem that can lead to the loss of buoyancy or the free surface effect and the subsequent sinking of the vessel. Even the hulls of large modern ships have cracked in heavy storms. Leaks between the hull planks of wooden vessels are a particular problem. +Equipment failure caused the shipwreck of cruiseferry "Estonia" in 1994. The stress of stormy seas on hull and bow especially caused the bow visor to break off, in turn tearing the watertight bow door open and letting seawater flow onto the car deck. She capsized with tragic consequences. Failure of pumps can lead to the loss of a potentially salvageable ship with only a minor leak or fire. +Failure of the means of propulsion, such as engines, sails or rigging, can lead to the loss of a ship. When the ship's movement is determined only by currents or the wind and particularly by storms, a common result is that the ship is unable to avoid natural hazards like rocks, shallow water or tidal races. Loss of propulsion or steering can inhibit a ship's ability to safely position itself in a storm, even far from land. Waves attacking a ship's side can overwhelm and sink it. +Instability and foundering. +Instability is caused by the centre of mass of the ship rising above the metacenter resulting in the ship tipping on its side or capsizing. To remain buoyant, the hull of a vessel must prevent water entering the large air spaces of the vessel (known as downflooding). Clearly for the ship to float, the normally-submerged parts of the hull will be watertight, but the upper parts of the hull must have openings to allow ventilation to compartments, including the engine room, for crew access, and to load and unload cargo. In a capsize, water can enter these openings if not watertight. If a ship sinks after capsizing, or as a consequence of a leak in the hull or other water ingress, it is often described as having "foundered" or "foundering". Large ships are designed with compartments to help preserve the necessary buoyancy. +Bad weather. +On 25 October 2012, the tall ship "Bounty" (a replica of the original HMS "Bounty") sank in a hurricane. The vessel left New London, Connecticut, heading for St. Petersburg, Florida, initially going on an easterly course to avoid Hurricane Sandy. On 29 October 2012 at 03:54 EDT, the ship's owner called the United States Coast Guard for help during the hurricane after losing contact with the ship's master. He reported she was taking on water off the coast of North Carolina, about from the storm, and the crew were preparing to abandon ship. There were sixteen people aboard, two of whom did not survive the sinking. An inquiry into the sinking was held by the United States Coast Guard in Portsmouth, Virginia from 12 to 21 February 2013; at which it was concluded that Captain Walbridge's decision to sail the ship into the path of Hurricane Sandy was the cause, and the inquiry found this to have been a "reckless decision". +Poor weather can cause several problems: +Wind causes waves which result in other difficulties. Waves make navigation difficult and dangerous near shallow water. Also, waves create buoyancy stresses on the structure of a hull. The weight of breaking waves on the fabric of the ship force the crew to reduce speed or even travel in the same direction as the waves to prevent damage. Also, wind stresses the rigging of sailing ships. +The force of the wind pushes ships in the direction of the wind. Vessels with large windage suffer most. Although powered ships are able to resist the force of the wind, sailing vessels have few defences against strong wind. When strong winds are imminent, sailing vessels typically have several choices: +Many losses of sailing ships were caused by sailing, with a following wind, so far into a bay that the ship became trapped upwind of a lee shore, being unable to sail into the wind to leave the bay. Low visibility caused by fog, mist and heavy rain increase the navigator's problems. Cold can cause metal to become brittle and fail more easily. A build-up of ice can cause instability by accumulating high on the ship, or in severe cases, crush the hull if the ship becomes trapped in a freezing sea. +Rogue waves. +According to one scientist who studies rogue waves, "two large ships sink every week on average, but the cause is never studied to the same detail as an air crash. It simply gets put down to 'bad weather'." Once considered mythical and lacking hard evidence for their existence, rogue waves are now proven to exist and known to be a natural ocean phenomenon. Eyewitness accounts from mariners and damages inflicted on ships have long suggested they occurred; however, their scientific measurement was only positively confirmed following measurements of the "Draupner wave", a rogue wave at the Draupner platform in the North Sea on January 1, 1995, with a maximum wave height of (peak elevation of ). During that event, minor damage was also inflicted on the platform, far above sea level, confirming that the reading was valid. Their existence has also since been confirmed by satellite imagery of the ocean surface. +Fire. +Fire can cause the loss of ships in many ways. The most obvious way would be the loss of a wooden ship which is burned until watertight integrity is compromised (e.g. "Cospatrick"). The detonation of cargo or ammunition can cause the breach of a steel hull. An extreme temperature may compromise the durability properties of steel, causing the hull to break on its own weight. Often a large fire causes a ship to be abandoned and left to drift (e.g. MS "Achille Lauro"). Should it run aground beyond economic salvage, it becomes a wreck. +In extreme cases, where the ship's cargo is either highly combustible (such as oil, natural gas or gasoline) or explosive (nitrates, fertilizers, ammunition) a fire onboard may result in a catastrophic conflagration or explosion. Such disasters may have catastrophic results, especially if the disaster occurs in a harbour, such as the Halifax Explosion. +Navigation errors. +Many shipwrecks have occurred when the crew of the ship allowed the ship to collide with rocks, reefs, icebergs, or other ships. Collision has been one of the major causes of shipwreck. Accurate navigation is made more difficult by poor visibility in bad weather. Also, many losses happened before modern navigation aids such as GPS, radar and sonar were available. Until the 20th century, the most sophisticated navigational tools and techniques available - dead reckoning using the magnetic compass, marine chronometer (to calculate longitude) and ships logbook (which recorded the vessel's heading and the speed measured by log) or celestial navigation using marine chronometer and sextant - were sufficiently accurate for journeys across oceans, but these techniques (and in many cases also the charts) lacked the precision to avoid reefs close to shore. +The Scilly naval disaster of 1707, which claimed nearly 2,000 lives and was one of the greatest maritime disasters in the history of the British Isles, is attributed to the mariner's inability to find their longitude. This led to the Longitude Act to improve the aids available for navigation. Marine chronometers were as revolutionary in the 19th century as GPS is today. However the cost of these instruments could be prohibitive, sometimes resulting in tragic consequences for ships that were still unable to determine their longitude, as in the case of the "Arniston". +Even today, when highly accurate navigational equipment is readily available and universally used, there is still scope for error. Using the incorrect horizontal datum for the chart of an area may mislead the navigator, especially as many charts have not been updated to use modern data. It is also important for the navigator to appreciate that charts may be significantly in error, especially on less frequented coasts. For example, a recent revision of the map of South Georgia in the South Atlantic showed that previous maps were in some places in error by several kilometres. +Over the centuries, many technological and organizational developments have been used to reduce accidents at sea including: + += = = Lil Rel Howery = = = +Milton Howery Jr. (born December 17, 1979), known professionally as Lil Rel Howery, is an American actor and comedian. Howery is best known for his roles as Robert Carmichael in NBC's television comedy series The Carmichael Show (2015-2017) and as TSA officer Rod Williams in the horror film Get Out (2017). He also starred in the TV series Rel (2018-2019), which he also created and co-produced lasting only one season. + += = = Michael Yarmush = = = +Michael Lawrence Yarmush (born June 19, 1982) is an American-Canadian actor. He was born in Miami, Florida. His parents are Daniel and Diane Yarmush. He was the original voice of Arthur Read on the PBS Kids animated television series "Arthur" from 1996 to 2000, when he left the voice cast. + += = = Michael Caloz = = = +Michael Caloz (born May 2, 1985), is a Canadian former actor and voice actor, who is best known for voicing D.W. Read on Arthur from 1996 to 1999, holding his role for the first three seasons (he also narrated the funding credits for season 1 when it first aired on PBS). He won a Young Artist Award in 1999 for his role as D.W. Read. Caloz was born in Montreal, Quebec. He voiced Dora Winifred Read (D.W.) in Arthur from 1996 to 1999. After season 3, he was replaced by Oliver Grainger. He also voiced Annie on The Little Lulu Show. He has performed in several movies, including Screamers, which was based on the Philip K. Dick story Second Variety. He has also performed on several live-action television shows including an episode on Nickelodeon's Are You Afraid of the Dark?, as a frozen child's ghost. He has two brothers and plays piano, guitar and violin. + += = = Rotten Ralph = = = +Rotten Ralph is a series of children's picture books written by Jack Gantos and illustrated by Nicole Rubel. About twenty "Rotten Ralph" books have been published from 1976 to 2011. +"Rotten Ralph" is also the first book in the series, a 32-page picture book published by Houghton Mifflin of Boston in 1976. It was the first published book for both Gantos and Rubel. +Alternatively, Rotten Ralph is the title character of the series, initially "a very very nasty cat" —a bright red domestic cat who enjoys playing mean, practical jokes on his human family. +There was a children's television series by Cosgrove Hall Films, Tooncan Productions and Italtoons Corporation based on the books, first broadcast on CBBC from 1999 to 2001. It also went to air on Nickelodeon in the UK too, around 2000. The show hasn't been aired in the UK since reruns ended in 2005. The show aired in the United States on the Nickelodeon in 1999–2001. The voice cast were recorded in Los Angeles and the animation was done in Manchester. + += = = Red Sorghum = = = +Red Sorghum is a 1987 Chinese romantic drama movie directed by Zhang Yimou and was based on the 1986 novel by Mo Yan. It stars Gong Li, Jiang Wen, Ji Chunhua, Teng Rujun. + += = = Sagging (fashion) = = = +Sagging means when someone wears their trousers or jeans just below the waist. +Sagging is mainly a male fashion. Women and girls' wearing low-rise pants in a manner that shows the females' G-string underwear or panties is not usually described as sagging. People who wear sagging trousers or pants are sometimes called "saggers". +The origin. +The style was made popular by skaters and hip-hop musicians in the 1990s, although sagging may have gotten started as early as the late 1980s. It was later declared a symbol of freedom and being aware of fashion culture with many teenagers and young adults. It was also the symbol for rejection of the values in the mainstream society. +It is often said the style got started with the United States' prison system. In that system, belts are sometimes not allowed. There may also be situations wherein there is not enough clothing of the appropriate size. + += = = Lahmacun = = = +Lahmacun, also spelled Lahmajoon, is a Middle Eastern dish. +The name Lahmacun comes from Arabic (��� ����� "lahma bi'ajeen") meaning meat and dough. Lahmacun is often described as Turkish Pizza or Armenian Pizza but it is not a pizza because it doesn’t have cheese on it. +Lahmacun is topped with minced meat with herbs and spices and cooked in a clay oven. It can be wrapped around like a burrito with salad inside or eaten as a flat bread. + += = = Zōri = = = +Zōri are Japanese sandals made of rice straw, leather, rubber and lacquered wood. In English-speaking countries, flip-flops (renamed zōri) are popular. + += = = Lamezia Terme = = = +Lamezia Terme is an Italian city in Calabria. It has about 70,000 inhabitants. + += = = Legnano = = = +Legnano is an Italian city in Lombardy. It has about 60,200 inhabitants. + += = = Cerignola = = = +Cerignola is an Italian city in Apulia. It is about southeast of Foggia and has about 58,500 inhabitants. + += = = Molfetta = = = +Molfetta is a city in southern Italy. Molfetta is in the Apulia Region. It has about 59,000 inhabitants. + += = = Velletri = = = +Velletri is an Italian city in Lazio. About 53,000 people live there. + += = = Days of Youth = = = + is a 1929 Japanese comedy movie directed by Yasujirō Ozu and starring Ichirō Yūki, Tatsuo Saitō, Junko Matsui, Chōko Iida, Eiko Takamatsu, Shōichi Kofujita, Ichirō Ōkuni. It was distributed by Shochiku. + += = = La Traviata (1983 movie) = = = +La Traviata is a 1983 Italian Dutch musical movie directed by Franco Zeffirelli and was based on the 1853 opera of the same name by Giuseppe Verdi and Francesco Maria Piave. It stars Teresa Stratas, Plácido Domingo, Cornell MacNeill, Allan Monk, Pina Cei and was distributed by Universal Pictures. + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic in Andorra is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first case in Andorra was confirmed on 2 March 2020, when a 20-year-old man returned from Milan, Italy. + += = = Bucharest Non Stop = = = +Bucharest Non Stop () is a 2015 Romanian comedy-drama movie directed by Dan Chișu and starring Gheorghe Ifrim, Ion Besoiu, Adrian Titieni, Dorina Lazăr, Dorian Boguță, Olimpia Melinte. + += = = Pak Watan = = = +Pak Watan (Urdu:��� ���) is a National personification and a term of endearment for Pakistan. The Word Watan refers to this sacred homeland, heimat, country, or nation. + += = = Hajji = = = +Hajji () (sometimes spelled Hadji, Haji, Alhaji, Al hage, Al-hajj or El-Hajj) is an honor title which is given to a Muslim who has successfully completed the Hajj to Mecca. It is also often used to call an elder, since it can take years to get enough the wealth to fund the travel and in many Muslim societies to a respected man as an honorific title. + += = = Prime Minister of South Ossetia = = = +The Prime Minister of the Republic of South Ossetia, officially known as the Chairman of the Government () is the "de facto" head of government of the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia. + += = = Gennady Bekoyev = = = +Gennady Borisovich Bekoyev (; born 1981) is a South Ossetian politician. He is the 16th Prime Minister of South Ossetia. Bekoyev was appointed to the position following the dismissal of Erik Pukhayev by President Anatoly Bibilov. Bekoyev is an independent. + += = = Aleksandr Shavlokhov = = = +Aleksandr Apollonovich Shavlokhov (, born in 1939) is a South Ossetian politician. He was the Prime Minister, from 1996 until August 1998. + += = = Boris Chochiev = = = +Boris Eliozovich Chochiev (Russian: ����� ��������� ������; ; 1 November 1957 – 22 July 2021) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the acting Prime Minister of South Ossetia in 2008. He became Prime Minister on 18 August 2008, after South Ossetian President Eduard Kokoity had fired the former government. +Chochiev died on 22 July 2021 in Vladikavkaz, Russia from COVID-19 at the age of 63. + += = = Hamzanama = = = +Hamzanama (Urdu: ������ ���� ����) A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation; not necessarily a nation-state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations to independence or autonomy. The Pakistani author Maqbool Jahangir wrote "Dastan-e-Amir Hamza" for children in the Urdu language. His version contains 10 volumes and was published by Ferozsons (also Ferozsons Publishers). The Hamza romance spread gradually, usually in its briefer and less elaborate forms, into a number of the modern languages of Southern Asia. Pashto and Sindhi were particularly hospitable to the Hamza story, and at least in Pashto it continues to flourish today, with printed pamphlet versions being produced. It therefore considered as the "“National Epic of Pakistan”" respectively. + += = = President of South Ossetia = = = +The president of the Republic of South Ossetia is the "de facto" head of state of the partially recognized Republic of South Ossetia. + += = = Eduard Kokoity = = = +Eduard Dzhabeyevich Kokoyty (; born 31 October 1964) is the former President of the partially recognized state South Ossetia. His term in office lasted just under ten years, beginning December 2001 and ending December 2011. + += = = Vadim Brovtsev = = = +Vadim Vladimirovich Brovtsev (, "Brovtsête Vlâdimire fert Vâdim"; , , "Vadim Brovcevi"; born 26 July 1969) is a Russian businessman who was Prime Minister of the Republic of South Ossetia from 5 August 2009 to 26 April 2012, as well as Acting President from December 11, 2011 to April 19, 2012. + += = = Leonid Tibilov = = = +Leonid Tibilov (; ; ; born 28 March 1951) is a South Ossetian politician. He was the President of South Ossetia from 2012 to 2017. + += = = Yi Yi = = = +Yi Yi () is a 2000 Taiwanese Japanese drama movie directed by Edward Yang and starring Wu Nien-jen, Elaine Jin, Kelly Lee, Jonathan Chang, Issey Ogata. + += = = Anatoly Bibilov = = = +Anatoly Ilyich Bibilov (, ; born February 6, 1970) is a Russian and South Ossetian military officer. He was the 4th President of South Ossetia from April 21, 2017 until May 24, 2022. + += = = John Cornell = = = +John Cornell (2 March 1941 – 23 July 2021) was an Australian movie producer, writer, actor, and businessman. He was born in Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. He was best known for his role as "Strop" on "The Paul Hogan Show" and for writing the "Crocodile Dundee" movies. He also helped create the World Series Cricket in 1977. +Life and career. +He started as a journalist. Cornell became an editor of "The Daily News" at 26 years of age. +In 1971, he was working as a producer of "A Current Affair." He produced and co-wrote the screenplay for Hogan's 1986 film "Crocodile Dundee," produced and directed the"Crocodile Dundee II" sequel in 1988. +Cornell died on 23 July 2021 at his home at Byron Bay, New South Wales from Parkinson's disease-related problems, aged 80. + += = = Alfred Biolek = = = +Alfred Biolek (born Alfred Franz Maria Biolek; 10 July 1934 – 23 July 2021) was a German entertainer and television producer. Biolek was an honorary professor at the Academy of Media Arts Cologne. Biolek was born in Freistadt, Czechoslovakia. He helped produce some television specials for Monty Python. +Biolek died on 23 July 2021 in Cologne, aged 87. + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic in Samoa is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first case in Samoa was confirmed on 18 November 2020. As of 1 June 2021, there were three COVID-19 cases in Samoa. + += = = Mike Smith (football manager) = = = +Michael John Smith (1937 – July 2021) was an English football manager. He managed the Wales and Egypt national teams and Hull City. His managing career lasted from 1974 until 1995. +His death was announced on 22 July 2021. He was 84. + += = = Caril Ann Fugate = = = +Caril Ann Fugate (born July 30, 1943, Nebraska) is the youngest female in the United States to have been tried and convicted of first-degree murder. She was the teenage girlfriend of Charles Starkweather, a serial killer. Fugate was age fourteen when Starkweather's conviction happened. She was convicted as his accomplice and given life imprisonment. She was paroled in 1976. +Background to the crime spree. +Fugate lived in Lincoln, Nebraska with her mother Velma Bartlett and her stepfather Marion Bartlett. In 1956, at age 13, Fugate got romantically involved to Charles Raymond Starkweather. The man had dropped out of high school. He was born almost five years before Fugate was. They bet by way of Caril's sister Barbara. The latter was dating Starkweather's friend Bob von Busch. Starkweather was a truck unloader for the Western Union newspaper warehouse. +On Sunday, December 1, 1957, Starkweather committed his first murder when attendant Robert "Bobby" Calvert, working for a gas station near Lincoln, Nebraska, refused to let Starkweather buy a present for Fugate on credit. Starkweather then killed Calvert and robbed the gas station. +On January 21, 1958, Starkweather shot and killed Velda and Marion Bartlett. The killer then hit Fugate's baby half-sister, Betty Jean. That caused blunt-force trauma. Starkweather then stabbed her in the neck. +The cross-state crime spree. +Starkweather and Fugate left Nebraska. They drove into Wyoming. They were involved in six more murders. Starkweather and Fugate were later arrested near Douglas, Wyoming. +The sentencing. +Starkweather was sentenced to death and executed in Nebraska's electric chair on Thursday, June 25, 1959. He insisted although he killed most of the victims, Fugate also killed several. Fugate maintained her innocence. However, she was tried and convicted for her role in the murder spree. While being tried, Fugate testified she was Starkweather's hostage. The jury, however, found Fugate's testimony as not credible. +Release from prison. +While in prison, Fugate was called a model prisoner. After release, she lived in the Lansing, Michigan area for a long time. +The Nebraska Parole Board did not grant a pardon for Fugate. The decision was made in February 2020. The reason for the decision was because the role of a pardon is to restore rights to felons, not to set people free of their crimes. +The media portrayal. +Movies/television. +The Starkweather–Fugate case was the inspiration for several movies. Those include "Kalifornia" (1993), "Natural Born Killers" (1994) and "Starkweather" (2004). The television movie, "Murder in the Heartland" (1993) was a biographical depiction of Fugate and Starkweather. The earlier is played by Fairuza Balk. The latter is played by Tim Roth + += = = 212 Warrior = = = +212 Warrior (also known as Wiro Sableng 212 and Wiro Sableng Pendekar Kapak Maut Naga Geni 212) is a 2018 Indonesian action fantasy comedy movie directed by Angga Dwimas Sasongko and was based on the Wiro Sableng series by Bastian Tito. It stars Vino G. Bastian, Sherina Munaf, Marsha Timothy, Happy Salma, Dwi Sasono, Yayan Ruhian and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Greg Knapp = = = +Gregory Fishbeck Knapp (March 5, 1963 – July 22, 2021) was an American football coach. He was an assistant coach in the National Football League (NFL) for 25 seasons with the New York Jets, Atlanta Falcons, Denver Broncos, Oakland Raiders, Houston Texans, Seattle Seahawks and San Francisco 49ers. He was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. +Knapp was hit by a car while riding his bike in San Ramon, California on July 17, 2021. He died from his injuries five days later on July 22, aged 58. + += = = Jean-Pierre Jaussaud = = = +Jean-Pierre Jaussaud (3 June 1937 – 21 July 2021) was a French racing driver. He was known for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1978 and 1980. Jaussaud was born in Caen, France. He raced with Formula Three cars. +Jaussaud died on 21 July 2021 in Caen of a heart attack, aged 84. + += = = Los Bracitos tree frog = = = +The Los Bracitos tree frog or Hispaniolan green tree frog ("Boana heilprini") is a frog that lives in Hispaniola, which is the island that has Haiti and the Dominican Republic on it. Scientists have seen it as high as 1823 meters above sea level. + += = = Rahul Gupta = = = +Rahul Gupta (born 1970 or 1971) is an American physician. He was born in India and raised in Washington, D.C.. He is the Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy since 2021 during the Joe Biden administration. +Gupta was in charge of the Kanawha-Charleston Health Department from 2009 to 2014. He became the director of the West Virginia Bureau of Public Health in 2015, and focused on reducing overdose deaths from the opioid epidemic. +In July 2021, President Joe Biden nominated Gupta to serve as director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy. His nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on October 28, 2021. + += = = Summerville, South Carolina = = = +Summerville is a town in the U.S. state of South Carolina, mostly in Dorchester County with small parts in Berkeley and Charleston counties. It is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of Summerville at the 2020 census was 50,915. + += = = St. George, South Carolina = = = +Saint George is a town in Dorchester County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,843 at the 2020 census. It has been the county seat of Dorchester County since 1897. + += = = Malagasy cuisine = = = +Malagasy food is the cuisine of Madagascar. Malagasy cuisine is generally very similar to Creole cuisines, and are usually very spicy and usually generous. Most of it has been influenced by South Asia. + += = = Papilio polyctor = = = +The common peacock ("Papilio polyctor"), is a swallowtail butterfly found in the Indian subcontinent. It is found in the Great Himalayas and parts of Pakistan and Northern India. + += = = Dropping out = = = +Dropping out means leaving school. Reasons students drop out include because they must work, for social reasons, because of harassment, because of illness or because they no longer trust the school system that they are leaving. Unlike failing or expulsion, dropping out is the student's decision and not the school's. +Canada. +In Canada, most people graduate from grade 12 by age 18. It was found by the Labour Force Survey (LFS) that by 2009, one in twelve 20-to-24 year old adults in Canada did not have a diploma from high school (Gilmore, 2010). The study also showed that males had higher dropout rates than females. Other people with stronger risks for dropping out were those outside urban/suburban areas or in the northern territories. Beginning from 1990 the Canadian dropout rates went down from 20% (1990) to around 9% (2010). From 2010 and after, however, the rate did not drop across Canada. When females drop out of high school, they get less money, the economic costs are greater and they have higher rates of unemployment than male dropouts. Female high school dropouts are more likely to rely on public support programs than male dropouts. +United Kingdom. +Dropping out of school is not allowed in the United Kingdom. Dropping out of college or universities, however, "is" allowed. Students under age 16 must attend a school with the General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE). +United States. +In the United States, dropping out means students entirely quit school before they graduate. About 1.2 million students drop out of high school every year in the United States. They do this for different reasons: bullying, family emergency, poor grades, depression, mental illness, bad environment or not enough freedom. Students who drop out of high school in the United States are more likely to be unemployed, homeless or receiving welfare. Members of certain racial or ethnic groups drop out at higher rates than white students. Students raised in single-parent families and low poor students are more likely to drop out. +Many states say students must stay in school until they are 16, like in the United Kingdom. However, in 1972, the United States Supreme Court said that Amish students do not have to go to high school. + += = = Daniel Brochu = = = +Daniel Brochu (born February 28, 1970) is a Canadian actor, who is well known for voicing Buster Baxter in the PBS Kids TV series Arthur and it's spin-off Postcards from Buster, as well as Danny Pickett in later seasons of "What's with Andy?". + += = = Mint Hill, North Carolina = = = +Mint Hill is a town in Mecklenburg and Union counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, 26,450 people live in Mint Hill. + += = = Thinhorn sheep = = = +The thinhorn sheep ("Ovis dalli") is a hoofed animal in the family Bovidae. They live in northwestern North America. +There are about 115,000 thinhorn sheep alive. There are two subspecies of thinhorn sheep, the Dall sheep ("Ovis dalli dalli") and stone sheep ("Ovis dalli stonei"). Most thinhorn sheep are Dall sheep. +Most of the stone sheep live in British Columbia. +Appearance. +These sheep are about 1.5 m high and can weigh up to 110 kg. The female sheep have small horns but the male sheep have larger horns that twist more as they get older. The horns are tan in color. The wool of Dall's sheep is almost pure white. The wool of the stone sheep is almost all black. Stone sheep's horns do not flare out as much and are lighter in color. +Behavior. +These sheep live in mountains. In the summer, they come to grassy places to eat twigs, sage, buds, leaves and grass. These places are 1200 to 1500 meters above sea level. In the winter, they stay on the south sides of the mountains, where it is warmer. These places are about 1500 to 2200 meters above sea level. Although they do well in the cold, thinhorn sheep do not move easily through deep snow. They have short legs and small feet, so they cannot walk through snow or on top of it. Instead, they try to live in forests where the snow is not deep or near cliffs. They can climb the cliffs to get away from animals that want to eat them. They follow the same routes from summer places to winter places for generations. +Thinhorn sheep live in herds. Most of the time, the rams live together in a bachelor herd, and the ewes and young sheep live together in other herds. Male sheep leave the female herds when they are about two years old. +The sheep mate in November. Although younger rams can mate, it is mostly the older rams who actually do. Rams only fight each other if their horns are almost the same size. Otherwise, rams with smaller horns give way to rams with larger horns. Thinhorn rams do not fight each other as much as bighorn rams do. +The ewes give birth when the Spring plants are growing. The ewe climbs up into a rock place and gives birth. She and her lamb stay there for a few days before coming back down. This makes it harder for predators to find and eat the new lamb. +Predators. +Golden eagles, wolves, bears, and wolverines eat thinhorn sheep. It is easiest for predators to catch sheep in bad winters, when the snow is deep and the spring comes later. The sheep are hungry and cannot run away quickly. +History. +Thinhorn sheep and snow sheep became two separate species around the time the last ice age ended, 10,000 to 18,000 years ago. + += = = Shallotte, North Carolina = = = +Shallotte is a town in Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 4,185 people live in Shallotte. + += = = Newport, North Carolina = = = +Newport is a town in Carteret County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 4,364 people live in Newport. + += = = Melissa Altro = = = +Melissa Altro (born May 16, 1982) is a Canadian voice actress from Montreal, Quebec. Prior to having a career in voice acting, Altro guest-starred on a 1994 episode of the YTV/Nickelodeon series Are You Afraid of the Dark?. Altro also provides the voice of Gretchen in the Teletoon/Disney XD animated series Camp Lakebottom. Altro is perhaps best known for voicing Muffy Crosswire on the PBS Kids animated television series Arthur (1996-present). + += = = Single parent = = = +A single parent is a parent who lives with their children but does not live with a spouse or partner. People may become single parents if they are breaking up with the other parent. This may happen because of domestic violence, sexual assault/rape, because the woman gives birth alone, because of abandonment, or by choice. Single-parent families are those having children that are in the control of one parent. +Demographics. +In homes in OECD countries in 2011, single-parent homes made up about 3-11%. The average was 7.5%. The percentage was highest in Australia (10%), Canada (10%), Mexico (10%), the United States (10%), Lithuania (10%), Costa Rica (11%), Latvia(11%) and New Zealand (11%). It was the lowest in Japan (3%), Greece (4%), Switzerland (4%), Bulgaria (5%), Croatia (5%), Germany (5%), Italy (5%) and Cyprus (5%). +In homes having children in 2005–09, the percentage of single-parent homes was 10% in Japan, 16% in the Netherlands, 19% in Sweden, 20% in France, 22% in Denmark, 22% in Germany, 23% in Ireland, 25% in Canada, 25% in the United Kingdom and 30% in the United States. The U.S. majority increased from 20% in 1980 to 30% in 2008. +In all OECD countries, most single-parent homes included a mother. Between 9% and 25% included a father. The lowest numbers were for Estonia (9%), Costa Rica (10%), Japan (10%), Ireland (10%) and the United Kingdom. The highest were in Norway (22%), Spain (23%), Sweden (24%), Romania (25%) and the United States (25%). +Children. +In most single-parent families, the parent is the mother. In 2016, the number of 6–12 year olds living mostly with their fathers was between 5% and 36% in the many OECD countries. It was highest in Belgium (17%), Iceland (19%), Slovenia (20%), France (22%), Norway (23%) and Sweden (36%). It was the lowest in Lithuania (4%), Ireland (5%), Poland (5%), Estonia (7%), Austria (7%) and the United Kingdom (8%). In the United States it was 15%. +Impact on parents. +Over 9.5 million American families are each run by one woman. Single mothers are likely to have mental health problems, trouble with money, be at risk of poverty and receive low levels of social support. The mental health problems that affect single mothers include anxiety and depression. +Often, low-income women cannot get good mental health care services. These women are less likely to receive mental health treatment. +Impact on children. +Children raised by a single parent are more likely than two-parent children to have these problems: failing grades at school, committing crimes, substance abuse, poverty and being dependent on welfare. One study showed that many American children from single-parent families are less good at mathematics and reading tests than other American children. +In Sweden, research has shown that children living with one parent have far worse well-being, family relationships, mental health, peer friendships, physical health, bullying and cultural activities than families with both parents. +Cultural norms and attitudes. +Experts disagree about what the most important part of a family is, especially experts in the United States. Some people say that a single parent family is not really a family. + += = = Dall sheep = = = +The Dall sheep or Dall's sheep is a subspecies of Thinhorn sheep. They usually eat grass and other plants. They live in northwestern North America, in Canada and Alaska. +Appearance. +These sheep are about 1.5 m high and can weigh up to 110 kg. The female sheep have small horns but the male sheep have larger horns that twist more as they get older. The horns are tan in color. The wool of Dall's sheep is almost pure white. +The sheep's horns grow fastest in warm weather and slowest in cold weather. This puts rings in the horns called annuli. The number of rings shows how old the sheep is. +The other kind of thinhorn sheep, the stone sheep, can breed with Dall sheep. These thinhorn sheep are sometimes called Fannin's sheep. +Most Dall sheep live to be about 12 years old, but some ewes live to be 16 or even 19. +Home. +There are about 100,000 Dall sheep in the world. They live in Alaska in the Kenai Peninsula and Brooks Range. They live in Canada's Yukon and Northwest Territories in the Mackenzie Mountains, Kluane and Saint Elia ranges. +Behavior. +Like other thinhorn sheep, Dall sheep live in mountains. Because they do not have long legs or large feet, they cannot move easily in snow. Instead, they live in places where the wind blows the snow away before it gets too deep. They climb onto rocks to escape animals that want to eat them. They follow the same paths from summer places to winter places for generations. +Dall sheep live in herds. Most of the time, the rams live together in a bachelor herd, and the ewes and young sheep live together in other herds. Male sheep leave the female herds when they are two or three years old. +The sheep mate in November. Although younger rams can mate, it is mostly the older rams who actually do. +Before an ewe gives birth, she climbs into a rocky place that humans call a "lambing cliff." She gives birth there. She and her lamb stay there for a few days before coming back down. This makes it harder for predators to find and eat the new lamb. The lamb can eat grass by October. +Predators. +Golden eagles, wolves, grizzly bears, and wolverines eat thinhorn sheep. +History. +Thinhorn sheep and snow sheep became two separate species around the time the last ice age ended, 10,000 to 18,000 years ago. After that, the thinhorn sheep moved east and spread out. The Dall sheep and stone sheep became separate subspecies some time after that. + += = = Elisabeth Falkhaven = = = +Elisabeth Falkhaven (born September 12, 1955 in Partille, Sweden) is a Swedish politician from the Green Party. She is a member of Riksdag from Halland County since 2018. +On June 23, 2021, she undertook support for Aliaksandr Kardziukou. Aliaksandr Kardziukou saw the murder of Hienadz Shutau and is a political prisoner from Belarus. + += = = Waiting for the Sea = = = +Waiting for the Sea () is a 2012 Russian Ukrainian Belgian French Kazakhstani German Tajik drama movie directed by Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov and starring Egor Beroev, Anastasiya Mikulchina, Detlev Buck, Dinmukhamet Akhimov. + += = = Sherwood Schwartz = = = +Sherwood Charles Schwartz (November 14, 1916 - July 12, 2011) was an American television producer. He worked on radio shows in the 1940s, but he now is best known for creating the 1960s television series Gilligan's Island (1964-1967) for CBS and The Brady Bunch (1969-1974) for ABC. On March 7, 2008, Schwartz, at the time still active in his 90s, was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. That same year, Schwartz was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. + += = = The Family Jewels (movie) = = = +The Family Jewels is a 1965 American comedy movie directed by Jerry Lewis (who also played seven roles in the movie) and starring Donna Butterworth, Sebastian Cabot, Neil Hamilton, Jay Adler. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and was nominated for 1 Golden Globe in 1966. + += = = Lock Haven, Pennsylvania = = = +Lock Haven is the county seat in Clinton County, Pennsylvania. It started as a town in 1833. It was declared a city in 1870. As of 2020, there were 8,108 people living in the city. +The most damaging floods in Lock Haven happened in June 1972 when remnants from Hurricane Agnes crossed Schuylkill County within 75 miles of Lock Haven. + += = = Morrisville, North Carolina = = = +Morrisville is a town in Wake and Durham counties in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, 29,630 people live in Morrisville. + += = = Mount Pleasant, North Carolina = = = +Mount Pleasant is a town in Cabarrus County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,671 people live in Mount Pleasant. + += = = Smithfield, North Carolina = = = +Smithfield is a town in and the county seat of Johnston County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 11,292 people live in Smithfield. It is the birthplace of the Hollywood actress, Ava Gardner. + += = = Winterville, North Carolina = = = +Winterville is a town in Pitt County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 10,462 people live in Winterville. + += = = Papilio bianor = = = +The Common peacock black swallowtail emerald "(Papilio bianor)", is a swallowtail butterfly found in Asia. It is also found in the Great Himalayas and parts of Pakistan and Northern India. + += = = Taylorsville, North Carolina = = = +Taylorsville is a town in and the county seat of Alexander County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, 2,320 people live in Taylorsville. + += = = Thilo Kehrer = = = +Jan Thilo Kehrer (; born 21 September 1996) is a German professional footballer who plays as a defender for Premier League club West Ham United and the Germany national team. Mainly a centre-back, he can also play in either full-back position. + += = = Life Is a Miracle = = = +Life Is a Miracle () is a 2004 Serbian Montenegrin French Italian war musical comedy drama movie directed by Emir Kusturica and starring Slavko Štimac, Nataša Šolak, Vesna Trivalić, Goran Jevtić, Vuk Kostić, Aleksandar Berček. + += = = Mayor of Tower Hamlets = = = +The mayor of Tower Hamlets is the directly elected mayor of Tower Hamlets London Borough Council in east London, England. The first election for this position happened on 21 October 2010. + += = = Henry Wade = = = +Henry Menasco Wade (November 11, 1914 – March 1, 2001) was an American lawyer. He was the district attorney of Dallas County from 1951 to 1987. He was known for his prosecution of Jack Ruby for killing Lee Harvey Oswald, and the U.S. Supreme Court's decision legalizing abortion, "Roe v. Wade". +Wade died of problems caused by Parkinson's disease on March 1, 2001 in Dallas, Texas at the age of 86. + += = = Vanquish (movie) = = = +Vanquish is a 2021 action-thriller movie, directed by George Gallo. The movie starring Ruby Rose and Morgan Freeman. + += = = Yungas tree frog = = = +The Yungas tree frog, fasciated frog or spotted tree frog ("Boana balzani") is a frog that lives in Bolivia and Peru. Scientists have seen it between 1200 and 2210 meters above sea level in the Andes mountains. +This frog lives in cloud forests. + += = = Vanquish (video game) = = = + is an action third-person shooter video game, developed by PlatinumGames and published by Sega. + += = = Snow sheep = = = +The snow sheep ("Ovis nivicola") is a sheep in the family Bovidae. It lives in Siberia. +Scientists put the snow sheep in the subgenus "Pachyceros". They are in the same group as bighorn sheep and thinhorn sheep. The bighorns and thinhorns live in North America and the snow sheep live in Eurasia. The snow sheep used to be called the Asiatic bighorn sheep. +Scientists do not all agree on how many subspecies of snow sheep there are: +Appearance. +The adult male snow sheep can weigh 70-100 kg (155-222 lbs). The adult female snow sheep can weigh 40-70 kg (90-155 lbs). This is heavier than most sheep. They have very thick, curly horns that can be a meter long. +Home. +The snow sheep live further north than any other Eurasian sheep. They live in a large part of Russia with mountains in it. +Snow sheep like open places without many trees or large bushes. +Food. +Snow sheep eat grasses, green plants, and sedge. They can also eat lichen and pine needles. Like other sheep, snow sheep lick clay for the salt. The kodar subspecies eats coal, but scientists are not sure why. +History. +Snow sheep and thinhorn sheep became two separate species around the time the last ice age ended, 10,000 to 18,000 years ago. Scientists think the sheep became different species because the water melted and covered the Bering land bridge. + += = = The Kansan (movie) = = = +The Kansan is a 1943 American western movie directed by George Archainbaud and starring Richard Dix, Jane Wyatt, Albert Dekker, Eugene Pallette, Victor Jory, Beryl Wallace, Hobart Cavanaugh, Willie Best, Douglas Fowley. It was distributed by United Artists and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1944. + += = = She's the One (1996 movie) = = = +She's the One is a 1996 American romantic comedy movie directed by Edward Burns (who also stars) and also starring Cameron Diaz, Jennifer Aniston, John Mahoney, Maxine Bahns, Mike McGlone, Leslie Mann, Amanda Pett, Frank Vincent. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Jack of Diamonds (1967 movie) = = = +Jack of Diamonds is a 1967 American German crime drama movie directed by Don Taylor and starring George Hamilton, Joseph Cotten, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Carroll Baker, Maurice Evans, Marie Laforêt. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. + += = = Skite (album) = = = +Skite is the third studio album by Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias, released on September 8, 1978. The album was produced by Ian Dury and the Blockheads keyboardist and guitarist Chaz Jankel. Recorded in May 1978, the album was Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias' first studio album released following the success of 1977's "Italians from the Outer Space", which included the UK Top 40 single "Old Trust". +The music on "Skite" is built around sendups of pop and rock music of the late-1970s, featuring sendups of ABBA, Robyn Hitchcock, Status Quo, Ian Dury and the Blockheads, Pink Floyd, Nick Lowe, The Buzzcocks, The Stranglers and Devo. The album also features reggae version of Pete Seeger's "Where Have All the Flowers Gone" and doo-wop version of Sex Pistols' "Anarchy in the U.K.". +Despite a mixed critical reception, "Skite" sold well and peaked at number fifty on the UK Singles Chart. The album produced one of Alberto y Lost Trios Paranoias's more famous singles, "Heads Down No-Nonsense Mindless Boogie", a sendup of Status Quo and "Juan Lopez (The Lonely Goatherd)", a sendup of ABBA; "Heads Down No-Nonsense Mindless Boogie" peaked at number three on the UK Singles Chart. + += = = Taothingmang = = = +Taothingmang was a Meetei ruler of Ningthouja dynasty of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). He is a son and the successor of Emperor Khuyoi Tompok. +He is one of the nine kings associated with the different designs in a historic flag of the kingdom. Other than the Cheitharol Kumbaba, the Ningthourol Lambuba and the Chada Laihui, Taothingmang and his elder brother Yoimongba are also especially mentioned in the Toreirol Lambuba and the Tutenglon. + += = = Mickey Levy = = = +Michael (Mickey) Levy, Hebrew: ����� (����) ��� , (born 21 June 1951) is an Israeli politician of Yesh Atid. +Levy was born in Jerusalem. He was a major in the IDF, commander of the Judea and Samaria police district as well of the Jerusalem police district, and police attaché in the United States. Later on he was head of the Egged Ta'avura bus company. +He has been a member of the Knesset since 5 February 2013. From 2013 to 2014 he was deputy minister of finance in the Third Netanyahu Government. Since 13 June 2021 he has been speaker of the Knesset. +Levy holds a bachelor in political science from Haifa University. He is married with four children and lives west of Jerusalem in Mevasseret Tzion. + += = = Iznasen Berber = = = +Iznasen Berber or Taznast (Berber : ��������, Arabic : �������� �������) is the original dialect of the At Iznasen, an Arabized berber tribe, established in the extreme north-east of Morocco in Berkane province, the north of Oujda province and the north of Taourirt province, before the border between Algeria and Morocco. +The arabic language is predominant at the Iznasen tribe. + += = = Vice Squad (1953 movie) = = = +Vice Squad is a 1953 American crime movie directed by Arnold Laven and was based on the novel "Harness Bull" by Leslie T. White. It stars Edward G. Robinson, Paulette Goddard, K. T. Stevens, Porter Hall, Edward Binns, Jay Adler, Lee Van Cleef, Dan Riss and was distributed by United Artists. + += = = Brannigan (movie) = = = +Brannigan is a 1975 British American action thriller movie directed by Douglas Hickox and starring John Wayne, Richard Attenborough, Judy Geeson, Mel Ferrer, John Vernon, Ralph Meeker, Lesley Anne Down, James Booth. It was distributed by United Artists. + += = = Blind Date (1984 movie) = = = +Blind Date, also known as "Deadly Seduction", is a 1984 American British Greek erotic thriller movie directed by Nico Mastorakis and starring Kirstie Alley, Joseph Bottoms, Marina Sirtis, Lana Clarkson. It was distributed by New Line Cinema. + += = = List of national mottos = = = +A national motto is chosen to describe the intent or motivation of the state in a short phrase. For example, it can be included on a country's flag, coat of arms, or a currency for that country. + += = = Cairo International Stadium = = = +The Cairo International Stadium is a large stadium in Cairo, Egypt. It has a capacity of 75,000 people, and is the most visited stadium in Egypt. The stadium was opened in 1960. It was designed by Werner March, the same man who also designed the Berlin Olympic Stadium. +The stadium hosts matches from the Egypt national team, Al Ahly, and Zamalek SC. +Many games in the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations were played at this stadium, including the final between Algeria and Senegal. + += = = 30 June Stadium = = = +30 June Stadium is a stadium in Cairo, Egypt. It has a capacity of 30,000 people. It was built by the Egyptian Air Defense Forces. +The stadium is used by the Egyptian Premier League club Pyramids FC, and was one of the stadiums which hosted 2019 Africa Cup of Nations matches. +On 8 February 2015, 20 football fans died from a stampede when the crowd panicked after police used tear gas to clear the fans trying to force their way into the stadium. + += = = Borg El Arab Stadium = = = +Borg El Arab Stadium is the second largest stadium in Africa, and is in Borg El Arab, near Alexandria, Egypt. It has a capacity of 86,000 people. +It hosts some matches for the Egypt national team, Smouha SC, Al Ahly SC, and Al Ittihad Alexandria Club. + += = = Organic acid = = = +Organic acid is a type of organic compound that typically has acidic properties. A common example of organic acids are called carboxyl acids, which are generally known as weak acids and do not totally dissociate in a medium such as water, unlike with strong minerals. +The simplest form of organic acids, such as acetic and formic, are typically used in stimulation treatments against corrosion for gas and oil, since these are less reactive compared to hydrochloric acid and other strong acids. + += = = Femen = = = +Femen is a group of people which identify as feminist. The group was founded in 2008, in Ukraine. Since then, they mostly became known for different protests, they did with their breasts exposted (topless). + += = = Rashid Rauf = = = +Rashid Rauf (ca. 1981 – 22 November 2008) was a person thought to work for Al-Qaeda. He was a citizen of two countries, with them being the United Kingdom and Pakistan. He would be arrested in Bhawalpur, Pakistan as he was involved with the 2006 transatlantic aircraft plot in August 2006, a day before some other arrests were made in the United Kingdom. The Pakistani Interior Minister, Aftab Ahmed Khan Sherpao, thought that he was definitely someone who worked for al Qaeda. He was thought to be one of the leaders of the plot. In December 2006, the anti-terrorism court in Rawalpindi said that they couldn't find any proof that showed he had been involved in helping terrorists, but was charged with some smaller charges. +Rauf was born in England with people originally from Pakistan as his parents, and was in Birmingham during his childhood. Rauf was married to someone in the family of Maulana Masood Azhar. +Rauf would be killed in 2008 in a drone strike. + += = = 2021 Henan floods = = = +From 17-31 July 2021, China's Henan province has been affected by flooding caused by a long period of heavy rainfall. There had been record-breaking maximum rainfall in an hour, , was seen in Zhengzhou, the capital of the province. The floods and landslides have killed least 56 people with at least 5 went missing. 585,193 people were evacuated, 919,519 were relocated, and 7.579 million people were affected. +The floods were made more likely because of extreme weather caused by climate change in China. + += = = Tuomo Ylipulli = = = +Tuomo Sakari Ylipulli (3 March 1965 – 23 July 2021) was a Finnish ski jumper. He was born in Rovaniemi, Finland. He won a gold medal in the Team large hill competition at the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. He also won two gold medals at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in 1985 and 1987. +Ylipulli died on 23 July 2021 in Helsinki, Finland at the age of 56. + += = = Marshall Applewhite = = = +Marshall Herff "Do" Applewhite Jr. (May 17, 1931 – March 26, 1997) was an American cult leader. He co-founded what became known as the Heaven's Gate religious group and organized their mass suicide in 1997, which killed 39 people. Applewhite was born in Spur, Texas. +In 1954, Applewhite was drafted by the United States Army and served in Austria and New Mexico as a member of the Army Signal Corps. +Applewhite believed in the ancient astronaut hypothesis, which said that extraterrestrials had visited humanity in the past and put humans on Earth and would return to collect some people. +Applewhite killed himself during the Heaven's Gate mass suicide by drinking barbiturate at his Rancho Santa Fe, California mansion, aged 65. + += = = Jeremy Gelbwaks = = = +Jeremy Russell Gelbwaks (born May 22, 1961) is an American former child actor who starred as Chris Partridge in the television series "The Partridge Family" from 1970 to 1971 on ABC. + += = = Rancho Santa Fe, California = = = +Rancho Santa Fe is a census-designated place (CDP) in San Diego County, California, United States. It is within the San Diego metropolitan area. ​The population was 3,156 at the 2020 census. + += = = David Reimer = = = +David Reimer (born Bruce Peter Reimer; 22 August 1965 – 4 May 2004) was a Canadian man who was born male but raised as a girl following medical advice and after his penis was badly injured during a circumcision gone wrong in infancy. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. +Reimer's parents were told to raise him as a girl by Dr John Money. He displayed a lot of masculine behavior, including urinating while standing up over the toilet. Reimer realized that he was not a girl between the ages of 9 and 11 years. +He reverted to living as a male at age 15. His surgery gone wrong has been used as an example of what not to do and became known as the "John/Joan" case. Reimer later went public with his story to help people not go through similar medical practices. +Reimer, who was suffering from depression, killed himself on 4 May 2004 in Winnipeg after shooting himself outside a grocery store, aged 38. + += = = John and Lorena Bobbitt = = = +John Wayne Bobbitt (born March 23, 1967) and Lorena Bobbitt (née Gallo; born October 31, 1969) were an American couple married on June 18, 1989 and lived in Manassas, Virginia. Their relationship became well known in 1993 when, after claims of years of rape and abuse by her husband, Lorena cut off his penis with a knife while he was asleep in bed. The penis was surgically reattached. +John was born in Buffalo, New York and Lorena was born in Guayas Province, Ecuador. +John Bobbitt was acquitted on the rape charge. Lorena Bobbitt was found not guilty for reason of insanity. +In 1995, after six years of marriage, John and Lorena finalized their divorce. +After the events, John starred in two pornographic movies in the 1990s and said in 2018 that his penis is "back to normal". +Lorena was invited by President Abdalá Bucaram for an official dinner and later became godparents to each other's children in 1996. +In December 1997, Lorena was charged with assault for punching her mother, Elvia Gallo, as they watched television. She was eventually acquitted of assault and in 2007, she founded Lorena's Red Wagon organization, which helps prevent domestic violence through family-oriented activities. + += = = National personification = = = +A National personification are concepts such as nations, emotions, and natural forces/phenomena, such as seasons and weather in relation to personae characteristics of a state or the people(s) it inhabits. It may appear in political mascots and cultural depictions. + += = = Idris of Libya = = = +Idris (; El Sayyid Prince Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi; 13 March 1890 – 25 May 1983) was a Libyan political and religious leader. He was the Emir of Cyrenaica. Idris was the King of the United Kingdom of Libya (renamed as the Kingdom of Libya in 1963) from 1951 to 1969. He was the chief of the Senussi Muslim order. + += = = Sheldon Lee Glashow = = = +Sheldon Lee Glashow (, ; born December 5, 1932) is an American theoretical physicist. He is the Metcalf Professor of Mathematics and Physics at Boston University. He is also a professor emeritus, at Harvard University. He is known for his works about the unification of electroweak interactions. He won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics alongside Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam. +Glashow was born in New York City. He studied at Cornell University and Harvard University. In 1972, he married Joan Shirley Alexander. They have four children. + += = = Steven Weinberg = = = +Steven Weinberg (; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist. He won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics for his works with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interactions. +Weinberg was born in New York City. He studied at Cornell University and Princeton University. In 1954, he married law academic Louise Goldwasser. They have one daughter, Elizabeth. Weinberg is Jewish and a liberal. +Weinberg died on July 23, 2021 at a hospital in Austin, Texas at the age of 88. + += = = Louise Weinberg = = = +Louise Weinberg (née Goldwasser; born December 5, 1932) is an American legal scholar. She is known for being the chairholder and law professor at the University of Texas Law School. She is known for her "judicial federalism" legal theory. +Weinberg was born in New York City. She studied at Cornell University and at Harvard University. From 1954 until his death in 2021, she was married to physicist and Nobel winner Steven Weinberg. They had one daughter. + += = = Jerome Isaac Friedman = = = +Jerome Isaac Friedman (born March 28, 1930) is an American physicist. He is Institute Professor and Professor of Physics, "Emeritus, "at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Physics along with Henry Kendall and Richard Taylor, for work showing an internal structure for protons later known to be quarks. +Friedman was born in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. He studied at the University of Chicago. In 1956, he married Tania Letetsky-Baranovsky. They have four children. +In 2003, he was one of 22 Nobel winners who signed the Humanist Manifesto. He is an atheist. + += = = Henry Way Kendall = = = +Henry Way Kendall (December 9, 1926 – February 15, 1999) was an American particle physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1990 with Jerome Isaac Friedman and Richard E. Taylor for their works on the scattering of electrons on protons and the creation of the quark model in particle physics. +Kendall was born in Boston, Massachusetts. He studied at Amherst College and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. +Kendall died, aged 72, while diving the cave at the Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park in Wakulla County, Florida on February 15, 1999. He ran out of oxygen while ignoring safety protocols, which his autopsy found to be on purpose because of a physiological issue. + += = = Amherst College = = = +Amherst College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts. It was founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College. + += = = Creedmoor, Texas = = = +Creedmoor is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Jonestown, Texas = = = +Jonestown is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Lakeway, Texas = = = +Lakeway is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Alfred Loewenstein = = = +Alfred Léonard Loewenstein (11 March 1877 – 4 July 1928) was a Belgian banker and businessman. Loewenstein was worth around £12 million in the currency of the time (equivalent to £ million in ), making him the third richest person in the world at the time. +Loewenstein died on 4 July 1928 after his body fell out of his private plane that was travelling over the North Sea, aged 51. The reason why he fell out of the plane is unknown as murder, accidental or suicide have been not been ruled out. + += = = Leonard, Texas = = = +Leonard is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Tsung-Dao Lee = = = +Tsung-Dao Lee (; born November 24, 1926) is a Chinese-American physicist. He was born in Shanghai. He is known for his work on parity violation, the Lee Model, particle physics, relativistic heavy ion (RHIC) physics, nontopological solitons and soliton stars. +He was a University Professor Emeritus at Columbia University, where he taught from 1953 until his retirement in 2012. +In 1957, Lee, at the age of 30, won the Nobel Prize in Physics with Chen Ning Yang for their work on the violation of the parity law in weak interactions. + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic in Vanuatu is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first case in Vanuatu was confirmed on 11 November 2020. The Vanuatuan Government and groups such as the Vanuatu Red Cross support and encourage vaccination against COVID-19. + += = = Shin'ichirō Tomonaga = = = +, usually known as Sin-Itiro Tomonaga in English, was a Japanese physicist and important in the creation of quantum electrodynamics. For this, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965 along with Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger. Tomonaga was born in Tokyo. +Tomonaga died on July 8, 1979 in Tokyo of throat cancer, aged 73. + += = = Samuel C. C. Ting = = = +Samuel Chao Chung Ting (, born January 27, 1936) is a Chinese-American physicist. With Burton Richter, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1976 for discovering the subatomic J/� particle. He has been the principal investigator in research with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer. +Ting was born in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He studied at the University of Michigan. + += = = Arno Allan Penzias = = = +Arno Allan Penzias (; April 26, 1933 – January 22, 2024) was a German-born American physicist and radio astronomer. Along with Robert Woodrow Wilson, he discovered the cosmic microwave background radiation, which helped create the Big Bang theory of cosmology. He and Wilson won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics. +Penzias was born in Munich, Germany and raised in New York City. He studied at Columbia University. +Penzias died from problems caused by Alzheimer's disease in San Francisco, California on January 22, 2024, at the age of 90. + += = = Pyotr Kapitsa = = = +Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa or Peter Kapitza (Russian: ���� ���������� ������, Romanian: Petre Capița ( – 8 April 1984) was a Soviet physicist and engineer. He was best known for his work in low-temperature physics. He won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics. + += = = William Alfred Fowler = = = +William Alfred Fowler (August 9, 1911 – March 14, 1995) was an American nuclear physicist. With Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, he won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics. He is known for his theoretical and experimental research into nuclear reactions within stars and the energy elements produced in the process. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. +Fowler died on March 14, 1995 in Pasadena, California from kidney failure, aged 83. + += = = Manor, Texas = = = +Manor is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Carlo Rubbia = = = +Carlo Rubbia, (born 31 March 1934) is an Italian particle physicist and inventor. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1984 with Simon van der Meer for work leading to the discovery of the W and Z particles at CERN. He was born in Gorizia, Italy. + += = = Klaus von Klitzing = = = +Klaus von Klitzing (, born 28 June 1943) is a German physicist. He is known for his discovery of the integer quantum Hall effect. He was awarded the 1985 Nobel Prize in Physics. + += = = Ernst Ruska = = = +Ernst August Friedrich Ruska (25 December 1906 – 27 May 1988) was a German physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for his work in electron optics. He helped create the design of the first electron microscope. + += = = Gerd Binnig = = = +Gerd Binnig (born 20 July 1947) is a German physicist. He is most famous for having won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Heinrich Rohrer in 1986 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope. + += = = Georg Bednorz = = = +Johannes Georg Bednorz (born 16 May 1950) is a German physicist. With K. Alex Müller, they discovered high-temperature superconductivity in ceramics, for which they shared the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics. + += = = Russell Alan Hulse = = = +Russell Alan Hulse (born November 28, 1950) is an American physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993, which he shared with his thesis advisor Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., for the discovery of a new type of pulsar and his studies on gravitational waves. +In 2004, Hulse joined University of Texas at Dallas and became the Founding Director of UT Dallas Science and Engineering Education Center (SEEC). + += = = Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. = = = +Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. (born March 29, 1941) is an American astrophysicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1993 for his discovery with Russell Alan Hulse of a "new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation". +Taylor Jr. was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Harvard University. + += = = Frederick Reines = = = +Frederick Reines ( ; March 16, 1918 – August 26, 1998) was an American physicist. He was awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for his works on the neutrino with Clyde Cowan in the neutrino experiment. + += = = Clyde Cowan = = = +Clyde Lorrain Cowan Jr (December 6, 1919 – May 24, 1974) was an American physicist. He was the co-discoverer of the neutrino along with Frederick Reines. The discovery was made in 1956 in the neutrino experiment. +Frederick Reines received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1995 in both their names. + += = = David Lee (physicist) = = = +David Morris Lee (born January 20, 1931) is an American physicist. He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics with Robert C. Richardson and Douglas Osheroff for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3. Lee is professor emeritus of physics at Cornell University and distinguished professor of physics at Texas A&M University. Lee was born in Rye, New York. + += = = Robert Coleman Richardson = = = +Robert Coleman Richardson (June 26, 1937 – February 19, 2013) was an American experimental physicist. He was known for his works on sub-millikelvin temperature studies of helium-3. He won the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics. + += = = Douglas Osheroff = = = +Douglas Dean Osheroff (born August 1, 1945) is an American physicist. He is known for his work in experimental condensed matter physics and for his co-discovery of superfluidity in Helium-3. He shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Physics along with David Lee and Robert C. Richardson. + += = = Claude Cohen-Tannoudji = = = +Claude Cohen-Tannoudji (born 1 April 1933) is a French physicist. He shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics with Steven Chu and William Daniel Phillips for research in methods of laser cooling and trapping atoms. He is still an active researcher, working at the École normale supérieure (Paris). + += = = William Daniel Phillips = = = +William Daniel Phillips (born November 5, 1948) is an American physicist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics, in 1997, with Steven Chu and Claude Cohen-Tannoudji. +In 1996, he received the Albert A. Michelson Medal from The Franklin Institute. +Phillips is also a professor of physics, which is part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences at University of Maryland, College Park. + += = = Robert B. Laughlin = = = +Robert Betts Laughlin (born November 1, 1950) is an American physicist and Professor of Physics and Applied Physics at Stanford University. Along with Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui, he was awarded a share of the 1998 Nobel Prize in physics for their explanation of the fractional quantum Hall effect. + += = = Hijackers in the September 11 attacks = = = +There were 19 hijackers in the September 11 attacks, part of an Islamic terrorism group called Al-Qaeda. The 19 hijackers hijacked four aircraft; American Airlines Flight 11 had five hijackers and crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center, United Airlines Flight 175 had five hijackers and crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, American Airlines Flight 77 had five hijackers and crashed into the Pentagon, and United Airlines Flight 93 had four hijackers and crashed outside of Shanksville, Pennsylvania. +Chosen. +Mohamed Atta was the leader of the hijackers, and helped carry out the attacks. (Pilot-hijackers in bold) + += = = Horst Ludwig Störmer = = = +Horst Ludwig Störmer (born April 6, 1949) is a German physicist. He is a emeritus professor at Columbia University. +He was awarded the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Daniel Tsui and Robert B. Laughlin "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations", also known as the fractional quantum Hall effect. + += = = Daniel C. Tsui = = = +Daniel Chee Tsui (, born February 28, 1939) is a Chinese-born American physicist. He is a professor at Princeton University. Tsui shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics with Robert B. Laughlin and Horst L. Störmer for their discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect. He was born in Henan, China. + += = = John E. Walker = = = +Sir John Ernest Walker (born 7 January 1941) is a British chemist. He won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997. Walker is Emeritus Director and Professor at the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit in Cambridge, and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. + += = = Bertram Brockhouse = = = +Bertram Neville Brockhouse, (July 15, 1918 – October 13, 2003) was a Canadian physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1994, shared with Clifford Shull for the development of neutron scattering and neutron spectroscopy. + += = = Clifford Shull = = = +Clifford Glenwood Shull (September 23, 1915 – March 31, 2001) was an American physicist. He won the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics with Bertram Brickhouse. +Shull's awards include the Buckley Prize, which he received from the American Physical Society in 1956, and election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1956) and to the National Academy of Sciences (1975). + += = = John Hasbrouck Van Vleck = = = +John Hasbrouck Van Vleck (March 13, 1899 – October 27, 1980) was an American physicist and mathematician. He was co-awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977. + += = = Nevill Francis Mott = = = +Sir Nevill Francis Mott (30 September 1905 – 8 August 1996) was a British physicist. He won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1977 for his work on the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems. He shared it with Philip W. Anderson and J. H. Van Vleck. + += = = Brian Forster = = = +Brian A. Forster (born April 14, 1960) is an American former child actor. He is best known as the second actor to play the role of Chris Partridge in the television series The Partridge Family. He replaced Jeremy Gelbwaks, when Gelbwaks left the series. + += = = Crónicas = = = +Crónicas is a 2004 Ecuadorian Mexican thriller movie directed by Sebastián Cordero and starring John Leguizamo, Damián Alcázar, José María Yazpik, Leonor Watling, Alfred Molina, Camilo Luzuriaga. + += = = Favria = = = +Favria is a "comune" in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region of Piedmont. + += = = Intelligence and Security Committee = = = +The Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament (ISC) is a group in the Parliament of the United Kingdom that is responsible for making sure that what the UK intelligence community does is allowed or okay. +The Committee was created in 1994 by the Intelligence Services Act 1994, and they were given more power by the Justice and Security Act 2013. +Structure. +The ISC is not like other committees in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, being a statutory committee instead of a more common select committee. It was originally made under the Intelligence Services Act 1994. The committee would later have what it does changed, and what it can do expanded by the Justice and Security Act 2013. +How independent it is has been, in the past, questioned by journalists and interest groups but the ISC says it is independent because it is made of MPs and peers from different parties and runs in a neutral manner. The ISC got stronger power under the Justice and Security Act 2013 which also made it so that the Prime Minister didn't decide who was in the group anymore. + += = = No Exit (1930 movie) = = = +No Exit is a 1930 British romantic comedy movie directed by Charles Saunders and starring John Stuart, Muriel Angelus, Janet Alexander. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. + += = = Quart, Aosta Valley = = = +Quart is a "comune" in the Aosta Valley region in Italy. + += = = Boana bandeirantes = = = +Boana bandeirantes is a frog that lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it higher than 400 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is 27.1–29.1 mm long from nose to rear end and one adult female frog was 31.2 mm long. It has a little webbing on its front feet and more on its back feet. The skin of its back has four light brown stripes with darker brown in between. It has some white color on its face and two dark brown stripes from its nose over the eye down to where the legs meet the body. + += = = Senate of Virginia = = = +The Senate of Virginia is a part of the Virginia General Assembly. The general assembly is the legislature for Virginia. The Senate of Virginia is the upper house, while the Virginia House of Delegates is the lower house. The senate has 40 members called senators. The leader of the senate is called the president and is also the lieutenant governor. The current president is Justin Fairfax. There is a second position called the Pro tempore if the president is absent or unavailable. +The senate holds elections every 4 years. The last election was on November 5, 2019 and the next election is on November 7, 2023. + += = = Jacobin pigeon = = = +The Jacobin pigeon is a breed of fancy pigeon that originated in Asia. It is in the Asian feather and voice pigeon show group. This breed is known for its feathered hood over its head. The breed name comes from the feather arrangements on their heads (known as a muff or cowl) that look similar to the hoods that Jacobin monks wore. It is considered as the "“National Pigeon of India”" respectively. + += = = Virginia House of Delegates = = = +The Virginia House of Delegates is a part of the Virginia General Assembly. The general assembly is the legislature for Virginia. The house is the lower house, while the Senate of Virginia is the upper house. The house has 100 members called delegates. The leader of the house is called the Speaker of the House. The Speaker is internally elected. The current Speaker is Todd Gilbert. The leader of the largest party is called the majority leader. The leader of the smallest party is called the minority leader. +The House of Delegates holds elections every 2 years. The last election was on November 2, 2021, and the next election is on November 7, 2023. +History. +The House of Burgesses was the representative body for the Virginia General Assembly. The House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates in 1776. + += = = 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election = = = +The 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election happened on November 2, 2021, to elect the next governor of Virginia. Incumbent Governor Ralph Northam is unable to run, as the Constitution of Virginia does not allow terms to be served in a row. +The Democratic Party chose previous Governor Terry McAuliffe, and the Republican Party chose Glenn Youngkin. Teacher Princess Blanding ran under the new Liberation Party. +In the general election on November 2, Republican Glenn Youngkin won the election over Democrat and former Governor Terry McAuliffe, making him the first Republican to win a statewide election in Virginia since 2009. +Republican convention election. +A convention is a different way to choose a person for an election. This Republican convention used a method of voting called instant-runoff voting to choose a person for the general election. +The Republican Party of Virginia chose a convention on December 5, 2020 with a vote. The vote was 41 to 28. This decision started debates internally. At first, state senator Amanda Chase was going to run as an independent, but decided to run in the convention. + += = = Pamela Adlon = = = +Pamela Adlon (née Segall; born July 9, 1966) is an American-British actress, screenwriter, producer and director. She is best known for acting as the voice of the character Bobby Hill in the television show "King of the Hill" (1997-2010) and Beau in the Cartoon Network series "Dexter's Laboratory" (1996-2003), and its spin-off installment, "The Beau Montgomery Show" (1999-2003). She won a Primetime Emmy Award. She also voiced Baloo in "Jungle Cubs" (1996-1998), Pajama Sam in the "Pajama Sam" series of video games (1996-2001), Lucky in "" (1997-1998), Ashley Spinelli in "Recess" (1997-2001) and Brigette Murphy in "Milo Murphy's Law" (2016-2019). + += = = Blacula = = = +Blacula is a 1972 American blaxploitation fantasy horror movie directed by William Crain and starring William Marshall, Denise Nicholas, Vonetta McGee, Gordon Pinsent, Thalmus Rasulala, Ketty Lester, The Hues Corporation. It was followed by the sequel "Scream Blacula Scream" in 1973. + += = = United Airlines Flight 328 = = = +United Airlines Flight 328 was a scheduled flight from Denver International Airport in Denver, Colorado, to Daniel K. Inouye International Airport in Honolulu, Hawaii. On February 20, 2021, the Boeing 777-222 (registered N772UA) operating the route suffered an engine failure while flying over Broomfield, Colorado. The airplane then returned to Denver International Airport. +The failure to the engine caused a fire in the engine damage to the aircraft's body. +Aircraft. +The incident aircraft, N772UA, is a Boeing 777 which flies for United Airlines. It was built in November 1994 and given to United Airlines in September 1995. At first, the aircraft was a part of a test to approve its entry to fly commercially. +Investigation. +As of July 25, 2021, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) is looking into the incident. Debris was collected. The NTSB found that two blades on the engine were broken and the damage done to be the same as metal fatigue. + += = = Avianca Flight 203 = = = +Avianca Flight 203 was an internal flight from El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá, Colombia to Alfonso Bonilla Aragón International Airport in Cali, Colombia. On November 27, 1989, the Boeing 727-21 (registered HK-1803) was destroyed by a bomb while flying over Soacha. All 107 passengers and 3 people on the ground were killed. The bombing was ordered by the Medellín drug cartel. +Aircraft. +The aircraft was a Boeing 727-21 with registration HK-1803. It was built in 1966 and delivered to Pan Am on May 28, 1966. In 1975, the aircraft was bought from Avianca. The aircraft changed registrations when bought. +Flight. +Flight 203 took off at 7:13 a.m. Shortly after, while at , a bomb was set off, causing fuel to explode. A second explosion made the front of the aircraft to separate from the back of the aircraft. The debris was spread across the town of Soacha. All 107 passengers and crew and 3 people on the ground were killed. +Aftermath. +An investigation found the cause of the explosion to be plastic explosives. Drug cartel leader, Pablo Escobar, planned the bombing. The reason was to kill Colombian presidential candidate, César Gaviria Trujillo. However, Gaviria did not get on the plane, and became the president of Colombia. +In popular culture. +The bombing was shown in Season 1 of the television show, Narcos. + += = = George Abbott = = = +George Francis Abbott (June 25, 1887 – January 31, 1995) was an American theater producer and director, playwright, screenwriter, and movie director and producer. His career lasted from 1913 until 1995. He won six Tony Awards, a Pulitzer Prize and Drama Desk Award. Abbott was born in Forestville, New York. He was known for directing and writing many Broadway plays. +Abbott died on January 31, 1995 in Miami Beach, Florida from a stroke at the age of 107. + += = = Orlando Drummond = = = +Orlando Drummond Cardoso (October 18, 1919 – July 27, 2021) was a Brazilian actor and comedian. He was best known for his works as Seu Peru in the series "Escolinha do Professor Raimundo" and also as the voice of "Scooby-Doo", "Alf", and "Popeye". He was born in Rio de Janeiro. +Drummond died on July 27, 2021 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 101. + += = = West Springfield, Virginia = = = +West Springfield is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 23,369 at the 2020 census. +Location. +West Springfield is located in Fairfax County at (38.788436, −77.232802). The town borders (touches) the Norfolk Southern Railway to the north, Accotink Creek to the east, Fairfax County Parkway to the south, and Pohick Creek to the west. +Composition. +At the 2010 census there were 22,460 people, 10,289 houses, and 7,840 families in the CDP. The racial makeup of the CDP was 75.31% White, 4.89% African American, 0.28% Native American, 13.91% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.55% from other races, and 3.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.33%. +According to a 2007 estimate, the average income for each house was $97,203, and the average income for families was $106,667. Males had an average income of $61,953, and females had an average income of $40,380. About 1.7% of families and 2.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 0.5% of those age 65 or over. +Education. +Fairfax County Public Schools operates public schools. + += = = Henry Danton = = = +Henry Danton (born Henry David Boileau Down; 30 March 1919 – 10 February 2022) was a British dancer and teacher of classical ballet. He was born in Bedford, England. He worked at Sadler's Wells Ballet. In the UK, Danton performed as a soloist in the International Ballet partnering Mona Inglesby in "Les Sylphides" and "Swan Lake" 1943–44. +Danton died on 10 February 2022 at the age of 102. + += = = Yuriko (dancer) = = = +Yuriko Kikuchi (February 2, 1920 – March 8, 2022), known by her stage name Yuriko, was an American dancer and choreographer. She was best known for her work with the Martha Graham Dance Company. She was born in San Jose, California. She danced in the first production of Graham's masterpiece, "Clytemnestra", as well as in "Appalachian Spring", "Cave of the Heart" and "Dark Meadow". She died on March 8, 2022 in New York City at age of 102. + += = = Herbert Köfer = = = +Herbert Köfer (17 February 1921 – 24 July 2021) was a German actor and television presenter. He was born in Berlin. He starred in the 1963 movie "Naked Among Wolves" as Kluttig. He was also known for appearing in many comedy and crime movies through "Polizeiruf 110". +Köfer turned 100 in February 2021. and died in Berlin on 24 July 2021, aged 100. + += = = Goochland, Virginia = = = +Goochland is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Goochland County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2020 census was 899. + += = = Glenn Youngkin = = = +Glenn Allen Youngkin (born December 9, 1966) is an American politician and businessman. He is the 74th and current Governor of Virginia, after winning the 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election. He is a Republican. +Early life. +Youngkin was born in Richmond, Virginia. When Youngkin was a teenager, the family moved from Richmond to Virginia Beach. He went to Norfolk Academy in Norfolk, Virginia. He graduated in 1985. +2021 gubernatorial election. +2021 election campaign. +Youngkin announced that he would try to get the Republican Party's nomination for governor of Virginia. +Youngkin won the Virginia Republican Party convention on May 10, 2021, beating six other candidates. Youngkin became the Republican nominee. He would face former Democratic Governor Terry McAuliffe in the general election. +Youngkin did not meet McAuliffe in a scheduled debate by the Virginia Bar Association (VBA) on July 12, 2021. He has agreed to three debates. +On November 2, Youngkin beat McAuliffe in the election winning 50.6% of the vote against McAuliffe's 48.6%. +Governor of Virginia. +Youngkin was sworn in as Governor of Virginia on January 15, 2022. +After being sworn in, Youngkin signed multiple executive orders. These orders include making it not allowed to teach critical race theory in schools, and removing multiple COVID-19 regulations, such as requiring masks in public schools, and making it required for all state employees to get COVID-19 vaccines. +Personal life. +Youngkin lives in Great Falls, Virginia with his wife Suzanne and their four children. As of September 2021, he had a net worth of $440 million. + += = = 2019 Virginia House of Delegates election = = = +The 2019 Virginia House of Delegates elections was held on November 5, 2019. The elections for the Senate of Virginia was also held on the same day. All 100 seats in the Virginia House of Delegates were up for election. +The Democrats got 6 seats, becoming the largest party in the House of Delegates. The Democrats also became the largest party in the Senate of Virginia. This was the first time the Democrats was the largest party in both houses in Virginia since 1993. +Results. +Close races. +Seats where the margin of victory was under 10%: +Detailed results. +District 1. +Incumbent Republican Terry Kilgore has represented the 1st District since 2017. +District 2. +Incumbent Democrat Jennifer Carroll Foy has represented the 2nd district since 2018. +District 3. +Incumbent Republican Will Morefield has represented the 3rd district since 2010. +District 4. +Incumbent Republican Todd Pillion has represented the 4th district since 2014. He is retiring. +District 5. +Incumbent Republican Israel O'Quinn has represented the 5th district since 2012. +District 6. +Incumbent Republican Jeff Campbell has represented the 6th district since 2014 special election. +District 7. +Incumbent Republican Nick Rush has represented the 7th district since 2012. +District 8. +Incumbent Republican Joseph McNamara has represented the 8th district since the 2018 special election. +District 9. +Incumbent Republican Charles Poindexter has represented the 9th district since 2008. +District 10. +Incumbent Democrat Wendy Gooditis has represented the 10th district since 2016. +District 11. +Incumbent Democrat Sam Rasoul has represented the 11th district since 2014. +District 12. +Incumbent Democrat Chris Hurst has represented the 12th district since 2018. +District 13. +Incumbent Democrat Danica Roem has represented the 13th district since 2018. +District 14. +Incumbent Republican Danny Marshall has represented the 14th district since 2002. +District 15. +Incumbent Republican Todd Gilbert has represented the 15th district since 2006. +District 16. +Incumbent Republican Les Adams has represented the 16th district since 2014. +District 17. +Incumbent Republican Chris Head has represented the 17th district since 2012. +District 18. +Incumbent Republican Michael Webert has represented the 12th district since 2012. +District 19. +Incumbent Republican Terry Austin has represented the 19th district since 2014. +District 20. +Incumbent Republican Richard Bell has represented the 20th district since 2010. He did not seek reelection, and was succeeded by Republican John Avoli. +District 21. +Incumbent Democrat Kelly Fowler has represented the 21st district since 2018. +District 22. +Incumbent Republican Kathy Byron has represented the 22nd district since 1998. +District 23. +Incumbent Republican T. Scott Garrett has represented the 23rd district since 2010. He did not seek reelection, and was succeeded by Republican Wendell Walker. +District 24. +Incumbent Republican Ronnie R. Campbell has represented the 24th district since a 2019 special election. +District 25. +Incumbent Republican Steve Landes has represented the 25th district since 1996. He did not seek reelection. +District 26. +Incumbent Republican Tony Wilt has represented the 26th district since a 2010 special election. +District 27. +Incumbent Republican Roxann Robinson has represented the 27th district since a 2010 special election. +District 28. +Incumbent Republican Bob Thomas has represented the 28th district since 2018. He was defeated in the Republican Primary by Paul Milde, who was then defeated in the General election by Democrat Joshua G. Cole. +District 29. +Incumbent Republican Chris Collins has represented the 29th district since 2016. +District 30. +Incumbent Republican Nick Freitas has represented the 30th district since 2016. He ran and won as a write in candidate. +District 31. +Incumbent Democrat Elizabeth Guzmán has represented the 31st district since 2018. +District 32. +Incumbent Democrat David A. Reid has represented the 32nd district since 2018. +District 33. +Incumbent Republican Dave LaRock has represented the 33rd district since 2014. +District 34. +Incumbent Democrat Kathleen Murphy has represented the 34th district since the 2015 special election. +District 35. +Incumbent Democrat Mark Keam has represented the 35th district since 2010. +District 36. +Incumbent Democrat Kenneth R. Plum has represented the 36th district since 1982. +District 37. +Incumbent Democrat David Bulova has represented the 37th district since 2006. +District 38. +Incumbent Democrat Kaye Kory has represented the 38th district since 2010. +District 39. +Incumbent Democrat Vivian Watts has represented the 39th district since 1996. +District 40. +Incumbent Republican and Majority Caucus Chairman Tim Hugo has represented the 40th district since 2003. He was unseated by Democrat Dan Helmer. +District 41. +Incumbent Democrat and Minority Leader of the Virginia House of Delegates Eileen Filler-Corn has represented the 41st district since 2010. +District 42nd. +Incumbent Democrat Kathy Tran has represented the 42nd district since 2018. +District 43. +Incumbent Democrat Mark Sickles has represented the 43rd district since 2004. +District 44. +Incumbent Democrat Paul Krizek has represented the 44th district since 2016. +District 45. +Incumbent Democrat Mark Levine has represented the 45th district since 2016. +District 46. +Incumbent Democrat and Minority Caucus Chair Charniele Herring has represented the 46th district since 2009. +District 47. +Incumbent Democrat Patrick Hope has represented the 47th district since 2010. +District 48. +Incumbent Democrat Rip Sullivan has represented the 48th district since 2014. +District 49. +Incumbent Democrat and House Minority Whip Alfonso H. Lopez has represented the 49th district since 2012. +District 50. +Incumbent Democrat Lee J. Carter has represented the 50th district since 2018. +District 51. +Incumbent Democrat Hala Ayala has represented the 51st district since 2018. +District 52. +Incumbent Democrat Luke Torian has represented the 52nd district since 2010. +District 53. +Incumbent Democrat Marcus Simon has represented the 53rd district since 2014. +District 54. +Incumbent Republican Bobby Orrock has represented the 54th district since 1990. +District 56. +Incumbent Republican John McGuire has represented the 56th district since 2018. +District 57. +Incumbent Democrat David Toscano has represented the 57th district since 2006. He did not seek reelection. +District 58. +Incumbent Republican Rob Bell has represented the 58th district since 2002. + += = = Transair Flight 810 = = = +Transair Flight 810 was a cargo flight from Honolulu International Airport to Kahului Airport. On July 2, 2021, the Boeing 737-200 (registered N810TA) had mechanical difficulties and crashed shortly after takeoff. Both pilots survived. +Flight. +On July 2, 2021, at 1:33 a.m. HST, the aircraft took off. At 1:42 a.m., the pilots told air traffic control that they had "lost an engine." At around 1:46 a.m., the pilots reported that the second engine was overheating, and they could not stay at higher altitude. +The plane went down on the water of Māmala Bay about short of Kalaeloa Airport. + += = = John Byner = = = +John Byner (born John Biener; June 28, 1938) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his voice roles on the cartoon series "The Ant and the Aardvark". He is also known for his impressions of Dean Martin and Jackie Mason. + += = = Villeparisis = = = +Villeparisis is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Seine-et-Marne department in north-central France. It is in the northeastern suburbs of Paris, from the center. 26,471 people lived here in 2018. + += = = Ridgecrest, California = = = +Ridgecrest is a city in Kern County, California, United States. The population was 27,959 at the 2020 census. + += = = Corbeil-Essonnes = = = +Corbeil-Essonnes is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Essonne department in north France. It is also in the southern suburbs of Paris, from the center. 50,954 people lived here in 2018. + += = = Franconville, Val-d'Oise = = = +Franconville is a commune. It is in Île-de-France in the Val-d'Oise department in north France. It is also in the northwestern suburbs of Paris, from the +center. 37,010 people lived here in 2018. + += = = Le Tampon = = = +Le Tampon is a commune in the French overseas department of Réunion. + += = = Saint-André, Réunion = = = +Saint-André is a commune in the French overseas department of Réunion. + += = = Gulf of Kutch = = = +The Gulf of Kutch is a large bay in the Arabian Sea, on the west coast of India. It lies in the Indian state of Gujarat. The gulf is about long, and wide. The Gulf of Kutch is important: 41 percent of imports and exports are done through this waterway. +The area is renowned for extreme daily tides which often cover the lower lying areas – comprising networks of creeks, wetlands and alluvial tidal flats in the interior region. The Gulf of Kutch has several ports including Okha (at the entrance of the gulf), Māndvi, Bedi, and Kandla. Kandla, visible on the northern peninsula in the left of the image, is one of the largest ports in India by volume of cargo handled. +The gulf is rich in marine biodiversity. Part of the southern coast of the Gulf of Kutch was declared Marine Sanctuary and Marine National Park in 1980 and 1982 respectively – the first marine conservatory established in India. The park covers an area of around 270 sq km, from Okha in the south (not visible) to Jodiya. There are hundreds of species of coral in the park, as well as algae, sponges and mangroves. + += = = Maria Full of Grace = = = +Maria Full of Grace (Spanish title: María, llena eres de gracia, lit., "Maria, you are full of grace") is a 2004 Colombian Ecuadorian American drama movie directed by Joshua Marston and starring Catalina Sandino Moreno, Yenny Paola Vega, Guilied López, John Alex Toro, Patricia Rae, Virginia Ariza. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2005. + += = = In the Name of the Girl = = = +In the Name of the Girl () is a 2011 Ecuadorian comedy-drama movie directed by Tania Hermida and starring Eva Mayu Mecham Benavides, Markus Amaru Mecham Benavides, Javier Izquierdo, Tatiana Ugalde, Juana Estrella, Felipe Vega, Pancho Aguirre. + += = = Rhêmes-Notre-Dame = = = +Rhêmes-Notre-Dame is a "comune" in the Aosta Valley region in Italy. + += = = Rhêmes-Saint-Georges = = = +Rhêmes-Saint-Georges is a "comune" in the Aosta Valley region in Italy. + += = = Roisan = = = +Roisan is a "comune" in the Aosta Valley region in Italy. + += = = Wyoming Mail = = = +Wyoming Mail is a 1950 American western movie directed by Reginald Le Borg and starring Stephen McNally, Alexis Smith, Howard Da Silva, Ed Begley, Dan Riss, Roy Roberts, Whit Bissell, James Arness, Richard Jaeckel, Richard Egan. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. + += = = Saint Piran = = = +Saint Piran (c. 400's? - 480) is the patron saint of Cornwall. He was a Cornish/Celtic bishop in the 5th century. + += = = Britannic = = = +Britannic means 'of Britain' or 'British', from the Roman name for Great Britain. +Britannic may also refer to: + += = = Muslim saints = = = +This is a list of patron Muslim saints of places by nation, and other regional countries, in the Islamic world. + += = = Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 = = = +The Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2018 is law in Pakistan which was passed by the parliament in 2018 to legally provide equality to transgender people and to make sure they kept their rights. The law aims to legally recognise transgender people in the country. It also allows them to legally have the same rights as cisgender people. The law gives trans peoples official equality, but non substantive equality and although the law has taken a large leap towards the equality of trans peoples in Pakistan, major cultural and infrastructural changes need to occur before this is genuinely the case. +In March 2020, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) addressed the provision of Pakistan after releasing a paper at International Transgender Day of Visibility. The ICJ highlighted features of the provision. Pakistan, according to the "Aljazeera," is the one of the first nations that legally recognised transgender people. + += = = Américo Tomás = = = +Américo de Deus Rodrigues Tomás (; 19 November 1894 – 18 September 1987) was a Portuguese Navy officer and politician who was the authoritarian 13th President of Portugal from 1958 to 1974. + += = = Lake Biwa = = = +Lake Biwa () is the largest lake in Japan that is located in Shiga Prefecture. + += = = Francisco Craveiro Lopes = = = +Francisco Higino Craveiro Lopes (; 12 April 1894 – 2 September 1964) was a Portuguese Air officer and politician. He was the authoritarian 12th President of Portugal from 1951 to 1958. + += = = List of presidents of Portugal = = = +The complete list of presidents of the Portuguese Republic consists of the 20 heads of state in the history of Portugal since the 5 October 1910 revolution. + += = = Francisco da Costa Gomes = = = +Francisco da Costa Gomes, , (; 30 June 1914 – 31 July 2001) was a Portuguese military officer and politician. He was the 15th President of the Portuguese Republic from 1974 until 1976. + += = = Óscar Carmona = = = +António Óscar Fragoso Carmona (; 24 November 1869 – 18 April 1951) was a Portuguese Army officer and politician. He was the 96th Prime Minister of Portugal from 1926 to 1928 and 11th President of Portugal from 1926 until his death in 1951. +He also was the Minister of War in late 1923 and in 1926, and he also was the Minister of Foreign Affairs two times in 1926. + += = = List of prime ministers of Portugal = = = +The prime minister of the Portuguese Republic () is the head of the country's Government. + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Belize = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic in Belize is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first case in Belize was confirmed on 23 March 2020. +Cases. +The country's first case was confirmed on 23 March, a Belizean woman who returned to San Pedro Town from Los Angeles, California. The second case was confirmed on 25 March. They had come into contact with the first case. +The third case in Belize was confirmed on 29 March from a traveler returning from New York City to Belize City. +The fifth case of coronavirus was confirmed in a Belizean student who returned from Florida. Two people died (on 4 April and 10 April). + += = = COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia = = = +The COVID-19 pandemic in Saint Lucia is part of the ongoing worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 () caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (). The first case in Saint Lucia was confirmed on 13 March 2020. As of 26 July 2021, there were 5,529 total confirmed cases, 93 active cases, with 88 deaths and 5,343 recoveries. + += = = Augusto Santos Silva = = = +Augusto Ernesto dos Santos Silva (born 20 August 1956) is a Portuguese sociologist, university professor, and politician. He has been the Minister of Foreign Affairs during the António Costa cabinet since 2015. He is a member of the Socialist Party. +Silva was also the Minister of Education from 2000 until 2001, Minister of Culture from 2001 until 2002, Minister of Parliamentary Affairs from 2005 until 2009 and Minister of National Defence from 2009 until 2011. + += = = Khui Ningomba = = = +Khui Ningomba () was a ruler of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak). He was the successor of Emperor Taothingmang. It was during his reign that the Manipuri traders reached out on horseback to upper Burma and China. He is one of the nine kings associated with the design of a historic flag. Besides the Cheitharol Kumbaba, he is mentioned in the Ningthourol Lambuba. + += = = 2021 Virginia House of Delegates election = = = +The 2021 Virginia House of Delegates election for the 162nd Virginia General Assembly were held on November 2, 2021. All 100 Delegates are elected to two-year terms. Primary elections took place on June 8. This election took place at the same time as the elections for the Virginia Governor, lieutenant governor and Attorney General. All of the elections were won by Republicans. The next election for the upper house of the Virginia General Assembly, the Senate of Virginia, will be held on November 7, 2023. +The results were certified on November 15. They showed that Republicans took seven seats from the Democrats. This gave them a majority in the House of Delegates. All races have been called by the Associated Press. +Retirements. +Five incumbents did not seek re-election. They either retired or tried to be elected to other positions. +Democrats. +One Democrat did not seek re-election. +Republicans. +Four Republicans did not seek re-election. +Special elections. +There were two special elections in 2021 to the 161st Virginia General Assembly, both held on January 5. +District 90. +Incumbent Democrat Joseph C. Lindsey, first elected in a 2014 special election, retired on November 10, 2020. +District 2. +Incumbent Democrat Jennifer Carroll Foy, first elected in 2017, retired on December 12, 2020 to run for governor. +Results. +Overview. +The Republican Party showed a strong performance in 2021, gaining seven seats over the Democrats. Due to close races in Districts 85 and 91, recounts were requested by Democrats Alex Askew and Martha Mugler, who fell in close second places to their Republican challengers. On December 3, 2021, the recount in District 85 reaffirmed the victory of Republican Karen Greenhalgh, giving the Republican Party a majority in the House of Delegates and ending the Democratic Party's control over the chamber. District 91's recount, which took place on December 7, resulted in victory for Republican candidate A.C. Cordoza, making the final seat count 52 Republicans to 48 Democrats. +Both major parties fielded a record high number of candidates, with Republicans contesting 98 out of the 100 districts, and Democrats contesting 93. +Close races. +Seats where the margin of victory was under 10%: +List of districts. +District 1. +Incumbent Republican Terry Kilgore was first elected in 1993. +District 2. +Incumbent Democrat Candi King was first elected in a 2021 special election. +District 3. +Incumbent Republican Will Morefield was first elected in 2009. +District 4. +Incumbent Republican Will Wampler was first elected in 2019. +District 5. +Incumbent Republican Israel O'Quinn was first elected in 2011. +District 6. +Incumbent Republican Jeff Campbell was first elected in 2013. +District 7. +Incumbent Republican Nick Rush was first elected in 2011. He is retiring. +District 8. +Incumbent Republican Joseph McNamara was first elected in a 2018 special election. Democratic challenger Dustin Wimbish withdrew from the race on October 13, but his candidacy remained on the ballot. +District 9. +Incumbent Republican Charles Poindexter was first elected in 2007. He lost renomination. +District 10. +Incumbent Democrat Wendy Gooditis was first elected in 2017. +District 11. +Incumbent Democrat Sam Rasoul was first elected in 2013. +District 12. +Incumbent Democrat Chris Hurst was first elected in 2017. +District 13. +Incumbent Democrat Danica Roem was first elected in 2017. +District 14. +Incumbent Republican Danny Marshall was first elected in 2001. +District 15. +Incumbent Republican and House Minority Leader Todd Gilbert was first elected in 2005. +District 16. +Incumbent Republican Les Adams was first elected in 2013. +District 17. +Incumbent Republican Chris Head was first elected in 2011. +District 18. +Incumbent Republican Michael Webert was first elected in 2011. +District 19. +Incumbent Republican Terry Austin was first elected in 2013. +District 20. +Incumbent Republican John Avoli was first elected in 2019. +District 21. +Incumbent Democrat Kelly Convirs-Fowler was first elected in 2017. +District 22. +Incumbent Republican Kathy Byron was first elected in 1997. +District 23. +Incumbent Republican Wendell Walker was first elected in 2019. +District 24. +Incumbent Republican Ronnie R. Campbell was first elected in a 2018 special election. +District 25. +Incumbent Republican Chris Runion was first elected in 2019. +District 26. +Incumbent Republican Tony Wilt was first elected in a 2010 special election. +District 27. +Incumbent Republican Roxann Robinson was first elected in a 2010 special election. +District 28. +Incumbent Democrat Joshua G. Cole was first elected in 2019. +District 29. +Incumbent Republican Bill Wiley was first elected in a 2020 special election. +District 30. +Incumbent Republican Nick Freitas was first elected in 2015. +District 31. +Incumbent Democrat Elizabeth Guzmán was first elected in 2017. +District 32. +Incumbent Democrat David A. Reid was first elected in 2017. +District 33. +Incumbent Republican Dave LaRock was first elected in 2013. +District 34. +Incumbent Democrat Kathleen Murphy was first elected in a 2015 special election. +District 35. +Incumbent Democrat Mark Keam was first elected in 2009. +District 36. +Incumbent Democrat Kenneth R. Plum was first elected in 1981. +District 37. +Incumbent Democrat David Bulova was first elected in 2005. +District 38. +Incumbent Democrat Kaye Kory was first elected in 2009. +District 39. +Incumbent Democrat Vivian Watts was first elected in 1995. +District 40. +Incumbent Democrat Dan Helmer was first elected in 2019. +District 41. +Incumbent Democrat and Speaker of the House Eileen Filler-Corn was first elected in a 2010 special election. +District 42. +Incumbent Democrat Kathy Tran was first elected in 2017. +District 43. +Incumbent Democrat Mark Sickles was first elected in 2003. +District 44. +Incumbent Democrat Paul Krizek was first elected in 2015. +District 45. +Incumbent Democrat Mark Levine was first elected in 2015. He lost renomination. +District 46. +Incumbent Democrat and House Majority Leader Charniele Herring was first elected in 2009. +District 47. +Incumbent Democrat Patrick Hope was first elected in 2009. +District 48. +Incumbent Democrat Rip Sullivan was first elected in a 2014 special election. +District 49. +Incumbent Democrat and House Majority Whip Alfonso H. Lopez was first elected in 2011. +District 50. +Incumbent Democrat Lee J. Carter was first elected in 2017. He lost renomination. +District 51. +Incumbent Democrat Hala Ayala was first elected in 2017. She is retiring to run for lieutenant governor. +District 52. +Incumbent Democrat Luke Torian was first elected in 2009. +District 53. +Incumbent Democrat Marcus Simon was first elected in 2013. +District 54. +Incumbent Republican Bobby Orrock was first elected in 1989. +District 55. +Incumbent Republican Buddy Fowler was first elected in 2013. +District 56. +Incumbent Republican John McGuire was first elected in 2017. +District 57. +Incumbent Democrat Sally L. Hudson was first elected in 2019. +District 58. +Incumbent Republican Rob Bell was first elected in 2001. +District 59. +Incumbent Republican Matt Fariss was first elected in 2011. +District 60. +Incumbent Republican James E. Edmunds was first elected in 2019. +District 61. +Incumbent Republican Thomas C. Wright was first elected in a 2000 special election. +District 62. +Incumbent Republican Carrie Coyner was first elected in 2019. +District 63. +Incumbent Democrat Lashrecse Aird was first elected in 2015. +District 64. +Incumbent Republican Emily Brewer was first elected in 2017. +District 65. +Incumbent Republican Lee Ware was first elected in a 1998 special election. +District 66. +Incumbent Republican Kirk Cox was first elected in 1989. He is retiring to run for governor. +District 67. +Incumbent Democrat Karrie Delaney was first elected in 2017. +District 68. +Incumbent Democrat Dawn Adams was first elected in 2017. +District 69. +Incumbent Democrat Betsy B. Carr was first elected in 2009. +District 70. +Incumbent Democrat Delores McQuinn was first elected in 2009. +District 71. +Incumbent Democrat Jeff Bourne was first elected in 2017. +District 72. +Incumbent Democrat Schuyler VanValkenburg was first elected in 2017. +District 73. +Incumbent Democrat Rodney Willett was first elected in 2019. +District 74. +Incumbent Democrat Lamont Bagby was first elected in 2015. +District 75. +Incumbent Democrat Roslyn Tyler was first elected in 2005. +District 76. +Incumbent Democrat Clinton Jenkins was first elected in 2019. +District 77. +Incumbent Democrat Cliff Hayes Jr. was first elected in a 2016 special election. +District 78. +Incumbent Republican Jay Leftwich was first elected in 2013. +District 79. +Incumbent Democrat Steve Heretick was first elected in 2015. He lost renomination. +District 80. +Incumbent Democrat Don Scott was first elected in 2019. +District 81. +Incumbent Republican Barry Knight was first elected in 2009. +District 82. +Incumbent Republican Jason Miyares was first elected in 2015. He is retiring to run for attorney general. +District 83. +Incumbent Democrat Nancy Guy was first elected in 2019. +District 84. +Incumbent Republican Glenn Davis was first elected in 2013. +District 85. +Incumbent Democrat Alex Askew was first elected in 2019. +District 86. +Incumbent Democrat Ibraheem Samirah was first elected in 2019. He lost renomination to Irene Shin, who was elected with 65.4% of the vote. +District 87. +Incumbent Democrat Suhas Subramanyam was first elected in 2019. +District 88. +Incumbent Republican Mark Cole was first elected in 2001. He is retiring. +District 89. +Incumbent Democrat Jay Jones was first elected in 2017. +District 90. +Incumbent Democrat Angelia Williams Graves was first elected in a 2021 special election. +District 91. +Incumbent Democrat Martha Mugler was first elected in 2019. +District 92. +Incumbent Democrat Jeion Ward was first elected in 2019. +District 93. +Incumbent Democrat Michael P. Mullin was first elected in a 2016 special election. +District 94. +Incumbent Democrat Shelly Simonds was first elected in 2019. +District 95. +Incumbent Democrat Marcia Price was first elected in 2015. +District 96. +Incumbent Republican Amanda Batten was first elected in 2019. +District 97. +Incumbent Republican Scott Wyatt was first elected in 2019. +District 98. +Incumbent Republican Keith Hodges was first elected in 2011. +District 99. +Incumbent Republican Margaret Ransone was first elected in 2011. +District 100. +Incumbent Republican Robert Bloxom Jr. was first elected in 2014. + += = = Ornate tree frog = = = +The ornate tree frog ("Boana ornatissima") is a frog that lives in Brazil, the Guianas, and Colombia. + += = = Ningthou Kangbalon = = = +The Ningthou Kangbalon () is an Ancient Meitei language historic text (PuYa), which presents a brief genealogy of the rulers of Ancient Manipur (Antique Kangleipak) in the pre Christian era. According to the manuscript, King Ningthou Kangba () had nine sons, Koikoi, Teima, Yangma, Tesrot, Urenkhuba, Urenhanba, Irem, Khabi and Langba. Teima became a Meitei. Yangma went to the West of Kangleipak (present day Manipur) and spread over to Mayang (Cachar and beyond). Tesrot went to Takhel (present day Tripura) and became Takhel (Tripuri). Urenkhuba spread over as a people of Ancient Moirang, Irem went to the North and became Pasa. Khabi/Khaba went to the east and became a part of Chinese people. Langba went to the South and spread over his descendants. The name of Manipur was "Tilli Koktong Leikoilel" during the period of Ningthou Kangba. + += = = Nexus 7 (2013) = = = +Nexus 7 (2013), is a small-mini tablet computer produced by Google and Asus. It uses the Android operating system. + += = = Nexus 6 = = = +Nexus 6 is a mini mobile phone produced by Google and Motorola Mobility that uses Android operating system. + += = = Nexus 9 = = = +The Nexus 9 is a tablet computer produced by Google and HTC that uses Android operating system. + += = = Air France Flight 296 = = = +Air France Flight 296 was a test flight of an Air France Airbus A320, chartered by Air Charter International, at the air show in Habsheim, Alsace, France on June 26, 1988. The approach was to take place with the plane at 100 feet (33 m), but the plane descended to a lower height than expected and crashed at the end of the runway, killing 3 passengers on board, this being the first fatal accident of an Airbus A320 in the world. +Flight crew. +The crew of flight 296 was commanded by Captain Michel Asseline, who was sent to prison for this act and sentenced by the French justice system to 10 months in prison and 10 months of probation. +Accident and Aftermath. +As the aircraft approached Habshiem Airfield, the Airbus A320 was prepared for the flyover by Captain Asseline, who was the pilot flying. The first officer then warned the captain of the low altitude of around 100 feet. The aircraft was not stabilized and continued to descend to 30 feet, with an according Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) callout. The aircraft was at a low speed and as the aircraft stabilized itself in a nose up attitude, Captain Asseline called out, "TOGA power, go around track!" The flight crew began a go around and applied maximum go around thrust, as commanded. As the engines reached approximately 84 percent N1, the A320 flew into trees at the end of the runway during the airshow, and burst into flames upon impacting the ground. +The impact and the fire resulting from the fuel fire killed 3 people on board, these being two young children and one adult. During the evacuation of the plane, the passengers left through the emergency exits, while a woman tries to remove a 7-year-old girl from the plane whose seat belt got stuck in her seat, killing both of them. The other child was found dead in the rubble. +Captain Asseline, First Officer Mazière, two Air France employees and the sponsor of the event, president of the local flight club, were charged with the crime of involuntary manslaughter, of the group Captain Asseline was the only one who ended up in jail convicted to 10 months in prison, while the rest ended up on probation. +It was found that the Airbus had actually went against Captain Asseline's flight control inputs and deflected the elevators down to prevent the aircraft from stalling. This later became known as the Alpha Protection system. +Dramatization. +The episode "Blaming the Pilot" of the TV series "Survival in the Sky" featured the accident. +The Discovery Channel Canada / National Geographic TV series "Air Crash Investigation" featured the accident and subsequent investigation in a season 9 episode titled "Pilot vs. Plane" and included an interview with Captain Michel Asseline, survivors, and accident investigators. +The episode "Disastrous Descents" of the TV series "Aircrash Confidential" produced by WMR Productions and IMG Entertainment, featured the accident and included an interview with Captain Michel Asseline. + += = = Eddystone, Pennsylvania = = = +Eddystone is a borough in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 2,459 at the 2020 census. + += = = The Drum (1938 movie) = = = +The Drum (released in the U.S. as Drums) is a 1938 British adventure movie directed by Zoltan Korda and was based on the 1936 novel of the same name by A. E. W. Mason. It stars Sabu, Raymond Massey, Roger Livesey, Valerie Hobson, David Tree, Desmond Tester, Roy Emerton and United Artists. + += = = KL Rahul = = = +Kannaur Lokesh Rahul (born 18 April 1992) is an Indian cricketer. +References. +India vs Australia: Making progress toward working on myself as an initial hitter, says KL Rahul + += = = Damián De Santo = = = +Damián Álvaro De Santo (Born June 12, 1968) is an Argentine actor and former singer. He acted in theater, cinema and television. +Private life. +He has been married for years to Vanina Bilous, a tango dancer. He has two children, Joaquín and Camilo. Although he is not much of a soccer fan, he is a River fan. He was the boyfriend of the Argentine singer Laura Miller. Since 2005, he has lived for much of the year in the town of Villa Giardino in Cordoba, where he owns a complex of cabins. + += = = APTRA = = = +The Asociación de Periodistas de la Televisión y Radiofonía Argentina (APTRA) () is an entity that brings together press workers from Argentine television and radio. +It stands out for annually awarding the Martín Fierro Awards to the television and radio production of the previous year. +History. +On June 9, 1959, ten journalists met at the headquarters of the Argentores Association with the purpose of supporting and promoting the improvement of television and radio broadcasting and formalized the beginning of the institution under the first presidency of Manuel Ferradás Campos. That same year the first awards ceremony was held at the Cervantes National Theater. + += = = Jorge Lanata = = = +Jorge Ernesto Lanata (Born September 12, 1960) is an Argentine journalist and writer. He has ventured into various genres such as investigative journalism, literature, documentaries, television, cinema and theater. of magazine, He has participated in the foundation of newspapers, magazines and news portals. +Biography. +He comes from a lower-middle class family from the town of Sarandí, in the district of Avellaneda (province of Buenos Aires). When he was seven years old, his mother was bedridden as a result of a brain operation for cancer. He was educated by his aunts and his grandmother. +His first interview was with the poet Conrado Nalé Roxlo, whom he looked for in the telephone book. He did it after in elementary school someone close to them was asked for an interview, but he went further. +He began writing in "Colmena", the medium of his secondary school ―Colegio San Martín (de Avellaneda)―, and the newspaper La Ciudad de Avellaneda reproduced some of those notes. +In 1974, at the age of 14, he began working with the writing of informative cables at Radio Nacional. That year he won the Second Municipal Essay Prize with "The social issue in Argentine cinema." In 1978 he graduated from Colegio San Martín. +During the last civic-military dictatorship in Argentina (1976-1983), he worked as a waiter in a bar that still exists. In 1977, he wrote notes for the magazine "Siete Días". +In 2006 he received the «Premio a la Libertad» ("Freedom Award"), granted by the Atlas Foundation for a Free Society, which promotes the free market and of which he is one of its exclusive members. He participates in talks and debates organized by another liberal NGO: Fundación Libertad. +In 2013 he was offered to run as a politician but he refused, arguing that he is a journalist and that he only dedicates himself to reporting. +Together with his ex-partner Andrea Rodríguez they had his first daughter, Bárbara. He was married to Patricia Orlando from 1984 to 1986, then to Silvina Chediek from 1990 to 1991, and finally to Sara Stewart Brown between 1998 and 2016 (with whom he had his second daughter, Lola). +Periodismo Para Todos. +In 2012 Lanata came back to TV with a new show called "Periodismo para todos". The 2013 edition worked with the case of "the K money trail". +In December 2015 the Citizen's Lab, at the Munk School for Global Affairs, at University of Toronto, identified Lanata and several other South American opposition figures as having their cellphones targeted for extrajudicial surveillance by government associated hackers. + += = = The Gorgon = = = +The Gorgon is a 1964 British Hammer horror movie directed by Terence Fisher and starring Christopher Lee, Peter Cushing, Barbara Shelley, Richard Pasco, Patrick Troughton, Jack Watson. + += = = Netherlands at the 1930 Women's World Games = = = +The Netherlands competed with a team of five athletes at the 1930 Women's World Games in Prague from 6 to 8 September 1930. +With a total of 9 points, the Netherlands finished 6th. +Athletes. +There was a predetermined selection procedure to qualify for the Women's World Games. A team of 5 athletes was announced by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation on 27 August 1930. The team moved to Prague on 2 September 1930. +Results. +Schuurman won the silver medal in both the 100 metres and 200 metres behind the Polish Stanisława Walasiewicz, with a "chest width" difference in the 200 metres. +Gisolf won the silver medal in the high jump event. During the final, Gisolf got injured herself during her successfull jump of 1.57 metres toring thigh muscle during the run. She then tried to jump, to great encouragement from the crowd, but failed and had to and had to withdraw from the competition. Because of this Braumuller, the only remaining participant, won. + += = = Keith Micah Tan = = = +Keith Micah de luna Tan also known as Mike Tan or Atorni Mike is a Filipino politician. He served as the congressman of Quezon's 4th District from 2022 after his mother Angelina "Helen" Tan served-three terms from 2013-2022. +Personal life. +He is the son of Governor Angelina "Helen" Tan and Ronnel Tan. + += = = Dalimil Klapka = = = +Dalimil Klapka (22 May 1933 – 14 June 2022) was a Czech actor and dubber. He was born in Prague, Czech Republic. His career began in the 1960s and he dubbed Lieutenant Columbo in the Czech version of "Columbo", Abe Simpson in "The Simpsons" and Yoda in "". Also also voiced the Beggar in the Czech animated movie "Goat Story" and its sequel. +Klapka died on 14 June 2022 at a Prague hospital from prostate cancer, aged 89. + += = = Canta Conmigo Ahora = = = +Canta Conmigo Ahora was an Argentine talent show produced by LaFlia Contents. was the Argentine version of the British program All Together Now broadcast by the BBC One network. The presenter was Marcelo Tinelli. This TV show was broadcast by eltrece and produced by LaFlia Contents. +History. +It is a singing contest that brings together 100 experts in the same place. They will meet many singers who seek to win the contest. +At the beginning of May, the show program LAM announced that of the 100 jurors, some will be great figures recognized throughout the country and that among them, was the singer-songwriter Coti, thus being the first confirmed member of the jury. +On May 10, 2022, the casting was launched to participate in the program. +Judges. +The protagonist of the program, in addition to its participants, will be the team of 100 jurors who will be different people who have to do with the musical world, of these only 15 will be recognized figures, here is the list of those confirmed: + += = = Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge = = = +The Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge is a rope bridge near Ballintoy in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. + += = = Belle Meade, Tennessee = = = +Belle Meade is a city in Davidson County, Tennessee. Its total land area is . Its population was 2,901 at the time of the 2020 census. + += = = Showmatch = = = +Showmatch was an Argentine entertainment and humor program. It was hosted by Marcelo Tinelli. +Reviews. +Showmatch has aired for years as one of the most successful programs in the history of Argentine television. It is due to its great impact on the industry and its high audience numbers, generally managing to beat all its competition. These factors have managed to keep the program over time, considering it a true phenomenon. However, since 2015, the average rating of the program has dropped, getting low ratings never seen before. 2021 became the worst year for the program. +History. +Early history. +It began broadcasting on April 4, 2005 on Channel 9. It was produced until 2017 by Ideas del Sur. It is the continuity of Videomatch, also from the same production company. From 2006 until its end, on December 10, 2021; and except for the year 2013 and 2020 that did not air; was broadcast on El Trece. From 2018 to 2021, the production is in charge of LaFlia Contents. +2017 - 2021. +After the rupture at the end of 2017 with Grupo Indalo (temporarily renamed Grupo Ceibo) after a year with many conflicts that almost caused the end of the program's broadcasts, the continuity of Showmatch was confirmed for 2018 and 2019 with the support of El Trece. +However, as it turned out, the program had to change its name, since the Showmatch brand would not belong to the new production, so the possibility of taking the Videomatch name again was considered. However, given the protection of said name because it is owned by Telefe, the name used for the 2018 season is simply "Bailando 2018". In mid-June, it was confirmed that the program would return to its title Showmatch as before until its final season, in 2021. + += = = Sébastien Lecornu = = = +Sébastien Lecornu (; born 11 June 1986) is a French politician. He is in the government of Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne as Minister of the Armed Forces since 2022. + += = = Marco Mendicino = = = +Marco Mendicino (; born July 28, 1973) is a Canadian politician. He has been the Minister of Public Safety since October 26, 2021. He is a member of the Liberal Party. Mendicino represents Eglinton—Lawrence in the House of Commons since 2015. He was the Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship from 2019 to 2021. + += = = Joachim Nagel = = = +Joachim Nagel (born 31 May 1966) is a German economist and banker. In 2022, he became the President of the Bundesbank. He became a member of the Bank for International Settlements in 2020. He was a board member of the Deutsche Bundesbank from 2017 until 2020. + += = = Waking Ned Devine = = = +Waking Ned (titled Waking Ned Devine in Australia and North America) is a 1998 British Irish French American comedy movie directed first time director Kirk Jones. It stars Ian Bannen, David Kelly, Susan Lynch, Susan Gilmore, James Nesbitt, Fionnula Flanagan and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – 100 metres = = = +The 100 metres at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, from 6-8 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930, entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 200 metres event. +Results. +Heats. +The heats took place on 6 September. +Heat 1. +Sources: +Heat 2. +Source: +Heat 3. +Source: +Heat 4. +Source: +Heat 5. +Sources: +Semi-finals. +The semi-finals took place on Sunday 7 September, with bad weather conditions. The top two athletes of each semi-final qualified for the final. +Semi-final 3. +Sources +Final. +8 September +Sources: + += = = Minerva, New York = = = +Minerva is a town in Essex County, New York, United States. The population was 773 at the 2020 census. The town is named after the Roman goddess of wisdom, Minerva. + += = = Fabrizio Frizzi = = = +Fabrizio Adriano Frizzi (5 February 1958 – 26 March 2018) was an Italian television presenter. He was best known for presenting a number of Rai-based television shows such as "L'eredità", "Scommettiamo che...?" and the Italian version of "Identity". He was also an occasional voice actor, giving his voice to Woody in the Italian broadcasts of the "Toy Story" films and other media. +On 26 March 2018, Frizzi died following a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 60. + += = = Party wall surveyor = = = +The Party Wall Surveyor is a professional who specializes in the resolution of disputes arising under the Party Wall etc Act 1996. As of 1 July 1997, this legislation was only applicable to England and Wales. It replaced Part VI of the London Building Acts (Amendment) Act 1939, which only applied to Inner London Boroughs. +Appointment and duties. +Surveyors appointed under the provisions of the Act have a duty to the Act and not to the party or parties that appointed them. As the surveyor has an 'appointing owner', there is no client-surveyor relationship in the normal sense. The person appointed as a 'surveyor' under section 10 of the 1996 Act is not required to possess surveyor qualifications (or any other profession) and may accept the appointment if he or she is not a 'party to the matter'. +It is possible for owners to appoint someone who has a good working knowledge of the Act. A party wall surveyor is responsible for resolving disputes between neighbours when proposed building works affect party structures, or are within a specified distance from a neighbour's property. The surveyor (Agreed Surveyor, where both parties agree on one individual) or surveyors (where both parties appoint their own surveyor) will resolve the dispute by making an Award, which is legally binding on both parties. + += = = Clingmans Dome = = = +The clingmans dome is a mountain in the Smokey Mountain that has been created by air pressure that keeps the shape of the bubble. The clingmans dome tower as of 27 June 2022 was finished building 62 years ago and was made to allow visitors an opportunity to see the mountains and valleys surrounding Clingman's Dome with an unobstructed view. This is located at the border of Tennessee-North Carolina. + += = = Sphaenorhynchus pauloalvini = = = +Paolo's lime tree frog ("Sphaenorhynchus pauloalvini") is a frog. It lives in Brazil. +Some scientists believe that this frog should be in a group by itself, the sub-genus "Gabohyla". Other scientists think this frog should be in "Sphaenorhynchus". + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – 200 metres = = = +The 200 metres at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadiumfrom 6-8 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930, entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 200 metres event. +Results. +Heats. +6 September +Heat 5. +Sources: +Semi-finals. +The semi-finals took place on Sunday 7 September, with bad weather conditions. The top two athletes of each semi-final qualified for the final. +Semi-final 3. +Sources: +Final. +8 September +Sources: + += = = Walter Huston = = = +Walter Thomas Huston ( ; "né" Houghston; April 5, 1883 – April 7, 1950) was a Canadian actor and singer. Huston won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in "The Treasure of the Sierra Madre". His son was director John Huston. His grandchildren are Anjelica Huston, Danny Huston and Allegra Huston. +On April 7, 1950, Huston died of an aortic aneurysm in his hotel room in Beverly Hills, California two days after his 67th birthday. + += = = Fred Zinnemann = = = +Alfred Zinnemann (April 29, 1907 – March 14, 1997) was an Austrian Empire-born American movie director and producer. He won four Academy Awards for directing and producing movies. He also won a BAFTA Award and two Golden Globe Awards. +His best known movies were "The Search" (1947), "The Men" (1950), "High Noon" (1952), "From Here to Eternity" (1953), "Oklahoma!" (1955), "The Nun's Story" (1959), "A Man For All Seasons" (1966), "The Day of the Jackal" (1973), and "Julia" (1977). His movies have received 65 Oscar nominations, winning 24. +His parents were Austrian Jews. He graduated with a law degree from the University of Vienna in 1927. He later studied at Ecole Technique de Photographie et Cinématographie in Paris to become a cameraman. Both of his parents were killed during the Holocaust. +Zinnemann died of a heart attack in London, England on March 14, 1997 almost one month before his 90th birthday. + += = = White-faced whistling duck = = = +The white-faced whistling duck ("Dendrocygna viduata") is a whistling duck that breeds in sub-Saharan Africa and many parts of South America. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – 800 metres = = = +The 800 metres at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague, from 6-8 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 800 metres events. +Results. +Semi-finals. +6 September +Semi-final 2. +Sources: +Final. +8 September +Sources: + += = = Wu Jin-yun = = = +Wu Jin-yun (3 March 1939 – 27 June 2022) was a Taiwanese athlete. She competed in the women's shot put and the women's discus throw at the 1960 Summer Olympics. +Wu died on 27 June 2022, aged 83. + += = = A Martinez = = = +Adolfo Larrue Martínez III (born September 27, 1948) is an American actor and singer. He acted in the daytime soap operas "Santa Barbara", "General Hospital", "One Life to Live", "The Bold and the Beautiful", and "Days of Our Lives". +Martinez plays Mayo in the television series "Queen of the South". +In June 2022, Martinez was cast as Master Pakku in the Netflix live-action series "". +His father was Mexican with Apache descent while his mother was of Northern European descent. + += = = Mercedes Funes = = = +Mercedes Romina Funes (Born; January 1, 1979) is an Argentine movie, stage and television actress. She is known for the antagonistic roles of her playing mostly villains. In 2010, she became recognized for having played the character of Luz Inchausti in the Argentine youth series "Casi Ángeles". +Biography. +Funes born in Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina on January 1, 1979, but after a while, she went to live with her family in Buenos Aires. There, at the age of 10, she convinced her parents to take her to a casting for a television program, where she was accepted and she began her acting career in Superclán (1990). +Personal life. +After 7 years of relationship, on April 22, 2006, Funes married actor Nicolás Vázquez in the Nuestra Señora del Guadalupe church. On August 15, 2007, she divorced the actor. Some time later, she began a relationship with a stock accountant named Fernando, with whom she was a couple until 2016. Since 2017, she has been in a relationship with Cecilio Flematti, whom she married on November 29, 2019. + += = = Paso Internacional Los Libertadores = = = +The Paso Internacional Los Libertadores, also called "Cristo Redentor" is a border crossing in the Andes Mountains between Argentina and Chile. It is the main route between Los Andes, Valparaíso Region, (Chile) and the province of Mendoza, (Argentina), in addition to allowing the passage of heavy vehicles between both countries. +On the Argentine side, the access road has a slight incline until it finally enters a tunnel at 3,500 meters above sea level. The Chilean side has a large number of curves to save the steep slope. +Alternative tunnels. +To avoid a possible collapse of the border crossing in the event of a prolonged disabling of the main tunnel, the construction of two new tunnels has been proposed. The first is the Juan Pablo II Tunnel, which would be built 20 km from the current one at a height of 2,250 meters above sea level and would have a length of 27.2 km. This tunnel would join the towns of Horcones in Argentina, and Juncal in Chile. +The other proposed tunnel, called Paso Las Leñas, would be built at 2,050 meters above sea level and would have a length of 13 km; uniting the commune of Machalí in Chile, with the town of El Sosneado, near San Rafael, in Argentina. + += = = Altitude sickness = = = +Altitude sickness is the harmful effect of high altitude. The mildest form is known as acute mountain sickness (AMS) +Causes. +It is caused by rapid exposure to low amounts of oxygen at high elevation. +Altitude. +The severity of the disorder is related to the speed of ascent and the altitude reached. These symptoms disappear when going to lower altitudes. It occurs from 2,500 meters in altitude, up to the so-called "death zone" at 7,500 meters in altitude. +Hypoxia. +The main cause is hypoxia (lack of oxygen in the body). Atmospheric pressure decreases with height, which affects the bio-availability of oxygen, since the pulmonary alveoli are not capable of transporting the same amount of oxygen to the blood as in a situation of higher pressure. Although it is known that hypoxia is the cause of this problem, the exact mechanism by which it causes it is still unknown. +The amount of oxygen available to sustain mental and psychological attention decreases as altitude increases. The availability of oxygen and nitrogen, as well as their density, decrease with increasing altitude. +Dehydration. +Dehydration due to accelerated loss of water vapor due to altitude can lead to symptoms of altitude sickness. The speed with which one ascends, the initial height, physical activity, as well as individual susceptibility are factors that contribute to this discomfort. +Prevention. +Altitude sickness can be prevented by climbing slowly. In most cases, symptoms are temporary and usually reduce as altitude acclimatization occurs. However, in extreme cases, altitude sickness can be fatal. + += = = Essen (Oldenburg) = = = +Essen (Oldenburg) is a municipality in Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is on the river Hase, about north of Quakenbrück and southwest of Cloppenburg. +Essen has the following villages: Addrup, Ahausen, Barlage, Bartmannsholte, Beverdiek, Bevern, Bokel, Brokstreek, Calhorn, Darrel, Essen proper, Felde, Gut Lage, Herbergen, Hülsenmoor, Nordholte, Osteressen, Sandloh and Uptloh. + += = = Addrup = = = +Addrup is a village in Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. +Geography. +Addrup borders the villages of Gut Lage, Uptloh, Bevern, Calhorn and Stadtsholte within the Essen (Oldenburg) municipality. To the east, Addrup borders Lüsche in Bakum in Vechta. Being on the border of the districts of Cloppenburg and Vechta, Addrup is in the center of the Oldenburg Münsterland. + += = = Friesoythe = = = +Friesoythe (Saterland Frisian: "Ait" or "Äit") is a town in Cloppenburg, Lower Saxony, Germany, on the river Soeste, northwest of Cloppenburg, and southwest of Oldenburg. + += = = Garrel = = = +Garrel is a municipality in Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about 15 km north of Cloppenburg, and 25 km southwest of Oldenburg. + += = = Lastrup = = = +Lastrup is a municipality in Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about 15 km southwest of Cloppenburg. + += = = Lindern = = = +Lindern is a municipality in Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about 20 km west of Cloppenburg. + += = = Löningen = = = +Löningen () is a town in Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is on the river Hase, about 25 km southwest of Cloppenburg. + += = = Molbergen = = = +Molbergen is a municipality in Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany, about west of Cloppenburg. + += = = Bethen = = = +Bethen is a small town on the edge of the German city Cloppenburg in Lower Saxony. It is a Marian shrine, as such first mentioned in 1448. + += = = Scharrel = = = +Scharrel (Saterland Frisian: Skäddel) is a village and former municipality in Lower Saxony. In 1974 the until then independent municipality became part of the newly formed municipality of Saterland in Cloppenburg. + += = = Bophuthatswana = = = +Bophuthatswana, officially called the Republic of Bophuthatswana, was a Bantustan that became independent from South Africa during Apartheid, but like other Bantustans, only South Africa recognised its independence. The official languages were Setswana, English and Afrikaans. + += = = Lefatshe leno la bo-rrarona = = = +Lefatshe Leno la Bo-Rrarona was the national anthem of Bophuthatswana, a Bantustan that was recognised as independent by South Africa during Apartheid. It is stated as the national anthem in the Constitution of Bophuthatswana. + += = = Arensch = = = +Arensch is a local part of Cuxhaven, a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. + += = = Döse = = = +Döse (Low German: "Döös") the northernmost town in Lower Saxony, Germany at the point where the River Elbe flows into the North Sea. It is a borough of the city Cuxhaven and a popular seaside resort. Döse is west of Grimmershörn in the borough of Cuxhaven and is one of the tourist centres of the region of Cuxland. + += = = Armstorf = = = +Armstorf is a municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. + += = = Belum = = = +Belum is a municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. + += = = Beverstedt = = = +Beverstedt is a municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is about 20 km southeast of Bremerhaven, and 40 km north of Bremen. +Beverstedt was the seat of the former "Samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") Beverstedt. + += = = Beverstedt (Samtgemeinde) = = = +Beverstedt is a former "Samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat was in the town Beverstedt. It was disbanded on 1 November 2011, when its municipalities combined into the municipality Beverstedt. +The collective municipality Beverstedt had the following municipalities: + += = = Appeln = = = +Appeln is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Altes Amt Ebstorf = = = +Altes Amt Ebstorf is a former "Samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") in Uelzen, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Its seat was in the village Ebstorf. At the 1 November 2011 local government reform, the collective municipality Bevensen and Altes Amt Ebstorf combined to form the new collective municipality Bevensen-Ebstorf. +The collective municipality Altes Amt Ebstorf had the following municipalities: + += = = Am Dobrock = = = +Am Dobrock is a former "Samtgemeinde" ("collective municipality") in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is near the convergence of the rivers Oste and Elbe, about 25 km east of Cuxhaven, and 15 km south of Brunsbüttel. Its seat is in the village Cadenberge. On 1 November 2016 it was combined into the collective municipality Land Hadeln. +The collective municipality Am Dobrock had the following municipalities: + += = = Zeppelin (movie) = = = +Zeppelin is a 1971 British World War I action adventure drama movie directed by Étienne Périer and starring Michael York, Elke Sommer, Peter Carsten, Marius Goring, Anton Diffring, Andrew Keir, Rupert Davies, Alexandra Stewart, Clive Morton. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and is rated PG in New Zealand. + += = = Martin Fierro Awards = = = +The Martín Fierro Awards are the television and radio awards in Argentina, organized by the Argentine Association of Television and Radio Journalists (APTRA). +Since its first edition in 1959, the Martín Fierro awards have been considered the most relevant and recognized awards for Argentine television and radio within the country. +Reviews. +They were given for the first time in 1959. In addition, prizes are awarded to the best of cable television and to the best of the interior of the country. Likewise, since 2018, the Martín Fierro Digital Awards have been awarded, which reward content creators on digital platforms. +The ceremony, which takes place every year, is usually accompanied by a dinner, and brings together celebrities and stars of the Argentine show business. Most of the broadcasts were made live, achieving high audience levels and also controversies that reverberated before, during and after the event. + += = = WWE 2K20 = = = +WWE 2K20 is a professional wrestling video game based on WWE 2K. It was released on March 12, 2019. + += = = WWE 2K19 = = = +WWE 2K19 is a professional wrestling video game based on WWE 2K. It was released on October 5, 2018. + += = = WWE 2K18 = = = +WWE 2K18 is a professional wrestling video game based on WWE 2K. It was released on October 6, 2017. + += = = WWE 2K17 = = = +WWE 2K17 is a professional wrestling video game based on WWE 2K. It was released on October 7, 2016. + += = = WWE '13 = = = +WWE '13 is a professional wrestling video game based on WWE 2K. It was released on July 20, 2012. + += = = The Key (1983 movie) = = = +The Key () is a 1983 Italian erotic drama movie directed by Tinto Brass and was based on the 1956 novel of the same name by Junichiro Tanizaki. It stars Frank Finlay, Stefania Sandrelli, Barbara Cupisti, Ricky Tognazzi, Ugo Tognazzi. + += = = Unseptbium = = = +Unseptbium is a hypothetical chemical element with atomic number 172. Based on the trends of the periodic table, it would likely be a noble gas. It has the symbol Usb. + += = = The O2 Arena = = = +The O2 Arena, also known as the O2, is an indoor arena in the centre of the O2 entertainment center on the Greenwich Peninsula in southeast London. It opened in 2007. It has the second-highest seating capacity of any indoor venue in the United Kingdom. + += = = Neila Tavares = = = +Neila Tavares (18 September 1948 – 4 June 2022) was a Brazilian actress, television presenter and journalist. She was born in Niterói, Brazil. Tavares began her career in 1968. She was known for her roles in telenovelas such as "Anjo Mau" and "Gabriela". She retired from acting in 2013. She also worked as a presenter for Rede Manchete and TVE Brasil. +Tavares died from emphysema on 4 June 2022 in Rio das Ostras, Brazil at the age of 73. + += = = Rio das Ostras = = = +Rio das Ostras (, ) is a city in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. + += = = Eiko Kaneta = = = +Eiko Kaneta ( "Kaneta Eikō"; 30 December 1942 – 17 June 2022) was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was in the House of Representatives from 1993 to 2005. Kaneta was born in Asahikawa, Japan. +Kaneta died in Tokyo, Japan on 17 June 2022 from heart failure at the age of 79. + += = = Michael C. Stenger = = = +Michael C. Stenger (1950/1951 – June 27, 2022) was an American law enforcement officer. He was the 41st Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate from April 16, 2018, to January 7, 2021. He resigned after a mob of Donald Trump supporters attacked the United States Capitol. Before, he was a United States Secret Service agent. +Stenger died on June 27, 2022 at the age of 71. + += = = Enyobeni Tavern disaster = = = +On 26 June 2022, at least 21 people died during a celebration at the Enyobeni Tavern, a nightclub in East London, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Four more people were injured. No causes of death have been found. + += = = Cause of death = = = +In law, medicine, and statistics, cause of death is the official reason that caused a human's death, which may be recorded on a death certificate. A cause of death is done by a medical examiner. The cause of death is a specific disease or injury, instead of manner of death which is a small number of categories like "natural", "accident", "suicide", and "homicide". + += = = East London, Eastern Cape = = = +East London (; ) is a city on the southeast coast of South Africa. It is in the Eastern Cape province. The city lies on the Indian Ocean coast. In 2011, East London had a population of over 267,000. + += = = 2022 Kremenchuk missile strike = = = +On 27 June 2022, missiles from the Russian Armed Forces were fired into central Kremenchuk in Poltava Oblast, hitting the Amstor shopping mall and the Kredmash road machinery plant. The attack killed at least 20 people and injured at least 56. A three-day period of official mourning was declared in the city. +Russia's defence ministry officially said they were reponsible for the attack, saying that they hit a weapons depot in a nearby factory and that the detonation of munitions caused the fire to spread to the shopping centre. +On June 29, the United Kingdom's Defence ministry said that it is possible that the missile was not aimed at the mall, but that is was intended to hit a nearby infrastructure target. +Russian media and officials carried conflicting stories about the attack. Those claims were found to be false by multiple organizations. + += = = 2022 Missouri train derailment = = = +On June 27, 2022, the "Southwest Chief", a passenger train operated by Amtrak, derailed near the small town of Mendon, Missouri. This was caused by the train hitting a dump truck that was in the way of a railroad crossing near Mendon. +The train was travelling from Los Angeles to Chicago, with stops. 243 passengers and 12 crew members were onboard. Three deaths have been reported, two onboard the train and the truck driver, along with at least 50 injuries. + += = = Dump truck = = = +A dump truck, known also as a dumping truck, dump trailer, dumper trailer, dump lorry or dumper lorry or a dumper for short, is a truck-like vehicle used for transporting dirt, gravel, or waste for construction. + += = = Varinder Singh = = = +Varinder Singh (16 May 1947 – 28 June 2022) was an Indian field hockey player. He won a bronze medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. He also competed at the 1976 Summer Olympics. Singh was born in Jalandhar, then-British Raj. +Singh died on 28 June 2022 at a private hospital in Jalandhar at the age of 75. + += = = The Journey of Natty Gann = = = +The Journey of Natty Gann is a 1985 American family adventure movie directed by Jeremy Paul Kagan and starring Meredith Salenger, John Cusack, Ray Wise, Lainie Kazan, Scatman Crothers, Barry Miller, Garry Chalk, Bruce Boa. It was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. + += = = Loincloth = = = +A loincloth is a piece of cloth or leather that covers the genitals, and sometimes the buttocks. Usually, it is held in place by piece of string or a belt. Loincloths have been used all over the world. A G-string is a modern version of a loincloth. + += = = Like a Rock = = = +Like a Rock is the thirteenth studio album by Bob Seger. The album was released on April 14, 1986. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – 80 metres hurdles = = = +The 80 metres hurdles at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, from 6-8 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 80 metres hurdles event. +Note that there are some discrepancies with those names and the names listed in newspapers during the competition. Gold medal winner Maj Jakobsson and British Cornell are not on the published enterants overview. +Results. +Heats. +The heats took place on 6 September 1930. +Semi-finals. +The semi-finals took place on Sunday 7 September, with bad weather conditions. The top two athletes of each semi-final qualified for the final. +Final. +8 September +Sources: + += = = Sphaenorhynchus prasinus = = = +Bokermann's lime tree frog ("Sphaenorhynchus prasinus") is a frog. It lives in Brazil. + += = = Instinctive drowning response = = = +The instinctive drowning response is a reaction humans have when they are close to drowning. The response is more common in non-swimmers. +It is focused on trying to keep the mouth above water to without using too much effort, and trying to signal for help + += = = Elthorne Park High School = = = +Elthorne park high school is a english secondary school located in Ealing, London. It is home to many students ranging from year 7 to a 6th form. + += = = Cüneyt Arkın = = = +Fahrettin Cüreklibatır (7 September 1937 – 28 June 2022), better known by his stage name Cüneyt Arkın, was a Turkish movie actor, director, producer and martial artist. He was known for his movie roles in "The Mine", "Dünyayı Kurtaran Adam" and "Paramparça". Having starred in more 300 movies and television series, he is widely considered one of the most prominent Turkish actors of all time. In his roles, Arkın did all of his dangerous stunts often without safety equipment and was injured many times. Arkın was born in Odunpazarı, a district in the city of Eskişehir, Turkey. +Arkın died on 28 June 2022 from cardiac arrest at a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey at the age of 84. + += = = Fina García Marruz = = = +Josefina García-Marruz Badía (28 April 1923 – 27 June 2022), also known as Fina García Marruz, was a Cuban poet and literary researcher. García Marruz was born in Havana, Cuba. She won the National Prize for Literature in 1990. She also won the Pablo Neruda Ibero-American Poetry Award (2007), and the Reina Sofía de Poesía Iberoamericana (2011). +García Marruz died on 27 June 2022 in Havana at the age of 99. + += = = Natalka Sniadanko = = = +Natalka Volodymyrivna Sniadanko () is a Ukrainian writer, journalist, and translator. She translates texts from German and Polish into Ukrainian. In 2011, Natalka won the Joseph Conrad Korzeniowski Literary Prize in 2011. + += = = Ivan Gel = = = +Ivan Gel (July 17, 1937, Klitsko (today Lviv Raion) – March 16, 2011) is a Ukrainian politician and dissident. He was a cofounder and a member of the Ukrainian Helsinki Group. Gel was an active participant in public and political life. He is an author of the book "Faces of Culture" about Ukrainian culture under the Russian occupation. + += = = Petro Bolbochan = = = +Petro Bolbochan (October 5, 1883, Yarivka village, Chernivtsi Oblast - June 28, 1919, Balyn village, Khmelnytskyi Oblast) is Ukrainian military figure, colonel of the Army of the Ukrainian People's Republic. From November 1918 to January 1919, Bolbochan was the Defense of Northeastern Ukraine. During the First World War he was an officer of the 38th Tobolsk Regiment. + += = = Hennadii Vatsak = = = +Vatsak Hennadiy (born February 9, 1972, Mohyliv-Podilskyi, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukrainian SSR) is a Ukrainian businessman and philanthropist. He owns the "Vacak" Confectionery House. In 2015, he was elected as a deputy of the Vinnytsia Regional Council from the Petro Poroshenko Bloc. He served as the Secretary of the Standing Committee of the Regional Council on Legality. Vatsak Hennadiy was Deputy of Ukraine of the IX convocation. He was a member of the deputy group "For the Future". + += = = Kite (brand) = = = +Kite is a brand of backpacks and stationery. The company founded in 2007. The range includes more than 190 models of backpacks. They are made children's preschool backpacks, orthopedic school backpacks, backpacks for the city, sports bags are made. + += = = Mamamusic = = = +Mamamusic is a Ukrainian record label. Yurii Nikitin privately owned and operated the company. Now Mamamusic supports Verka Serdyuchka, Olha Horbachova, KAZKA band, Roxolana. + += = = OWOX = = = +OWOX is a Ukrainian software company. The team creates a web analytics and business intelligence products and services. Vladyslav Flaks is the CEO of OWOX. + += = = Lifecell = = = +lifecell is a Ukrainian mobile telephone network operator. The company is a branch of Turkcell. Lifecell's dialing prefixes are +38063, +38093 and +38073. + += = = István Tóth = = = +István-Elod Tóth (born 1951) is a former Hungarian Olympian. He won the silver medal in wrestling, at the Olympic Games in Moscow, 1980. He was World Champion in 1979 and 1981. + += = = Laughing gull = = = +The laughing gull ("Leucophaeus atricilla") is a type of gull in North and South America. Laughing gulls are omnivores, they eat plants and animals. +Description. +The laughing gull breeds on the Atlantic coast of North America, the Caribbean, and northern parts of South America. + += = = Bokel, Lower Saxony = = = +Bokel is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Spennymoor = = = +Spennymoor is a town in Tyne and Wear. + += = = Frelsdorf = = = +Frelsdorf is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Heerstedt = = = +Heerstedt is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Hollen = = = +Hollen is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Kirchwistedt = = = +Kirchwistedt is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Lunestedt = = = +Lunestedt is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Osterndorf = = = +Osterndorf is a town in the collective municipality of Beverstedt, in Cuxhaven, Lower Saxony, Germany. + += = = Stubben = = = +Stubben is a village and a former municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt. + += = = Bülkau = = = +Bülkau is a municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. + += = = Second Hellenic Republic = = = +The Second Hellenic Republic was a Greek republic. It existed between 1924 and 1935. The republic was founded after the fall of the Kingdom of Greece. + += = = Tessa Gordon = = = +Tessa Gordon (born 27 January 1967) is a Trinidad and Tobago-born Canadian taekwondo athlete. She competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where taekwondo was a demonstration sport, in the welterweight event. She won a bronze medal at the 1987 World Taekwondo Championships. +At the 1987 World Taekwondo Championships she won the bronze medal and at the Pan American Taekwondo Championships she won the gold medal in 1986 and the silver medal in 1988. + += = = Amparo Dols = = = +Amparo Dols (born 25 July 1968 Valencia) is a Spanish taekwondo athlete. She competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics, finishing third in the Featherweight division, where taekwondo was a demonstration sport, +She won a bronze medal at the 1988 European Taekwondo Championships in the –55 kg category. + += = = The Hurt Locker = = = +The Hurt Locker is 2008 American war thriller movie directed by Kathryn Bigelow. It stars Jeremy Renner, Anthony Mackie, Brian Geraghty, Christian Camargo, Ralph Fiennes, David Morse, and Guy Pearce. The movie is set in the Iraq War and is about an Explosive Ordnance Disposal team. The movie was a major critical success. Many critics consider it the best movie of 2009 and one of the best films of the 2000s. The movie is part of the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress. +Plot. +It is the year 2004 during the Iraq War. Sergeant First Class William James replaces Matthew Thompson, who died from an improvised explosive device (IED). William leads an explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) team to disarm bombs and explosives. Sergeant J. T. Sanborn and Specialist Owen Eldridge are also on the team. There are 38 days left on their job to disarm bombs. +James becomes friends with an Iraqi child called Beckham, who sells him DVDs. The other team members think that William is reckless with the bombs. Once, James goes back for his gloves near the bomb. Tension develops. Sanborn considers killing William with the explosives. The team meets British mercenaries and private military contractors. They have two prisoners. Together they are attacked. The prisoners try to escape but are shot. +At a warehouse, William finds a body of a boy. There is a bomb in the body. He thinks it is Beckham. The team evacuates the warehouse, but Lieutenant Colonel John Cambridge dies in an explosion. He is a psychiatrist and friend of Eldridge. James tries to find the one responsible for the boy's death. His team splits up, and Eldridge is captured. Eldridge is rescued but shot in the leg. The next day, James meets Beckham but does not talk. Eldridge is taken to surgery and blames James. James and Sanborn have to disarm a bomb on a man two days later. James cannot rescue the man, and the man explodes with the bomb. Sanborn says he cannot stand it anymore and wants to go home to his family. +After the end of their rotation, James returns to his ex-wife Connie and his son. He is bored and prefers to disarm bombs. He starts another line of duty that is now 365 days. +Reception. +The movie had very positive reviews. It has a 97% on Rotten Tomatoes. Critics found the movie to the gripping, intense and full of suspense. Roger Ebert rated it the best film of 2009 and second best movie of the decade. It made the top ten lists of many movie critics. Critics praised Jeremy Renner for his acting and Kathryn Bigelow as director. Veterans criticized that the movie was inaccurate in portraying the Army. The movie had nine nominations at the 82nd Academy Awards. It won the following six: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Film Editing. "The Hurt Locker" was nominated for three Golden Globe Awards. Kathryn Bigelow won several awards for directing including a BAFTA Award, Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Director, and Best Director Award from Chicago, Boston, Las Vegas, Los Angeles and New York' film critics groups. + += = = North Sea Empire = = = +The North Sea Empire was a union with England, Denmark, and Norway. It lasted between 1013 and 1042. + += = = Kandhkot = = = +Kandhkot is the city and tehsil in Kashmore district in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is 98th largest city of Pakistan. + += = = Poste Italiane = = = +Poste Italiane (English: "Italian Post") is an Italian postal service. In addition to postal services, the company provides logistics, financial and insurance services throughout Italy. +History. +An organization dealing with postal services in Italy was founded in 1862. This was a consequence of the postal reform. In 1996, Poste Italiane became a state-owned business ("Società per Azioni"). In February 1998, the Ministry of the Treasury appointed Corrado Passera, as the CEO of the newly formed Poste Italiane. In 2011, Poste Italiane acquired UniCredit MedioCredito Centrale. In 2014, the Italian government approved the sale of 40% of the company's shares. In 2016, another 35% of shares were transferred from the ministry to Cassa Depositi e Prestiti. + += = = Nici Mür = = = +Nici W. Mür (born 1900s) was a Dutch sprinter and discus thrower in the 1920s. She was a member of Hygiëa, The Hague and the national team. +Career. +Her earliest national level competition was at the 1925 Dutch national championships where she won with her club the silver medal in the 4x 80 metres relay. In 1926 she became Dutch national champion in the 4x 100 metres. +In 1927, after good individual performance at the district champhinships, she became a week later national champion in the discus throw event. At the national championships Mür also became for the second consecutive year Dutch national champion in the 4x 100 metres together with Martha Kolthof, Willy Hamerslag and Nettie Grooss with a time of 55 seconds. +In the reports of her national discus throw title it was somehow criticized that het trow was over four meters below the national record. She showed in September 1927 she was a good discus thrower, throwing 24.11 metres in an out of competition record attempt, beating the old record of Martha Kolthof. For her record she received a special prize. While newspapers reported it as a new national record, the record was not recognized by the Dutch athletics federation. +Mür represented the Netherlands at two international competitions. She competed at the international competition against Belgium. She also competed at the international tournament against Germany in Dortmund. Only a few women’s events were included at the 1928 Summer Olympics. The Netherlands could only send a limited amount of athletes. Mür was a reserve athlete and didn’t compete at the Games. +On of her last competitions, was the 1929 regional championships where she won the discus throw event. + += = = National Geographic Channel Korea (American TV channel) = = = +National Geographic Korea was an American Korean language television channel. The channel began in 2009 and ended in 2022. + += = = Grammarly = = = +Grammarly is a Ukrainian-American online text editor based on artificial intelligence. The editor checks spelling, grammar, punctuation and other mistakes. Established in 2009 by Ukrainians Alex Shevchenko, Max Lytvyn, and Dmytro Lider. In 2018, Grammarly launched the beta version. As of 2022, it is available as a browser extension. The company is headquartered in San Francisco, California, USA. The company's offices are located in Kyiv, New York and Vancouver. + += = = Joe Aillet Stadium = = = +Joe Aillet Stadium (formerly Louisiana Tech Stadium) is a college football stadium in Ruston, Louisiana and the home field of the Louisiana Tech University Bulldogs football team, which competes in Conference USA. The football stadium replaced the original Tech Stadium where the school's football program played its home games on campus until 1967. + += = = Netguru = = = +Netguru is a Polish software company. Its headquarters is in Poznań, Poland. The company was three times in Deloitte's Technology Fast 50 Central Europe ranking, and twice on the "FT 1000," the Financial Times list of fastest-growing companies in Europe. +History. +The company was founded in 2008 by Wiktor Schmidt, Jakub Filipowski, and Adam Zygadlewicz. In 2014, Netguru moved into Israel and the Middle East markets. In 2015, the company joined the London fintech community. In 2018, Netguru reached an annual turnover of about PLN 80 million. In 2019, Netguru's chief operating officer Marek Talarczyk became the company's new CEO. + += = = Louisiana Scholars' College = = = +The Louisiana Scholars' College at Northwestern State University, or "Scholars' College" as it is known by its students and faculty, is Louisiana's only designated four-year, selective-admissions honors college in the liberal arts and sciences. + += = = Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo = = = +PGNiG or Polskie Górnictwo Naftowe i Gazownictwo (English: Polish Oil Mining and Gas Extraction) is a Polish oil and gas company. PGNiG is controlled by the state. The company headquartered in Warsaw, Poland. PGNiG is listed on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. +History. +PGNiG was established in 1982. In 1996, the company was transformed into a joint-stock company. In 2004, it became Sp (Spółka Akcyjna). In 2011, PGNiG purchased 99.8% of Vattenfall Heat Poland's assets. In 2018, PGNiG signed a contract with Cheniere Marketing International. In 2021, PGNiG was ranked No58 in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI). + += = = Islanders = = = +Islanders may mean: + += = = Fire Country = = = +Fire Country is an American drama television series created by Max Thieriot that is set to air on CBS on October 7, 2022. The series is produced by CBS Studios and Universal Television, with Thieriot, Tony Phelan, and Joan Rater serving as executive producers. +Summary. +In "Fire Country", seeking redemption and a shortened prison sentence, young convict Bode Donovan (Thieriot) joins a firefighting program that returns him to his small Northern California hometown, where he and other inmates work alongside elite firefighters to extinguish massive blazes across the region. +Production. +Development. +Fire Country was created by Max Thieriot. On November 15, 2021, the show was put into development at CBS, with Thieriot serving as executive producer. Tony Phelan and Joan Rater were also announced as executive producers. On February 4, 2022, it was officially ordered to pilot. Shooting for the pilot took place from March to April 2022, in Vancouver, Canada. It was directed by James Strong. +On May 12, 2022, "Fire Country" was officially picked up to series. +Casting. +Casting for the main cast started in February 2022 with Max Thieriot, and ended with Jules Latimer. + += = = Courtesy name = = = +In East Asia, a courtesy name () is a name given to a person when they become an adult. It is also known as a style name. Today, not many Chinese people have courtesy names. + += = = Castle Keep = = = +Castle Keep is a 1969 American World War II comedy-drama movie directed by Sydney Pollack and was based on the 1965 novel of the same name by William Eastlake. It stars Burt Lancaster, Patrick O'Neal, Jean-Pierre Aumont, Peter Falk, Scott Wilson, Tony Bill, James Patterson, Bruce Dern, Michael Conrad and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. + += = = Alexi Giannoulias = = = +Alexander Giannoulias ( ; born March 16, 1976) is an American financier and politician who is the Illinois Secretary of State. Giannoulias ran as the Democratic nominee for Secretary of State in 2022. He was the 72nd Illinois Treasurer from 2007 to 2011. He is a Democrat. +He was a candidate in the 2010 elections for the United States Senate, but lost to Republican Mark Kirk. + += = = Waqas Ahmed (Norwegian cricketer) = = = +Waqas Ahmed was born 9 June, 1991 in Oslo. He is a Norwegian cricketer who plays Twenty20 Internationals for Norway. + += = = Jonathan Jackson (Illinois politician) = = = +Jonathan Luther Jackson (born January 7, 1966) is an American Democratic politician, business professor, businessman and social justice activist. He was the national spokesman for the Rainbow/PUSH Coalition. His father is activist Jesse Jackson. He is the member of the United States House of Representatives for Illinois's 1st congressional district since 2023. + += = = 2022 Melilla incident = = = +On June 24, 2022, at least 37 migrants were killed at the during an issue with Moroccan and Spanish security forces. Issues broke out as between 500 and 2,000 people gathered in the early hours of the day to cross the border with Spain. +Incident. +The incident happened in the morning when around 2,000 migrants crossing from Morocco tried to attack and break through the Melilla border fence. Security forces from both nations managed to stop the crowd. But they resulted in violent fighting with the migrants lasting for two hours. Spanish and Moroccan officials said that migrants had assaulted their border guards with weapons and they had to fight back in self-defense. According to authorities, fleeing migrants trampled over each other causing a human stampede and killing several people. Several other migrants fell from the fence onto the ground. At least 18 migrants were killed, five of them died during the crossing attempt and thirteen of them died from their injuries in the hospital. Morocco said that at least 63 other migrants had injuries and that 140 Moroccan officers had been hurt, five seriously, and 49 were lightly injured. The Moroccan Association for Human Rights said that 29 migrants had been killed, while 133 people managed to cross the fence. A number of from Spain to Morocco took place. An called Walking Borders estimated at least 37 killed. NGOs also reported that two Moroccan gendarmes were killed. +Prime Minister of Spain Pedro Sánchez said that the incident was a "well-organized, violent assault" by organized crime groups and thanked Spanish and Moroccan security forces for their actions. +Sidi Salem cemetery operators prepared several graves where the Moroccan authorities plan to bury the deceased. +Among the detainees held in custody in , a group of 32 people with the most serious offences were charged by the Moroccan public prosecutor's office. They were charged with "organizing and facilitating the clandestine entry and exit of people to and from Morocco on a regular basis", kidnapping and retention of a civil servant to use them as a hostage, setting a fire in the forest, and insults and violence against Moroccan law enforcement agents. Another group of 33 detainees were charged with minor offences. +Reactions. +Faced with the informative silence throughout the day of the events and the leaking of videos and photographs of several unconscious, neglected, bloody, crowded and dead migrants in police custody, the situation took on a lot of international media coverage. The Prime Minister of the , () justified the intervention and pointed out that “it is necessary to recognize the extraordinary work that the Moroccan Government has done in coordination with the security forces of the State of Spain for try to avoid a violent assault, it has been well-resolved by the two security forces", in addition to recognizing and thanking" the importance of having with a strategic partner such as Morocco "and pointing out the mafias as the only culprits of the events that occurred". Several of the actions condemned by human rights organizations have also occurred in Spanish jurisdiction and not only in Morocco, as initially pointed out. The denied in statements to that it knew anything about this matter. According to Moroccan police sources, it was an action measured "by the use of very violent methods" by migrants and that they died "only by the avalanche of people" while crossing it. +Algerian President publicly accused Morocco of having committed "a carnage" in Melilla. President-elect of Colombia expressed his solidarity with the families of the "massacred victims". He also reaffirmed his commitment "to all African peoples fighting hunger and for life." Due to media pressure, the convened an emergency meeting with representatives of African states to justify the actions alleging the violence by migrants when crossing the prison. In the case of the European Commission, its spokeswoman for Foreign Affairs and Security, , postulated that the European authorities had contacted the Moroccans to try to understand the event, but avoided demanding any report or research commission. +10 NGOs requested the identification and return of the remains to their families instead of a swift burial in the Sidi Salem cemetery near Nador. +On June 26, hundreds of people demonstrated in Madrid, Barcelona and other Spanish cities against the "massacre" of at least 37 migrants. They asked for explanations for what happened, both from the Spanish and the Moroccan governments. +On June 27, the African Union Commission called for an investigation into the Melilla tragedy. + += = = 2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak = = = +On 27 June 2022, a toxic gas leak happened at the Port of Aqaba in Aqaba, Jordan. A container carrying 25 tons of chlorine fell from a crane onto a docked ship and leaked. The incident killed at least fourteen people and injured more than 265. + += = = 2022 San Antonio trailer deaths = = = +On June 27, 2022, 51 bodies were found in and around a tractor-trailer near Lackland Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, United States. The deaths happened during an illegal immigrant smuggling attempt in South Texas. It is the deadliest smuggling incident of its kind in American history. +Three people have been taken into custody. + += = = Colin Blakemore = = = +Sir Colin Blakemore, , Hon (1 June 1944 – 27 June 2022) was a British neurobiologist. His works focused in vision and the development of the brain. +He was Yeung Kin Man Professor of Neuroscience and Senior Fellow of the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study, City University of Hong Kong. He was an Emeritus Professor of Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. +He was called by "The Observer" as both "one of the most powerful scientists in the UK" and "a hate figure for the animal rights movement" for his support of animal testing in science. + += = = Dennis Egan = = = +Dennis William Egan (March 3, 1947 – June 28, 2022) was an American politician. He was a member of the Alaska Senate representing Juneau from 2009 to 2019. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the Mayor of Juneau from 1995 to 2000. Before politics, he was a radio broadcaster for KINY. Egan was born in Juneau. +Egan died on June 28, 2022 in Salem, Oregon at the age of 75. + += = = Katja Husen = = = +Katja Husen (12 June 1976 – 28 June 2022) was a Turkish-born German biologist and politician. She was a member of Alliance 90/The Greens. She was in the Hamburg Parliament from 2004 to 2008. Husen was born in Istanbul, Turkey. +Husen died after falling off her bike in Bayrischzell, Germany on 28 June 2022 at the age of 46. + += = = Hichem Rostom = = = +Hichem Rostom (26 May 1947 – 28 June 2022) was a Tunisian actor and theatre director. He has appeared in more than 70 movies. His career began in 1987. He was known for his role in "Golden Horseshoes" (1989). +Rostom died on June 28, 2022 in Tunis, Tunisia at the age of 75. + += = = Ryuzo Sasaki = = = + was a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party of Japan. He was a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet from 1993 to 2000 and again from 2005 to 2012. He was born in Fukui, Japan. +Sasaki died on 28 June 2022 from problems caused by a heart attack at a Fukui hospital, aged 65. + += = = Rolf Skoglund = = = +Rolf Fredrik Skoglund (11 August 1940 – 28 June 2022) was a Swedish actor. He won the Eugene O'Neill Award in 2007. He was known for his roles in "Vi hade i alla fall tur med vädret", "Fångarna på fortet" and "Jönssonligan spelar högt". Skoglund was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His career began in 1963 and he retired in 2021. +Skoglund died on 28 Junee 2022 at his home in Stockholm from non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the age of 81. + += = = Summer of '42 = = = +Summer of '42 is a 1971 American teen romantic drama movie directed by Robert Mulligan and starring Jennifer O'Neill, Gary Grimes, Jerry Houser, Christopher Norris, Lou Frizzell. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and won an Academy Award in 1972 and was nominated for 3 Oscars. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – 4 × 100 metres relay = = = +The 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, from 7 to 8 September. +Results. +Heats. +The heats took place on Sunday 7 September as the last event of the day, with bad weather conditions. The top two nations of each heat qualified for the final. +Final. +The final took place on 8 September 1930. +Sources: +The names in "italic" are highly likely the runners of these nations, as these sprinters are the nations' main 100 metres athletes at the Games. + += = = 2022 Ecuadorian protests = = = +A series of protests against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso, caused by increasing fuel and food prices, began on 13 June 2022. The protests are being led by Indigenous activists such as members of the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE). The protests have been joined by students and workers. Lasso declared a state of emergency and later extended it on 22 June. The protests have caused food and fuel shortages as protestors have blocked exits and entries to the country's capital of Quito. The protest ended on 30 June 2022 after a government deal was made. + += = = Quell and Co. = = = +Quell and Co. is a 1982 American German Mexican western movie directed by William Witney (his final film) who also stars. It is also known as "Showdown at Eagle Gap". + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – 60 metres = = = +The 60 metres at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, from 6 to 7 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 800 metres events. +Results. +Heats. +The heats took place on 6 September 1930. +Semi-finals. +The semi-finals took also place on 6 September 1930. The first two persons of each semi-final qualified for the final +Final. +The final of the 60 metres event took place on Sunday 7 September, with bad weather conditions. + += = = Media Center Ukraine = = = +Media Center Ukraine (Ukrainian: ���������� �������) is a civic initiative that gives support and advice to media covering events. The Media Center has a platform for organizing and hosting important news events. Numerous Ukrainian and foreign media talked about Media Center Ukraine. For example, The New York Times, Rolling Stone, TSN, Hindustan News Hub, ArmyInform, etc. +History. +Media Center Ukraine was founded in March 2022 by media professionals, the government, and the business community. Their aims is representing information about the Russo-Ukrainian War. +The first site of Media Center Ukraine was opened in Lviv. Later, similar sites were set up in Kyiv and Kharkiv. + += = = Patron (dog) = = = +Patron (; born 2019) is a detection dog of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. He is a Jack Russell Terrier. He found bombs in the Chernihiv, Ukraine. He was awarded the Medal for Dedicated Service, in May 2022. He catch out 236 unexploded Russian explosive devices during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. He became famous from a video on Facebook. +On 27 May 2022, Patron was awarded the Palm Dog Award for its work at the Cannes Film Festival. + += = = TIS-Grain = = = +TIS-Grain (Ukrainian "���-�����") is the largest grain terminal in Ukraine, a national leader in grain transshipment. +TIS-Grain is owned by TIS-Grain LLC, founded in 1999. Oleksiy Fedorychev is the founder and owner of 100% of the shares. Ihor Chobitko is the director of the terminal. The terminal is in the waters of the port "South", northeast of Odessa. Occupies a land plot of 14 hectares. The specialization of the terminal is transshipment of grain cargoes in the port "Southern"; storage of grain in warehouses. + += = = Kormotech = = = +Kormotech LLC (Ukrainian ��� «���������») is a Ukrainian company, the largest producer of pet food in Ukraine. Production facilities are in the village of Prylbychi, Yavoriv district, Lviv region. +As of 2019, the company has about 650 employees. Products are exported to 19 countries. +Kormotech LLC produces under four brands: + += = = Meest = = = +Meest is an international postal and logistics operator. It delivers of all types of items. Meest is part of the Meest Group, a postal and logistics group formed by the international Meest Corporation Inc., Toronto, Canada in 1989. It mainly focuses on North America to Ukraine parcels delivering. +History. +The company "Meest" is part of the postal logistics group "Meest Group", which was formed from the international corporation "Meest" (Meest Corporation Inc., Toronto, Canada) in 1989. + += = = Franz Schneider = = = +Franz Schneider (born c. 1900s) was a German sprint canoeist from in Cologne, who competed in the 1930s. +Schneider won three times the German title in the K-2 1000 metres event from 1931 to 1933 together with Paul Wevers, also from Cologne. Representing Germany, the duo won the gold medal at the in the F-2 event over 10 kilometres. + += = = Ovostar Union = = = +Ovostar Union (WSE: OVO) is an agro-industrial Ukrainian agricultural holding. It is one of the three largest producers of chicken eggs in Ukraine. The company produces products under the brands "YASENSVIT" (eggs) and "OVOSTAR" (egg products). +In 2021, 1.69 billion eggs were collected, the total population was 8.4 million individuals, including 7.0 million laying hens. + += = = ISTA = = = +ISTA is the manufacturer of starter batteries in Ukraine. "ISTA" was the first in Ukraine to start providing a full cycle of battery production. NJSC "ISTA" is part of the group of companies "Ukrprominvest", owned by Petro Poroshenko. +History. +In 1992, the Ukrainian government decides to establish ISTA and to build the country's first plant for the production of lead-acid batteries. +In 1995, the first stage of the Ista-Center CJSC plant was put into operation. +In 2001, the second accumulator plant - LLC DOZ "Energoavtomatika" is started. +In 2003, the plant for recovery of lead-containing materials of Ukrsplav LLC was launched. +In 2006, the plant for production of polypropylene cases - Open Company "Interplast" is put into operation. +In 2007, it started delivering batteries to the enterprises of one of the leading car manufacturers - Renault concern. + += = = Artemsil = = = +Artemsil is a state-owned company for salt production in the Donetsk region, Ukraine. One of the largest in the world, the maximum annual production reaches 7226.3 thousand tons. It was stopped because of the Russian invasion on Ukraine and constant missile shellings of the plant by Russian armed forces. +History. +It was formed in 1976. It consists of five mines (mines) with a completed cycle of salt production, ancillary services, significant housing and social funds. Number of workers - 3780 people. The production activity has been counted since 1881 - the commissioning of the Bryantsev mine. Mine No 1 has been in operation since 1898. The administrative center is the city of Soledar. +On March 3, 2020, Artemsil was put up for auction. But at the end of the year, the company was removed from the list of facilities allowed for privatization. + += = = Myronivska Power Station = = = +Myronivska power station is a thermal power plant in the Donetsk region. It uses coal to extract energy. It is owned by PJSC "Donetskoblenergo". +Myronivska power station was put into operation on October 15, 1953, with the capacity of 100 MW. +In 2004, after reconstruction, the boiler No 9 and the turbogenerator No 5 (electric capacity of 115 MW) were put into operation. + += = = Ukrposhta = = = +Joint-stock company "Ukrposhta" (Ukr. "��������") is a state-owned postal company, subordinated to the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine, a national postal operator. Together with a private post operator Nova Poshta, Ukraposhta are the leaders of pacels delivery in Ukraine. +Services. +The company provides universal postal services. They are approved by the National Commission for Communications Regulation. The company also has the exclusive right to issue, put into circulation and organize the distribution of postage stamps, stamped envelopes and cards, as well as withdrawal them from circulation in Ukraine. +Branches. +The company has 24 regional branches, the Directorate of Mail Processing and Transportation and Avtotranspost. Ukrposhta is one of the largest companies in the country (60,000 employees) and has about 11,000 branches that provide coverage in 100% of settlements in Ukraine. +History. +On April 12, 2017, PJSC Ukrposhta rebranded the company. To replace the winged envelope, a new logo was chosen for the mail horn, which is transformed into a geolocation icon - a pin. The new logo, according to the head of Ukrposhta Ihor Smilianskyi, should reflect the positive changes in the company. The new brand concept was developed free of charge by the advertising agency Saatchi & Saatchi. +In 2020, the company delivered 238.5 million units in Ukraine and abroad. written correspondence, 44.6 million parcels and small packages, paid 12.1 million transfers and 64.5 million pensions and cash benefits. +Ukrposhta together with Nova Poshta are leaders in the delivery and e-commerce market of Ukraine. +In March 2022, in Zaporizhia Oblast the Russians opened fire on a Ukrposhta car, killing two employees of the company. +In the Zaporozhye region, the enemy opened fire on a Ukrposhta car, killing two employees of the company. + += = = David Weiss Halivni = = = +David Weiss Halivni () (27 September 1927 – 29 June 2022) was a Czechoslovakian-born American-Israeli rabbi and scholar. His works focused on Jewish Sciences. He was a Professor of Talmud. He was the "Reish Metivta" of the Union for Traditional Judaism's rabbinical school. Halivni was born in Kobyletska Poliana, Czechoslovakia. +In 1993, he became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2006, he was honored with the Israel Prize. +Halivni died in Jerusalem, Israel on 29 June 2022, aged 94. + += = = Yehuda Meshi Zahav = = = +Avraham Zvi Yehuda Meshi Zahav (July 19, 1959 – June 29, 2022) was an Israeli social activist. He was a member of the Haredi Jewish community. He was known for being the founder and chairman of ZAKA. Meshi Zahav was born in Jerusalem, Israel. +In April 2021, after being accused of sexual harassment and rape, Meshi Zahav shot himself in the head and was in a coma. He died from his injuries a year later on June 29, 2022 at the age of 62. + += = = Svema = = = +OJSC Svema (formerly Svema) is a Ukrainian and former Soviet enterprise for the production of movie, photo and X-ray film, photo paper, tape and cassettes. Located in the city of Shostka, Sumy Oblast. Founded on October 1, 1931. +Shostka Research and Production Association "Svema" was considered an ace of high technology in the field of fine chemistry. And specialized in the production of professional and amateur films and photographic films, magnetic tapes for audio, video, computer equipment, as well as aerospace photographic films, radiographic films, adhesive tapes, printing inks. The products were intended for both the civilian and military sectors. Delivered to CMEA countries and developing countries. +On May 31, 2019, the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine scheduled an auction for the sale of the property of Svema JSC. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – long jump = = = +The long jump event at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, with the final being held on 8 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the long jump event. +Results. +Final. +The final took place in the morning of 8 September. +Between sources there are some differences in the distances. This might be typo errors, or possibly a mix-up with the qualification. + += = = Taejo of Joseon = = = +Taejo of Joseon (4 November 1335 – 27 June 1408) was the first king of the Joseon dynasty. His given name was Yi Seong-gye (). He changed his name to Yi Dan () after he became king. He ruled Korea from 1392 to 1398. He was a general of the Goryeo dynasty before he became king. +After the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368 resulting in the weakened remnants of Northern Yuan only controlling Mongolia and the northeast, in the first lunar month of 1370 Goryeo ordered Yi Seonggye (Li Chenggui), the future founder of Joseon, to attack remnants of Korean loyalists of Northern Yuan in the northern Korean peninsula and retrieve ethnic Koreans who were still loyal to Northern Yuan there to bring them back to Korea. The Goryeo Army appointed Yi Seonggye as the Marshal of the Northeast, and Chi Yongsu and Yang Boyuan as the Marshal of the Northwest. +In the first month of the lunar calendar in 1370 , King Gongmin of Koryo sent Li Chenggui to lead 5,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry. They traveled more than 600 miles from Huangcaoling in the northeast of Koryo to Xuehanling, and traveled another 700 miles. On the first month of Jiachen, they crossed the Yalu River. That night, the sky was filled with purple air in the northwest. The Koreans considered this a sign of victory. At that time, Li (Yi) Wulu Timur, the Tongzhi of Dongning Prefecture (Dongnyeong Prefectures), fled to Yuluoshan City ( Wunü Mountain City ). +Yi Seonggye marched into Yedun Village (�����), but the Korean leader in the village who was loyal to Northern Yuan, Wulu Timur sent troops and failed. He said "my ancestors are Koreans, I can surrender", and led more than 300 households to surrender. Ulu Timur later renamed it "Yuanjing". Under the leadership of Gao Anwei (Go Anwi), the remnant Yuan army continued to resist in Yingcheng and was surrounded by the Koryo army. +Yi Seonggye took the soldier's bow and shot more than 70 arrows into the city, with a hundred hits. Go Anwi abandoned his family and fled the city at night. The next day, more than 20 Northern Yuan army leaders led their congregation to surrender. In other areas, the Northern Yuan army surrendered. Goryeo has more than ten thousand households. The more than 2,000 cattle and hundreds of horses obtained were all returned to the common people, and the common people moved to Korea in large numbers. From the imperial city in the east to Dongning Mansion (Liaoyang) in the north and from Hainan in the west to Yalu. Many Koreans in Liaodong returned to the Korean peninsula after this campaign. +Yi Seonggye captured the deputy envoy of Yuan Privy Council and more than 300 households including Li Yuanjing, Li Boyan, Li Changshou, Li Tianyou, Xuanduoshi, Jin'a, and Luding in Dongning Prefecture. When Yi Seonggye entered Kuiluo, he heard crying in the ruined wall, and asked people to check it out. A man stood naked and wept, saying: "I am the Zhuangyuan of the Yuan Dynasty and I worshiped him. Li Renfu of your country is the same year as me." Yi Seonggye gave it to him. He put on clothes, gave him a horse to ride, and brought him to Goryeo. King Gongmin gave him the name Han Fu. Later loyal to Yi Seonggye. +Yi Seonggye, the founding king of Joseon was known to have been a master archer. In a battle against Japanese pirates, Seonggye, assisted by Yi Bangsil, killed the young samurai commander "Agibaldo" with two successive arrows, one arrow knocking out his helmet, with the second arrow entering his mouth. Yi Seonggye, from his archery experience in Liaodong judged a conflict with the Ming to be suicide, hence he disobeyed orders from Goryeo to seize Liaodong from the Ming and instead overthrew Goryeo. In his letter to General Choi Young, Seonggye lists as one of five reasons not to invade Ming China as during the monsoon season, glue holding together the composite bow weakens, reducing the effectiveness of the bow. + += = = Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii = = = +The lime tree frog ("Sphaenorhynchus caramaschii") is a frog. It lives in Brazil. It lives in Brazil's states São Paulo, Paraná, and Santa Catarina. + += = = Torbeši = = = +The Torbeši also known as Macedonian Muslims () are Macedonians with Islamic belief in the Republic of North Macedonia. + += = = Vallahades = = = +The Vallahades () or Valaades () also Patrioytlar were a Muslim-Greek people population of the Bektashi-Tarika who lived along the river Haliacmon in southwest Macedonia (Greece); in and around Anaselitsa (modern Neapoli) and Grevena. The Greek term Vallahades derived from the Muslim word Vallahi, the meaning of this word is: (By Allah). They were expelled from Greece to Turkey after the Treaty of Lausanne at The 1923 population exchange between Greece and Turkey. They settled there in East Thrace and Anatolia. and have become completely assimilated into the Turkish Muslim mainstream as Turks. +In Turkey this Group is known as Patriyotlar (Vatanseverler). The Patriyotlar once lived in the . Because of their pro-Ottoman-Turkish attitude, at the Balkan Wars, this Group of Muslims were called patriōtēs (���������) by the Greeks. The name Patriyotlar in Turkish means Vatanseverler. At the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey about Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, this Muslim-Group was expelled by the Greeks and moved to Turkey and settled in Edirne, Lüleburgaz, Çorlu and Büyükçekmece in East Thrace and Samsun and Manisa and other Citys in Anatolia. The first Generation only speak Patriyotça a Macedonian-Greek dialect, and not Turkish, yet there descendants only speak Turkish and fully assimilated. + += = = Eeles Landström = = = +Eeles Enok Landström (3 January 1932 – 29 June 2022) was a Finnish pole vaulter. He was also a businessman and politician. He won two European titles, in 1954 and 1958, and competed at the 1956 and 1960 Olympics, winning a bronze medal in 1960. He was born in Viiala (present-day Akaa), Finland. From 1966 to 1972, he was a member of the Parliament of Finland as a member of the Liberals Party. +Landström died on 29 June 2022, aged 90. + += = = Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania = = = +Plymouth Meeting is a census-designated place (CDP) in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The settlement was founded in 1686. 7,452 people lived in Plymouth Meeting at the 2020 census. + += = = Rushden = = = +Rushden is a town in Northamptonshire. + += = = Tilden Daken = = = +Tilden Daken (June 14, 1876 – April 24, 1935) was an American landscape painter. He was known for his oil paintings of California states. He also painted in Alaska, Mexico, Baja, the Hawaiian Islands, the South Seas, and parts of the East Coast of the United States. Daken exhibited in the famous galleries in New York, Chicago, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, and San Francisco, and at the 1915 Panama-Pacific International Exposition. + += = = Maurice Grosser = = = +Maurice Grosser (October 23, 1903 – December 22, 1986) was an American painter, art critic, and writer. He was the longtime companion of Virgil Thomson. Maurice Grosser was born on October 23, 1903, in Huntsville, Alabama. He designed the scenery for two operas by Virgil Thomson: "Four Saints in Three Acts" (1934) and "The Mother of Us All" (1947). Grosser died on December 22, 1986, in Manhattan. +Paintings by Maurice Grosser are at the Museum of Modern Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and the Huntsville Museum of Art. + += = = John Cameron Swayze = = = +John Cameron Swayze (April 4, 1906 – August 15, 1995) was an American news commentator and game show panelist during the 1940s and 1950s. He later became best known as a product spokesman. +Swayne died on August 15, 1995 in Kansas, United States at the age of 89. + += = = Harry Rosen Inc. = = = +Harry Rosen Inc. is a Canadian retail chain with 17 luxury men's clothing stores. Harry Rosen operate for 40 percent of the Canadian market in clothes for man in 2008. +The company was founded by Harry Rosen in 1954. In 2009, Harry Rosen opened their own website. Shipping is limited to Canadian addresses. + += = = Yidgha people = = = +The Yidgha are a Iranic people living in Chitral District. They number around 9,600 and speak the Yidgha language. They follow Shia Islam. + += = = Paimiut, Alaska = = = +Paimiut is a small town located in Alaska by the Yukon River. It has a population of 2, of which has declined since the 2000s. + += = = 1999 Algarve Cup = = = +The 1999 Algarve Cup was an invitational women's football tournament. China won the event defeating the US, 2-1, in the final. It was China's first victory against the USA since 1993 and their first win over them since 1993. +Teams. +The host and the seven teams invited are Australia, China, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden and the United States. +The eight teams were split into two groups that played a round-robin group stage with playoff to determine seventh and eighth place. The winners of each group would compete for first and second place and the winners of the groups would be crowned champions. +Points. +There are 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw and none for a loss. + += = = Villains (album) = = = +Villains is the second studio album by The Verve Pipe. The album was released on March 26, 1996. + += = = Jim Pappin = = = +James Joseph Pappin (September 10, 1939 – June 29, 2022) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the of the National Hockey League (NHL). He won the Stanley Cup in 1964 and 1967 with the Toronto Maple Leafs. He also played for the Chicago Black Hawks. +Pappin died on June 29, 2022 at his home in Palm Desert, California. Before he died, Pappin said that he was diagnosed with cancer. + += = = Bill Woolsey = = = +William Tripp Woolsey (September 13, 1934 – June 25, 2022) was an American competition swimmer. He represented the United States at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland, where he won a gold medal. Four years later at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia, he won a silver medal. Woolsey was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. +Woolsey died on June 25, 2022 in California at the age of 87. + += = = Ford Konno = = = +Ford Hiroshi Konno (born January 1, 1933) is a former Japanese–American competition swimmer. He was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. He won two gold medals and a silver medal at the 1952 Summer Olympics. Four years later, he won another silver medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. + += = = Leo Posada = = = +Leopoldo Jesús Posada Hernández (April 1, 1936 – June 23, 2022) was a Cuban-American professional baseball outfielder. He played for the Kansas City Athletics of Major League Baseball from 1960 through 1962. +Posada died on June 23, 2022 in Miami, Florida from pancreatic cancer, aged 86. + += = = Orby TV = = = +Orby TV was an American direct broadcast satellite provider. It transmitted digital satellite television in the United States. The company was shut down on March 1, 2021. + += = = Climate change denial = = = +Climate change denial is the denial of climate change. They do not believe climate change exists. + += = = The Love Special = = = +The Love Special is a 1921 American drama movie directed by Frank Urson and starring Wallace Reid, Agnes Ayres, Theodore Roberts, Lloyd Whitlock, Sylvia Ashton, Clarence Burton, Snitz Edwards. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = Jeongjong of Joseon = = = +Jeongjong of Joseon (26 July 1357 – 24 October 1419) was the second king of the Joseon dynasty. His given name was Yi Bang-gwa (). He became king after his father, king Taejo, abdicated (resigned) from the throne. He himself abdicated in 1400. + += = = China Airlines Flight 140 = = = +China Airlines Flight 140 was a scheduled flight between Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Nagoya Airport in Nagoya, Japan. On April 26, 1994, the Airbus A300 B4-622R was completing a flight and was approaching Nagoya airport, when, just before landing, several pilot errors of not correcting their actions and speed caused the plane would end up crashing to the ground, killing almost all the passengers. +It was the most serious air disaster of 1994. +Aftermath. +To date, this accident remains the deadliest in China Airlines history, and the second deadliest aviation accident on Japanese soil, behind Japan Airlines Flight 123. Also, it is the third worst accident in the history of the Airbus A300 after Iran Air Flight 655 and later surpassed by American Airlines Flight 587 with 265 fatalities. +On 3 May 1994, the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) of the Republic of China (Taiwan) ordered China Airlines to modify the flight control computers following Airbus's notice of the modification. On 7 May 1994, the CAA ordered China Airlines to provide supplementary training and a re-evaluation of proficiency to all A300-600R pilots. +Following the accident, China Airlines decided to withdraw its flight CI140 on this route and changed it to CI150 after the crash. China Airlines now operates this route with the Airbus A330-300 aircraft and the A300 has since been retired. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – high jump = = = +The high jump event at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, with the qualification and final being held on 7 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the high jump event. +Results. +Qualification. +The qualification took place in the morning of 7 September 1930, under bad weather conditions. +Final. +The final took place in the afternoon of 7 September. The weather was still bad and it rained during the competition. The track was wet which affected the performance. +The British Marjorie Okell and Mary Milne couldn't jump above 1.50 metres. After the German Helma Notte was not able to jump higher than 1.53 metres, there were two remaining competitors, the German Inge Braumüller and the Dutch Carolina Gisolf. Both Braumüller and Gisolf jumped 1.57 metres. Gisolf got injured during her successfull jump of 1.57 metres toring thigh muscle during the run. She tried to continue jump, to great encouragement from the crowd, but was not able to jump the 1.57 metres. Braumüller was also not able to jump the 1.57 metres. The competition was decided by a toss, which was won in favor of the German. + += = = Calgary Junior Hockey League = = = +The Calgary Junior Hockey League is a Junior "B" ice hockey league based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. + += = = List of Nigeria Twenty20 International cricketers = = = +This is a list of Nigerian Twenty20 International cricketers. + += = = América TV = = = +América TV (call sign LS 86) is an Argentine television channel. Its headquarters is in the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires. Its signal is produced in the city of Buenos Aires. + += = = Loves of a Blonde = = = +Loves of a Blondie (), also known as A Blonde in Love, is a 1965 Czech romantic black comedy-drama movie directed by Miloš Forman and starring Hana Brejchová, Vladimír Pucholt, Vladimír Menšík, Ivan Kheil, Jiří Hrubý. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1966. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – shot put = = = +The shot put event at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium on 6 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the shot put event. +Results. +Final. +The final took place on 6 September. + += = = Nauru national soccer team = = = +The Nauru national soccer is the soccer team that comes from Nauru. The teams current Ello Ranking is 184. The team does not have a FIFA Ranking because the team is not part of FIFA. + += = = South Africa national soccer team = = = +The South Africa national soccer team () is represents South Africa in international men's soccer. + += = = Where Love Has Gone (movie) = = = +Where Love Has Gone is a 1964 American romantic drama movie directed by Edward Dmytryk and was based on the 1962 novel of the same name by Harold Robbins. It stars Susan Hayward, Bette Davis, Mike Connors, Joey Heatherton, Jane Greer, DeForest Kelley, Anne Seymour and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1965. + += = = Rolando Andaya Jr. = = = +Rolando "Nonoy" Gutierrez Andaya Jr. (March 10, 1969 – June 30, 2022) was a Filipino lawyer and politician. He represented the 1st District of Camarines Sur in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1998 to 2006 and again from 2010 to 2019. He also was the 32nd Majority Floor Leader of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from 2018 until 2019. +Andaya Jr. was found dead on June 30, 2022 at his apartment in Naga, Philippines with a gunshot wound to his head at the age of 53. + += = = Naga, Camarines Sur = = = +', officially known as the ' (Central Bikol: "Syudad nin "; Rinconada Bikol: "Syudad ka "; ) or the Pilgrim City of Naga, is a in the of the Philippines. In the , it has a population of people. + += = = Peter Aho = = = +Peter Aho was born 2 March, 2003. He is a Nigerian cricketer who has played 16 Twenty20 Internationals for Nigeria where he has taken a five wicket bag and a hat-trick. He also played in the 2020 Under-19 Cricket World Cup in South Africa. + += = = List of Tanzania Twenty20 International cricketers = = = +This is a list of Tanzanian Twenty20 International cricketers. + += = = Sonny Barger = = = +Ralph Hubert Barger (October 8, 1938 – June 29, 2022), better known as Sonny Barger, was an American outlaw biker, author and actor. He was a founding member of the Oakland, California chapter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club in 1957. He wrote five books, and appeared on television and movies. He was born in Modesto, California. He played the role of Lenny "The Pimp" Janowitz in the television series "Sons of Anarchy". +Barger died on June 29, 2022 in Oakland, California from throat cancer, aged 83. + += = = Mats Traat = = = +Mats Traat (23 November 1936 – 27 June 2022) was an Estonian poet, translator and novelist. Traat was born in Arula, Otepää Parish. His career began in 1962. He published over 20 anthologies of poetry. His poetry was about social commentary and society's love for science. He also wrote about the indigenous Estonian population. His short story, "The Cross of Power," won the Friedebert Tuglas Award for Short Prose. +Traat died on 27 June 2022 in Tallinn, Estonia at the age of 85. + += = = Martha Kolthoff = = = +Martha Cecile Kolthoff (27 January 1908 — ‎15 September 1999) was a Dutch sprinter, javelin thrower and discus thrower in the 1920s. She was a member of Hygiëa, The Hague. +Career. +Her earliest achievement was in September 1923, becoming champion of South Holland in the athletics’ triathlon. In 1924 she won in this competition the javelin throw. In September 1925 she broke with the national record in the 4x 80 meters. Later the month she became national champion in the athletics’ triathlon ahead of Leny Rombout and . She also became with her club national champion in the 4x 80 metres relay. +In 1927 she became Dutch national champion in the 4x 100 metres together with Nici Mür, Willy Hamerslag and Nettie Grooss with a time of 55 seconds. +On 31 July 1927 Kolthof set the first official Dutch national record in the discus throw with 23.84 metres. +During an out of competition record attempt in September 1927 Nici Mür threw in discus throw 24.11 metres, so further than the record of Kolthoff. Kolthof broke during this record attempt session the national records javelin throw with 27.25 metres. While a special prize was awarded for the new record and these records were mentioned in newspapers as new national records, the records were never recognized by the Dutch athletics federation. Kolthof lost eventually the record in August 1928 to . +Personal life. +Kolthoff was born on 27 January 1908 in Batavia, Dutch East Indies. She was the only child of father Abraham Kolthoff (1863-1940) who was director Officer of Health 1st class of the K.N.I.L. and worked in in Batavia. Her mother was Johanna Cornelia Brandon (1870-1947). They moved back to the Netherlands where she married to mechanical engineer Lucas Ruinen (1901-1993) on 20 August 1937 in The Hague. They had four children together. + += = = Mohammad Shtayyeh = = = +Mohammad Ibrahim Shtayyeh () (born 17 January 1959) is a Palestinian politician, academic and economist. He became prime minister of the Palestinian National Authority in March 2019. + += = = England Grand Prix = = = +The "England Grand Prix" is a Formula One non-championship event that is part of the Formula One. +The inaugural England Grand Prix to held by Donington Park in 1994 before merged to British Grand Prix in 2010. + += = = President of the Palestinian National Authority = = = +The President of the Palestinian National Authority () is the highest-ranking political position (same to head of state) in the Palestinian National Authority (PNA). The President nominates the Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. + += = = Nura Pakhang = = = +Nura Pakhang () is a Meitei-Portuguese bilingual song. It was sung by Manipuri folk musical artist Mangka Mayanglambam and the artists of Portuguese musical band "Clã". The music video was directed by Romi Meitei. It was released worldwide on 28 April 2017. It is a part of an album called "T(H)REE". It is a musical collaboration between Portuguese and Asian musicians in unique ways. +Making. +Portuguese music video producer David Valentim contacted Manipuri folk music artist Mangka Mayanglambam and her lyricist father Mayanglambam Mangangsana through email about his desire to collaborate Portuguese music with Meitei music. +When the collaboration between the two musical cultures was confirmed and finalised, Manipuri musical lyricist Mangangsana sent three musical tracks to the Portuguese producer David Valentim through email. David chose the song "Nura Pakhang" among the three. Clã also wrote their own musical lyrics to mix it with the Meitei folk song. All these processes of conversations were done through emails and the song was finally created. Interestingly, Mangka Mayanglambam and her father Mayanglambam Mangangsana had never met David Valentim and the Portuguese artists of "Clã" in real life. So, the artists couldn't record the song together but it doesn't affect their touring together in the musical journey. It's director Romi Meitei who met both teams of Meitei and Portuguese artists. +The first part of the music video was made in Manipur of India and its later parts are made in Porto of Portugal. The contributions of the lyrics are mainly credited to Carlos Tê, Hélder Gonçalves, Manuela Azevedo and Mayanglambam Mangangana. "Nura Pakhang" shows the way in which two different things depend on each other in a way that make sense together. The sound of the music video crosses jazzy pop rock with traditional Manipuri music. +Release. +The song "Nura Pakhang" was released was released worldwide on 28th April 2017. +Regarding radio broadcasting, it was released on "Antena 3", one of the biggest radio channels in Portugal. +According to an interview with Mangka Mayanglambam by IANS (Indo-Asian News Service), she said: +<poem>"The song was launched in April. It is played on radio in Portugal and is available on the internet. But I will be able to distribute it after June. I never thought of earning a profit from this project. All the proceeds will go to Make a Wish Foundation."</poem> +Mangka believes that language is not a barrier. She said to the IANS: +<poem>"Music is a Universal language, still each and every place has its own culture. It's best to follow our culture."</poem> + += = = Ahmed Qurei = = = +Ahmed Ali Mohammed Qurei (or Qureia; , ), also known by his "Arabic "kunya' Abu Alaa (, ) (March 26, 1937 – February 22, 2023) was a former Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. He was speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council. He was a senior leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). + += = = Nabil Shaath = = = +Nabil Ali Muhammad (Abu Rashid) Shaath (, , also spelled Sha'ath; born 9 August 1938) is a senior Palestinian official. He was the Acting Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority for a few days in December 2005. + += = = Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority = = = +The prime minister of the Palestinian National Authority was the position of the official head of government of the Palestinian Authority government, active between 2003 and January 2013. It was officially transformed into the State of Palestine. +List of prime ministers (2003–2013). +On 6 January 2013 the Palestinian National Authority was officially transformed into the State of Palestine and the position of the prime minister of the Palestinian National Authority became the prime minister of the State of Palestine. + += = = Ismail Haniyeh = = = +Ismail Abdel Salam Ahmed Haniyeh (; sometimes transliterated as Haniya, Haniyah, or Hanieh; born 29 January 1962) is a senior political leader of Hamas. He was the disputed Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. In September 2017, he became Chief of Hamas's Political Bureau. +Personal and Family Life. +Haniyeh is married to Amal Haniyeh and the couple have 13 children. In 2009, the family lived in Al-Shati refugee camp in the northern Gaza Strip. In 2010, the couple shifted to the Rimla neighborhood in Gaza City. In 2020, He went to Qasem Soleimani's funeral, in Tehran, Iran. After visiting some other countries he decided to permanently reside in Doha, Qatar. His family joined him there in 2021. +On 17 October 2023, during Israel–Hamas war an airstrike by israeli forces in Sheikh Radwan neighborhood in Gaza City reportedly killed 14 Palestinians, Haniyeh's brother and nephew were among the victims while several other family members were also injured. + += = = Rami Hamdallah = = = +Rami Hamdallah (; born 10 August 1958) is a Palestinian politician and academic. He was the Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority. He also was president of An-Najah National University in Nablus. + += = = Salam Fayyad = = = +Salam Fayyad (, ) is a Palestinian politician. He was the Prime Minister of the Palestinian Authority and Finance Minister. +He was Finance Minister from June 2002 to November 2005 and from March 2007 to May 2012. Fayyad was Prime Minister between June 2007 and June 2013. +Fayyad resigned from the cabinet in November 2005 to run as founder and leader of the new Third Way party for the legislative elections of 2006. + += = = Prime Minister of the State of Palestine = = = +The prime minister of the State of Palestine is the head of government of the State of Palestine. The post was created in January 2013, when the Palestinian National Authority was officially renamed into the State of Palestine. + += = = President of the State of Palestine = = = +The president of the State of Palestine is the head of state of Palestine. Since 2013, the title president of the State of Palestine became the only title of the Palestinian president. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – discus throw = = = +The discus throw event at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, with the qualification and final being held on 7 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the discus throw event. +Results. +Qualification. +The qualification took place in the morning of 7 September 1930, under bad weather conditions. +Polish Halina Konopacka won the qualification ahead of German Tilly Fleischer and Italian Vittorina Vivenza. Swedish Elsa Svensson, Latvian Karlson and British Weston also qualified. The Dutch Dora Wevers had three invalid throws and so didn't qualify. +Final. +The final took place in the afternoon of 7 September. The weather was still bad. + += = = Rawhi Fattouh = = = +Rawhi Fattuh (, , also transliterated as Rauhi Fattouh; born 23 August 1949) is the former Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council and was the interim President of the Palestinian Authority, after the death of Yasser Arafat on 11 November 2004 until January 15, 2005. He was elected to the Central Committee of Fatah in December 2016. + += = = Aziz Dweik = = = +Aziz Dweik ( ; ) (born January 12, 1948) is the Speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) since 18 January 2006. He is seen as the Interim President of the Palestinian National Authority since 19 October 2016. + += = = List of programs broadcast by Discovery Family = = = +This is a list of television programs broadcast by the U.S. cable television channel Discovery Family. +Former programming. +This is a list of programs that have formerly aired on Discovery Kids (1996–2010), The Hub Network (2010–2014), and Discovery Family (2014–present). +Former programming by The Hub Network. +An asterisk (*) indicates that the program had new episodes aired on Discovery Family. + += = = Sphaenorhynchus botocudo = = = +Sphaenorhynchus botocudo is a frog. It lives in Brazil. +The adult male frog is 23.9-29.3 mm long from nose to rear end. It has a black line from the nose to each eye. It has a white spot under each eye. It has a white stripe with brown color around it from each eye to the middle of the body. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games = = = +The athletics competitions at the 1930 Women's World Games in Prague were held from 7 to 9 September 1930 at the Letná Stadium. +The athletes competed in 12 events: running (60 metres, 100 metres, 200 metres, 800 metres, 4 x 100 metres relay and hurdling 80 metres), high jump, long jump, discus throw, javelin, shot put and triathlon (100 metres, high jump and javelin). Several world records were set. +At some days there were 20000 spectators in the stadium. +Points table. +Source + += = = Terry O'Quinn = = = +Terrance Quinn (born July 15, 1952), known professionally as Terry O'Quinn, is an American actor. He is best known for portraying the role of John Locke in the ABC drama mystery series "Lost", which ran for six seasons (2004–2010). He also played the title role in "The Stepfather" and "Stepfather II", and played Peter Watts in the crime drama series "Millennium", which ran for three seasons (1996–1999). + += = = Jack Gordon (ice hockey) = = = +John "Jackie" Gordon (March 3, 1928 – June 27, 2022) was a Canadian ice hockey manager, coach and player. Gordon played 36 games in the National Hockey League with the New York Rangers from 1946 to 1961. He was also head coach of the Minnesota North Stars from 1970 to 1973. He also was a general manager of the North Stars from 1974 to 1978 and of the Vancouver Canucks from 1985 to 1987. +Gordon was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He died on June 27, 2022 at the age of 94. + += = = Dmitry Stepushkin = = = +Dmitry Fyodorovich Stepushkin (; September 3, 1975 – June 30, 2022) was a Russian bobsledder. He won three medals in the four-man event at the FIBT World Championships with two silvers (2005, 2008) and a bronze (2003). Stepushkin also competed in three Winter Olympics in 2002, 2006 and 2010. Stepushkin was born in Chkalovsk, Russia. +Stepushkin died on June 30, 2022 in Moscow, Russia at the age of 46. + += = = Human rights in the Central African Republic = = = +The Central African Republic, which the United Nations High Commissioner said is having "the most neglected crisis in the world", has an very bad human rights record. It was rated 'Not Free' by Freedom House from 1972 to 1990, in 2002 and 2003, and from 2014 to now. It was rated 'Partly Free' from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013. + += = = Human rights in Uganda = = = +Human rights in Uganda refers to the difficulty of getting international rights standards for all citizens. It is difficult to solve the problems of proper sanitation facilities, home insecurity, bad infrastructure development, and mistreatment of LGBT people, women, and children. + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – javelin throw = = = +The javelin throw event at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium, with the qualification and final being held on 8 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the javelin throw event. +Results. +Qualification. +The qualification took place ion 8 September 1930. +Final. +The final took place on 8 September. +Liesel Schumann won the competition in a new world record. With her performance of 42.3 metres she improved the former world record of Braumuller (40.37). Augustine Hargus who finished second was with 40.99 metres als better than the former world record. + += = = Damel = = = +The Damel are a Dardic group who live in Damel Valley, Chitral District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Most Damels speak Dameli while others speak Gawar-Bati. They number around 8,300 and are Sunni Muslims. + += = = Julia Morley = = = +Julia Evelyn Morley (née Pritchard; born 25 October 1939) is a British businesswoman, charity worker, and former model. She is the chairman and CEO of the Miss World Organization. She is the widow of Miss World creator, the late Eric Morley. + += = = Dards = = = +The Dards are a group of un-mixed Indo-Aryan people living in Northern Pakistan, Western Jammu & Kashmir, and Eastern Afghanistan who speak the Dardic languages. A very small minority also live in Xinjiang, China and Tajikistan. +Dardic is a geographical phrase, not a ethnic or linguistic one. It is not used by any of its speakers. Dardic languages are mostly Indic, but have a huge amount Iranian loanwords from Pashto, Yidgha, or Ormuri. + += = = Grupo Telefe = = = +Grupo Telefe (legally Television Federal S.A.) is an Argentine conglomerate dedicated to the production of audiovisual content and the operation of terrestrial television licenses. The company, created in 1989, belongs to the multinational Paramount Global since November 2016. +History. +On December 6, 2012, Telefe presented its voluntary adaptation plan before the Argentinean Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services in order to adapt to the Audiovisual Communication Services Law, where it proposed to put Neuquén channels 7 and 9 up for sale in Bahía Blanca. The plan was approved two years later on December 16, 2014, leaving the two channels for sale. On December 29, 2015, changes were made to several articles of the law (among them Article 45, which indicated that the licensee could not cover with its open media more than 35% of the country's population); as a result of the elimination of the limit percentage of national coverage, Telefe would no longer have the obligation to sell the two channels, being able to keep the 8 channels from the interior in its possession. On February 2, 2016, the National Communications Entity (successor to AFSCA) decided to file all adaptation plans (including Telefe's) as a consequence of this, Telefe no longer has the obligation to sell any of its television channels. +On November 3, 2016, it was announced that the US group Viacom had reached an agreement to buy Telefe and its channels for US$345 million. The purchase was finalized on November 15. The ENACOM approved the transfer of Telefe and its licenses to Viacom on March 30, 2017. +On August 13, 2019, CBS Corporation and Viacom announced that they had reached an agreement to merge their respective business units (including Grupo Telefe) under the umbrella of the former (to be renamed ViacomCBS).The merger was completed on December 4. +As of February 16, 2022, ViacomCBS was renamed Paramount Global. + += = = Jennifer O'Neill = = = +Jennifer O'Neill (born February 20, 1948) is a Brazilian-born American actress, model, author, and activist. She is known for her modeling and spokesperson career with CoverGirl. She acted in the Oscar-winning 1971 movie "Summer of '42." She also starred in the cult horror movie "Scanners" (1981) and the television series "Cover Up" (1984–85). She has also been active in the anti-abortion-rights movement. +Personal life. +O'Neill was born to a wealthy family in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. She was raised in New Rochelle, New York and Wilton, Connecticut. O'Neill went to school at the Dalton School in Manhattan. She got married at age 17. +When she was young, she was an equestrienne and was on the covers of "Vogue", "Cosmopolitan", and "Seventeen", earning $80,000 in 1962. +O'Neill has been married nine times to eight husbands (she married, divorced, and remarried her sixth husband Richard Alan Brown). She has three children from three fathers. + += = = Gloria Romero (actress) = = = +Gloria Romero (; born Gloria Galla; December 16, 1933) is an American-born Filipina actress. She was called the "Queen of Philippine Cinema" in the 1950s. She acted in "Tanging Yaman", "Nagbabagang Luha" and "Dalagang Ilocana". She played Imelda Marcos in the biopic movie "Iginuhit ng Tadhana". + += = = David R. Nagle = = = +David Ray "Dave" Nagle (born April 15, 1943) is an American politician and lawyer. He was a member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented Iowa's 3rd congressional district from 1987 to 1993. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Nagle was born in Grinnell, Iowa. He was the Chair of the Iowa Democratic Party from 1982 to 1985. +Nagle ran for the U.S. House of Representatives again, but he lost the Democratic nomination. He tried to run for the U.S. Senate, but quit after he was arrested for public intoxication in 1998. + += = = Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services = = = +The Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services (, AFSCA) was an Argentine state agency. It was created by the Audiovisual Communication Services Law as the authority in charge of enforcing law. +History. +The entity began its activities on December 10, 2009. It was established by presidential decree 1525/2009. Martín Sabbatella was appointed as its president, at the head of a board of directors made up of parliamentarians from the three main blocks, representatives of the universities and of the Federal Council. +On December 23, 2015, the AFSCA was intervened by the President Mauricio Macri. This was through a decision challenged before the Justice. On December 30, 2015, the Chief of Staff Marcos Peña announced that President Macri had sanctioned a decree of necessity and urgency. The number was not specified. In addition, the date was not published in the Official Gazette, which provided for the elimination of the AFSCA and its merger with the AFTIC. This led to a new public body called the National Communications Entity (ENACOM). +On January 4, 2016, the decree of necessity and urgency 267/2015 signed on December 29, 2015, announced by the Chief of Staff, was published in the Official Gazette. +Composition. +The AFSCA was led by a seven-member board, consisting of the following: + += = = SponsorBlock = = = +SponsorBlock is a free and open-source browser extension that skips segments of YouTube videos. Users make them, which other users can vote on. It is recommended on Firefox's add-on store. , it has over 175,000 downloads on Firefox and over 600,000 downloads on Google Chrome. +History. +Only sponsorships could be skipped until more categories (such as self-promotion or intermissions) were added in June 2020. An update in January 2022 added support for marking whole videos as sponsorships. +Usage. +Users submit segments of videos and choose a category for them. Those segments are automatically skipped. When a segment is skipped, a small pop-up appears for a few seconds to allow the user to vote on it or "unskip" it. The number of segments each user has submitted and skipped is tracked. +Reception. +The extension was on Mozilla's Extension Spotlight on July 21, 2020, and is the highest rated recommended Firefox extension. + += = = Willy Hamerslag = = = +Willy "Wil" Hamerslag, often only referred to only by her surname Hamerslag (born 1900s) was a Dutch athletics competitor in the 1920s, specialized in the high jump and long jump. She was a member of Hygiëa, The Hague. +Career. +Hamerslag won multiple medals at national championships. She became 1925 national champion in the long jump with 4.885 metres. At the same championships she finished second in the athletics’ triathlon and third in the high jump. +In 1927 she became the first official national record holder in the high jump with a height of 1.395 meter. +In September 1927 she became Dutch national champion in the 4x 100 metres together with Nici Mür, Martha Kolthof and Nettie Grooss with a time of 55 seconds. + += = = Cadenberge = = = +Cadenberge (in High German, in Low Saxon: Cumbarg) is a municipality in Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2016, the former municipality Geversdorf is part of Cadenberge. + += = = Land Hadeln = = = +Land Hadeln is a place in Northern Germany. It is a historic landscape and used to be an administrative district. Its seat is in Otterndorf on the Lower Elbe, the lower reaches of the Elbe River, in the Elbe-Weser Triangle between the estuaries of the Elbe and Weser rivers. + += = = Cajundome = = = +The Cajundome is a 13,500-seat multi-purpose arena in Lafayette, Louisiana. The Louisiana Ragin' Cajuns men's and women's basketball programs play there. University events and commencement ceremonies including high school graduations also happen there. + += = = East New York = = = +East New York is an American drama television series created by William Finkelstein & +Mike Flynn. It is set to premiere on CBS on October 2, 2022. +Plot. +East New York follows Regina Haywood, the newly promoted police captain of East New York, an impoverished, working class neighborhood at the eastern edge of Brooklyn. She leads a diverse group of officers and detectives, some of whom are reluctant to deploy her creative methods of serving and protecting during the midst of social upheaval and the early seeds of gentrification. + += = = Tanging Yaman = = = +Tanging Yaman (International Title: A Change of Heart) is a 2000 Filipino family drama movie directed by Laurice Guillen and starring Gloria Romero, Dina Bonnevie, Edu Manzano, Johnny Delgado, Joel Torre, Marvin Agustin, Hilda Koronel. It was distributed by Star Cinema. + += = = Universo (TV network) = = = +Universo is an American television channel. + += = = A.k.a. Cartoon = = = +a.k.a. Cartoon is a Canadian animation studio located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was founded on April 1, 1994, by Danny Antonucci. + += = = The Brothers Grunt = = = +The Brothers Grunt is an adult animated comedy television series. It originally aired from August 15, 1994, to April 9, 1995, on MTV. +Characters. +The main characters were named after famous crooners of the 1950s: Frank (Sinatra), Tony (Bennett), Dean (Martin), Bing (Crosby), Sammy (Davis Jr.), and Perry (Como), all voiced by Maurice LaMarche. +Episodes. +Note: "All episodes directed by Danny Antonucci" +Unreleased episodes. +These episodes are unreleased, but have been uploaded to YouTube in June 2019 by YouTube user Oecobius33. Three of these episodes might have been produced, but are currently unconfirmed. + += = = Lupo the Butcher = = = +Lupo the Butcher is a 1987 Canadian animated short comedy movie. It was directed and written by Danny Antonucci. + += = = Cartoon Sushi = = = +Cartoon Sushi is an adult-animation showcase program that aired on MTV from 1997 to 1998. It was made by Eric Calderon and produced by Nick Litwinko. +Episodes. +Special: A Special 1/2 Hour with Robin and Ben.... +by Magnus Carlsson + += = = Vincent Adewoye = = = +Vincent Dimeji Adewoye (born 23 May 2000) is a Nigerian cricketer. He played the Twenty20 Internationals for Nigeria. His first Twenty20 International match was in May 2019. This game was against Kenya. + += = = El Nueve = = = +Channel 9, known by its brand name El Nueve (stylized as elnueve) is an Argentine television station that broadcasts from the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The station was inaugurated on June 9, 1960. + += = = Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour = = = +Isle of Beauty, Isle of Splendour is the national anthem of Dominica. The words were written and the music were both made in 1967. It became the national anthem in 1978. +Lyrics. +<poem> +Isle of beauty, isle of splendour, +Isle to all so sweet and fair, +All must surely gaze in wonder +At thy gifts so rich and rare. +Rivers, valleys, hills and mountains, +All these gifts we do extol. +Healthy land, so like all fountains, +Giving cheer that warms the soul. +Dominica, God hath blest thee +With a clime benign and bright, +Pastures green and flowers of beauty +Filling all with pure delight, +And a people strong and healthy, +Full of godly reverent fear. +May we ever seek to praise Thee +For these gifts so rich and rare. +Come ye forward, sons and daughters +Of this gem beyond compare. +Strive for honour, sons and daughters, +Do the right, be firm, be fair. +Toil with hearts and hands and voices. +We must prosper! Sound the call, +In which everyone rejoices, +"All for Each and Each for All." +</poem> + += = = ENACOM = = = +The National Communications Entity (, mostly known by its acronym ENACOM) is the national communications and media regulator of Argentina. Created in 2016 by presidential decree, it is in charge of complying with the Law 26,522 on Audiovisual Communication Services and Law 27,078 Argentina Digital —known as the Telecommunications Law—, until then the responsibility of AFSCA and AFTIC. +Overview. +On December 23, 2015, President Mauricio Macri intervened by decree the Federal Authority for Audiovisual Communication Services (AFSCA) and the Federal Authority for Information and Communication Technologies (AFTIC). The judge in Administrative Litigation of La Plata, Luis Arias, granted a precautionary measure to avoid the intervention of the entities. + += = = List of national anthems by language = = = +This is a list of national anthems by the language(s) they are most commonly sung in. +More than one language. +Below are anthems that are sung in more than one language most of the time. It does not include countries like Canada, Finland or Switzerland, where the national anthem has official lyrics in many languages but is only sung in one most of the time. + += = = Derek Charke = = = +Derek Charke (; born 1974) is a Canadian classical composer and flutist. +Career. +Derek Charke has been working as a composer for film and television since the early 1990s. In that time he has written more than 100 film and television scores which have been broadcast worldwide. +When at home in Toronto, Ontario, Derek was busy as a session player, arranger, producer and flutist which ultimately led to his work as a composer for film and television in 1994. The diversity of his craft offered him the opportunity to compose for a variety of programming including animation, documentaries, comedy and drama. In the animation world, he worked extensively with Danny Antonucci both while at 20th Century Fox and later when Antonucci started his own studio - a.k.a. Cartoon. It was for the studio that he composed the score for the animated series "The Brothers Grunt" that aired on MTV. Later, he wrote all of the music for another a.k.a. Cartoon production, Cartoon Network’s "Ed, Edd n Eddy". Additionally, he has composed music for popular TV series including "The Outer Limits" (Showtime/SyFy), "The Dead Zone" (USA Network), "Wildfire" (ABC Family), "These Arms of Mine" (CBC) and "Kink" (Showcase), among several others. Patric Caird also has an extensive career in feature film composition. In 2000, his music for film garnered him a Genie Award (Canada's Oscar) for the Infinity Features film "Here's to Life!" with Kim Hunter, James Whitmore and Ossie Davis. His film credits also include the film "Dead Heat" with Kiefer Sutherland, Ann Marie Fleming's "The French Guy" (Park City Film Music Festival Gold Medal) and National Lampoon's "Going the Distance" among others. In 2014, Patric Caird composed the score for the Fox series "Rake" starring Greg Kinnear. Patric Caird continues to compose for film, television, theater and new media. +In 2012, Derek Charke won the Juno Award for Classical Composition of the Year for his work, "Sepia Fragments." The following year Charke's work, "Between the Shore and the Ships" received an ECMA for Classical Composition of the Year. Derek's compositions increasingly pair electroacoustic elements—many of which are derived from environmental sounds—with acoustic instruments. Ecological sound as an artistic statement on environmental issues has become an impetus for many works, and his interest in the Arctic has like-wise played a role in many of his compositions. His music bridges a divide between this play of pure sound, collecting natural and environmental sound, and a continuation of the Western "classical" tradition—albeit with contemporary and popular influences. +Education. +Derek Charke earned his bachelor's degree in composition at the University of North Texas, a master's degree in composition from the Royal Academy of Music, a master's degree in flute and a doctorate degree in composition from the University at Buffalo. While at Buffalo he studied composition with David Felder and flute with Cheryl Gobbetti Hoffman. Previous composition teachers included Louis Andriessen, Steve Martland and Cindy McTee. +Teaching. +Charke is an associate professor of music theory and composition at Acadia University School of Music in Nova Scotia, Canada. Charke is also co-director of the Acadia New Music Society, and he actively performs as both a soloist and new music improvisor on the flute. In addition to his responsibilities as a full professor at Acadia University, Charke is an associate composer of the Canadian Music Centre (CMC). +Awards. +To date, Charke has got many awards and commissions, including a BMI student composer award for his work "Xynith", the Outstanding Undergraduate Award in Composition from the University of North Texas, and an honorable mention from the Kubik Prize for his composition "What do the Birds Think?" Charke has been commissioned by ensembles such as Duo Turgeon, the Kronos Quartet, the Toronto Symphony Orchestra, the Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra, and the St. Lawrence String Quartet. Dr. Charke and his wife currently live in Kentville, Nova Scotia. + += = = Dwayne Hill = = = +Dwayne Hill (born June 5, 1966) is a Canadian voice actor. In 2009, he was nominated for two Gemini Awards, one in the solo category for "Grossology", the other, which he won, was for best ensemble in "Atomic Betty". Overall, he has voiced over 20 animated series, playing hundreds of voices as well as voicing over 100 commercials each year. One of his most recent roles is Cat in the PBS animated series "Peg + Cat" Super Stadium Worldand Braceface which was nominated for an Emmy Award among the best performances in animated series. +Career. +His biggest on-camera roles include playing Coach Carr in "Mean Girls", "The Safety of Objects" which premiered at the 2001 Toronto International Film Festival, and "The Truth About the Head", which won 3 awards at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival including the Kodak short film award. Dwayne has appeared in over 100 commercials, including the Bud Light spot "Mr. Silent Killer Gas Passer" for the "Real Men of Genius" campaign, which won a Gold Clio in Cannes. From 1997-2003, Hill played "Mr. Voiceman", the off-camera announcer on the YTV game show "Uh Oh!". + += = = Rob Tinkler = = = +Robert Tinkler is a Canadian voice actor. +He provides voices for a number of cartoons and anime shows. He voiced Max in "The Adventures of Sam & Max: Freelance Police", Delete in the children's animated series "Cyberchase", Pelswick Eggert in Pelswick, and Howie in "Almost Naked Animals". +Anime. +In anime, he provides the voice of Crimson Rubeus in the DIC Entertainment dub of "Sailor Moon", Gingka Hagane, the main protagonist in "", Athrun Zala in the Ocean Studios dub of "Mobile Suit Gundam SEED" and Brooklyn Masefield in "Beyblade G-Revolution". In feature films, he voiced Buddy in "The Nut Job". + += = = Patricia Bullrich = = = +Patricia Bullrich (born June 11, 1956) is an Argentine politician who is a candidate for President of Argentina in the 2023 election. She chairs the Republican Proposal (PRO) party. She was a deputy for the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires in the periods 1993-1997 and 2007-2015, Minister of Social Security between October and December 2001 and Minister of Security of Argentina between 2015 and 2019. +Following the election of Mauricio Macri to the presidency on 22 November 2015, it was announced that Bullrich had been nominated the Minister of Security of Argentina. +Studies. +She finished high school in 1975. She wanted to become a sociologist and a lawyer, until finally in 2001 she graduated with a degree in Humanities and Social Sciences with an orientation in Communication from the University of Palermo. In 2009 she obtained a Master's degree in Political Science and a Doctorate in Political Science from the University of San Martín (UNSAM). + += = = Stuart Stone = = = +Stuart Stone (born Stuart Eisenstein) is a Canadian film, television, and voice actor as well as a producer of television, film and music. He is best known for his roles as Ronald Fisher in the 2001 cult film, "Donnie Darko", and Ralphie Tennelli on "The Magic School Bus" animated television series from 1994 to 1997. Stone has also toured as a comedian and rapper. + += = = Adam Greydon Reid = = = +Adam Greydon Reid (born April 27, 1972) is a Canadian actor, writer, producer and director. + += = = Julie Lemieux = = = +Julie Lemieux (born December 4, 1962) is a Canadian voice actress and comedian. +Career. +Lemieux has provided the voice for characters such as Sammy Tsukino in "Sailor Moon", young Darien Shields in "Sailor Moon R: The Movie", and Peruru in "Sailor Moon SuperS: The Movie". +She has also played Funshine Bear in "Care Bears: Journey to Joke-a-lot" and "The Care Bears' Big Wish Movie". She was also the voice of Dumpty in "Polka Dot Shorts" and Rupert Bear in the animated TV series of the same name. Lemieux also acted as Warren in "Monster by Mistake" and Toby of the new anime production "Pandalian". +She has recently worked on the television series "What It's Like Being Alone"; She has voiced Hunter Steele in the English version of "Spider Riders", Ikki in "Medabots Spirits", and Wilbur the Calf in "Wilbur". +She is also the voice for Renee in the TV series "Jacob Two-Two", Mariah Wong in the English anime version of "Beyblade", Runo in "Bakugan Battle Brawlers", Antique Annie in "Producing Parker", Louise in "Max & Ruby", Bounce in "Miss Spider's Sunny Patch Friends", Chance Happening in "Grojband", Clancy in "Julius Jr.", Greta in "Detentionaire", Bud Compson in "Arthur", Oona in "Curious Minds", Fuzzy Snuggums in "Spliced", Dabs Looman in "Skatoony", Granny Butternut in "Numb Chucks", Cali in "PAW Patrol", Josee and Kelly in "Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race", and Flo in "Total DramaRama". + += = = Peter Keleghan = = = +Peter Keleghan is a Canadian actor and writer, perhaps best known for portraying Ben Bellow in the comedy series "18 to Life", Clark Claxton Sr. in the comedy series "Billable Hours" and Ranger Gord in "The Red Green Show". +Early life. +Keleghan was born in Montreal, Quebec. He earned his BA in English Drama from York University in Toronto, Ontario. +Early life. +Keleghan is married to actress Leah Pinsent. + += = = Alyson Court = = = +Alyson Stephanie Court (born November 9, 1973) is a Canadian actress. +Beginning her career as a child actress, her first role was on the series "Mr. Dressup" (1984–1994) and she made her film debut in "" (1985). Court continued to appear in educational productions, landing the lead role of Loonette the Clown on the series "The Big Comfy Couch" (1992–2002). +Voice cast. +As a voice actress, Court has appeared in several animated series. She is mostly known as Lydia Deetz in "Beetlejuice", Jubilee in "X-Men", Nazz and May Kanker in "Ed, Edd n Eddy", Burrito in "Eckhart" and Willa in "Curious Minds". She was also the original voice of Claire Redfield in the "Resident Evil" franchise, voicing the character for all of her appearances from "Resident Evil 2" (1998) to "Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City" (2012). + += = = Stephanie Morgenstern = = = +Stephanie Morgenstern (born December 10, 1965) is a Canadian actress, filmmaker, and screenwriter for television and film. +She has worked on stage, film, and television in both English and French. Her most widely seen roles have been "The Sweet Hereafter, Maelström, Julie and Me" and "Forbidden Love". +Voice cast. +Morgenstern is also known by anime fans as the voice of Sailor Venus in the DIC Entertainment English dub of "Sailor Moon" in the first few seasons as well as the movies. She also voiced the role of Regina of Dino Crisis 1 en Dino Crisis 2 of the famous franchise of Capcom. + += = = Mark Rendall = = = +Mark Rendall (born October 21, 1988) is a Canadian film, television and voice actor. +His roles include the lead in the 2004 movie, "Childstar" and Mick in season 1 of the Canadian television drama series "ReGenesis". He played Bastian Bux in the TV series, "Tales from the Neverending Story", and the title character in "The Interrogation of Michael Crowe". +Voice cast. +He has also done voice work for the television series "Jane and the Dragon" and "Time Warp Trio", and starred in the popular PBS Kids TV series "Arthur" (seasons 7–8; season 6 redub). Recently, Rendall has appeared in several Hollywood films. + += = = KBS America = = = +KBS America is a Korean TV channel in the US. + += = = Discovery Familia = = = +Discovery Familia is an American Spanish-language family-oriented specialty television channel owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. The network launched on August 9, 2007. +The channel airs preschool-intended programming, programming for kids from 6 a.m to 11 a.m and family-oriented adult programming from 11 a.m to 6 a.m ET/PT. +As of February 2015, approximately 5.8 million American households (or 5% of households with television) receive Discovery Familia. + += = = Saigon Broadcasting Television Network = = = +SBTN is a Vietnamese channel in the US. + += = = Shakuhachi meets Pena = = = +Shakuhachi meets Pena is a musical composition and performance. It is a mixture of the performances of the traditional Japanese musical instrument Shakuhachi and the traditional Meitei musical instrument Pena. It is a maiden collaboration of traditional music between the two nations, India and Japan. It was performed by Motonaga Hiramu of Japan and Mayanglambam Mangangsana with his daughter Mangka Mayanglambam of Laihui, Imphal. It was performed at "The Giving Tree", Sangaiprou, Imphal West on the 28 November 2016. It was performed on the last day of a 3 day workshop on Shakuhachi conducted as a part of the "Manipur Japan Summit 2016". It was organised by the "Laihui" in collaboration with the Art Heals Trust, Imphal, Manipur and the The Japan Foundation, New Delhi. +According to Motonaga Hiromu, both Shakuhachi and Pena (musical instrument) have their own traditional styles of playing and they need to create something new to represent the traditional Meitei music. He further said that it took his team 7 continuous days to bring out their collaborative performance. +Mangka Mayanglambam said that it took her 5 days in learning the Japanese lullaby "Komori Uta" completely. Motonaga Hiromu gave her the Japanese lyrics in Latin script. However, her pronunciations differ and Motonaga Hiromu corrected her everyday. Both Hiromu and Mangka concluded that the tonal vibrations of "Komori Uta", the Japanese lullaby were very much similar to the Manipuri language lullaby named "Tha Tha Thabungton". + += = = Enchantment (1921 movie) = = = +Enchantment is a 1921 American romantic comedy movie directed by Robert G. Vignola and starring Marion Davies, Forrest Stanley, Corinne Barker, Maude Turner Gordon, Huntley Gordon, Edith Shayne. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = Jaroslav Škarvan = = = +Jaroslav Škarvan (3 April 1944 – 21 June 2022) was a Czechoslovak handball player. He competed in the 1972 Summer Olympics, where he won a silver medal. He was born in Plzeň, Czechoslovakia. +Škarvan died on 21 June 2022, aged 78. + += = = Vladimir Zelenko = = = +Vladimir (Zev) Zelenko (1973 – June 30, 2022) was a Ukrainian-American physician, writer and conspiracy theorist. He was known for promoting a three-drug combination of hydroxychloroquine, zinc sulfate, and azithromycin as treatment for COVID-19. He also spread misinformation about the COVID-19 vaccination. +Zelenko died on June 30, 2022 at age 48, from cancer in New York City. + += = = Alternate Prime Minister of Israel = = = +The alternate prime minister of Israel () is the "de facto" deputy of the prime minister of Israel and the second highest ranking cabinet minister. His job is to replace the prime minister of Israel in a rotation government. + += = = A Kiss in the Dark (1925 movie) = = = +A Kiss in the Dark is a 1925 American silent comedy movie directed by Frank Tuttle and was based on the novel by Frederick Lonsdale. It stars Adolphe Menjou, Aileen Pringle, Lillian Rich, Ann Pennington, Kenneth MacKenna, Zeppo Marx and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = Rosita (Sesame Street) = = = +Rosita is a Muppet character on the children's television series "Sesame Street". Fluent in both American English and Mexican Spanish, she is the first regular bilingual Muppet on the show. Rosita comes from Mexico and likes to play the guitar. +History. +Rosita was originally designed to look similar to a fruit bat and bore the name Rosita, La Monstrua de las Cuevas ("the monster of the caves"). However, her wings were removed in 2004 (the show's 35th season), but reinstated in 2021 (in the show’s 52nd season). She wears a ribbon in her hair, but in difference to Zoe she only wears one instead of two. +Rosita was introduced to the series in 1991. + += = = Count von Count = = = +Count von Count (known simply as the Count) is a mysterious but friendly vampire, Muppet on the long-running PBS/HBO children's television show "Sesame Street" who is meant to parody Bela Lugosi's portrayal of Count Dracula. He first appeared on the show in the Season 4 premiere in 1972, counting blocks in a sketch with Bert and Ernie. + += = = Tjahjo Kumolo = = = +Tjahjo Kumolo (1 December 1957 – 1 July 2022) was an Indonesian politician. He was the Minister of Administrative and Bureaucratic Reform from 2019 until his death. He also was the Minister of Home Affairs in President Joko Widodo's cabinet from 2014 to 2019. Kumolo was also a member of the People's Representative Council from 1987 to 1997 and again from 1999 to 2004. Kumolo was born in Surakarta, Indonesia. +Kumolo died on 1 July 2022 at a hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia at the age of 64. + += = = Grandma's Boy (1922 movie) = = = +Grandma's Boy is a 1922 American silent family comedy movie directed by Fred C. Newmeyer and starring Harold Lloyd, Mildred Davis, Anna Townsend, Dick Sutherland, Noah Young, Charles Stevenson. + += = = Bert and Ernie = = = +Bert and Ernie are two Muppet characters who appear together in numerous skits on the long-running PBS/HBO children's television show, "Sesame Street". Originated by Frank Oz and Jim Henson, the characters are currently performed by puppeteers Eric Jacobson and Peter Linz; Oz performed Bert until 2006. + += = = Arden Cho = = = +Arden Lim Cho (born August 16, 1985) is an American actress, singer and model. She is best known for her role as Kira Yukimura on "Teen Wolf". + += = = Richard Hunt (puppeteer) = = = +Richard Hunt (August 17, 1951 – January 7, 1992) was an American puppeteer. +He is best known as a Muppet performer on "Sesame Street", "The Muppet Show", "Fraggle Rock", and other projects for The Jim Henson Company. His roles on "The Muppet Show" included Scooter, Statler, Janice, Beaker, and Sweetums and characters on Sesame Street include Gladys the Cow, Don Music, and Forgetful Jones. + += = = Longeville = = = +Longeville () is a commune. It is in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in the Doubs department in eastern France. +Geography. +As the name suggests, Longeville is a long, narrow village It is the highest commune in the canton. +The Capusin and Mont Belvoir slopes, which are 850m high, dominate the valley of the Loue River. +Economy. +Cheese production is an important industry, especially Comté. Comté is a hard cheese made of cow's milk. It is similar to Gruyère. + += = = Onans = = = +Onans () is a commune. It is in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region which is in eastern France. + += = = Henk Blok = = = +Henk Blok (born 4 January 1922) is a former Dutch volleyball coach. +Blok was for almost 40 years coach of the men’s and later women’s national volleybal team. +Career. +Celebes. +In 1946 he graduated from the Sport Academy in The Hague and started working there as a teacher. He was trainer in athletics, basketball and volleyball. The volleyball group got the name “Celebes”, after the street name were two of his pupils lived. In 1940 the volleyball club was founded under that name. In this team were among others , Jan van Zweeden, Rinus van Zweeden and Henny de Ruijter. +The men’s teams were unbeaten, but at the time there was not a national competition. After the Dutch national volleyball federation, Nederlandse Volleybalbond, was founded in 1948 the women’s team started winning prizes. The team became in the second year (1949) national champion. The women’s became again national champion in 1955, 1956, 1958 and 1959. The team also played internationally, including to Moscow in 1962 during the Cold War. In later year, when Blok still had an assisting role, the team became national champion in 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969 and 1972 (the later two under new club name Haag ’68). +Netherlands women's national volleyball team. +Blok was head coach for almost 15 years of the Netherlands women's national volleyball team until between 1949 and 1963. +Netherlands men's national volleyball team. +After being coach of the women’s, Blok became in 1963 head coach of the Netherlands men's national volleyball team and stopped coaching the women’s national team. The national team became West-European Champion in Brussels. With this result the team also qualified for the 1964 Summer Olympics where volleyball was played for the first time. Blok pointed out that volleyball was not professional enough to come to world class achievements. +After a disappoint 1967 European championships he stopped as head coach in 1968. +In 1970 he received a medal of honor from the Dutch volleyball federation. +Personal life. +Blok was born on 4 January 1922 in Statenkwartier, The Hague, as the second of four children. His father was teacher and his women house wife. When he was young he did fencing and boxing. During World War II he has to leave his home as the Germans occupied the area. With having a Student card he didn’t had to move to Germany. Near the end of the war he moved to Sleeuwijk with an illegal document, with false SS stamps. He helps distributing food from Biesbosch farmer to Gorinchem. After the war he moved back to The Hague, where he graduated in 1946 and became teacher. In 1958 he married to Annet, a student he met when he was teacher at the Sports Academy. They had three children (son Michiel, and dochters Marlie and Dorien) and eight grand children. He retired in 1987. In November 2021, at the age of 99, he gave his last interview. +Other websites. +Newspaper articles about Blok — via Delpher + += = = 64 Zoo Lane = = = +64 Zoo Lane is an American children's cartoon animated series. It was created by An Vrombaut. The series is made by the American animation Studio Millimages and the American-based Zoo Lane Productions. The Itsy Bitsy Entertainment Company worked on Series 1 and 2. +Series overview. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> + += = = BMX Bandits (movie) = = = +BMX Bandits is a 1983 Australian American action adventure comedy movie directed by Brian Trenchard-Smith and starring Nicole Kidman (in her debut), Bryan Marshall, David Argue, Angelo D'Angelo. It was distributed by Filmways Australasian Distributors. + += = = List of Sierra Leone Twenty20 International cricketers = = = +This is a list of Sierra Leone Twenty20 International cricketers. + += = = Sphaenorhynchus canga = = = +Sphaenorhynchus canga is a frog. It lives in Minas Gerais, Brazil. +The adult male frog is 26.2–30.2 mm long from nose to rear end. It has a white line from each eye all the way to its rear end. It has a dark line from its nose to past the eye. The skin on the frog's back is light green in color. It has dark brown spots on its body. It has lighter brown spots on all four legs. There are shining lines on its face and the sides of its body. The belly is light green. Its skin is partially see-through: A person can look through its skin and see the muscles and green bones underneath. The iris of the eye is gold in color with brown marks. +Scientists have seen this frog in permanent bodies of water and semi-permanent bodies of water. Sometimes, people see it in temporary bodies of water. The male frog sings for the female frog while sitting on plants that float on the water. +Scientists have seen this frog on ironstone rocks that stick out. These places are called "canga." + += = = Athletics at the 1930 Women's World Games – triathlon = = = +The triathlon events at the 1930 Women's World Games was held in Prague at the Letná Stadium. It was the first time of a combined track and field event at the Women's World Games. The triathlon event consisted on 100 metres, high jump and javelin throw competitions. The event concluded on 8 September 1930. +Entrants. +In August 1930 entrants were published of the athletes of 5 nations: the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy and Great Britain. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the thriathlon event. +Results. +Overall results. +On 8 September, after all three the events. + += = = Músc mac Conaire = = = +Músc mac Conaire was a legendary Irish prince who probably ruled parts of Munster in the 2nd century AD. He was the son of High King Conaire Cóem and Sariad ingen Conn. + += = = Conaire Cóem = = = +Conaire Cóem was a legendary Gaelic king who ruled the Irish and Scots. He reigned, according to the later historian Geoffrey Keating, from 136 to 143, and from 150 to 164 according to scholar George Buchanan. Conaire was the son of Mug Láma and the husband of Sariad ingen Conn, the daughter of Conn of the Hundred Battles. + += = = 1930 Women's World Games = = = +The 1930 Women's World Games (Czech and Slovak III Ženské Světové Hry v Praze, French 3è Jeux Féminins Mondiaux ) were the third regular international Women's World Games, the tournament was held between September 6 - September 8 at the Letná Stadium in Prague. +The games were organized by the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale under Alice Milliat as a response to the IOC decision to include only a few women's events in the 1928 Olympic Games. The games attended an audience of 20,000 spectators. +Opening ceremony. +The tournament was opened with an olympic style ceremony on 6 September 1930 at the Letná Stadium. The ceremony was attended by 20,000 spectators. It was bad weather with rain during the ceremony. The opening ceremony started with the parade of nations where the seventeen nations walked into the stadium. United Kingdom led the way, followed by the other countries in order of the czech alphabet. The teams were welcomed by Svagrovsky, the third chairman of the Fédération Sportive Féminine Internationale. Then there was a speech by the first mayor of Prague. After the speaches, thousands of carrier pigeons were released. There was a dance performance by 2000 youngsters, with loud enthusiasm from the audience. +Events. +In a source of the Czech Association for Olympic and Sport Philately also the sports shooting (4 and 6mm rifle, shooting from a 6mm pistol), Kayak and Swedish canoe races are listed as sports of the Games. +Participating nations. +The games were attended by 200 participants from 17 nations. A special commemorative medal was issued for the participants. +Next to the above listed nations, the United States competed in the basketball America Zone tournament but didn’t qualify for the final. + += = = Mug Láma = = = +Mug Láma, (Anglicised as Mogald and Mogold) was a legendary king of Scots who ruled in the Ulaid. According to the 16th-century humanist scholar George Buchanan he succeeded Lughaid Allathach and ruled from 114 to 150. + += = = Zishan Shah = = = +Zishan Shah was born on 1 October 1987 in Brøndby. He is a cricketer from Denmark. He played for that country in a tournament in 2005. + += = = Desmond Elliot = = = +Desmond Elliot was born on the 4 of February 1974, he is a movie actor from Nigeria and also a movie director and politician. Elliot who has acted in more than two hundred films and many television programs, won the best-supporting actor in a drama at the 2nd Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards and was also selected for the best-supporting actor at the 10th Africa Movie Academy Awards + += = = Yesterdays (Guns N' Roses song) = = = +"Yesterdays" is the third song on the Guns N' Roses album Use Your Illusion II. It was written by Axl Rose, West Arkeen, Del James and Billy McCloud. The song is also on the band’s 2004 compilation Greatest Hits. There is a Vegas version on the album Live Era '87–'93. The song ended up at number eight on the UK Singles Chart and at number 72 on the US BillboardHot 100. + += = = Yemen national under-17 football team = = = +The Yemen national under-17 football team is a team of football players under 17 from Yemen. The team is controlled by the Yemen Football Association and played in the 2003 FIFA U-17 World Championship in Finland. + += = = Willoughby Gray = = = +John Willoughby Gray MBE was born on 5 November 1916. He died on 13 February 1993. He was an English actor on television and in movies. He is best known for playing Sir John Stevens in "Howards' Way". + += = = Rashidi Yekini = = = +Rashidi Yekini (23 October 1963 – 4 May 2012) was a Nigerian professional footballer who played as a forward. He is the all-time top goalscorer for his nation. He was widely considered as one of the best football players in Africa. +His professional career, which lasted for more than 20 years, was mainly with Vitória de Setúbal in Portugal, but he also played in six other countries besides his own. +Yekini scored 37 goals as a Nigerian international footballer, and represented the nation in seven big tournaments, including two World Cups where he scored the country's first-ever goal in the competition. He was also named the African Footballer of the Year in 1993. + += = = Wife Number Two = = = +Wife Number Two is a 1917 American silent drama movie. It was directed and written by William Nigh. The movie starred Valeska Suratt. It was the second to last silent movie that Suratt acted in. The movie is lost. That means no one can watch it or find any copies of it. + += = = Enoch Adeboye = = = +Enoch Adejare Adeboye was born on 2nd of March 1942, He is a Nigerian pastor, General Overseer of Redeemed Christian Church of God in Lagos. Enoch Adejare Adeboye was born to a small village in Ifewara, near Ife, in Osun State, Nigeria. He was born into a very poor family background. + += = = Terri Hawkes = = = +Teresa Anne "Terrie" Hawkes (born May 11, 1958) is a Canadian actress and writer. + += = = Susan Roman = = = +Susan Roman (born April 12, 1957) is a Canadian voice actress and voice director, best known for voice acting the role of Lita/Sailor Jupiter in the Canada DiC (and later Cloverway/CWi) dub of the anime, "Sailor Moon". She is one of the few voice actors to remain throughout the entire run of the Sailor Moon series. + += = = Torrey DeVitto = = = +Torrey Devitto is an American actress and musician. She plays Natalie Manning on NBC Chicago Med. + += = = Foluke Adeboye = = = +Foluke Adeboye was born on the 13th of July,1948. She is a wife to Enoch Adeboye. She was a child of the family of Jacob Adelusi Adeyokunnu, Ayeyokunnu was a prince of the kings family of Owa Obokun Oji in Ijeshaland, Osun State, Nigeria. Her father wasof the kings race. He was also a teacher in the Methodist mission and a Christian questioner. She is the oldest of six girls and four boys in the family. + += = = Frndly TV = = = +Frndly TV is an American television network. + += = = Tony Daniels = = = +Tony Daniels (born January 23, 1963 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian voice actor. +Works. +He is well known for providing the voices of Uncle Flippy in "JoJo's Circus", as well as Jadeite and Wiseman in the original English dub of "Sailor Moon". He is also known for the voice of Gambit in "X-Men: The Animated Series" and "Marvel vs. Capcom" series. Daniels also provides voices for CBC Television and CBC News Network and appeared on camera in shows and films including "Code Name: Eternity", "Gracie's Choice", "Get Ed", and "Eerie, Indiana: The Other Dimension". +In the mid-2010s, he moved to New York City, however, he still does voice acting for Canadian productions. + += = = Betty Cohen = = = +Betty Susan Cohen (born July 27, 1956) is an American businesswoman and media executive. She is best known as the founder and original president of Cartoon Network from 1992 to 2001. +Personal life. +Cohen lives in New York City, New York. + += = = Cartoon Cartoons = = = +Cartoon Cartoons is a collective name used by Cartoon Network for their original animated television series originally aired between 1995 and 2003. + += = = Diegetic music = = = +Diegetic music or source music is a form of music in movies and dramas. It is when the audience hears the same thing the characters hear. In storytelling, it is called diegesis. Non-diegetic music is when the characters cannot hear the music. Diegetic sound can include noises of objects or voices in the story. +Film Music. +Diegetic music is common in movies. The characters in a film hear something and the audience hears the same thing. If a character in the film turns on a CD player and listens to music and the audience hears it, this is called diegetic. In the film "Titanic", a string quartet plays music while the ship is sinking. The people on the ship hear the music and the audience hears the music. In "Apocalypse Now", helicopters are raiding a village. The leading colonel turns on a loud stereo with the music The Ride of the Valkyries by Richard Wagner. The soldiers hear this music and the audience hear it too. When Marty Mcfly plays his guitar in "Back to the Future", both the characters in the film and the viewers hear it. Marty plays music from the future. The listeners in the film do not know the music, but the music is still diegetic. +There are variations to diegetic music. One is "metadiagetic" sound. These are sounds the characters imagine. The sounds are not heard in the surrounding reality. This is not that common in films. An example is in "Amadeus" (1984). Composer Antonio Salieri, played by F. Murray Abraham is reading music composed by Mozart and the audience hears what Salieri imagines in his head. There is no actual orchestra present in the scene playing the music. +There is also "cross-over diegesis." This is when the music goes from diegetic to non-diegetic. "Non-diegetic" music is not heard by the audience. In "Star Wars", most of the score is "non-diegetic" orchestra work that John Williams composed. The music may describe characters or scenes like Leia's Theme or the Imperial March. However, only the audience hears this music. +Musical Theater. +In musical theatre diegetic music has the same meaning. It is music in the narrative of the story. This is not necessarily when characters sing and are unaware. However, it is when there is a song literarily in the plot. For instance, in the "Sound of Music" the song Edelweiss is diegetic. Captain von Trapp is performing it in the story for others in the story. + += = = FIFA 22 = = = +FIFA 22 is a 2021 association football simulation video game in Electronic Arts' "FIFA" series created by EA Vancouver and published by Electronic Arts. It was released for the Playstation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X and Series S, Nintendo Switch, Google Stadia and Microsoft Windows. + += = = 2022 Atlantic hurricane season = = = +The 2022 Atlantic hurricane season was an average season in terms of named storms, but slightly-below average in terms of Accumulated Cyclone Energy points. The season officially began on June 1, 2022, and ended on November 30, 2022. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period each year when most Atlantic tropical cyclones form. The 2022 season was the first season since 2014 not to feature a pre-season storm. +Systems. +Tropical Storm Alex. +This hurricane traveled from Mexico to Ireland. +Tropical Storm Bonnie. +This cyclone traveled from Cape Verde through the pacific Ocean + += = = Carmen Osbahr = = = +Carmen Osbahr-Vertiz (born April 21, 1962) is a Mexican-born American puppeteer, singer and voice actress who has performed Rosita in the popular hit children's series Sesame Street, since 1991. Osbahr has also performed Kiki Flores in The Puzzle Place and Lily in Johnny and the Sprites. +From September 8–10, 2017, she was an additional Muppet performer for a live show at the Hollywood Bowl titled The Muppets Take the Bowl, and the following year, she performed in London for The Muppets Take the O2. + += = = Julia (Sesame Street) = = = +Julia is a fictional character on the children's television program "Sesame Street". She is known for being the first "Sesame Street" character with autism. + += = = Ryan Dillon = = = +Ryan Dillon (born May 25, 1988) is an American puppeteer who has played Elmo since 2013, replacing Kevin Clash. + += = = The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo = = = +The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo is an American late-night talk show hosted by the Muppet character Elmo. It is a spin-off of "Sesame Street" and was developed exclusively for the HBO Max streaming service. The series, consisting of 13 episodes, debuted on HBO Max on May 27, 2020. The first three episodes were available at launch, after which new episodes were premiered weekly. Each episode runs for 15 minutes. In March 2021, the series was renewed for a second season which premiered on September 30, 2021, when the show moved to the service's Cartoonito section. However, in August 2022, the series was removed from HBO Max. +Premise. +The host of the late-night talk show series is the Muppet character Elmo. The American program's main curricular goals are centered around children's bedtime routines, of which each episode demonstrates a different aspect. The Israeli program focuses primarily on long-form, in-depth celebrity interviews, designed to help younger viewers connect with others on a deeper level. +International broadcast. +In Southeast Asia, the series is aired through HBO Go and episodes are released alongside their HBO Max releases in the United States. In Canada, the series premiered on Treehouse TV on September 5, 2020. In New Zealand, the series premiered on TVNZ OnDemand on January 8, 2021. The show began airing on Cartoon Network in the United States on January 28, 2022 under the Cartoonito brand. +Sesame Workshop announced the production of an Israeli adaptation of the series, titled "The Talk Show with Elmo" (������ ������ �� ����), which is slated to premiere on Hop! Channel in October of the same year. 14 episodes have been produced. +Production. +The pilot show was directed by Benjamin Lehmann and was produced in January 2019, and features special guest Kacey Musgraves performing "Rubber Duckie". Full production of the series took place in November and December 2019. +In addition to Musgraves, confirmed guests were Jimmy Fallon, the Jonas Brothers, John Oliver, an uncredited actor Victor Joel Ortiz portraying Batman, Jason Sudeikis, Kwame Alexander, Sara Bareilles, Miles Brown, Ciara, Andy Cohen, Dan + Shay, Josh Groban, Mykal-Michelle Harris, H.E.R., Hoda Kotb, Lil Nas X, Blake Lively, John Mulaney, Pentatonix, Ben Platt, Jonathan Van Ness, Olivia Wilde and Sofia Carson. On March 29, 2021, HBO Max renewed the series for a second season. +Reception. +"The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo" received positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season of the show an 81% "fresh" rating based on 16 reviews with an average rating of 7/10. The critical consensus is: "With great guests, fun games, and a lot of silly songs, "The Not-Too-Late Show with Elmo" is a fitting bedtime show for tots that parents may even enjoy as well". Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100, assigned a rating score of 70 based on 8 critic reviews, meaning favorable reviews for the first season. +The show has been reviewed by "The Hollywood Reporter", "Variety", "The Week", and Comic Book Resources among others. + += = = Psi Ursae Majoris = = = +Psi Ursae Majoris is a red giant star in the constellation Ursa Major. It is located 145 light years away from the Sun and Earth. It is nearly 20 times larger than the Sun. + += = = Delta Ursae Majoris = = = +Delta Ursae Majoris, also called Megrez, is a white star located in the constellation Ursa Major. It is 1.4 times as wide as the Sun, but 14 times brighter. + += = = Gamma Ursae Majoris = = = +Gamma Ursae Majoris, also called Phad or Phecda, is a white star in the exclusively northern constellation of Ursa Major, with a smaller companion star. The primary white star is 3 times wider than the Sun. + += = = Mizar = = = +Mizar or Zeta Ursae Majoris is a binary star located in the Ursa Major constellation. It is also a companion to the fainter binary star of Alcor. Both are white stars a few times larger than the Sun and are located 83 light years away from the Sun. + += = = Alcor (star) = = = +Alcor or 80 Ursae Majoris is a binary star located in the Ursa Major constellation. It is also a companion to the brighter binary star of Mizar. The main star is a white star a few times larger than the Sun. Alcor is located 83 light years away from the Sun along with Mizar. + += = = 36 Ursae Majoris = = = +36 Ursae Majoris is a star, slightly larger and hotter than the Sun, located nearly 42 light years away in the exclusively northern constellation of Ursa Major. It is possible that the star has planets or brown dwarfs orbiting it. + += = = What Happened to Santiago = = = +Lo que le Pasó a Santiago "("; "English: "What Happened to Santiago")" is a 1989 Puerto Rican drama movie directed by Jacobo Morales (who also stars) and also starring Tommy Muñiz, Gladys Rodríguez, René Monclova, Johanna Rosaly, Roberto Vigoreaux. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1990. + += = = New Looney Tunes = = = +New Looney Tunes, originally titled Wabbit: A Looney Tunes Production in the US and Bugs! in some markets for its first season, is an American animated television series from Warner Bros. Animation based on the characters from "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies". The series debuted on September 21, 2015, on Cartoon Network, and continued with new episodes beginning on October 5, 2015, on Boomerang. Part way through the first season, new episodes would premiere on Boomerang's video on demand service before airing on television. + += = = Blair Tickner = = = +Blair Marshall Tickner was born 13 October 1993 in Napier. He is a New Zealand cricketer who played two One Day Internationals and 8 Twenty20 Internationals for New Zealand. He is set to take over the bowling attack once Neil Wagner retires from international cricket. + += = = Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal = = = +Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal (August 15, 1928 – May 3, 2002) was a Somalia politician who served as the President of Somaliland from 1993 to his death in 2002. He previously served as the first Prime Minister of the Somali Republic for eleven days in 1960 and again from 1967 to 1969. +Egal died on May 3, 2002 in Pretoria, South Africa at the age of 73. + += = = Between Rings = = = +Between Rings: The Esther Phiri Story is a 2014 Zambian Finnish documentary co-directed by Jessie Chisi and Salla Sorri and is based on the story about Esther Phiri Zambia's first female boxing champion. + += = = Sanya Dharmasakti = = = +Sanya Dharmasakti (April 5, 1907 – January 6, 2002) was a Thai jurist, university professor and politician. He served as the 12th Prime Minister of Thailand from 1973 to 1975. Sanya Dharmasakti was one of the most influential figures in the politics of Thailand +Dharmasakti died on January 6, 2002 in Bangkok, Thailand at the age of 94. + += = = NCS Group = = = +NCS Group (also known as NCS Pte Ltd or "NCS", previously known as National Computer Systems) is a multinational information technology company headquartered in Singapore. NCS has over 12,000 staff located in more than 20 cities across Asia Pacific. +History. +NCS was founded in 1981 when the Government of Singapore begin to strengthen information technology for both the public and private company. +It was restructured as a commercial entity in 1996 and became a wholly owned subsidiary of SingTel Group in 1997. NCS adopted its current name on 1 November 2003.In 2002, SingTel Aeradio merged with NCS, retaining much of its identity as NCS Communications Engineering (NCS Comms Engg). +In 2008, NCS bought 60% of local rival IT company's shares, Singapore Computer Systems, triggering a buyout of the company. +In 2020, NCS acquires digital services 2359 Media. +Management. +In 2005, Chong Yoke Sin became the Chief Executive Officer (CEO). She resigned in 2007 for personal reasons and Lim Eng took over as the CEO. +Lim retired in 2010 and Chief Operating Officer Chia Wee Boon took over as CEO. +On 1 August 2019, the Singtel Group appointed Ng Kuo Pin as the new CEO of NCS after Chia retired stepped down. +Incident. +Corrupt acts for business interests 2022. +On 18 March 2022, Goh Sia Choon Jeffrey (sole Director and shareholder of SC Integrated Engineering Pte Ltd at the material time), Goh Hai Chew Edward (Director of NCS Communications Engineering Pte Ltd at the material time), and Lee Wen Han (Project Director of NCS CE at the material time), were charged in Singapore court for corruption practice. +In exchange for advancing the SCI’s business interest with NCS CE and its parent company, NCS Group, Jeffrey gave bribe totalling about $96,000 Singapore Dollars in the form of air tickets, hotel stay at Israel, cash money and electronic products to Wen Han and Edward over 19 times between 17 May 2018 and 19 November 2019. +Jeffrey face 19 counts of corruptly giving bribe to Edward and Wen Han in exchange for business interests of SCI with NCS CE and NCS Group. Wen Han and Edward will each face 19 counts of conspiring to corruptly obtain bribe from Jeffrey as an exchange for boosting the business interests. +Corrupt acts for business recommendations 2020. +On 24 March 2020, Teo Joo Tye (Senior Technical Services Manager of NCS Group) and Ngiam Chee Chong (Director of Emersion IT Services Pte Ltd), were charged in Singapore court for corruption practice. +Teo Joo Tye accepted bribery from Ngiam Chee Chong, in exchange for Teo to recommend Emersion as a subcontractor of NCS Group to perform IT infrastructure works, relating to 13 contracts that were awarded to Emersion. +NCS employee stealing at IMDA. +Soh Jun Sheng, a Malaysian desktop engineer from NCS Group, stole technology equipment worthing more than $62,000 in Singapore Dollars from the Info-Communications Media Development Authority (IMDA) while working under NCS Group. When Soh was working at NCS Group, he was deployed to IMDA for providing IT support and issuing laptops to IMDA employees. He was also allowed to access a few secured rooms at IMDA's office. +Soh owes the debt from gambling, and decided to steal technology equipment from IMDA and sell it at Carousell for profits to pay his gambling debt. While working in IMDA office, he stole 30 Lenovo ThinkPad laptops, 6 iPads, 6 Lenovo monitors, 17 docking stations, 80 Lenovo power adaptors, 25 laptop bags, and 32 Lenovo mice from the office. Soh's burglary act at IMDA was later discovered, an IT associate from NCS Group filed a police report and Soh was arrested on 4 June 2018. The police raided his home and office, and found numerous computer devices and accessories, some of which were belongs to Soh. +The IMDA later file a lawsuit against Soh. On 18 February 2019, Soh pleded guilty to 9 counts of criminal act and was sentenced to 2 years of imprisonment. +Sex for contracts scandal. +Esther Goh Tok Mui (Director of Business Development of NCS Pte Ltd at the time) was one of the women involved in the sex for contracts scandal with Peter Lim Sin Pang (commissioner of Singapore Civil Defence Force at the time). Between year 2010 and 2011, Esther Goh Tok Mui provided Lim Sin Pang sexual services or oral sex services in exchange for help in boosting the NCS Pte Ltd's business interests with the SCDF. Goh Tok Mui have sexual intercourse with Lim Sin Pang for a total of 7 times between April and November in 2011, at locations including a car park near to the Singapore Indoor Stadium and a HDB flat locate in Clementi. +Peter Lim Sin Pang was caught and arrested on 4 January 2012 by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau. He was later expelled by SCDF on 31 Aug 2013, and he was sentenced to 6 months of imprisonment for his corruption crime. The contract signed between SCDF and NCS were then reportedly investigated by the Ministry of Home Affairs. Because the incident had exposed, Goh Tok Mui left NCS Pte Ltd and it’s unknown if Goh was expelled or resigned. +CHAS computer system error. +On 16 February 2019, the Singapore's Ministry of Health (MOH) released statement stating that there was an error in the computer system, managed by NCS Group, for the Community Health Assist Scheme (CHAS). The error miscalculated the amount of health care aids applicants could receive through means-testing their income information. Thus, around 1,300 people received lower aids and 6,400 people received higher aids. +The first problem in a result of a CHAS card holder was detected on 24 September 2018 by MOH. NCS Group was informed quickly, which then consider the problem by infrequent network connection problems. Between 9 October 2018 and 2 November 2018, another 5 more error cases were detected and leading into a deeper investigation. In November 2018, NCS Pte Ltd traced the reason of problems to a software version issue used on a server used by the system. The found issue happened during a merging of the system to another government data center in September 2018. The software version issue was resolved to fix an unrelated slow performance issue on 10 October 2018. However, wrong results created between 18 September 2018 and 10 October 2018 stays. +Corrections were then carried out by MOH and NCS Group to estimate the impact on the affected applicants. MOH would then work with grant scheme administrators and healthcare institutions to follow up with notifications and repayment to the affected applicants. MOH reportedly had the intention to recover costs and expenses due to this incident from NCS Group as allowed in the contract between them. +Workers protest at NCS Hub entrance. +On 18 October 2022, 9 foreign workers blocked the main entrance of NCS Hub, the company's headquarter in Singapore, and holding up signs protesting against the contractor company they work under for owing salary. Some workers holding signs written "����" (owe money pay money) and one of them holds "����������" (Shanghai Chong Kee Pte Ltd). The Singapore Police Force received call for assistance at around 1.50pm and deploy police officers to NCS Hub's entrance, the Ministry of Manpower confirms received alerts to the incident by the police. The NCS Group told the Singapore news media, Lianhe Zaobao, that this incident has nothing to do with NCS Group and claimed that it's a conflict between NCS Group's main contractor Shanghai Chong Kee Pte Ltd, and sub-contractor Zhengda Corporation, and the 9 workers who protested are employees under Zhengda Corporation. According to Zhengda Corporation, Shanghai Chong Kee did not make payment for weeks. The latter has since issued two cheques. + += = = Echota Cherokee = = = +The Echota Cherokee Tribe of Alabama is one of the nine state recognized native American tribes in Alabama and gained it's State recognition in 1984 in Opelika, Alabama. There are currently 57,896 Echota. +Chiefs. +The current Chief of the Echota Cherokee is Emmett Turner. The Vice Chief is Rita Majors. +List of Chiefs. +William A. Shedd, Jr. +Chief Joseph "Two Eagles" Stewart +Chief Thomas "Flying Bear" Hutto +Chief Joseph "Two Eagles" Stewart +Chief Wayne "Black Fox" Rasco +Chief David "Iron Bear" Sanderson +Chief Perry "Blue Wolf" White +Chief Billy "Gray Fox" Shaw +Chief Charlotte "Qua'Li" Hallmark +Chief Stanley "Lame Bear" Trimm +Chief Dennis "Red Stag" Wooten +Chief Rita "Drumgore" Majors +Chief Emmett Turner + += = = The Freshman (1925 movie) = = = +The Freshman is a 1925 American silent comedy movie directed by Fred C. Newmeyer and Sam Taylor and starring Harold Lloyd, Jobyna Ralston, Brooks Benedict, Hazel Keener, Pat Harmon. It was distributed by Pathé Exchange. + += = = Fran Brill = = = +Fran Brill (born September 30, 1946) is an American retired actress and puppeteer. + += = = There's a Girl in My Soup = = = +There's a Girl in My Soup is a 1970 British romantic comedy movie directed by Roy Boulting and was based on the stage play of the same name. It stars Goldie Hawn, Peter Sellers, Tony Britton, Judy Campbell, Nicky Henson, Diana Dors, Oscar Quitak, Nicola Pagett, Gabrielle Drake, Thorley Walters, Christopher Cazenove and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. + += = = Nelleke Stuy van der Herik = = = +Nelleke “Nel” Dikshoorn-Stuy van der Herik with surname also written as Stuy van den Herik is a former Dutch volleyball player. She played with AMVJ, Amsterdam and the Netherlands women's national volleyball team. +She was a player on the first Netherlands women's national volleyball team. She represented the Netherlands at the 1949 Women's European Volleyball Championship and 1951 Women's European Volleyball Championship. +She has multiple times been praised for her good smashes. +Biography. +In the late 1940s main volleyball championships and leagues were born. Stuy van der Herik was a player on the early volleyball teams. In 1948 AMVJ became the first Dutch National Champion at the inaugural Dutch Volleyball League. Both AMVJ as the Dutch national team played against one of the United States women's national volleyball teams in their first intercontinental match ever. +She participated at the 1949 Women's European Volleyball Championship, the inaugural European Volleyball Championships. As the national didn’t had at the time their own shirts, they borrowed the shirts of the national basketball team. Two years later she was also part of the team at the 1951 Women's European Volleyball Championship. +After not playing for a while for AMVJ, she was drafted back into the volleyball team from December 1951. +In the later years no main international championships held. During these years she competed with the national team at international invitation matches, including against Belgium in January 1953. and in June 1953 +Due to an undesirable altitude at a training of the national team in 1953, she was suspended by the Dutch Volleyball Association for two years, just like six other women and five men. In may 1954 the conflict was resolved and the suspension was lifted. The same month she was called-up for the international match against Belgium. In October 1954 she played at the international volleyball tournament (Italy, France, Belgium and the Netherlands) in Paris. In November 1954 she played with the team against Belgium. +In February 1955 she played against France. Her last call-up for was later in February 1955, in preparation for the match against Belgium. + += = = Where Are Your Children? = = = +Where Are Your Children? is a 1943 American crime movie directed by William Nigh and starring Jackie Cooper, Gale Storm, Patricia Morrison, John Litel, Gertrude Michael, Anthony Warde, Addison Richards, Sarah Edwards, Betty Blythe. It was distributed by Monogram Pictures. + += = = TANS Perú Flight 204 = = = +TANS Perú Flight 204 was a flight that crashed on August 23, 2005 near the Peruvian city of Pucallpa. 40 of the 98 people on board were killed. +The accident was the fifth most serious in August 2005, a dark month for commercial aviation, which also included, among others, the tragedies of Helios Airways Flight 522 and West Caribbean Flight 708. +Accident. +Flight 204, carried out in a Boeing 737, left Lima's Jorge Chávez International Airport at 2:24 p.m. for a 53-minute flight to Pucallpa. At 14:52, the crew began the descent to the Pucallpa airport. +At that time, the weather conditions began to worsen, preventing a visual approach from being made. Conditions continued to worsen, however the pilots continued with the maneuver. Suddenly the plane entered a heavy hailstorm that caused the pilots to lose situational awareness and fail to abort the maneuver. +The plane finally crashed and split in two in the middle of the jungle at 15:09, just 5 kilometers from the airport. +40 of the people on the plane died. On board the aircraft were 73 Peruvians, 11 Americans, 4 Italians, 2 Brazilians, 1 Colombian, 1 Spanish and 1 Australian. +In television. +Flight 204 has been the subject of a "Reader's Digest" story and an MSNBC documentary. The Canadian TV series, "Air Crash Investigation", has also produced an episode about the accident named "Lack of Vision". + += = = Karim Konaté = = = +Karim Konaté (born 21 March 2004) is an Ivorian professional footballer. He plays as a forward for FC Red Bull Salzburg. He also plays for the Ivory Coast national team. +Club career. +He started his career in the youth of ASEC Mimosas. In 2020 he became part of the first team. In his first season he scored 7 goals in 18 matches. 2022 he went on to the Austrian Bundesliga team FC Red Bull Salzburg where he signed a contract till 2027 and was loaned to FC Liefering. He made his debut for FC Liefering in July 2022 in the 2nd round of the Second League versus SK Vorwärts Steyr. +He made his debut for FC Red Bull Salzburg in the away game against WSG Tirol on February 19, 2023. He came on in the 75th minute for Junior Adamu. He scored his first Bundesliga goal in the 85th minute. +International career. +Konaté played his first match for thr Ivory Coast national team in a 0–0 World Cup 2022 qualifikation match against Mozambique on 3 March 2021. + += = = Sphaenorhynchus cammaeus = = = +Sphaenorhynchus cammaeus is a frog. It lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place: Reserva Biológica de Pedra Talhada, 850 meters above sea level. +The scientists who wrote the first paper about this frog wrote that the adult male frog was 24.8–29.3 mm long from nose to rear end. They only found one adult female frog. She was 26.6 mm long. + += = = Mike Lazzo = = = +Mike Lazzo is an American television producer, and the former executive vice president in charge of the Adult Swim programming block of Cartoon Network, and its production Williams Street the creator of Space Ghost Coast to Coast. + += = = Helios Airways Flight 522 = = = +On August 14, 2005, Helios Airways Flight 522 covered the route between Larnaca International Airport (Cyprus), and Ruzyně International Airport (Prague, Czech Republic), with a stopover in Athens (Greece). The aircraft, a Boeing 737, collided with a mountain at 09:04 UTC on that day, near Grammatiko, 40 km north of Athens (with 115 passengers and six crew members on board), while on approach to Athens airport capital. All people on board died. +It is the deadliest aviation disaster in Greek history. +Flight crew. +The flight captain was Hans-Jürgen Merten, a 59-year-old German pilot hired by Helios for the holiday season, who had been flying for 35 years and had a total of 16,900 flight hours, 5,500 of them on Boeing 737s. +The first officer was Pampos Charalambous, a 51-year-old Cypriot pilot who had flown exclusively on Helios for the last five years, accumulating 7,549 flight hours throughout his career, 3,991 of them on the Boeing 737. +Passengers. +The bodies of 118 people were recovered. The passenger list included 93 adults and 22 children. The passengers comprised 103 Cypriot nationals and 12 Greek nationals. +Cause. +The cause of the accident was due to the fact that after takeoff, as the aircraft gained altitude, a failure when configuring the pressurization regulator caused the loss of consciousness of both the pilots and the passengers due to hypoxia, turning the aircraft into at that time in a "ghost flight" that was only kept flying by the operation of the autopilot. Finally, already over Greek territory, it hit a hill due to lack of fuel. +Other accidents. +The accident was the largest in the history of Greek aviation, along with one of the most serious in August 2005, a dark month for commercial aviation, which also featured, among others, the tragedies of West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 and TANS Perú Flight 204. + += = = Slender-legged tree frogs = = = +Osteocephalus is a group of frogs. In English, they are named the slender-legged tree frogs. They are a genus in the family Hylidae. They live in the Guianas, the Amazon Basin, Venezuela, Colombia, southeastern Brazil, and northeastern Argentina. Male frogs have warty, bumpy skin, and female frogs have smooth skin. +Species. +There are 25 species in "Osteocephalus": + += = = Manaus slender-legged tree frog = = = +The Manaus slender-legged tree frog ("Osteocephalus taurinus ") is a frog. It lives in the places around the Amazon River and Orinoco River. This is in Venezuela, Guyana, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Brazil. +The adult male frog is 71 to 92 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 90 to 101 mm. The male frogs have warty skin on their backs and the female frogs have no warts. The skin of the frog's back is brown. Some frogs have a light brown line down the middle of the back. The back legs have dark brown stripes going sideways. The iris of the eye is gold in color with black marks. The belly is light in color. +This frog lives in trees almost all the time. It hides during the day and looks for food at night. People have seen it in primary forest and secondary forest. When the male frogs sing for the female frogs, they sit on short plants or in the water. The female frog lays 2000 eggs at a time. The eggs are black in color. The female frog lays eggs on the surface of the water. +The tadpoles eat frog eggs. They eat the eggs of other types of frogs but also the eggs of the Manaus slender-legged tree frog. + += = = Helios Airways = = = +Helios Airways was a low-cost airline that operated various scheduled and charter flights between Cyprus and various European destinations. +The airline ceased its flights on November 6, 2006 due to the Cypriot government suspending the company's operations and freezing its bank accounts. + += = = Badagry festival = = = +Badagry festival is a yearly even which takes place in Badagry, a town in Lagos State, in Nigeria. It is planned by the African Renaissance Foundation (AREFO). The event shows the importance of the olden town during the slave trade period. It is a showcasing of culture and a display of African pride. The planner brings the native and culture-loving person's from many places of the world to come celebrate the festival. One of the most important is the physical showcasing by the masquerades, dancers, and fire eaters. It also shows football activities, the beating of Sato drum and freedom day happiness. +The festival started in 1999 to celebrate the end of slave trade period and the importance of the olden city during the period. +The SATO drum is a native drum usually beaten during celebrations,it is 3m tall and is played with 7sticks +Category African culture + += = = Your Latest Trick = = = +"Your Latest Trick" is a song by Dire Straits. It is the fourth song on the band’s fifth album, "Brothers in Arms" (1985). It was the album's fifth and last single. It was also on the live album "On the Night". The same live version is on '. The full-length version was on the compilation '. + += = = You Could Be Mine = = = +"You Could Be Mine" is a song by the American rockband Guns N' Roses. It is from their fourth album, Use Your Illusion II. The song came out on June 21, 1991. It was the first single from any of the "Use Your Illusion" albums. The song first came out in director James Cameron's 1991 movie, . Along with "Civil War", another song from Use Your Illusion II, You Could Be Mine was at number 29 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number three on the UK Singles Chart, and number one in Finland and Spain. It was also in the top five in more than 10 other countries. + += = = Woman in the Moon = = = +Woman in the Moon is a German science fiction silent movie. It was first shown on 15 October 1929 at the UFA-Palast am Zoo theater in Berlin. There were 2000 people in the audience. Many people say it is one of the first "serious" science fiction films. It was directed by Fritz Lang. it was written by his wife Thea von Harbou. It was based on von Harbou’s 1928 book, The Rocket to the Moon. In the US it was called By Rocket to the Moon. In the UK it was called Woman in the Moon. A large group of people watching got to see how rockets work for the first time. The movie was recorded between October 1928 and June 1929 at the UFA studios in Neubabelsberg, near Berlin. + += = = Vinoth Baskaran = = = +Vinoth Baskaran was born on 16 May 1990. He is a cricketer. He is from Singapore and is a Twenty20 International cricket. + += = = Ventura Highway = = = +"Ventura Highway" is a song by the band America. It was written in 1972. It is from the band’s album Homecoming. The song was written by Dewey Bunnell. + += = = Vaufrey = = = +Vaufrey is a commune. It is in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in the Doubs department in east France. + += = = Usman Khawaja = = = +Usman Tariq Khawaja was born on 18 December 1986. He is an Australian cricketer who plays for Australia and Queensland. Khawaja started playing first-class cricket for New South Wales in 2008. He played his first international (involving the whole world) match for Australia in January 2011. Khawaja was born in Pakistan and moved to Australia with his family when he was five. He has played county cricket in the United Kingdom. For a short time, he played in the Indian Premier League and the Pakistan Super League. + += = = Timber (Pitbull song) = = = +"Timber" is a song recorded by American rapper Pitbull featuring American singer Kesha. It was released on October 7, 2013, through Polo Grounds and RCA Records. It is from Pitbull's EP, "Meltdown" (2013). The harmonica in the song is sampled from Lee Oskar's 1978 song "San Francisco Bay", and "Timber" also samples "Face Down, Ass Up" by Luke featuring 2 Live Crew; Leo Klaskin's "Superman" Theme; and Pitbull's own "11:59" featuring Vain. +The song was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on June 23, 2022, for sales and streams of over 10 million equivalent copies in the US alone. + += = = Duck Amuck = = = +Duck Amuck is an American animated surreal comedy short movie. It was directed by Charles M. Jones and written by Van Partible. The short was released on September 15, 1965 as part of the Looney Tunes series, and stars Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny uncredited for ending. + += = = Boar's tusk helmet = = = +The boar's tusk helmet is a type of military headwear used in Mycenaean Greece. The helmet was made of ivory from a boar's tusks and attached in rows onto a leather base padded with felt. +Homeric epic. +A description of a boar's tusk helmet appears in the tenth book of Homer's "Iliad" where Odysseus is armed for a night-raid against the Trojans. +The number of ivory plates needed to make a helmet ranges from 40 to 140. Also, around forty to fifty boars would have to be killed to make just one helmet. + += = = Glaucetas = = = +Glaucetas, or Glauketas (; flourished 315–300 BC), was a Greek pirate mostly active in the Aegean Sea during the 4th century BC. Little is known about his life. Glaucetas is mentioned in ancient Greek inscriptions, or stone markings, describing how the navy of Athens led by Thymochares attacked his base on the island of Kythnos. In the end, the Athenian navy removed Glaucetas from Kythnos thus "making the sea safe for those that sailed thereon." + += = = New Haven, Vermont = = = +New Haven is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Orwell, Vermont = = = +Orwell is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Panton, Vermont = = = +Panton is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Ripton, Vermont = = = +Ripton is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Salisbury, Vermont = = = +Salisbury is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Shoreham, Vermont = = = +Shoreham is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Starksboro, Vermont = = = +Starksboro is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Waltham, Vermont = = = +Waltham is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Weybridge, Vermont = = = +Weybridge is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Whiting, Vermont = = = +Whiting is a town in Addison County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Arlington, Vermont = = = +Arlington is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Dorset, Vermont = = = +Dorset is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Glastenbury, Vermont = = = +Glastenbury is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Landgrove, Vermont = = = +Landgrove is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Barnum, Minnesota = = = +Barnum is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = The Calling = = = +The Calling is an American rock band from Los Angeles, California. It was formed in 1996 by lead singer and guitarist Alex Band and guitarist Aaron Kamin. The official lineup of the band in 2020 consisted of Band, Daniel Thomson and Travis Loafman. Thomson and Loafman both joined The Calling in 2016. They are best known for their hit single, "Wherever You Will Go", which topped the Adult Top 40 for 23 weeks, making it the second longest running number one in the chart’s history. It was later named the number one song of the decade of 2000s on the Adult Pop Charts by "Billboard" magazine. Their debut album "Camino Palmero" was released in July 2001 and was a commercial success. +Their second album "Two", was released in June 2004. Its lead single "Our Lives" was featured in the closing ceremonies of the 2004 Summer Olympics as well as the opening song of the 78th annual Academy Awards. +The band broke up in 2005, but in 2013, The Calling reformed with a new lineup. +History. +Formation (1996–2000). +The band was formed by Alex Band (lead vocals) and Aaron Kamin (lead guitar, backing vocals) when Kamin was dating Band's sister. Kamin and Band initially began jamming and writing songs in 1996, and began performing under the band name "Generation Gap" with a drummer who was twice their age. The band also included saxophonist Benny Golbin, giving the songs a more jazzy sound like the Dave Matthews Band. Eventually, Band and Kamin ditched the "Gap" lineup, and briefly switched their name to "Next Door".. +They quickly found their own sound amongst radio rock acts of the early 21st century such as Matchbox Twenty, Third Eye Blind, Train, and Fastball. By 1999, Fair was impressed enough by the demos to sign them to a record deal with RCA. They changed their name to "The Calling", which reflected the band's sense of purpose. +"Camino Palmero" and departures of Woolstenhulme, Mohler, and Wood (2001–2002). +While the RCA deal was a huge boost, it also created a new problem for Band and Kamin. They had no permanent band. They had not done tours and built a fanbase. Fair worked intensely with Band and Kamin for over two years perfecting the debut album. Their first album was recorded from 1999–2001, with Sean Woolstenhulme (formerly with Lifehouse) (rhythm guitar), Billy Mohler (bass), and Nate Wood (drums). It was called "Camino Palmero. It" was issued in July 2001 and quickly became a hit. Its single, "Wherever You Will Go", which was named the No. 1 Adult Pop song of the decade by "Billboard" magazine. The song was featured prominently in the television series "Smallville's" first-season episode "Metamorphosis". It was also featured in the 2000 film "Coyote Ugly" with the group performing in the background in the first club scene. It was used in early trailers in 2001 for the "Star Trek" prequel series "". In an episode of the CBS television drama "Cold Case", "Frank's Best", the song is played at the end of the episode. "Camino Palmero" ultimately sold more than five million copies worldwide and was certified gold in the United States. +In June 2002, Woolstenhulme left The Calling. His replacement was Dino Meneghin. Mohler and Wood left in October 2002. In November 2003, former members Wood and Mohler sued Band, Kamin, and the group's management, accusing them of mismanagement, fraud, and asking for an audit of the money that was spent while they were in The Calling. They claimed that they were promised a share of the royalties and profits from touring and merchandise. Band and Kamin claimed that the two were not entitled to any of the royalties. +"Two" and first breakup (2004–2005). +In June 2004, the group returned with "Two". The album had three singles and accompanying videos: "Our Lives", "Things Will Go My Way", and "Anything". However, "Two" had disappointing sales compared to their first album. +After a lengthy world tour in support of the album, Kamin and Band decided to disband The Calling. They played a farewell show in Temecula, California on June 6, 2005. Alex then began pursuing a solo career and played occasional shows. +Temporary reunion and second breakup (2013). +On August 15, 2013, Alex Band reformed The Calling with new members. The band performed their comeback gig at Bally's Atlantic City on August 17. On August 18, Band was abducted by two men that robbed him, beat him severely, and dumped him on train tracks in Lapeer, Michigan. He was taken to an emergency room at a nearby hospital, where he was treated and released. After only a few shows, the group broke up again. +Upcoming material (2016–present). +In October 2016, The Calling reformed with a new lineup and performed in Manila, Philippines the following month. The Australian company "Unbreakable Touring" announced that the band were to perform in areas such as Adelaide, Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Fremantle along with the rock band Juke Kartel and newcomer Mike Waters. This was later postponed due to visa issues. In July 2017 it was announced that The Calling would be joining Lifehouse as support acts for Live's Australian leg of their world reunion tour. +Band said in an interview with Australian music website "may the rock be with you" in November 2017 that The Calling will be releasing new music soon. +Whilst on tour in February 2020 Band spoke in a video interview presentation with Welsh podcast SteegCast, in the video Band speaks of his future music plans and talks of new material, including even at some point releasing orchestral workings of some of The Calling's best known songs. +Musical influences. +The band has cited that their influences include bands such as Pearl Jam, Bon Jovi, Live, Train, and U2. +Band members. +Current members +Current touring musicians +Former members +Former touring musicians +Timeline + += = = Murray Monster = = = +Murray Monster is a fictional character and puppet on "Sesame Street". His puppeteer is Joey Mazzarino. + += = = Krokodeilos Kladas = = = +Krokodeilos Kladas (, 1425–1490) was a Greek military leader and rebel who fought in the medieval Peloponnese (called "Morea") against the Ottoman Empire for the Republic of Venice during the 15th century. +Biography. +Krokodeilos Kladas, whose family moved from Epirus to the Peloponnese, was born in Koroni in 1425. His father was the Greek military chief Theodore Kladas. When Sultan Mehmed II conquered the Despotate of the Morea in 1460, Kladas surrendered Saint George Castle and was given in exchange Vardounia Castle in Mani, as well as the territory of Elos. +On 9 October 1480, Kladas led "stratioti" (Greek mercenary soldiers) from Koroni to attack Ottoman holdings in Mani. Both the Ottomans and the Venetians put a bounty on Kladas' head. This rebellion was joined in December by "stratioti" from Nafplion led by Theodore Bua. An army sent by the Ottoman sultan was defeated between Passavas and Oitylo in February 1481. Later that month, a larger army under Mohammed Bey drove Kladas to Porto Kagio where he was boarded onto a Neapolitan galley abandoning his revolt. A peaceful settlement of the rebellion was negotiated by the Ottoman governor of the Morea and Venetian official Bartolomeo Minio. Meanwhile, Kladas went with a Neapolitan army to Ottoman-controlled Albania to aid an anti-Ottoman revolt there. In 1490, he was captured in battle near Monemvasia and flayed alive +Family. +The Kladas family is known in records from the Morea since 1296 when a "Corcondille" captured a castle controlled by the Franks for the Byzantine Greeks. Members of the family donated to a monastery at Mystra in 1366 and 1375. A "Krokodeilos" appears in the satire of Mazaris as one of the rebels against the Byzantine emperor Manuel II in 1415. The name "Krokontēlos" also appears on an inscribed donation to a church in Karytaina dated to the mid-1300s. Krokodeilos Kladas and his brothers are respected in Venetian sources. Also, Kladas was awarded Venetian knighthood and a gold robe just before the 1480 revolt. + += = = Collin Dean = = = +Collin Dean (born January 8, 2005) is an American actor. +Early life. +Collin hails from Gilbert, Arizona, and he has an older sister named Michaela. +Career. +Voice acting. +Dean was the voice of Lincoln Loud in the Nickelodeon animated series, "The Loud House" after replacing Grant Palmer in 2016. Collin Dean is also known for guest starring in the Cartoon Network animated series "Adventure Time" as "Tiffany," and for his background role in "Hotel Transylvania". Dean also had a minor role as one of the campers in the "American Dad!" episode, "Camp Campawanda," and co-starred with Elijah Wood in the 2014 Cartoon Network miniseries "Over the Garden Wall." +Live-action acting. +In 2012, he was cast as Todd in the Funny or Die short film, "Will Ferrell & Zach Galifianakis Debate Children". +In 2015, he appeared as Ruprecht the Elf, in the comedy horror Christmas film, "Krampus". + += = = Grant Palmer = = = +Grant Palmer (born August 30, 2002) is an American actor. He is best known for voicing Lincoln Loud in the Nickelodeon series, "The Loud House". After episode 22, he was supplanted by Collin Dean due to puberty, and has since had a recurring role as the character Grant from episode 52 onwards. +He also voices one of the Hatchlings in "The Angry Birds Movie". On camera, Palmer plays Waldo in "The Little Rascals Save the Day", Leland in "Comedy Bang! Bang!", and Nate in the Nickelodeon series "Game Shakers". + += = = Liliana Mumy = = = +Liliana Berry Davis Mumy (; born April 16, 1994) is an American actress. Between 2002 and 2006, she appeared as Jessica Baker in the two "Cheaper by the Dozen" movies and as Lucy Miller in the second and third films of "The Santa Clause" trilogy. +In animation, Mumy performed the voice of Mertle Edmonds in the "Lilo & Stitch" franchise. For Cartoon Network she has voiced Panini in "Chowder". For Nickelodeon, she has voiced Human Kimberly in "Catscratch", Roxy in the Nickelodeon revival of "Winx Club", and Leni Loud in "The Loud House". + += = = Catherine Taber = = = +Catherine Anne Taber (born December 30, 1979) is an American actress. She is known for voicing Padmé Amidala in "" and Lori Loud on "The Loud House". + += = = Theodore Bua = = = +Theodore Bua, or Theodore Bouas (Greek: �������� ������), was a 15th-century Greek military leader from Albania who served as a captain of the "stradioti" of the Republic of Venice. +Biography. +When the Ottomans and the Venetians made peace in 1479 (Treaty of Constantinople), Theodore Bouas left the Venetian army and joined the revolt of Krokodeilos Kladas in the Peloponnese (called "Morea"). The Venetian official Bartolomeo Minio recorded an event where the Venetian commander of Nafplio sent a group of "stratioti" against Bouas and Mexa Busichi but the soldiers did not attack because they were compatriots. The rebellion failed after both leaders ended their alliance. Afterwards, Bouas returned to Venetian territory but was jailed in Monemvasia. + += = = Caleel Harris = = = +Caleel Harris (born April 19, 2003) is an American actor. + += = = Murray = = = +Murray might mean: +Other uses. +Murray Monster, a muppet in "Sesame Street" + += = = Mazaris = = = +Mazaris () was a 15th-century Byzantine Greek author who wrote a satire titled "Mazaris' Journey to Hades". Because his life is unknown, Mazaris has been loosely connected to two people with the same name: Manuel Mazaris, a hymnographer and "protonotarios" (or "chief notary") of Thessaloniki, and Maximus Mazaris, a monk and author of a book on rules of grammar. "Mazaris' Journey to Hades" may have been written between January 1414 and October 1415. It ridicules some Byzantine elites and exposes the evils of the lower classes in the Peloponnese. + += = = Cineflix = = = +Cineflix Media is a canadian global media production and distribution company. + += = = Smithsonian Channel = = = +Smithsonian Channel is an American pay television channel owned by Paramount Global, featuring content inspired by the Smithsonian Institution's museums. +Programming. +The channel features original nonfiction programming that covers a wide range of historical, scientific, and cultural topics. + += = = Mana (video game series) = = = +Mana series known in Japan as Seiken Densetsu (lit. The Legend of the Sacred Sword) is an action role-playing video game released by SquareSoft (now Square Enix). +The series began with collaborations with "Final Fantasy" series called "Final Fantasy Adventure" ("Seiken Densetsu" in Japan and in Europe called "Mystic Quest") on June 28, 1991. Later after the first game was released, the "Mana" series had a standalone unit with the second installment "Secret of Mana" that was released in 1993 for Game Boy. In 1995, their third installment, "Trials of Mana" was released on Super Nintendo Entertainment System/Super Famicom, and at last "Legend of Mana" released on PlayStation. A remake of the original game, "Sword of Mana" (2003), was released for Game Boy Advance. All of the main original series were role-playing games, though they included a wide variety of gameplay mechanics, and the stories of the games were connected only thematically. +In 2006 and 2007, four more games was released as a part of "World of Mana" subseries, an attempt by Square Enix to release games in a series of variety genres and consoles. These series where the player can play "Childern of Mana" (2006), a dungeon crawler video game released on Nintendo DS. And "Dawn of Mana", an 3D action-adventre game in 2007 for PlayStation 2, and also "Heroes of Mana" (2007) a real-time strategy for the DS. Three more games have been released, after the "World of Mana" subseries ended. "Cirlcle of Mana" (2013), a card-battle game only sale in Japan for the GREE mobile platform, one year later "Rise of Mana" a free-to-play action role-playing game only in Japan for iOS, Android, and PlayStation Vita. The last game "Adventures of Mana" a remake of "Final Fantasy Adventure" released in 2016, for the PlayStation Vita. +The "Mana" series has also released other games, such as "Collection of Mana", "Friends of Mana", "Trials of Mana" (2020), and "Echoes of Mana" (2022) the new entry in the "Mana" series to celebrate 30th anniversary. + += = = Moon over Parador = = = +Moon over Parador is a 1988 American romantic comedy movie directed by Paul Mazursky and starring Richard Dreyfuss, Raul Julia, Lorin Dreyfuss, Dana Delany, Jonathan Winters, Fernando Rey, Sônia Braga, Polly Holliday, and Sammy Davis Jr.. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. +Plot. +The story is about an American actor (Richard Dreyfuss) who is asked to impersonate the dictator (Lorin Dreyfuss) of the fictional South American country of Parador, after he dies of a heart attack, by the second man (Raul Julia) so he can take power and become the dictator of Parador himself. + += = = Kohei Saito = = = +Kohei Saito (born 31 January 1987) is a Japanese philosopher and researcher. He studies the history of economics. He is especially interested in Karl Marx and his philosophy and economics. He is an associate professor at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo. He was one of the winners of 17th Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Prize for 2020. He won the award for his work on "An Ecological Turn in Marxian Economics." +His book, "Marx in the Anthropocene : Towards the Idea of Degrowth Communism" (��������:�������������) became a surprise best-seller. It is especially popular with younger Japanese people. It is part of a new popularity for Marx in Japan. + += = = Andrew Moray = = = +Andrew Moray (d. 1297) was a supporter of William Wallace and helped win the Battle of Stirling Bridge, he died of his wounds after the battle. + += = = Tim David = = = +Timothy Hays David is a Singaporean-Australian cricketer (b. 16 March, 1996 in Singapore). He played 14 Twenty20 Internationals for Singapore and scored the highest score for batsman for Singapore. He is the son of Rod David. + += = = Miep de Vries = = = +Hermina “Miep” van Zweeden-de Vries (born 3 April 1928) is a former Dutch volleyball player. She played with Boemerang, Amsterdam, and the Netherlands women's national volleyball team. In her last year, she played with RVC Rotterdam. +She was a player on the earliest Netherlands women's national volleyball team. She represented the Netherlands at the 1949 Women's European Volleyball Championship and 1951 Women's European Volleyball Championship. She was captain of the national team. +With Boemerang, she became multiple times national champion in 1951. With RVC she also became national champion in 1960. +Biography. +De Vries participated at the 1949 Women's European Volleyball Championship, the inaugural European Volleyball Championships. As the national didn’t have at the time on their own shirts, they borrowed the shirts of the national basketball team. Two years later she was also part of the team at the 1951 Women's European Volleyball Championship. +In the later years no main international championships held. During these years she competed with the national team at international invitation matches, including against Belgium in January 1953 and in June 1953. +Due to an undesirable altitude at a training of the national team in 1953, she was suspended by the Dutch Volleyball Association for two years, just like six other women and five men. In may 1954 the conflict was resolved and the suspension was lifted. The same month she was called-up for the international match against Belgium. In October 1954 she played at the international volleyball tournament (Italy, France, Belgium and the Netherlands) in Paris. In November 1954 she played her 15th international match in the match against Belgium. +In February 1955 she played against France. Her last international match was in May 1955 against Belgium. +After the birth of her third child in 1959 she played with RVC Rotterdam. With RVC, where she was one of the key players, she became Dutch Women's Volleyball League champion in 1960. +Personal life. +De Vries was born on 3 April 1928 in Amsterdam. She married to international volleyball player Jan van Zweeden (1925-2001) on 13 July 1954, who was the brother of the head coach of the women’s team Cees van Zweeden. They had three children. + += = = Osteocephalus planiceps = = = +Osteocephalus planiceps is a frog. It lives in the places around the Amazon River. This is in Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. Scientists think it might also live in Brazil. People have seen this frog between 200 and 700 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is 48.0–68.8 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 49.9–84.9 mm long. It is brown, gray-brown, or yellow-brown in color. It has dark brown stripes across its legs. The iris of the eye is bronze in color with black marks. Its bones are green in color. +This frog looks for food at night. It lives in forests and open areas. +This frog's scientific name "planiceps" comes from the Latin words "planus" for "flat" and "ceps" for "head." + += = = Rohit Sharma = = = +Rohit Gurunath Sharma (born 30 April 1987) is an Indian international cricketer. He is the current captain of the Indian national team. Rohit is known for his six hitting capabilities and is considered as one of the best white ball cricketer ever. + += = = Musi language = = = +Musi, or also known as Musai is an Austronesian language spoken by the Musi people. +Speakers. +Musi people are the indigenous ethnic group native to the Musi regions (the regencies of Musi Banyuasin, Musi Rawas, North Musi Rawas, and Banyuasin)— in the southeastern Sumatra, Indonesia. +Musi language is the first language of Musi people who natively lives at the Babat Toman, the Sungai Lilin, the Bayung Lencir, and the Sekayu districts of Musi Banyuasin, also in the Banyuasin III district of Banyuasin Regency. +Morphology. +Word type. +The classification of words in Musi language is not based on the semantics (meaning), but on the basis of their structural characteristics, namely according to their distribution in phrases or sentences. Words that have the same distribution and behavior are grouped into one type of word. +Based on the data obtained, words in the Musi language can be grouped into three groups, namely: +Word formation process. +Word formation in Musi language can occur in three ways, namely: +Vowels. +In closed syllables, and are realized as and , respectively. +Syntax. +The analysis of the syntactic structure of Musi language is divided into two main parts, namely the syntactic structure and the sentence type. +Syntax structure. +The syntactic structure or syntax of Musi language can be divided into four main groups, namely: +The description of each of these structures will be clearly seen in the following descriptions. Each structure will be described in detail and the patterns will be illustrated through examples in Musi language's speech. +Sample text. +Universal Declaration of Human Rights. +The following texts are the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Musi language along with the original declaration in English. +Parable of the Prodigal Son. +The following texts are the Parable of the Prodigal Son in Musi language along with its translation in English. +Simple conversation. +Here are examples of simple conversation in Musi language: + += = = Palembang language = = = +The Palembangnese also known as Palembang Malay ("Baso Palembang") or Musi is an Austronesian language spoken by Palembang Malay in South Sumatra, Indonesia. +It has two separate but mutually intelligible dialect chains: Sari-sari and Jegho. It has become a "lingua franca" throughout major population centers in the province, and is often used polyglossically with Indonesian and other regional languages and dialects in the area. +Palembang language is a form of mixed language between the Malay and Javanese. Since parts of South Sumatra used to be under direct Javanese rule for quite a long time, the speech varieties of Palembang and its surrounding area are influenced by the Javanese down to their core vocabularies. + += = = Musi people = = = +Musi people (Musi: ) are indigenous ethnic group native to the Musi regions (the regencies of Musi Banyuasin, Musi Rawas, North Musi Rawas, and Banyuasin) in the southeastern Sumatra, Indonesia. They speak the Musi language and share common history and culture. +Language. +Musi language is the first language of Musi people who natively lives at the Babat Toman, the Sungai Lilin, the Bayung Lencir, and the Sekayu districts of Musi Banyuasin, also in the Banyuasin III district of Banyuasin Regency. It is also spoken by the Musi diaspora as the second language in the neighbouring regions; which covering the area of the Banyuasin I, the Banyuasin II and the Talang Kelapa districts of Banyuasin, the Ulu Musi district of Empat Lawang Regency, as well as in the North Musi Rawas Regency generally. +Dialects and varieties. +Dialectologists identify that there are at least two main dialectical groups of Musi language, namely the Sekayu Musi and Duson Musi. +Sekayu Musi. +Eventhough Sekayu classified as part of the Musi languages, however it is not the native language of Musi people, but Sekayu people instead. Sekayu Musi predominantly spoken by the Sekayu people at the Sekayu district of Musi Banyuasin Regency in South Sumatra. Hence, due to its significant differences compared to Musi people in terms of ethnolinguistic historical background, some of Sekayu people disagree with these classification and rather identified their native language as 'Sekayu language' instead. The name of "Sekayu" itself seen (by Sekayu people) as valuable term that shouldn't be mixed with another entity. +Doson Musi. +the Doson Musi which literally means "rural". Accordance to its name, the Doson Musi predominantly spoken by Musi people who lived in the rural areas of Musi Banyuasin and Musi Rawas regencies, hence the Doson Musi oftenly seen or regarded as the 'rube' variety of Musi language. + += = = Alluvium = = = +Alluvium is loose earth which sits on top of consolidated sediment (~ rock). It usually consists of loose gravel and clay. +Where people live, it is usually covered with "made ground". That is what we call pavements, buildings, and roads. They are the most obvious examples of made ground. +There is a discussion about what other sediment deposits should be included under the term "alluvium". + += = = Javanism = = = +Javanism may refer to: + += = = Dubai Police Force = = = +The Dubai Police Force (Arabic: ������� ������ ����� ���) is the 17,500 strong police force for the Emirate of Dubai, in the United Arab Emirates. +Police stations. +There are currently eleven Dubai police stations in the city. +Patrol cars. +The Dubai Police Force has several luxury and high-performance vehicles (to be used in tourist areas), which include: +Motorcycles. +All of these vehicles are used for patrolling tourist areas. +Services. +There are 27 stations and they operate 24 hours a day and operate daily, including on weekends and holidays. The stations provide services in six languages, and they provide services in the following categories: + += = = Music languages = = = +Music languages is a language family spoken mostly in the southeastern part of Sumatra. This language family is part of Javanesic, which part of larger Austronesian language family. + += = = Annie Apperloo-Wichgers = = = +An “Annie” Apperloo-Wichgers (born 1932) is a former Dutch volleyball player. She played with SOS, Utrecht and the Netherlands women's national volleyball team. +With SOS she became national champion in 1950. With the Netherlands women's national volleyball team she represented the Netherlands at the 1951 Women's European Volleyball Championship and 1956 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship. +Wichgers was specialized in services and smashes. +Biography. +After World War II, Wichers started playing volleyball with SOS in Utrecht. Quickly she became a player in the main team. She was invited to compete with the national team at the 1949 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, the inaugural European Volleyball Championships in Prague. However, her father didn’t wanted her to go, for study reasons. +In 1950 she became with SOS Dutch Women's Volleyball League champion. In 1951, with permission of her father, she competed with the national team to the 1951 European championships in Paris. +In the later years, no main international championships were held. During these years she competed with the national team at international invitation matches, including in 1953 against Belgium in January and June. +Due to an undesirable altitude at a training of the national team in 1953, she was suspended by the Dutch Volleyball Association for two years, just like six other women and five men. In may 1954 the conflict was resolved and the suspension was lifted. The same month she was called-up for the international match against Belgium. In October 1954 she played at the international volleyball tournament (Italy, France, Belgium and the Netherlands) in Paris. In November 1954 she played against Belgium, in February 1955 against France and in May 1955 against Belgium. +In 1956 she played with the national team at the 1956 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship, the first time the Dutch team competed at the World Championships. At the world championships she played her 25th international match. +Personal life. +Whichgers was born in 1932. She married Rinus Apperloo (1928-2016). + += = = Senchus fer n-Alban = = = +The "Senchus fer n-Alban" ("History of the Men of Scotland") was an Old Irish medieval text believed to have been compiled in the 10th century. It provides much information, however faulty, on the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. + += = = December 2001 riots in Argentina = = = +The 2001 crisis in Argentina is sometimes known as the Argentinazo. () It was a political, economic, social, and institutional crisis. It was fueled by a revolt under the slogan "All of them must go!" (). This led to the resignation of the president of Argentina, Fernando de la Rúa, giving rise to a period of political instability during which five officials exercised the National Executive Power in a few months. +This happened within a larger crisis that lasted between 1998 and 2002. It was caused by a long recession that made a humanitarian, social, economic, financial and political crisis. During the crisis, 39 people were killed by state and private security agents. +Overview. +The trigger for the crisis was the imposition of the "Corralito" on December 2, 2001. It was a government provision that restricted the withdrawal of cash from banks. This was designed by the then Minister of Economy Domingo Cavallo. This had a major impact on the lower class, mostly unbanked, and the middle class, which was strongly restricted in their economic movements. +On December 13, the workers' unions declared a general strike, and violent outbreaks began to take place in some cities in the country and in Greater Buenos Aires. They were mainly looting by unemployed and indigent sectors of the population, theft of trucks in the routes, common robberies and street cuts in the cities. +The revolt led to a social outburst on the night of December 19, 2001, soon after Fernando de la Rúa announced the establishment of a state of siege. Many people took to the streets throughout the country to express their discontent with the government and political representatives. This lasted all night and the next day, when the order was given to repress the demonstrators, 39 of whom were killed. Most of the people win the protests were self-convened and did not respond to any political party, union or structured social organization. +On December 20 at 7:37 p.m., the president resigned and left the Casa Rosada by helicopter. +During the following twelve days there was a high level instability that also led to the resignation of successor president Adolfo Rodríguez Saa. +The social and economic instability, as well as the ignorance of the legitimacy of political representatives, extended in the following years. + += = = Javanesic languages = = = +Javanesic is a language family belonging to the Javanic of Sundic. +The Javanese language is the main Javanesic language, it spoken mostly on the island of Java with numerous dialects and registers. + += = = Duan Albanach = = = +"Duan Albanach" is a Middle Gaelic poem written in the reign of Malcolm III. + += = = Dúnchad Bec = = = +Dúnchad Bec was a man who ruled the peninsula of Kintyre, and rebelled against the king of Dál Riata, Selbach, in 719. He died in 721. + += = = Eochaid mac Echdach = = = +Eochaid mac Echdach was a king of Dál Riata from 726 to 733. He was the great-great-grandson of Eochaid Buide and the chief of the Cenél nGabráin, the descendants of Gabhrán mac Domangairt, who ruled Dál Riata in the 6th century. Eochaid presumably deposed Dúngal mac Selbaig, the previous king, and fought Dúngal's angry father in 727, emerging with success. Eochaid died in 733 and was succeeded by Muiredach, the cousin of Dúngal. + += = = In the mountain (Filippini) = = = +In the mountain (also known as In Montagna) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1890, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna. +Description. +The work is similar to Filippini's painting "The Chestnut Harvest". Filippini in the theme of work, always represents the same agricultural work, the harvesting of chestnuts, wood, corn pickers, the grazing of the flock, the picking of hemp. These are among Filippini's most interesting works, especially when the workers are women and the folkloric clothes she wears are evident. Only the industrial processing of the Maglio is an exception. + += = = Loonatics Unleashed = = = +Loonatics Unleashed is an American superhero animated television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation that ran on Kids' WB for two seasons from 2005 to 2007 in the United States. + += = = 2001 Massacre of Plaza de Mayo = = = +The 2001 Massacre of Plaza de Mayo was a massacre in the Plaza de Mayo in Buenos Aires and its surroundings. It occurred on December 20, 2001. +Five people (Carlos Almirón, Gustavo Ariel Benedetto, Diego Lamagna, Alberto Márquez and Gastón Marcelo Riva) were killed there, four others were attempted to be murdered (Marcelo Dorado, Martín Galli, Sergio Rubén Sanchéz and Paula Simonetti). Others were injured. +The events occurred under the presidency of Fernando de la Rúa during the December 2001 crisis in Argentina, during which 39 people were killed, including seven children between the ages of thirteen and eighteen. +Criticism. +The journalist Alberto Amato of the newsroom of the newspaper Clarín, a month after the massacre, referred to it with these words: +“The massacre of the Plaza de Mayo... bloodied the city with a violence and unreason that recognizes as the only precedent the terrible bombardment by naval aviation in June 1955, three months before the overthrow of Juan Perón... Among other responses that the judicial investigation include those that try to know if there was a moment, and therefore an order, that the repression of the protesters was carried out with bullets. And who gave that order. Who were the civilians who shot at the protesters protected by uniformed police? Who owns the cars from which people were shot at close range and that a police chief defined with a euphemism that would be nice if it did not contain a tragedy: "civilian cars for police use..."? How was it that, if the decision of the then government was to prevent a hypothetical "takeover" of the Government House, the dead fell several blocks from the seat of power? Did some kind of “death squad” act on December 20? If Justice manages to answer these and other questions, it will elucidate another that is only tacitly formulated: what is the political will to investigate a massacre almost without precedent in the already violent contemporary history of Argentina.” +Trial. +There were 17 people indicted: +During the trial, more than 200 witnesses testified. In October 2015 the evidence stage was closed and the allegations began in November. May 22, 2016 the court issued the ruling: + += = = Xabier Lezama = = = +Xabier Lezama Perier (20 June 1967) was a Basque-Spanish artist. He was born in Bilbao, Biscay. +Creator who is part of the generation of contemporary Basque sculptors considered one of the main renovators of Basque sculpture in the second half of the 20th century. +Around 1990, with his employment in the forge, he began working with iron, his concern for Basque art and culture increasing. In 2005 he opens a stage of experimentation and adopts surreal rhythms. The scale in Totemism had been approached at the end of the 1980s with his plastic experience, opening a new experience in his ethnic-cultural plastic inquiry. + += = = Alfie (1966 movie) = = = +Alfie is a 1966 British comedy-drama movie directed by Lewis Gilbert and was based on the 1963 play of the same name by Bill Naughton. It stars Michael Caine, Shelley Winters, Millicent Martin, Jane Asher, Vivien Merchant, Julia Foster, Shirley Ann Field, Eleanor Bron and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for 5 Academy Awards in 1967 and was remade in 2004. + += = = WWE 2K22 = = = +WWE 2K22 is a professional wrestling video game based on WWE 2K. It was released on May 28, 2021. + += = = Abismo de pasión = = = +Abismo de pasión (by its English title: Abyss of Passion) is a Mexican telenovela for Televisa produced by Angelli Nesma Medina and written by Claridad Bravo Adams, it is a remake of the 1998 telenovela "Cañaveral de Pasiones". +It stars Sabine Moussier, Angelique Boyer, David Zepeda, Mark Tacher, René Casados, Eugenia Cauduro, Alejandro Camacho and Eric del Castillo as the protagonists, and Blanca Guerra, Salvador Zerboni and Altaír Jarabo as antagonists. +Plot. +In the town of La Ermita, Yucatán, live two families with powerful chili processors in the region, the Arangos and the Castañons, of which Elisa Castañon is the daughter of Augusto and Estefanía Castañon, who has a friendship with Damían Arango, son of Rosendo and Alfonsina Arango. whose friendship was deteriorating due to the enmity of these two families, Gael is a child who is cared for by the priest Guadalupe "Lupe" and who is a friend of Paloma, Ramona's niece (the village healer), while Estefanía's sister, Carmina Bouvier had a secret relationship with Rosendo and they planned to go live in New York City, even though Estefanía discovers it and prevents Carmina from doing so and then goes to meet with Rosendo to speak and while driving in a storm, they suffer a fatal accident after having crossed Ramona's cart which saw everything in front of her eyes, this is done in an echo by the town when they know that the two of them were going to leave La Ermita together Despite this, Elisa and Damían continue to go out as friends, but both Augusto and Alfonsina prevent them from doing so, and in the end Alfonsina decides that Damían should go live in Italy for a few years while Augusto and Carmina end up getting married and which makes himliving Hell to Elisa blaming her for Estefania's death. +Years go by and in the end Damian returns from Italy and meets Elisa again and many things change in La Ermita, since the fall of the Castañon processor, even though over time Elisa and Damian begin to love each other. but both Alfonsina and Augusto try to stop them, Gael and Paloma begin to become a couple, while Damian and Elisa love each other, Florencia Landucci arrives, a friend of Damian's from Italy arrives to marry him while the relationship between Augusto and Carmina He begins to go bankrupt and after having murdered him, he decides to fall in love with Gavino, the former administrator of the Arango processing plant, even though he has murdered him, while Damian and Florencia leave their relationship and their wedding is canceled and he decides to stay with Elisa, whom he wants to marry with Gael, this brings an enmity between the two and Father Guadalupe reveals that they are brothers of the same blood as Rosendo, who had a relationship with Ingrid Navarro and who left Gael at the entrance of the Church, then Gavino and Carmina want to escape but is prevented by Ramona who causes an accident and they are captured by the police, Gavino ends up in jail and Carmina commits suicide, after this and despite what happened, Elisa and Damian and Gael and Paloma fall in love and end up getting married. + += = = Georgy Girl = = = +Georgy Girl is a 1966 British romantic comedy-drama movie directed by Silvio Narizzano and was based on the 1965 novel of the same name by Margaret Foster. It stars Lynn Redgrave, James Mason, Alan Bates, Charlotte Rampling, Bill Owen, Clare Kelly, Rachel Kempson, Denise Coffey, Dandy Nichols and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It was nominated for 4 Academy Awards in 1967. + += = = Plymouth, California = = = +Plymouth is a city in Amador County, California, United States. + += = = Sutter Creek, California = = = +Sutter Creek is a city in Amador County, California, United States. + += = = Orinda, California = = = +Orinda is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. + += = = Pinole, California = = = +Pinole is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. + += = = Pittsburg, California = = = +Pittsburg is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. + += = = Pleasant Hill, California = = = +Pleasant Hill is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. + += = = South Lake Tahoe, California = = = +South Lake Tahoe is a city in El Dorado County, California, United States. + += = = Firebaugh, California = = = +Firebaugh is a city in Fresno County, California, United States. + += = = Corralito = = = +In Argentina, the restriction of withdrawing cash from banks to $250 USD per week (at that time 1 USD = 1 ARS) was called a Corralito. The measure was imposed by the government of Fernando de la Rúa on December 1, 2001, in the face of a bank run. Subsequently, and due to the popularity that the term acquired, it began to be used in all Spanish-speaking countries to refer to the immobilization of deposits carried out by the government of any country. +The objective pursued with these restrictions was to prevent money from leaving the banking system, thus trying to avoid a wave of banking panic and the collapse of the system. According to Domingo Cavallo, in charge of the Ministry of Economy, when he announced the measure, he clarified that it did not prevent the use of electronic means of payment or bank transfers. The idea was that it be a temporary measure for 90 days while the debt was renegotiated. +Origin of the term. +The word corralito, shortened to the word corral, is used in Argentina to call what in other countries is known as a baby park. In 2001 the economic journalist Antonio Laje, in his economic column of the program After Hours by Daniel Hadad, used the term to refer to the government measure. The journalist sought to highlight through an analogy the way in which the Government restricted one of the essential freedoms of the users of any banking system: that of being able to withdraw their funds at any moment. + += = = Fowler, California = = = +Fowler is a city in Fresno County, California, United States. + += = = Huron, California = = = +Huron is a city in Fresno County, California, United States. + += = = Mendota, California = = = +Mendota is a city in Fresno County, California, United States. + += = = Parlier, California = = = +Parlier is a city in Fresno County, California, United States. + += = = San Joaquin, California = = = +San Joaquin is a city in Fresno County, California, United States. + += = = Blue Lake, California = = = +Blue Lake is a city in Humboldt County, California, United States. + += = = Fortuna, California = = = +Fortuna is a city in Humboldt County, California, United States. + += = = Rio Dell, California = = = +Rio Dell is a city in Humboldt County, California, United States. + += = = Trinidad, California = = = +Trinidad is a city in Humboldt County, California, United States. + += = = Born Free = = = +Born Free is a 1966 British American family adventure drama movie directed by James Hill and was based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Joy Adamson. It stars Virginia McKenna, Bill Travers, Geoffrey Keen, Peter Lukoye and was distributed by Columbia Pictures. It won 2 Academy Awards in 1967. It spawned spin-offs and sequels. + += = = Frédéric Macler = = = +Frédéric Macler (26 May 1869 – 12 July 1938) was a French linguist, orientalist and translator. +Biography. +A native of , Macler learned , , and Hebrew from . In 1911, he succeeded , as he took a chair in Armenian at the Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, which he held until 1937. In 1919, he co-founded the Society for Armenian Studies. In 1920, he founded the "", which he directed until 1933, with Antoine Meillet. + += = = Haunted Honeymoon = = = +Haunted Honeymoon is a 1986 American British horror comedy movie directed by Gene Wilder (who also stars) and also starring Gilda Radner, Dom DeLuise, Jonathan Pryce, Ann Way, Eve Ferret, Bryan Pringle, Matt Zimmerman, Roger Ashton-Griffiths. It was distributed by Orion Pictures and was a box office failure. + += = = Viva Las Vegas = = = +Viva Las Vegas is a 1964 American musical film. It was directed by George Sidney and starring Elvis Presley and Ann-Margret. + += = = Martin Guzmán = = = +Martín Maximiliano Guzmán (Born October 12, 1982) is an Argentine economist and civil servant. He was Minister of Economy of Argentina from December 10, 2019 to July 2, 2022. +Minister of Economy. +On December 10, 2019, he was appointed as Minister of Economy of Argentina by President Alberto Fernández. His first measures were the renegotiation of the country's foreign debt and the Law of Solidarity and Productive Reactivation that created the PAÍS tax. and set a new withholding scheme. A 30% tax was set for transactions with credit cards outside the country and for the acquisition of foreign currency for savings, the rates that were in force in 2015 in the tax on personal assets were reintroduced and holdings of financial assets were taxed in the Exterior. + += = = Ministry of Economy (Argentina) = = = +The Ministry of Economy () of Argentina is the ministry dependent on the National Executive Power in charge of assisting the President and the Chief of Staff with everything inherent to the economy. +The current minister responsible is Sergio Massa, who has served since August 2022 in the cabinet of Alberto Fernández. +Competencies. +According to Law 22,520, the powers of the Ministry of Economy include "assisting the President of the Nation and the Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers (...) in everything inherent to economic, budgetary and tax policy, the administration of public finances, economic, financial and fiscal relations with the Provinces and the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and the preparation, proposal and execution of the national policy on energy...” + += = = How We Roll = = = +How We Roll is an American sitcom that premiered on CBS on March 31, 2022. The series is inspired by the life of professional bowler Tom Smallwood. + += = = Ajith Kumar = = = +Ajith Kumar (born 1 May 1970) is an Indian actor. He works in Tamil cinema. He has starred in over 60 films in Tamil His awards Include four Vijay Awards, three Cinema Express Awards, three Filmfare Awards South and three Tamil Nadu State Film awards. in addition to his acting, Kumar is also a motor car racer and participated in the MRF Racing series (2010). + += = = Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration = = = +Sesame Street's 50th Anniversary Celebration is a 2019 musical television special to celebrate the 50th anniversary of "Sesame Street". + += = = Walid Ghauri = = = +Walid Ghauri was born on 12 May 1993 in Oslo. He is a Norway cricketer who plays Twenty20 Internationals for Norway. + += = = Up Close & Personal = = = +Up Close & Personal is a 1996 American romantic drama movie directed by Jon Avnet and starring Robert Redford, Michelle Pfeiffer, Stockard Channing, Joe Mantegna, Kate Nelligan, Glenn Plummer, Scott Bryce, Dedee Pfieffer. It was based on the 1988 novel "Golden Girl: The Story of Jessica Savitch" by Alanna Nash. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1997. + += = = Basketball at the 1930 Women's World Games = = = +Basketball at the 1930 Women's World Games was the first appearance of the sport at the Women's World Games. The winner was regarded as the 1930 World Champion. +Seven nations nations entered the continental tournaments, five nations in the Europe Zone and two nations in the Americas zone. The winner of the 1930 European Women's Basketball Championship and America zone tournament played against each other in the final at the Women's Word Games in Prague on 8 September 1930. +Canada won the final, with France finishing second. +Final. +Match. +The Canadian team beat France 18–14. +According to Polish media the basketball final made an excellent impression. Both teams were described to play very well tactically and technically. France was technically weaker than the Canadians. The shot accuracy of the Canadians was said to have a great precision. The Canadians were described to have played with: speed, harmony and accuracy. France was described to have played with ambition and devotion. + += = = Furiosa (movie) = = = +Furiosa is an upcoming Australian post-apocalyptic action adventure movie. It is directed and co-written by George Miller. The movie stars Anya Taylor-Joy as the main character Furiosa. It serves as both a spin-off and a prequel to 2015's "". It will be the fifth movie in the "Mad Max" franchise. It is said to be focusing on the origins of Furiosa. +Chris Hemsworth and Tom Burke will co-star. + += = = Gross margin = = = +Gross margin is the difference between revenue and cost of goods sold. In other words, it's a measure of how much profit a company makes from each sale. The higher the gross margin, the more profitable the company. +To calculate gross margin, simply take your total revenue and subtract your total costs. This will give you your gross profit. +From there, divide your gross profit by your total revenue to get your gross margin percentage. + += = = 1930 European Women's Basketball Championship = = = +The 1930 European Women's Basketball Championship was held from April - 13 July 1930. Five national teams took part in the competition: Czechoslovakia, France, Poland, Italy and Sweden. Matches of the first round were held in Poland (Krakow) and France (Nice) with the semi-final and final being held in Strasbourg. The winner of the championships qualified to play the 1930 Women's World Games final in Prague on 8 September 1930. +Team rosters. +France. +Substitues +Poland. +Substitute (?) +coach: lieutenant Woskowicz +Ahead of the first Match, Poland was on a training camp from 22 to 29 June 1930 in Krakow. This training camp included also basket players not listed above: H. Grotowska and Tabenska. +Matches. +Final. +France won the final of Poland. The French team became European champion and was qualified to compete at the 1930 Women's World Games final. + += = = István Dobi = = = +Istvan Dobi (December 31 1898-November 24 1968) was the president of Hungary from 1948-1967 , he served a very long term. +Biography. +Dobi was born from a poor family, he was born in SZONY. In his childhood, he worked as a day labourer. In 1916 came into contact with the agricultural workers' movement. After having fought in the First World War, he supported the Hungarian Soviet Republic. During the Hungarian–Romanian War of 1919 he was captured by the Romanians. +Upon his release, he worked as a casual laborer and became active in the agricultural workers' union as well as in the Social Democratic Party of Hungary from the early 1920s. For this, he was put under police surveillance. In 1936 he switched to the Independent Smallholders' Party and became a functionary in the Kisalföld Chamber of Agriculture. Although he was not a member of the Communist Party, he was arrested several times during the regency of Miklós Horthy. +As head of state /post WWII. +Dobi was appointed prime minister in 1948. He was the leader of the smallholders party , he gave up his job in 1952 to become general-secretary +Due in part to his strong support of the Communists, he replaced fellow Smallholder Lajos Dinnyés as prime minister in December 1948, helping preside over the final stage of the Communists' complete takeover of the country. In short order, Dobi pushed out those elements of his party who were unwilling to do the Communists' bidding, leaving the party in the hands of fellow travelers like himself. This process was repeated with the other non-Communist parties as well. +Thus, by the time of the 1949 elections, Hungary was effectively a one-party state. The 1949 elections formalized this status, with voters only having the option of approving or rejecting a Communist-dominated list. One of the first acts of the newly elected National Assembly was to approve a Soviet-style constitution, formally marking the onset of out-and-out Communist rule in Hungary. The Smallholders' Party was effectively disbanded. +Presidency. +He was ceremonial president , he gave up his post as prime minister in 1952 cause MATYAS RAKOSI wanted that post for himself as general-secretary. +He was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize in 1962 , he died in Budapest in 1968. + += = = Always Together = = = +Always Together is a 1947 American comedy movie directed by Fred de Cordova and starring Robert Hutton, Joyce Reynolds, Cecil Kellaway, Ernest Truex. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. + += = = The Assassination Bureau = = = +The Assassination Bureau is a 1969 British black comedy adventure movie directed by Basil Dearden and was based on the 1963 unfinished novel by Jack London. It stars Oliver Reed, Diana Rigg, Telly Savalas, Carl Jürgens, Philippe Noiret, Warren Mitchell, Beryl Reid, Clive Revill, Kenneth Griffith, Jess Conrad and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = Tarzan and the Jungle Boy = = = +Tarzan and the Jungle Boy is a 1968 American adventure movie directed by Robert Gordon and starring Mike Henry, Rafer Johnson, Aliza Gur, Steve Bond, Ron Gans. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = The Roaring Road = = = +The Roaring Road is a 1919 American action romance movie directed by James Cruze and was based on short stories by Byron Morgan. It stars Wallace Reid, Ann Little, Theodore Roberts, Guy Oliver, Clarence Geldart and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was followed up by "Excuse My Dust" in 1920. + += = = Eureka! (2022 TV series) = = = +Eureka! is an American-Irish computer-animated television series. It was created by Norton Virgien and Niamh Sharkey, produced by Brown Bag Films. The show premiered on Disney Junior on June 22, 2022. +Plot. +Set in the Stone Age within the location of Rocky Falls, the series follows the eponymous girl Eureka who enjoys going on adventures and building gadgets. + += = = Cayenne slender-legged tree frog = = = +The Cayenne slender-legged tree frog ("Osteocephalus leprieurii") is a frog. It lives Guyana, French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil, and Bolivia. + += = = Ratris Khel Chale 2 = = = +Ratris Khel Chale 2 (transl. The Game Runs At Night 2) is a Marathi supernatural thriller drama series. +Production. +It was started from 14 January 2019. + += = = Sleeping Sun = = = +Sleeping Sun is a power ballad and one of four singles by the Finnish symphonic metal band Nightwish, it was one of two maxi singles released on August 2, 1999, coinciding with the eclipse of August 11, 1999. +The original version was starred and sung by Tarja Turunen, and belongs to the Oceanborn album of 1998, in 2005 a re-recorded version would be made now with the starring of Anette Olzon, in Finland it was certified with a gold disc and more than 5,000 copies sold and in Germany 15,000 copies were sold. + += = = You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart = = = +"You Have Placed a Chill in My Heart" is a song by the British pop duo (group of two singers) Eurythmics. It was written by Annie Lennox and David A. Stewart. It is on the duo's sixth album, "Savage" (1987). It was the fourth and last single from the album in the United Kingdom and the second single in the United States. + += = = Michael McDonald (comedian) = = = +Michael James McDonald (born December 31, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, and writer. He is best known for starring in the sketch comedy show "MADtv" and for voicing numerous characters on "The Simpsons" from 1998 to 2010. McDonald joined the show during the fourth season (1998) and remained in the cast until the end of the thirteenth and penultimate season, having become the longest-tenured cast member. +McDonald also directed several episodes of the comedy-drama series "Scrubs", on which he guest-starred six times. +McDonald currently divides his time between writing, directing, and acting on various film and television projects, as well as performing live on stage across the country. +Currently, McDonald is working on Nickelodeon's "The Loud House" as one of Clyde's fathers. +He recently appeared in the 2021 film "Halloween Kills" as the character Little John, the romantic partner of Big John. The couple live in the house once occupied by the Myers family and tell stories of the young Michael Myers and the house to scare trick or treaters on Halloween night. + += = = You Can Do Magic (song) = = = +"You Can Do Magic" is a song by Russ Ballard. It is from 1982. It was recorded by the folk rock band America. It was on their album View from the Ground. + += = = Xavier Doherty = = = +Xavier John Doherty was born 22 November 1982. He used to be an Australian cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a slow left arm orthodox bowler. After he did well playing for Tasmania, Doherty started playing One Day International for Australia in a game against Sri Lanka at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in November 2010. Later that same month, he played Test against England at the Gabba. He did not play in 2011 because he hurt his back. + += = = White Shadow (movie) = = = +White Shadow is a 2013 drama movie. It was written, made, and directed by Noaz Deshe. The people working on the movie were in Germany, Italy and Tanzania. The movie was first shown during Critics’ Week at the 70th Venice International Film Festival on September 2, 2013. It won a prize called the Lion of the Future Award at that festival. It is about an albino. + += = = Whisky (movie) = = = +Whisky is a Uruguayan movie that is both funny and sad (tragicomic). It was directed by Juan Pablo Rebella and Pablo Stoll. It was released in 2004. The movie stars Andrés Pazos, Mirella Pascual, Jorge Bolani, Ana Katz, and Daniel Hendler. The actors do not talk much or show much feeling. It was first shown at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Un Certain Regard and FIPRESCI Awards.It was Juan Pablo Rebella's last movie before he died in 2006. + += = = Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures = = = +Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures is an American animated series. + += = = What You Get Is What You See = = = +"What You Get Is What You See" is a song by the singer Tina Turner. It was on her album Break Every Rule (1986). The record had three versions of the song on it: the Extended Dance Mix, the Extended Rock Mix and a live version from London. A different live version of the song was the first song on Turner's 1988 album Tina Live in Europe. She also put it on her 2009 live album Tina Live. That version was recorded during Turner's very popular . Lots of people in Australia liked the song. + += = = Aisha Buhari = = = +Aisha Halilu Buhari (born February 17, 1971 in Adamawa State) is the current first lady of Nigeria as the wife of President Muhammadu Buhari. Her grandfather Alhaji Muhammadu Ribadu was once Nigeria's first minister of defence. Her father was a civil engineer, Her mother is a daughter of the Ankali tribe,' well known farmers'. Aisha is the First Lady of Nigeria and the wife of the present President Muhammadu Buhari who took over office on the 29th of May after winning the former President Goodluck Jonathan. + += = = Silvina Batakis = = = +Silvina Aída Batakis (Born, December 27, 1968) is an Argentine economist and Former Minister of Economy of Argentina appointed by Alberto Fernández after the resignation of Martin Guzmán. She is the second woman to occupy the position of Minister of Economy in the history of the country after Felisa Miceli in 2005. She currently serves as president of the Banco de la Nación Argentina, since August 5, 2022. +Minister of Economy (2022). +On July 3, 2022, she was appointed Minister of Economy by Alberto Fernández, due to the resignation of Martin Guzmán. +Personal life. +Batakis is nicknamed "La Griega" ("the Greek"). Sports-wise, she is a supporter of Boca Juniors. She has a son. + += = = National Executive Power = = = +The National Executive Power (PEN) () of Argentina is the executive body of the central State of this country. It is a single-person, pyramidal body headed by the President of Argentina, an official who must be elected every four years by direct, secret, universal and compulsory suffrage, in a double round, along with the vice-presidential candidate. +Presidency of the Nation. +In Argentina, the Presidency of the Nation is made up of the President of the Nation and the closest organizations and personnel. +Among the latter, the General Secretariat of the Presidency, the Legal and Technical Secretariat, the Federal Intelligence Agency, the Secretariat for Strategic Affairs and the Secretariat for Comprehensive Drug Policies (SEDRONAR) stand out for their political importance. +Chief of Cabinet of Ministers. +The Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers is a ministerial position of the Argentine Republic, held by a chief of staff. It corresponds to an official of the National Constitution and arises as a consequence of the constitutional reform of 1994. Its role, attributions and obligations are detailed in articles 100 and 101 of the National Constitution, deepened in art. Currently, the Chief of Staff is Juan Manzur. + += = = Winter Storage = = = +Winter Storage is a 1949 American animated short film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. + += = = The Chenab Times = = = +The Chenab Times is a digital news and activist organisation in India founded in July 2017. It is known for publishing news in endangered languages including Sarazi and Bhaderwahi languages. Its founder and editor–in–chief is Anzer Ayoob. +History. +"The Chenab Times" derives its name from the Chenab river, which flows through the Chenab valley, which includes the districts of Doda, Kishtwar, and Ramban. +It began in July 2017 and initially focused on topics relating to development, infrastructure, and healthcare, particularly in the Chenab Valley. The website now features current news from around the world, with a particular emphasis on video reports from Jammu and Kashmir. +On 21 January 2021, "The Chenab Times" started daily short news round-up in various local languages of Chenab Valley, which includes Sarazi and Bhaderwahi with additional support of Urdu language. +In 2022, "The Chenab Times" was nominated for the "Best News Portal Award" by the Pahari Core Committee, an amalgamation of fifteen literary groups in Jammu and Kashmir, for promoting the local Pahari languages. + += = = The Equalizer = = = +The Equalizer could mean: + += = = What Is Love? (Howard Jones song) = = = +"What Is Love?" is a song by the musician Howard Jones. It came out in in 1983. It was on the album Human's Lib. It got up to no. 2 on the UK Singles Chart, and it is the singer's highest chart placing so far. In the US, it ended up at no. 33 on the Billboard Hot 100. + += = = Emmanuel Mormoris = = = +Emmanuel Mormoris, or Manolis Mormoris (), was a 16th-century Greek military leader from Crete and politician in the Republic of Venice. He led the Greek revolt of 1567–1572 in the region of Epirus controlled by the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1570-1573. +Family and early years. +Emmanuel Mormoris and his family, the Mormori or Murmuri, were Greeks from Nafplio in southern Greece. +The family is first mentioned in the 15th century when a rich landord in Nafplio named Emmanuel Mormori was married to a lady from the Bua family. When the Ottoman army conquered Nafplio in 1540, many Greeks fled and some members of the Mormoris family escaped to the island of Crete controlled by the Venetians. In the 16th century, members of the "Mormori" or "Murmuri" family were active in Nafplio fighting against the Ottoman Empire. Other members of the same family served the Republic of Venice in Crete. Mormoris himself praises the Greeks and his family members in their fight against the Ottomans. +The father of Emmanuel Mormoris, Jacomo, was a "cavaliere" ("cavalryman") in the Venetian army and leader of the "stratioti" of Crete. Before 1570, Emmanuel Mormoris was sent by the Venetian "provveditore generale" ("governor-general") of Crete to Sfakia, a region in western Crete, to convince some local rebel to surrender to Venetian rule. In 1568, he became leader of a cavalry unit of "stratioti di nationi Greca" ("soldiers from the Greek nation") and was sent to the island of Corfu. In 1571, he was accepted as member of the Cretan nobility ("cretensi nobili") by the Venetian Senate. +Activity in Epirus. +Mormoris was militarily active in the region of Epirus during the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1570-1573. The "provveditore" of Corfu, Sebastiano Venier, gave weapons and ammunition to the Greeks of Himara. Mormoris proposed the capture of the fortress of Sopot located across the island of Corfu. +Sopot was an important stronghold and the Greek groups that participated in Mormoris' operations included Greek "stratioti" from Corfu and Greeks from Himarra (called "Himariotes"). After a successful siege on 7 June 1570, Mormoris was made commander of the fortress and the surrounding region. The capture of Sopot caused a revolt under his leadership resulting in the Ottomans being limited in the region to some military outposts. Mormoris, together with groups of Himariotes, then tried to destroy the Ottoman army as soon as possible. Afterwards, the anti-Ottoman movement spread to the regions of Argyrokastron, Delvina and Parga with the military help of the local Greek nobility and some "stratioti", such as Petros Lantzas and Georgios Renesis. Also, the people of Himara supported the rebellion and willingly surrendered to Venetian rule, while making use of the mountains of their homeland. +Mormoris and his army attacked the fortress of Nivice and finally captured it in 1571. Meanwhile, an Ottoman fleet under admiral Uluz Ali approached the coast of Himara. During his campaigns, Mormoris was helped by his brother Zorzis Mormoris who led units of "stratioti" in Margariti, Santa Maura (Lefkada), and Corfu. But Venice removed its support to the Greek rebels and so the rebels had to end their attack on Kardhiq and later Sopot Fortress was recaptured by the Ottomans in 1571. Emmanuel Mormoris was captured during the Ottoman attack, taken prisoner to Constantinople, and was freed in June 1575 during a prisoner exchange between the Venetians and Ottomans. +Later activity. +In 1583, Mormoris was placed in command of the Venetian infantry in Crete. He was involved in the construction of the Fortezza of Rethymno and the port at Rethymno. In 1590-1591, he was sent to Italy to suppress the revolt of the lord of Montemarciano, Alfonso Picollomini, who was later executed in March 1591. In 1592, Mormoris returned to Crete to deal with rebellions in the island. In 1593, he was placed in Kefallonia where he oversaw the building of the Venetian fortress in Asos. Mormoris was the author of military reports on the construction of fortifications in the Ionian islands and Crete. + += = = Baby, Get It On = = = +Baby, Get it On was written by Ike Turner (Tina Turners former husband) and was sung by the couple in 1975. The song was the lead single on Tina's album, "Acid Queen." "Baby, Get it On" is the last known song they both sang together prior to their divorce on March 29, 1978. + += = = Condotta (Garau) = = = +Condotta (also known as Pipeline) is a landscape painting by the Italian painter Salvatore Garau painted in 2003, diptych +mixed techniques on tarpaulin, measuring 240 x 350 cm centimeters, present in the permanent exhibition of Musée d'Art moderne et contemporain de Saint-Étienne Métropole. +Styling. +"Salvatore Garau's canvases depict spaces animated by movements and pictorial events. Spaces that must be revived, experienced, filtered by emotions and identified with a scene." (Lorand Hegyi) + += = = Angélica Aragón = = = +Angélica Espinoza Stransky (born Mexico City, Mexico, July 11, 1953), better known as Angélica Aragón (), is a Mexican film, theater and television actress, daughter of the famous actor José Ángel Espinoza "Ferrusquilla", who has starred in different Mexican films such as "Cilandro y parejil, Sexo, pudor y lágrimas, El crimen del Padre Amaro", and in American films such as "A Walk in the Clouds" and "" and in telenovelas such as "Vivir un Poco and "Mirada de Mujer"." +She is of Czech descent on her maternal grandfather who was a soldier in the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I. + += = = The market (Filippini) = = = +The Market (also known as Il Mercato or L'Antico verziere) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1881, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the GAM-Gallery of Modern Art of Milan (inv. n. 4725). +Description. +Filippini portrayed the square of "Il Verziere" in Milan (the name derives from "verzee" in the Milanese dialect, or "agricultural market"), is the open space that connects Largo Augusto with Via Verziere in Milan, in the Quadronno district inside the center of Milan , inhabited by the nobility of Milan. The Quadronno district and the Piazza del Verziere in Milan were among the most picturesque places represented by the painters of the nineteenth century. +The work also known as the "Verziere" is one of the few urban views by Filippini dedicated usually to countryside and mountain landscapes. +Style. +Filippini animates the scene with groups of figures represented by splashes of bright color. + += = = Marina (Filippini) = = = +Marina (also known as Venice port or La Grande Marina) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1882, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the GAM-Gallery of Modern Art of Milan since 1931 (inv. n. 4544). +The work is connected to Filippini's 1882 "Marina", also in the collection of the GAM Museum - Gallery of Modern Art of Milan (inv. No. 4543), in which the sweeping views of the sea are represented they are cut diagonally from the jetty, geometrically perpendicular to that of the moored boats. + += = = Imminent thunderstorm (Filippini) = = = +Imminent thunderstorm (also known as Temporale imminente) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1890, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the GAM-Gallery of Modern Art of Milan (inv. n. 7146). +Description. +The conception of the work is of absolute avant-garde, of landscape, in which the vision is placed like the will of a bird from above, granting a unique and immersive perspective in the work and in the metrological change of the sky, waiting for the storm on the mountain. The presence of men and animals from that height are completely undefined but they protest their presence in the landscape. +The composition with aerial vision has a completely dilated perspective, bringing the possibility of looking beyond all limits, where the horizon is not defined by the creation of an arc that is one with the sky without a line of fracture through the sky and the earth. + += = = Trent's Last Case (1929 movie) = = = +Trent's Last Case is a 1929 American crime movie directed by Howard Hawks and is the second version of the 1913 novel of the same name by E. C. Bentley. It stars Raymond Griffith, Marceline Day, Raymond Hatton, Donald Crisp, Lawrence Gray, Anita Garvin and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Ratris Khel Chale = = = +Ratris Khel Chale (transl. The Game Runs At Night) is a Marathi supernatural thriller drama series. +Production. +It was started from 22 February 2016. + += = = Pusaeus = = = +Flavius Illustrius Pusaeus was a 5th-century politician of the Roman Empire and a student of the Greek philosopher Proclus. +Biography. +Pusaeus studied Greek philosophy, specifically Neoplatonism, under Proclus. The other students in Proclus' school were Rufinus (high-level Athenian official), Severianus (provincial governor), Pamprepius (lecturer and supporter of Illus' rebellion), Marcellinus (patrician and "magister militum" of Dalmatia), Anthemius (Roman consul and emperor), and Flavius Messius Phoebus Severus (consul, patrician and prefect of Rome). In 465, Pusaeus held the position of "praetorian prefect of the East". In 467, he was a consul while Anthemius was head of the Western Roman Empire. In Constantinople, there is an inscription in Latin surrounded by inscriptions in Greek that reads: "Pusaeus, no less than the great Anthemius, strengthened towers and walls". Pusaeus died sometime before 486. + += = = Moonlight (2016 movie) = = = +Moonlight is a 2016 American coming-of-age drama movie. + += = = The Lady Eve = = = +The Lady Eve is a 1941 American romantic comedy movie directed by Preston Sturges and was based on the story by Monckton Hoffe. It stars Barbara Stanwyck, Henry Fonda, Charles Coburn, Eugene Pallette, Eric Blore, Melville Cooper, Robert Greig and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1942. + += = = Munich (movie) = = = +Munich is a 2005 American-French-Canadian historical drama movie. It was nominated for 5 Academy Awards in 2006. It is about the assassinations of Palestinian terrorists by Mossad agents following the Munich massacre of the Israeli Olympic athletes. + += = = My Favorite Brunette = = = +My Favourite Brunette is a 1947 American romantic mystery comedy movie directed by Elliott Nugent and starring Bob Hope, Dorothy Lamour, Peter Lorre, Lon Chaney, Jr., John Hoyt, Charles Dingle, Reginald Denny, Willard Robertson, Jack La Rue. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = Burnt by the Sun = = = +Burnt by the Sun (, translit. "Utomlyonnye solntsem", literally "wearied by the sun") is a 1994 Russian French drama movie directed by Nikita Mikhalkov (who also stars) and also starring Oleg Menshikov, Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė, Nadezhda Mikhalkova, André Oumansky. It won an Academy Award in 1995 and was followed up by two sequels in 2010 and 2011. + += = = Joop Fernhout = = = +Johannes “Joop” Fernhout (27 June 1920 - 9 October 1995) was a Dutch chess player and chess composer. +Biography. +During World War II, Fernhout worked at Statistics Netherlands. He was also a resistance member during the war. Fernhout became Master of Law in 1945 and moved for work to the Dutch Indies. During his business career there he was among others president of AVROS, an agricultural producers organization with 250,000 employees in North Sumatra. Fernhout became in 1948 chess champion of Batavia and West Java. +Fernhout moved back to the Netherlands in 1958, where he was among others chairman of the Kamer van Koophandel (the Dutch Chamber of Commerce) in The Hague. + += = = Handball at the 1930 Women's World Games = = = +The handball competitions at the 1930 Women's World Games in Prague consisted of field handball and a Czech handball tournament. +Field handball tournament. +The field handball tournament took place on 7 September 1930. + += = = Stocksbridge Park Steels F.C. = = = +Stocksbridge Park Steels Football Club is an English association football club based in Stocksbridge, South Yorkshire. + += = = Microsoft Office 2016 = = = +Microsoft Office 2016 (First perpetual release Office 16) is an office suite for Windows. This is succeeding both Office 2013 and preceding Office 2019 and Office 2021, it was release on September 22, 2015 on Windows 10. Mainstream support of Office 2016 ended on October 13, 2020 and extended support same as most Office 2019 on October 14, 2025, the same day as mainstream support and extended support of Windows 10. Office 2016 has supported of Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10 or later and not longer supported of Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. + += = = Chief of Government of Buenos Aires = = = +The Government Headquarters of the City of Buenos Aires is the form of government adopted by the Executive Power of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires since 1996, after the declaration of autonomy of this city, capital of the Argentine Republic. +This form of government is exercised by a Head of Government elected by popular vote, whose duration in office is four years and with the possibility of consecutive re-election for a single period. Along with the Head of Government there is also the figure of the Deputy Head of Government, who is also elected by popular vote with the same periods as the Head of Government and whose function is to temporarily assume command of the Executive Power in case of absence, or definitively in case of acephaly. +The figure of the Head of Government of the City of Buenos Aires replaced the previous figure of the Mayor of the City of Buenos Aires, who was appointed by the President in office, with the agreement of the Senate of Argentina. +Before 1996, the position of Chief of Government was known as Mayor of Buenos Aires. Back then, you were appointed mayor not elected. After a 1994 referendum, the title changed to Chief of Government and it became an elected position. + += = = Nikolai Andreev = = = +Nikolai Andreev (born in Russia) is a Russian mathematician and popularizer of mathematics. +Biography. +Nikolai is the Head of the Laboratory for Popularization and Promotion of Mathematics at the Steklov Mathematical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow). He received a Ph.D. in mathematics from Moscow State University in 2000. Among his many highly valued projects by the Russian mathematical community is the creation of the online resource Mathematical Etudes. +In the years 2000 and 2001 he participated in the International Mathematical Olympiad. +Awards. +Prize of the President of the Russian Federation in the Area of ​​Sciences and Innovations for Young Scientists (2010) +Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (2017) for outstanding achievements in science popularization +Leelavati Award (2022) for his contribution to the art of mathematical animation and mathematical model building, in a style that inspires young and old alike, and that mathematicians around the world can adapt to its many uses, as well as well as for his tireless efforts to popularize genuine mathematics among the public through videos, lectures, and an award-winning book + += = = Osteocephalus alboguttatus = = = +The whitebelly tree frog ("Osteocephalus alboguttatus") is a frog. It lives Ecuador in the Amazon Basin. Scientists have seen it as high as 600 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is about 34 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is about 35-46 mm long. This frog is brown in color with large white spots and a white belly. It has light brown color on its sides. The young frogs have cream-colored stripes. The iris of the eye is green-gold in color with black marks. +This frog lives in open places, forests, and banana farms. +The scientific name of this species comes from the Latin words "albo" for "white" and "gutta" for "spot." + += = = Fencing at the 1930 Women's World Games = = = +Fencing was one of the sports at the at the 1930 Women's World Games at the Letná Stadium in Prague in September 1930. Six fencers entered for the foil competition. However the German world champion Helene Mayer could not participate because she was ill. +A total of 20 matches were played. Every fencer competed twice against every other fencer. + += = = Shepherdess at rest (Filippini) = = = +Shepherdess at rest (also known as La Sosta or Siesta) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1887, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the GAM-Gallery of Modern Art of Milan (inv. n. 193), from which it was bought in 1933. + += = = Self-portrait as a young man (Filippini) = = = +Self-portrait as a young man (also known as Autoritratto giovanile) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1873, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Civic Museums of Brescia (inv. n. 1526). +Description. +Made when the artist was twenty, while attending the drawing school in Brescia, it is one of the three self-portraits made by Filippini. + += = = Nude Study (Filippini) = = = +Nude Study (also known as Studio di nudo virile) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1876, in Brescia, Italy. Is in the collection of the Civic Museums of Brescia (inv. n. 988). +Description. +The work is part of six other nude studies, preserved in the Civic Museums of Brescia and carried out by Filippini, during his transition from the Brescia drawing school to the Brera Academy in Milan. +This virile study was carried out by Filippini who had to make a copy of a painting from "Academia" to participate in the competition for the prize of the legate Brozzoni, which he needed to move to the Brera Academy in Milan. + += = = Portrait of the mother (Filippini) = = = +Portrait of the mother (also known as Ritratto della madre) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1877, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Civic Museums of Brescia (inv. n. 608). +Umberto Boccioni was inspired by the work "Portrait of the mother'" by Francesco Filippini to create the portrait of his mother Portrait of the mother in 1910, painted in Via Adige 23 in Milan. +Description. +Filippini's mother, The work portrayed Silvia Signoria (1823-1877), mother of Filippini of humble origins, portrayed by Filippini during her studies at the Brera Academy in Milan. +It seems this work was the inspiration for the creation of the "Portrait of the mother" by Umberto Boccioni (oil on canvas 70 x 55.5) of 1916, part of the collection of the Ricci Oddi Gallery of Modern Art. Here too the mother is represented in a frontal position and a total flattening of the volumes made with strong contrasts of chiaroscuro that the lateral light projects on the faces. The brush strokes are made with short and quick strokes typical of Filipinos in the youth period. + += = = Sunset (Filippini) = = = +Sunset (also known as Vespero or Sosta - Gregge - Vespero) is a 19th-century late impressionist painted in oil by Francesco Filippini. It was painted about 1891, in Milano, Italy. Is in the collection of the Civic Museums of Brescia (inv. n. 734). +The work with the title of "Vespero" was the most important of the 1981 Promotional Exhibition in Turin, amid the clamor of the public and visitors the poet Giuseppe Deabate dedicated his verses to him in the catalog of the same Exhibition, confirming that the paintings of Filippini are works of art and poetry. +Description. +The stylistic reference of Filippini in this painting is to his work "Return to the pasture" of 1888. +Filippini portrays, at sunset towards versa, those who, after their daily efforts, go to pray in front of an isolated "Santella" which is encountered in the path between work and devotion. + += = = Nguyễn Bá Cẩn = = = +Nguyễn Bá Cẩn (September 9, 1930 – May 20, 2009) was a South Vietnamese politician who served as Prime Minister of South Vietnam from 5 April 1975 until 28 April 1975; serving under Presidents Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and Trần Văn Hương. +Bá Cẩn died on May 20, 2009 in California, United States at the age of 78. + += = = Mercado Libre = = = +Mercado Libre, Inc. (literally "free market" in Spanish, and known as Mercado Livre in Portuguese) is a multinational company of Argentine origin based in Buenos Aires dedicated to electronic commerce in Latin America. +Users can sell and buy both new and used products at a fixed or variable price, plus private services are offered. Mercado Libre also has a service called Mercado Pago, a platform for charging buyers and payments and credits to sellers. Although their headquarters are in Argentina, their main and profitable operating markets are Brazil and Mexico, where they even operate with their own line of aircraft included. + += = = GTE = = = +GTE Corporation, formerly General Telephone & Electronics Corporation (1955–1982), was the largest independent telephone company in the United States during the days of the Bell System. The company operated from 1926. + += = = NYNEX = = = +NYNEX Corporation was an American telephone company that served five states of New England (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont) as well as most of the state of New York from January 1, 1984, to August 14, 1997. + += = = Verizon New England = = = +Verizon New England, Inc. is a Bell Operating Company that serves most of Massachusetts and all of Rhode Island. It was formerly New England Telephone and Telegraph Company, more commonly known as New England Telephone, which for seven decades served most of the New England area of the United States as a part of the original AT&T. New England Telephone's coverage area included Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont as well as Massachusetts and Rhode Island, but Verizon sold off service in the northern three states, which as of 2020 are served by Consolidated Communications. +After the Bell System divestiture, New England Telephone merged with New York Telephone to form NYNEX in 1984. NYNEX was acquired by Bell Atlantic in 1997. In 2000, Bell Atlantic bought GTE and changed its own name to Verizon. New England Telephone was then renamed Verizon New England. + += = = MCI Inc. = = = +MCI, Inc. (subsequently Worldcom and MCI WorldCom) was a telecommunications company. +WorldCom was originally headquartered in Clinton, Mississippi before relocating to Ashburn, Virginia when it changed its name to MCI. + += = = Leny Rombout = = = +Leny Rombout (born 1900s) was a Dutch athlete specialized in javelin throw from Dordrecht. She was a member of Sparta, Dordrecht and the Dutch national team. +In September 1925, she finished second at the Dutch national champion in the athletics’ triathlon behind Martha Kolthoff. +On 15 July 1929, she set the national record in javelin throw at the 1929 Netherlands–Germany women's athletics competition. On 18 August she broke the national javelin record again at the international competition against Belgium. +In August 1930, she won at the 1930 WAAA Championships, the British national championships, the javelin throw with a distance of 32.44 metres. +In September 1930, she competed at the 1930 Women's World Games in Prague in the javelin throw event. She reached the finals where she finished sixth. + += = = C&P Telephone = = = +The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company, usually known as C&P Telephone, is a company providing services to Washington, D.C., Maryland, West Virginia, and Virginia. +Today, three of the companies are owned by Verizon Communications: The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company (DC), The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Maryland, and The Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Company of Virginia. + += = = Diamond State Telephone = = = +Verizon Delaware LLC, formerly The Diamond State Telephone Company, is the Bell Operating Company of Delaware, and small parts of southeastern Pennsylvania. Founded in 1897, it became a part of the Bell System in 1905. When the AT&T breakup occurred in 1984, DST became managed by the Regional Bell Operating Company Bell Atlantic. In 1994, Bell Atlantic chose to "unify" its brand by legally renaming all of its telephone companies — including Diamond State Telephone, to "Bell Atlantic – Delaware, Inc". +After the 2000 merger with GTE, Bell Atlantic – Delaware, Inc. became known as Verizon Delaware, Inc., and later as Verizon Delaware LLC. + += = = Corn crake = = = +The corn crake or landrail ("Crex crex") is a bird in the Rallidae family. + += = = Red-legged crake = = = +The red-legged crake ("Rallina fasciata") is a bird in the Rallidae family. + += = = Qashqai people = = = +Qashqai (������, also spelled Qaşqay, Qashqayi, Kashkai, Kashkay, Qašqāʾī and Qashqa'i or Kaşkay) is an Oghuz Turkic group of people living mainly in the Fars Province of Southern Iran. +Language. +Their language is regarded as an independent third group of dialects within the Southwestern Turkic language group by the "Encyclopædia Iranica". It is known to speakers as Turki. Estimates of the number of Qashqai speakers vary between 1.6–2.5 million. +Origin. +The Qashqai are thought to trace its origins to the Bronze Age tribe "Kashka/Kaska" (also "Kaška or Kaskian") of the Ancient Near East. + += = = Brawley, California = = = +Brawley is a city in Imperial County, California, United States. + += = = Calipatria, California = = = +Calipatria is a city in Imperial County, California, United States. + += = = Imperial, California = = = +Imperial is a city in Imperial County, California, United States. + += = = Westmorland, California = = = +Westmorland is a city in Imperial County, California, United States. + += = = Clearlake, California = = = +Clearlake is a city in Lake County, California, United States. + += = = Chowchilla, California = = = +Chowchilla is a city in Madera County, California, United States. + += = = Bogd Khanate of Mongolia = = = +The Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (; ) was the government of Outer Mongolia between 1911 and 1919 and again from 1921 to 1924. + += = = Zameer Khan = = = +Zameer Khan was born 17 September, 1990. He is a Danish cricketer who has played 8 Twenty20 Internationals for Denmark. + += = = Barton, Maryland = = = +Barton is a town in Allegany County, Maryland, United States. + += = = Lonaconing, Maryland = = = +Lonaconing is a town in Allegany County, Maryland, United States. + += = = Luke, Maryland = = = +Luke is a town in Allegany County, Maryland, United States. + += = = Midland, Maryland = = = +Midland is a town in Allegany County, Maryland, United States. + += = = Westernport, Maryland = = = +Westernport is a town in Allegany County, Maryland, United States. + += = = Chesapeake Beach, Maryland = = = +Chesapeake Beach is a town in Calvert County, Maryland, United States. + += = = North Beach, Maryland = = = +North Beach is a town in Calvert County, Maryland, United States. + += = = The Two Mrs. Carrolls = = = +The Two Mrs. Carrolls is a 1947 American mystery movie directed by Peter Godfrey (who also stars) and was based on the 1935 play of the same name by Martin Vale. Also starring Humphrey Bogart, Barbara Stanwyck, Alexis Smith, Nigel Bruce, Isobel Elsom, Patrick O'Moore. It was distributed by Warner Bros. and did poorly at the box office. + += = = Federalsburg, Maryland = = = +Federalsburg is a town in Caroline County, Maryland, United States. + += = = Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz = = = +Doctor Heinz Doofenshmirtz, also known as Dr. Doofenshmirtz or Doof is a fictional character from the cartoon television series Phineas and Ferb and its spin-off Milo Murphy’s Law. He is played by Dan Povenmire. +Character. +In Phineas and Ferb, Dr. Doofenshmirtz is an evil scientist who wants to use his machines to take over the Tri-State Area. He says he is “an evil scientist, not a mad scientist”. His nemesis Perry the Platypus stops his evil plans every day. Dr. Doofenshmirtz also has a lot of bad luck and says the reason he loses every time is because he has “poor planning skills”. Doofenshmirtz also gives almost every machine he builds a name ending with “inator”. Even though he calls himself evil and is the villain of the show, he has some good traits. For instance, he really does love his daughter Vanessa. +Backstory. +Dr. Doofenshmirtz likes to tell everyone his origin story to explain why he wants to try to be a supervillain. He says that neither of his parents showed up to the hospital the day he was born. They never gave him a birthday party. His parents disowned him. He was raised by ocelots. When he was a child his only friend was a balloon that he lost. His father made him stand all day in the lawn dressed up as a gnome. His parents named their pet dog Only Son because Doofenshmirtz was scared to dive into a swimming pool. His mother didn’t let him go swimming in public pools. She liked his younger brother Roger Doofenshmirtz better than she liked him because Roger was the one who was good at kickball. Doof was also forced to wear dresses since his parents had thought Roger would be a girl. He hates Roger not only out of jealousy but also because Roger accidentally destroyed a painting that Doof made. Since he was a child, Heinz Doofenshmirtz was in many science fairs but every time he lost to a baking soda volcano. When he became a writer of poetry, he still lost to a baking soda volcano. He faced a lot of bullies over time. A woman he liked left him for someone with big hands. After moving to America and getting married and later getting a divorce he had a girlfriend who left him for a whale. +Main Role in Phineas and Ferb. +In almost every episode, Dr. Doofenshmirtz builds a machine called an inator either to get revenge on someone from a backstory or to take over the Tri-State Area and is beaten by Perry the Platypus. Even though he loses to Perry every time, Dr. Doofenshmirtz accidentally destroys whatever Phineas and Ferb build. When their sister Candace tries to show it to their mother there is nothing there and Candace looks like she’s crazy. +Redemption. +In the second season of the show there was an episode called Summer Belongs to You where Dr. Doofenshmirtz works with Perry the Platypus to rescue his daughter Vanessa Doofenshmirtz. In the third season there was an episode called Agent Doof where he tries to become a secret agent working for the good guys. He accidentally causes more problems than he did when he was evil so he decides to go back to being evil. In the Season Three episode, Where’s Perry, he builds a machine called the “Ultimate Evil-Inator” to turn Perry’s wikt:boss Major Monogram evil. He accidentally hits Monogram’s assistant Carl making him turn evil. Doof ends up working with Monogram and Perry to stop Carl because Carl is a more dangerous villain than Doof was. He builds a machine called the Re-Good Inator and turns Carl good again. +In the movie Phineas and Ferb: Across the Second Dimension, he goes to a parallel universe where a more evil version of himself already won and Doof ends up stopping the other him from taking over the Tri-State Area from the main universe. In the Season 4, episode Mission Marvel, he accidentally steals the powers of the superheroes from Marvel Comics and teams up with the Marvel supervillains but the villains betray him so he helps stop them. In the Season 4 episode Minor Monogram, his sidekick betrays him and tries to take over the world so Doof helps stop him. In the Season Four episode, “Primal Perry” he hires a hunter from Australia named Liam to trap Perry the Platypus. He ends up working with Perry to stop him after Liam tries to kill them both. In the episode Doof 101, it’s revealed that after summer ended he was given a choice between jail and community service and ended up as a high school science teacher. The episode Act Your Age, set in the future, reveals that he didn’t commit any crimes since then. In the episode Phineas and Ferb save Summer, he helps the good guys stop a mad scientist named Rodney from putting the world in a new ice age but says he’s still evil. In the horror episode Night of the Living Pharmacists, he accidentally starts a zombie pharmacist apocalypse and helps to stop it. In the series finale Last Day of Summer, he builds a machine called the Do-Over Inator so that he can start the same day over any number of times and accidentally nearly destroys the universe so he tries to save it from himself and his daughter Vanessa convinces him to turn good. +Spin-Offs. +Dr. Doofenshmirtz appears in both episodes of the spin-off The OWCA Files in which he’s partnered with Perry the Platypus and had to fight another evil scientist named Parenthesis. In the spin-off Milo Murphy’s Law, he invents time travel and changes his name to Professor Time. Doof also appears in the movie Phineas and Ferb: Candace Against the Universe where he helps fight the aliens and save Earth. + += = = Mental gland = = = +A mental gland is found in many amphibians and reptiles. Mental glands make pheromones. +There are two mental glands, one on each side of the head. They are behind the jawbone. +Function. +Mental glands make chemicals that come out through the skin. These chemicals help the animal tell when another animal is the same or a different species from them. The chemicals also help them choose mates. +Turtles bob their heads up and down when they see another turtle. Perhaps bobbing the head up and down helps the chemicals from the mental glands get in the air. Salamanders move when they see another salamander. For example, they snap their jaws. Only salamanders that have mental glands do this, so this also spreads the chemicals through the air. +Origins and evolution. +Not all reptiles and amphibians have mental glands. Some species in the same family have mental glands and others do not. +In 2021, one team of scientists found that most turtles that have mental glands live in the water. Mental glands occurred just once in turtles, in the family Testudinoidea. Then some kept their glands and some lost them. Probably all turtles that have mental glands develop them from the same tissue. + += = = Phineas and Ferb = = = +Phineas and Ferb is a Disney Channel cartoon television series created by Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh. It aired from 2007 to 2015 and inspired two spin-offs called The OWCA Files and Milo Murphy’s Law. It was also adapted into two movies: and the Disney Plus original movie . +Premise. +Phineas Flynn and his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher are two children who spend their summer vacation inventing new machines and/or building large contraptions so that they and their friends can have fun. Phineas’s sister Candace Flynn thinks that their mother would be angry with Phineas and Ferb if she saw the things they build so +Candace spends each day trying to show her what Phineas and Ferb created to get her to punish them (or as Candace puts it to “bust” them.) But Phineas and Ferb’s pet platypus Perry is actually a spy secretly working for a group called OWCA (Organization Without a Cool Acronym) known as Perry the Platypus or Agent P who spends every day fighting the evil Dr. Doofenshmirtz. And every day Perry’s battle with Doofenshmirtz leads to him accidentally destroying whatever Phineas and Ferb built just before Candace shows it to her mother Linda so Linda sees nothing and doesn’t believe Candace who ends up looking crazy. + += = = Rock concert = = = +A rock concert is a live performance of rock music. The music at rock concerts are usually played by bands, but sometimes they are played by one person. + += = = Milo Murphy's Law = = = +Milo Murphy’s Law is an animated television series created by Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh as a spin-off of Phineas and Ferb and, starring Weird Al. It is centred on a 13 year old boy named Milo Murphy whose family is known for the slogan “anything that can go wrong will go wrong” because around all male members of the Murphy family “anything that can go wrong will go wrong”. Because of that, Milo Murphy makes sure to be completely prepared for anything that can happen no matter how strange or unlikely. + += = = Phineas Flynn = = = +Phineas Flynn is a fictional character appearing in the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. Along with his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher, Phineas is the main protagonist. Phineas is known for the catchphrase “Ferb, I know what we’re gonna do today”. + += = = Ferb Fletcher = = = +Ferb Fletcher is a fictional character in the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. Ferb comes from Great Britain but moved to the United States after his father Lawrence Fletcher married an American woman named Linda Flynn who already had two children Candace Flynn who is older than Ferb is and Phineas Flynn who is about the same age as Ferb is. Unlike Phineas, Ferb rarely talks and is “more of a man of action”. + += = = Candace Flynn = = = +Candace Flynn is a fictional character created by Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh for the animated television series "Phineas and Ferb" and is the deuteragonist of the show. Candace is voiced by Ashley Tisdale. +Role in "Phineas and Ferb". +Every day of their summer vacation Candace’s brother Phineas Flynn and their stepbrother Ferb Fletcher build a new machine or invention. Candace knows that she would get in serious trouble with her parents if she did anything like create Phineas and Ferb’s inventions which she believes are dangerous so every day she tries to show her mother Linda what Phineas and Ferb created so that she’ll get angry and punish them (or as Candace puts it “bust them”.) But by the time Candace shows her mother Phineas and Ferb’s latest invention it has mysteriously disappeared (normally because of Perry the Platypus’s battles against Dr. Doofenshmirtz) making Candace look like she’s insane. +Role in "Milo Murphy’s Law". +Candace appears in Milo Murphy’s Law in the crossover episode The Phineas and Ferb Effect, in which she argues that Phineas and Ferb shouldn’t include Milo Murphy in their plan to save the world because around him “everything that can go wrong will go wrong” only to change her mind about Milo after realizing just how resourceful he is. +Role in "Candace Against the Universe". +Candace is the main protagonist of the Disney Plus original movie . + += = = Deuteragonist = = = +In fiction a deuteragonist is the second most important character after the protagonist. + += = = Scott Menville = = = +Scott David Menville (born February 12, 1971) is an American actor. He is known for his voice work in animated films, television series and video games. + += = = Andy Sturmer = = = +Marvin Andrew Sturmer (born March 11, 1965) is an American musician, singer, songwriter, and composer. He co-founded the rock band Jellyfish in 1989. He was the group's lead vocalist, drummer, and primary songwriter. Following their break-up in 1994, Sturmer became involved with Tamio Okuda, as writer and producer for the Japanese pop duo Puffy AmiYumi. Although Sturmer maintains a low public profile, he continues working as a songwriter for cartoons produced by Disney and Cartoon Network and the music in Ben 10 and The Juice 2012 and 2014. + += = = Janyse Jaud = = = +Janyse Jaud (, born November 26, 1969) is a Canadian actress, musician and author. + += = = Kathleen Barr = = = +Kathleen Barr (born April 6, 1967) is a Canadian voice actress. She is best known for voicing Marie Kanker and Kevin in "Ed, Edd n Eddy" and Trixie Lulamoon and Queen Chrysalis in "". She also voiced Henri Richard Maurice Dutoit LeFevbre in "Liberty's Kids", Isis, and Delilah, in Krypto the Superdog. Dot Matrix in "ReBoot", Kaiko Nekton in "The Deep", Wheezie in "Dragon Tales", Gelorum in "Hot Wheels: AcceleRacers", and Sweetberry in "My Little Pony". + += = = Jenn Forgie = = = +Jennifer Forgie (born January 4, 1969) is a Canadian actress and singer. She is often credited as Jenn Forgie. +Biography. +Forgie is well known for her anime roles on "InuYasha", as Jakotsu, the homosexual member of The Band of Seven and "Ranma 1⁄2" as Tsukasa. She also played May Kanker and Nazz von Bartonschmeer during the third season of the animated series "Ed, Edd n Eddy". However, the creator, Danny Antonucci, preferred Nazz and May's previous voice, Erin Fitzgerald, and had her flown to Canada to replace her for future episodes. She has also appeared in a TV movie about "Flight 93". + += = = Patric Caird = = = +Patric Caird is a Canadian film and television composer and musician. + += = = Doug Parker (voice actor) = = = +Douglas Parker (born December 17, 1957 in Canada) is a Canadian voice actor and animation director. +He has been active in the industry since 1985. He has cast, and directed many animated shows and films. He also has voiced characters in several cartoons and anime; he is probably best known for his work in "ToddWorld", which was nominated as an outstanding children's animated program. His character Terrosaur in "Beast Wars: Transformers" is also well-known, as well as Starscream. Doug also provided the voice of Prince Adam in "The New Adventures of He-Man" (1990). + += = = The Super = = = +The Super is a 1991 American comedy movie directed by Rod Daniel and starring Joe Pesci, Vincent Gardenia, Ruben Blades, Madolyn Smith, Stacey Travis, Carole Shelley, Kenny Blank. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was a box office failure. + += = = Terry Klassen = = = +Terry Klassen (born March 31, 1957) is a Canadian voice actor, ADR director and writer. Before animation, Klassen worked in radio in Winnipeg (CITI-FM), Toronto (Q107), Calgary (CFAC), Portage la Prairie (CFRY) and part-time at CFOX and CFMI. In animation, he is best known for his work on "My Little Pony" being voice director of all episodes including the movie (Canadian talent) and the "" series. Klassen has also voiced many characters including Baby Sylvester in "Baby Looney Tunes", Tusky Husky in "Krypto the Superdog" and Tony and Seth Parsons in "The Cramp Twins". + += = = Lee Tockar = = = +Lee William Tockar (born February 11, 1969) is a Canadian voice actor and visual artist. +Works. +He works for several studios in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He is also a writer of children's literature, a musician, sculptor, illustrator and collected painter. Tockar is best known for his work on "", Eugene "Bling Bling Boy" Hamilton in "Johnny Test", George in "George of the Jungle", Doktor Frogg on "League of Super Evil", the titular character of "Yakkity Yak", the evil Makuta Teridax in the Bionicle films and Fidgel from "3-2-1 Penguins!". He also founded FanBuilt.com. + += = = Ed, Edd n Eddy (season 1) = = = +Season 1 of the Cartoon Network TV series Ed, Edd n Eddy started on November 12 and ended on April 21, 2000. +Episodes. +Every episode of this season is directed by Danny Antonucci. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> + += = = Ed, Edd n Eddy (season 2) = = = +The second season of Ed, Edd n Eddy first aired on December 17, 1999 and ended on Decmber 31, 2001. +Episodes. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> + += = = The Ed-touchables and Nagged to Ed = = = +"The Ed-touchables" and "Nagged to Ed" are the two parts that make up the pilot episode of the Canadian-American animated television series "Ed, Edd n Eddy". It premiered on Cartoon Network in the United States on November 7, 1998. + += = = List of Ed, Edd n Eddy episodes = = = +Ed, Edd n Eddy is an animated television series broadcast on Cartoon Network, an American cable network. The series started showing on November 12, 1999. +Overview. +<onlyinclude></onlyinclude> +References. +General +Specific + += = = And That Is Why . . . Manipuri Myths Retold = = = +And That Is Why . . . Manipuri Myths Retold is a book by L. Somi Roy. It is a children's book based on 12 stories from the Meitei mythology (Manipuri mythology) of the Meitei ethnicity of Manipur. The book is published by the Penguin Random House India under the Puffin Imprint. It was released by MP of Rajya Sabha and titular king Leishemba Sanajaoba at the Palace Compund, Imphal on the 21st June 2021. The stories are actually a collection of translated works from the original myths from the PuYas (Meitei language manuscripts) of ancient Manipur, rarely retold by people in the modern times. +Background. +Late scholar Ningthoukhongjam Khelchandra introduced the ancient Meitei manuscripts to L. Somi Roy. L. Somi Roy was helped by Thokchom Thouyangba Meitei, a scholar of ancient manuscripts, the artist Sapha Yumnam, and Manipuri historian Wangam Somorjit, in the creation of the book project. The author revisited the treasures of the ancient mythological tales of the Meiteis of the pre-Hindu Manipur. The illustration artist Sapha Yumnam confirmed that the artworks found in the ancient Meitei manuscripts are "primitive" having many warm toned colors like red, brown and little usage of black, grey and blue. In respect for the ancient artistic tradition, Sapha Yumnam used the very colours in the illustration of the book to be as faithfully close to the originals. +According to an interview with L. Somi Roy by the "Times of India", he said that the book was the first time for the Manipuri mythology being presented to the outside world and so, he was taking extra care. He further said that the stories are from a time before the arrival of Hinduism in Manipur. In the author's comment, every civilization doesn't have a mythology but Manipuri has its own mythology, and it's remarkable in consideration to the historical size of Manipur. He opined that Manipur's civilization is an Eastern oriented one while the rest of India is Western looking. +In an interview with L. Somi Roy by the "Indian Express", he said: +"We have high culture in dance and music, and even sports, but not much of a visual tradition. It is these rare manuscripts that make up the heritage of the Meitei community — and hence, need to be preserved as far as possible." +Works. +The book contains 12 stories about mythical creatures, heroes, gods and goddesses from the ancient mythological tales of the Meiteis of ancient Manipur. + += = = Unexpected Uncle = = = +Unexpected Uncle is a 1941 American comedy-drama movie directed by Peter Godfrey and starring Anne Shirley, James Craig, Charles Coburn, Ernest Truex, Renee Godfrey, Russell Gleason. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. + += = = Nicknames of New York City = = = +New York City has been known by many nicknames. + += = = Marcos Galperin = = = +Marcos Eduardo Galperin (Born, October 31, 1971) is an Argentine businessman known for being the founder, president and executive director of Mercado Libre. +Mercado Libre. +In February 2020, Marcos Galperin left his position as CEO and president of Mercado Libre in Argentina. Galperin was replaced by Stelleo Passos Tolda, a Brazilian executive who until then was the company's Chief Operating Officer. +Galperin stepped down as head of the board of directors of the e-commerce company's Argentine subsidiary, but will maintain his executive leadership role. He will also maintain his role as chief financial officer and chief manager of the company. + += = = Just Between Friends = = = +Just Between Friends is a 1986 American drama movie directed by first time director Allan Burns and starring Mary Tyler Moore, Christine Lahti, Sam Waterston, Ted Danson, Jane Greer, Mark Blum, Beverly Sanders, Lewis Arquette. It was distributed by Orion Pictures. + += = = She Done Him Wrong = = = +She Done Him Wrong is a 1933 American romantic comedy movie directed by Lowell Sherman and was based on the 1928 play Diamond Lil by Mae West (who also stars). Also starring Cary Grant, Owen Moore, Gilbert Roland, Rochelle Hudson, Noah Beery Sr., Rafaela Ottiano and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1934. + += = = Vanilla Sky = = = +Vanilla Sky is a 2001 American British Spanish science fiction psychological thriller movie directed by Cameron Crowe and is based on the 1997 movie "Open Your Eyes". It stars Tom Cruise, Cameron Diaz, Kurt Russell, Penélope Cruz, Jason Lee, Tom Hanks, Alex Rocco, Harvey Fierstein, Noah Taylor, Timothy Spall, Tilda Swinton, Carolyn Pickles and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 2002. It was released on December 14, 2001 in the United States and January 25, 2002 in the United Kingdom before it finally made its debut on ITV1 in 2006 as part of the Wednesday night movie premiere. + += = = Egor Rays = = = +Egor Egorovich Rays (real name - Egor Egorovich Vinichenko, born October 10, 1987, Moscow, Moscow Region, USSR) is a Russian sports blogger, sports agent of Olympic athletes. +He is a laureate of the award in the field of educational development "Pedagog-Psychologist" of the year (2012), he is also a nominee of the award Russia the land of opportunities: "TOP BLOG" in the sports section. +Host of the podcast show on "Soviet Sport" - "Let's go to contact". + += = = Sony Rana = = = +Sony Rana (born 17 October 1965) or Sonee Rana is the first Nepalese female commercial-pilot. She is also the first Nepali female Boeing jet-pilot. She got her aviation license from Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal on 29 March 1991. +Award. +Rana was awarded with Order of Gorkha Dakshina Bahu (IV) in 1993. +Personal life. +She married Bijay Giri, a pilot in 2055 BS (1998-1999). Rana and Giri knew each other for seven year before their marriage. Giri died on a plane crash in Surkhet on 17 July 2002 (1 Shrawan 2059). +She has one daughter. Her younger brother Ashish Narasingh Rana is also a pilot. She currently lives in Maharajgunj, Kathmandu. + += = = Perry the Platypus = = = +Perry the Platypus, also known as Perry or Agent P is a fictional character created by Dan Povenmire and Swampy Marsh for the animated television series Phineas and Ferb. Perry is played by Dee Bradley Baker. +Role in Phineas and Ferb. +Phineas Flynn and his stepbrother Ferb Fletcher keep Perry as a pet but think that he’s just a regular platypus who “doesn’t do much”. Whenever Phineas has an idea for what he and Ferb will build that day someone asks “hey, where’s Perry”. Perry is actually a spy working for OWCA (the Organization Without a Cool Acronym) while wearing a fedora and is said to be OWCA’s best secret agent. Perry’s boss Major Monogram normally sends him to fight Dr. Doofenshmirtz. In almost every episode, Perry the Platyus shows up at Doof’s headquarters, Dr. Doofenshmirtz traps Perry, Doof explains his evil plan, Perry escapes, Perry and Dr. Doofenshmirtz fight, Perry beats Doofenshmirtz and Doof yells “Curse you, Perry the Platypus.” That said, there are some exceptions to this. For example, in the Season One Episode Journey to the Center of Candace, Dr. Doofenshmirtz decides to “mix it around a little” by beginning with describing his evil plan and then trapping Perry, but as soon as Dr. Doofenshmirtz explains his plan is “to destroy anyone who can’t make up their mind” Perry immediately catches and arrests Doof after having a flashback to his owner Phineas Flynn saying he couldn’t make up his mind. +Other enemies. +In the episode Rouge Rabbit, Perry the Platypus is sent to fight an evil rabbit named Dennis who is more dangerous than Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz is. In the episode “Oh, there you are Perry”, Perry is told to leave Phineas and Ferb to fight a new supervillain the Regurgitator who takes on Dr. Doofenshmirtz as a sidekick and loses to Perry because of Doof’s stupidity. In some episodes, Perry actually works with Dr. Doofenshmirtz against a more dangerous villain. +Relationship with Doofenshmirtz. +Even though Dr. Doofenshmirtz is Perry’s nemesis when Perry isn’t trying to stop Doofenshmirtz from doing evil the two are actually friends. In the Season One episode Oil on Candace, Perry tries to cheer up Dr. Doofenshmirtz when he can’t convince his Professor that he’s good at being evil. In the episode Dude, We’re Getting the Band Back Together, Perry helps Doofenshmirtz throw a birthday party for his daughter Vanessa. In the episode Put that Putter Away, Perry and Doof vacation together. In one episode, Perry pretends to be Doofenshmirtz’s pet so that Doof can impress a woman he wants to date. In the episode It’s About Time, Perry has a song about how sad he is without Doofenshmirtz after Doof replaced him as an enemy with Peter the Panda. At one point, Dr. Doofenshmirtz tells Perry “You are my rock, Perry the Platypus, by which I mean the one person who’s always there for me”. +Role in Across the Second Dimension. +Perry plays a major role in where Perry reveals that he’s actually a secret agent to stop the parallel universe version of Dr. Doofenshmirtz from killing Phineas and Ferb but Phineas is angry with Perry for lying to him. +Role in the OWCA Files. +In the spin-off The OWCA Files, Perry has to train and work with a team of new partners one of whom is the no longer evil Dr. Doofenshmirtz. +Role in Milo Murphy’s Law. +In the spin-off Milo Murphy’s Law, Perry’s boss Major Monogram has him sent to Dr. Doofenshmirtz to stop Doof from accidentally causing problems while trying to be good. Only for Doofenshmirtz to find out and be angry with Perry because “you’re not my friend, you’re my babysitter”. Though in the series finale, Dr. Doofenshmirtz forgives Perry after finding out Perry spent all the money he was making on helping pay for Dr. Doofenshmirtz to invent time travel and become Professor Time. + += = = Osteocephalus buckleyi = = = +Buckley's slender-legged tree frog ("Osteocephalus buckleyi") is a frog. It lives Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Brazil and the Guianas. Scientists have seen it as high as 700 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is 42-50 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 63-69 mm long. The skin of the frog's back is dark green with brown spots. The skin where the legs meet the body is blue. It has bumps on its skin. There is some extra skin on the outsides of its feet. The iris of the eye is gold in color. +This frog hides during the day and moves around at night. At night, the frog sits on branches or plants near or hanging over streams. During the day, the frog hides on roots, rocks or dead tree trunks near the water. + += = = XYY syndrome = = = +XYY syndrome, also known as Jacobs syndrome, is an genetic disorder. People with this disorder have the wrong number of chromosomes in each of their cells, which is called aneuploidy. They have one X chromosome and 2 Y chromosomes in each cell. People with XYY syndrome are male, but normal males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. + += = = Northwestern Bell = = = +Northwestern Bell is an American Midwestern telephone company. The network is doing business as CenturyLink (also called Lumen Technologies). It is operated in Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota. The company began as Nebraska Telephone Company and Iowa Telephone Company. +In 1920, these and three other telephone groups were merged into one company and renamed Northwestern Bell Telephone Company. When the Bell System was phased out, it was renamed to Northwestern Bell a US WEST Company. +In the early 1990s, the Northwestern Bell name stopped being used. It was replaced under the US West Communications company banner. In 2010 or 2011, CenturyLink took over the Northwestern Bell name and the operations. At that same time, CenturyLink replaced the Qwest name. Northwestern Bell is still around although the name Northwestern Bell is no longer used for corporate identity. + += = = 1928 Belgium–Netherlands women's athletics competition = = = +The 1928 Belgium–Netherlands women's athletics competition was an international women's athletics competition on 3 June 1928 at the Sports Parc of Royal Uccle Sport in Brussels, Belgium. +While being held in Belgium, the competition was organized by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation. The competition was the first international competition for Dutch women. It was organized to gain international experience in preparation for the 1928 Summer Olympics. +The competition was won by the Netherlands with 50 points versus Belgium with 40 points. In general, the competition for the Netherlands was seen as a success, although there were also some setbacks. According to the Dutch media, the Belgians performed less well than expected with only setting one Belgian record by discus thrower Jenny Toitgans. +During the competition Lien Gisolf set a new record in the high jump. With a jump over 1.582 metres she beated the old record of Green of 1.55 metres. Besides of that Ter Horst set a new Dutch national record in the 100 metres; Michael’s set a new Dutch record in the discus throw and Jenny Toitgans set a new Belgian record in the discus throw. +Background and preparations. +For the first time, women's athletic events would be held at the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. As the Dutch women's didn't have international experience the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation organized two international competition. This competition against Belgium and a competition against West-Germany to gain the Dutch women international experience. Some athletes were trained ahead of the competition by B. Verwaal. Belgian women already had some international experience as they competed in an international competition organized by the Brussels Femina Club in Brussels at the Josephat Parc against France and Great Britain in 1927. +The competition took place at the Sport Parc of Royal Uccle Sport. The field was was described as not very good being small, with a hard and uneven ground. +In the morning of 3 June the Dutch national team traveled by train to Brussels together with Dutch officials and some supporters. From there the team travelled by car to the Sport Parc of Royal Uccle Sports. Duting the competition the Dutch team wore orange shorts and a white shirt with the Dutch lion. +Competition format. +The competition consisted of 5 events: 100 metres, 800 metres, 4x 100 metres relay, high jump and discus throw. The overall classification is a nation's classification. In the four individual events three athletes of each nation participated. The winner of the event received for the nation 6 points, the number 2 received 5 points, number 3 received 4 points etc. The nation winning the relay event wins 4 points and the other nation received 2 points. For the overall classication all points from each country are added together. +Entrants. +Twelve Dutch athlethes and eleven Belgian athletes were selected by the Royal Dutch Athletics Federation and Royal Belgian Athletics League and announced ahead of the competition. +The Dutch Annie de Jong-Zondervan was reserve for the 4x 100 metres relay event but didn't compete. +The competition had Dutch and Belgian jury members including D. J. de Vries, J. M. Hardeman and W. Boer. +Competition. +800 metres. +The competition started with the 800 metres event. The Belgian Ina Degrande won the race, 10 metres ahead of the the Dutch Jo Mallon. Mallon's performance was praised by the Dutch press. Agaath van Noort did not performed as expected, as she because she was not fit. Out of competition, the Dutch woman Jeanne van Kesteren who lived in Belgium finished second in a time of 2 minues and 46.3 seconds. Van Kesteren was invited for the international competition later the year in Germany and became a reserve athlete for the Netherlands at the 1928 Summer Olympics. The Netherlands won the 800 metres with 13 points, with Belgium scoring 8 points. +100 metres. +The second event was the 100 metres. There were two times a false starts and the starting pistol faltered a few times. Bets ter Horst won the event in a new Dutch national record with a time of 13 seconds. The other two Dutch women finished second and third place. The Dutch former record holder Nettie Grooss finished in third place as she had a bad start, due to the false starts and faltering starter pistol. +High jump. +The high jump was won by Lien Gisolf in new world. With a jump over 1.582 metres she beated the old record of Green of 1.55 metres. +Discus throw. +The duscus throw event was won by the Belgian Jenny Toitgans in a new Belgian record of 30.18 metres. The Dutch women Lena Michaëlis also set a new national record with 26.83 metres. The former official Dutch record was of Martha Kolthoff with 23.84 metres with unrecognized throws of Nici Mür (24.11 metres) and L. Dekens (26.73 metres). +4x 100 metres relay. +After the Dutch women finished first, second and third in the 100 metres event, the 4x 100 metres relay was according to the Dutch media "obviously" won by the Dutch team. The Dutch team set a time of 55 seconds, finishing 10 metres ahead of the Belgian team. + += = = Spotted crake = = = +The Spotted crake ("Porzana porzana") is a bird in the Rallidae family. + += = = Little crake = = = +The Little crake ("Porzana parva") is a bird in the Rallidae family. + += = = First Lord of the Treasury = = = +The First Lord of the Treasury is the head of the commission exercising the ancient office of Lord High Treasurer in the United Kingdom, and is by convention also the prime minister. This office is not equivalent to the usual position of the "treasurer" in other governments; the closer equivalent of a treasurer in the United Kingdom is chancellor of the exchequer, who is the second lord of the Treasury. + += = = The Arab knight (Guillemin) = = = +The Arab knight or Le Chevalier guerrier arabe à cheval is a sculpture bronze equestrian statuette made in 1884 by Émile-Coriolan Guillemin and Alfred Barye. +History. +Creation. +Guillemin's Arabian Knight, for its beauty and notoriety, saw many non-original copies, both made at the time, in the 1800s, and low-value reproductions and counterfeits, sometimes made in Asia. The original version of the Arab Knight made in France, original of the time, is on the contrary of great historical and artistic value and inestimable. +Description. +The work depicts an Arab horseman returning from hunting, a duck and a gazelle clinging to his chair, a rifle slung over his shoulder. It is signed “E. Guillemin and Barye Fils”. +Exhibitions. +It was exhibited at the Salon in the Louvre in 1884. +Art market. +At a Sotheby's auction in New York in 2008, "Femme Kabyle d'Algerie and Janissaire du Sultan Mahmoud II" (1967), bronze, by Emile Guillemin was sold for 1,202,500 euros plus auction fees. +Styling. +The composition of the bronze horse "Arab Rider" was created on the basis of the naturalist movement. The statue is the most important of the so-called "Belle Epoque" in France. The bronze horse is plastic and elegant, with an extraordinary anatomical study showing it in the position in which it finds itself, with the left front leg elegantly raised, where the base of the muscles is stretched and contracted in action. No less important is the delicate sculpture of his heroic knight in which it is necessary to emphasize the incredible precision of the representation of the face, which is accompanied by the movement of the body on the horse. +Orientalism is the Western fascination with exotic continents that became popular during the second half of the XIX century. Romantic portraits of African countries in contemporary literature and art, such as L'Africaine and Aida, foster this exoticism in European art. In the United States, the 1876 "Turkish Bazaar" at the Philadelphia Century Exhibition further increased its appeal with the "Turkish" or "Moorish" theme that persisted until the 1880s. Artists breaking away from the extreme monochrome of the Neoclassicism; making use of various bronzes, marbles, onyx and colored stones dipped in gold and silver, enriching the works of art, while maintaining a great interest in the ethnography of his material. + += = = Femme Kabyle d'Algerie and Janissaire du Sultan Mahmoud II = = = +Femme Kabyle d'Algerie and Janissaire du Sultan Mahmoud II or Kabyle woman from Algeria and Janissary of Sultan Mahmoud II is a sculpture in bronze made in 1884 by Émile-Coriolan Guillemin. +History. +They are representative of the orientalist movement of the second half of the XIX. +Creation. +"Kabyle Woman of Algeria" and "Janissary of Sultan Mahmoud II" are bronze busts with silver, gold and polychrome patina with hard colored stone cabochons, on Levant marble bases, forming a pair. The female figure is signed "Guillemin/1884", and the male figure is signed "Éle Guillemin". +Émile-Coriolan Guillemin specializes in works inspired by the Middle and Far East. His representations of Indian falconers (in collaboration with Alfred Barye), Turkish, Kurdish, Algerian or Japanese women established his reputation as an Orientalist sculptor of the mid 1870s. He exhibited for the last time at the Salon of 1899 and many of his works were purchased by the State. +The Janissary was a member of an elite military corps, originally made up of prisoners of war, who protected the Ottoman Empire and held a high social position until they were abolished by Sultan Mahmoud II (died 1839). Due to their popularity and political powers, they made an interesting subject for portraiture. The female bust, "Kabyle Woman from Algeria", was exhibited for the first time at the Salon of 1884 with great success. The current pair is an example of the finely detailed polychrome sculpture for which Guillemin was best known. +Exhibitions. +It was exhibited at the Salon in the Louvre in 1884. +Art market. +At a Sotheby's auction in New York in 2008, "Female Kabyle of Algeria and Jannisary of Sultan Mahmoud II" (1967), bronze, by Emile Guillemin was sold for 1,202,500 euros plus auction fees. +Styling. +Orientalism is a movement reflecting the fascination of the West for the exoticism of Eastern lands, which became popular during the second half of the 19th century. Romantic portrayals of African countries in contemporary literature and operas, such as "L'Africaine" and "Aida", have encouraged this exoticism. In the United States, the 1876 Turkish Bazaar at Philadelphia Century Exhibition further heightened the fascination with Turkish or Moorish themes that lasted well into the 1880s. Orientalist themes allowed artists to break free from the monochromy of neo-classicism. Using a range of gilded and silvered bronze, marble, onyx and colored stones, they enrich their work while maintaining a keen ethnographic interest in their models. + += = = Culture of Vietnam = = = +The culture of Vietnam is very diverse. There are many cultures present with influences from many places. Beginning in the Bronze Age, Đông Sơn was an ancestor to Vietnam's ancient history. China ruled large portions of Vietnam during the 1000 years of Northern rule. Because of this, Vietnamese culture was heavily influenced by Chinese culture. Vietnam is often considered part of the East Asian cultural sphere with China, South Korea, North Korea, and Japan. +After gaining independence from China in the 900s, Vietnam expanded to the South into the land of other people groups. This lead various cultural influences. Later, Vietnam became a French colony. Vietnam gained religious and linguistic influences from France. +Characteristics of Vietnamese culture include the following: honoring one's ancestors, respecting the community and the family, manual labor and living at peace with nature. + += = = Striped crake = = = +The striped crake ("Aenigmatolimnas marginalis") is a bird in the Rallidae family. + += = = Adam Armstrong (footballer) = = = +Adam Armstrong (born February 10, 1997) is an English professional footballer. He plays as a striker for Premier League club Southampton. +Honours. +Blackburn Rovers +England U17 +England U20 +England U21 +Individual + += = = Baldwin Locomotive Works = = = +Baldwin Locomotive Works (abbreviated: BLW) was an American manufacturing company of railroad locomotives from 1825 to 1951, originally located in Philadelphia but moving to Eddystone, Pennsylvania, for a long time it was the world's largest producer of steam locomotives, after the success of diesel locomotives began in the demand for them, in 1951 it would produce its last of 70,000 locomotives before merging with Lima-Hamilton to make way for the Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation. + += = = Shina people = = = +The Shina, Shin or Gilgiti are a Dardic ethnic group who live in Gilgit-Baltistan region of northern Pakistan. They live in the Gilgit region, while Baltis live in the Baltistan region. They speak Shina which is a Dardic language. The Shina migrated from Central Asia to South Asia during the second millennium BC. Some live in India, but they are still Muslims like the ones in Pakistan. + += = = Turvali = = = +The Turvali or Turwal (Torwali/Pashto: ������) are a Dardic tribe who live in Swat District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They mostly live in the capital, Bahrain. They speak the Dardic language, Torwali. Some are Sunni Muslims while others are Shia. + += = = María Eugenia Suárez = = = +María Eugenia Suárez Riveiro (Born, March 9, 1992) also known as Eugenia Suárez or China Suárez is an Argentine actress, singer, model and fashion designer. +Biography. +She was born on March 9, 1992 in the city of Buenos Aires, the daughter of Guillermo Suárez and Marcela Riveiro Mitsumori. She has an older brother, Agustín. On the paternal side of her family, she has Spanish ancestry, from Galicia and Catalonia, while on her maternal side she has Japanese ancestry, from the Prefecture of Kōchi, since her maternal grandmother, Marta Mitsumori, is the daughter of Japanese immigrants born in Argentina. +It is because of her Japanese roots that she is affectionately called "China", because according to Suárez herself, "Japonesa" was a very long nickname for her. +In July 2013, she gave birth to her first daughter, Rufina Cabré Suárez, with her partner at the time, the Argentine actor Nicolás Cabré, In November 2013, she separated from the actor. +In February 2018 she had her second daughter, Magnolia Vicuña Suárez, with Chilean actor Benjamín Vicuña. In July 2020 her third child was born, and second with Benjamín Vicuña, Amancio Vicuña Suárez. In August In 2021, Suárez broke off her relationship with the actor after six years. + += = = Come Dance with Me (TV series) = = = +Come Dance with Me is an American reality television dance competition show. It premiered on CBS on April 15, 2022. +The show pairs young dancers with a family member that has supported their training. The pair will perform a dance together for a panel of judges before choosing who goes to the next round. The show was created by LL Cool J, Chris O'Donnell, and Reinout Oerlemans. + += = = Romanel-sur-Morges = = = +Romanel-sur-Morges is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Longford, Kansas = = = +Longford is a city in Clay County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 73. + += = = La Chaux (Cossonay) = = = +La Chaux is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Ferreyres = = = +Ferreyres is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Seadrift, Texas = = = +Seadrift is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Jonah Goldberg = = = +Jonah Jacob Goldberg (born March 21, 1969) is an American conservative political commentator, writer and podcaster. He was the Senior Editor for National Review. He still writes for them. +He started a new conservative media company called The Dispatch He writes "the Goldberg File" also known as "the G-file", about politics and his dogs, there. +He hosts "the Remnant with Jonah Goldberg" podcast. + += = = NBCUniversal = = = +NBCUniversal Media, LLC (commonly known as just NBCUniversal) is an American multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate corporation that is a division of Comcast and is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. + += = = Ginger beer = = = +Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink that is flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is much spicier than ginger ale. Ginger beer is popular in some Caribbean countries such as Trinidad. +Traditional ginger beer is naturally sweetened and carbonated, and usually non-alcoholic. It is produced by the natural fermentation of prepared ginger spice, yeast and sugar. + += = = Buru = = = +Buru is an island in Indonesia. About a third of the people are indigenous, mostly Buru, but also Lisela, Ambelau and Kayeli people. Between 1658 and 1942, Buru was colonised by the Dutch East India Company and then by the Crown of the Netherlands. The Japanese army had the island between 1942 and 1945. In 1950, it became part of independent Indonesia. During president Suharto's New Order administration in the 1960s–1970s, Buru was a prison for thousands of political prisoners. The famous Indonesian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer wrote most of his novels, including "Buru Quartet" in that prison. +Geography and geology. +Buru island is between two seas of the Pacific Ocean – Seram Sea () on the north and Banda Sea () to the south and west. To the east, is the Manipa Strait () then Seram Island (). The area of Buru is . Buru is the third largest Maluku Islands. +Buru is shaped like an oval. It is about from east to west and from north to south. The highest point on the island () is the peak of Mount Kapalatmada. The island is mostly mountainous, especially in the central and western parts. Much of the island is covered with tropical rain forest. +Plants and animals. +Buru is between Australia and Asia. Its plants and animals are unique. +Administrative division. +The island belongs to the Indonesian province of Maluku (). It is split into Buru Regency () and South Buru Regency (). +Population. +As of the 2010 Census, the population of the islands administered as Buru was 161,828 people; at the 2015 Intermediate Census this rose to 186,779. About 68.3% in the northern regency and 31.7% in the southern; +History. +Precolonial period. +One of the first mentions of Buru is in the Nagarakretagama in 1365. That is an Old Javanese funeral speech for Hayam Wuruk, the ruler of the Majapahit Kingdom. +In the 16th–17th centuries Buru was claimed by the rulers of Ternate island and by the Portuguese. But neither nation controlled the island. They only visited it for trade. Makassar people from Sulawesi island built fortifications on Buru. The Makassars forced the locals to grow valuable spices, such as clove. +Colonial period. +The Makassars and Dutch East India Company both wanted the spices in the east of the Malay archipelago. They fought a war. In 1648, the Dutch forced the Makassar out of Buru. The Dutch destroyed farms and buildings because they could not stay on Buru and afraid that the Makassars might come back. They came back with with four cannon and staffed by 24 soldiers in 1658 at the southern coast of Kayeli Bay. They built a permanent settlement and fortress. The Dutch forced about 2,000 local island people to move to Kayeli Bay. Many of them were nobles. The Dutch wanted to control the local people and make them work in the clove fields. These local Kayeli people became important leaders. +The Dutch East India Company ended in the early 18th century. All its land in the Malay archipelago became property of the Dutch crown. Buru was divided into regencies. Local rulers called rajascontrolled the regencies for the Dutch. All rajas were Kayeli tribal nobles. +The demise of Kayeli dominance began in the 1880s, when the leaders of Leliali, Wae Sama and Fogi clans moved significant parts of their ethnic groups to their original settlements; they were joined in the early 1900s by Tagalisa. By then, many other of the original 13 Kayeli villages were either abandoned or had lost their rajas. By about 1910, the leading role of the Kayeli clan had almost disappeared. +Transition years 1942–1950. +From the spring of 1942 to the summer of 1945, the Japanese army controlled all of the Dutch East Indies, including Buru. The island was bombed by the Allies planes. They were attacking the Namlea Airport. +After Japan lost the war, control of the island went back to the Netherlands. In December 1946, Buru, along with the other Maluku Islands, Sulawesi and Lesser Sunda Islands, was included in a partly independent State of East Indonesia. It was set up by the Dutch government. They planned to let their East Indies slowly become a dependent state. In December 1949, eastern Indonesia joined the Republic of the United States of Indonesia. +In April 1950, Buru, Ambon, Seram and some smaller nearby islands started an independent Republic of South Moluccas. They promised to keep close political ties with the Netherlands. The Republic of Indonesia tried to absorb the RMS by talking. But, this failed. So, the Republic of Indonesia started a six-month war in July 1950. In December 1950, the Republic of Indonesia controlled Buru and it became part of the Republic of Indonesia. +As part of Indonesia. +Between 1950 and 1965, the new government wanted to make Buru part of Indonesia. In the 1960s and 1970s, during the military regime of General Suharto, Buru became a main prison. Most prisoners were Communists and other left-wing representatives, and intellectuals. Most camps on Buru were closed in 1980. More than 12,000 people had been prisoners. At least several hundred had died or been killed. +One of the prisoners was an Indonesian writer, Pramoedya Ananta Toer. He was in prison for 14 years (1965–1979). He wrote there many of his novels, including most of "Buru Quartet". Until 1975, Toer was not allowed pencil or paper. He memorized his novels and told them to his cellmates. They helped him to remember the stories. +Transportation. +Buru is linked with other parts of Indonesia by sea. It has two main ports in Namlea and Namrole. The military airfield at Namlea (runway 750 meters) is used for air transportation. Most local transportation is on roads. +Traditional work and culture. +Traditionally, work and culture in villages changed with seasons and people moved to follow work. and food. Men hunted wild pigs called Buru babirusa, deer, and possum. Women gathered wild vegetables. During the west monsoon (November to April) both men and women worked together in the fields. The soil on the island was not good, so sometimes villages moved to newer, better soil. Sometimes people would move their whole village after some 20 years of using one piece of land. Most settlements were small. +Traditional Buru clothes are similar those of most other Indonesia peoples. Men wear sarongs and a long-skirted tunic. Women also wear sarongs but a shorter jacket. Color of clothes is different for the different tribes of the island. +Research. +Both Indonesian and foreign scientists study the special plant and animal life on the island. But, the original plants on the coast and much of the mountain forest have been cut or destroyed for farming. Only two large areas rain forest are still in the mountains. These are protected areas called Gunung Kapalat Mada (1,380 km2) and Waeapo (50 km2). + += = = Scott Island = = = +Scott Island is a small island in the Ross Sea, Southern Ocean. No people live here. It covers an area of 0.04km2 with an 63m high. In 1902, William Colbeck found this island. New Zealand claims to be their island. + += = = Lucas, Kansas = = = +Lucas is a city in Russell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 332. + += = = Dorrance, Kansas = = = +Dorrance is a city in Russell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 146. + += = = 2019 London Bridge stabbing = = = +On the afternoon of 29 November 2019, police were called to a mass stabbing on London Bridge, in Central London, England. Five people were stabbed, and two died of their injuries. The attacker was shot by City of London Police and died at the scene. Police declared the attack a terrorist incident. + += = = Joan Staley = = = +Joan Staley (born Joan Lynette McConchie; May 20, 1940 – November 24, 2019) was an American actress and model. She was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She was known for her roles in "The Untouchables", "77 Sunset Strip" and "The Ghost and Mr. Chicken". She was a Playboy Playmate in November 1958. +Staley died on November 24, 2019 at a hospital in Santa Clarita, California of heart failure at the age of 79. + += = = Cyrus Chothia = = = +Cyrus Homi Chothia (19 February 1942 – 26 November 2019) was an English biochemist. He was an emeritus scientist at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) at the University of Cambridge and emeritus fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge. +Chothia died on 26 November 2019 at the age of 77. + += = = Maarit Feldt-Ranta = = = +Maarit Kristiina Feldt-Ranta (26 April 1968 – 27 November 2019) was a Finnish politician. She represented the Social Democratic Party of Finland. She had represented the electoral district of Uusimaa in the Parliament of Finland from March 2007 through April 2019. In 2017, she was elected as the vice-chair of the party. Feldt-Ranta was born in Karis, Finland. +In January 2019, Feldt-Ranta announced her retirement because she was re-diagnosed with stomach cancer. In May, she stopped treatment. She died six months later on 27 November from the disease at the age of 51. + += = = Agnes Baker Pilgrim = = = +Agnes Emma Baker Pilgrim (September 11, 1924 – November 27, 2019) was a Native American spiritual elder. She was born near Grants Pass, Oregon. She was the oldest member of her tribe, the Takelma. +Pilgrim was Elected Chairperson of the International Council of 13 Indigenous Grandmothers at its founding in 2004. "She was honored as a "Living Treasure" by the Confederated Tribes of Siletz, and as a "Living Cultural Legend" by the Oregon Council of the Arts." She was Leader of the Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians. +Pilgrim died on November 27, 2019 in Grants Pass at the age of 95. + += = = Marion McClinton = = = +Marion McClinton (July 26, 1954 – November 28, 2019) was an American theatre director, playwright, and actor. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. +He was nominated for the Tony Award for "King Hedley II". He won the 2000 Vivian Robinson Audelco Black Theatre Awards, Director/Dramatic Production and the 1999–2000 Obie Awards, Direction, for "Jitney", and was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. He directed an Off-Broadway production of "Pure Confidence" in May 2009 as part of Americas Off Broadway Festival. +McClinton died from renal failure in Saint Paul on November 28, 2019, at age 65. + += = = Jaegwon Kim = = = +Jaegwon Kim (Daegu, September 12, 1934 – November 27, 2019) was a Korean-American philosopher. He was an emeritus professor at Brown University, but who also taught at several other leading American universities. He was best known for his work on mental causation and the mind-body problem. His issues are well represented by the papers collected in "Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays" (1993). +Kim died on November 27, 2019 at the age of 85. + += = = Data Gunj Buksh Town = = = +Data Gunj Buksh Town is an administrative town (tehsil) in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It forms one of the ten towns of Lahore City District. + += = = Huron, Kansas = = = +Huron is a city in Atchison County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 74 people lived there. +History. +Huron was platted in 1882. This is when the railroad was extended to that point. The city was named after Col. Anthony Huron, an original owner of the town site. +Geography. +Huron is at (39.638233, -95.351199). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census says that there were 74 people, 30 households, and 20 families living in the city. All of the households owned their home. +The median age was 43.5 years. Of the people, 97.3% were White, 1.4% were Black, and 1.4% were from some other race. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the people. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census says that there were 54 people, 20 households, and 13 families living in the city. + += = = Lussy-sur-Morges = = = +Lussy-sur-Morges is a municipality in the Morges district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Cottens, Vaud = = = +Cottens was a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2021, the former municipalities of Apples, Bussy-Chardonney, Cottens, Pampigny, Reverolle and Sévery merged to form the new municipality of Hautemorges. + += = = Cuarnens = = = +Cuarnens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Dizy, Switzerland = = = +Dizy is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Pampigny = = = +Pampigny was a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2021, the former municipalities of Apples, Bussy-Chardonney, Cottens, Pampigny, Reverolle and Sévery merged to form the new municipality of Hautemorges. + += = = Echandens = = = +Echandens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = L'Isle = = = +L'Isle is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Willowbrook, Kansas = = = +Willowbrook is a city in Reno County, Kansas, United States, and a suburb of Hutchinson. As of the 2020 census, 71 people lived there. +Geography. +Willowbrook is at (38.101109, -97.991984). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census, there were 71 people, 28 households, and 21 families living in Willowbrook. All of the households owned their home. +The median age was 63.8 years. Of the people, 98.6% were White and 1.4% were Pacific Islanders. None were Hispanic or Latino. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census, there were 87 people, 35 households, and 33 families living in the city. + += = = Simpson, Kansas = = = +Simpson is a city in Cloud and Mitchell counties in Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 82 people lived there. +History. +Simpson was first called Brittsville. It had started in 1871 when a mill opened at the site. The present name was adopted in 1882 in honor of Alfred Simpson, an original landowner. +The first post office at Brittsville was created in June 1874. It was renamed Simpson in April 1882. +Geography. +Simpson is at (39.384460, -97.932291). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census, there were 82 people, 32 households, and 22 families living in the city. Of the households, 87.5% owned their home and 12.5% rented their home. +The median age was 32.5 years. Of the people, 93.9% were White, 3.7% were from some other race, and 2.4% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the people. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census says that there were 86 people, 36 households, and 26 families living in the city. +Education. +Simpson is served by USD 273 Beloit. +Simpson schools were closed through school unification. The Simpson High School mascot was Simpson Coyotes. + += = = Hunter, Kansas = = = +Hunter is a city in Mitchell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 51 people lived there. +History. +The first post office in Hunter was created in 1895. It was named for Al Hunter, an early settler. Hunter was incorporated in 1915. +Geography. +Hunter is at (39.235043, -98.396117). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Climate. +Hunter has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system says that Hunter has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. +Demographics. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census says that there were 51 people, 28 households, and 15 families living in the city. Of the households, 60.7% owned their home and 39.3% rented their home. +The median age was 37.5 years. Of the people, 94.1% were White, 2.0% were Asian, and 3.9% were two or more races. None were Hispanic or Latino. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census says that there were 57 people, 33 households, and 15 families living in the city. +Education. +Hunter is served by USD 299 Sylvan-Lucas Unified Schools. +Hunter High School was created in 1917. Hunter, Sylvan Grove and Vesper schools merged to form Sylvan Unified schools in 1966. In 2010, Sylvan Unified merged with Lucas-Luray schools to form Sylvan-Lucas Unified. +The Hunter High School mascot was Hunter Huntsmen. Sylvan Unified as well as Sylvan-Lucas Unified mascot is the Mustangs. + += = = Tipton St John = = = +"This is about the village in the Devon. For other places called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation)." +Tipton St John is a village in the parish of Ottery St Mary in the county of Devon in England. About 350 people live there. The village is near the River Otter. +Railway. +The Tipton St Johns railway station closed in 1967. +Facilities. +The village has a pub called The Golden Lion. +The village primary school has 97 students and 16 staff. It is run by Devon County Council. +The post office closed down in 2008. + += = = Montgomery County, Mississippi = = = +Montgomery County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 9,822 people lived there. Its county seat is Winona. + += = = Sharkey County, Mississippi = = = +Sharkey County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 3,800 people lived there. Its county seat is Rolling Fork. + += = = Fort Sumner, New Mexico = = = +Fort Sumner is a village in the state of New Mexico in the United States. It is the county seat of De Baca County. + += = = Anthony Martial = = = +Anthony Jordan Martial (born 5 December 1995) is a French football player who plays for Manchester United FC and the French national team. Martial started playing football at Les Ulis. He moved to Lyon to start playing professionally. He moved to AS Monaco in 2013, and then to Manchester United in 2015. + += = = Fractionating column = = = +A fractionating column is a device often used in chemistry to separate low-boiling point liquids from high-boiling point liquids during fractional distillation. A large outdoor fractionating column is a fractionating tower. + += = = Bismuth(III) nitrate = = = +Bismuth(III) nitrate is a salt of bismuth, in the 3+ oxidation state, and the nitrate anion. Its chemical formula is Bi(NO3)3. + += = = Fairview, Kansas = = = +Fairview is a city in Brown County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 240 people lived there. +History. +Fairview was founded in 1872. It was named for its scenic setting. +Geography. +Fairview is at (39.839385 -95.728314). +According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +2020 census. +The 2020 census says that there were 240 people, 118 households, and 69 families living in the city. Of the households, 82.2% owned their home and 17.8% rented their home. +The median age was 50.0 years. Of the people, 91.7% were White, 0.8% were Native American, 0.4% were Black, 2.5% were from some other race, and 4.6% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.3% of the people. +2010 census. +The 2010 census says that there were 260 people, 130 households, and 71 families living in the city. + += = = Wayne County, Mississippi = = = +Wayne County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 19,779 people lived there. Its county seat is Waynesboro. + += = = Panola County, Mississippi = = = +Panola County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 33,208 people lived there. Its county seats are Sardis and Batesville. + += = = Pearl River County, Mississippi = = = +Pearl River County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 56,145 people lived there. Its county seat is Poplarville. It used to be called Hancock County. + += = = Pike County, Mississippi = = = +Pike County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 40,324 people lived there. Its county seat is Magnolia. + += = = Morrill, Kansas = = = +Morrill is a city in Brown County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 218 people lived there. +History. +Morrill was planned out in 1878 when the St. Joseph and Western Railroad was extended to that point. It was named for Kansas governor Edmund Needham Morrill, the 13th Governor of Kansas. +Geography. +Morrill is at (39.929169, -95.694323). +According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census, there were 218 people, 78 households, and 51 families living in the city. Of the households, 85.9% owned their home and 14.1% rented their home. +The median age was 40.5 years. Of the people, 89.9% were White, 5.5% were Native American, and 4.6% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.8% of the people. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census says that there were 230 people, 88 households, and 66 families living in the city. +Education. +Morrill is served by USD 113 Prairie Hills. +Morrill High School was closed through school unification. The Morrill High School mascot was Tigers. + += = = Saint-Livres = = = +Saint-Livres (or Saint Livers in English) is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = La Rogivue = = = +La Rogivue was an independent municipality in Vaud, Switzerland. On 1 January 2003, it became part of the municipality Maracon. + += = = Lavigny, Vaud = = = +Lavigny is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. + += = = Malapalud = = = +Malapalud was a municipality in Echallens in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality Assens. + += = = Mosnang = = = +Mosnang is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Oberhelfenschwil = = = +Oberhelfenschwil is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Montherod = = = +Montherod was a municipality in Morges in the Swiss canton of Vaud. On 1 January 2021, Montherod became a part of Aubonne. + += = = Guam kingfisher = = = +The Guam kingfisher ("Todiramphus cinnamominus") is a reddish-orange bird in the kingfisher family, having blue wings and being about the same size as a North American robin. The only known Guam kingfishers left on Earth seem to live in captivity, with a breeding program having been established. There are an estimated 140 Guam kingfishers left. The Guam kingfisher is one of two subspecies, the other being the now-extinct Micronesian kingfisher. + += = = Haramosh Peak = = = +Haramosh Peak is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. Skil Brum is part of the Rakaposhi-Haramosh subrange. It is the 68th highest mountain in the world. +The first people to reach the top were an Austrian expedition, in 1958. + += = = Uranyl nitrate = = = +Uranyl nitrate is a salt of the cation uranyl, and the nitrate anion. Its formula is UO2(NO3)2. Chemists make it by mixing uranium salts with nitric acid. Uranyl nitrate dissolves in some solvents, like water and ethanol. + += = = Acetone peroxide = = = +Acetone peroxide (also called APEX) is a very explosive and dangerous chemical compound. It is often seen as a dimer or trimer. This means that the molecules of acetone peroxide are connected to each other two or three times. +Usage. +Acetone peroxide does not see much use in armies around the world, because it does not last very long. It only lasts around 10 days. However, it is very popular among terrorist groups, because it is cheap to make and very energetic. It is also one of the few explosives that do not contain nitrogen, making it hard to find. + += = = Metric ton = = = +A metric ton is a unit of measurement for mass. It is equal to 1000 kilograms, or one megagram (one million grams). When people talk about a ton, in countries which use the SI system of units, they mean the metric ton. The metric ton is usually abbreviated to t. + += = = Electric match = = = +An electric match is a device that uses electricity to ignite a flammable compound. Usually, it is made of two wires. When an electric current is applied to the two wires, they will ignite the compound. Electric matches are used when it is important to know the exact time at which the compound catches fire. Example uses include airbags, pyrotechnic devices (fireworks) and explosives. +Because they can be used to ignite explosives, some countries have trade restrictions on electric matches. + += = = Boyolali Regency = = = +Boyolali () is a regency () in the east part of Central Java province in Indonesia. Its capital is Boyolali. + += = = Henri Biancheri = = = +Henri Biancheri (30 July 1932 – 1 December 2019) was a French footballer player and sports executive. He played midfielder for 14 seasons including seven at AS Monaco FC. After he retired as a player, he became a commercial director at Adidas from 1966 to 1986. +Biancheri died on 1 December 2019 at the age of 87. + += = = Shelley Morrison = = = +Shelley Morrison (born Rachel Mitrani, also known as Rachel Domínguez; October 26, 1936 – December 1, 2019) was an American actress. Her best known role was Rosario Salazar in the NBC comedy television series "Will & Grace". She also had a recurring role in the soap opera "General Hospital" in 1982. +Morrison died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 1, 2019 of heart failure, aged 83. + += = = Cedars-Sinai Medical Center = = = +Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is a non-profit, tertiary 886-bed hospital and academic health science center. It is located in Beverly Grove in the Mid-City West area of Los Angeles, California. The hospital has a staff of over 2,000 physicians and 10,000 employees. + += = = Paul Sirba = = = +Paul David Sirba (September 2, 1960 – December 1, 2019) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was bishop of the Diocese of Duluth, Minnesota from 2009 until his death. He was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. +Sirba died on December 1, 2019 in Duluth, Minnesota of a heart attack at the age of 59. + += = = Pat Sullivan (American football) = = = +Patrick Joseph Sullivan (January 18, 1950 – December 1, 2019) was an American football player and coach. He won the Heisman Trophy in 1971. He then played six seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the Atlanta Falcons and Washington Redskins. +Sullivan was a head football coach at Samford University, from 2007 to 2014. He was the head football coach at Texas Christian University (TCU) from 1992 to 1997 and the offensive coordinator at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) from 1999 to 2006. +Sullivan was added into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1991. +Sullivan died on December 1, 2019 at his Birmingham, Alabama home from throat cancer-related problems, aged 69. + += = = Brian Tierney (medievalist) = = = +Brian Tierney (May 7, 1922 – November 30, 2019) was an English historian and a medievalist. He was a member of the faculty of the Catholic University of America for eight years until becoming professor of medieval history at Cornell University in 1959, becoming the Goldwin Smith Professor of Medieval History in 1969. He was the first Bowmar Professor of Humanistic Studies in 1977. +Tierney was born in Scunthorpe, North Lincolnshire. He died on November 30, 2019 at his home in Ithaca, New York at the age of 97. + += = = North Lincolnshire = = = +North Lincolnshire is a unitary authority area in Lincolnshire, England, with a population of 167,446 at the 2011 census. There are three major towns: Scunthorpe, the administrative centre, Brigg and Barton-upon-Humber. + += = = Milagrosa Tan = = = +Milagrosa Tan (1957/1958 – 30 November 2019) was a Filipina politician. She was the Governor of Samar from 2001 through 2010 and again from June 2019 through her death. She was the first female governor of the province. She was a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. +Tan died at a hospital in Taguig from cardiac arrest on 30 November 2019, aged 61. + += = = Harold Rahm = = = +Harold Joseph Rahm (February 22, 1919 – November 30, 2019) was a Catholic priest and Jesuit. He was well known for his work with gangs and inner-city youth in El Paso, Texas. From there he went to Campinas, Brazil, where he worked at prevention and treatment of drug addiction. +Rahm died on November 30, 2019 in Campinas, Brazil at the age of 100. + += = = Petr Málek = = = +Petr Málek (; 26 November 1961 in Moravský Krumlov – 30 November 2019 in Kuwait) was a Czech sport shooter. He won the Silver Medal in skeet at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games. He was Cyprus coach 2002–2008 and later a private coach. + += = = Mariss Jansons = = = +Mariss Ivars Georgs Jansons (14 January 1943 – 30 November/1 December 2019) was a Latvian-Russian conductor. Jansons was seen as one of the world's top living conductors. He was best known for his versions of Mahler, Strauss and Russian composers such as Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff and Shostakovich. +He worked for the Oslo Philharmonic, where he was music director from 1979 to 2000. He also directed the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra from 1997 to 2004, the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra from 2003 until his death, and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra from 2004 to 2015. +Jansons died either late on 30 November or during the early hours of 1 December 2019 in Saint Petersburg, Russia from cardiovascular disease, aged 76. + += = = Michael Howard (historian) = = = +Sir Michael Eliot Howard (29 November 1922 – 30 November 2019) was a British military historian. +He was a Professor of the History of War, Honorary Fellow of All Souls College, Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford University, Robert A. Lovett Professor of Military and Naval History at Yale University and founder of the Department of War Studies King's College London. +In 1958, he co-founded the International Institute for Strategic Studies. +Howard was called by "Financial Times" as "Britain's greatest living historian". + += = = Irving Burgie = = = +Irving Louis Burgie (July 28, 1924 – November 29, 2019), also known as Lord Burgess, was an American songwriter. He was known as "one of the greatest composers of Caribbean music". Burgie was born in Brooklyn. He wrote 34 songs for Harry Belafonte, including eight of the 11 songs on the Belafonte album "Calypso" (1956), the first album of any kind to sell one million copies. Burgie also wrote the lyrics of the National Anthem of Barbados. +Burgie died on November 29, 2019 in Queens of heart failure at the age of 95. + += = = Martin Dempsey = = = +Martin Edward Dempsey (born March 14, 1952), sometimes known as Marty Dempsey, is a retired United States Army general. He was the 18th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from October 1, 2011 until September 25, 2015. He was the 37th Chief of Staff of the Army from April 11, 2011 to September 7, 2011. He retired on September 25, 2015. +He now is a professor at Duke University and as a chairman of USA Basketball. + += = = Ken Kavanagh = = = +Thomas Kenrick Kavanagh (12 December 1923 — 26 November 2019) was an Australian Grand Prix motorcycle road racer and racecar driver. He was born in Melbourne. In 1952, Kavanagh became the first Australian to win a motorcycle Grand Prix race when he won the 350cc Ulster Grand Prix. +Kavanagh died in Bergamo, Italy on 26 November 2019 at the age of 95. + += = = Commissioner of Food and Drugs = = = +The United States Commissioner of Food and Drugs is the head of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services. The commissioner is appointed by the President of the United States with confirmation of the Senate. The commissioner reports to the Secretary of Health and Human Services. +List of commissioners. +"Unnumbered, colored rows indicate acting commissioners." + += = = Frank E. Young (physician) = = = +Frank Edward Young (September 1, 1931 – November 24, 2019) was an American physician. He was Commissioner of Food and Drugs from 1984 to 1989 and later as a Deputy Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of Health and Human Services during the Ronald Reagan presidency. +Young died of lymphoma on November 24, 2019, in Wilmington, North Carolina at age 88. + += = = Mineola, New York = = = +Mineola is a village in Nassau County, Long Island, New York, United States. The population was 20,800 at the 2020 census. The name Mineola is Algonquin for "pleasant village". + += = = Wayne Shorter = = = +Wayne Shorter (August 25, 1933 – March 2, 2023) was an American jazz saxophonist and composer. +In the 1960s, he joined Miles Davis's Second Great Quintet, and from there he co-founded the jazz fusion band Weather Report. He has recorded over 20 albums as a bandleader. +Shorter has won 11 Grammy Awards. "The New York Times" called Shorter in 2008 as "probably jazz's greatest living small-group composer and a contender for greatest living improviser." +In 2017, he was awarded the Polar Music Prize. +Shorter died in Los Angeles, California, on March 2, 2023, at the age of 89. + += = = Thelma Schoonmaker = = = +Thelma Colbert Schoonmaker (born January 3, 1940) is an Algerian-born American movie editor. She is known for working with director Martin Scorsese for over fifty years. +She started working with Scorsese on his first movie "Who's That Knocking at My Door" (1967), and edited all of Scorsese's movies since "Raging Bull" (1980). Schoonmaker has received seven Academy Award nominations for Best Film Editing, and has won three times—for "Raging Bull" (1980), "The Aviator" (2004), and "The Departed" (2006). + += = = Ronnie Hawkins = = = +Ronald Hawkins, OC, (January 10, 1935 – May 29, 2022) was an American-Canadian rock and roll singer-songwriter. He was born in Huntsville, Arkansas but his career was based in Toronto, Ontario. He was known as an important singer for the Canadian rock genre scene. +His hit songs included covers of Chuck Berry's "Thirty Days" (entitled "Forty Days" by Hawkins) and Young Jessie's "Mary Lou", a song about a "gold-digging woman". Other well-known recordings are "Who Do You Love?", "Hey Bo Diddley", and "Susie Q". +Hawkins died on May 29, 2022 from pancreatic cancer in Peterborough, Ontario at the age of 87. + += = = Public health observatory = = = +In the UK, a public health observatory (PHO) is a public health and +wellness project. On 1 April 2013, the regional Public Health Observatories (PHOs) transferred along with the specialist observatories and the National Cancer Intelligence Network into Public Health England (PHE). +PHO uses the word observatory, from astronomy, to show objectivity in measuring well-being. +Public health, environmental health, diet, recreation, outdoor education, exercise and other concerns are explored by most public health observatories. +The London Health Observatory pioneered methods in measuring social capital and how this affects healing and health in general. +There was a network of public health observatories, one in each of the nine regions in England. There are health observatories in Wales , Scotland and Ireland. +The Association of Public Health Observatories (APHO) represented the network of public health observatories across the UK and Ireland. It became part of Public Health England, along with all the English observatories except Lincolnshire on 1 April 2013. The Lincolnshire observatory continues with the support of the County Council. + += = = Sophie Wilmès = = = +Sophie Wilmès (; born 15 January 1975) is a Belgian politician. From October 2019 to October 2020, she was Prime Minister of Belgium. She was the first female head of government of Belgium and is of Jewish descent. +She left politics for personal reasons in July 2022. + += = = Sentinel (sculpture) = = = +Sentinel () is a 16m high sculpture by Tim Tolkien. It is on Spitfire Island, a roundabout at the intersection of the Chester Road and the A47 Fort Parkway at the entrance to the Castle Vale estate in Birmingham. +It is near Junction 5 of the M6 motorway and the Jaguar car factory. This used to be the Castle Bromwich aircraft factory. It shows three Spitfires peeling off up into the air in different directions. The half-scale Spitfires are made of aluminium, with curving steel supporting beams which act as vapour trails. It captures the dynamics of the Spitfire in flight and commemorates the nearby Castle Bromwich factory where most of Britain's wartime Spitfires were built. +History. +The project began in 1997. The project has won awards. The project was part of the regeneration of the Castle Vale estate. It was funded by the National Lottery. Tolkien was appointed as artist in residence. He consulted local residents about an art feature. They liked the area's links to World War II aircraft. They would like a sculpture with Spitfires. The sculpture was opened on 14 November 2000. The sculptor is the great-nephew of J. R. R. Tolkien who was the author of "The Lord of the Rings," and who grew up in Birmingham. +The main commercial sponsors of the spitfire sculpture were from Jaguar, Rubery Owen Holdings and Cincinnati. Both Cincinnati and Rubery Owen Holdings made parts for the Spitfires. They were put together at the Castle Bromwich Spitfire and Avro Lancaster bomber factory. This is the factory where Jaguar cars are now made. +The Castle Bromwich Aerodrome Factory was built in 1940 to produce planes for the war effort. About 12,000 Spitfires were made there from 1940 to 1945. Over 37,000 test flights were made from Castle Bromwich Aerodrome. The completed planes were towed across the road from the factory to the Aerodrome. The sculpture was unveiled by Alex Henshaw. He was the Chief Test Pilot for spitfires. +The aerodrome site is now the Castle Vale estate. + += = = Patrick Pinney = = = +Patrick Pinney (born June 30, 1952) is an American actor and voice actor. + += = = Fitzhugh Mullan = = = +Fitzhugh Mullan (July 22, 1942 – November 29, 2019) was an American physician, writer, educator, and social activist. He worked in the founding of the Student Health Organization, the National Coalition for Cancer Survivorship, Seed Global Health, and the Beyond Flexner Alliance. +Mullan was a professor of Health Policy and Management and of Pediatrics at the George Washington University and the George Washington University Health Workforce Institute. He was an elected member of the National Academy of Medicine. He was born in New York City. +Mullan died on November 29, 2019 in Bethesda, Maryland of lung cancer at the age of 77. + += = = Lil Bub = = = +Lil Bub, officially Lil BUB (June 21, 2011 – December 1, 2019), was an American celebrity cat. She was known for her unique physical appearance. Her owner, Mike Bridavsky, adopted her when his friends called to ask him to give her a home. Her photos were first posted to Tumblr in November 2011, before being taken off after being featured on the social news website Reddit. +"Lil Bub" on Facebook has over three million likes. Lil Bub stars in "Lil Bub & Friendz", a documentary premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2013, that won the Tribeca Online Festival Best Feature Film. +Lil Bub died of a bone infection on December 1, 2019 at the age of 8, which lead to a overwhelming degree of sorrow over her death on social media. + += = = Kelly Loeffler = = = +Kelly Lynn Loeffler (; born November 27, 1970) is an American businesswoman, political donor and politician. Loeffler was the United States Senator from Georgia from January 6, 2020 to January 20, 2021. Before becoming senator, she had no political experience. She is a member of the Republican Party. She lost her re-election bid on January 5, 2021 to Raphael Warnock. +She was the chief executive officer of Bakkt and the part-owner of the Atlanta Dream of the Women's National Basketball Association. +On November 27, 2019 Governor Brian Kemp's said that Loeffler was his top pick to replace Senator Johnny Isakson. Kemp formally picked Loeffler as his senate pick. +Loeffler is very wealthy and was one of the wealthiest members of the United States Senate. +Early life. +Kelly was born on November 27, 1970, in Bloomington, Illinois. She was raised on the family farm in Stanford, Illinois. +Business career. +According to the non-partisan Center for Responsive Politics, Loeffler and her husband have donated 3.2 "million" dollars to political committees. While the majority of these donations have gone to the Republican Party, some donations have gone to Democrats, including Representative David Scott (GA–13), a Democrat, who received $10,200. Loeffler donated $750,000 to Restore Our Future, a Super PAC supporting former Governor Mitt Romney's 2012 presidential campaign. The National Republican Senatorial Committee received $247,500 from Loeffler and her husband. +Loeffler first considered running for office in 2014. She briefly expressed interest in seeking the Republican nomination in the 2014 United States Senate election in Georgia but ultimately passed on the race because of Intercontinental Exchange's pending acquisition with the New York Stock Exchange. +Personal life. +In 2004, Loeffler, then 34, married businessman Jeffrey Spreecher. Spreecher is 15 years older than Loeffler. They have no children. + += = = Aktobe = = = +Aktobe (; ) is a city in Kazakhstan. In 2020, it had a population of 500,757 people. + += = = Ivan Drago = = = +Ivan Drago (Russian: ���� �����) is a fictional Soviet Russian boxer created and played by Dolph Lundgren. He first appeared in the 1985 movie Rocky IV opposite Sylvester Stallone as the main antagonist, and in the 2018 movie Creed II as a protagonist to his son Viktor. + += = = North Sulawesi = = = +North Sulawesi () is a province of Indonesia. It is on the northeastern peninsula of the island of Sulawesi. This is called the Minahasa Peninsula. The province is south of the Philippines and southeast of Sabah, Malaysia. The Maluku Sea is to the east, the Gorontalo and Celebes Sea is to the west, and the Gulf of Tomini is to the southwest. The province's area is 13851.64 sq.km, and its population was 2,270,596 at the 2010 census; +The province's capital, business center, and largest city is Manado. Other major towns are Tomohon and Bitung. There are many tall mountains from high. The province is a young volcanic region. There are many eruptions and active volcanic cones. +In the past, Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch and the Kingdoms around this area fought over the riches in North Sulawesi such as spices, rice and gold. The region was also the trading route between west and east and this helped the spread of Christianity, Islam, and other religions. The Portuguese first landed in the 16th century. The Spanish and the Dutch came and the Portuguese fought them. Finally, the Dutch got control in the 17th century. The Dutch ruled the area for three centuries until the Japanese came at the start of World War II. After the Japanese lost WWII in 1945, the Dutch controlled the area again for a short time. They left in 1949. , following the Round Table Conference, in which the Dutch recognized the newly created United States of Indonesia (RIS). So, North Sulawesi became part of the territory of the State of East Indonesia (NIT). The people did not like NIT, so it became part of the Republic of Indonesia in 1950. At first, the island of Sulawesi was one single province. Soon it separated into several different provinces. So, the province of North Sulawesi started on 14 August 1959. +Name. +The area around North Sulawesi used to be called Minahasa. The name is still used sometimes. The word Minahasa comes from the words Mina-Esa (Minaesa) or Maesa which means being one or uniting This name shows hope to unite the ethnic groups of the area including the: Tontemboan, Tombulu, Tonsea, Tolour (Tondano), Tonsawang, Ponosakan, Pasan, and Bantik. The word "Minahasa" was first used by J.D. Schierstein, the Dutch regent of Manado, in his report to the Governor of Maluku on 8 October 1789. +History. +Pre-historic. +Archaeological research has revealed signs of human life in North Sulawesi since 30,000 years ago, based on evidence in the cave Liang Sarru on the island of Salibabu. Other evidence shows life about 6,000 years ago on the Passo Hillside Site in Kakas District and 4,000 years ago to early AD at the Liang Tuo Mane'e cave in Arangkaa on Karakelang Island. +Colonial Period. +At the end of the 16th century, Portuguese and Spanish arrived in North Sulawesi. The Portugal was the first western nation to arrive in North Sulawesi. A Portuguese ship landed at Manado The Sultanate of Maguindanao controlled the northern islands at that time. The Portuguese built the fort at Amurang. +The Spanish ship docked on the island of Talaud and Siau, on to Ternate. Spain built the Fort in Manado, since then Minahasa started in control of Spain. The resistance against the Spanish occupation culminated in 1660–1664. +The Dutch ship landed in Manado City in 1660 in assisting the struggle of the Minahasa Confederation against Spain. The United Nations republican association of members of the Minahasa Confederation entered into a Trade Agreement with the VOC. This trade cooperation agreement then made the VOC monopolize the trade, which gradually began to impose its will, eventually leading to the 1700s resistance in Ratahan which culminated in the Dutch Minahasa-War in 1809–1811 at Tondano. +The Spanish had already colonized the Philippine Islands. They made Minahasa a coffee plantation. Spain made Manado a center of coffee trade for Chinese merchants. Some Minahasan tribes helped Spain capture the Portuguese fort at Amurang in the 1550s. The Spanish colonists then built the fort in Manado. Finally, Spain controlled all Minahasa. +In the 16th century one of the first Indo-Eurasian communities in the archipelago was in Manado. The first king of Manado was Muntu Untu (1630). He was half Spanish ancestry. Spain later gave Minahasa to the Portuguese in exchange for 350,000 ducats in a treaty. The rulers of Minahasa sent Supit, Pa'at, and Lontoh to fight with the Dutch to force the Portuguese out of Minahasa. They succeeded in 1655. They built their own fortress in 1658 and forced out the last Portuguese a few years later. +By the beginning of the 17th century the Dutch had overthrown the sultanate of Ternate. They began to reduce the power of Spain and Portugal in the archipelago. In 1677 the Dutch conquered the Sangir archipelago. Two years later, Robert Padtbrugge, the governor of Maluku, visited Manado. He made an agreement with the Minahasan chiefs. This let the Dutch dominate for the next 300 years. However, direct rule by the Dutch only began in 1870. The Dutch helped unite the Minahasa confederation. In 1693 the Minahnians won a military victory against the Mongondow tribe in the south. Dutch influence increased and Christianity and European culture grew in Minahasa. The missionary schools in Manado in 1881 were one of the first attempts of mass education in Indonesia. Graduates of the schools could find work as civil servants, in the army, and in the Dutch East Indies government. Minahasa relations with the Dutch were often poor. There was a war between the Dutch and Tondano in 1807 and 1809. The Minahasa territory was not under Dutch direct rule until 1870. But eventually the Dutch and Minahasa became very close. So, Minahasa was often called the 12th Dutch province. Even in 1947, Manado formed the political movement of Twapro, short for Twaalfde Profincie (Twelfth Province) who wanted formal integration of Minahasa into the Kingdom of the Netherlands. +Independence. +The Japanese occupied the area from 1942 to 1945. was a period of deprivation, and the allied forces bombed Manado greatly in 1945. During the period of independence thereafter, there was a split between pro-Indonesian and pro-Dutch Minahasa. The appointment of Sam Ratulangi as the first East Indonesia governor then succeeded in winning Minahasa support to the Republic of Indonesia. After Indonesian independence, Indonesia is divided into 8 Provinces, and Sulawesi is one of these provinces. Sulawesi's first governor was S.G.J.Ratulangi, also known as a national hero. In 1948 in Sulawesi was formed the State of East Indonesia, which later became one of the states within the United States of Indonesia. The State of East Indonesia was dissolved, and merged into the Republic of Indonesia. Based on Law Number 13 Year 1964, formed North Sulawesi Province. 14 August 1959 was designated as the anniversary of the province. +In March 1957, North and South Sulawesi military leaders demanded more freedom from Java. They wanted more active development, sharing tax money fairly, and help against Kahar Muzakar's rebellion in South Sulawesi. They wanted a central government led by both Sukarno and Hatta equally. At first the movement of the 'Permesta' (Charter of the Struggle of the Universe) was merely a movement of reform rather than a separatist movement. +Negotiations between the central government and Sulawesi military leaders prevented violence in South Sulawesi, but Minahasan leaders were not satisfied with the outcome of the agreement and the movement broke out. Fearful of southern dominance, Minahasan leaders declared their own North Sulawesi autonomous state in June 1957. At that time the central government had controlled South Sulawesi, but in the North there were no strong figures of the central government and there were rumors that the United States was armed with rebellion in Sumatra North, also has links with Minahasan leaders. +The possibility of foreign intervention prompted the central government to request military assistance from southern Sulawesi. The Permesta forces were later removed from Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Sangir, and Morotai in Maluku. Permesta planes (supplied by the US and flown by Philippine, Taiwanese, and American Pilots) were destroyed. The US then moved on, and in June 1958 the central government army landed in Minahasa. The Permesta uprising ended in mid-1961. +The Sumatra and Sulawesi rebellions failed. They even helped to create what they did not want as the center reacted to the threat of rebellion. The central government authority increased while regional autonomy became weaker. Radical nationalism became stronger. Communist party power and Sukarno's power increased while Hatta weakened. Sukarno finally established guided democracy in 1958. +Since the 1998 reforms, the Indonesian government has begun to adopt laws that enhance regional autonomy, the main idea that Permesta fights for. +Environment. +Climate. +The climate of North Sulawesi is tropical with muzon winds. The West winds bring rain to the north coast from November to April. It changes to a dry south wind from May to October. Annual rainfall is from 2000 to 3000 mm. There are about 90–140 rainy days. Temperatures average 25 degrees Celsius. The average maximum air temperature was recorded at 30 degrees Celsius and the minimum average air temperature was 22.1 degrees Celsius. +Geography. +The province of North Sulawesi is in the northern peninsula of Sulawesi Island. It is one of three provinces in Indonesia in important places on the Pacific Rim. The other two provinces are North Sumatra and Aceh Special Region. North Sulawesi is near the equator at 0.30–4.30 North Latitude (Lu) and 121–127 East Longitude (BT). The peninsula stretches from east to west. The Sangihe and Talaud Islands are the parts of the province farthest north. These are North Sulawesi's boundaries: +Most of mainland North Sulawesi Province is mountains and hills with valleys in between. Some mountains in North Sulawesi are Mount Klabat (1,895 m) in North Minahasa, Mount Lokon (1,579 m), Mount Mahawu (1,331 m) in Tomohon, Mount Soputan (1,789 m) in Southeast Minahasa, Mount Dua Saudara (1,468 m) in Bitung, Mount Awu (1,784), Mount Space (1,245 m), Mount Karangketang (1,320 m), Mount Dalage (1,165 m), in Sangihe and Talaud, Mount Ambang (1,689 m), Mount Gambula (1954 m) and Mount Batu Balawan (1,970 m). +The two largest lakes are: Lake Tondano (area of 4,278 ha) in Minahasa and Lake Moat (area 617 ha) in East Bolaang Mongondow. The main rivers are Tondano River (40 km), Poigar River (54.2 km), Ranoyapo River (51.9 km), Talawaan River (34.8 km) in Minahasa. Dumoga River (87.2 km), Sangkub River (53.6 km), and Ongkaw River (42.1 km) are in Bolmong and Bolmut. +Along the coast of North Sulawesi, both on the mainland coast and on the coast of the islands, there are several headlands and bays. The soil in the area was fertile for agriculture. +Plants and Animals. +Most of the plants and animals in North Sulawesi are like those in other parts of Indonesia. But, there are some animals in the province such as Deer, Maleo, Taong, Mini Tarsius Spectrum in Bitung City Nature Reserve And Coelacanth off the coast of Manado. +In the sea off North Sulawesi, there are several species of fish, coral, and plankton. Some marine fish are important sources of foreign exchange, including: tuna, skipjack, yellow tail, lobster, and others. +Much of North Sulawesi is forest. Forests start at sea level and may continue to mountain tops. Good quality timber, including ebony (wooden) iron wood, linggua, cempaka, wooden nantu, gopasa, and meranti. There are also plantation crops such as coconut, nutmeg, and cloves. +People. +North Sulawesi counted 2,270,596 people in the 2010 Census. The population was 1.41% higher than ten years before. The largest ethnic groups are the Minahasan in the north of the province and the Mongondow to the south. The province's main city is Manado (population of 432,300 in 2019). In 2010, about 68% were Christian. Christians in North Sulawesi are mostly Protestant but there are also some Catholics. This is unusual in mostly Muslim Indonesia. Dutch missionaries were very successful during the colonial time. Also, because the Muslim-majority region of Gorontalo left North Sulawesi to become the new Gorontalo (province) in 2000. Muslim, Hindu, and Buddhist minorities also live in the province. Manado also has a significant Judaism community. Currently, the only synagogue in Indonesia is in Manado. There are an estimated 800 Jewish people in Manado. +Ethnic groups. +Many groups of people live together in this province. The largest group of people are the Minahasa people. They mostly lived in Bitung City, Manado City, Tomohon City, Minahasa Regency, North Minahasa Regency, South Minahasa Regency and Southeast Minahasa Regency. Other ethnic groups are the Bolaang Mongondow, Sangihe, Talaud and Siau. Ethnicity in North Sulawesi is more heterogeneous then other parts of Indonesia. The Minahasan and Bolaang Mongondow are spread almost throughout the region of North Sulawesi mainland. The Sangihe, Talaud and Siau mostly inhabit the Sangihe Islands, Talaud Island, and Lembeh Island, especially in coastal areas north, east and west of mainland North Sulawesi. The Bajau people are seafaring nomads who has migrated from the Sulu Archipelago in the Philippines, due to the conflict in Mindanao. They live in coastal villages of North Sulawesi in the northern part of North Minahasa Regency. +In addition to the natives, North Sulawesi is also home to migrants. There are a significant Chinese population in North Sulawesi, especially around the city of Manado. The Chinese are also one of the first people to have contact with the local people before the European came. According to the discovery of Chinese ancient letters in the Tompaso area, Minahasa shows the cultural interaction between the Chinese and Minahasa have existed since the Han dynasty. Most of the Chinese people in North Sulawesi are Hakka, but some Hokkien and Cantonese people also live there. +Other ethnic groups such as the Javanese and the Sundanese also exist. They are mostly migrated from where they come from due to the Transmigration program enacted by the Dutch during the colonial era until the Suharto era. They generally live in urban areas, such as Manado and Tomohon. +Language. +North Sulawesi is a multilingual culture. Many languages are used and people usually speak at least two and often more languages. Indonesian is the official language of the province an other parts of Indonesia. Official documents from the provincial government and road signs are all written in Indonesian. However, most people in the province communicate everyday in Manado Malay. This language is like Indonesian but not the same. Minahasan people speak Minahasan languages. These are the five Minahasan languages in the area: Tonsawang, Tontemboan, Toulour, Tonsea and Tombulu. To the south, people speak Mongondow language and Gorontalo language. In the north islands near the Philippines, local people speak Visayan languages. +Other language in North Sulawesi are Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese. People from other parts of Indonesia speak these languages. Hakka is also spoken by some Chinese people in Manadao. Hokkien and Cantonese are also spoken. English and Mandarin are often understood where there are many tourists, such as the Bunaken National Park. Older people may understand Dutch and Portuguese. People who lived in islands near the Philippines may understand Tagalog. +Administrative divisions. +North Sulawesi has eleven regencies () and four independent cities (). They are listed below. + += = = Thiệu Trị = = = +Thiệu Trị ([thiəw˧˨ʔ t�ɕi˧˨ʔ]; 16 June, 1807 – 4 October, 1847), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Miên Tông, was the third emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History. His reign prolonged 7 years, from 1841 until his death in 1847. +Biography. +Emperor Thiệu Trị was the eldest son of Emperor Minh Mạng; his mother was Empress Consort Tá Thiên Nhân (personal name Hồ Thị Hoa). He was born in Huế in 1807. Just 13 days after giving birth to Miên Tông, Empress Hồ Thị Hoa deceased, he was taken care by his grandmother, Empress Dowager Nhân Tuyên. +In 1830, Minh Mạng conferred "Duke of Trường Khánh" to Miên Tông. Thiệu Trị has many wifes and concubines, as well as children. The most famous wife of him was Empress Từ Dụ, mother of Tự Đức, the fourth emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty. +According to the recorded history, the eldest son of Thiệu Trị, Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Bảo, didn't like studying at all. So he left the throne to his second son, Nguyễn Phúc Hồng Nhậm (Emperor Tự Đức). + += = = Typhoon Kammuri = = = +Typhoon Kammuri (; Rōmaji: "kanmuri"), known in the Philippines as Typhoon Tisoy, was a powerful tropical cyclone. It made landfall in the Bicol Region of the Philippines. Kammuri developed into a low pressure system on November 23, 2019. By November 25, it was a tropical depression and it started to develop rainbands. As it developed into a Category 1-equivalent storm, Kammuri started heading towards the Philippines. Before landfall, Kammuri underwent rapid intensification and became a Category 4-equivalent. It made landfall on the Philippines near midnight on December 2, 2019. + += = = Võ Thị Viên = = = +Võ Thị Viên (or Viện) (? – ?), was a royal concubine of Emperor Thiệu Trị of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History. +Biography. +Võ Thị Viên was born in Huế, was the daughter of Deputy's Bodyguard Võ Hữu Linh. Not known about her birth's year as well as her death's year. She served as a concubine for Thiệu Trị when he hadn't yet been crowned. Although her inferior position, She still received the special love from the Emperor Thiệu Trị much more than the other primary wifes of him. It can be seen that his fondness for this concubine was not because of his family background. +In 1841, Thiệu Trị crowned, lady Viên was granted the title "Cung tần" ("Imperial maid"). In 1843, she again was granted Tam giai Lương tần ("Third-rank of Royal Concubine Lương tần"), and in 1846, she was elevated to Nhất giai Lương phi ("First-rank of Royal Concubine Lương phi"). +Lương phi Võ Thị Viên, along with Đoan tần Trương Thị Thận (another concubine of Thiệu Trị), were two women that born most children for Thiệu Trị. She gave birth to 6 children: +It's unclear where Lương phi Võ Thị Viên was buried. + += = = Robert K. Massie = = = +Robert Kinloch Massie III (January 5, 1929 – December 2, 2019) was an American historian and biographer. His career focused on the history of the House of Romanov, Russia's imperial family from 1613 to 1917. He was born in Versailles, Kentucky. He won the 1981 Pulitzer Prize for Biography for "". From 1987 to 1991, Massie was President of the Authors Guild, and he served as an "ex officio" council member. +Massie died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on December 2, 2019 in Irvington, New York at the age of 90. + += = = Fumihito, Prince Akishino = = = + is a member of the Japanese imperial family. +Fumihito was born in Imperial Household Hospital in Tokyo, He is the younger brother of Emperor Naruhito and the younger son of Emperor Emeritus Akihito and Empress Emerita Michiko. +He is the heir presumptive to the Chrysanthemum Throne. He has had the title and has headed his own branch of the imperial family. +Titles and Styles +30 November 1965-28 June 1990: His Imperial Highness Prince Aya +29 June 1990-30 April 2019: His Imperial Highness Prince Akishino +1 May 2019-present His Imperial Highness The Crown Prince Akishino +National Honors +Japan +-Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum +Foreign Honors +-Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic +-Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau +-Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown +-Peru: Grand Cross of the Order of the Sun +-Spain: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic +-Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Polar Star +-Paraguay: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit + += = = Dieter Hertrampf = = = +Dieter "Quaster" Hertrampf (born 29 November 1944 in Berlin) is a German guitarist and singer. He is a founding member of the rock band Puhdys. +Life and career. +Together with his parents and brother, Hertrampf grew up in Berlin-Friedrichshain. He still lives in Berlin. Hertrampf first learned guitar playing in 1959 by self-teaching himself. In 1960, he began training as a traffic draftsman and was also a member of a skiffle band. In 1961, he became a member of the "Homedia Combo", before leaving the band after almost two years. He then played for a year with the band "Dieter-Frank-Combo". In 1965, he was one of the founding members of the "Puhdys" with Peter Meyer, Udo Jacob and Harry Jeske. The "d" in the band name stands for "Dieter". He got his nickname "Quaster" from the other members of the band when he had trouble loading the The Shadows song "Quartermaster's Store". Hertrampf began studying music at the Musikschule Friedrichshain and in 1968 joined the bands Gruppen Teisco-Quartett, Die Collins and the Uve Schikora Combo. After graduating from music school in 1969, he returned to the Puhdys, where he was lead guitarist and one of the singers until it ended in 2016. He sang the popular song by the Puhdys called "Alt wie ein Baum", which was released in 1977. +In 1987, "Liebe Pur," his first solo album, was released on the record label Amiga. After the Puhdys originally ended in 1989, he founded a lighting company and was co-owner of a nightclub. From 1992 he played again wirh the Puhdys. After the Puhdys ended, Dieter Hertrampf became dedicated to his solo projects "Ich bereue nichts", "Quaster & Friends" and "Quaster unplugged", with which he has traveled since 2016. He participates as a guest in various projects, such as "Bonfire and Friends" and "Ostrock meets Classic". Dieter Hertrampf is married to Liane Hertrampf. Together they have a daughter. Hertrampf's son Sven is a member of the drum band "Stamping Feet". His son who is related to him via adoption, Carsten Mohren, was a musician with Rockhaus. + += = = Hans Gruber = = = +Hans Gruber is a fictional character and the main villain of the 1988 action movie "Die Hard" played by Alan Rickman. Gruber is a smart thief and crime boss from East Germany who holds the Nakatomi Plaza hostage to steal $640 million in bonds. +Gruber has gone on to become one of the most iconic villains in movie history, as well as often being ranked as the greatest action movie villain of all time and one of Rickman's most iconic roles. +In the near end of "Die Hard", John McClane shoots Gruber and he falls from the window. As Gruber hangs from the edge of the window he tried to shoot McClane but falls thirty stories to his death. + += = = Goar Vartanian = = = +Goar Levonovna Vartanian ( ; 25 January 1926 – 25 November 2019) was an Armenian woman who spied for the Soviet Union together with her husband Gevork Vartanian. +She became a member of an anti-fascist group in 1942. They uncovered and prevented Operation Long Jump, an attempt by the Nazis to murder Joseph Stalin, Winston Churchill, and Franklin Roosevelt at the Tehran Conference in 1943. +Vartanian died on 25 November 2019 at the age of 93. + += = = John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Bert = = = +John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Bert is a 1974 musical by Willy Russell based on the story of the Beatles. +The first show was at the Everyman Theatre in Liverpool in May 1974. It ran for eight weeks. In August 1974 it moved to the Lyric Theatre in London. It ran for a year. It was named "Best Musical of 1974" by the Evening Standard Theatre Awards and London Critics' awards. It featured the music of the Beatles performed by Barbara Dickson. +It also ran in Ireland in 1977 and in the United States in 1985. +Album. +An Original Cast Recording album was released from RSO Records. +Credits. +Produced by Ian Samwell +Reaction. +George Harrison stated that he saw the play with Derek Taylor. He disliked it. He walked out while of the London premiere and withdrew his permission to use his song "Here Comes the Sun". It was replaced with "Good Day Sunshine". +After part of the play was shown on BBC television, Paul McCartney criticised it for being biased against him and in favour of Lennon. He objected to the suggestion that it was McCartney and not Lennon who was responsible for the break-up of the Beatles. McCartney blocked a proposed film version of the musical. + += = = Lyudmila Verbitskaya = = = +Lyudmila Verbitskaya (née, ������� ���������� �������; October 17, 1936 – November 24, 2019) was a Russian linguist and teacher. She was president of Saint Petersburg State University. She was born in Leningrad. +Verbitskaya was rector (1994-2008), and then president (2008-2019) of Saint Petersburg State University. She also was the chair of the Russian Academy of Education from 2013 through 2018. +Verbitskaya died in St. Petersburg on November 24, 2019 at the age of 83. + += = = Jorge Vergara = = = +Jorge Carlos Vergara Madrigal () (3 March 1955 – 15 November 2019) was a Mexican businessman and movie producer. He was born in Guadalajara. He was the founder of the company Grupo Omnilife. He owned the football club C.D. Guadalajara. Vergara was also owner of Costa Rican football team Saprissa. +Vergara produced movies such as "The Assassination of Richard Nixon" and the Oscar-nominated "Y Tu Mamá También" through the production company, Producciones Anhelo. +Vergara died on 15 November 2019 in New York City of a heart attack at the age of 64. + += = = Sisterhood (2008 movie) = = = +Sisterhood is a comedy feature film shot in London and Governors Bay, Christchurch, New Zealand. It was first shown in London's West End on 23 October 2008. It was shown in the first the Feel Good Film Festival in Los Angeles between 22–24 August 2008. +The word "film" is an alternative word for the american term "movie". +It starred Al Hunter Ashton in his last film role. + += = = Jubaland = = = +Jubaland is the southern-most state in Somalia. It lies between Koofur Orsi and the Somali Sea. Before 1925, Jubaland was called "British Jubaland". At that time, British Jubaland was controlled by the British empire. Afterwards it was given away to Italy for 15 years. In the 21st century Jubaland was again created. The men who created Jubaland were Barre Adan Hiraale, Cabdicasiis Aganje Garamgaram, Abdulahi Faratag, Mohamed Gandhi and Maxamed Boodhe. A person from Jubaland is called a Jubalander. Some Jubalander politicians was to secede (separate) from Somalia. Puntland and Jubaland have been described as Darod states. The 21st century federal states are modeled after the colonial era regions. For example Jubaland after Trans-juba, Koofur-orsi after Geledi, Hirshabelle after Benadir Company, Galmudug after Hobyo state, Puntland after Majeerteenia, and Khatumo or Maakhir, i.e. SSC State after Darawiish. + += = = Instruction cycle = = = +The instruction cycle, also known as the fetch-decode-execute cycle, is what a CPU does all the time. + += = = Feel Good Film Festival = = = +The Feel Good Film Festival (FGFF), also known as the Sunflower Film Festival, was held annually in Hollywood, California from 2008 to 2012. The Festival was the largest of its kind. It showed American, international, independent, and family-friendly films from all around the world. It showed films that leave the audience feeling good. The FGFF was a three-day annual event. It was held in August. Some films were short films, screenplays, or student films. +The word "film" is another word for the American word "movie". +History. +Mission. +Kristen Flores, FGFF Founder and Festival Director, started the Feel Good Film Festival in Hollywood August 22–24, 2008. Flores was quoted as saying "It isn't necessarily difficult to find feel-good films to screen. They've been looking for an outlet,". The mission of the festival is "a film viewing experience for the entire family that encourages the development, production, and distribution of short or feature length films with positive themes, happy endings, that make audiences laugh, and that capture the beauty of our world". The traditional "red carpet" was replaced with a sunburst yellow carpet in keeping with the "Feel Good" theme of sunflowers. +Notability. +The Festival had signature "yellow" carpet entrances and international screenings. The FGFF has given awards with $100,000 of prizes. The prizes come from sponsors. These have included Panavision, Hollywood Rentals, Final Draft, Showbiz Software, New York Film Academy, Film Independent, InkTip.com, Tuff Cut Sound and MEHRNOOSH. The awards go to the Feel Good Film Festival's Best Feel Good Feature Film, Best Feel Good Short Film, and Best Feel Good Student Film. There are also Audience Awards for Best Feel Good Feature Film and Best Feel Good Short Film and awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Ensemble and Best Director". +Celebrities honored. +The FGFF has honored many celebrities, including funnyman Jonathan Winters ("Certifiably Jonathan"), Judd Apatow ("American Storage"), Oscar-winning musical star Shirley Jones ("Elmer Gantry", "Oklahoma!", Cheryl Hines ("Curb Your Enthusiasm"), Joe Ballarini ("Father vs. Son"), Hal Sparks ("Queer as Folk"), Rainn Wilson ("The Office"), Carlos Mencia (Comedy Central). Other stars include James Darren, Sally Field, Jorja Fox, Gregory Harrison, Cliff Robertson ("Accidental Icon: The Real Gidget Story"), Greta Gerwig, Iggy Pop ("Art House"), Daniel Baldwin, Orson Bean, Willie Garson, Clint Howard, Craig Sheffer ("Ashley's Ashes"), Margot Farley], Mitzi Kapture, John Saxon, Tim Thomerson ("God's Ears"), Anne Hathaway, Leeza Gibbons ("10 Mountains 10 Years"), Beth Grant ("Herpes Boy"), James Hong, Jenna Jameson, Ken Jeong, Josh Meyers, Krysten Ritter, Ian Somerhalder ("How to Make Love to a Woman"), Tim Allen, Louis C.K., Tommy Davidson, Dana Gould, Kathy Griffin, Sarah Silverman ("I Am Comic") and Elaine Hendrix ("The Cloggers"). Also Valente Rodriguez ("Happily Divorced" and Rizwan Manji ("Outsourced"). +Reception. +The Feel Good Film Festival has been recognized as a "most favorite Los Angeles Film Festival". Writer, director, and actor Michael Worth ("God's Ears"; "Jabberwock"; "CSI NY"; "Desperate Housewives") praised the FGFF as "it makes filmmakers dig deeper for more substance over style". Chris Getman created the Festival's website. It was deleted in 2012. Founding FGFF Board members included Kristen Flores, Alan Noel Vega, Natalie Chaidez, Chandler Poling, Sarah "Quigs" Quigley, and America Young; 2011–2012 FGFF Board members included Kristen Flores, Alan Noel Vega, Natalie Chaidez, Dominic Flores, John Wildman, Jenna Charles, Mr. Lawrence, Kelly Koskella, and Richard Kraft. + += = = Urdish = = = +Urdish (or Urglish), a portmanteau of Urdu and English, is the macaronic hybrid use of English and Urdu in Pakistan, involving code-switching between these languages where they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences. The term "Urdlish" is first recorded in 1989. Other less common colloquial portmanteau words for Urdish include (chronologically): "Urglish" (recorded from 1995), "Urdlish" (1997) and "Urduish" (1998). +Many bilingual or multi-lingual Urdu speakers, being familiar with both Urdu and English, display code-switching in certain localities and between certain social groups. +On 14 August 2015, the Government of Pakistan launched the "Ilm" Pakistan movement, with a uniform curriculum in Urdish. Ahsan Iqbal, Federal Minister of Pakistan, said, "Now the government is working on a new curriculum to provide a new medium to the students which will be the combination of both Urdu and English and will name it Urdish." + += = = Today = = = +Today (archaically to-day) may refer to: +Dating. +Today's date varies by local time zone and by the calendar used. +Today's date in some different calendars: + += = = Nigel Planer = = = +Nigel George Planer (born 22 February 1953) is an English actor, comedian, novelist and playwright. +He played Neil in the cult BBC comedy "The Young Ones" and Ralph Filthy in "Filthy Rich & Catflap". He has been in many West End musicals. +He won a BRIT award in 1977 and has been nominated for Olivier, TMA, What's On Stage, and BAFTA awards. +Early life. +Planer was born in Westminster, London. He studied at the University of Sussex. He left to become an actor. +Career. +He is a founding member of the London Comedy Store. He is an original member of The Comic Strip. They were pioneers of the alternative comedy movement in the United Kingdom. Planer worked with Peter Richardson. They were a double act called "The Outer Limits". Planer and Richardson also wrote the "That's Life!" parody on "Not the Nine O'Clock News". +He went on to star in film, theatre and television. He created the spoof actor character "Nicholas Craig", with help from Christopher Douglas. The Craig character appears in book, radio, TV and articles as well as live. The character appeared at the Royal Festival Hall, London, in Stewart Lee's "At Last the 1984 show". +Planer is also the author of several books, plays, radio plays, and TV scripts as well as a small volume of poetry. In June 2011, he was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Arts degree from Edinburgh Napier University. +Television. +Planer is best known for his role as Neil, the hippie housemate in the cult BBC comedy "The Young Ones". The series ran from 1982 to 1984. He has starred in "The Comic Strip Presents...", a series of short films broadcast from 1975 onwards, as various odd outsiders. +In 1995, Planer played Professor Dumbledore in a Harry Potter parody, "Harry Potter and the Secret Chamber Pot of Azerbaijan". He appeared on a BBC 4 programme in the guise of "Nicholas Craig" in 1999, in which he was interviewed by Mark Lawson. +Planer guest-starred in "The Pale Horse", a 2010 episode of "Agatha Christie's Marple". In 2011's "The Hunt for Tony Blair", he played Peter Mandelson. +In 1998-2001, He Was Narrator in UK Dub of First Base and His Friends and William and Millie, Meanwhile Alan Marriott, He Was Narrator in US Dub of First Base and His Friends and Animal Stories While Alec Baldwin Narrator William and Millie and Thomas and Friends - Series 5-6. +Planer's guest appearances include programmes such as "The Bill", "French and Saunders", "Jonathan Creek", "Blackadder III", "The Last Detective", the "Paul Merton Show", the "Lenny Henry Show", "Death in Paradise (TV series)" and Gary Wilmot's "Songs from the Shows". He also guest-starred in an episode of "This is Jinsy" entitled "Nameworm", and in the BBC series "Boomers". Planer played Matt LeBlanc's lawyer in the TV series "Episodes". +Leading roles on television include "Shine on Harvey Moon", "Filthy, Rich and Catflap", "The Grimleys", "King and Castle", "Bonjour La Classe" and "Roll Over Beethoven". He also starred in Michael Palin's "Number 27", Simon Gray's "Two Lumps of Ice", Emma Tennant's "Frankenstein's Baby", and "Blackeyes" by Dennis Potter. +Theatre. +His first break in the theatre was understudying David Essex as Che Guevara in the original West End run of "Evita". +Planer played Amos Hart in the original London cast of "Chicago". +He played Pop in the original West End cast of Ben Elton's Queen musical "We Will Rock You". +In 1990, he replaced Michael Gambon in Alan Ayckbourn's "Man of the Moment" in the West End. Leading roles followed in other productions at the Bush Theatre, the Lyric Theatre, the Traverse, the Young Vic, the West Yorkshire Playhouse, Regent's Park Open-Air Theatre, Chichester Festival Theatre, Plymouth Drum and the Hampstead Theatre. +In 2006, he was the narrator in "The Rocky Horror Show", taking on the role in Manchester and Bromley. He then starred as The Wizard in the original West End production of "Wicked" alongside Idina Menzel. The show opened at the Apollo Victoria Theatre on 27 September 2006. Planer ended his run on 7 June 2008 and was replaced by Desmond Barrit. +In 2009, he took over the role of Wilbur in the West End production of "Hairspray". +In 2010, Planer returned to the role of the narrator in the UK Tour of "The Rocky Horror Show", playing in Cambridge and Northampton. He reprised the role of Wilbur in Manchester and Leeds. He was in "Doctor Who: Live" touring the UK, as Vorgenson The Inter-Galactic Showman. He then played Captain Hook in Pantomime at the Lyceum Theatre in Sheffield. +In 2013, Planer starred as Grandpa Joe in the original production of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" in London's West End. +From September 2018 to November 2018, Planer toured with Ade Edmondson in a play that they wrote together called Vulcan 7. +Film. +Planer has appeared in films, including "Flood", "Virgin Territory", "Bright Young Things", "Hogfather", "The Colour of Magic", "The Wind in the Willows", "The Land Girls", "Clockwork Mice", "Carry on Columbus", "Brazil", "The Supergrass", "I Give It a Year", "The Apple Picker" and "Yellowbeard". +Music. +Planer played Den Dennis, one of the four members of the 1980s spoof rock band, "Bad News". They made two albums which were produced by Brian May. They also performed at the Hammersmith Apollo as well as the Donington and Reading Rock Festivals. +In 1984, as Neil from "The Young Ones", Planer had a number two hit single called "Hole in My Shoe". This had originally been a hit for 1960s band Traffic). A cover of Tomorrow's "My White Bicycle" was a less successful follow up, only reaching No.97 in the charts. After that, an album was produced, entitled "Neil's Heavy Concept Album". Planer also toured Neil's stage act in the "Bad Karma in The UK" tour. This culminated in a month-long run at St. Mary's Hall at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. +In 1986, "The Young Ones" appeared on Cliff Richard's charity rerecording of "Living Doll". This spent three weeks at number one in the UK. Planer has a silver and a gold disc and has a Brit award from his musical career. +In 2015 he started a new music project called Rainsmoke with Chris Wade, of Dodson and Fogg, and Roger Planer. +In 2017 he recorded two songs for the album "Wit & Whimsy - Songs by Alexander S. Bermange". One he performed solo and one featured all of the album's 23 artists. It reached No. 1 in the iTunes comedy album chart. +Voice acting. +Planer is the main reader for the audiobook editions of many of Terry Pratchett's "Discworld" novels. He also appeared in the television adaptations of both "Terry Pratchett's Hogfather" and "The Colour of Magic", and performed as a voice artist in the games "Discworld 2" and "Discworld Noir". +Other voice roles. +Planer was the narrator of "Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids", the title character of "Romuald the Reindeer", and Dr. Marmalade in an episode of "SpongeBob SquarePants" (alongside Young Ones co-stars Christopher Ryan and Rik Mayall). +Planer has also been the narrator of many of BBC Four's "Britannia" series of documentaries, including "Prog Rock Britannia", "Blues Britannia" and "Heavy Metal Britannia". +Planer voiced Frodo in "The Adventures of Tom Bombadil" from the 1992 radio series "Tales from the Perilous Realm". He was a narrator in a direct-to-video version of Val Biro's "Gumdrop" book series in 1994. He also narrated two short surreal monologues on the album "In A Strange Slumber", by Dodson and Fogg, Chris Wade's progressive folk rock project. +Planer narrated as a thirty-something Adrian Mole in the radio adaptation of "Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years". +In 2018, he voiced the character of Henry Davenant Hythe in the Big Finish Productions original production, Jeremiah Bourne in Time, which he also wrote. +Credits. +His television comedy and satire work includes: +He has published several books including the novels "The Right Man" (2000) () and "Faking It" (2003) (). Planer also wrote "A Good Enough Dad" (1992) () after his first son was born, talking about coping with becoming a father. + += = = Virtue, Liberty and Independence = = = +Virtue, Liberty, and Independence is the state motto of Pennsylvania. The motto of Pennsylvania was officially adopted in the year 1875. The meaning of the Pennsylvania State Motto reflects the attitude and hope of the people of New York following the outbreak of the War Of Independence in 1775-1783. + += = = Walton County, Georgia = = = +Walton County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, 96,673 people lived there. The county seat is Monroe. It is part of the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. + += = = Samuel Ikome Sako = = = +Samuel Ikome Sako is the current president of Ambazonia. + += = = Flag of Ambazonia = = = +The flag of Ambazonia is the national flag of Ambazonia. + += = = Ballon d'Or = = = +The Ballon d'Or is a special award given to a football player every single year. It has been given since 1956 by a French news magazine called "France Football". From 2010 to 2015, it was combined with another award called FIFA World Player of the Year, and together they were known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. However, in 2016, they separated again, and the award returned to its original name, the Ballon d'Or. FIFA also started giving its own separate award called The Best FIFA Men's Player. +The Ballon d'Or was created by sports writers Gabriel Hanot and Jacques Ferran. It is given to the male player who is considered to have performed the best in the previous season. Football journalists used to do the voting for this award from 1956 to 2006. At first, it was only given to players from Europe and was called the European Footballer of the Year award. But in 1995, it was expanded to include players from any part of the world who have played for European clubs. After 2007, coaches and captains of national teams were also allowed to vote. This made the award a global prize, and any professional football player from around the world became eligible to win it. In 2022, France Football changed some rules for the Ballon d'Or. They decided to give the award not for achievements in a calendar year but for a football season. They also made it so that only countries in the top 100 of the FIFA World Ranking could vote for the award. There is a different vote each year. It is for individual players to get recognised. Despite its popularity, critics have described the award as a "popularity contest", criticising its voting process and for systematically singling out an individual in a team sport. + += = = User experience = = = +User experience is a term that is used for all impressions and feelings a user has when interacting with a product or service. It is often used in the context of graphical user interfaces, and the questions relating to their design. +According to Nielsen Norman Group, 'user experience' includes all the aspects of the interaction between the user with the company, its services, and its products. +Aspects. +User experience commonly has different aspects: +The following elements are analyzed in the user experience analysis: + += = = Jimmy Nail = = = +James Michael Aloysius Bradford (born 16 March 1954), known as Jimmy Nail, is an English singer-songwriter, actor, film producer, and television writer. He is known for his role as Leonard "Oz" Osborne in the hit television show "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet", his title role in "Spender", and his 1992 number one single, "Ain't No Doubt". +Early life. +James Michael Aloysius Bradford was born in Newcastle upon Tyne. His father is called Jimmy and his mother is Laura. His father was a shipyard worker, an amateur boxer, and professional footballer. His sister, Shelagh, died aged 20 when he was 13. He later spent time drinking and fighting. He was involved in a fight after a football match and was sent to prison. After being released he worked in a glass factory. While opening a crate of glass he stood on a six-inch spike that went through his foot. After this he was called "Nail". He later used "Nail' as his professional surname. At that time he played guitar in a rock band called the King Crabs. His sister, Val McLane, was a successful actress and later became Head of Drama at Sunderland University. +Career. +Television. +Nail's partner, Miriam, encouraged him to audition for a television show even though he had no experience as an actor. He won the role of Leonard Jeffrey "Oz" Osborne in "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet", an ITV comedy drama about construction workers working abroad in Germany. The show made him famous. +After the first two series of "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet", Nail created the detective series "Spender". He co-wrote it with Ian La Frenais. The show ran for three series from 1990 to 1993. +In 1994, Nail created, wrote and starred as songwriter Jed Shepherd in the TV series "Crocodile Shoes". +In 2000 he began work on reviving the "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet" series, this time for the BBC. It was filmed in Middlesbrough and Arizona in 2001. It was shown on TV in 2002 and had 13 million viewers. Another series saw the brickies in Cuba. The final two-hour instalment was set in Laos. It was shown on Christmas 2004 snd had seven million viewers. +In 2008, Nail created and starred as Phil Parker in "Parents of the Band". The series was shown on BBC1. It revolves around a group of teenagers who form a band just for their own fun, but their parents expect them to be the next Led Zeppelin. Ratings were disappointing, around three million, and there was no second series. +Music. +Nail had pop hits with +His 1992 album "Growing Up in Public" featured Gary Moore, David Gilmour, Elliot Randall and George Harrison. +His 1994 album "Crocodile Shoes" was based on the BBC television series of the same name. The album sold more than one million copies in the UK. +His 2001 album "Big River" featured guitarist Mark Knopfler. It included cover versions of "Walking on the Moon" by the Police, "Something" by the Beatles, and "Overjoyed" by Stevie Wonder. +Nail sang on the film soundtracks for "Evita" and "Still Crazy". +With Tim Healy, Nail created the Sammy Johnson Memorial Fund, in memory of their friend and colleague, established to help young talent in North East England. To aid this, he participated in the "Sunday for Sammy" benefit concerts, until workload forced him to resign from the board. In 2020 it will be the concerts’ 20th anniversary. +Theatre and film. +In 2005, Nail played gamekeeper "Rabbetts" in "Danny, the Champion of the World", based on the novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. +In 2014, Nail came out of retirement to act and sing in "The Last Ship", a musical by Sting about the shipbuilders of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the hometown of both Nail and Sting. Sting grew up in Wallsend, down the street from the shipyards. Nail worked in the shipyards and is the son of a shipyard foreman. The show opened in Chicago. On Broadway, when ticket sales began to drop, Sting replaced Nail to try to save the musical, but it ended after a short run. Nail sang on the Original Broadway Cast Recording and on Sting's album, "The Last Ship". +In 2016, Nail played Parson Nathaniel in "War of the Worlds" alongside David Essex at the Dominion Theatre, London. +In 2018, Nail had been due to reprise his role in The Last Ship in the UK. The show's producer Karl Sydow stated: "After protracted negotiations carried out in good faith, we regret to announce the production's offer of employment to Jimmy Nail has been withdrawn. Joe McGann replaced him. Nail said "I was very much looking forward to appearing in Sting's The Last Ship, particularly here in my home city, Sadly that's not to be." +Lawsuit. +In 2004, Nail successfully sued News Group Newspapers and Harper Collins Publishers. The lawsuit concerned false and defamatory allegations made two years before in an article in the "News of the World" and "Nailed", a biography which was the newspaper's source for the claims. He described reading the article as one of the worst experiences of his life. He received damages of £30,000. +Awards and honours. +Nail has received five BAFTA nominations. Three for "Auf Wiedersehen, Pet', one for "Spender", and one for "Crocodile Shoes". He has received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Original Song – "Still Crazy". He has had an Ivor Novello nomination for "Ain't No Doubt". +Personal life. +Nail married Miriam Jones. They have two boys, Tommy and Freddie, and live in London. + += = = Jimmy Nail discography = = = +This is a discography of works by Jimmy Nail. Since 1985, the British musician has released seven studio albums, twenty three singles and other works. This article also covers his work with the musician Mark Knopfler. + += = = The Iron Giant = = = +The Iron Giant is an 1999 science fiction action fantasy mecha animated film produced by Warner Bros.. +Possible sequel. +On July 2017, Warner Animation Group announced that development for the sequel to the film titled "The Iron Giant Christmas Carol". Charles Dickens will based on "A Christmas Carol" novel. Following that month, Diesel and Aniston will reprise the roles of The Iron Giant and Annie Hughes. + += = = E. E. Evans-Pritchard = = = +Sir Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard, Kt FBA FRAI (21 September 1902 – 11 September 1973) was a British social anthropologist and ethnographer who is known for studying East African cultures and his early practice of cultural relativism. +Personal life. +Early life. +Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard was born on September 21st, 1902 in Surrey, England. He was the son of a Reverend. He went to Winchester College in Hampshire, England. After, he went to Exeter College in Oxford for a master’s degree in Modern History. In 1927, he got his PhD from the London School of Economics. Evans-Pritchard married Ioma Nicholls in 1939 and the two of them had three sons and two daughters. +Education. +While at the London School of Economics, Evans-Pritchard was taught by the well-known C.G. Seligman and B. Malinowski and influenced by Alfred Radcliffe-Brown all of whom were important anthropologists. Evans-Pritchard, unlike his teachers, saw anthropology as less of a natural science and more about understanding culture and explaining history. Evans-Pritchard soon became known for studying the peoples of Eastern Africa. His PhD thesis was about the Azande people of modern South Sudan. He would continue to study and work with the Azande and other Eastern Africans throughout his life. He spent his time during the Second World War in Sudan and was able to study other East African peoples like the Sansui of Cyrenaica during his military service. At the time, Britain colonized many parts of Africa; Britain used their colonies as bases and staging posts during the war. +Fieldwork and theoretical views. +Azande. +Evans-Pritchard’s spent much of his early career studying the Azande. He had a specific interest in the Azande idea of witchcraft, which to the Azande was of great importance. Whenever something bad, that was not someone’s fault, happened to a member of the Azande, they would blame witchcraft for the issue. Witchcraft was a common, everyday problem for the Azande and it was a major part of their culture. Tests and trials, often done by oracles, would decide whether accused people were witches or not. It is important to note that the Azande did not always believe witch charges and they often challenged rulings. As Evans-Pritchard found, Azande witchcraft was not an excuse for someone making a mistake. The Azande idea of witchcraft had a logic to it. +Nuer. +The Nuer people of people of East Africa were also studied by Evans-Pritchard. Like with the Azande, he took primary accounts of what he saw. He did not apply the views he had of other African cultures to the Nuer without first experiencing them. He explained in detail how the Nuer thought about laws, politics, and their society. The Nuer did not build courthouses or other political buildings, instead most rules and political beliefs were taught through oral histories and stories. The will and the expectation that you would follow these rules only existed a certain distance away from the village that made them. +Cultural Relativism. +Evans-Pritchard is known for being an early supporter for Cultural Relativism. Cultural Relativism is the belief of not judging people's cultures as better or worse compared to your own. A culture is not good or bad, it is just different. While many of Evans-Pritchard's peers considered peoples like the Azande as primitive and lesser, Evans-Pritchard found that they were rational and orderly. He also did not believe that White Europeans were inherently better than other races and this belief can be seen in his writings. +Death and legacy. +Evans-Pritchard is regarded as an important British Anthropologist and Ethnographer. He believed in the importance of fieldwork and unlike many past anthropologists, spent his time visiting and writing about the Azande and Nuer personally rather than only relying on others and writing from home. He lived among those he studied, which allowed him to gather a very excellent description of who he was living with. He was supportive of future students looking at his work and asking questions, so he tried to publish as much of his own work as he could. +Later writers would note some flaws. Evans-Pritchard contradicted himself and has faced criticism over his translation skills. Also, some of his writings about parts of the cultures he studied, such as with the Nuer religion, have flaws. Modern critics note that most of his work was done while the people he studied were ruled under the British Empire. Which to the critics, implies his work has a possible moral problem. +Even though he was criticized, he is thought to have been an excellent writer. Also, he is said to have been a very good ethnographer, an individual who records aspects of a culture. He is remembered as an important anthropologist. +Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard retired in 1970 and was knighted in 1971, a great honor in his native Great Britain. He died in Oxford, England in 1973. +Bibliography. +Burton, John W. 1992 "An Introduction to Evans-Pritchard". Freiburg, Schweiz University. Frieburg, Switzerland. +Douglas, Mary. 1980 "Edward Evans-Pritchard". The Viking Press. New York. +Erickson, Paula A. and Liam D. Murphy. 2017 "A History of Anthropological Theory". University of Toronto Press. Ontario, Canada. +Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 1937 “Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic Among the Azande.” Clarendon Press. Oxford, England. +Pocock, David F. 1975 “Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard 1902-1973: An appreciation”. Africa. 45(3):327-330 + += = = The Princess Bride = = = +The Princess Bride might refer to: + += = = Awdalland = = = +AwdalState (Somali: AwdalState, Arabic: ��� �����, Italian: Terra di Punt or Paese di Punt), officially the AwdalState of Somalia (Somali: Dowlad Goboleedka AwdalState ee Soomaaliya, Arabic: ����� ��� ����� ���������), is a Federal Member State in northwest Somalia. The capital city is the city of Borama in the Awdal region, and its leaders declared the territory an autonomous state in 2009. Geographically to the west, AwdalState lays claim To the east it borders Maroodi Jeex to its north-west it borders Djibouti; to its south and south-west lies Ethiopia; and the Gulf of Aden to its north.[6] The province has an estimated population of 1,010,566.[7] + += = = Maakhir = = = +Maakhir is an unrecognized state of Somalia. + += = = George Atkinson III = = = +George Henry Atkinson III (November 29, 1992 – December 2, 2019) was an American professional football player. He was a running back in the National Football League (NFL). +He played college football at Notre Dame. He signed with the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2014, and also played for the Cleveland Browns, the Kansas City Chiefs, and the New York Jets. +Atkinson III died on December 2, 2019 at the age of 27. + += = = D. C. Fontana = = = +Dorothy Catherine Fontana (March 25, 1939 – December 2, 2019) was an American television script writer and story editor. She worked on the original "Star Trek" franchise and several Western television series. She also wrote the script for "Logan's Run", "The Six Million Dollar Man", and "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century". Fontana was born in Sussex, New Jersey. +Fontana died on December 2, 2019 of cancer in Burbank, California, aged 80. + += = = Sussex, New Jersey = = = +Sussex is a borough in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 2,024. + += = = Sussex County, New Jersey = = = +Sussex County is the northernmost county in the State of New Jersey. Its county seat is Newton. + += = = Newton, New Jersey = = = +Newton, officially the "Town of Newton", is an incorporated municipality located in Sussex County, New Jersey, United States. It is about by road northwest of New York City. As of the 2020 United States Census, the town's population was 8,374. + += = = Bertil Fiskesjö = = = + Bertil Fiskesjö (July 9, 1928 – 30 November 2019) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Centre Party. Fiskesjö was born in Algutsboda. +He was a member of the Riksdag from 1971 to 1994. He later was the Third Deputy Speaker of the Riksdag from 1986 to 1994. + += = = Vera Clemente = = = +Vera Clemente (March 6, 1941 – November 16, 2019) was a Puerto Rican philanthropist. She was the head of the Roberto Clemente Foundation. She founded a sports education center in Puerto Rico, and was a Goodwill Ambassador for Major League Baseball. +She was the wife of baseball player Roberto Clemente, who died in 1972, and the mother of sportscaster Roberto Clemente Jr. She went to the White House in 2003 to receive her husband's posthumous Presidential Medal of Freedom. +Clemente died of a short-illness on November 16, 2019 at a San Juan, Puerto Rico hospital, aged 78. + += = = John Henry Waddell = = = +John Henry Waddell (February 14, 1921 – November 27, 2019) was an American sculptor, painter and educator. He had a long career in art education and had many sculptures on public display. He was best known for "That Which Might Have Been"—his memorial to the four girls killed in the 1963 bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. +Waddell died November 27, 2019 in Verde Valley, Arizona, at the age of 98. + += = = Andrew Clements = = = +Andrew Elborn Clements (May 29, 1949 – November 28, 2019) was an American children's writer. His first book "Frindle" won annual book awards. In June 2015 it was named the Phoenix Award winner for 2016. He also wrote "A Week in the Woods" and "Things Not Seen". +Clements died on November 28, 2019 at his Baldwin, Maine home at the age of 70. + += = = Baldwin, Maine = = = +Baldwin is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The population was 1,520 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine, metropolitan statistical area. + += = = Rawshan Ara Bachchu = = = +Rawshan Ara Bachchu (17 December 1932 – 3 December 2019) was a Bangladeshi activist. She took part in Bengali Language Movement in 1952. She was awarded Anannya Top Ten Awards in 2009. She was born in Kulaura, Sylhet, Assam Province, British India. +Bachchu died on 3 December 2019 in Dhaka, Bangladesh at the age of 86. + += = = Ján Eugen Kočiš = = = +Bishop Ján Eugen Kočiš (25 June 1926 – 4 December 2019) was a Slovak and Czech Greek Catholic hierarch. He was a Titular Bishop of Abrittum and an Auxiliary Bishop of the Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic from 24 April 2004 until 7 October 2006. Kočiš was born in Pozdišovce, Czechoslovakia. +Kočiš died on 4 December 2019 in Prešov, Slovakia at the age of 93. + += = = Luigi Farace = = = +Luigi Farace (14 October 1934 – 30 November 2018) was an Italian politician and businessman. He was a member the Christian Democrats of Italy. He was the Mayor of Bari from 1978 until 1981. He was then elected to Chamber of Deputies for two terms from 1987 to 1994. +Farace died in Bari on 30 November 2018 at the age of 84. + += = = Keyboard Cat = = = +Keyboard Cat is an internet meme. It is a video from 1984 of a female cat called "Fatso" wearing a blue shirt and "playing" an upbeat rhythm on an electronic keyboard. The video was posted to YouTube under the title "charlie schmidt's "cool cat"" in June 2007. Schmidt later changed the title to "Charlie Schmidt's Keyboard Cat (THE ORIGINAL)". +Fatso (1978-1987) was owned by Charlie Schmidt of Spokane, Washington, United States. +"Keyboard Cat" was ranked No. 2 on Current TV's list of 50 Greatest Viral Videos. +In 2009 Schmidt became owner of Bento, another cat that looked like Fatso, and which he used to create new Keyboard Cat videos, until Bento's death in March 2018. + += = = Jamie Vardy = = = +Jamie Richard Vardy (born 11 January 1987) is an English professional footballer who plays for Leicester City as a striker. He is one of the most successful strikers in Premier League. +Vardy won the Premier League title with Leicester in 2016. +He has played for the England national team, but has retired from international play to protect his body from wear and tear. His club contract is by far his main source of income. +Vardy is very unusual, because he was a third division player who made it big when transferred to a Premier League club quite late in his career. +He started his footballing career at the age of sixteen, playing for Stockbridge Park Steels youth system. On his debut for Halifax Town in 2010, Vardy scored the winning goal against Buxton. He was their top scorer for the season, with 25 goals in 37 appearances. After leaving Halifax for Fleetwood Town, he became the season's top scorer with 31 league goals. +In May 2012, Vardy signed for Championship side Leicester City. In 2013-14 season, Vardy got the Leicester's player of the season award, with 16 league goals. The following season, Leicester was promoted to the Premier League. Vardy won his first Premier League Player of the Month award for the month of October in 2015 and won it again in November. +The sports' highlight of the year was when Leicester won the 2015-16 season of the Premier League, one season after promotion. Vardy won the Premier League Player of the Season award and was one of the four Leicester players selected in the PFA Team of the Year. He scored his first UEFA Champions League goal on 22 February 2017. He is the only player in Premier league history to have scored goals in 11 consecutive (one after the other) matches. On 5 July, 2020, Vardy scored 2 goals against Crystal Palace to complete a century of goals in Premier League. +International career. +Vardy was selected for the England squad for UEFA Euro 2016. He made his international debut for England on 7th June, coming as a substitute for Wayne Rooney against the Republic of Ireland. He scored his first goal for England against Germany on 26 March 2016. He was also selected in England's squad for the World Cup 2018. +On 28 August 2018, Vardy "stepped aside" from the England national team. He told manager Gareth Southgate that he did not want to be considered for selection unless there was an injury crisis. +Career statistics. +International. +Source: +International goals. +Source: +Honours. +FC Halifax Town +Fleetwood Town +Leicester City +Individual +Comparison. +Despite his record, Vardy is not the most prolific goal-scorer in the history of Leicester City. That record is held by Arthur Chandler, who scored 273 goals for Leicester City in the 1920s and 1930s. Vardy is one of three L.C. players who have been nominated for the Ballon d'Or (the others were Gordon Banks and Riyad Mahrez). + += = = Aviatyrannis = = = +Aviatyrannis is a genus of carnivorous tyrannosauroid dinosaur discovered in Portugal. It was discovered in 2000 and was named in 2003. + += = = Dorothy Rabinowitz = = = +Dorothy Rabinowitz is an American writer and critic. She writes for the "Wall Street Journal". She is sometimes on the "Journal Editorial Report" on the Fox News channel. +In 2001 Rabinowitz won the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary. She lost the Pulitzer Prize three times earlier. When she won, the Pulitzer board cited articles on false allegations of child sexual abuse, and the 2000 U.S. presidential election. +She supported Republican presidential candidate John McCain in both the 2000 and 2008 U.S. presidential elections. + += = = Warsangeli Sultanate = = = +The Warsangeli Sultanate was a kingdom which existed from 1218 until 1886. Its last leader was Mahamoud Ali Shire. + += = = 25 Churchill Place = = = +25 Churchill Place is a skyscraper in the eastern part of the London financial district Canary Wharf. +Potential tenants included Aon, Deutsche Bank and News Corp. +Information. +It is 118 metres (387 ft) and it opened in 2014, the same year when construction was completed after two years of construction. + += = = Colíder = = = +Colíder is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil. It is 650 km far from the state's capital Cuiabá. In 2017, its population was estimated to 32,298 people. + += = = Jimmy Cavallo = = = +James Cavallo (March 14, 1927 – December 2, 2019) was an American saxophonist. His genres included R&B and rock. He was best known for performing with his band in the 1956 movie, "Rock, Rock, Rock". His band Jimmy and the Houserockers were the first white band to play at the Apollo Theater in Harlem. Cavallo was born in Syracuse, New York. +Cavallo died of heart failure on December 2, 2019 in Pompano Beach, Florida at the age of 92. + += = = Apollo Theater = = = +The Apollo Theater is a music hall located at 253 West 125th Street between Adam Clayton Powell Jr. Boulevard (Seventh Avenue) and Frederick Douglass Boulevard in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. It is a known location for African-American performers, and is the home of "Showtime at the Apollo". +In 1983, the building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. + += = = Rosa Morena = = = +Rosa Morena (11 July 1941 – 4 December 2019) was a Spanish flamenco pop singer, model, dancer and actress. She was known for her 1970s hit song "Échale guindas al pavo". Morena was born in Badajoz, Extremadura, Spain. Her best known movie roles were "Alborada en cartagena: El secreto de las esmeraldas" (1966), "Flor salvaje" (1968), "Entre ríos y encinares" (1971) and "El Retorno del Hombre Lobo" (1980). +Death. +Morena died on 4 December 2019 in Badajoz, Spain from breast cancer at the age of 78. + += = = Bob Willis = = = +Robert George Dylan Willis (born Robert George Willis; 30 May 1949 – 4 December 2019) was an English cricketer. He played for Surrey, Warwickshire, Northern Transvaal and England. He was a "Wisden" Cricketer of the Year for 1978. He was born in Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England. +Willis died on 4 December 2019 at the age of 70. + += = = AutoHotkey = = = +AutoHotkey is a free, open-source scripting language for Microsoft Windows. It allows users to create keyboard shortcuts or hotkeys, fast macro-creation and software automation. It allows users to automate repetitive tasks in any Windows application. User interfaces can be extended or modified by AutoHotkey. For example, replacing the Windows control key commands with their Emacs equivalents. The AutoHotkey installation includes a help file. Documentation is available on the internet. +Features. +AutoHotkey scripts can be used to load programs, open documents, and issue keystrokes and mouse clicks. +AutoHotkey scripts can also change variables and manipulate windows, files, and folders. +AutoHotkey scripts can be started by a hotkey. When the user presses a combination of keys, such as on the keyboard, a script could open a web browser. +Keyboard keys can be remapped, such that pressing might result in the active window receiving an en dash (–). The same keys could be disabled, such that pressing might result in nothing happening at all. +AutoHotkey also allows for 'hotstrings' that will automatically replace certain text as it is typed. A typical use for hotstrings is expanding abbreviations. Typing "btw" could be made to produce the text "by the way". +Scripts can be started automatically when the computer starts. These could run in the background and could be used to write information to a logfile. +More complex tasks can be making custom data entry forms (GUI windows), working with the system registry, or using the Windows API by calling functions from DLLs. The scripts can be compiled into an executable file that can be run on other computers that do not have AutoHotkey installed. +The source code is in C++ and can be compiled with Visual Studio Express. +Memory access through pointers is allowed just as in C. +Some uses for AutoHotkey: +History. +The first public beta of AutoHotkey was released on November 10, 2003. It was based on the syntax on AutoIt v2. It used some AutoIt v3 commands and the AutoIt v3 compiler. AutoIt v3 changed its license from GPL to closed source because of "other projects repeatedly taking AutoIt code" and "setting themselves up as competitors." +In 2010, AutoHotkey v1.1 (originally called AutoHotkey_L) became the platform for ongoing development of AutoHotkey. In late 2012, it became the official branch. +Examples. +The following script will allow a user to search for a particular word or phrase using Google. After copying text from any application to the clipboard, pressing the configurable hotkey will open the user's default web browser and perform the search. +The following script defines a hotstring that enables the user to type "afaik" in any program and have it automatically replaced with "as far as I know": +The example below makes replace selected text in an editor with a quoted version of that text. It illustrates the use of functions, arguments and default argument values. +^+q::QuoteSelection() ; Ctrl+Shift+Q +QuoteSelection() + selection := GetSelection() ; Get selected text. + PasteText(Quote(selection)) ; Quote the text and paste it back. +GetSelection(timeoutSeconds := 0.5) + Clipboard := "" ; Clear clipboard for ClipWait to function. + Send ^c ; Send Ctrl+C to get selection on clipboard. + ClipWait %timeoutSeconds% ; Wait for the copied text to arrive at the clipboard. + return Clipboard +PasteText(s) + Clipboard := s ; Put the text on the clipboard. + Send ^v ; Paste the text with Ctrl+V. +Quote(s) + return """" . s . """" +User-contributed features. +There are extensions/interops/inline script libraries available for usage with/from other programming languages: +Other major plugins enable support for: +Malware. +Some malware has been written using AutoHotkey. +Anti-malware products sometimes falsely identify AutoHotkey scripts as malware. These are called "false positives". + += = = Samoa Observer = = = +The Samoa Observer is the biggest newspaper group in Samoa. It is written in English and Samoan. The paper that is sold on Monday to Friday is called the Samoa Observer, the paper sold on Saturdays is the Weekend Observer, and the one on Sundays is the Sunday Samoan. +The "Samoa Observer" has articles on news in Samoa, news in other countries, opinion essays, sports, and investigations by reporters. The Samoa Observer was founded in 1978 by Editor in Chief Savea Sano Malifa, a poet and Pacific news writer who received the Commonwealth Astor Award for press freedom in 1998. +The "Samoa Observer" has gotten awards for investigative journalism. Some government officials and business leaders have sued the "Samoa Observer" in court for the stories it wrote about crime or other bad acts. +The paper's offices are located in Apia, the capital city of Samoa. In 1994, the offices were damaged in a fire after it printed stories about government corruption. + += = = Fetoscopy = = = +Fetoscopy is a medical procedure to examine and treat an unborn child. It is only done in specialized hospitals. Because it is difficult to do, it is only done for severe illnesses. The complication that occurs most often is that the baby is born early, or that a miscarriage occurs. This happens in up to 5% of the cases. In many cases, fetoscopy is completented or replaced by medical ultrasound. + += = = Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque = = = +Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (built 1192 - 1316) Quwwat-ul-Islam was sponsored by Qutb-ud-din Aibak, founder of the Mamluk dynasty. The Quwwat-ul-Islam is best known for its tower of victory, celebrating the Islamic conquest of India. 27 Jain and Hindu temples were dismantled and their stonework salvaged into the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque. It consists of a rectangular courtyard enclosed by cloisters. Perhaps it was the first monument of iconoclast in India. It is in contradiction to Hasan Nizami's account of Aibak as peaceful and 'Lakh Baksh' or 'giver of lakhs' in his book Taj-ul-Masir. It is said he was generous and spent huge sums in charity. But it may also be that the monument was hurriedly built with the building material from the temple as Aibak had not established himself firmly in India at that time. +Quwwat-ul-Islam, the "Glory of Islam," was hastily erected by the young amir, who conscripted an army of local craftsmen, presumably Hindus, to assemble the structure thought there is no evidence to confirm the religious demography of the craftsmen +The Qūwat-ul-Islām mosque (completed 1196), consisting of cloisters around a courtyard with the sanctuary to the west, was built from the remains of demolished temples celebrating the Muslim conquest of India. It is built of red sandstone, gray quartz, and white marble, but is probably inspired by the “Iron Pillar " that stands on the site. Built in the Gupta dynasty in the 6th century, it is the only piece of the temple that stands in its original location. Qutb built around it when he constructed the mosque. Although made of iron, it has resisted rust for over 1,500 years. +Later, a lofty arched screen was erected and the mosque was enlarged, by Shams-ud- Din Iltutmish (A.D. 1210 - 1235) and Ala-ud-Din Khalji. The Iron Pillar in the courtyard bears an inscription in Sanskrit in Brahmi script of fourth century A.D., according to which the pillar was set up as a Vishnudhvaja (standard of god Vishnu) on the hill known as Vishnupada in memory of a mighty king named Chandra. A deep socket on the top of the ornate capital indicates that probably an image of Garuda was fixed into it. + += = = Non-volatile memory = = = +Non-volatile memory (NVM) is a type of computer memory that can hold its data even when the computer’s power is turned off. +Unlike volatile memory, it does not need its data to be continually refreshed. +It is the type of memory used in ROM memory chips such as those holding a PC's bootloader program. Flash memory, often used in secondary storage, is also non-volatile. + += = = Minh Mạng = = = +Minh Mạng ([mïŋ˧ maːŋ˧˨ʔ]; 25 May 1791 – 20 January 1841), personal name Nguyễn Phúc Đảm, also known as Nguyễn Phúc Kiểu, was the second emperor of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History. His reign lasted 21 years, from 1820 until his death in 1841. +Biography. +Emperor Minh Mạng was the fourth son of Emperor Gia Long; his mother was Trần Thị Đang, second wife of Gia Long (conferred Empress Dowager Nhân Tuyên later). Three eldest son of Gia Long, Crown prince Nguyễn Phúc Cảnh, "Duke of Thuận An" Nguyễn Phúc Hy and prince Nguyễn Phúc Tuấn, had died before their father, so Minh Mạng was the eldest son of Gia Long at that time. +Minh Mạng is reported to have 142 children from 43 wives. He also had many concubines whose childless, and not be reported in royal pedigree. The first wife of him was Empress Consort Tá Thiên Hồ Thị Hoa, mother of Emperor Thiệu Trị, but she died after 13 days giving birth. The second wife, "First-rank of Royal Concubine Hiền phi" Ngô Thị Chính, was the most beloved wife of Minh Mạng, but she had not been conferred as Empress Consort. + += = = Ngô Thị Chính = = = +Ngô Thị Chính (or Chánh) (1792 – 1843) was an imperial consort of Emperor Minh Mạng of the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnamese History. +Biography. +Ngô Thị Chính was born in Đăng Xương, Huế, daughter of "Attorney General" Ngô Văn Sở and lady Nguyễn Thị Đích. She also had 2 younger brother named Thắng and Thọ. +Lady Chính married Minh Mạng while he was still as Crown Prince. In 1820, Minh Mạng crowned, lady Chính was granted the title "Cung tần" ("Imperial maid"), as well as other concubines of him. Because at that time, lady Hồ Thị Hoa had died after giving birth to Miên Tông (Thiệu Trị later), lady Chính was the primary wife of Minh Mạng, leader of the harem. +Not long after that, she was granted Tam giai Hiền tần ("Third-rank of Royal Concubine Hiền tần"). The First and Second-rank was emptied, so Hiền tần still kept the highest rank in the harem. In 1836, she was elevated to Nhất giai Hiền phi ("First-rank of Royal Concubine Hiền phi"). +Although more than 40, Hiền Phi still gave birth to a son, proving that she was still loved by the emperor despite her age. +In 1843, Hiền Phi died at 52 years old and was buried at Hương Thủy, Huế. Emperor Thiệu Trị granted the posthumous name for Hiền phi, was Tuệ Khiết. +Children. +Hiền phi Ngô Thị Chính gave birth to 9 children for Minh Mạng: + += = = Larinus planus = = = +Larinus planus is a weevil, an insect of the Curculionidae family. It is native to Europe, and is also common in North America. Both the larvae and adults feed on flower buds, mostly of thistles. They are oval shaped, dark brown or black, and about 5-10 millimeters long. +The larvae stage does the most damage to the flower bud. In North America it has been used as a biocontrol agent. +"Larinus planus" has been used in North America to control the creeping thistle, a weed from Europe. It has spread to other plants. In 2000, it was found eating "Cirsium undulatum". This is a thistle native to western Colorado and eastern Utah. Later research found that it had reduced the amount of seeds produced by the native thistle. It has also been found to have a bad effect on "Cirsium pitcheri". +It is normal for introduced species to spread rapidly because they are free of the parasites and predators of their native land. + += = = Ant-Man = = = +Ant-Man is the name of several fictional characters and superheroes appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by Stan Lee and his companions. He was first made by Hank Pym, a genius who had many scientific advances. Later on the suit was stolen by Scott Lang, who soon became the new Ant-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). +Ability. +His power comes from his suit and tools of high tech tool. Hank Pym study's about subatomic particles which he call the Pym Particles. These particles are inside unknown gas which where his power comes from, when he is going to turn into different size. The unknown gas that Pym study from the micro particles makes his body shrink when he inhales or drinks a potion of the Pym Particles. +Even though he is a small size, he still has human strength. As an ant, he has the ability to carry a heavy weight. Like an ant he can carry up to 50,000 pound. +Weakness. +Ant-Man's different size can cause stress to his body and his mind. +Weapon. +The Stinger a small and very powerful stun beam. It shoots a beam creating explosion. +Villains (comic & movie). +Like all superheroes, Ant-Man also has a huge amount of villains to fight. +The earliest criminals Ant-Man had in Marvel Comics are: Egghead, Scarlet Beetle, The Hijacker, The Voice, The Porcupine, The Living Eraser, The Human Top, The Black Knight, El Toro, Nikita Khrushchev. +Ant-Man in media. +The character has appeared in television series, action figures, and video games. In live-action, the Hank Pym and Scott Lang incarnations of the character are portrayed by Michael Douglas and Paul Rudd in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) franchise. + += = = SCP = = = +SCP may refer to: + += = = Garfield Minus Garfield = = = +Garfield Minus Garfield, also known as Jon Arbuckle, is a comic published on the internet and created by Dan Walsh, a technology manager from Dublin, Ireland, that received notably large attention during 2008. Each comic strip consists of a previous "Garfield" comic strip with every character except Garfield's owner Jon Arbuckle removed. Dan Walsh says he was not the first to come up with this idea, but was the first to popularize it. +Paws, Inc. publishes a similarly named and themed comic strip every Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and later every Tuesday. +Content. +Because Garfield is not present, the comic strips mostly show his owner, Jon Arbuckle, interacting with himself instead of Garfield. The comic strip's website calls this "a journey deep into the mind of an isolated young everyman as he fights a losing battle against loneliness and depression in a quiet American suburb." +Reception. +"Garfield" creator and artist Jim Davis has said he occasionally reads the comic strip, it fascinates him, and he finds it to be an "inspired thing to do". Some variations of the idea have also been created, such as a Garfield Minus Jon Tumblr blog. +Publication. +On October 28 2008, Ballantine Books released a "Garfield Minus Garfield" book in full color, with the original comics alongside the edited ones. It is credited to Jim Davis, who officially allowed it to be published, with an introduction written by Dan Walsh. However, most of the content inside the book consists of a section with "Garfield Minus Garfield Strips by Dan", ending with "A word from Jim Davis" and a small section of Jim Davis' own attempts at making "Garfield Minus Garfield" comic strips. +Paws, Inc. published its own "Garfield Minus Garfield" from November 3, 2008 to July 21, 2010, and resumed publishing on April 25, 2012. Unlike Dan Walsh's version, Paws, Inc.'s version also includes the original "Garfield" comic strip underneath. + += = = Albany adder = = = +The Albany adder is a viper that is less than a foot long and is also a highly venomous snake, native to South Africa. It is the most rare and endangered snake in South Africa. The Albany Adder has a rare brown and red pattern on its scales. It also seems to have horns over its eyebrows. The Adder reaches sexual maturity between 3 and 4 years of age. They can live around 15 years old in the wild. +History. +This breed was found in the 1990s. There have only been a dozen found, one was found dead. The last was found and recorded in 2007. A group of reptile experts went looking for this hard to find snake and were only able to find two during their first day. In 2014, the Albany Adder was put on the Critically endangered species list as the most endangered reptile. This snake was a month from being extinct due to the rule of a species not being found and recorded in a ten year span. If not recorded in this time frame, it is labeled as extinct. +Habitat & Habits. +Due to the loss of the snake's home there have been few sightings of this snake. Scientists are keeping the location of the snake a secret in order to save it. There are now rules for their lands. The snakes reside in small plants and tiny trees. Reptile experts know nearly nothing about the what the Albany Adder eats, how they have babies, and the way they act. +Scientists know what other Adders eat, how they have babies, and how they behave. They have reason to believe that these habits are similar to the Albany Adder. +Adders eat small Mammals. small Reptiles, nesting Birds, and Amphibians. Scientists think Albany Adders mate nearly the same way as other Adders. Females can produce around 10-12 babies who go off on their own shortly after being born. + += = = Needle felting = = = +Needle felting is a dry felting technique which employs one or more specially designed needles to manipulate wool fibers. This technique is used by artists and craftspeople to sculpt objects and embellish textiles with wool. Needle felting can be used to create soft sculpture, dolls, figurines, and 2 dimensional wool paintings. +History. +Needle felting dates back to the 1980s. The technique was adapted from industrial felting by David & Eleanor Stanwood. They took needles from a wool factory and used them to create handmade felt without the use of water or soap. The skills for needle felting were passed on to Ayala Talpai who wrote books and taught others to needle felt. Today, needle felting is still not as popular as wet felting. However, it has a strong following with people who enjoy arts and crafts. +Materials. +Finger gloves. +Finger gloves are small leather strips that cover the index finger and thumb in order to protect fingers from injury. Finger gloves can be useful for beginners, but contact with a hard surface can damage or break delicate felting needles. +Felting cushion. +A cushion or mat is required for needle felting. A mat is used to protect both the delicate felting needles as well as the work surface below. A felting mat can be made out of many materials, but are commonly foam, sponge, or other soft materials that can withstand repeated puncture by the needle without causing damage to it. +Felting needle. +Felting needles are the most important tool for needle felting. They are specially designed with notches or 'barbs' all along the shaft to mat and lock wool fibers together. They come in a variety of sizes: smaller needles have finer barbs and can be used for more detailed work, while larger needles have thick barbs and can create felt faster than other needle sizes. The needle size is measured in gauges ranging from 12 to 42. It is a measurement of how many needles fit in a square inch. That means the higher the gauge, the smaller the needle. +Wool. +The wool that is typically used for needle felting is called roving or batting - wool that has been cleaned and carded is packaged this way for spinning and other fiber crafts. Many different types of wool are suitable for needle felting. Sheep's wool is most common, but other animal fibers and even some plant and synthetic fibers can be needle felted. +Process. +Needle felting starts by placing a cushion or mat on a flat surface. To create a 3D object, a small amount of wool is tightly rolled up into a small bundle. The wool is then stabbed over and over again with the felting needle to lock the fibers together, eventually creating a firm texture that is called felt. Adding more wool and poking it repeatedly into the felt expands the object until it achieves the desired shape. Needle felting can also be used to create 2D wool paintings. For this process, wool is applied to an existing piece of felt or fabric. Small amounts of fiber are painstakingly poked into the fabric to create the desired image. + += = = Flemish Giant rabbit = = = +The Flemish Giant rabbit is one of the largest breeds of domestic rabbits, earning the name, "King of Rabbits." Originally, these rabbits were bred for their fur and meat. It's origins are quite vague. It is believed that these rabbits are descended from the Patagonia Rabbit, possibly crossed with another rabbit. Also, no one is sure as to what region these rabbits are from. +The difference in does (females) and bucks (males) can be told by looking at their head. Bucks have a broader head while does' are dainty and have a dewlap, a fold of skin under their chin, used to keep kits (baby rabbits) warm. +The Flemish Giant rabbit has other nicknames besides "King of Rabbits." The name "Gentle Giants" was earned because unlike the smaller domestic rabbit, Flemish Giants are known for being much more calm and gentle. They are also called the "Universal Rabbit" mainly for being great pets and show animals, although, it could also be because of their use as a resource for food and material. +Size. +"Giant" obviously comes from their large size. "Flemish" was the language spoken in the region where they were being bred. Their large size does mean a bit more of food and maintenance but these rabbits can be taken care of the same way the normal domestic sized rabbits would be taken care of. +Fur. +Their glossy fur is short and dense. Their coats come in seven different colors; light gray, steel gray, black, fawn, sandy, white, and blue. +Growth. +Mature Flemish Giants weigh 13-14 lbs on average but they can weigh up to 20 pounds, even a bit more. They can grow to be bigger than some dogs. On average, the Flemish Giant can grow to 2 1/2 in length. The longest Flemish Giant recorded is 4 ft. 3 in. The typical ear length for them is 8 inches. + += = = Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt = = = +Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt is a series of rock formations in Northern Canada, on the eastern shore of the Hudson Bay. They may be up to 4.4 billion years old. The belt is one of the oldest rock formations on Earth, but there is dispute about its actual age. 3,770 million years ago is accepted by others. The rocks have been metamorphosed by later geological events. + += = = Thai street food = = = +Thai street food is a market place in Thailand where vendors set up stalls to sell food and people buy to enjoy on the go or directly on nearby tables. This event is set up throughout the day with many different Thai cuisines and desserts such as popular dishes like "Som Tam," which is a salad made from shredded green papayas topped with tomatoes, lime, peanuts, garlic, and chili peppers and "Pad Thai" which is known as the country’s famous stir-fried noodles with any kind of meat such as pork, beef, chicken, or shrimp. They also have popular desserts such as "Khao Niao Mamuang" or mango sticky rice made with a bed of sticky rice at the bottom with a fresh mango cut into slices on top and finished off with a drizzle of sweet coconut milk; these foods are usually served as a small portion, just enough for one at a very low price. +Foods. +There are many Thai cuisines displayed from noodles to curries, soups to salad, and many sweet desserts. One popular noodle soup, "Guay Teow," is made from rice noodles or egg noodles with beef, pork, and chicken stock. Sometimes vendors add wantons, which are small dumplings or meat balls, to the broth. The Thai version of spaghetti and meatballs is called "Pad See Eiw." It's a noodle dish made from wide and thick rice noodles that is stir fried in dark soy sauce with either pork, chicken, or beef and Chinese broccoli or cabbage. It's a great substitute from pad thai because it's not spicy, although some ask for dried chili flakes on the side. Those who enjoy food can also add vinegar to liven the dish. Another unique street food dish is "Massaman Gai," which is a curry that comes from Persia. This dish is flavored with Cinnamon, Tamarind sauce, and sugar, topped with roasted peanuts and bay leaves, it's made with coconut milk, potatoes, and chicken or tofu for vegetarians. +Desserts. +Thai street also has desserts. These can be wrapped or serve in other unique ways. “Khao Lam” which is Bamboo sticky rice, is served inside a bamboo stick roasted in charcoal. The inside can have white sticky rice or black sticky rice filled with black beans or sesame. The bamboo gives this dessert a unique taste. Diners crack open the top and then pull down each bamboo strip like a flower until the sticky rice is reached. This dessert's price range is from 14 cents (US) to as much as $2. Thai desserts also include ice cream. Being one of the hottest places in the world, there are a lot of stalls that sell many ice cream desserts like “Itim Kati” or coconut ice cream. This dessert is made out of coconut milk with a soft texture, a blend between creamy and icy. It's served in a coconut shell and is as cheap as 57 to 86 cents (US). There is also a unique dessert that can be found in Thai street markets called “Bua Loy Nam King” or Black sesame dumplings in ginger soup. This street dessert is originally from China. It is filled with warm spicy Ginger soup with rice flour dumplings that have black sesame paste on the inside, it’s texture is soft and chewy. + += = = Reedley, California = = = +Reedley is a city in Fresno County, California. It is about 33 kilometers southeast of Fresno. In 2020, 25,227 people lived there. + += = = Constrained comics = = = +Constrained comics are comics on which restrictions are intentionally placed. +A similar idea is constrained writing, a style of writing that also features restrictions that are intentionally placed. Using that idea, writers have attempted to do things such as write novels that are palindromes or do not feature the letter "e". Some of these ideas are sorted into their own genres of poetry, such as haiku or sonnet. +Examples. +Some notable examples of constrained comics are listed here: + += = = Paws, Inc. = = = +Paws, Inc., also known as Paws Incorporated, is an American comic studio and production company owned by the children's cable television network Nickelodeon, a subsidiary fully owned by ViacomCBS. American cartoonist Jim Davis started it to support the "Garfield" series, comic strips and its licensing. It is located in Muncie, Indiana. 50 artists and licensing administrators work for Paws, Inc.. The current company building changed positions from Jim Davis's farm to Albany, which was nearby, in 1989. +In 1994, the company purchased all rights to the Garfield comic strips from 1978 to 1993 from United Feature Syndicate, except for the original black-and-white daily comic strips and original color Sunday comic strips. Paws owns the copyrights to the full-color daily comic strips and recolored Sunday comic strips because they are called a different product. The comic strip is currently distributed by Universal Uclick, while Paws, Inc. owns the rights to the comic strip. +In August 2019, Viacom purchased Paws, Inc., including merchandising around the world and existing licensees, and put it under Nickelodeon. The deal did not include rights to the previous live action and CGI Garfield movies, which Walt Disney Studios owns under 20th Century Fox. Jim Davis will continue to draw the comic strip for newspapers and Universal Uclick. + += = = African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde = = = +The African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (Portuguese: "Partieo Africano para a Indepenência da Guiné e Cabo Verde", PAIGC) is a political party in Guinea-Bissau. Henri Labéry made the party in 1956. At this time, Portugal controlled Guinea-Bissau. The party wanted Guinea-Bissau to be independent. + += = = National Front (UK) = = = +The National Front is a United Kingdom far-right, fascist political party. It is a minor party, and it has never had its representatives elected to the British or European Parliaments. + += = = Deerfield, Kansas = = = +Deerfield is a city in Kearny County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 711 people lived there. +History. +The first settlement was created at Deerfield in 1885. Deerfield was incorporated as a city in 1907. +Geography. +Deerfield is at (37.981869, -101.133182). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Climate. +According to the Köppen Climate Classification system says that Deerfield has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. +Demographics. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census, there were 711 people, 235 households, and 169 families living in the city. Of the households, 71.1% owned their home and 28.9% rented their home. +The median age was 29.9 years. Of the people, 49.9% were White, 1.5% were Native American, 0.8% were Black, 0.3% were Asian, 24.6% were from some other race, and 22.8% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 56.8% of the people. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census says that there were 700 people, 235 households, and 180 families living in the city. +Education. +Deerfield is part of Deerfield USD 216 public school district. + += = = Echichens = = = +Echichens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011, the municipalities of Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges joined together to become this new municipality, Echichens. + += = = Préverenges = = = +Préverenges is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of the city of Lausanne. + += = = Lütisburg = = = +Lütisburg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Kaumodaki = = = +Kaumodaki is the most powerful gada(mace) in the Hindu mythology.It is Lord Vishnu 's weapon .In some texts it's written that the mace was gifted by Varuna ( Lord of the waters in Hindu mythlogy) in the dwapara yuga to Lord Krishna to help Agni and fight Indra. + += = = The Angriest Dog in the World = = = +The Angriest Dog in the World is a comic strip created by film director David Lynch. +Background. +Lynch came up with the idea for the comic strip in 1973 during a time when he was feeling very angry. The comic strip was first published in the "LA Reader", and ran from 1983 until 1992. The comic strip was also serialized in "Cheval Noir". +Each comic strip is introduced with a small caption featuring this text: +Each strip is visually the same. The first three panels are identical, and feature the black dog growling, tied to a post in a yard by a chain. He is between a tree on the left and one wall of a house with a window on the right. The fourth panel is the same as the previous three panels, except it is night time and a circle of light is coming from the house's window. +A word balloon appears in one or more of the panels, showing one of the members of one of the house's unseen family, either Bill, Sylvia, Pete or Billy, Jr, is speaking. The speech is usually an aphorism or a non-sequitur. Such sayings include: "If everything is real... then nothing is real as well." and "It doesn't get any better than this." +In a short essay on Lynch's "Rabbits", Objectif Cinema notes: +David Lynch has of course used animals within his back catalogue of work before. Dogs for instance feature in nearly every one of his movies usually as a visual prop: who could forget the scene in "Wild at Heart" in which our canine friend scampers away with the Bank teller's severed hand? Or the mewling pups in Mary X's living room in "Eraserhead"? Indeed a dog, albeit in cartoon form, took centre stage in Lynch's cartoon series for the "LA Reader", "The Angriest Dog in the World". But it is here on his website that Lynch seems to be opening up more to the wonders of nature: Bees, Coyotes and Dead Mice all have a part to play in various guises and manifestations within www.davidlynch.com, and as part of the pay-per-view series, the Rabbit has been given the starring role. + += = = Quarten = = = +Quarten is a municipality in Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland. It is above Lake Walen and is divided into villages: Oberterzen, Unterterzen, Quarten, Quinten, Mols, Murg, and Tannenbodenalp. + += = = Scottsville, Kansas = = = +Scottsville is a city in Mitchell County, Kansas, United States. In 2020, 26 people lived there. +History. +Scottsville was platted in October 1878 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named for Tom Scott, a pioneer settler. +The post office in Scottsville was closed in 1967. +Geography. +Scottsville is at (39.542577, -97.952304). +The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +People. +2020 census. +The 2020 census says that there were 26 people living in Scottsville. There were 10 households. +2010 census. +The 2010 census says that there were 25 people, 11 households, and 7 families living in Scottsville. + += = = Haribo = = = +Haribo is a German candy company founded in 1920 by Johannes "Hans" Riegel Sr. It started in Kessenich, Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia. The name is an acronym formed from Hans Riegel, Bonn. This is the name of the founder and the place he founded the company. Haribo created the first gummy candy in 1922 in the form of little gummy bears called "Gummibärchen". The current headquarters is in Grafschaft, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. +Haribo's slogan in German is "Haribo macht Kinder froh – und Erwachsene ebenso" ("Haribo makes children happy – and adults as well"). + += = = Eclépens = = = +Eclépens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Reverolle = = = +Reverolle was a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2021, the former municipalities of Apples, Bussy-Chardonney, Cottens, Pampigny, Reverolle and Sévery merged to form the new municipality of Hautemorges. + += = = Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges = = = +Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges was a municipality of the district in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges joined together to become a new municipality called Echichens. + += = = Gams = = = +Gams is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = 2019 Hyderabad gang rape = = = +The 2019 Hyderabad gang rape was the murder of a 26 year old veterinary doctor. It had an effect across all of India. +Her body was found in Shadnagar on 28 November 2019, a day after her death. Four suspects were arrested and, according to the Hyderabad Metropolitan Police, confessed to having raped and killed the doctor. On 6 December, the police took the accused to the scene of the crime, and shot them dead, prompting accusations of extrajudicial execution and celebrations of the killings. +The following account is based on the police report. The victim had parked her scooter near a toll plaza, and caught the attention of two lorry drivers and their assistants. They deflated her tire, pretended to help her, and pushed her into nearby bushes, where they raped and smothered her. Then they loaded her corpse onto a lorry and dropped it on the roadside. +The police got evidence from CCTV cameras and from the victim's mobile phone. The accused were arrested and were put in Cherlapally Central Jail for fourteen days. The Telangana Chief Minister ordered a fast-track court to try the accused for their alleged crimes. +The rape and murder caused outrage in several parts of the country. Protests and public demonstrations against rape were organized nationwide after the incident, with the public demanding stricter laws against rape and rapists. The Minister of Home Affairs criticized the Telangana Police and stated that the government intended to amend the Indian Penal Code and Code of Criminal Procedure to introduce laws for quicker punishment by fast-track courts. +All four accused were killed by police on 6 December 2019, under a bridge on Bangalore Hyderabad national highway, while they were in police custody. According to the police, the suspects were taken there for a reconstruction of the crime scene. Two of them allegedly snatched guns and attacked the police. In the ensuing shootout, all four suspects were shot dead. +Thousands of people celebrated the men's deaths. The event has no religious angle : the accused included men of both main religions. + += = = PartiallyClips = = = +PartiallyClips is a comic published on the internet that was created by Rob Balder and ran from 2002 to 2015. At the start of 2010, Balder gave authorship of the comic to Tim Crist, the comedy musician behind Worm Quartet. +Premise. +"PartiallyClips" is a constrained comic. Each three-panel strip consists of the same clip art image (the comic has no original art) in each panel for the whole strip, with added speech balloons and/or captions to create the joke. +"PartiallyClips" frequently tends to use dark humor because the picture used shows peace, which is common in public-domain clip art, but the added dialogue or captions make it instead not show peace. "PartiallyClips" also frequently comments on modern life and culture, especially aspects of Internet culture. No characters or plots often repeat. +Its name is a derivation from a misinterpreted phrase that results from a mishearing of the name because "Partially Clips" sounds similar to "Partial eclipse". +Distribution and reception. +"PartiallyClips" was updated twice every week, on Sundays and Thursdays. The "partiallyclips.com" website stopped updating on 17 June 2015. During 2018, the PartiallyClips website went down, and remains unavailable as of August 2019. The archives were available on the Erfworld domain, but are not available there anymore because that domain has largely been taken down due to personal tragedy. +In addition to being published online, the strip was also self-licensed to print media, being targeted at alternative weekly newspapers. It appeared in about 25 newspapers and magazines, and was published in a book called "Suffering For My Clip Art: The Best Of Partially Clips Volume 1". Material from "PartiallyClips" was included in "". +PartiallyClips was included in a short list of comics published on the internet that was included in an NPR article released in 2009. The article's author, Glen Weldon, called it "a combination of found art, a finely honed comic sensibility, and awesomeness run rampant." + += = = Uxbridge and South Ruislip (UK Parliament constituency) = = = +Uxbridge and South Ruislip is a constituency of the UK Parliament in Greater London. It was created in 2010. +Since 2010, the seat has been held by the Conservative Party. John Randall was MP from 2010 to 2015. Boris Johnson was MP from 2015 to 2019. +Boris Johnson became Prime Minister of the UK from 24 July 2019 to 6 September 2022. +In 2017 he got 5,034 votes more than his nearest rival. This was the smallest majority of any sitting prime minister since 1924. +In 2019, his main rival was the Labour Party candidate Ali Milani. In April 2019, think-tank Onward classified the seat as "vulnerable" for the Conservatives. +In November 2019, YouGov classified the seat as "likely Conservative". +The Brexit leave vote is estimated by the House of Commons Library as 57.2%. In August 2018, "The Observer" reported that opinion had changed, with 51.4% of voters now supporting Remain. +In 2019, satirical candidates Count Binface and Lord Buckethead stood for election. The candidate William Tobin aimed to receive no votes. He is unable to vote as he is an expat who has lived abroad for 15 years. +History. +Most of the constituency came from that of Uxbridge with parts from Ruislip-Northwood and Hayes and Harlington. +The Conservative party won the seat in 2010 and 2015. +In 2010, the Conservative candidate was John Randall. +In 2015, Boris Johnson was the winning candidate for the conservatives. +Wards. +The seat comprises the following electoral wards: +Constituency profile. +The seat is in the Outer London commuter belt. It is served by seven tube stations. It has green spaces such as the Colne Valley regional park. Most buildings are near to Uxbridge town centre. Brunel University is in the constituency. +Most of the borough electoral wards have Conservative councillors. Uxbridge South has Labour councillors. +Elections. +<section end="General Election 2019"/> +<section begin="General Election 2017"/> +<section end="General Election 2017"/> +<section begin="General Election 2015"/> +<section end="General Election 2015"/> + += = = Count Binface = = = +Count Binface is a character created by Jon Harvey. He is a UK comedian. +He was a candidate for Uxbridge and South Ruislip in the 2019 United Kingdom general election. +He was called Lord Buckethead. He changed his name due to a copyright dispute with Todd Durham. Durham is the originator of the character. + += = = Alibi (TV channel) = = = +Alibi (stylised as al1bi) is a British pay television channel that launch on 1 November 1997 as UK Arena and UK Drama in 2000 and UKTV Drama in 2004, Which the UKTV channels GOLD, Dave and W from 2019. + Channel is Changing to Alibi +1 and UKTV Drama and UKTV importantly to UKTV Drama +1 Virgin channel 126/114 AND +1 191/326 not this channel 314 Replaced ITV1 +1 This is a Channel Dave W GOLD Channels Christmas Gold On UKTV channels + += = = Goodnight Sweetheart = = = +Goodnight Sweetheart is a 1993 British science fictional comedy sitcom, network on BBC One, stars Nicholas Lyndhurst, Victor McGuire, Christopher Ettridge, Elizabeth Carling, Emma Amos, Dervla Kirwan, Michelle Holmes, David Ryall, David Benson and Ronnie Stevens. The program creators are Laurence Marks and Maurice Gran. It on Goodnight Sweetheart characters. + += = = Leonard Goldberg = = = +Leonard J. Goldberg (January 24, 1934 – December 4, 2019) was an American movie and television producer. He had his own production company, Panda Productions (formerly Mandy Films). He was head of programming for ABC, and was president of 20th Century Fox. Goldberg was also the executive producer of the CBS series "Blue Bloods". +Goldberg died at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 4, 2019 from problems caused by a fall. He was 85 years old. + += = = Thomas Elsaesser = = = +Thomas Elsaesser (22 June 1943 – 4 December 2019) was a German movie historian and professor of Film and Television Studies at the University of Amsterdam. He was born in Berlin. Elsaesser was the writer and director of "The Sun Island ", a documentary essay movie about his grandfather, the architect Martin Elsaesser. +Between 1968 and 1970, he worked for and co-edited a film journal published by the University of Sussex Film Society ("Brighton Film Review"). From 1972 to 1976, Elsaesser taught English, French and Comparative Literature at the University of East Anglia. +On 4 December 2019, Elsaesser died in Beijing of cardiac arrest where he was scheduled to give a lecture at the age of 76. + += = = Marvin Goodfriend = = = +Marvin Seth Goodfriend (November 6, 1950 – December 5, 2019) was an American economist. He was a professor of economics at Carnegie Mellon University. He was the director of research at the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. +President Donald Trump nominated him to be Federal Reserve Board of Governors, but his nomination was soon removed. +Goodfriend died at his home in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on December 5, 2019, aged 69. + += = = Robert Walker (actor) = = = +Robert Hudson Walker Jr. (April 15, 1940 – December 5, 2019) was an American actor. Walker was cast role in the "" episode "Charlie X" (1966) as Charles 'Charlie' Evans. Walker had a role in an episode of "Columbo" ("Mind Over Mayhem", 1974), and as an innocent longshoreman who takes the blame for a murder on "Quincy, M.E." ("The Hero Syndrome", 1977). +Walker died on December 5, 2019 in Malibu, California at the age of 79. + += = = D. E. Shaw & Co. = = = +D. E. Shaw & Co., L.P. is a multinational investment management firm founded in 1988 by David E. Shaw and based in New York City. The company is known for developing complicated mathematical models and sophisticated computer programs to exploit anomalies in financial markets. In 2023, "Forbes" reported that among hedge funds, D. E. Shaw had delivered the third-highest returns in the world since it started. + += = = Janusz Dzięcioł = = = +Janusz Andrzej Dzięcioł (11 December 1953 – 6 December 2019) was a Polish politician. He was known as the winner of the first series of "Big Brother". +From 2007 until 2015, he was a member of Sejm of Poland from Toruń constituency. Between 2002 and 2007, he was a Grudziądz City Councillor. + += = = Christopher Ettridge = = = +Christopher Ettridge (born 21 February 1948) is an English actor born in Isleworth, London. The actor is best known for his role as police officer Reg Deadman in the time-travelling comedy series Goodnight Sweetheart, which aired between 1993 to 1999 and returned for a special edition in 2016 apart for his roles in EastEnders, The Bill and Harry Enfield and Chums. + += = = Isleworth = = = +Isleworth is a small town of Saxon origin. It is in the London Borough of Hounslow in West London. + += = = Kimmi Lewis = = = +Kimmi Clark Lewis (March 19, 1957 – December 6, 2019) was an American politician. He was a state representative from Kim, Colorado. She was a member of the Republican Party. Lewis represented Colorado House of Representatives District 64 from 2017 until her death. +Lewis died of breast cancer in Kim, Colorado on December 6, 2019 at the age of 62. + += = = Tessa Peake-Jones = = = +Tessa Peake-Jones (born 9 May 1957) is an English actress. She is best known for her role as Raquel in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses. She played this role from December 1988 until the programme ended in 2003. + += = = Dandeli = = = +Dandeli is a city in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India, in the Western Ghats region. In 2001 there were 53,287 living in the city. The largest employer in the town is the West Coast Paper Mills. The mill has its own quarters, shopping complex, theatre, restaurant, playground and a clubhouse for the employees. +A local legend says the city is named after Dandelappa, a local deity. He was a servant of the Mirashi landlords, who lost his life because of his loyalty. Another legend says that a king named Dandakanayaka passed through the forests and named them after himself. The city is believed to stand on the place where Dandakaranya stood when he named the area. The word "Aranya" in Kannada language means "forest". +Dandeli is surrounded by natural, historic, and religious landmarks. These include the River Kali, the caves of Kavla, the Syntheri Rocks, the Ulavi temple and Sykes point. Karnataka Power Corporation has a village at Ambikanagar. ( from Dandeli). There are also several hydroelectric power stations in the area, including the Nagajhari power house, Supa dam, Tattihalla dam, and the Bommanahalla. + += = = Eunice (biblical figure) = = = +The New Testament says Eunice was the mother of Timothy. She was born as a Jew. She and her mother Lois later accepted Christianity. +She is only mentioned in 2 Timothy 1:5, in which the author writes to Timothy, "I am reminded of your sincere faith, a faith that dwelt first in your grandmother Lois and your mother Eunice and now, I am sure, dwells in you as well." (ESV) Many people who have commented on Eunice have also connected Eunice to 2 Tim. 3:15, where Timothy is reminded "how from childhood you have been acquainted with the sacred writings". For example, (ESV) Albert Barnes says "The mother of Timothy was a pious Hebrewess, and regarded it as one of the duties of her religion to train her son in the careful knowledge of the word of God." + += = = Henry Lejeune = = = +Henry Le Jeune (12 December 1819 – 5 October 1904) was a British painter. Today, he is mostly known for his landscapes and genre paintings. He became widely known for his paintings of children, and for his biblical scenes. He was elected an Associate Royal Academician. + += = = Peckham = = = +Peckham is a district in southeast London. It is part of the London Borough of Southwark. Peckham was previously part of Camberwell. About 15.000 people live in Peckham. +"Peckham" is a Saxon place name. It means the village of the River Peck. This is a small stream which ran openly through the district, but was closed over in 1823. Archaeological evidence indicates earlier Roman occupation in the area, although the name of this settlement is lost. +Peckham appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Pecheham. It was held by the Bishop of Lisieux from Odo of Bayeux. +Peckham has a large ethnically diverse public housing estate. It a "deprived area". + += = = FrogPhone = = = +The FrogPhone is a machine that uses microphones to listen to frogs so scientists can study them and the places they live. It also has thermometers to measure how hot or cold it is in the air and water. +Scientists plan to place the FrogPhone machine in a swamp or other place where frogs live and then leave. The FrogPhone works off of two lithium batteries that are recharged by a solar panel. This way, the humans do not have to come back to change the batteries, so they do not disturb the plants or animals. +Scientists can use their cellular phones to call the FrogPhone and either listen to what is happening where the FrogPhone is at that time or make a recording to listen to later or to send to a database for other people. FrogPhone only works in places that have 3G/4G cell phone coverage, but scientists think it could be used with satellites in the future. +Invention. +Australian scientists invented the FrogPhone in 2019. The team had members from the University of New South Wales at Canberra and the University of Canberra and they worked with the Australian Capital Territory, Region Frogwatch Program, and Australian National University. As of December 2019, FrogPhone has been tested but not used in the real world. + += = = Carlton, Kansas = = = +Carlton is a city in Dickinson County, Kansas, United States. In 2020, 40 people lived there. +History. +Carlton was a station and shipping point on the Missouri Pacific Railroad. +A post office was opened in Carlton in 1872, and remained in operation until it was closed in 1995. +Geography. +Carlton is found at (38.686663, -97.293159). +The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +People. +2020 census. +The 2020 census says that there were 40 people, 15 households, and 11 families living in Carlton. +The median age was 46.0 years. Of the people, 92.5% were White, 2.5% were from some other race, and 5.0% were two or more races. None were Hispanic or Latino. +2010 census. +The 2010 census says that there were 42 people, 16 households, and 14 families living in Carlton. +Education. +Carlton is a part of USD 473 Chapman. The Chapman High School mascot is Chapman Fighting Irish. + += = = Manchester, Kansas = = = +Manchester is a city in Dickinson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 47 people lived there. +History. +In 1887, Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway built a railroad from Neva (3 miles west of Strong City) through Manchester to Superior, Nebraska. In 1996, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway merged with Burlington Northern Railroad and renamed to the current BNSF Railway. Most people still call this railroad the "Santa Fe". +Manchester was first called Keystone, and was planned out in 1887. The name Manchester was adopted by 1890. +The post office in Manchester was closed in 1993. +Geography. +Manchester is at (39.093313, -97.320156). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census says that there were 47 people, 21 households, and 12 families living in Manchester. +The median age was 50.5 years. All of the people were White and none were Hispanic or Latino. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census says that there were 95 people, 38 households, and 24 families living in the city. +Education. +Manchester is a part of USD 473 Chapman. The Chapman High School mascot is Chapman Fighting Irish. + += = = Banda Aceh = = = +Banda Aceh is a city in Sumatra, Indonesia. Around 150,000 people there were killed in the tsunami on 26 December 2004. The long conflict between the Acehnese independence movement (GAM) and the Indonesian army (TNI) has been solved for the time being by the peace agreement on 15 August 2005. The peace process has been smooth since then. + += = = Clyde, Kansas = = = +Clyde is a city in Cloud County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 694 people lived there. +History. +Clyde was planned out in 1867 that makes it the oldest town in Cloud County. It was named after the River Clyde, in Scotland. According to another source, it was named for Clyde, Ohio (which also is named indirectly for the River Clyde.) +Clyde experienced growth in 1877 when the Central Branch Railroad was built through it. +Geography. +Clyde is at (39.59183, -97.400212). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +2020 census. +The 2020 census says that there were 694 people, 287 households, and 181 families living in the city. Of the households, 79.1% owned their home and 20.9% rented their home. +The median age was 47.6 years. Of the people, 95.5% were White, 0.9% were Native American, and 3.6% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.3% of the people. +2010 census. +The 2010 census says that there were 716 people, 297 households, and 194 families living in the city. +Education. +Clyde is part of the Clifton-Clyde Unified School District 224. The school district includes Clifton, Clyde, Vining, Ames, St. Joseph, and nearby rural areas of Clay, Cloud, Washington counties. The district has three schools: +The Clifton-Clyde High School mascot is Eagles. Before to school unification in 1981, the Clyde High School mascot was Bluejays. +The Clifton Cardinals won the state 1A football championship in 1969 +The Clyde Bluejays won the Kansas State High School 1A Football championship in 1977 and the boys 1A Basketball championship in 1979. + += = = Wheaton, Kansas = = = +Wheaton is a city in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 98 people lived there. +History. +The first post office in Wheaton was founded in 1870. It was called Leghorn until 1883. The post office remained in operation until it was closed in 1992. +Geography. +Wheaton is at (39.502205, -96.318574). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Demographics. +Wheaton is part of the Manhattan, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. +2020 census. +As of the 2020 census, there were 98 people, 34 households, and 30 families living in Wheaton. Of the households, 85.3% owned their home and 14.7% rented their home. +The median age was 36.5 years. Of the people, 87.8% were White and 12.2% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.0% of the people. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census, there were 95 people, 34 households, and 24 families living in the city. + += = = Féchy = = = +Féchy is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. +Notable people. +British rock drummer Phil Collins lived in Féchy. + += = = Sanger, California = = = +Sanger is a city in Fresno County, California. It is almost 20 km east of Fresno. In 2020, 26,617 people lived there. + += = = Rock Island, Oklahoma = = = +Rock Island is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. + += = = University of Canberra = = = +The University of Canberra (UC) is a university in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. It was founded in 1967 under the name Canberra College of Advanced Education. +The University of Canberra's Bruce campus is on land that used to belong to the Ngunnawal, one of many groups of people who lived in Australia before Europeans came. The name "Canberra" means "meeting place" in the Ngunnawal language. + += = = Selma, California = = = +Selma is a city is Fresno County, California. It is 24 kilometers southeast of Fresno. In 2020, 24,674 people lived there. + += = = Mahidi = = = +The Mahidi, which was an acronym for "Mati Hidup dengen Indonesia" meaning "Live and Die in Indonesia", was a militia in East Timor loyal to Indonesia. Started December 1998, they participated in the 1999 East Timorese crisis, and the group was one of the most violent of the armed forces during the crisis. They were linked to the which lead to around 200 deaths as well as other mass killings. +They were led to by the de Carvalho brothers whom human rights supporters accuse of many crimes. The group had been based in Ainaro. + += = = Ajanta Caves = = = +Ajanta Caves are about 30 caves located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. With Ellora Caves, they are among the most-visited sites in India. The Ajanta Caves have been made an UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. They are located in a valley, about from the town of Ajanta, in the northwest of the state. Buddhist monks lived in the valley, from 2nd century BCE to about the 7th century CE. They used some of the caves to make temples. All the caves are located near a non- perennial river, which only has water during and shortly after Monsoon season. Most of the caves were also used for being lived in. Only four are designed to be temples . The most important caves also contain paintings. +The nearest train station is about away, at Jalgaon. Most often, tours operate from the city of Aurangabad, which is about to the south. The tours often include both cave systems. + += = = Călărași County = = = +Călărași () is a county (județ) of Romania on the border with Bulgaria, in Muntenia. The capital of Călărași County is Călărași. +Geography. +Călărași County has an area of 5,088 km2. +Divisions. +Călărași County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 50 communes + += = = Ellora Caves = = = +The Ellora Caves is the name for a number of caves in the Indian state of Maharashtra. The 34 caves are about north of Aurangabad. They are some of the most visited cave sites in India. They were made a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983. + += = = Wadi Bih = = = +Wadi Bih is a wadi on the border between the United Arab Emirates and Oman. + += = = Alimpești = = = +Alimpești is a commune in Gorj County in Romania. + += = = Grancy = = = +Grancy is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Moiry, Switzerland = = = +Moiry is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Mollens, Vaud = = = +Mollens is a municipality in Morges in the Swiss canton of Vaud. + += = = Mont-la-Ville = = = +Mont-la-Ville is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Montricher = = = +Montricher is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Ecublens, Vaud = = = +Ecublens is a municipality in Ouest lausannois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. It is a suburb of Lausanne. The Lausanne metro line 1 and many bus lines come to Ecublens. The nearest train station is Renens. + += = = Chavannes-près-Renens = = = +Chavannes-près-Renens is a municipality in Ouest lausannois the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Pizy = = = +Pizy was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It was in the district of Morges. +Pizy became part of the municipality of Aubonne on 1 July 2011. + += = = Cybiko = = = +The Cybiko is a handheld computer from Russia that was introduced in the United States by David Yang's company Cybiko Inc. in New York to test it in retail in April 2000. It was released in the rest of the United States in May 2000. It was designed to appeal to teenagers by being able to send text messages two ways using radio. Over 430 "official" freeware games and applications were released for the Cybiko. Because it could be used to send text messages, it had a QWERTY keyboard used with a stylus. An MP3 player add-on and a SmartMedia card reader were made for the Cybiko. The company stopped manufacturing the Cybiko after two product versions. Multiple Cybikos can communicate with each other from up to 300 metres (0.19 miles) away. Several Cybikos can be used for chatting with each other in a wireless chatroom. Over 500,000 Cybiko Classics were sold by the end of 2000. +Models. +Cybiko Classic. +There are two models of the Cybiko Classic. The only difference that can be seen between the two models is the original version has a power switch on the side, and the later version uses the "escape" key for power management. Internally, the differences between the two models are in the internal memory, and where the firmware is. +The CPU is a Hitachi H8S/2241 running at 11.0592 MHz. The Cybiko Classic also has an Atmel AT90S2313 co-processor running at 4 MHz so it can support RF communications. It comes with 512KB of ROM flash storage and 256KB of RAM. It comes with an add-on slot in the back. +The Cybiko Classic came in five colors: blue, purple, neon green, white, and black. The black version has a yellow keypad, instead of the white unit the other Cybikos have. +The add-on slot has the same pin arrangement as a PC card, but it is not electrically compatible. +Cybiko Xtreme. +The Cybiko Xtreme is the second-generation Cybiko handheld. It has various improvements over the original Cybiko, such as a faster processor, more RAM, more ROM, a new operating system, a new keyboard layout, a new case design, a bigger wireless range, a microphone, improved audio output and a smaller size. +The CPU is a Hitachi H8S/2323 running at 18 MHz. Just as with the original version, it also has an Atmel AT90S2313 co-processor running at 4 MHz so it can support RF communications. The Cybiko Extreme comes with 512KB ROM flash storage and 1.5MB RAM. It comes with an add-on slot in the back, but the only hardware released that can be connected to it is an MP3 player. +Two variants of the Cybiko Xtreme were released. The US variant (Model No. CY44801), which had a frequency range of 902-928 MHz, and the European variant (Model No. CY44802), which had a frequency range of 868-870 MHz. There were no other functional differences between those variants. +Options. +1MB Expansion Memory. +It is a add-on card that gave the Cybiko 1 megabyte of static RAM and 1 megabyte of flash storage. The RAM allowed Cybiko programs that need more RAM to run. The flash storage allows more Cybiko programs to be stored. Some Cybiko programs would not run if the 1MB Expansion Memory is not connected to the add-on slot. + += = = 83 (number) = = = +Eighty-three is a number. It comes between eighty-two and eighty-four, and is an odd number. It is also a prime number. + += = = 84 (number) = = = +Eighty-four is a number. It comes between eighty-three and eighty-five, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 84. + += = = 85 (number) = = = +Eighty-five is a number. It comes between eighty-four and eighty-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 5, 17, and 85. + += = = 91 (number) = = = +Ninety-one is a number. It comes between ninety and ninety-two, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 7, 13, and 91. + += = = 86 (number) = = = +Eighty-six is a number. It comes between eighty-five and eighty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 43, and 86. + += = = René Metge = = = +René Metge (23 October 1941 – 3 January 2024) was a professional rally driver from France. He won the Dakar Rally three times (in 1981, 1984 and 1986). He was born in Montrouge, France. +Career. +Metge started his career in international motor racing in the Formula Renault 2.0 West European Cup in 1973. He got 28 points in the general classification there. In later years, Metge also appeared in the French Supertouring Championship, FIA World Endurance Championship, World Sportscar Championship, World Touring Car Championship, Porsche 944 Turbo Cup France, 24 Hours of Le Mans and European Touring Car Championship. +Death. +Metge died on 3 January 2024 at the age of 82. + += = = Bayzo = = = +Bayzo (3 April 1947 - 1 February 2018) whose name is Tony Camilleri was a Maltese singer born in St. Paul's Bay. He is known for his unique voice and songs such as "Qalu li raw", which was played at the Malta Song Festival in 1986. +Career. +The Malta Bums. +During his sixty-year-long career, he had been one of the main singers of the "The Malta Bums". His song "L-Ewwel Tfajla li ħabbejt" remains known. +Bayzo, along with Freddie Portelli, Brethren Paul, Mario Perrone, Tony Muscat and Tony Bartolo, were meeting in the fields of St Paul's Bay areas and singing. From there, "The Malta Bums", originally known as "The Bums", were founded. +With The Malta Bums, Bayzo lived and played in Germany for six months, where he started Viva Malta at the end of 1967. +Festivals. +After having been separated from the Malta Bums, he merged his group "Bayzo's Clikka", which was active in many hotels and nightclubs, and took part in numerous festivals and musicals. +He went to a tour in Australia, Canada and the United States, where he sang and played for Maltese emigrants. +He represented Malta in some contests, in which it took part in Poland and Slovakia. +Film. +Bayzo was given a part in the RAI film "Cristoforo Colombo" (1984). Parts of the film were filmed in Malta and other parts of the film in the Dominican Republic. Bayzo spent six weeks on this set, along with actors John Suda and Lino Mintoff. +Rock operas. +He had taken part in Dream, the first rock opera from Malta, which first played at the Manoel Theatre in 1974. +In 1982, he was one of the singers of The Lord, which was a popular rock opera in Malta, and was respected for his unique style, as well as always being patient. +Death. +Bayzo died on February 1, 2018 at age 70. Malta's Labour Party considered the death of Bayzo to be a major defeat to the Maltese musical scene because for years, he was known as one of the main people in Maltese music. While they remembered his international performances that promoted Maltese music, they especially referred to Bayzo's performances in rock operas. + += = = Orny, Switzerland = = = +Orny is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = La Sarraz = = = +La Sarraz is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Saint-Oyens = = = +Saint-Oyens is a municipality in Morges in the Swiss canton of Vaud. It is near the Jura mountains. + += = = Senarclens = = = +Senarclens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Middle Low German = = = +Middle Low German is a development step of the Low German language ("Niederdeutsch"). It was in use in the northern part of Germany. It developed from Old Saxon, in the Middle Ages. The first records date from the 13th century. It was one of the languages the Hanseatic League used. It also influenced the Nordic languages, such as Swedish, which took loanwords from it. At that time, it was also used for treaties and diplomacy. One of the surviving testimonies is the Sachsenspiegel. + += = = Sévery = = = +Sévery was a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2021, the former municipalities of Apples, Bussy-Chardonney, Cottens, Pampigny, Reverolle and Sévery merged to form the new municipality of Hautemorges. + += = = Pompaples = = = +Pompaples is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Monnaz = = = +Monnaz was a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the municipalities Colombier, Monnaz and Saint-Saphorin-sur-Morges joined together to become a new municipality called Echichens. + += = = Saint-Sulpice, Vaud = = = +Saint-Sulpice is a municipality in Ouest lausannois in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = Saint-Prex = = = +Saint-Prex is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. In 1973, Saint-Prex was awarded the Wakker Prize for the development and preservation of its older architecture. + += = = Vullierens = = = +Vullierens is a municipality in Morges in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. + += = = David Yang = = = +David Yang may refer to: + += = = Juice Wrld = = = +Jarad Anthony Higgins (December 2, 1998 – December 8, 2019) was an American rapper, singer and songwriter. He was professionally known as Juice Wrld (stylized as Juice WRLD) He was born in Chicago, Illinois. His most popular songs are: "All Girls Are the Same" and "Lucid Dreams". With the success of these songs, he signed recording contracts with Interscope Records and Grade A Productions. +Death. +On December 8, 2019, Higgins died at Midway International Airport in Chicago at the age of 21. Higgins allegedly swallowed many Percocet pills to hide them from the police. He reportedly had a seizure from opioid overdose. He had an accidental overdose. + += = = Bütschwil-Ganterschwil = = = +Bütschwil-Ganterschwil is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become this new municipality, Bütschwil-Ganterschwil. + += = = Ebnat-Kappel = = = +Ebnat-Kappel is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = 87 (number) = = = +Eighty-seven is a number. It comes between eighty-six and eighty-eight, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 3, 29, and 87. + += = = Woodstock, Connecticut = = = +Woodstock is a town in Windham County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 8,221 at the 2020 census. + += = = Dystonia = = = +Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder syndrome in which it had repetitive muscle contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal positions. The movements may look like tremors. Dystonia is often intensified or exacerbated by physical activity, and symptoms may progress into adjacent muscles. + += = = Diophantine approximation = = = +Diophantine approximation is a branch of number theory originally created by Diophantus for estimating any given real number as a ratio of two integers. Much of the current research into this topic is on whether or not this theory can be applied to algebraic numbers. Diophantine approximation is useful in a variety of areas in number theory, so this method is often used. + += = = David Yang (violist) = = = +David Yang is an American violist who was born in 1967 in New York City. +Biography. +David Yang's main studies were with Martha Strongin Katz, Heidi Castleman, Karen Ritscher, and Stephen Wyrczynski. He is mainly known as a chamber musician and has worked with people who are part of groups such as the Tokyo String Quartet, Brentano String Quartet, Borromeo String Quartet, Cassatt String Quartet, Miro String Quartet, Vermeer String Quartet, and Trio Solisti, Trio Cavatina, and Eroica Piano Trio. In 2009, he was awarded special status from from the Independence Foundation in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which is awarded to a small amount of artists. David Yang is the person in charge of chamber music at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, and is also the person in charge of art at the Newburyport Chamber Music Festival. He was one of the members of the string trio Ensemble Epomeo when it was founded. He has performed with Ensemble Epomeo all around Europe, Canada, and the USA. Because he advocates for new music, he has asked over twenty composers, such as Robert Capanna, Andrea Clearfield, Daniel Dorff, Cynthia Folio, Jeremy Gill, Gerald Levinson, David Ludwig, Robert Maggio, Jay Reise, Kile Smith, Dmitri Tymoczko, Anna Weesner, and Andrew Waggoner, to make pieces of music, and has performed the first performances of them. He is the person in charge of Auricolae, a group that tells stories and performs music. He composes music for Auricolae, and is on the list of members of Musicopia. He also holds a master's degree in architecture from the University of Pennsylvania and worked in the studio of Aldo Rossi and for Hugh Hardy. +Yang plays a viola Johannes Tielka, a viola da gamba maker, made in 1670 and Joseph Joachim, who was a 19th-century violin virtuoso who was the best friend of Johannes Brahms. He records for the record labels New Focus, Somm, and Avie. +His father was John Yang, a notable landscape photographer. His mother is Linda Gureasko Yang, who was the garden columnist for the New York Times. His sister was Naomi Yang, who was the player of electric bass for Galaxie 500, which is a cult alternative band that started in 1987 and ended in 1991. +References. +https://web.archive.org/web/20110829030715/http://www.sas.upenn.edu/music/performance/ensembles/chamber/musdir.html + += = = Sanna Marin = = = +Sanna Mirella Marin (born 16 November 1985) is a Finnish former politician. Marin was the Prime Minister of Finland from 2019 to 2023. She is a member of the Social Democrats. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 2015 to 2023. She was the Minister of Transport and Communications for a short time in 2019. +After Antti Rinne left his position as prime minister, the Social Democratic Party of Finland selected Marin as its candidate for the new prime minister on 8 December 2019. Taking office at age 34, she is the youngest person to hold the office in Finnish history. +As prime minister, Marin was in charge of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic. She called out the human rights abuses of Uyghurs in Xinjiang and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. With President Sauli Niinistö, she announced that Finland would apply for NATO membership in May 2022. She was also criticized, mainly because of a October 2020 photoshoot and leaked private party videos. In 2022, she was called by an "the icon of progressive leadership" by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation. The SDP finished third in the 2023 parliamentary election, ending Marin's time as prime minister in June 2023. Three months later, she retired from politics. +Early life. +Sanna Mirella Marin was born on 16 November 1985 in Helsinki. Her parents split up when she was very young. The family faced financial problems and Marin's father, Lauri Marin, was an alcoholic. After her biological parents separated, Marin was brought up by her mother and her mother's female partner. +Marin graduated from the Pirkkala High School in 2004 at the age of 19. She joined the Social Democratic Youth in 2006 and was its first vice president from 2010 to 2012. She worked in a bakery and as a cashier while studying. She graduated with a bachelor's and master's degree in Administrative Science from the University of Tampere. +Early political career. +Marin's political career began when she was aged 20. She unsuccessfully ran for election to the City Council of Tampere, but was elected in the 2012 elections. She became chairperson of the City Council within months, from 2013 to 2017. In 2017, she was re-elected to the City Council. +Marin was elected second deputy chairperson of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 2014. In 2015, she was elected to the Finnish Parliament as an MP from the electoral district of Pirkanmaa. Four years later, she was re-elected. On 6 June 2019, she became the Minister of Transport and Communications. +On 23 August 2020, Marin was elected chair of the SDP, replacing Antti Rinne. +Prime Minister (2019–2023). +In December 2019, Marin was nominated by the Social Democratic Party to replace Antti Rinne as the Prime Minister of Finland, but Rinne stayed as party leader until June 2020. By a small amount of votes, Marin beat Antti Lindtman to become prime minister. A majority of the ministers in her cabinet are women, 12 out of 19 at the time of the cabinet's creation. She is the third female head of government in Finland, after Anneli Jäätteenmäki and Mari Kiviniemi. +When she was confirmed by Parliament at the age of 34, she became Finland's youngest-ever prime minister, and was the youngest state leader until Sebastian Kurz became Chancellor of Austria again in January 2020. +During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Marin's cabinet declared a state of emergency in Finland to stop the epidemic in the country. When Swedish prime minister Stefan Löfven could not attend a European Council meeting in October 2020, Marin also represented Sweden in the meeting. Marin later asked Löfven to represent Finland at a Council meeting later that month. +In October 2020, Marin took part in a photo shoot for the Finnish magazine "" in which she wore a blazer with nothing underneath, causing controversy while her supporters called the critics sexist. +In May 2021, Finnish media reported that Marin and her family were paying about €300 per month for groceries with public funds as a part of the Prime Minister's tax-free housing benefits. This was legally questioned if a prime minister was able to do this. Marin had used around 14.000 euro for her own food, which was over the limit of 2500 euro. Marin claimed that she did not know the limit. +In early December 2021, Marin went celebrating in a nightclub in Helsinki hours after being in close contact with Finland's foreign minister who had tested positive for COVID-19, making her exposed to the disease. Two text messages were sent to Marin's government phone saying that she should be quarantined. However, Marin missed the messages because she was not carrying the phone at the time. According to the government instructions, the Prime Minister should always have the governmental phone. She apologized on Facebook and said that she had been told that going out in public was allowed because she was vaccinated. Two complaints about Marin's actions were sent to the Chancellor of Justice. Important members of the coalition party Centre Party said that Marin had lied to them by chaning her reasoning of going out. +In early 2022, Marin announced her support of Finland joining NATO, causing a negative reaction from Russia. After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Marin strongly wanted Finland to join NATO and called on several NATO countries to support their membership. On 25 February, a Russian Foreign Ministry spokesperson threatened Finland and Sweden with "military and political consequences" if they tried to join NATO. +On 12 May 2022, ten weeks after the beginning of the invasion, President Sauli Niinistö and Marin both said that "Finland must apply for NATO membership without delay" and that a NATO membership would be good for the country's security. On 15 May, Niinistö and Marin announced that Finland would apply for NATO membership, and on 17 May the Finnish parliament approved the proposal 188-8. She said her country did not want permanent NATO bases or nuclear weapons on its territory. On 31 May, she supported a deal agreed by all European Union leaders to ban more than 90% of Russian oil by the end of the year. +In August 2022, another video showed Marin dancing at another party, which caused controversy because people thought Marin was on drugs while dancing at the party. Marin took a drug test on her own to prove she was not on drugs and on 22 August, the results of the test came out negative for drugs in her system. +In October 2022, Marin apologised to the indigenous Sámi people for the problems in the reform of the Sámi human rights legislation. The legislation has been proposed for three parliamentary terms without any progress. In November, ministers voted 11–3 to send the legislation to the Finnish Parliament. On 24 February 2023, the constitutional law committee voted 9–7 to suspend work on the bill, preventing the legislation from being passed. +In March 2023, the SDP finished third in the 2023 parliamentary election, and soon acknowledged her defeat. +On 7 September 2023, Marin announced her plans to resign as an MP to work as a strategic advisor at the Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. On 12 September 2023 she formally resigned from the Finnish Parliament. +Post-political activities. +On 28 September 2023, it was reported that she had signed with talent agency Range Media Partners. +In January 2024, Marin started working in a new committee called "International Task Force on Security and Euro-Atlantic Integration of Ukraine". According to a statement released by the Ukrainian president's office, the committee's primary role is to create a plan for Ukraine's closer engagement with the Euro-Atlantic security area. +Personal life. +In January 2018, Marin and her fiancé, football player Markus Räikkönen, had a daughter, Emma. In August 2020, Marin and Räikkönen were married at the prime minister's official residence, Kesäranta. The couple divorced in May 2023, after 19 years together. +Marin said she came from a "rainbow family", as she was raised by same-sex parents. She was the first person in her family to go to a university. +Marin is a vegetarian. +Marin was on the list of the BBC's "100 Women" in 2020. That same year, she was chosen by "Forbes" on the list of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women. In 2020 she became a "Young Global Leader" of the World Economic Forum. In December 2022, The Australian Broadcasting Corporation named Marin as the icon of progressive leadership. + += = = Antti Rinne = = = +Antti Juhani Rinne () (born 3 November 1962) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from June to December 2019 and Leader of the Social Democratic Party since 2014. +He was Minister of Finance and Deputy Prime Minister of Finland between 2014 and 2015 and has been a Member of Parliament since 2015. + += = = Inge Lehmann = = = +Inge Lehmann (13 May 1888 – 21 February 1993) was a Danish seismologist and geophysicist. +In 1925, Lehmann was the assistant of seismologist Niels Erik Nørlund. In 1928 she was made head of the Geodætisk Institut's seismological department. in 1936, she co-founded the Danish Geophysical Society. +She used maths to analyze the way energy released by earthquakes travels through the Earth. She discovered that at its center, the Earth is solid . In fact, it has a solid inner core and a liquid outer core. +Lehmann is remarkable in that she is one of the longest-lived scientists in history, living to 104 years of age. Her father, Alfred Georg Ludvik Lehmann, was a psychologist and her mother, Ida Sophie Torsleff, was a housewife. Both parents came from prominent families. Inge was a very shy girl who did not enjoy being in the spot . She continued to be shy throughout her long life . She went to a private coeducational school called Faellesskolen which translates as shared school. The school was new: it had been founded when Inge was 5 years old by Hanna Adler, a wealthy woman.. Hanna Adler's new school was unusual in that boys and girls were treated equally, poring over the same topic and taking part in the same sports and activities. The children were not disciplined as rigorously as in other schools . Inge Lehmann enjoyed her time at the Fællesskolen, but she was sometimes bored because she did not feel challenged enough by the schoolwork. In 1906, at age 18, she passed the entrance examination for Copenhagen University with a first rank mark. She studied mathematics, chemistry and physics at the University of Copenhagen in 1907. She finally graduated in 1920. + += = = Rosetta Code = = = +Rosetta Code is a wiki-based website that features ways to solve various programming problems in many different programming languages. +Website. +Rosetta Code was created in 2007 by Michael Mol. The site's content is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License 1.2, though some components may have two licenses under less strict terms. +Rosetta Code's collection of code examples shows how the functionality the user desires is achieved differently in various ways, and how "the same" task can be done in different programming languages. +, Rosetta Code has: +Data and structure. +The Rosetta Code site is organized as a browsable cross-section of programming problems and programming languages. A programming problem's page displays solutions contributed by visitors in various programming languages, allowing someone who views the solution to compare the solution to the programming problem. +Each programming language has its own page, which contains a list of programming problems that have solutions in that programming language. For example, a task that has a solution in the C programming language will appear in the listing for the C programming language, and if the same task has a solution in the Ruby programming language, the task will also appear in the listing for the Ruby programming language. +Languages. +Some programming languages that are listed on Rosetta Code are: +A list of all programming languages that have solutions to programming problems on Rosetta Code is available. +Tasks. +Some tasks that are listed on Rosetta Code are: + += = = Munchkin cat = = = +A Munchkin cat is a type of cat breed that is a medium sized cat weighing 4 to 9 lbs. A Munchkin cat is best known for its short legs and outgoing personality. +Cost. +A munchkin cat can range from a wide range of prices depending on factors like gender or the cats color, whether they are a purebred seller or a private seller. Female cats can be more money because they can have kittens. Baby cats tend to cost more and the adult cats cost less. The prices for these cats can be $500 (U.S) to $1200 (U.S) . +Personality. +A Munchkin cat are loving and friendly. These cats want to be around humans. They love hugs and love to be pet. Munchkin cats get along with other cats Munchkins get along with dogs. These cats make great indoor cats and can hunt mice. Munchkin cats live 12 to 14 years and come in all types of colors and patterns. Munchkin cat eyes come in any color. +Care. +The care for a munchkin cat is important. Care for these cats includes brushing their fur once a week and to have water and food for the cat. These cats need a mix of wet food because it has vitamins and dry food for a healthy diet. Munchkins also need a lot of exercise. Having fake mice and a lot of different toys is good. + += = = 101955 Bennu = = = +101955 Bennu (provisional designation ) is a carbonaceous asteroid in the Apollo group discovered by the LINEAR Project on 11 September 1999. +Bennu has a 1 in 2,700 chance of hitting Earth between the year 2175 and 2199. +It is named after the Bennu, the ancient Egyptian mythological bird associated with the Sun, creation, and rebirth. +Bennu has an average diameter of . +Bennu was the target of the OSIRIS-REx mission which returned samples to Earth in 2023 for further study. +Bennu is the second-highest on the cumulative rating on the Palermo technical impact hazard scale. +It is believed that Bennu broke off from another asteroid in the asteroid belt, but the gravitational pull of Saturn dislodged it into the range of Earth. +Bennu orbits the Sun every 1.2 years. It comes within 0.002 astronomical units of the earth every 6 years. +Some believe that if Bennu enters a specific hole between the earth and the moon its orbit could change in a way that would make it likely to hit Earth. + += = = Kenneth Allen Taylor = = = +Kenneth Allen Taylor (1954 – December 2, 2019) was an American philosopher and radio personality. He was known for being the co-host (with John Perry) of the radio program "Philosophy Talk". Taylor was born in Sandusky, Ohio. +Taylor died on December 2, 2019 of a heart attack in Stanford, California at the age of 65. + += = = Sandusky, Ohio = = = +Sandusky is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Erie County. +According to 2020 census, the city had a population of 25,095. +In 2011, Sandusky was ranked No. 1 by "Forbes" as the "Best Place to Live Cheaply" in the United States. + += = = John Perry (philosopher) = = = +John Richard Perry (born January 16, 1943) is an American philosopher and radio personality. He is a Henry Waldgrave Stuart Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at Stanford University and Distinguished Professor of Philosophy Emeritus at the University of California, Riverside. +He is known primarily for his work on situation semantics (together with Jon Barwise), reflexivity, indexicality, personal identity, and self-knowledge. Along with Kenneth Allen Taylor, he hosted "Philosophy Talk". +Perry was born in Lincoln, Nebraska. He studied at Cornell University. +He was awarded the Jean Nicod Prize in 1999. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. + += = = George J. Laurer = = = +George Joseph Laurer (September 23, 1925 – December 5, 2019) was an American engineer. He developed the Universal Product Code, commonly known as the barcode, in 1973. As an engineer at IBM, he was asked to develop the pattern used for the Universal Product Code. +Laurer died at his home in Wendell, North Carolina on December 5, 2019 at the age of 94. + += = = Wendell, North Carolina = = = +Wendell is a town in Wake County, North Carolina United States. The population was 9,793 at the 2020 census. + += = = Piet Huyg = = = +Piet Huyg (19 March 1951 – 6 December 2019) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a defender. He played 349 games with HFC Haarlem, mostly in the Dutch Eerste Divisie. +Huyg died on 6 December 2019 at the age of 68 of Alzheimer's disease. + += = = Irena Laskowska = = = +Irena Laskowska (15 March 1925 – 6 December 2019) was a Polish actress. She appeared in more than 40 movies and television shows between 1948 and 2003. Laskowska was known for her roles in "The Last Day of Summer" (1958), "Milczące ślady" (1961), "Salto" (1965), "Hunting Flies" (1969), "Everything for Sale" (1969) and in "Pornografia" (2003). +Laskowska was born in Kraków. He died on 6 December 2019 in Warsaw at the age of 94. + += = = Hirokazu Kanazawa = = = + was a Japanese teacher. He taught Shotokan karate. He was the Chief instructor and President of the Shotokan Karate-Do International Federation, an organisation he founded after he left the Japan Karate Association (JKA). Kanazawa was ranked 10th "dan" in karate. + += = = Zvonimir Vujin = = = +Zvonimir "Zvonko" Vujin (23 July 1943 - 8 December 2019) was a Serbian amateur boxer. He competed in the 1968 and 1972 Olympics for Yugoslavia and won bronze medals on both occasions. In 1967 he won a silver medal at the European championships and a gold at the Mediterranean Games. He was born in Zrenjanin. +He died on 8 December 2019 in Zrenjanin, Serbia at the age of 76. + += = = Ice Bucket Challenge = = = +The Ice Bucket Challenge, sometimes called the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge, was a viral challenge in which people would dump a bucket of ice water over a person's head, either by another person or by themselves. This was done to promote awareness of the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, also known as motor neuron disease and in the US as Lou Gehrig's disease) and encourage donations to research. +It went viral on social media during July–August 2014. +The challenge made the most money for charity of any social media trend in history. Each time someone did the ice bucket challenge they then challenged a friend to do it. If the friend did not do the challenge within 24 hours, they were supposed to donate $100 USD towards ALS. However, most people gave money even if they did complete the challenge. The number of views the videos got meant that almost 28 million people gave money, with the average donation being around $5. People raised more than $115 million for ALS. Over 100 research projects were started around the world with the money and 22 new drugs were developed. Before the challenge, the ALS association received $6 million a year to spend on research but after the challenge their revenue has grown to 19 million a year. + += = = Reinhard Bonnke = = = +Reinhard Bonnke (April 19, 1940 – December 7, 2019) was a German-American Pentecostal evangelist. He was known for his gospel missions throughout Africa. Bonnke was an evangelist and missionary in Africa, starting in 1967. +Bonnke's autobiography, "Living a Life of Fire", is a collection of stories of his life. +Bonnke died on December 7, 2019 in Orlando, Florida at the age of 79. The cause of death was femur surgery-related problems. + += = = Bump Elliott = = = +Chalmers William "Bump" Elliott (January 30, 1925 – December 7, 2019) was an American football player, coach, and college athletics administrator. He was born in Detroit, Michigan and raised in Bloomington, Illinois. +He played halfback at Purdue University (1943–1944) and the University of Michigan (1946–1947). Elliott spent ten years as an assistant football coach at Oregon State, Iowa, and Michigan. He was appointed as Michigan's head football coach in 1959 and held that position until 1968. +From 1970 to 1991, he was the athletic director at the University of Iowa. In 1989, Elliott was added into the College Football Hall of Fame. +Elliott died on December 7, 2019 in Iowa City, Iowa at the age of 94. + += = = Giuseppe Frigo = = = +Giuseppe Frigo (30 March 1935 – 7 December 2019) was an Italian judge. He was a judge on the Constitutional Court of Italy from 23 October 2008 to 7 November 2016. He retired on 7 November 2016, citing health reasons. He was born in Brescia, Italy. +Frigo died in Brescia on 7 December 2019 at the age of 84. + += = = Herbert Joos = = = +Herbert Joos (21 March 1940 – 7 December 2019) was a German jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist and graphic designer. He made recordings solo and in groups. He worked with the Vienna Art Orchestra. In 2017, he received the Jazzpreis Baden-Württemberg for his life's work. +He played at festivals and in the of the SWF at a flugelhorn workshop with Kenny Wheeler, Ian Carr, Harry Beckett and Ack van Rooyen and made a name for himself with his solo recording, "The Philosophy of the Flugelhorn" in 1973. +Joos died on 7 December 2019 after surgery in a Baden-Baden hospital at the age of 79. + += = = Ali Mufuruki = = = +Ali Mufuruki (1959 – December 7, 2019) was a Tanzanian businessman, author, founder and board member of several organisations. He was the founder of Infotech Investment Group. He was the board chairman of Vodacom Tanzania and Wananchi Group Holdings. He was the co-author of the book "Tanzania's Industrialisation Journey, 2016–2056". +He died on 7 December 2019 at the Morningside Hospital in Johannesburg. + += = = Zaza Urushadze = = = +Zaza Urushadze (; 30 October 1965 — 7 December 2019) was a Georgian movie director, screenwriter and producer. He was born in Tbilisi. His first movie, "Here Comes the Dawn" (1998) was very successful and participated in many international film festivals. His other movie "Tangerines" was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 87th Academy Awards. He died of a heart attack on 7 December 2019. + += = = Paweł Pawlikowski = = = +Paweł Aleksander Pawlikowski (; born 15 September 1957) is a Polish filmmaker. His best known movies are "Last Resort" and "My Summer of Love". His movie "Ida" won the 2015 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. +At the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, Pawlikowski won the Best Director prize for his 2018 movie "Cold War", a movie which also earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director and Best Foreign Language Film. + += = = Ron Saunders = = = +Ronald Saunders (6 November 1932 – 7 December 2019) was an English football player and manager. He played for Everton, Gillingham, Portsmouth, Watford and Charlton Athletic. +He managed seven clubs in 20 years, and he was the only manager to have taken charge of Aston Villa, Birmingham City and West Bromwich Albion. +He died on 7 December 2019, aged 87. + += = = St. Joseph County, Indiana = = = +St. Joseph County, commonly called St. Joe County by locals, is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of Census 2020, the population was 272,912. The county seat is South Bend. + += = = 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption = = = +The volcanic island Whakaari, also called White Island, explosively erupted in New Zealand's northeastern Bay of Plenty region on 9 December 2019 at 2:11 pm NZDT. There were 47 people on or near the island at the time. The amount of people killed is currently 22, including 2 people that went missing and are believed to be dead. 25 people were injured, many critically. +Events. +White Island is a popular tourist attraction. In the days leading up to the eruption, the volcano on White Island became more unstable, causing an earthquake at one point. Although the volcano's alert level increased, tours of White Island continued. +When the volcano erupted, it sent rock, volcanic ash, and super-hot gas into the air. This hot gas burned the people on the island, causing deaths and injuries. The type of eruption was a phreatic eruption, where water heated by magma turns into steam and causes an explosion. +After the eruption. +WorkSafe New Zealand, New Zealand's primary workplace safety organization, launched an investigation into the disaster alongside New Zealand police. WorkSafe New Zealand later charged 3 people (the owners of White Island) and 10 organizations. +Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern said that "the scale of this tragedy is devastating". + += = = Holbrook, Arizona = = = +Holbrook () is a city in Navajo County, Arizona, United States. According to the 2020 census, the population of the city was 4,858. The city is the county seat of Navajo County. + += = = Holding Out for a Hero = = = +"Holding Out for a Hero" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for the soundtrack to the 1984 movie "Footloose", and later included on her 1986 album "Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire". +It was written by Jim Steinman and Dean Pitchford. The song only just reached the Top 100 in the UK Singles Chart, but made it to number 2 the following year, and re-entered the charts again at number 69 in 1991. The song reached No. 1 on the Irish Singles Chart on 28 September 1985. It reached the top 40 in the United States and Canada. +The song later become popular after Jennifer Saunders recorded the song for the 2004 movie "Shrek 2". + += = = Total Eclipse of the Heart = = = +"Total Eclipse of the Heart" is a song recorded by Bonnie Tyler. It was written and produced by Jim Steinman, and released on Tyler's fifth studio album, "Faster Than the Speed of Night" (1983). The song was released as a single by Columbia Records on 11 February 1983 in the United Kingdom and on 31 May 1983 in the United States. +Worldwide, the single has created 6 million copies and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales of over 1 million copies after its release. In 2015, the song was voted by the British public as the nation's third favourite 1980s number one in a poll for ITV. +In early 2021, the Marsh family, a couple with four children in Faversham, Kent, produced a parody version titled "Totally Fixed Where We Are." The lyrics express the feelings of people in the U.K. under a third lockdown during the 2020/2021 Covid-19 pandemic. The video was uploaded to YouTube on February 2, 2021, and in less than a week got over 1.4 million views. + += = = UKF = = = +UKF is a Label Started in 2007 Offering a wide variety of Genre's in Techno. Sub-Genre's such as Drum & Bass & Dubstep made it a success. most notable artists can be people such as Bare Noize, Macky Gee & Fox Stevenson. +UKF TOP TRACKS + += = = It's a Heartache = = = +"It's a Heartache" is a song recorded by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler for her second studio album, "Natural Force" (1978). The song was recorded in the same year by Juice Newton as a standalone single. +Tyler's version received positive reviews from music critics. The song reached number three in the United States and number four in the United Kingdom. Tyler's version is one of the best-selling singles of all time. + += = = Jim Steinman = = = +James Richard Steinman (November 1, 1947 – April 19, 2021) was an American composer, singer, lyricist, record producer, and playwright. +Steinman died on April 19, 2021 at a hospital in Connecticut from a "sudden medical emergency", aged 73. + += = = Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov = = = +Gavriil Kharitonovich Popov (; born 31 October 1936) is a Russian politician and economist. He was the Mayor of Moscow from 1990 until he resigned in 1992. + += = = Mayor of Moscow = = = +The Mayor of the City of Moscow is head of the executive branch of the political system in Moscow, the Government of Moscow. The mayor's office is in charge of all city services, public property, police and fire protection, most public agencies, and enforces all city and state laws within Moscow. +The budget overseen by the mayor's office is the largest municipal budget in the Russian Federation. + += = = Vladimir Resin = = = +Vladimir Iosifovich Resin (; ; born 21 February 1936) is a Russian politician. He was the acting mayor of Moscow, appointed by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to replace Yury Luzhkov on 28 September 2010. Resin was the first deputy mayor under Luzhkov. + += = = Sergey Sobyanin = = = +Sergey Semyonovich Sobyanin (; born 21 June 1958) is a Russian politician. He has been the 3rd and current Mayor of Moscow since 21 October 2010. He has been widely criticized for banning gay pride parades in Moscow. + += = = William Joseph McDonough = = = +William Joseph McDonough (April 21, 1934 – January 22, 2018) was an American economist. He was a vice chairman and special advisor to the chairman at Merrill Lynch & Co. Inc.. He was the 8th President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York from 1993 through 2003. McDonough was born in Chicago. +McDonough died on January 22, 2018 of heart failure at his home in Waccabuc, New York at the age of 83. + += = = Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago = = = +The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (informally the Chicago Fed) is one of twelve regional Reserve Banks that, along with the Board of Governors in Washington, D.C., make up the nation's central bank. +The Chicago Reserve Bank serves the Seventh Federal Reserve District, which encompasses the northern portions of Illinois and Indiana, southern Wisconsin, the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, and the state of Iowa. +Charles L. Evans is the president of the Chicago Fed. He took office on September 1, 2007 as the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. + += = = Charles L. Evans = = = +Charles L. Evans (born January 15, 1958) is an American economist and banker. He is the ninth president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. He is on the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), the Federal Reserve System's monetary policy-making body. + += = = Michael H. Moskow = = = +Michael H. Moskow (born January 7, 1938) is an American economist. He is the vice chairman and distinguished fellow on the global economy at the Chicago Council on Global Affairs. +From 1994 to 2007, he was President and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. + += = = Marie Fredriksson = = = +Gun-Marie Fredriksson, known as Marie Fredriksson (; 30 May 1958 – 9 December 2019) was a Swedish pop rock singer-songwriter, pianist and painter. She was born in Össjö, Sweden. +Fredriksson was known for forming pop rock duo Roxette in 1986 alongside Per Gessle. They are known for their six top two hits on the "Billboard" Hot 100: "The Look", "Listen to Your Heart", "Dangerous", "It Must Have Been Love", "Joyride" and "Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave)". +She had a solo career for a short time which included her single "Sparvöga" and two albums "Den ständiga resan" (1992) and "I en tid som vår" (1996) from 1989 through 1997. +In 2002, Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour. She died from problems caused by the disease on 9 December 2019 in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden at the age of 61. + += = = Kit Kat = = = +Kit Kat is a chocolate bar made from wafers created by Rowntree's of York, United Kingdom, and is now is made globally by Nestlé. The standard bars consist of two or four pieces composed of three layers of wafer, separated and covered by an outer layer of chocolate. Each finger can be snapped from the bar separately. There are many different flavours of Kit Kat, including milk, white, and dark chocolate. It was launched on 29 August 1935. + += = = Per Gessle = = = +Per Håkan Gessle (; born 12 January 1959) is a Swedish pop singer-songwriter, guitarist, and harmonicist. He is the lead singer of the Swedish pop group Gyllene Tider and formed Roxette with Marie Fredriksson. + += = = Techmoan = = = +Matthew Julius "Mat" Taylor (born January 1971), better known by his stage name Techmoan, is a YouTuber and blogger who has been active since May 2009, featuring reviews of consumer electronics (or consumer tech) and "RetroTech" documentaries. He lives in Wigan, Greater Manchester. +The Daily Telegraph and Gizmodo has quoted his statements. MarketWatch listed the YouTube Channel 6th in its "binge-watching" top ten using ratings on Reddit. +Websites such as AVclub, Gizmodo, Hackaday, El Español and Popular Mechanics reference his videos. +Career. +In 2006, Taylor started a YouTube channel called "Vectrexuk", with videos of similar items of technology, such as installing a home cinema and controlled toasters, to prove people will watch anything on YouTube. +The channel "Techmoan" was started on May 31, 2009. The first video uploaded on Techmoan was a tour of a 2009 Piaggio MP3, which was filmed at 480p and had a very basic sound quality. In 2015, he started another channel, called "Youtube Pedant", to host videos not about technology. In 2016, in a video covering the DVHS format, he uncovered 1080p video footage of New York City from 1993. This footage was uploaded separately to his "Youtube Pedant" channel where, as of December 2019, it has received 3.8 million views, and it has also been widely shared on websites such as Reddit and The Verge. As of June 2019, the main channel has over 870,000 subscribers and over 180 million views. Some videos on the main channel have had over 3 million views. +Later documentary videos. +Techmoan has made documentary videos that are about forgotten magnetic tape recording formats, such as the OMNI Entertainment System, which uses 8-track tape storage, and the HiPac, a successor of the PlayTape and related uses of it. Other videos show some of the smallest and largest analog recording tape cartridges ever made, such as the Picocassette for dictation machines or the Cantata 700 background music system. Further videos show other discontinued 1⁄4-inch-tape cartridge formats, such as the Sabamobil, which uses existing 3-inch open reels in a portable format, and the portable Sanyo Micro Pack 35, as well as RCA tape cartridge and the Sony Elcaset with another compromise of playtime and sound quality, oddities and gimmicks on Compact Cassettes as "reinventing the reel", several ways of autoreverse, automatic multiple cassette players, endless loop cassettes, and cassette mass production technology. +Other documentary videos Techmoan has made are about formats of vinyl recording, such as the Tefifon endless cartridge, the Seeburg 1000 background music system, vertical turntables, and other audio encodings CX and dbx, which are systems that were designed to reduce noise on vinyl records. +Further documentaries show other items, such as the mechanical Curta calculator, devices with Nixie tube displays, wire recording, and the WikiReader. + += = = Dan Tillberg = = = +Dan Arne Tillberg (born 9 April 1953 in Ystad) is a Swedish artist and producer. He is the son of Arne Tillberg and Ettie Tillberg. +Career. +Dan Tillberg started his career in 1973 as a singer, guitarist and percussionist in the progg-influenced duo Änglabarn, along with Sven Ingmar Olsson. In 1977, he started his own recording studio in Malmö, Bellatrix, and a record label of the same name in 1978. +In 1979, his first LP, Gatstenar, came out, which had Swedish-language cover versions of Rolling Stones songs on it. In 1981, this was followed by the LP "Mors och fars kärlek", which made him successful. The next year, his next LP, Kärlek minus noll, came out, which featured Swedish-language cover versions of Bob Dylan songs. In 1983, his next LP, "Genom tårar", was released, followed by "Erogena zoner" in 1985, which might have become his biggest success. +In Melodifestivalen 1985, he came in second place with "Ta min hand", and also took part in Melodifestivalen 1986 with " "ABCD"". In 1987, his LP "Raka vägen till paradiset" was released, which was his last LP released before a long break. In 1986, Tillberg starred in an episode of the TV series "Skånska mord", with Ernst-Hugo Järegård in the lead role. +After that, he became less popular, and he went on to run an advertising company, which became bankrupt in 2001. Then he began to devote himself to music again and released some CD singles. These were followed in 2005 by Akten tar gestalt, an album that came out on two CDs and has a collection of his old songs on it, released on Mixed Media Records, a record label he started with Rickard Mattsson, also in 2005. The record label, which borrowed its name from the band Mixed Media, which was previously signed to Tillberg's former record label, Bellatrix, is now bankrupt, and the record label business with the associated recording studio has ended. While Tillberg worked as a producer, he was active in the kitchen industry through the companies Köket i första rummet AB and Skånekök & Måleri AB. + += = = Barrie Keeffe = = = +Barrie Colin Keeffe (31 October 1945 - 10 December 2019) was an English dramatist and screenwriter. He was best known for his screenplay for the 1980 movie "The Long Good Friday". In 2010, his screenplay for "Sus" was one of his last works. +Keeffe died on 10 December 2019 in London after a short-illness, aged 74. + += = = Brandi Chastain = = = +Brandi Chastain (born July 21, 1968) is an American retired soccer player. +Chastain is known for winning the 1999 Women's World Cup against China. The US beat China in a penalty shootout, and Chastain closed the deal by scoring the last penalty kick. For her celebration, she took off her shirt and had both fists in the air signaling the win in joy. Her celebration seemed strange to many people because women rarely took off their shirts during celebrations. +Brandi helped start a Bay Area sports initiative where they help teach third-fifth graders health issues. She is in the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame, American Freshman Player of the Year in 1986, First Team All Far West in 1989, and First Team All American in 1996. She was also a member of the gold medal Olympic winning soccer team in 1996, a member of the Women’s World Cup All Star team in 1999, and a member of the silver medal winning Olympic soccer team in 2000. + += = = Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen = = = +Laura Arrillaga-Andreessen is an American philanthropist, which means she gives money to help other people. +Early Life. +Laura Arillaga-Andreessen always wanted to help other people. She was born around 1970 in Palo Alto, California. She is famous for being generous. In seventh grade, Laura became aware of families that were less fortunate communities and decided to donate her life to philanthropy. Arillaga-Andreessen's mom helped at Children and Family Services in Palo Alto. Watching her mom, she learned that some other people did not have everything they need to live. Later on she was able to volunteer with the Ecumenical Hunger Program. She is the daughter of a real estate billionaire. She did not know her family was wealthy until she reached high school. +Education. +Arillaga-Andreessen attended Castilleja School for high school. She went to college at Stanford University. Her mom was diagnosed with lung cancer, which stoped Laura from going to Stanford Business School. +Work and Awards. +Laura has written a best selling book on philanthropy called "Giving 2.0". She also founded the Marc and Laura Andreessen Foundation, which gives money to Bay Area nonprofits. She teaches classes about the idea that “giving away money is easy- doing so effectively is much harder.” Laura has won the Henry Crown Fellow of Aspen Institute and the Jacqueline Kennedy Award for Women Leadership all for her work in philanthropy. + += = = Tara Vanderveer = = = +Tara Vanderveer (born June 26, 1953) is an American basketball coach. As a kid, Vanderveer taught herself basketball. She first played in Indiana. Soon after Vanderveer set out to be a teacher. She enrolled in a coaching clinic run by Bobby Knight. Out of 500 men, Vanderveer was the only woman. In 1990, Vanderveer coached at Stanford. She has won two NCAA titles, an Olympic Gold Medal, and 11 final fours. Vanderveer only coached to be a teacher; she loved teaching. Vanderveer has been known to give low-key demands also known as “Tar-isms”. “You’re a Ferrari; quit driving like a Volkswagen” “That ‘S’ on your chest stands for ‘Stanford’, not ‘Stupid’, so play like it. ” A former student mentioned she was a brilliant coach. To her, Tara Vanderveer is an Educator. + += = = Alice Waters = = = +Alice Waters (born April 28, 1944) is an American chef. +Accomplishments. +Alice Waters later founded the edible food project. Not only did she receive a national humanity reward in 1997, but she also helped over 5,000 schools. Many people appreciate Alice’s hard work and determination to build a more organic and healthy environment in the food industry. +Journey. +Alice Waters was always inspired by her father. he influenced her throughout her entire career and to this day she remembers how her father had a huge impact on her life. Not only was she inspired by her father, but she also attended U.C Berkley which was the school that her father attended when he was her age. Although she was supported by her family during her career and that later helped her dreams come true. One day she realized that her gender had a couple of bonuses to it. She could use her gender to get what she wanted. One instance is when she asked her meat guy if he could give her a little bit of help, he then realized that he would have to help this damsel in distress. + += = = Dominique Crenn = = = +Dominique Crenn (born 1965) is a French chef. Crenn is the only woman to have earned 3 Michelin stars at her restaurant. Crenn’s restaurant is called Atelier Crenn, and is located in San Francisco. Dominique Crenn moved from France to the US at around age 20. She already had experience with cooking when she was younger, learning how to bake from her grandmother. One thing she is very famous for is her creative but luxurious food she also likes putting on a show. For example, she likes to cook in front of you, or make the food look really beautiful. +Feminism. +In the first cookbook she wrote called Atelier Crenn, she writes about her struggles and successes. When she first started working in a restaurant she noticed that there were very very few women. over the course of her career, she had to deal with male chefs and a lot of discrimination. In an interview with David Green, she says quote “ I will cut them” as a joke. She says that she does not like to fight physically or with violence. She will fight back with words. Another fact about her is that she fully supports the march of dimes. + += = = Maha Elgenaidi = = = +Maha Elgenaidi is an activist in the United Sates. She fights Islamophobia. Elgenaidi works to normalize the existence of Muslim Americans in communities in the United States. She fights for safety of Muslim Americans. She also fights all hate based on religion, including Antisemitism. Elgenaidi organizes interfaith conversations. She is best known for founding Islamic Networks Group (ING). She is recognized as a "prominent Islamic American writer." +Early life. +Elgenaidi's family came to the United States from Egypt. Her parents suggested she return to Egypt for college. They wanted her to learn about her background. She decided to study math at the American University in Cairo. She graduated with degrees in economics and political science. She returned to the United States to attend graduate school. +Growing up, Elgenaidi worried that Islam was sexist. She did not follow Islam. After returning to the United Sates she started learning about Judaism, Buddhism, and Christianity. She then studied Islam. She changed her thinking about her own religion. She decided that Islam was very inclusive to other religions. She decided that the best way to change someone’s views is to educate them. +Career. +Elgenaidi's first work was in market analysis. +Maha’s career started when she noticed that people were thinking badly about Muslims and the religion of Islam. She noticed that many of these unkind thoughts were from lack of education. This led to her career in educating people about Islam. She has worked with the general public, police, businesses and health care workers. Her goal was to help other Americans see Muslim Americans as real people. +Islamic Networks Group. +Elgenaidi and Ameena Jandali founded Islamic Networks Group in 1993. It is located in the San Francisco Bay Area, in California, United States. Their original name was " Bay Area Media Watch." They wanted fight against incorrect comments about American Muslims in the media. After six months they decided that getting angry at the media was not helpful. It was better to educate reporters. They started having "conversations" with news companies about new ways to write about Muslim Americans. First they worked with around fifty media companies in the San Francisco Bay Area. Then, Elgenaidi worked with other news companies, like The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, Time and Newsweek. +Elgenaidi and ING started a Speaker's Bureau and trained other Muslim Americans to talk about Muslim people in America and religious pluralism. By 2006, ING had speakers in 20 states, Canada and the United Kingdom. ING was a founding member of the Obama administration's "Know Your Neighbor" campaign to fight islamophobia and antisemitism. The White House selected ING to continue Know Your Neighbor when Donald Trump was elected president in 2016. +ING now has three speakers bureaus, including teen and adult speakers: Intercultural Speakers Bureau, the Interfaith Speakers Bureau, and the Islamic Speakers Bureau. They train teachers in all fifty states. +ING's main focus is organizing a group of educators who go to different communities and schools to teach people about Islam. She has won many awards for her efforts, including the Civil Rights Leadership Award, Citizen of the Year, and Dorothy Irene Height Community Award. + += = = Julia Morgan = = = +Julia Morgan (January 26, 1872 - February 2, 1957) was an American architect and engineer. +Early life. +Julia Hunt Morgan was born in San Francisco, California on January 26, 1872. Her parents were Charles Bill Morgan and Eliza Morgan. She was one of five children. She grew up in Oakland. In high school, Morgan was interested in architecture. She was the first woman to attend an architectural school in Paris. She was also the first woman to graduate from there. When she moved back to California, she received her official architect’s license. +Project on the Hearst Castle. +Morgan was most famous for her 1919 project in San Simeon, San Francisco for the Hearst family. The project included designing and building a European styled castle. It became known as the Hearst Castle. It was made of architecture from Italy and Spain. It took 25 years to finish building the castle. Morgan’s architectural team also designed many houses, churches, cottages, schools, and many other types of buildings. Her biggest goal was always to satisfy her clients and "design buildings from the inside out." She did this in many styles. They included Byzantine, Italianate, Craftsman, Gothic and Romanesque. +Death. +Morgan died on February 2, 1957. + += = = Mary C. Daly = = = +Marcy C. Daly is an American economist. On October 1, 2018, she became the 13th President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (San Francisco Fed). She also works on the Federal Reserve's Federal Open Market Committee on a rotating basis. Daly started working for the San Francisco Fed in 1996. She was its Executive Vice President and Director of Research. She later became its President and CEO. +Early life. +Daly was born in Ballwin, Missouri. Her father was a postal worker and her mother was a homemaker. She was a good student, but she had money problems and quit school at 15. By age 16 she was living alone, working to earn full-time pay. +Career and education. +Daly went on to earn a high school equivalency diploma (GED). She received a bachelor's degree from the University of Missouri-Kansas City in 1985 and a master's degree from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign in 1987. She went on to earn a Ph.D in economics from the Maxwell School at Syracuse University in 1994. She also completed a post-doctoral fellowship at National Institute of Aging at Northwestern University in 1996. +Her research is in macroeconomics and labor economics. She has published work on many economic topics. Daly has also worked to increase diversity and inclusion within the Federal Reserve System and in the field of economics. + += = = Elaine Forbes = = = +Elaine Forbes is the Director of the Port of San Francisco. In October 2016, the mayor of San Francisco appointed her to that job. In the whole United States there are only twelve female Port Directors. +Childhood and Family. +Born in San Francisco, Forbes is the great grandchild of a Port worked. Her parents met in high school but divorced when she was three. Forbes lived with her mother. She admired her mother very much because she was a hard worker. She went to public school. Forbes liked singing. She was a member of the San Francisco Girls Chorus. +Because it was the 1970s, Forbes experienced hippie culture. She participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lived in a commune in the Haight Ashbury neighborhood of the city. Because she lived in a commune, she looked forward to having her own apartment when she grew up. Her mother died when Forbes was 19. +Now Forbes lives in San Francisco’s Castro neighborhood with her partner, Angela Calvillo, and their dogs. +Education. +Forbes went to Skyline Community College and Mills College. She went to graduate school at University of California, Los Angeles to study Community and Economic Development. +Career. +Forbes had many jobs in non-profit land use and development. She was a planner for the city of Oakland, CA, USA. She then was an executive manager for the City of San Francisco’s planning department and the San Francisco International Airport. She was a policy advisor for the city of San Francisco’s budget office. In 2010 she started working at the Port of San Francisco as the Deputy Director for Finance and Administration. + += = = Jennifer Doudna = = = +Jennifer Anne Doudna (born February 19, 1964) is an American biochemist. Her work on CRISPR gene editing won her the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Emmanuelle Charpentier. The award was: +Doudna earned her PhD at Harvard University in 1994. She worked at Yale University with a group of scientists studying RNA. +Career. +Doudna is known for co-inventing the CRISPR-Cas9 which genetically modifies DNA. She has won medals such as the Kavi Prize, The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, The Gruber Genetics Prize, and the Warren Alpert Foundation Prize. +Doudna currently works as a professor at the University of California, Berkeley. Doudna teaches chemistry and molecular cell biology. She is also an investigator at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. + += = = Tiffany Shlain = = = +Tiffany Shlain, filmmaker and business leader, was born on April 8th, 1970. +Tiffany Shlain is most well known for making the Webby Awards, the “leading international honors for websites”. The Webby Awards take place every year and give awards to the best websites. +Shlain is on the Leadership Board for the Center on Media and Child Health at Harvard’s Children’s Hospital in Boston. Besides being a business leader, Shlain’s films have won many awards, such as “The Future Starts Here”, which has been chosen for an Emmy award. Her signature style of filmmaking includes lots of vibrant action shots and animations. She engages her audience with bright and vivid images, thought-provoking keynotes, and humorous observations. +Tiffany has received rewards for her films from many organizations, including Steven Spielberg’s Righteous Person’s Foundation. Shlain also gives convincing speeches that encourage people to think about where we are in the world in terms of connection and technology. There were over 11,000 broadcasts in the world of 50/50 thinking the Past, Present, and Future of Women + Power, which were all brought together to an online discussion in which Shlain talked about supporting gender equality. She also has been the closing speaker for TED Women and TED MED. + += = = Ruth Asawa = = = +Ruth Asawa (January 27, 1926 – August 5, 2013) was an American sculptor. +Asawa was born in Norwalk, California and was the fourth child out of seven. She attended Rohwer High School in Desha County, Arkansas as she had to evacuate from California due to World War II. Rohwer was a Japanese-American concentration camp at the time. She went to the University of Wisconsin but could not get a degree because of where she was from. After that, she went to Black Mountain College. Ever since she was a young girl, she showed an interest in art. She even drew in the mud when she was a child. Ruth is famous for making sculptures out of metal wire. “Meandering lines and patterns, explorative variations of the same form or subject, and the most economical way to convey an image and characterize her work.” This quote is saying that trying out different patterns and lines is the best way for her to make her work different from other people’s work. She helped to found SCRAP, a recycling art program. Asawa also created the San Francisco School of Arts. Ruth believed that anybody who wanted to could do art and everyone had a part of them which was artistic. “Art is for everyone. It is not something that you should have to go to the museums in order to see and enjoy,” said Asawa. + += = = Alicia Garza = = = +Alicia Garza (born January 4, 1981) is an American civil rights activist. She is known for co-founding the Black Lives Matter movement. + += = = Ruth Brinker = = = +Ruth Brinker (May 1, 1922 – August 8, 2011) was an American AIDS activist. Brinker founded Project Open Hand. She also had a farm that was named Fresh Start Farms. Fresh Start Farms only hired refugees and people that used to be homeless. She received the Jefferson Award in 2005 for what she did. +Biography. +Brinker was a retired grandma when she founded Project Open Hand. Project Open Hand is a service designed to deliver food to people with HIV/AIDS. Project Open Hand currently supports many other diseases. Brinker is known for helping people with HIV and AIDS through her foundation. She was able to get volunteers and inspire projects like Project Open Hand in other places around the world. She also had a farm called Fresh Start Farms. It grew expensive and fancy vegetables for high-end restaurants. Brinker would only hire refugees and people coming out of homelessness. +Even though she died in August 2011, but Project Open Hand still actively serves communities today. +Brinker died with two children as well as extended family. She ran her own antique shop before working at Meals on Wheels. She always had a courageous spirit, a focused mindset, and wanted to help. In 1985, the nation-wide HIV and AIDS problem came to light. Brinker knew she had to do something to help when her neighbor died of malnutrition because of HIV. +Awards. +She received the 2005 Jefferson Award because of her public service. + += = = Sylvia McLaughlin = = = +Sylvia McLaughlin (December 24, 1916 – January 19, 2016) was an American environmental activist. She was best known for beginning and helping the movement to save the San Francisco Bay. +McLaughlin was born in Denver, Colorado. George E. Cranmer and Jean Chappell Cranmer were her parents. She grew up in an area with an interesting environment. She left Denver and went to Vassar College in New York. +She returned to Denver and married Donald H. McLaughlin. They moved to Berkeley, California and started a family. When Sylvia saw the environment she lived she got mad. Pollution was ruining the Bay. This inspired McLaughlin to start Save the Bay with two other women in 1961. Save the Bay gathered together many other passionate activists and stopped 2,000 acres of land in the Berkeley bay from being filled with cement. For almost forty years, Sylvia remained on the Save the Bay board. She also joined many other environment focused boards. +Her work helped people learn about the environment of the bay and how to better protect it. Because of McLaughlin, California is still very careful about maintaining the bay’s healthy habitat and creating laws to further protect it. +After many years of hard work, Sylvia McLaughlin died at age 99. + += = = Ginetta Sagan = = = +Ginetta Sagan (June 1, 1925 – August 25, 2000) was an Italian-born American human rights activist. She is best known for her work with Amnesty International for prisoners of conscience. +Sagan was born in Milan, Italy. When she was a teenager, her parents died in the Black Brigades of Benito Mussolini. Like her parents, she was active in the Italian resistance movement. She gathered intelligence and supplied Jews during World War II. She was captured and tortured in 1945. Sagan escaped on the night before she was to be executed. +After studying in Paris, she attended graduate school in child development in the United States. She married Leonard Sagan, a physician, in 1951 . The couple moved to Atherton, California. In Atherton, Sagan founded the first chapter of Amnesty International in the western United States. She later helped to create more than 75 chapters of the organization. She also organized events to raise money for political prisoners. +In 1984, Sagan was elected the honorary chair of Amnesty International USA. US President Bill Clinton gave her the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1996. Italy later awarded her the rank of "Grand Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana" (Grand Official Order of Merit of the Italian Republic). Amnesty International created a yearly Ginetta Sagan Award for activists in her honor. + += = = Mary Tape = = = +Mary Tape (1857-1934) was a desegregation activist. Tape fought for equal education. She wanted Chinese American students to study at schools with white students. +Early life. +Mary Tape was born in China. In 1868, Tape came to San Francisco. She was an orphan. The Ladies’ Protection and Relief Society helped her. She named herself "Mary McGladery." The Society taught her the English language and how to live in the United States. She married Joseph Tape. They had four children. Tape taught her children to act like white Americans. +Activism. +Tape and her family lived in the city of San Francisco, California, USA. She wanted her oldest child to study at the public school. The school said only white children could be students. It would not accept Chinese American students. Tape took the school to court. She fought for equal education. The Tape family lost in court. The children went to special Chinese American schools. Later, the family moved to Berkeley, California where they had more rights. +Legacy. +Tape was also known for having a middle-class family that acted more stereotypically American than other Chinese-American families at the time. She changed the way that many people thought of Chinese-American families at the time, and opened a gateway for people of her race to be more accepted in their society. She also earned awards for her photography and was a skilful telegrapher. Mary Tape died of old age in 1934, five months before her husband. + += = = Mother Wright = = = +Mary Ann Wright (July 11, 1921 – May 7, 2009), known as Mother Wright, was a humanitarian activist. She started the Mary Ann Wright Foundation. This foundation helped feed hungry people. Her nickname is "Mother" because she reminds people of Mother Teresa. Mother Wright became an activist when she was 63. +Early life. +Before she started her work, she lived in Louisiana. She was born in New Orleans. She moved at a young age. Her mother died when she was five years old. Wright was raised by her aunts and other relatives. They were devoted Catholics. They walked miles to church from their home. When Wright grew up, she worked many different jobs. She had a husband and 12 children. Unfortunately, her husband was cruel to her. So, Wright left Louisiana and moved to California. Her children came to California with her. +Awards. +In California, she received a “vision from God” in her sleep. The dream told he to help hungry people. She continued helping the hungry, and eventually got recognition for it. Wright received the Caring Award, an award inspired by Mother Teresa. She is also in the Hall of Fame for Caring Americans. She died at the age of 87. + += = = Yoshie Akiba = = = +Yoshie Akiba (b. 1942, ����) is the founder of an jazz club in Oakland, CA. The music club is famous internationally. She also started Elevate Oakland. Elevate Oakland brings music education to students in Oakland schools. Akiba teaches classes as California State University East Bay. She helps build Japanese cultural centers in California. +Early life. +Akiba was born in Yokohama, Japan. Her parents both died when she was five years old. Her father died in a Russian World War II prison camp. Her mother died from tuberculosis. It was during World War II. She grew up in an orphanage in Zushi, Japan. She enjoyed music and dance. +The orphanage was near a United States military base. The military invited orphans to give music performances. On the military base Akiba first heard jazz music. +On the base, Akiba met a man who was an officer in the United States Navy. They got married when she was 19. They moved together to Baltimore, Maryland, United States, in 1963. Her husband promised she coul study dance in the United States. Akiba did not like the culture in Maryland. They divorced in 1968. She moved to Berkeley, California. She began studying dance at University of California, Berkeley. +At Berkeley Akiba discovered Zen Buddhism. She had not been religious in Japan. Living in the United States she felt the need to stay connected to Japanese culture. +She married her Berkeley friend Kaz Kajimura. The started a business toether. They divorced. They still ran their business together. Akiba later married Zen Buddhist priest Reverend Gengo Akiba. +Career. +Akiba's career has focused on music and dance. She works on both music education and providing music performances. Akiba works to keep Japanese culture alive in California. +Yoshi's. +Akiba wanted to remember Japanese culture. She worked with Kaz Kajimura and Hiroyuki Hori small sushi restaurant in Berkeley in 1973. Hori was the chef. +In 1979 they moved the resturaunt to Oakland. Akiba and Kaz Kajimura liked attending jazz performances. In 1985 they started having jazz performances in the resturuant. +Yoshi's moved to Oakland's Jack London Square in 1997. The new resturaunt space had 310 seats in the club, a seperate 250 seat restaurant, and a 60 seat bar. They could have much larger performaces. They could also continue to represent Japanese culture in the resturuant space and represent jazz culture in the club space. Famous performers have included Chick Correa, Wynton Marsalis, Sarah Vaughan, Max Roach, Carlos Reyes, Pete Escovedo, Arturo Sandoval, Oscar Peterson, Betty Carter, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Pharoah Sanders. +The same year, Akiba won the 1997 Global Award for Outstanding Community Leadership. +In 2007, Akiba and her partners opened a second Yoshi's location in San Francisco's Filmore District. Despite multiple bailouts from the city of San Francisco, it eventually sold to a large corporation. However, the Oakland location survived, even the COVID-19 lockdown. In 2022, Yoshi's celebrated its 50th anniversary. +Teaching. +Akiba teaches about the Japanese Tea Ceremony. She teaches at California State University East Bay and in her own home. Her home in Oakland also includes a Zen meditation space, the Oakland Zen Center, that is open to the public once a week. Teaching the traditional ceremony is a way of teaching about Buddhism. +Elevate Oakland. +In 2012 Akiba and a teacher named Jason Hofmann started 51Oakland. Akiba remembers that music made her feel better when her life was hard. She wants students in Oakland, California, to learn about music also. She wants students to know they can work hard at something they enjoy and have success. 51Oakland brings musicians to school to talk to students about surviving hard lives. The organization also offers music lessons and organizes student performances at Yoshi's. Artists like Stevie Wonder help support the organization. The organization is now called "Elevate Oakland." Shiela E. and Lynn Mabry are also leaders of Elevate Oakland. + += = = Edythe Boone = = = +Edythe Boone (born 1938), is an African-American artist and activist. +Early Life. +Edythe Boone came from a working class family. Her mother was a maid for a white, Jewish family. That family was very supportive of Boone. +Career. +Edythe Boone is a muralist who has painted many murals, or large pieces of art. She painted murals for the city of Berkeley, CA. Berkeley City Council said July 13th is “Edy Boone Day.” The first Edy Boone Day was in 2010. She started out as a sort of “under-cover muralist,” secretly painting murals at night that reflected the struggles of people of color. Now 74 years old, she has painted numerous murals, including several that are now famous landmarks. For example, in San Francisco she helped paint “Maestra Peace,” which roughly means “Woman Teacher of Peace.” Boone also likes working with people who live in a neighborhood to make their own mural, including people who are homeless and lived in People's Park in Berkeley. Recently she has been getting more attention because of a 2013 documentary called “A New Color” by Mo Morris that tells about her notable career. “She builds bridges between people who don’t think they have [any similarities].” + += = = Luisa Buada = = = +Luisa Buada is a healthcare activist from East Palo Alto, CA, and is the CEO of the Ravenswood Family Health Center. +Career. +Buada has worked most of her life in health care. She helped start several clinics, specifically ones in Berkeley, CA; Watsonville, CA; and in the Salinas Valley in California. This includes "Clinicas de Salud", Berkeley Primary Access Clinic, and LifeLong Medical Care. She wants to make sure all patients can get help from a doctor. She helped improve the health care services at Ravenswood Family Health Center in East Palo Alto. She made it more affordable. At Ravenswood, over 14,000 people signed up for their services. +Luisa is also a farmer’s rights advocate. She joined the farmworker’s movement in California's Central Valley, and helped organize clothing and food drives. +Education. +In 1977, Luisa finished college. She studied Nursing at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Nursing. In 1990, she received her Master’s degree in Public Health and Administration from the University of California, Berkeley. +Awards. +She was a finalist for the 2016 Visionary of the Year Award. She also received the Woman of the Year Award from Senator Jerry Hill, and the John W. Gardner Exemplary. + += = = Sharon Chatman = = = +Sharon Chatman (born December 15, 1947) is an American former college basketball coach, a lawyer, and a judge. + += = = Sofia Mendoza = = = +Sofia Mendoza (1934-2015) was an activist. She worked towards improving the East San Jose, California community. +Accomplishments. +Mendoza started a group in East San Jose called “United People Arriba”. United People Arriba watched the police. They watch that people of color were treated equally to white people. She also lead a walk-out. The protest was to stop discrimination in local schools. The government counts the number of students in school to know how much money to give the school. In this walk-out, Sofia Mendoza proved that students had the power to not show up. This action could cause the school to lose money. +Death. +Mendoza died at the age of 80, in Santa Clara. She was supposed to have surgery before she died. +Legacy. +Mendoza died in 2015. She left behind the idea that people are always stronger when they work together in groups. +Despite the fact that she left behind an important legacy, she did not receive any awards for her actions. + += = = K. Megan McArthur = = = +Katherine Megan McArthur (born August 30, 1971) is an American oceanographer and a National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) astronaut. She has served as a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) for both the space shuttle and space station. Megan McArthur has flown one space shuttle mission, STS-125, where she served as Mission Specialist in repairing the Hubble Space Telescope. McArthur has served in a number of positions including working in the Shuttle Avionics Laboratory (SAIL). She is currently in space as the Commander of the NASA SpaceX Crew-2 mission to the ISS. She launched on 23 April 2021. +Childhood. +Megan McArthur was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Don and Kit McArthur. Her father was a career naval aviator, and the McArthur family later relocated to the Moffett Field Naval Air Station, which shares the same base as NASA’s Ames Research Center. This is where her inspiration of become an astronaut grew. McArthur attended St. Francis High School in Mountain View, CA. She holds a Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Ph.D. in Oceanography from the University of California, San Diego where she performed research activities at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography. +Megan enjoys SCUBA diving, backpacking, and cooking. She is married to fellow astronaut Bob Behnken, and together they have one child. +Oceanography Career. +At the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, McArthur conducted graduate research in nearshore underwater acoustic propagation and digital signal processing. Her research focused on determining geoacoustic models to describe very shallow water waveguides using measured transmission loss data in a genetic algorithm inversion technique. She served as Chief Scientist during at-sea data collection operations, and has planned and led diving operations during sea-floor instrument deployments and sediment-sample collections. While at Scripps, she participated in a range of in-water instrument testing, deployment, maintenance, and recovery, and collection of marine plants, animals, and sediment. During this time, McArthur also volunteered at the Birch Aquarium at Scripps, conducting educational demonstrations for the public from inside a 70,000 gallon exhibit tank of the California Kelp Forest. +NASA Career. +Selected as a Mission Specialist by NASA in July 2000, McArthur reported for training in August 2000. Following the completion of two years of Astronaut Candidate training and evaluation, she was assigned to the Astronaut Office Shuttle Operations Branch working technical issues on shuttle systems in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL). She has also worked in the International Space Station and Space Shuttle Mission Control Centers as a Capsule Communicator (CAPCOM) and has served as a Crew Support Astronaut for Expedition Crews during their six-month missions aboard the International Space Station. McArthur was the Astronaut Office Lead for visiting vehicles during the first commercial cargo missions to the International Space Station. Currently, she provides support to crews in training and aboard the International Space Station, as Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office ISS Operations Branch. +Megan McArthur was a member of the STS-125 mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope. McArthur was the ascent and entry flight engineer and was the lead STS-125 (May 11 through May 24, 2009). This was the fifth and final Hubble Space Telescope servicing mission. McArthur worked as the flight engineer during launch, rendezvous with the telescope, and landing. She also carefully retrieved the telescope, using the shuttle’s robotic arm, and placed it in the shuttle’s cargo bay. The 19-year-old telescope then spent six days undergoing an overhaul during 5 days of spacewalks. The spacewalkers were supported by McArthur operating the robotic arm. The team overcame frozen bolts, stripped screws, and stuck handrails. The refurbished Hubble Telescope then had four new or rejuvenated scientific instruments, new batteries, new gyroscopes, and a new computer. The STS-125 mission was accomplished in 12 days, 21 hours, 37 minutes and 9 seconds, traveling 5,276,000 miles in 197 Earth orbits. +McArthur is currently assigned as the Commander of the NASA SpaceX Crew-2 mission to the ISS, scheduled to launch in April 2021 and return in the fall 2021. + += = = Economy of the United States = = = +The economy of the United States is the world's largest national economy and the world's second-largest overall economy, the GDP of the European Union being approximately $2 trillion larger. The nominal GDP of the United States was estimated to be $21.4 trillion in 2019, approximately a quarter of nominal global GDP. Its GDP at purchasing power parity is the second-largest in the world, behind China. It has approximately a fifth of global GDP at purchasing power parity. + += = = Shadnagar = = = +Shadnagar is a town and assembly constituency in the Ranga Reddy district in Hyderabad, Telangana, India. As part of the district reorganization of Telangana Government, Shadnagar separated from Mahabubnagar district and merged into Ranga Reddy district headquarters. Shadnagar also has ISRO centre (NRSC) which is very famous centre for data reception from various satellites. Famous people like Bill Gates have visited this place. It is very near to the Hyderabad International Airport (30 km) and 50 km to Hyderabad. + += = = Sukhinder Singh Cassidy = = = +Sukhinder Singh Cassidy (born Sukhinder Singh in 1970) is an entrepreneur. She founded many technology companies. In the beginning of her career, she worked for Amazon, BskyB, and Merrill Lynch. She founded a business called Yodlee. +Education. +Cassidy was born in Tanzania. She lived in Canada as a child. She went to college at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. She studied Business Administration. +Career. +By the age of 25, her goal was to start her very own business. Cassidy is known for leading many online businesses such as theBoardlist, Joyus, and StubHub. Cassidy also worked as CEO of Polyvore for some time. It is an online marketplace. Additionally, she worked for more than 5 years as president of one of Google's international businesses. She has led to the growth of many tech businesses. She still works as chairman of many companies including theBoardlist and Joyus. She continues to be a board member of Urban outfitters. Her goal is to assign women in to more leading positions on boards and lead successfully. + += = = Brenda Villa = = = +Brenda Villa (born April 18, 1980) is an American water polo player and coach. +Childhood and family. +Brenda Villa is a three time Olympic medalist in Water Polo. She was born in Commerce, California. She started playing Water Polo at age 8 at the Commerce Aquatorium. She was inspired to take up Water Polo by her brother Edgar. Edgar pushed her to become stronger and better. She was always looking for his approval. Another challenge was that she was playing against older kids who were mostly boys. There were not enough girls to make a team. +Education. +Villa graduated from high school in 1998. She earned a college scholarship to Stanford for her skills in Water Polo. She was named the top collegiate player on the Stanford Women’s Water Polo team. Villa is famous for her accomplishments in Water Polo which have earned her several Olympic medals. +Professional life. +Brenda started playing for the US National Team in 1998. She helped them qualify for the Olympics. She and her teammates appeared on CNBC, MSNBC, and NBC. In 2003, her team won the World Championship in Water Polo. Villa was also a big part in the Pan Am championships. Right now, she is working as the Water Polo Coach at Castilleja School in Palo Alto, California, USA. Villa is possibly going to be recognized in the Olympic Hall of Fame. + += = = Anna Wang = = = +Anna Wang is a founder of Friends of Children with Special Needs (FCSN), a co-founder of Autism Parents Task Force, and the founder of Dream Achievers Band. A founder is a person who starts an organization. FCSN opened in Fremont, California, in 2006. +Wang is married to Albert Wang. They have three kids. Lawrence Wang is the middle child and was diagnosed with autism at a young age. Wang talks about how in Chinese communities, people don’t talk about their kids with special needs. When Wang figured out her son had autism, she did not know what to do. Over time, she found a therapist for her son. Soon, other families learned how Wang was taking care of her son. This inspired other families with children that had special needs to meet up. Soon, five families met up to talk about their children with autism. These meetings were the start of Friends of Children with Special Needs. Friends of Children with Special Needs officially opened in 2006 making Fremont its headquarters. Dream Achievers Band is a group of kids with autism that play music. +Wang was an electrical engineer, and her husband was a doctor. + += = = Chengdu J-20 = = = +The Chengdu J-20 is an airplane China uses that was designed to fight other airplanes. It has stealth, which means it is very hard for radar to see it. It also has 2 engines, one seat, and can fly good in all weather. It started being used by China in March 2017. It has canards, which are tiny wings in front of the main set of bigger wings that help it stay in the air. It is the world's third working stealth fighter. The first is the F-22 and the second is the F-35. It can fly 1.7 times faster than sound. +The Pentagon said that their files on the F-35 were hacked by someone from China. Some people think that this hack helped the Chinese build the J-20 faster. + += = = Aimee Allison = = = +Aimee Allison (born 1969) is a political activist from the United States. Aimee Allison is working for equality. She is President of "Democracy in Color" and founder of "She the People." +Childhood and Life. +Growing up, Allison admired her parents. Her mother was a civil rights activist. Her father was a scientist. She was inspired by her parents to get into political activism. When Allison was 17 years old, she joined the army. After being a soldier in the first Gulf War, she realized that she did not agree with fighting wars. Allison became a "conscientious objector," someone who is against war. Allison lives in Oakland, California, USA. +Accomplishments. +Allison went to college and studied history. She went to graduate school and studied education. She studied at Stanford University. In 2006 she ran unsuccessfully for a seat on the Oakland City Council. By 2016 she had two degrees and had co-authored a book about the military and war. +Famous For. +Allison is known for founding “She the People,” an organization that promotes women of color to be leaders. “She the People” has a project called “Get in Formation.” It inspires African-American women to vote. Because women of color are voting, different people are elected as leaders. + += = = Kimberly Bryant = = = +Kimberly Bryant (born January 14 1967) is the founder of Black Girls Code (BGC). Black Girls Code is a nonprofit organization teaching girls to write code for computers. It also teaches girls to be leaders. +Childhood and Family. +Bryant grew up in Memphis, Tennessee, USA. Bryant wanted to work as a lawyer until she discovered computer science. Her brother taught her about computer science. Years later, she noticed her daughter loved to play video games. She enrolled her daughter in a computer science camp at Stanford. Her daughter was very upset from the camp. The camp was all boys, so her daughter felt alone. Bryant wanted to change girls' experience with learning about computers. +Accomplishments. +Bryant helps women of color to be more involved in STEM. Black Girls Code started in a basement in San Francisco. Now, Black Girls Code teaches 3,000 girls and uses 1,300 volunteers. They have 13 chapters in the U.S., as well as one in South Africa. + += = = Bhupathy's purple frog = = = +Bhupathy's purple frog ("Nasikabatrachus bhupathi") is a frog species belonging to the family Sooglossidae. It lives in the Western Ghat mountains in India. It is a purple cave frog that lives underground almost all the time. +Bodies. +Many species of frog dig underground a little, but Bhupathy's purple frogs live undergound almost all the time. They have front limbs shaped like shovels for digging and long noses so they can stick their tongues aboveground and lick the surface to catch ants to eat. They do not have shoot-and-pull-back tongues like other frogs. +Adult frogs have purple skins and a thin blue ring around each eye. +The frog has one close relative, the purple frog, "N. sahyadrensis", which was first found in the Western Ghats in 2003. +Life cycle. +The tadpoles do not swim in ponds or streams. Instead, they grab the stones behind waterfalls, where they spend six months eating algae. Young frogs, called imagos, have brown skin. They turn purple when they are adults. +Adult frogs only come aboveground when the rain falls at the beginning of the northeast monsoon season, when they find mates. +Discovery. +Scientists from Hyderabad's Center for Cellular and Molecular Biology discovered the frog in 2017. They named the frog after scientist Dr. Subramaniam Bhupathy, who died in the Western Ghat Mountains in 2014. They wrote about "N. bhupathi" in "Alytes", the official magazine of the International Society for the Study and Conservation of Amphibians. They found "N. bhupathi" by listening for frog sounds coming up from underground. +"This frog lineage is very ancient, and has a very low diversity, so this finding is very special and unusual," said Elizabeth Prendini of the American Museum of Natural History, who helped write the scientific paper about the discovery. +The scientists did not to say exactly where they found the sample frogs because it was on private property. +This discovery was paid for by the Indian government in a project to sample the DNA of every frog in the country. +Other ideas. +Some scientists said that because "N. bhupathy", which lives in India, has close relatives in the Seychelles, which are close to Africa, it is likely that the Gondwanaland idea of why the continents are where they are is right. This idea says that Africa and India used to be one large continent, called Gondwanaland. + += = = Horsetooth Reservoir = = = +Horsetooth Reservoir is a man-made lake just west of Fort Collins, Colorado, in southern Larimer County made for recreation purposes, and is the main water supply for the Poudre Valley. The reservoir was a part of the Colorado-Big Thompson project. This project was made to move water from the west slope to the east slope. The water is used for local farms, hydropower, and drinking water for Northern Colorado. The lake is 6.5 miles long and had 25 miles of shore line with 4 camping areas, 111 campsites total, and 4 boat-launch areas. The primary activities are fishing, power boating, water skiing, hiking, and camping. +History. +This reservoir was created on top of the town of Stout. Stout was a small town with a population of 47 1/2. This town had a sandstone mine, and had a railroad that went through it. This town turned into a gost town and horsetooth reservoir was build on top of it. To this day when the water is low enough visitors can still see the buildings where Stout used to be. Horsetooth reservoirs damn began being built in 1949. In 1954, the water was used for farms until the 1970 and then only 80 percent of the water was used for farms. In the 1990's just a little over half of the water supply was used for farms and the other half was used for drinking and hydropower. This reservoir was the largest created during the Colorado-Big Thompson project. Building was finished in 1949 and water first entered the reservoir in 1951. Horsetooth was given its name because of an Arapaho legand that on the west side of the reservoir at the top of a mountain. There is a rock that Natives thought looked like a giant's heart and then later decided that it looked more like a horse's tooth. + += = = Catahoula Leopard Dog = = = +Catahoula Leopard dog is a medium sized hunting dog also known as the Catahoula cur, Catahoula hog dog, and Catahoula hound. The breed lives about 10 to 14 years. "Catahoula" dog has Native American roots and its name means "scared lake". Catahoula are from Louisiana and is the state's mascot. These dogs typically are medium-sized with a short coat varying with patterns and eyes that differ in color. Catahoulas were bred through the Blood hound, Spanish mastiff and Greyhound. The Breed is known to the American Kennel Club (AKC). AKC has grouped the breed as a stock service animal. +Temperament. +Catahoula is a high energy-level breed that requires a lot of activities such as fetching, walking, running or hiking. Catahoula's need a lot of attention with other dogs and humans. +Dog show qualifications. +The Catahoula is recognized by many kennel clubs, which allows the dog to be in dog shows. The two most popular kennel clubs is AKC and UKC. If one wishes to show their Catahoula leopard dog, she must be permanently registered and have a licensing number through the kennel club chosen. Not only should the breed be licensed, they are required to be well-kept, and not be a mixed breed. +Head requirements. +The head of the Catahoula should look strong, the mouth should look nicely even with the head and not deformed. The Leopard dog's head and mouth should be parallel, which sometimes causes wrinkles on the forehead. +Teeth. +In-order to be show ready, the dog must have full white teeth with nice pink gums. A sharp bite is ideal but teeth that may be worn or broken is okay. +Eyes. +Eyes should look medium sized, sort of rounded with varying eye colors or mix of colors. Eyes that may be deformed such as being un-centered; sagging of the eyelids; wired movability of eyelids or eyelashes can be a disqualification. +Ears. +Ears flop to the side with a short to medium triangular shape. The top of the ear should be even to the head. When alert, the tip of the ear lays close to the cheek. No Catahoula for show can have cropped ears. +Body requirement. +The body should look strong with a broad chest. Catahoula's front legs and back legs should be medium length. When feet are being looked at, the dogs paws should be well groomed and have good webbing between toes. + += = = Steven Crowder = = = +Steven Blake Crowder (; born July 7, 1987) is a conservative American-Canadian comedian, actor and political commentator. +Early life and career. +Crowder was born in Michigan in 1987. His mother is a French Canadian. Crowder grew up in Montreal. When Crowder was 12 years old, he was the voice actor a for the character Brain in the children’ animated television show "Arthur". Crowder was also in Canadian television commercials. +Crowder started doing stand-up comedy at Just for Laughs when he was 18. In 2005, Crowder played a Canadian convenience store manager in the movie "3 Needles". Crowder was also Brain in an animated movie called "Arthur’s Missing Pal". Crowder played a character called Party Kid in the horror movie "The Covenant". Crowder played a boy in a classroom in the horror movie "The Secret". Crowder played a person playing baseball in the children’s movie "The Velveteen Rabbit". Crowder played an important character in the Christian movie "To Save a Life". +In 2009, Crowder started working as a right-wing political commentator for Fox News. Crowder filmed comedy videos for conservative websites. In 2013, Fox News fired Crowder. +In 2015, Crowder filmed a series of videos of himself and some other people commenting on left-wing politics and telling jokes about it from a conservative point of view and posted the videos on the Internet as a conservative political comedy called Louder with Crowder. +In 2018, Crowder started going to colleges across the country sitting at a table with a sign saying that he has a conservative position on a specific controversial topic (male privilege, socialism, guns and abortion have been some of them) and asks people to change his mind. Crowder voted for Donald Trump in 2016. +In 2019, YouTube stopped letting Crowder make money from posting Louder with Crowder videos. It said that Crowder was bullying a gay Hispanic journalist named Carlos Maza after Crowder used homophobic language to describe him. +In 2023, Steven Crowder refused to sign a contract with The Daily Wire and said that their deal was extremely unfair and The Daily Wire responded with their own videos saying that Crowder was wrong. +Personal life. +In 2012, Steven Crowder married Hilary Korzon. Both before and after the wedding, Crowder argued in favor of sexual abstinence before marriage. In 2023, they divorced. Crowder’s ex-wife accused him of emotional abuse. Crowder said he did not abuse her. +Crowder is a zoophile. In a now-deleted YouTube video from 2018 on PragerU’s channel, Crowder demonstrated how he would jack off a dog in order to drink its semen for his own sexual gratification. +References. +Right-wing-media-fratricide-and-shirley-jacksons-the-lottery/ + += = = James Holzhauer = = = +James Holzhauer (born July 23, 1984) is the third-highest winner on the American television game show "Jeopardy!", and the third-highest winner on a game show. +Holzhauer won 32 games, earning $2,462,216. His winning streak lasted from April 4, 2019 to June 3, 2019. During his winning streak, he broke several show records. On April 9, 2019, Holzhauer broke the one-day record with $110,914, breaking the previous record of $77,000 set by Roger Craig in 2010. He broke his own record with $131,127 on April 17, 2019. He is the first and only player in the show's history to win $100,000 or more in a single game; and he holds the top sixteen spots for most single-day winnings. +On June 3, 2019, Holzhauer lost to a player named Emma Boettcher, who went on to win three games of her own before losing. Holzhauer and Boettcher were both brought back for the Tournament of Champions, which aired November 4-15, 2019. In the tournament, Holzhauer defeated Boettcher in the two-day final, winning the $250,000 prize. +In January 2020, Holzhauer faced off against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All-Time, finishing in second place with Jennings winning the $1,000,000 first prize and Holzhauer taking home $250,000 for second place. +Activities after Jeopardy! +Holzhauer first appeared on the American game show The Chase in 2021, appearing as a "Chaser" alongside Jennings and Rutter. > + += = = Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades = = = +The Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades was a special tournament held during the 30th season of the American television game show "Jeopardy!" It featured 45 contestants who won or competed in the Tournament of Champions in the past. The field of contestants were broken up into three decades (1984-1993, 1994-2003, and 2004-2013), and contestants from their respective decade competed against one another. There were five matches per decade, deciding who advances to the quarterfinal round of the tournament to compete for $1,000,000. The first decade aired in February 2014. The second one aired in March 2014. And the third aired in April 2014. The rest of the tournament (quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals) aired May 5-16, 2014. +The finals featured Ken Jennings against Brad Rutter and Roger Craig. At the time, Jennings was the biggest money winner on a game show. However, Rutter won the two-day final and the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record. +Related pages. +Jeopardy! Tournament of Champions + += = = John R. Broxson = = = +John Ray Broxson (June 10, 1932 – December 9, 2019) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in Holley, Florida. Broxson was a member of the Florida Senate from 1967 through 1971. He was also the Santa Rosa County sheriff. +Broxson died on December 9, 2019 in Milton, Florida at the age of 87. + += = = Holley, Florida = = = +Holley is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States. Its population was 2,484 as of the 2020 census. + += = = Imre Varga = = = +Imre Varga (1 November 1923 – 9 December 2019) was a Hungarian sculptor, painter, designer and graphic artist. He was thought of as one of Hungary's most important living artists, +and he has been called one of the "most skilled sculptors in Hungary." He was born in Siófok, Hungary. His best known works were the Statue of Raoul Wallenberg in Tel Aviv and the Holocaust memorial at the Dohány Street Synagogue in Budapest. +Varga died in Budapest on 9 December 2019 at the age of 96. + += = = Philip McKeon = = = +Philip Anthony McKeon (November 11, 1964 – December 10, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for playing the role of Tommy Hyatt on the sitcom "Alice" from 1976 to 1985. +McKeon died in Wimberley, Texas on December 10, 2019 after a long-illness, aged 55. + += = = Westbury, New York = = = +Westbury is a village in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 15,864 at the 2020 census. + += = = Polly Holliday = = = +Polly Dean Holliday (born July 2, 1937) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as the sassy waitress Florence Jean "Flo" Castleberry on the 1970s sitcom "Alice", which she replayed in its short-lived spin-off, "Flo". She was born in Jasper, Alabama. +In 1978 and 1979, Holliday won two Golden Globe Awards. In 1984, she won a Saturn Award. + += = = Alice (TV series) = = = +Alice is an American sitcom television series that aired on CBS from August 31, 1976, to March 19, 1985. The series is based on the 1974 movie "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore". +The show stars Linda Lavin in the main role, a widow who moves with her young son to start life over again, and finds a job working at a roadside diner in Phoenix, Arizona. The series also stars Vic Tayback, Beth Howland, Philip McKeon, Polly Holliday, Diane Ladd, Celia Weston, and Charles Levin with Marvin Kaplan. +In 1979, the show won the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy. + += = = Jim Smith (footballer, born 1940) = = = +James Michael Smith (17 October 1940 – 10 December 2019) was an English footballer and manager. +Career. +As a player, he made 249 appearances in the Fourth Division of The Football League, representing Aldershot, Halifax Town, Lincoln City and Colchester United, and played for three-and-a-half years for Boston United of the Northern Premier League. +He began a long managerial career with Boston United, and went on to take charge of clubs in all divisions of the Football League and in the Conference National. +Death. +Smith died on 10 December 2019 at the age of 79. + += = = Public law = = = +Public law is a branch of law about the relations of individuals with the government and the organization and conduct of the government itself. +In public law there is: +a. Constitutional law: basic law of the state. +b. Administrative law: fixes the powers and duties of the state. +c. Criminal law: the state says what penalties there are for crimes committed by individuals or businesses. +The other kind of law is private law. + += = = Boston United F.C. = = = +Boston United Football Club is an English football club based in Boston, Lincolnshire. The club participates in the National League North, the sixth tier of English football. +Boston's neighbours include Lincoln City, Scunthorpe United and Grimsby Town. +Boston United were members of the Football League from 2002 until 2007. + += = = Bérénice Marlohe = = = +Bérénice Lim Marlohe (born 19 May 1979) is a French actress. She played Bond girl Sévérine in the twenty-third "James Bond" movie "Skyfall". She was born in Paris. + += = = Alison Cronin = = = +Alison Lorraine Cronin, MBE (born September 1966) is the director of Monkey World in Dorset, England, a place of refuge for primates that have been treated badly and not taken care of properly, from the United States. She is widely accepted to be an international expert in rescuing and rehabilitating such primates, and enforcing international treaties aimed at protecting them from illegal trade and experimentation. +Alison Cronin and her husband got an MBE in 2006 for Services to Animal Welfare, as well as starting the Endangered Asian Species Trust. +Early life and career. +Alison Cronin was born in September 1966 as Alison Lorraine Ames in San Diego, California. She studied biological anthropology at Cambridge University. She met Jim Cronin at Monkey World in 1993 while she was living in the UK. They married in 1996. They were joint directors of Monkey World. After her husband died, Cronin continued running the site and working against the illegal transportation of animals. +Alison Cronin became known through the television series "Monkey Business", which was made by Meridian Broadcasting and shown on ITV Meridian in the UK and on Animal Planet worldwide, which has recorded the frequent rescue missions and undercover investigations all around Europe and Asia. The show began in 1998 with "Monkey Business", which was then replaced with "Monkey Life" in 2007. It covers the low and high-profile rescues, one of the most dramatic being in January 2008 when Cronin led a huge rescue of 88 Capuchin monkeys from Chile. +In 2008, Alison Cronin led the creation of the Dao Tien Endangered Primate Rescue Centre located in Cát Tiên National Park, Southern Vietnam which is a rescue, rehabilitation, and release centre focusing on golden-cheeked gibbons, black-shanked douc langurs, silvered langurs, and pygmy loris. Alison Cronin has written on primates as well as fought to get legislation changed to protect the primates. +In 2018, Cronin was awarded an honorary degree from Oxford Brookes University for her work. + += = = Zozibini Tunzi = = = +Zozibini Tunzi (born 18 September 1993) is a South African model and beauty pageant titleholder. She was crowned Miss Universe 2019. Tunzi had been crowned Miss South Africa 2019. She is the third woman from South Africa to win the title, and the first black woman since Leila Lopes was crowned Miss Universe 2011. + += = = Percival Lowell = = = +Percival Lawrence Lowell (; March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer. He founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona. He started the effort that led to the discovery of Pluto 14 years after his death. +His reputation was damaged by his belief in canals on Mars. This idea was counter-attacked by Alfred Russel Wallace. + += = = Jim Cronin (zookeeper) = = = +James Michael Cronin MBE (15 November 1951 – 17 March 2007) was an American zookeeper. He was the co-founder of Monkey World, a place of refuge for primates that have been treated badly and not taken care of properly, in Dorset, England, in 1987, from the United States. He was widely acknowledged as an international expert in the rescue and rehabilitation of abused primates, and in the enforcement of international treaties aimed at protecting them from illegal trade and experimentation. +Cronin got an honorary MBE from Queen Elizabeth II in 2006 for services to animal welfare. +Early life. +Cronin was born on 15 November 1951 in Yonkers, New York, to Italian-Irish parents. He was the son of a union official. He was educated at St Denis School and Lincoln High School. He had a number of jobs after leaving school before becoming a keeper at Bronx Zoo in the 1970s. While he was working there, he realised he wanted to work with animals. He moved to Kent in the UK to work in John Aspinall's zoo in 1980. +Working with primates. +Cronin started working with primates by working as a zoo keeper in various zoos. He came to the UK, where he got a job as a zoo keeper at John Aspinall's zoo at Howletts, where he perfected his skills of primate rehabilitation and care, in 1980. John Aspinall had set up a breeding programme for gorillas which were an endangered species. Jim Cronin's passion for working with primates made him quite successful in his career and encouraged him to wish to eventually build a safe haven for primates that were treated badly. During his years working at John Aspinall's Zoo, he gave himself the necessary experience of dealing with apes on a daily basis in his career path of working with them as well as small monkeys and their complex life needs. +Monkey World. +The biggest rescue the centre undertook was that of the 19 retired stump-tailed macaques from a medical research laboratory in the UK; but the rescue mission in 2008, of the 88 capuchin monkeys from a medical research laboratory in Chile, took the record of the largest rescue of primates in the world. +In 2006, Cronin was awarded an MBE by Queen Elizabeth II for services to animal welfare he was accompanied by Robert Pitts. Cronin has also received the Jane Goodall Award. +The television series "Monkey Business" (made by Meridian Broadcasting and shown on ITV Meridian in the UK and on Animal Planet worldwide) has documented the Cronin's frequent rescue missions and undercover investigations throughout Europe and Asia for the past 10 years. Beginning in 2007, "Monkey Business" was replaced with "Monkey Life", which also documents the goings-on within Monkey World. +Death. +Following a brief battle with liver cancer, Cronin died on 17 March 2007 at the Cabrini Medical Center, Manhattan, New York. He was survived by his daughter Eleanor, from his first marriage, and his wife Alison Cronin. Since his death, Monkey World has been run by Alison and his close friend Jeremy Keeling. +Jim Cronin Memorial Fund. +The Jim Cronin Memorial Fund for Primate Welfare and Conservation was set up for the purpose of continuing Cronin's legacy and for the support of primate conservation and welfare all over the world. It is a UK-registered charity, number 1126939, and is sponsored by Monkey World. + += = = Eretmophorus kleinenbergi = = = +Eretmophorus kleinenbergi is a species of morid cod found in the Mediterranean Sea and possibly into the Atlantic Ocean. This species grows to in length. It is the only known member of its genus. + += = = Rose Cousins = = = +Rosanne Millicent Cousins (born April 21, 1977) is a Canadian folk and pop music singer-songwriter. She was born in Prince Edward Island. She had two extended play records. In 2006, she released her first full-length studio album "If You Were for Me". Cousins was nominated for the best solo artist at the Canadian Folk Music Awards. She was a winner of the 2007 Mountain Stage Newsong Contest. Next, she won the best folk recording in the Nova Scotia Music Awards and PEI Music Awards. Then she won Female Recording of the Year at the East Coast Music Awards in 2008. +Cousins followed her first studio album with "The Send Off" in 2009. For this, she was named contemporary singer at the Canadian Folk Music Awards in 2010. She released "We Have Made a Spark" in 2012. She won a Juno Award in 2013. Her next album, "Bravada", has a February 2020 release date. + += = = Danielius Dolskis = = = +Danielius Dolskis (April 13, 1891 – December 3, 1931) was a Lithuanian singer in the Russian Empire. +Danielius Dolskis sang in Saint Petersburg until 1917. He also sang in Moscow, Odessa, and Kiev. After the October Revolution, he moved to Riga, Latvia. In 1929, Danielius Dolskis moved to Kaunas, Lithuania, where he sang in restaurants. +Danielius Dolskis got pneumonia in 1931 after a performance. He died several days later. + += = = International Mountain Day = = = +International Mountain Day is a day to show the need for sustainable use of mountains. It is held on 11 December of every year. +The day was set up by the United Nations in 1992. It was then celebrated for the first time in 2003. + += = = Jay Bruce = = = +Jay Allen Bruce (born April 3, 1987) is an American professional baseball corner outfielder for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Before he played for the Phillies, he played for the Cincinnati Reds, New York Mets, Cleveland Indians, and Seattle Mariners. The Reds chose Bruce in the first round, 12th overall pick, of the 2005 Major League Baseball draft (where teams chose their players). He started playing in MLB in 2008. Bruce has been named an All-Star three times during his career, and has won the Silver Slugger Award twice. + += = = Daisuke Matsuzaka = = = + is a Japanese professional baseball pitcher who currently plays for the Saitama Seibu Lions . He has played for the Boston Red Sox and New York Mets of Major League Baseball (MLB) and the Seibu Lions ,Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks and Chunichi Dragons of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). +Matsuzaka was selected the MVP of the inaugural and the second World Baseball Classic, and is an Olympic bronze medalist. +He is the first player to have won both a World Series and a World Baseball Classic. + += = = The Caine Mutiny = = = +The Caine Mutiny is a 1951 Pulitzer Prize winning war novel by American Jewish author Herman Wouk. +In 1953, Herman Wouk wrote a play called "The Caine Mutiny Court Martial" based on the trial from the book and in which Henry Fonda played Greenwald. In 1954, there was a movie based on the book, in which Humphrey Bogart played Queeg. +Synopsis. +Willis Seward Keith has graduated Princeton University studying literature. Willie’s mother wants him to continue his studies and get a masters degree. Willie plays piano and wants to go into show business. As a result, Willie meets and starts dating a singer whose stage name is May Wynn. Then the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor and Willie is afraid he’ll have to be sent to the army. So that that doesn’t happen, Willie joins the Navy. Willie is assigned to a ship called the USS Caine. He hates the captain for being too laidback and easygoing and sarcastic and not caring about how things look. The captain is then replaced by a new captain named Queeg. Queeg is mean, gets very angry is almost paranoid and always wants everything to be done his way. Queeg makes everyone on the Caine miserable. Tom Keefer, who is trying to write a novel about how horrible the navy is can’t get any work on his book done so he tries to convince Steve Maryk, who is Queeg’s second in command, that Queeg is insane and cannot command a ship in a time of war. Maryk doesn’t want to believe Keefer but then the ship ends up in the middle of a typhoon. Since there is no written rule about how to get out of a typhoon, Queeg tries to get out by following the rule to avoid getting into a typhoon. Since it doesn’t seem to be working Maryk decides Queeg is insane and takes over as captain with Willie’s help. Queeg has them put on trial for mutiny as soon as they get back to the United States. A Jewish lawyer named Lieutenant Barney Greenwald agrees to defend them because no one else will. When the trial begins, Willie realizes that the reason he helped Maryk wasn’t because he thought Queeg was crazy but because he hated Queeg. He still admits to what he’s done in the trial. Keefer, on the other hand, lies to the jury and says he knew nothing about the mutiny until after it happened. Greenwald still wins the trial by getting Queeg to get angry and act like he is completely crazy. Greenwald then goes to Maryk, Keefer, and Willie and tells them that they are guilty and that if there were anyone else willing to defend them he would have been the one to prosecute them. Greenwald says Queeg was actually a hero because while Willie was at Princeton and Keefer was writing his books and Greenwald was defending the Cherokee, Queeg was risking his own life to protect the country so that Greenwald’s mother didn’t get melted down into a bar of soap by the Nazis. Greenwald calls Keefer a coward for having convinced Maryk to mutiny and then betrayed Maryk during the trial. Greenwald then throws wine at Keefer’s face and says he’ll be waiting in the lobby if Keefer wants revenge and that since they are both drunk it will be a fair fight. Maryk is fired from the Navy and Keefer becomes captain. A Japanese kamikaze crashes his plane into the ship, so Keefer jumps and abandons the crew to save his own life. Willie stays on board and actually risks his own life to save everyone else and actually manages to do that. Willie then starts thinking about what is important and decides that he should marry May Wynn and have kids with her. When he comes back to America, she is using her real name and working for a soon to be divorced man who wants to have sex with her though they have not yet since she is not going to have sex with someone to whom she is not married. Willie then meets the man and he realizes that he reminds him of Keefer. Willie then knows that he can and will win her back. + += = = National Center for Biotechnology Information = = = +The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), is part of the United States National Institutes of Health. It has a database where scientists can put information for other people to read and use, especially information about molecules and the way they affect and create living things. +According to its own website, NCBI's goal is to make it easier for people to invent new technology that can be used to study molecules and genes. It also sets up meetings for scientists to talk to each other, trains new scientists, develops computer-based ways of studying information, and conducts scientific research on its own. +Beginning. +In 1988, United States Senator Claude Pepper proposed the law that would create NCBI, and the rest of the United States Congress passed it. + += = = Ultar Sar = = = +Ultar Sar is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is also known as Ultar Peak, Ultar II, Bojohagur Duanasir II, and simply as Ultar. Ultar Sar is part of the Batura Muztagh subrange. It is the 69th highest mountain in the world. +The first people to reach the top were Akito Yamazaki and Kiyoshi Matsuoka, in 1996. It is a very difficult and dangerous climb. + += = = Floor leader = = = +A floor Leader, also known as a caucus leader, is a leader of their political party in a body of a legislature. They are also called Leaders of the House. + += = = Dip net = = = +A dip net, or hand net, is a toll used to wade through water and catch fish. +Species. +Hooligan, king salmon, red salmon, pink salmon, silver salmon, and flounder are fish that are mostly caught while netting in Alaska. Hooligan, a Chinookan name, is also called a candlefish. This is an important species to eagles, gulls, and bear. This fish is found in the Pacific Northwest of Alaska. The best way to catch them is to dip net them. There is no bag unit limit when catching these fish. Only a valid fishing license will be needed and to be an official Alaskan resident. Hundreds and thousands of hooligan spawn every year in rivers. Salmon are usually born in freshwater, but slowly swim to the saltwater. They lay their eggs on the gravel and the eggs hatch after a month. These little fish are called fry because they look like long little fries when they swim in water. After they hatch, they swim to saltwater and live up to four to six years then they come back to the river, usually not the same river as they were spawned, but in a river that's not running fast. This is because hooligans are not strong swimmers. +King Salmon, a Chinookan salmon, is called king because of how aggressive and large it is. It is 30-40 inches long. They are found in the Southeast of Alaska in Prince William Sound in the Bristol Bay area. This species is highly fished because they are rich in omega-3 fatty acids which makes a good dinner. +Sockeye salmon, also named a red salmon, are the most popular among the salmon species because of their bright orange flesh. They are found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and rivers. They can grow up to 33 inches long and weigh 4 to 15 pounds. They live to 3–7 years and are eaten by marine mammals and bears. +Pink Salmon, known as humpy fish are found in Southeast of Alaska in Prince William Sound. Males are easily identified by the large hump on their back while females have a slimmer appearance. This area is home to seabirds that feed on them as well as bears, wolves, otters, and bald eagles. Saltwater pinks are smaller than freshwater and have softer flesh. Regular freshwater are 20-25 inches in length. They run with other fish like kings and silvers. These are especially easy to catch because they're easier to trick with the correct angler method. +Silver salmon, deep bodied North Pacific salmon with black spots, are found in the Northern Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. They grow up to be 30 inches in length and live up to 2–4 years. +Ways to dip net. +There are two types of basic dip netting: stationary and sweeping. There are two stationary techniques. Kick netting is placing a net at the bottom of the river where all of the rocks are and kicking to get fish. Nets are easily damaged this way. The other technique is body rushing, which is using a body to catch fish. When a school of fish rush in the water, swing the body from side to side. This can scare the fish and they should get caught in the net. There are three types of sweeping. Sight dipping is seeing fish in the water and trying to catch the fish. Scooping is digging between rocks blindly into bushes of weeds or large bushes. The last technique is dredging. The net rubs against the bottom of the river picking up mud, weeds and other debris that can trap fish. + += = = David Bellamy = = = +David James Bellamy (18 January 1933 – 11 December 2019) was an English author, broadcaster, environmental campaigner and botanist. +Bellamy wrote, appeared in or presented hundreds of television programmes on botany, ecology, environmentalism and other issues. His television series included "Bellamy on Botany", "Bellamy's Britain", "Bellamy's Europe" and "Bellamy's Backyard Safari". +Bellamy died on the morning of 11 December 2019 in Durham, aged 86. + += = = Veijo Puhjo = = = +Veijo Olavi Puhjo (26 June 1948 – 9 December 2019) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of Finnish Parliament, representing the Left Alliance. He was elected in 1995 and retired in 2001. He was born in Loimaa, Finland. Puhjo was born in Loimaa, Finland. +Puhjo died on 9 December 2019 in Pori, Finland at the age of 71. + += = = Sherman Howard (American football) = = = +Sherman John Howard (November 28, 1924 – December 5, 2019) was an professional American football player. He played professionally as a halfback for four seasons in the National Football League (NFL) with the New York Yanks and Cleveland Browns. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. +Howard died in Chicago on December 5, 2019 at the age of 95. + += = = Henry Ward Beecher = = = +Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American clergyman, social reformer, and speaker. As the pastor of a Congregational church in Brooklyn he became famous for his work to end slavery. + += = = Urethral sphincters = = = +In mammals, the Urethral sphincters are two muscles that control the exit of urine from the bladder through the urethra. If either of them contracts, the urethra is sealed shut. In male mammals, one of the muscles is placed around the urethra. In female mammals, it is placed on the side of the vagina. In male mammals, the muscles are also used to transport the sperm, when an erection happens. + += = = Chipko movement = = = +The Chipko movement was a group action in India with the goal of saving trees. This is mainly done through the act of hugging trees to protect them from being cut. It was also known as Chipko Andolan. Those who were part of it used nonviolent protests. The Chipko movement began in the early 1970s in Uttarakhand. It then spread to Uttar Pradesh. By the 1980s it had spread across most of India. +/The Chipko leads to a change in policies to stop the clear cutting of trees in some regions. (Clear cutting is a type of logging where all trees in an area are cut down). +Chipko movement was started by Sunderlal Bahuguna. +The name of the Chipko moment originated from the word 'embrace' as the villagers used to hug the trees/ and protect them from wood cutters from cutting them. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers to arrange wood for constructing a new palace. The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited by Bishnois, to cut down trees. A Bishnoi woman Amrita Devi showed exemplary courage by hugging a tree and daring king’s men to cut her first before cutting the tree. The tree mattered much more to her than her own life. Sadly, the king’s men did not heed to her pleas, and cut down the tree along with Amrita Devi. Her three daughters and hundreds of other Bishnois followed her, and thus lost their lives saving trees. The incident inspired the several other rural women, who launched such similar movements in different parts of India. The Chipko Movement gained momentum under Sunderlal Bahuguna, an activist, who spent his whole life persuading and educating the villagers, to protest against the destruction of the forests and the Himalayan mountains by the government. The Chipko protests achieved a major victory in 1980 with a 15 years ban on tree felling in the Himalayan forests of the state by the order of Mrs. Indira Gandhi. +Now, even an Amrita Devi Award is given to those involved in wildlife protection and conservation. + += = = Gollapudi Maruti Rao = = = +Gollapudi Maruti Rao (14 April 1939 – 12 December 2019) was an Indian actor and screenwriter. He was born in Vizianagaram, British India (present day Andhra Pradesh). He was known for his roles in "Samsaram Oka Chadarangam", "Yamudiki Mogudu" and "Aditya 369". He also wrote many plays such as: "Rendu Rellu Aaru", "Patita", "Karuninchani Devatalu", "Mahanatudu", "Kaalam Venakku Tirigindi" and in Aasayaalaku Sankellu". +Rao died at a private hospital in Chennai, India on 12 December 2019 from an illness, aged 80. + += = = Momhil Sar = = = +Momhil Sar is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. Momhil Sar is part of the Hispar Muztagh subrange. It is the 63rd highest mountain in the world. +The first people to reach the top were Hans Schell and his expedition, in 1965. + += = = Atlantic cod = = = +Atlantic cod is a species of cod which occurs in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The younger fish live near the surface of the ocean, the older ones near the sea floor. Atlantic cod is one of the species of cod that has been consumed by humans. The atlantic cod feeds on other, smaller fish (for example herring), as well as molluscs. + += = = Gowling WLG = = = +Gowling WLG is a multinational law firm. It was formed by the merger of Canada-based Gowlings and UK-based Wragge Lawrence Graham & Co in February 2016. This was the first multinational law firm merger between British and Canadian firms. As of 2020, it is 16th on The Lawyer UK 200 list of best law firms. +Gowling WLG International Limited is an English company limited by guarantee. The two limited liability partnerships of Gowling WLG (Canada) LLP and Gowling WLG (UK) LLP are members of it. The two partnerships provide legal services. They are financially separate. +This is a fairly loose association, where each "partner" does the legal work for its own country. Therefore regulators in each country know who is responsible for any particular case. +Offices. +The firm has 19 offices in Canada, the UK, continental Europe, the Middle East, China and Singapore. Gowling WLG plans to grow in Germany and East Asia in the near future. + += = = Mortal Engines Quartet = = = +The Mortal Engines Quartet is a fantasy novel series by British author, Philip Reeve. +A prequel series, Fever Crumb, set 600 years before the events of the Quartet, was published between 2009 and 2011. In March 2020 Reeve said "too much time has passed since I wrote the other books, it’s hard to go back to that world" and that he did not intend to publish further books in the series. +On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether "Mortal Engines" would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely. + += = = Icicle = = = +An icicle is a spike of ice formed when water falling from an object freezes. +Various snow spikes are formed on days when the outdoor air temperature is sub freezing and heat from sunlight melts snow or ice on anything sloped. The droplets of water freeze as they loses their heat to the cold air, forming a cone-like shape of ice. +Shape. +Once water starts dripping, it begins to freeze into a certain side. It will melt and freeze over and begin to create icicles. As winter gets longer and temperatures stay in the freezing and sunlight is present, water will just melt and drip alongside the icicle causing them to get longer and sharper. The reason why icicles are pointy is because the water drips in a downward motion. Icicles can range from millimeters to feet in length. +Accidents. +Icicles are beautiful, but they can sometimes be dangerous. Icicles have been reported fatal since the 1700s, from falling on people and causing accidents to property being damaged. Icicles can cause damage on many structures such as buildings and homes, once ice forms layers the weight of it can cause the structure to fall or break off. Icicles can also be formed on bridges over streets and highways creating a potential danger for nearby motor vehicles passing by. + += = = Rydberg constant = = = +In spectroscopy, the Rydberg constant is a physical constant relating to the electromagnetic spectra of an atom. Its symbol is formula_1 for heavy atoms or formula_2 for hydrogen. The constant is named after the Swedish physicist Johannes Rydberg. The constant first arose as an empirical fitting parameter in the Rydberg formula for the hydrogen spectral series. Niels Bohr later showed that its value could be calculated from more fundamental constants via his Bohr model. , formula_1 and electron spin "g"-factor are the most accurately measured physical constants. +The constant is expressed for either hydrogen as formula_2, or at the limit of infinite nuclear mass as formula_1. In either case, the constant is used to express the limiting value of the highest wavenumber (inverse wavelength) of any photon that can be emitted from an atom, or, alternatively, the wavenumber of the lowest-energy photon capable of ionizing an atom from its ground state. The hydrogen spectral series can be expressed simply in terms of the Rydberg constant for hydrogen formula_2 and the Rydberg formula. +In atomic physics, Rydberg unit of energy, symbol Ry, corresponds to the energy of the photon whose wavenumber is the Rydberg constant, i.e. the ionization energy of the hydrogen atom. + += = = Jeopardy! Teachers Tournament = = = +The "Jeopardy!" Teachers Tournament is an annual tournament on the American television game show "Jeopardy!" It features full-time teachers of students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. The tournament debuted during Season 27 (2010-2011) and has been played every season since (except for Season 37), always during any of the three ratings sweeps periods (November, February, or May), with the exception of being held from May 25th to June 5th 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. +Format. +The Teachers Tournament follows the same 10-game format as the Tournament of Champions, College Championship, and Teen Tournament. The first five games are the quarterfinals, where all fifteen participants play in groups of three. The winners of the five games advance to the semifinals. The players with the four highest scores among non-winners advance as "wild card" players. The nine semifinalists compete in the next three games. Then the three semifinal winners advance to the two-day finals, in which cumulative scores from the two games are added to determine the championship (contestants' scores start at $0 in each game). +Prizes. +Cash. +The person who wins the tournament receives a $100,000 prize. The first runner up gets $50,000; and the second runner up gets $25,000. Teachers who are eliminated during the semifinals go home with $10,000, and teachers who are eliminated during the quarterfinals go home with $5,000. +Tournament of Champions. +In addition to the aforementioned cash prize, the winner also earns an automatic spot in the next Tournament of Champions, although one winner (Larry Martin in 2018) died from pancreatic cancer before reaching that tournament. So far, two Teachers Tournaments winners have made it to the finals of the Tournament of Champions (Colby Burnett in 2013 and Francois Barcomb in 2019); only Burnett won the event. 2016 winner Jason Sterlacci is only other winner to advance to the semi-finals of the Tournament of Champions. Burnett was also invited back to the Battle of the Decades in 2014 where he advanced to the semifinals, and was team captain in the All-Star games in 2019, where he drafted 2017 Tournament of Champions finalist Alan Lin and November 2000 College Champion Pam Mueller as his team members. His team finished as the second runner-up in the event. 2015 winner Jennifer Giles also competed in the All-Star games, as a member of Team Buzzy Cohen. John Pearson was the alternate in the All-Star games. +List of participants. + Catherine Whitten and Justin Hoffstetter in February 2012 are the first pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in January 24, 2015. Maryanne Lewell and Michael Townes in 2013 are the second pair of contestants to marry each other. Their marriage took place in Canada in August 2017. + Mary Parker and Cody Vest are the first two teachers contestants that teach in the same school. + += = = The Corsair = = = +The Corsair is a book by Lord Byron. It is about the life of a corsair (a person who fights wars at sea) named Conrad. + += = = Don Juan (Byron) = = = +Don Juan is a satirical poem by Lord Byron. It is based on the legend of Don Juan, who was said to be able to seduce many women. The poem is a satire because in the poem it is Don Juan who is seduced by women. + += = = Pineville, Louisiana = = = +Pineville is a suburb of Alexandria. It is in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. + += = = Abstraction (art) = = = +Abstraction in art history is when art does not try to show how something actually looks "but instead use shapes, colours, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect." + += = = Brian Muller = = = +Brian Leo "Jazz" Muller (11 June 1942 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a prop. He played for Taranaki at a provincial level from 1963 to 1972. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1967 to 1971. He played 35 matches for the All Blacks, including 14 internationals. +Muller was born in Eltham. He died on 12 December 2019 at the age of 77. + += = = List of Louisiana metropolitan areas = = = +The U.S. state of Louisiana has a total of nine Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). Thirty (30) of Louisiana's sixty-four (64) parishes are classified as metropolitan. As of the 2010 census, these parishes had a combined population of 3,340,667 (74.8% of the state's population). Based on a July 1, 2009, population estimate, that figure had increased to 3,356,913 (74.7% of the state's population). +See also Louisiana statistical areas. +The following table lists Louisiana's metropolitan areas, ranked by population as of February 1, 2013. +Louisiana parishes classified as part of a Metropolitan Statistical Area from 1950 to 2003 + += = = Łęczna = = = +Łęczna is a town in eastern Poland with 19,780 people (2014), in Lublin Voivodeship. It is the capital of Łęczna County and the smaller administrative district of Gmina Łęczna. The town is in northeastern corner of historic province of Lesser Poland. On 31 December 2010, the population of the town was 20,706. +Łęczna tops among the hills of the Lublin Upland, at the confluence of two rivers—the Wieprz, and the Świnka. + += = = Nosrat Karimi = = = +Nosrat Karimi (, 22 December 1924 – 3 December 2019) was an Iranian actor, director, make-up artist, professor, scriptwriter, and sculptor. His career lasted for sixty years from 1965 through 2019. He was best known for his role as Agha Joon in "My Uncle Napoleon" and "The Carriage Driver". Karimi was born in Tehran. +Karimi died on 3 December 2019 in Tehran at the age of 94. + += = = Richard Easton = = = +John Richard Easton (March 22, 1933 – December 2, 2019) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. Easton was best known for his role as Brian Hammond in the 1970s BBC serial "The Brothers". He also had television guest appearances on "Doctor Who", "L.A. Law", "Frasier", and "Ed". +In 2001, he won a Tony Award and a Drama Desk Award for his role in "The Invention of Love". In 2008, Easton was added into the American Theater Hall of Fame. +Easton died on December 2, 2019 of congestive heart failure at his home in Manhattan at the age of 86. + += = = Charles Koffi Diby = = = +Charles Koffi Diby (7 September 1957 – 7 December 2019) was an Ivorian politician. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Ivory Coast from 2012 to 2016. He was born in Bouaké, Côte d’Ivoire. +Diby died on 7 December 2019 of problems caused by anorexia at his home in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire, aged 62. + += = = William Luce = = = +William Aubert Luce (October 16, 1931 – December 9, 2019) was an American playwright and television writer. He wrote many plays which starred Julie Harris. His best known play works were "The Belle of Amherst" and "Barrymore". He also wrote the television screenplay of "The Last Days of Patton". Luce was born in Portland, Oregon. +Luce died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems at his home in Green Valley, Arizona on December 9, 2019 at the age of 88. + += = = Green Valley, Arizona = = = +Green Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Pima County, Arizona, United States. The population was 22,616 at the 2020 census. + += = = Ashland, Oregon = = = +Ashland is a city in Jackson County, Oregon, United States. The city's population was 21,360 at the 2020 census. + += = = Yang di-Pertuan Negara = = = +Yang di-Pertuan Negara or simply Yang di-Pertuan is the name of the head of state of Singapore, Brunei and Malaysia. + += = = 2020 Labour Party leadership election (UK) = = = +The 2020 Labour Party leadership election was held between (21 February – 4 April 2020) to elect a leader to replace Jeremy Corbyn. On 13 December 2019, Corbyn announced that he would not lead the Labour Party into the next general election, following the party's poor performance in the December 2019 election. +It was won by Keir Starmer who received 56.2 per cent of the vote on the first round. It was held alongside the 2020 Labour Party deputy leadership election. +Background. +Jeremy Corbyn was elected Labour Party leader in a 2015 leadership election and re-elected leader in 2016 after a challenge from Owen Smith. While Labour gained seats in the 2017 general election, the party lost 60 seats in the 2019 election, its worst result since the 1935 general election. Corbyn announced that he would resign after a "process of reflection". +Timetable. +The timetable for the election was set by the party's National Executive Committee on 6 January 2020. +Candidates. +Declared. +The following individuals have been nominated as official candidates by the party: +Declined. +The following individuals were discussed in the media as potential leadership candidates, but chose not to stand: +PLP and EPLP Nominations. +Candidates first need to be nominated by at least 10% (twenty-two) of current Labour MPs and MEPs, who make up the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and the European Parliamentary Labour Party (EPLP). +The candidates who have passed this threshold need nominations from at least 5% (thirty-three) CLPs, or at least three affiliates including at least two trades unions that together represent at least 5% of affiliated members. +The table below shows the current number of nominations achieved by each candidate. + += = = 2016 Labour Party leadership election (UK) = = = +The 2016 Labour Party leadership election was called when a challenge to Jeremy Corbyn as Leader of the Labour Party arose following criticism of his approach to the Remain campaign in the referendum on membership of the European Union and questions about his leadership of the party. +The result was announced on 24 September 2016. Jeremy Corbyn won the election with 313,209 votes, increasing his share of the vote from 59.5% to 61.8% compared with the result of the 2015 leadership election, and receiving some 62,000 more votes than in 2015. + += = = Maxwell Lord = = = +Maxwell Lord IV is a fictional character appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in "Justice League" #1 (May 1987) and was created by Keith Giffen, J. M. DeMatteis, and Kevin Maguire. He is a powerful businessman. Maxwell Lord was important in the formation of the Justice League International in the DC Universe. He is mainly seen as a villain to Wonder Woman. +Portrayals. +Maxwell Lord appeared in an episode of "Smallville" played by Gil Bellows. He was also in the first season of the television series "Supergirl" played by Peter Facinelli. The character made his movie debut in "Wonder Woman 1984", played by Pedro Pascal. He will be played by Sean Gunn in the DC Universe (DCU) franchise. + += = = 2019 Samoa measles outbreak = = = +The 2019 Samoa measles outbreak began in September 2019. As of December 13, there were 5,080 confirmed cases of measles and 72 deaths, out of a Samoan population of 201,316. There have also been 10 reported cases in Fiji. It is expected that 70 people will die and up to 6,500 people will be infected. +A state of emergency was declared on November 17, ordering the closure of all schools, keeping children under 17 away from public events, and making vaccination mandatory. +On December 2, 2019, the government imposed a curfew and cancelled all Christmas celebrations and public gatherings. All unvaccinated families have been ordered to display a red flag or red cloth in front of their homes to warn others. On December 5th and 6th, the government shut down everything other than public utilities to move all civil servants over to the vaccination campaign. + += = = Paul Schoeffler = = = +Paul Schoeffler (born November 21, 1967) is an Irish stage, film, television and voice actor. + += = = Open Mind Productions = = = +Open Mind Productions is a British television production company that was founded in 1989 by Roland Tongue and Chris Ellis. Tongue, who left the company at the end of 2011, was previously a film editor at the BBC, while Ellis was previously a teacher and script writer at Children's BBC. +The company has made programmes for children and educational TV, such as The Number Crew, Rat-A-Tat-Tat and Maths Mansion for Channel 4 and Numberjacks, and The Shiny Show for the BBC. + += = = Giza Plateau = = = +Giza Plateau is an ancient plateau in Giza. It has many ancient mysteries about it, and archeologists are still trying find its mystery. The plateau is the site of one of the most impressive ancient monuments around the world, the Pyramids of Giza. It also holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history.The Giza Plateau is also home to many other ancient Egyptian monuments,including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Nynetjer of the Second Dynasty.The Giza Plateau has astonished tourists and travellers over the years. + += = = Hemberg = = = +Hemberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Kirchberg, St. Gallen = = = +Kirchberg is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. +Geography. +Kirchberg is the most north-western municipality in the "Wahlkreis" and in bordered in the west by canton Thurgau and in the east by the Thur river. It has of the village of Kirchberg on a high plateau in the center of the municipality, the village of Gähwil south of Kirchberg and the village of Bazenheid on a terrace above the Thur. +Places in Kirchberg. +Bäbikon, Bazenheid, Bräägg, Bruberg, Dietschwil, Gähwil, Husen, Lamperswil, Müetligen, Müselbach, Nuetenwil, St. Iddaburg, Stelz, Oberbazenheid, Oetwil, Rupperswil, Schalkhusen, Underbazenheid and Under. + += = = Sennwald = = = +Sennwald is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Neckertal = = = +Neckertal is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on January 1, 2009, when Brunnadern, St. Peterzell, and Mogelsberg joined together to become Neckertal. + += = = St. Peterzell = = = +St. Peterzell was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Brunnadern and Mogelsberg to become the municipality called Neckertal. + += = = Lichtensteig = = = +Lichtensteig is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann = = = +Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2010 when Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus joined together to become one new municipality. + += = = Stein, St. Gallen = = = +Stein was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality called Nesslau. + += = = Bütschwil = = = +Bütschwil was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil. + += = = Brunnadern = = = +Brunnadern was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Mogelsberg and St. Peterzell to become the municipality called Neckertal. + += = = Ottawa County, Michigan = = = +Ottawa County is a small county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, 296,200 people live here. The county seat is Grand Haven. +Its four most populous cities are Grand Haven, Holland, Jenison and Hudsonville. The county was created in 1837. + += = = FrogWatch = = = +FrogWatch is a name shared by citizen science programs that do the same thing. In a FrogWatch, people make recordings of frogs and other amphibians that live near them and send the recordings to databases for scientists and other people to hear and study. +Not all FrogWatch programs are run by the same people. The Association of Zoos and Aquariums runs FrogWatch USA, Nature Canada runs FrogWatch Canada, the India Biodiversity Portal runs the FrogWatch in India, and other organizations run FrogWatches in other countries. +In citizen science, scientists ask ordinary people to help with scientific research or other work. Citizen science is one kind of crowdsourcing. +The National Geographic Society developed the program that FrogWatch USA volunteers use to add information and that FrogWatch uses to study it. Volunteers record temperature with thermometers and listen for sounds made by specific types of frogs and toads. FrogWatch USA volunteers listen to and record frog habitats for three and a half minutes, starting one half-hour (30 minutes) after the sun goes down. +Scientists have used FrogWatch to study the way frogs and toads change the places they live, which types of frogs are becoming more numerous and which are becoming less numerous, how many different kinds of frogs live in one place, the way they react to changes in how hot or cold it is, and the way they act during different parts of the year. +History. +The United States Geological Survey started FrogWatch USA in 1998, but the National Wildlife Federation took over in 2002. +Between 1998 and 2005, 1,395 people working with FrogWatch USA visited 1,942 places where frogs live and gave information to FrogWatch. They found 79 different kinds of frogs and toads. This does not count visits, places, or species for FrogWatch Canada or FrogWatches in other countries. In 2006, the National Wildlife Federation looked at FrogWatch USA for the U.S. Geological Survey. It said that FrogWatch was so good for science that the USGS should keep giving it enough money to work. It also said that FrogWatch helped teach people and it made scientific work cost less money. +FrogWatch NT works in northern Australia. It started in 1991 after cane toads came to Australia and caused problems there. + += = = Conway Springs, Kansas = = = +Conway Springs is a city in Sumner County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,086 people lived there. +History. +Conway Springs was founded in 1884. Its name is derived from both Conway Township and a mineral spring nearby. +Captain Hiram Cranmer built the first home in Conway Springs. +Geography. +Conway Springs is at (37.389546, -97.644332). +According to the United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Climate. +Conway Springs has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system says that Conway Springs has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. +Demographics. +2020 census. +The 2020 census says that there were 1,086 people, 430 households, and 285 families living in Conway Springs. Of the households, 73.0% owned their home and 27.0% rented their home. +The median age was 36.3 years. Of the people, 93.0% were White, 0.7% were Native American, 0.1% were Asian, 0.3% were from some other race, and 5.9% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the people. +2010 census. +The 2010 census says that there were 1,272 people, 450 households, and 313 families living in the city. + += = = Ganterschwil = = = +Ganterschwil was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Bütschwil and Ganterschwil joined together to become the new municipality called Bütschwil-Ganterschwil. + += = = Hackberry, Texas = = = +Hackberry is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Lyon County = = = +Lyon County is the name of five counties in the United States: + += = = Adam Jones = = = +Adam LaMarque Jones (born August 1, 1985) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the Orix Buffaloes of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Baltimore Orioles and Arizona Diamondbacks. +The Mariners selected Jones in the first round of the 2003 MLB draft. He came up in the Mariners' minor league system as a shortstop before changing to the outfield. He made his MLB debut with the Mariners in 2006. He was traded to the Orioles before the 2008 season. Jones is a five-time MLB All-Star, a four-time Gold Glove Award winner, and a Silver Slugger winner. + += = = Justin Bour = = = +Justin James Bour (born May 28, 1988) is an American professional baseball first baseman who plays for the Hanshin Tigers of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB). Bour made his MLB debut in 2014. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Miami Marlins, Philadelphia Phillies, and Los Angeles Angels. + += = = Jiří Jirmal = = = +Jiří Jirmal (24 April 1925 – 11 December 2019) was a Czech jazz classical guitarist and composer. He was born in Prague. Some of his compositions had elements of Brazilian music. He worked for the musical background for Gene Deitch's 1962 Tom and Jerry cartoon "Tall in the Trap". +Jirmal died in Prague on 11 December 2019 at the age of 94. + += = = Peter Snell = = = +Sir Peter George Snell (17 December 1938 – 12 December 2019) was a New Zealand middle-distance runner. He won three Olympic gold medals. +Snell was voted New Zealand's "Sports Champion of the (20th) Century". He was one of 24 inaugural members of the International Association of Athletics Federations Hall Of Fame named in 2012. +Snell died at his home in Dallas, Texas on 12 December 2019 of cardiovascular disease at the age of 80. + += = = Ushiomaru Motoyasu = = = +Ushiomaru Motoyasu (born Motoyasu Sano; May 11, 1978 – December 12, 2019) was a Japanese sumo wrestler. He was born in Shizuoka, Japan. He began his professional career in 1994 and first reached the top division in 2002. His highest rank was "maegashira" 10. He retired in May 2009. +Motoyasu died of blood cancer in Tokyo on December 12, 2019 at the age of 41. + += = = PHASE 2 = = = +PHASE 2 (born Lonny Wood; August 2, 1955 – December 13, 2019) was an American aerosol artist. He was born in New York City. He was known as member of the Zulu Nation. He was active in the 1970s. Phase 2 was known for creating the "bubble letter" style of graffiti writing. He was also influential in the early hip hop scene. +Phase 2 died on December 13, 2019 in New York City from Lou Gehrig's disease-related problems, aged 64. + += = = Mouse Trouble = = = +Mouse Trouble is a "Tom and Jerry" short released in 1944, directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, with music direction by Scott Bradley. It that year it won an Oscar for Best Animated Short Film. + += = = Happy Shopper = = = +Happy Shopper is a British wholesaler. The brand was first owned by Nurdin and Peacock. Nurdin and Peacock is brought by Booker Group in November 1996. +The name was also widely used for a convenience store franchise between 1971 and 1998. As of 2013, very few stores still operate as Happy Shopper. Most Happy Shopper stores names were changed to Premier Stores brand during 2000s. Premier store is another brand by Booker Group. +Happy Shopper convenience products are sold to independent convenience stores, discount stores, as well as cash and carry companies. Products include groceries, frozen foods, carbonated drinks, prepackaged/dried foods and confectionery, and are an own brand by Premier. +Happy Shopper's first logo was a smiling face with golden hair. In 2000, that logo was changed to a new design by "Partners In Communication", a design consultant company. The new logo caused some controversy. + += = = Anthony, Texas = = = +Anthony is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Horizon City, Texas = = = +Horizon City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Alvin, Texas = = = +Alvin is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Clarksville City, Texas = = = +Clarksville City is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Cisco, Texas = = = +Cisco is a city in Eastland County, Texas, United States. The population was 3,883 at the 2020 census. + += = = Vega, Texas = = = +Vega is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Oldham County. + += = = 2038 = = = +2038 (MMXXXVIII) will be . + += = = Wattwil = = = +Wattwil is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, Krinau became a part of Wattwil. + += = = Maggie and the Ferocious Beast = = = +Maggie and the Ferocious Beast is a Canadian Childrens Animated TV series. Produced For Nickelodeon By Nelvana And Produced With the Participation of Teletoon and it aired broadcasting from Nick Jr (Nickelodeon) on June 5, 2000 and on until to September 21, 2005 and Noggin on April 7, 2003 to until September 28, 2009 + += = = Nesslau = = = +Nesslau is a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2013, when the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality. + += = = Mogelsberg = = = +Mogelsberg was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It was an independent municipality until 1 January 2009, when it joined together with Brunnadern and St. Peterzell to become the municipality called Neckertal. + += = = Nesslau-Krummenau = = = +Nesslau-Krummenau was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. +History. +Nesslau-Krummenau was created on 1 January 2005. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Nesslau-Krummenau and Stein joined together to become the new municipality called Nesslau. + += = = Victor = = = +Victor could mean: + += = = Victor, California = = = +Victor is a census-designated place (CDP) in California in the United States. + += = = Victor, Colorado = = = +Victor is a city in Colorado in the United States. + += = = Victor, Indiana = = = +Victor is an unincorporated community in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Victor, Montana = = = +Victor is a census-designated place (CDP) in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. The population was 789 at the 2020 census. + += = = Victor, New York = = = +Victor is a town in Ontario County, New York, United States. As of the 2020 census, 15,860 people lived in Victor. + += = = Victor, South Dakota = = = +Victor is an unincorporated community in Roberts County, in the U.S. state of South Dakota. +History. +Victor was planned out in 1913, and named after Victor Township, in which it is located. A post office called Victor was created in 1913, and remained in operation until 1955. + += = = Victor, Utah = = = +Victor (also known as Desert Lake) is a ghost town in Emery County, Utah, United States. + += = = Xbox Series X and Series S = = = +The Xbox Series X (also known as Xbox Scarlett, Project Scarlett or simply Scarlett) is a video game console announced by Microsoft during E3 2019, which launched on November 10, 2020. It is the successor of the Xbox One. + += = = Karvinen = = = +Karvinen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include: + += = = Luray, Kansas = = = +Luray is a city in Russell County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 166. + += = = Mertens, Texas = = = +Mertens is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Gaiserwald = = = +Gaiserwald is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Six (musical) = = = +Six is a British musical with book, music and lyrics by Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss. The musical is about King Henry VIII's six wives. It features the six women singing about their lives with him, and competing to see who had it the worst. In the end, they decide that they should embrace all of their own stories and accomplishments. + += = = Bledlow-cum-Saunderton = = = +Bledlow-cum-Saunderton is a civil parish in the Wycombe district of Buckinghamshire, England. The villages of Bledlow, Bledlow Ridge and Saunderton and the hamlets of Crownfield, Forty Green, Holly Green, Pitch Green, Rout's Green, Saunderton Lee and Skittle Green are there. The 2011 census reported it had a population of 2,469. + += = = Skittle Green = = = +Skittle Green is a hamlet in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. +Skittle Green is northwest to the village of Bledlow, very near the Oxfordshire boundary. + += = = Bledlow Ridge = = = +Bledlow Ridge is a village in the civil parish of Bledlow-cum-Saunderton in Buckinghamshire, England. In 2004, 940 people lived there. It is in the Chiltern Hills, about 4 miles SSW of Princes Risborough and on the road between the High Wycombe and Chinnor. +The hamlet was first in the ecclesiastical parish of Bledlow. It became separate in 1868 when the new chapel, dedicated to St Paul, was constructed. +As is common with other similar villages in the Chiltern Hills, properties have become increasingly in demand due to its location and the improvement in rail connections and road connections to London. It has a recently refurbished village shop, "The Country Store" (formerly the "Kedai"), and a local school, Bledlow Ridge School. Bledlow Ridge has a number of clubs, such as 'Bridge', a youth club and a cricket club. As well as the corner shop, there is also an Equestrian Centre, park, tennis courts and a cricket pitch the 'Bledlow Ridge Cricket Club' owns. Yoesden, south of Chinnor Road, is a nature reserve the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust manages. + += = = Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic = = = +The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR; ; , "Latviyskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika"), also known as Soviet Latvia or Latvia, was part of the Soviet Union, and existed from 1918 to 1920, and from 1940 to 1990. + += = = James McCarthy = = = +James J. McCarthy (January 25, 1944 – December 11, 2019) was an American oceanographer and environmentalist. He was a Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard and was President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science from February 2008 to February 2009. +He was on the faculty of the Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment. He was born in Sweet Home, Oregon. +McCarthy died on December 11, 2019 at the age of 75. + += = = Stig Sollander = = = +Stig Oskar Sollander (25 June 1926 – 12 December 2019) was a Swedish alpine skier. He competed in the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Winter Olympics. He had his best results in the slalom. He finished fifth in 1952 and winning Sweden's first Olympic medal in alpine skiing, a bronze in 1956. +Stig died on 12 December 2019 at the age of 93. + += = = Richard G. Hatcher = = = +Richard Gordon Hatcher (July 10, 1933 – December 13, 2019) was an American Democratic politician and lawyer. He was the first African-American Mayor of Gary, Indiana for 20 years, from 1968 to 1988. Hatcher also was vice-chairman of the Democratic National Committee in the early 1980s. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana. +Hatcher died at the Mercy Hospital and Medical Center in Chicago on December 13, 2019 at the age of 86. + += = = Bernard Lavalette = = = +Bernard Lavalette (20 January 1926 – 14 December 2019) was a French actor, singer and comedian. He was born in Paris. Lavalette was best known for his roles in "The Bureaucrats" (1959), "Heaven Sent" (1963), "Thomas the Impostor" (1964), "Le gendarme se marie" (1968) and "The Apprentice Heel" (1977). +Lavalette died on 14 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 93. + += = = Vladimir Tsyplakov = = = +Vladimir Viktorovich Tsyplakov (; April 18, 1969 – December 14, 2019) was a Belarusian professional ice hockey player winger. He was drafted in the third round, 59th overall, by the Los Angeles Kings in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. +Tsyplakov was also an assistant coach with the Belarus men's national ice hockey team. + += = = Sweet Home, Oregon = = = +Sweet Home is a city in Linn County, Oregon, United States. The population was 9,828 at the 2020 census. + += = = Linn County, Oregon = = = +Linn County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2020 census, the population was 128,610. The county seat is Albany. + += = = James P. McCarthy = = = +James P. McCarthy (born March 7, 1935) is a retired United States Air Force general. He was Deputy Commander in Chief of the United States European Command. He was the ARDI Professor of National Security at the United States Air Force Academy. + += = = Kohei Matsumoto = = = +, is a Japanese professional footballer who plays as a forward for SC Sagamihara. He was born in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. +Career. +Matsumoto joined Kokushikan University's football club in 2013, and joined Nagoya Grampus in 2017. Then he was loaned to SC Sagamihara in July 2018. On 10 January 2019, Matsumoto joined FC Maruyasu Okazaki. +Club statistics. +"Updated to 3 September 2018". + += = = Andwil = = = +Andwil is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Häggenschwil = = = +Häggenschwil is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Eggersriet = = = +Eggersriet is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Muolen = = = +Muolen is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Waldkirch, Switzerland = = = +Waldkirch is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Wittenbach = = = +Wittenbach is a municipality in St. Gallen in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Berg, St. Gallen = = = +Berg is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Goldach, St. Gallen = = = +Goldach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Mörschwil = = = +Mörschwil is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = News Gothic = = = +News Gothic is a sans-serif typeface made in 1908 by Morris Fuller Benton. The typeface was used by his company, American Type Founders. News Gothic is like Franklin Gothic, but much lighter. +News Gothic, like other typefaces made by Benton, is a grotesque model. It resembles other serif typefaces made in the time period. The letters are compact, and the descenders (like the tails of g and y) do not go down far. It is different from other sans-serif typefaces, because it is light and has more open letters. + += = = Leiocarpaea = = = +A new name for "Bunias cochlearoides" perennial (rarely biennial) herbaceous plant, a species of the genus Leiocarpaea (Bunias) of the Cabbage family, or Brassicaceae + += = = Shajapur district = = = +Shajapur District is a district in Madhya Pradesh state in central India. The town of Shajapur is the district headquarters. + += = = Rorschacherberg = = = +Rorschacherberg is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Steinach, Switzerland = = = +Steinach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is on Lake Constance. + += = = Wartau = = = +Wartau is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Degersheim = = = +Degersheim is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Degersheim is first mentioned in 837 as "Tegarascai." This name contains the Germanic "tegar" (meaning big), and "asca" meaning "ash tree". Degersheim is on the railway line from St. Gallen to Lucerne, and suburban trains connect it to St. Gallen and Wattwil. The through trains to Lucerne no longer stop in Degersheim, they stop in Wattwil (the next stop from Degersheim). + += = = Background music = = = +Background music is music appearing in the background of videos mostly used to create a mood in the media. + += = = Lancaster, Texas = = = +Lancaster is a city in Dallas County, Texas, United States. The population was 41,275 at the 2020 census. It is a suburb of Dallas and part of the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex. + += = = Mississippi County, Missouri = = = +Mississippi County is a county in Missouri, United States. It is found in the southeast corner of the state. The county seat is Charleston. In 2020, 12,577 people lived in the county. + += = = Pemiscot County, Missouri = = = +Pemiscot County is a county in the southeast part of Missouri, United States. Its county seat is Caruthersville. In 2020, 15,661 people lived there. + += = = Dunklin County, Missouri = = = +Dunklin County is a county in the southeast part of Missouri, in the United States. Its county seat is Malden. In 2020, 28,283 people lived there. + += = = Butler County, Missouri = = = +Butler County is a county in southeast Missouri, United States. The county seat is Poplar Bluff. In 2020, 42,130 people lived there. + += = = Welsh National War Memorial = = = +The Welsh National War Memorial () is in Alexandra Gardens, Cathays Park, Cardiff. The memorial commemorates the servicemen who died during the First World War and has a commemorative plaque for those who died during the Second World War, added in 1949. + += = = Mortal Engines = = = +Mortal Engines is the first book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2001. + += = = Predator's Gold = = = +Predator's Gold is the second book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2003. + += = = Infernal Devices = = = +Infernal Devices may refer to: + += = = A Darkling Plain = = = +A Darkling Plain is the fourth book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2006. + += = = Philip Reeve = = = +Philip Reeve (born Brighton, England, 28 February 1966) is an English writer. +On November 18, 2020, upon asked whether "Mortal Engines" would be rebooted for the television screens, he responded that, while that would be nice, it seemed unlikely. + += = = Infernal Devices (Reeve novel) = = = +Infernal Devices is the third book of the "Mortal Engines Quartet" written by Philip Reeve and first published in 2005. + += = = List of Xeon microprocessors = = = +The following are lists of Intel Xeon microprocessors. The lists are separated by the size on microarchitecture used to create them. + += = = Ben Acton = = = +Benjamin Maxwell Ben Acton (2 December 1927 – 10 July 2020) was an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the 1960 Winter Olympics. +Acton died on 10 July 2020 in Queensland, aged 92. + += = = John Nicholas (ice hockey) = = = +John Allen Nicholas (2 May 1930 – 1966) is an Australian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1960 Winter Olympics. + += = = Hera Hilmar = = = +Hera Hilmar (born 27 December 1988) is an Icelandic movie and television actress. +Personal life. +Hilmar is the daughter of the film director Hilmar Oddsson and the actress Thorey Sigthorsdottir (Þórey Sigþórsdóttir). Her grandfather was the playwright and theater director Oddur Björnsson. +She graduated from the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art in 2011. +Career. +Hilmar was nominated for an Edda as Actress of the Year in a leading role in 2007 for her role in "The Quiet Storm". Later she won the same award, twice, first in 2015 for her role as Eik in "Life in a Fishbowl", and then in 2017 for her role as Anna in "The Oath". She was also chosen as one of Europe's Shooting Stars at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2015, as well as winning a ‘special mention’ at the Zurich Film Festival for her role in "Life in a Fishbowl". +She played Lillie Rowe, a 20-year-old nurse from a prominent Philadelphia family, in a period drama film "The Ottoman Lieutenant". +In February 2017, Hilmar was cast in the lead role of Hester Shaw in Peter Jackson’s film, based on the novel of the same name by Philip Reeve, "Mortal Engines". Writer Philippa Boyens described Hilmar's audition via Skype was "flawless". She recounted the challenges. That film, as of 2021, is currently her last international film role before the coronavirus pandemic. +She starred in the Apple TV+ series "SEE" recently as Maghra, the wife of Baba Voss, a character played by Jason Momoa. +She signed on for two projects with the Icelandic Film Centre: a short film called "The Wish" and a film titled "Svar við bréfi Helgu". + += = = Die Caufner-Schwestern = = = +Die Caufner-Schwestern was a group of three singers founded in East Germany in 1977. The three sisters Juliane Albrecht (née Kaufner), Isa Kaufner and Irina Kaufner were the members of the group. The group mostly played disco music. +Band history. +Even as children, the four sisters Iris, Juliane, Isa and Irina Kaufner sang at the same time together in Rostock. Juliane and Isa were taught to have better vocals from 1972 to 1973 and were members of the College Formation. The pieces of music "Dein und mein", "Als ich nachher von dir ging" and "Vom Träumen" with Isa Caufner as solo singer were on the compilation LP "Examen in Musik", published in 1973. Juliane Kaufner married the musician and later Amiga music producer Klaus-Peter "Biene" Albrecht. In 1976, the four sisters founded the vocal quartet "Caufner-Collection". They were on the television show "Familien-Disko" in 1977. Iris Kaufner left the group. The band had to name itself "Caufner-Schwestern" instead. By 1978, there was five episodes for the "family disco". In 1978, their first single "Komm doch" was released. The next single, "Laß dieses „he“", was also released in 1978. For their tour program "Drei unterwegs", they were awarded the sponsorship award by the General Director of the Komitee für Unterhaltungskunst. Die Caufner-Schwestern appeared on the television show Ein Kessel Buntes and also performed concerts abroad. +In 1980, Isa Kaufner left the group to perform as Isa Caufner. As well as other things, she played for three months in November 1980 in the play "Die Menschenfresserin" by the Bulgarian dramatist Ivan Radojew at the Volksbühne Berlin. In 1982 the musical piece "Man weiß ja nie" by Die Caufner-Schwestern and "Ich bin ich" by Isa Caufner were released on a compilation LP. Juliane Albrecht and Irina Kaufner performed as a duo until 1987. Irina died of cancer in 2010. In 1989, Juliane Albrecht and her husband and other musicians founded the country band "Country Delight", which, as of 2016, they still belong to. + += = = Amiga (record label) = = = +Amiga is a popular music record label in Germany. It used to be a record label of the East German state-owned music publisher VEB Deutsche Schallplatten before becoming a record label of the Bertelsmann Music Group in 1994. +In 1947, actor and singer Ernst Busch became allowed by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany to create a music publishing house, which was named Lied der Zeit GmbH ("Song of the Times"). This publishing company included the label Amiga. In the 1950s, Lied der Zeit became VEB Deutsche Schallplatten ("German Records"), a state-owned company that had a monopoly on making records. VEB Deutsche Schallplatten had multiple record labels, each for different genres; Amiga releases included folk, jazz, pop, rock, Schlager music, chanson, and children's music. +After East Germany and West Germany became one country, most of the public state enterprises that were from East Germany were taken into pieces or sold to private investors. The Amiga label and catalog were obtained by Bertelsmann Music Group in 1994, which then became part of Sony Music Entertainment in 2008. +Amiga's catalog has 2,200 albums and about 5,000 singles, or a total of 30,000 titles. + += = = Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend = = = +Fall Out Boy's Evening Out with Your Girlfriend is the debut mini-LP and second extended play (EP) by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released in 2003. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, Mike Pareskuwicz, T.J. Kunasch, Jared Logan. +Tracklisting. +1. "Honorable Mention" +2. "Calm Before the Storm" (re-recorded on Take This to Your Grave) +3. "Switchblades and Infidelity" (originally from Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy) +4. "Pretty in Punk" +5. "Growing Up" (originally from Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy) +6. "The World's Not Waiting (For Five Tired Boys in a Broken Down Van)" +7. "Short, Fast, and Loud" +8. "Moving Pictures" (originally from Project Rocket / Fall Out Boy) +9. "Parker Lewis Can't Lose (But I'm Gunna Give It My Best Shot)" + += = = Grail (web browser) = = = +Grail is a free web browser. It was written in the Python programming language. It was made available for multiple platforms. It is open-source, allowing it to be changed to improve it. Grail started to be made in August 1995. It first came out in November 1995. The last version of Grail was version 0.6, which came out on 1 April 1999. +Unlike all web browsers of the time, it can run client-side Python code, mostly like how mainstream web browsers can run client-side JavaScript code. +It is thought Grail has that name because Guido van Rossum liked Monty Python and the Holy Grail, a film by Monty Python, a British comedy group. It is known Python was named after Monty Python. + += = = Car design = = = +Car design is the process of determining how cars and other motor vehicles like trucks look and feel. Most cars are designed by a large group of people that usually includes artists and engineers. +Design process. +Typically, cars are designed based on many sketches and drawings, along with computer-aided design models. When the design team is satisfied with the basic shape of the car, a life-size model is sculpted from clay. Details are added to the clay model, and its shape may be changed by a small amount. +Then, the interior design team designs the car's interior, making sure that it fits the needs of the customer. These needs include things like comfort and entertainment systems. High-end cars like luxury cars and supercars have fancy interiors and are designed for an enjoyable driving experience, while utility vehicles like vans have plain, rugged interiors designed to endure various types of cargo. +Other parts of the car, such as the chassis and engine, are designed primarily by engineers, as it is less important for these parts to look attractive than it is for them to work properly. +History. +While most early cars were designed around usability rather than looks, that began to change when American businessman Alfred P. Sloan came up with the idea of changing a car's styling every year. This was done from the 1920s onward to keep cars looking "new" for each year they were sold, leaving customers unhappy with older models of the same car and increasing car sales in the United States. Sloan got this idea from bicycle companies. +After World War I, car companies in European countries focused on luxury, and companies called coachbuilders made bodies for luxury cars. Some of these bodies were customized for especially rich customers. +After World War II, the American economy grew and most American citizens were now able to afford cars. Because cars became more important in the United States, so did their styling, with the most famous American car designer being Harley Earl. The influence of car design would also grow massively in Europe, especially within France, Italy, and Germany. + += = = Dance, Dance = = = +Dance, Dance may refer to: + += = = Ripley County, Missouri = = = +Ripley County is a county along the southern border of Missouri, United States. In 2020, 10,679 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Doniphan. + += = = Ozark County, Missouri = = = +Ozark County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Gainesville. In 2020, 8,553 people lived there. + += = = Gisella Donadoni = = = +Gisella Donadoni (born 1968) is an Italian television presenter, journalist, and actress. She was born in Bergamo, Italy. She began her career in 1994 as a news presenter on TV Bergamo. +Career. +Over the years she worked as a presenter and journalist on many shows on the RAI and Mediaset networks. Her first appearance as an actress was as Regina Sartori in the TV soap opera "Vivere" ("To live"). Her first appearance as a movie actress was in 2018 when she played the role of Angela Stefanelli in "Un nemico che ti vuole bene" ("An enemy who loves you”). + += = = James F. Byrnes = = = +James Francis Byrnes (; May 2, 1882 – April 9, 1972) was an American judge and politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was also the 104th Governor of South Carolina from 1951 through 1955. From 1945 through 1947, he was the United States Secretary of State during the Harry S. Truman presidency. + += = = Obazoa = = = +Obazoa is a clade (a group of plants or animals that share an ancestor). It is a Unikont. Unikonts are one of the five superkingdoms in the classification of eukaryotes. +The Obazoa is made up of Breviatea, Apusomonadida and Opisthokonta. It does not include Amoebozoa, because that is a different clade. The connections between opisthokonts, breviates and apusomonads are not well known yet. Probably the Breviatea are the most basic of the three groups. RNA phylogenies (evolution clues) do not give much evidence that Obazoa is a clade. This could still mean Obazoa is from a very old ancestor, and there are not many clues left (because of its age). + += = = Holozoa = = = +Holozoa is a group of living things that includes animals, and some single-celled relatives of animals. It excludes fungi. "Holozoa" is also an old name for the tunicate genus "Distaplia". +Holozoa is a clade: a group of plants or animals with a common ancestor. It has all organisms close to animals." +An example of a well-known holozoan is the choanoflagellate, which looks a lot like the cells of a sponge. "Proterospongia" is an example of a choanoflagellate that might give clues as to how sponges evolved. +Evolution. +The phylogenic tree (evolution tree) below shows how clades broke into newer clades. This includes Holozoa. + += = = Jane on her Own = = = +Jane on her Own is the fourth book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1999. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. + += = = Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings = = = +Wonderful Alexander and the Catwings is the third book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1994. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. + += = = Catwings Return = = = +Catwings Return is the second book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1989. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. + += = = Catwings = = = +Catwings is the first book in a series of four American children's picture books written by Ursula K. Le Guin. S. D. Schindler made the pictures. Scholastic published the book in 1988. It tells the stories of kittens who were born with wings. + += = = Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris = = = +Lawrence Sigmund Bittaker (September 27, 1940 – December 13, 2019) and Roy Lewis Norris (February 5, 1948 – February 24, 2020), also known as the Tool Box Killers, were American serial killers and rapists who kidnapped, raped, tortured, and killed five teenage girls in Southern California over a period of five months in 1979. +Bittaker was in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Norris was born in Greeley, Colorado. +Norris accepted a plea bargain whereby he agreed to testify against Bittaker and was sentenced to life imprisonment on May 7, 1980, with possibility of parole after serving 30 years. He was incarcerated at Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility in San Diego County, California. He died there on February 24, 2020 at the age of 72. +Bittaker was sentenced to death and was imprisoned at San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California. He died in prison on December 13, 2019 at the age of 79. +Bittaker and Norris became known as the "Tool Box Killers" due to the fact the majority of instruments used to torture and murder their victims, such as pliers, ice picks, and sledgehammers, were items normally stored inside a household toolbox. + += = = Yury Belyayev (footballer) = = = +Yury Ivanovich Belyayev (; 2 April 1934 – 14 December 2019) was a Soviet football player and coach. He played in 111 matches for CSKA Moscow, scoring 52 goals. He was a member of the national team that won a gold medal at the 1956 Summer Olympics. +From 1974 to 1980, he coached in the Soviet Armed Forces. +In 1991, Belyayev was honored as a Merited Master of Sport by the Soviet Union. +On 14 December 2019, Belyayev died at the age of 85. + += = = Gastrointestinal bleeding = = = +Gastrointestinal bleeding (GI bleed), also known as gastrointestinal hemorrhage, is all forms of bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, from the mouth to the rectum. +When there is significant blood loss over a short time, symptoms may include vomiting red blood, vomiting black blood, bloody stool, or black stool. +Small amounts of bleeding over a long time may cause iron-deficiency anemia resulting in feeling tired or heart-related chest pain. Other symptoms may include abdominal pain, shortness of breath, pale skin, or passing out. +Sometimes in those with small amounts of bleeding no symptoms may be present. + += = = Puzzle globe = = = +A puzzle globe (also called jigsaw globe, globe puzzle, puzzle ball, puzzle sphere or spherical puzzle) is a series of puzzle pieces that are a complete sphere or globe when put together. Puzzle globes usually have a substrate made of one piece that helps the puzzle pieces as they are put in place. In some puzzle globes, the substrate is made of steel and the puzzle pieces are magnetic, the magnetic attraction keeping pieces on the lower part of the sphere from falling off. +Like a two-dimensional jigsaw puzzle, a globe puzzle is often made of cardboard and the pieces put together make one layer. Most globe puzzles make things in the shape of a sphere, such as the Earth, the Moon, or historical globes of the Earth. +The logo of Wikipedia is a puzzle globe. It has characters from many different writing systems on it. +A jigsaw puzzle globe from the 1870s is in the collection of the Whipple Museum of the History of Science. It is a copy of an earlier one made in Germany. + += = = Chuy Bravo = = = +Chuy Bravo (born Jesús Melgoza; December 7, 1956 – December 14, 2019) was a Mexican-American actor and comedian, best known as the sidekick of host Chelsea Handler on the talk show "Chelsea Lately" during its run from 2007 to 2014. He usually provided comedic relief to Handler's show, and was the topic of many of her jokes. He also appeared in some pornographic videos. +Bravo was born in Tangancícuaro, Michoacán, Mexico. He had dwarfism and was 4 feet 3 inches (130 cm) tall. Bravo died of a heart attack caused by gastrointestinal hemorrhage on December 14, 2019 in a Mexico City hospital at the age of 63. + += = = Greeley, Colorado = = = +Greeley is the city that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Weld County, Colorado, United States. Greeley is in northern Colorado and is north-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. +According to the 2020 U.S. Census, the population of the city is 108,795. + += = = Bill Simpson = = = +Bill Simpson (March 14, 1940 – December 16, 2019) was an American racecar driver and businessman. He was best known as a key figure in the racing safety business with his company Simpson Performance Products. He left Simpson Performance in a controversy surrounding Dale Earnhardt's death. +He was added into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 2003. He was the author of the book "Racing Safely, Living Dangerously", and its sequel, "Through the Fire". +Simpson died of stroke-related problems in Indianapolis, Indiana on December 16, 2019 at the age of 79. + += = = Joanna Barnes = = = +Joanna Barnes (November 15, 1934 – April 29, 2022) was an American actress, novelist and journalist. She was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Her best known roles include Gloria Upson in the movie "Auntie Mame" (1958), which earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for New Star of the Year and as Jane in "Tarzan, the Ape Man" (1959). +Barnes died at her home in Sea Ranch, California on April 29, 2022 at the age of 87. + += = = Rebecca Long-Bailey = = = +Rebecca Roseanne Long-Bailey (born 22 September 1979) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Salford and Eccles since the 2015 general election. +She was the Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet from February 2017 to April 2020, losing the position when Keir Starmer became the leader of the party. +In January 2020, Long-Bailey announced her candidacy for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election. She came in second place with 135,218 votes, representing 27.6% of the total overall votes. The winner of the election was Keir Starmer. +Long-Bailey became Shadow Secretary of State for Education in Keir Starmer's Shadow Cabinet in April 2020. Keir Starmer later sacked her from the Shadow Cabinet in June 2020, saying she shared an article containing an anti-Semitic conspiracy theory. The claim came from an article retweeted by Long-Bailey that was an interview with English actress and Labour supporter Maxine Peake in "The Independent". In one line of the article Peake said "The tactics used by the police in America, kneeling on George Floyd's neck, that was learnt from seminars with Israeli secret services." Long-Bailey said that she shared the article because of Peake's significant achievements "and because the thrust of her argument is to stay in the Labour Party" but she did not endorse "all aspects of it". + += = = 2020 Israeli legislative election = = = +Legislative elections for the 23rd Knesset was held in Israel on 2 March 2020. +According to the relevant , the elections were required to be held no later than the third Tuesday of the Hebrew month of Cheshvan four years after the previous elections, making the latest possible date 31 October 2023. +However, due to the failed attempts to form a government by 11 December after the September elections, early elections were called, the third within a year. +On 20 April 2020, Benny Gantz and Benjamin Netanyahu announced that an agreement on a unity government had been reached following the election. The deal would involve both parties splitting power and Gantz and Netanyahu taking turns being prime minister. The deal says Gantz will be Vice Prime Minister until October 2021, by then he will become Prime Minister. + += = = Blue and White (political alliance) = = = +Blue and White ( "Kaḥol Lavan") is a centrist and liberal political alliance in Israel. +Participating in the Netanyahu-Gantz Government and the Bennett-Lapid Government. + += = = New Right (Israel) = = = +The New Right (, "HaYamin HeHadash") is a right-wing political party in Israel, established in December 2018 by justice minister Ayelet Shaked and education minister Naftali Bennett. +Participating in the Bennett-Lapid Government. + += = = Labor-Gesher = = = +Labor-Gesher is a joint list of the Israeli Israeli Labor Party and Gesher parties for elections for the twenty-second Knesset. The list is jointly headed by Amir Peretz of the Israeli Labor Party and Orly Levy of the Gesher party. + += = = Jewish Home-National Union = = = +The Jewish Home-National Union is a parliamentary faction represented in the Knesset. + += = = Democratic Union (Israel) = = = +The Democratic Union () is a left-wing political alliance in Israel formed between Meretz, Israel Democratic Party, Labor defector Stav Shaffir, and the Green Movement that ran in the September 2019 Israeli legislative election. + += = = Amir Peretz = = = +Amir Peretz (; born on 9 March 1952 in Boujad, Morocco) is an Israeli politician and trade unionist. He was the leader of the Labor Party, and as a member of the Knesset for the party. +In the 1980s he was mayor of Sderot. +A Knesset member almost continuously since 1988, he has also been Minister of Defence and Minister of Environmental Protection, as well as heading the Histadrut trade union federation between 1995 and 2006. +Since 17 May 2020 he has been minister of economy in the Fifth Netanyahu Government. + += = = Nitzan Horowitz = = = +Nitzan Horowitz (; born 24 February 1965) is an Israeli politician. He is the head of the Meretz party and the Democratic Union. He previously was the chief U.S. correspondent and commentator for the Israeli News Company, known as Channel 2 News. +In 2013, he ran for mayor of Tel Aviv. Before being elected to the Knesset, he was the Foreign Affairs commentator and head of the International desk at Hadashot 10, the news division of Channel 10. +In June 2019, he won the Meretz leadership election, and currently serves as leader of the party. + += = = Rafi Peretz = = = +Rafael "Rafi" Peretz (; born 7 January 1956) is an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and politician. He was born in Jerusalem. +Peretz was a brigadier general who was the Chief Military Rabbi of the Israel Defense Forces. He is currently leader of the Jewish Home party and a member of the Knesset for the The Jewish Home–Tkuma alliance. +In 2019, he became Minister of Education in the Fourth Netanyahu Government. Since 17 May 2020 he has been minister of Jerusalem affairs in the Fifth Netanyahu Government. +From 2019 to 2021 Peretz was leader of The Jewish Home. + += = = Elaine Hendrix = = = +Katherine Elaine Hendrix (born December 28, 1970) is an American actress, model, producer, singer, dancer, and activist. She is known for her roles in the 1998 remake of "The Parent Trap", "Inspector Gadget 2", and the 2004 documentary movie "What the Bleep Do We Know!?". She was born in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. + += = = Brian Keith = = = +Brian Keith (born Robert Alba Keith, November 14, 1921 – June 24, 1997) was an American actor. His best known movie roles were in the Disney family movie "The Parent Trap" (1961), the comedy "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming" (1966), and the adventure saga "The Wind and the Lion" (1975). + += = = Pokki = = = +Pokki is a free digital distribution platform and Windows Shell extension. It was made by SweetLabs, Inc. It gives computers running Windows a mobile app-like interface. It is available for Windows XP and later; the Windows 8 version takes over the Start screen to imitate a look and feel of the second generation Start menu in earlier versions of Windows. +Pokki is adware, according to Malwaretips. Meanwhile, Sophos AV has said Pokki is "viruses and spyware". +History. +Pokki first launched as a beta version in June 2011. Pokki's framework is built on Chromium, allowing developers to make desktop applications with normal internet languages, such as HTML5, CSS3, and JavaScript. +In April 2012, Pokki launched the Pokki Store, a marketplace and app store for desktop apps for social networking services and social gaming apps. With the Pokki Store, users can browse, search, and download applications in various categories. Developers submit applications using the Pokki Developer Center. +In August 2012, Pokki finished being in the beta stage. It said it had 1 million monthly active users. It released the Pokki Menu, an app launcher for access, management, and discovery of its apps, and a notification center for real-time updates. +In October 2012, Pokki for Windows 8 was released as a free software download to bring back core things to the Windows Start menu that had been removed from Windows 8. It had about 1.5 million users as of January 2013. + += = = The Darkness of the Morning = = = +The Darkness of the Morning is a novel by Gordon Parker. It was published in 1975. The novel is about coal miners in 19th-century England. It follows the lives of fictional coal miners and their families through the great strike of 1844, the Crimean War, and the Hartley Colliery disaster of 1862. The book was widely and positively reviewed. In 1978, it was re-published in English with commentary in Russian for school reading. + += = = Marcus Rashford = = = +He plays with balls . Rashford has been with Manchester United since he was seven years old. He made his debut for the first team in 2016 in a game against Midtjylland. He scored two goals in that game, and two more in his next game against Arsenal. Rashford also scored in his first game for the England national team in May 201BC. he sings the song Tarzan the monkey man while on the field +Rashford also likes Tom to continue the issues of child food povert in the UK. Rashford was awarded Member of the Order of the British Empire for his charity work. In addition, he was also awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester. +Club career. +Early life and career. +Marcus Rashford was born in Wythenshawe, a town in south Manchester. He started playing football at the age of five for Fletcher Moss Rangers. When he was seven, Rashford started at the pre-academy program at Manchester United. Rashford was playing with the Manchester United under-18 team when he got a call to the first-team. +Rashford has said that the Brazilian footballer Ronaldo was his idol growing up. +Manchester United first team. +2015-16 season: debut. +Rashford was on the bench on 21 November 2015 when Manchester United won 2-1 against Watford. His first start was against Midtjylland in the UEFA Europa League. Anthony Martial was injured in the warm-up to that game, and Rashford replaced him in the starting team. Rashford scored two goals in the game and United won 5-1. Three days later, he started in the game vs Arsenal. In that game, he scored two more goals and provided an assist. United won 3-2. In the 2015-16 season, Rashford scored a total 8 goals in 18 appearances, and won the FA Cup. +2016-17 season. +Marcus Rashford took number 19 for the new season. Rashford won the EFL Cup with Manchester United in 2017. Rashford scored the crucial winning goal in the Europa League quarter-final. He also started in the Europa League final. Manchester United won 2-0 against Ajax to win the trophy. In total, Rashford scored 11 goals and made 6 assists in the 16/17 season. +2017-18 season. +Rashford scored against Basel in his UEFA Champions League debut on 12 September. With that goal, he had scored in his first appearances in six different competitions. He scored 13 goals in 52 appearances in the 2017-18 season. +2018-19 season. +Rashford got the number 10 shirt after Zlatan Ibrahimović left Manchester United. Rashford had a successful season, scoring 13 goals and assisting 9. Rashford helped Manchester United reach the quarterfinals of the UEFA Champions League. United defeated PSG in the process, with Rashford scoring the decisive goal. +2019-20 season. +The 2019-20 season was Rashford's best season by stats so far. In total, Rashford scored 22 goals including 17 in the Premier League. During the season, he struggled with a back injury. This limited his total game time. +2020-21 season. +Rashford scored 21 club goals in the 2020-21 season and made 15 assists. He enjoyed a particularly good goal-scoring run in the UEFA Champions League. In that competition, he has scored 6 goals in 6 appearances. Rashford was selected for England national team squad in Euro 2021. +Style of play. +Marcus Rashford plays either as a center forward or a wide forward. Rashford has said that he prefers playing as a left winger. Rashford uses his speed and dribbling to play direct football. These qualities make him more effective on the wings. +Personal life. +Rashford comes from a working class family; his mother is Melanie Maynard, a single parent who often had to work multiple jobs to feed their family, sometimes skipping meals herself to ensure Rashford and his siblings ate.In 2012, Rashford was invited to an England under-16 training camp, and was later selected to play in the Victory Shield against Northern Ireland under-16s in September, and Wales under-16s in October. Under-16's manager Kenny Swain later revealed that Rashford only played two appearances for the side due to an understanding with coaches at Manchester United regarding him being underdeveloped physically, and also thought the exposure would have been "too much" for him. +Three weeks after making his senior début for United in early 2016, Rashford made his first appearance for the England under-20 team, providing an assist for Kasey Palmer in a 2–1 defeat to Canada under-20s. Despite already making his senior début earlier in the year, Rashford was called up to the England under-21 team for the first time in August 2016 for a fixture in September against Norway under-21s. He scored a hat-trick in the 6–1 home victory over Norway in his only appearance for the team, scoring the third with a penalty, his first since turning professional. Under-21 manager Gareth Southgate praised Rashford for his humility in dropping down to under-21 level. +Despite having already made his senior tournament début, it was expected Rashford would be available for selection for the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, with the hopes of gaining more tournament experience. United manager José Mourinho responded to these reports by stating it would make no sense for his development as he was already playing senior football. In April 2017, Mourinho appeared to concede Rashford would attend the tournament, saying he had no right to stop him from participating, but later in the month reiterated his opinion that dropping down wouldn't make sense, with Rashford having gained so much senior experience throughout the season. In May, Rashford made the decision not to go to the tournament, and was instead selected for the senior squad by Southgate, the new manager. Southgate praised the decisions taken by United coaching staff in helping maximise the potential of Rashford by not allowing him exposure at youth level for England, saying his development had been handled well by all parties. +Charity and activism. +Rashford has teamed up with poverty and food waste charity FareShare to provide meals to poor schoolchildren in the Greater Manchester area. Because of COVID-19 related lockdowns, schoolchildren were not receiving free school meals during this time. Eventually, the charity was able to raise enough money to reach four million children across the country. +On 15 June 2020, Rashford wrote an open letter calling for the UK government to end child poverty. Bowing to the building pressure, the government extended free school meals for children during summer holidays. On 1 September, Rashford collaborated with multiple parties to create Child Food Poverty Task Force to help further this cause. In October, Rashford was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire. +References. +Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, Volume 40, Number 28 + += = = Santa Clara = = = +Santa Clara (Portuguese and Spanish for Saint Clare or Saint Clair) may refer to: + += = = Floppotron = = = +The Floppotron is a musical instrument. It was made by Polish engineer Paweł Zadrożniak. It is made of a set of computer hardware that plays music together. The latest version, the Floppotron 2.0, has 64 floppy drives, eight hard drives, and two flatbed scanners. +Development. +First version. +The first version of the Floppotron was made in 2011. It is made of two floppy drives and an ATMega microcontroller. The sound is made by the magnetic head being moved by its stepper motor. The floppy drive's heads have be moved at the correct speed to make the correct sound. +The instrument became well known thanks to a video of the instrument on YouTube playing the Imperial March, which has more than 6 million views. +2.0 version. +In 2016, Paweł Zadrożniak made a better version of the Floppotron, which has 64 floppy drives, 8 hard drives, and two flatbed scanners. Every column of eight floppy drives is controlled by an ATMega16 microcontroller, and the hard drives are controlled by two SMD MOSFETs that push and pull. The flatbed scanner head are controlled by Arduino Uno boards. +How it works. +Any device that has an electric motor can make sound. Scanners and floppy drives use stepper motors to move the head with sensors that scan an image, or read or write, onto a magnetic disk. The faster the motor, the higher the pitch of the sound the motor makes. Hard disks use a magnet and a coil to tilt the head. When voltage is supplied for long enough, the head speeds up and hits the bound, which makes the "drum hit” sound. +The Floppotron makes MIDI music files into commands that tell each device when to buzz, click, or be silent. +Song covers. +As of April 2019, Paweł Zadrożniak's YouTube page shows more than one hundred songs played with the Floppotron. Some of those songs are Queen's "Bohemian Rapsody", Nirvana's "Smells Like Teen Spirit", White Stripes's "Seven Nation Army", Eurythmics' "Sweet Dreams" and Michael Jackson's "Thriller". + += = = Taree = = = +Taree is a town on the Mid North Coast, New South Wales, Australia. Taree was colonized in 1831 by William Wynter. The name Taree is derived from "tareebit", a word from the native language Biripi word which means "tree by the river", or more specifically, the Sandpaper Fig ("Ficus coronata"). According to the Australian census, the estimated population in the locality in the year 2016 is 16,197 people. + += = = MacOS Sierra = = = +macOS Sierra (version 10.12) is the thirteenth major release of macOS (previously from 2001 to 2012 and from 2012 to 2016), Apple Inc.'s desktop and server operating system for Macintosh. It was the first version of the operating system issued under the June 2016 renaming as macOS. Sierra is named after the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California and Nevada. + += = = Intellivision Amico = = = +The Intellivision Amico is a video game console made by Intellivision Entertainment. The console was revealed in October 2018 and pre-orders started in April 2019. The console will come out on April 15, 2021, delayed from October 10, 2020, along with 40 games being made for then. +Concept. +Most games will be 2D or 2.5D. Other games will be 3D games the company thinks are easy to play and learn. The company helps studios make games for the console with whatever the studios need. All games will have features they will only have on the console. All games will be rated E (Everyone) or E10+ (Everyone 10+) by the ESRB, or PEGI 3 or PEGI 7 by PEGI. Intellivision Entertainment plan to release new games, motion control games, card games and other tabletop games, educational games, and updated classic video games, such as some Intellivision games, some from Imagic, and Atari and arcade games, of which "Moon Patrol" and "BurgerTime" will come out at about the same time as the console. Some Intellivision compilations will have licenses from third-parties, such as "". Games can be downloaded for $9.99 or less when the console comes out, later a higher amount less than $40, or from an RFID card for US$20 to US$30. All games can be played by one player or, because the goal of the system is to go back to family gaming and co-op with people in the same place because the company thinks modern gaming and web-based multiplayer has gone away from that, up to eight players locally. Online multiplayer is planned for a later date. +History. +Development. +In May 2018, Tommy Tallarico said he planned to make a new Intellivision console, and made a new company, Intellivision Entertainment, becoming the president of it. Intellivision Productions started to name itself Blue Sky Rangers Inc. instead, and Intellivision Entertainment got the video game things they owned instead. +At the Portland Retro Gaming Expo in October 2018, the Intellivision Amico was officially revealed, such as its name, and the fact it would come out on October 10, 2020. Developer kits were expected to go out in Summer 2019. +In May 2019, Intellivision Entertainment announced its first major game exclusive to the console, a third official Earthworm Jim game, and that it got ten people who helped to work on the original "Earthworm Jim" team to work on it, all for Earthworm Jim's 25th anniversary. In June 2019, the Intellivision Amico could first be used in secret at E3 2019, allowing people with influence in the video game industry to play games in development on consoles, and try using the official mobile app that allowed mobile phones to be controllers for the console. +At Gamescom in Cologne, Germany in August 2019, Tommy Tallarico showed a trailer with footage of video games running on the Intellivision Amico to the public for the first time. In October 2019, Tommy Tallarico came to Insomnia Dubai, a gaming convention held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, to say they set up an office in Dubai to make the Intellivision Amico come out in the MENA region on October 10, 2020, the same day as in North America and Europe. +Hardware. +Console. +The console has Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, HDMI out, an SD card slot, and three USB ports. Two of those USB ports can be used for charging, and the remaining USB port allows the console to store more data. There is a LED ambient lighting system built into the body that can change pattern and color in response to gameplay. This system is known as Interactive Guidance Lighting. This feature is intended to make playing games on the console "fun and memorable" while also helping guide players in an interactive way. +Controller. +The Intellivision Amico comes with two controllers. They can charge wirelessly when they are placed into their cradle, which is on top of the console, charge using a wired USB-C connection, or charge in both ways at the same time. They have Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, RFID, speakers, a microphone, an accelerometer, force feedback and a gyroscope. They also have a full-color touch screen, four big shoulder buttons, a home button and a 64-way pressure-sensitive directional disc with a ring of LEDs all around it. The controllers come with wrist straps so they do not fly away during game action if they are not held in a secure way. Up to six more controllers can connect to the Intellivision Amico. A smartphone running a free controller smartphone app can be used instead of an Amico controller. +Games. +Tommy Tallarico, who is the president of Intellivision Entertainment, has said the games that will be available for the Intellivision Amico will be about 20% updated and re-imagined versions of classic video games, 20% original new games, 20% sports and recreation, 20% board games, dice games, card games, word games and puzzle games, and 20% educational games. All games will be both single player and multiplayer, with some games allowing up to eight players to play the game at the same time using controllers and/or mobile phones. Some games will have motion controls, using the accelerometer and gyroscope of the controller. Some games will have the Karma Gaming Engine, a feature that is intended to give players of all skill levels a fair level of competition against each other by always changing the difficulty for players based on how well they are doing in the game. Five games will come with the Intellivision Amico, and it will have about forty more games available when it comes out. Five of the six included games have been announced to be "Skiing", "Astrosmash", "Shark! Shark!", "Cornhole", and "Farkle". +These games have been announced to come out for the Intellivision Amico: +"[This table is lacking citations for many of its entries]" +Operating system. +The Intellivision Amico runs an operating system that is based on Android and Linux only made by the company. In an interview with GamesBeat, Tommy Tallarico said the operating system is "very solid", but "very flexible", saying Linux is the "flexible" part and Android is the "solid" part. + += = = Gena Turgel = = = +Gena Turgel (née Goldfinger; 1 February 1923 – 7 June 2018) was a Jewish Polish author, educator, and Holocaust survivor. +Her memoir, "I Light a Candle", was published in 1987. She spent much of her life educating British school pupils about the Holocaust. + += = = Taki Theodoracopulos = = = +Panagiotis "Taki" Theodoracopulos (; , ; born 11 August 1936) is a Greek journalist and writer. Theodoracopulos's column "High Life" has appeared in "The Spectator" since 1977, where he wrote a series of controversial articles. Some of his articles have been edited by Boris Johnson. +In 2002, Theodoracopulos founded "The American Conservative" magazine with Pat Buchanan and Scott McConnell. He was also the publisher of the British magazine "Right Now!". +He lives in New York City, London and Gstaad, Switzerland. + += = = Anthony Smith (producer) = = = +Professor Anthony Smith CBE (14 March 1938 – 28 November 2021) was a British broadcaster, author and academic. He was President of Magdalen College, Oxford, between 1988 and 2005. He worked for the Annan Committee on The Future of Broadcasting, and became engaged in the national debate which led to the foundation of the UK's Channel 4. +Smith died on 28 November 2021 in London from renal failure, aged 83. + += = = Robert Winston = = = +Robert Maurice Lipson Winston, Baron Winston (born 15 July 1940) is a British professor, medical doctor, scientist, television presenter and Labour Party politician. In December 1995, he became Member of the House of Lords. He was born in London. + += = = Peregrine Worsthorne = = = +Sir Peregrine Gerard Worsthorne (22 December 1923 – 3 October 2020) was a British journalist, writer and broadcaster. Worsthorne spent the largest part of his career at the "Telegraph" newspaper titles, eventually becoming editor of "The Sunday Telegraph" for several years. He left the newspaper in 1997. +Worsthorne died on 3 October 2020 at his home in Buckinghamshire, aged 96. + += = = Paul Oestreicher = = = +Paul Oestreicher (born 29 September 1931) is a German Anglican priest, Quaker, peace and human rights activist. He was born in Meiningen, Germany. He was a member of the General Synod of the Church of England from 1970-81 and 1995-97. From 1981 to 1985 he was Director of the Division of International Affairs of the British Council of Churches. He was a known critic of apartheid and the 1986 United States bombing of Libya. + += = = Lewis Wolpert = = = +Lewis Wolpert (19 October 1929 – 28 January 2021) was a South African-born British developmental biologist, author, and broadcaster. Wolpert was known for his work on the intracellular positional information that guides cellular development. +Wolpert died at a hospital in London on 28 January 2021 from COVID-19, aged 91. + += = = 2b2t = = = +2builders2tools (2b2t) is one of the oldest and most notorious "Minecraft" multiplayer game servers. It is the oldest anarchy server in minecraft. It was founded in December 2010 by an unknown owner known online as "Hausemaster". +2b2t is a "Minecraft Java Edition" 1.19 server that operates on a map without any resets since its creation. The server's spawn area is notoriously damaged, reflecting its chaotic nature and lack of rules. Cheating, griefing, violence, and racism are common occurrences on 2b2t. The server gained popularity due to its anarchic and unpredictable nature. +As of October 2023, 2b2t is over 28,300 gigabytes in size and has had more than 821,220 unique players. The server has gained significant attention on YouTube, with numerous videos about it amassing millions of views. +History. +The "Minecraft" server 2b2t.org was founded in 2010 by an unknown owner, known online as "Hausemaster". It was advertised on 4chan and Reddit. Members from different forums launched raids against each other and their work. YouTuber TheCampingRusher uploaded a YouTube video on June 1, 2016, where he played on 2b2t. This caused a conflict on the server known as "The Rusher War". A queue to enter the server was soon added due to the massive influx of new players caused by the video's popularity. Players can also pay $20 to access a separate priority queue for a month. +Since its creation, the server gained attention from the news. Articles were created about 2b2t on "Kotaku, Vice, IGN, Newsweek" and "The Independent". In the book "Master Builder 3.0 Advanced", in April 2015, 2b2t was described as crazy, that it can get "outright wild," and that the server is a "nightmare wasteland." The book also stated that it is known as "online royalty" among "Minecraft" servers. + += = = Fay Weldon = = = +Fay Weldon (born Franklin Birkinshaw; 22 September 1931 – 4 January 2023) was a British author, essayist and playwright. Weldon's most known work is her novel "The Life and Loves of a She-Devil" (1983), which she wrote at the age of 52. +Weldon was born in Birmingham. She lived in New Zealand until the age of 15. She was married three times and had four children. +Weldon died on 4 January 2023, at the age of 91. + += = = Jim Haynes = = = +James Haynes (10 November 1933 – 6 January 2021) was a British sociologist and writer. He was a former figure in the British "underground" and alternative/counter-culture scene of the 1960s. He was the founder of Edinburgh's Traverse Theatre, the paper "International Times" and the London Arts Lab in Drury Lane. +Haynes died on 6 January 2021 at his home in Paris, aged 87. + += = = Jerome L. Singer = = = +Jerome Laurence Singer (February 6, 1924 – December 14, 2019) was an American psychologist. He was the Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the Yale School of Medicine. He was a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the New York Academy of Sciences. He was known as "the father of daydreaming" due to his works about daydreaming. +Singer was born in New York City. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania. Singer died on December 14, 2019 at a hospital in New Haven, Connecticut at the age of 95. + += = = Tantric yoga = = = +Tantra yoga is a spiritual philosophy of nonduality between our bodies and the world, and sensuality is the connection between the two. + += = = Jerome Kagan = = = +Jerome Kagan (February 25, 1929 – May 10, 2021) was an American psychologist. He was the Daniel and Amy Starch Research Professor of Psychology, Emeritus at Harvard University, and co-faculty at the New England Complex Systems Institute. He was one of the key pioneers of developmental psychology. +Kagan died on May 10, 2021 in Durham, North Carolina at the age of 92. + += = = Mikey Madison = = = +Mikey Madison (born March 25, 1999) is an American actress. She is best known for starring as Max Fox on the FX television comedy series "Better Things" (2016–present) and as Manson Family follower Susan Atkins (Sadie) in "Once Upon a Time ... in Hollywood" (2019) and Amber Freeman in "Scream" (2022). She was born in Los Angeles, California. +Mikey Madison was born on the 25th March 1999, to loving parents who have a career in Psychology (names not disclosed). She is a middle child, two older sisters in their 30's and a twin brother. <ref> + += = = Hallo aus Berlin = = = +Hallo aus Berlin (English: Hello from Berlin) is a British educational television miniseries made by the BBC and the Goethe-Institut working together. It is used in German lessons in the United Kingdom, United States, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, the Netherlands and Australia. The 10 episodes in the series were shown on BBC Schools TV from 19 September 1996. It shows things that have happened, people are asked questions about themselves, energetic music, and animated parts, all like how a magazine would do so. The series is designed for people who are anywhere from 11 years old to 14 years old who are beginning to learn German. +The main characters are Marko Walther, Jessica König, Daniel Augustin, Esther Walk, Thomas Lindel, and Miriam Casten. They are young people who say what life is like in Berlin for them every day. Every episode has an animated sketch and song the host characters, Rolli und Rita, perform. +The episodes can be watched on YouTube or the BBC website. +Episodes. +Episode 1 - "Wir". +The characters of the series talk about themselves for the first time. This includes what they look like, their heights and their ages. Rolli und Rita appear for the first time. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows a hall of mirrors in a fairground and talks about colours and parts of the face in German. Thomas talks about his enjoying of cycling, Daniel shows his cartoons, and Jessica goes shopping. Marko talks about his guinea pig, and Miriam talks about her pet dog. Esther is seen doing athletics and talks about what she does. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Hallo aus Berlin'. +Episode 2 - "Familie". +Daniel and his family come to see his grandparents. The other characters talk about their brothers, sisters and pets for the first time. Some people who live in Berlin are asked questions about themselves. Thomas visits the Berlin Zoo and talks about the different animals that are seen there for the first time. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rita with a snake at Rolli's house that can solve problems using mathematics. The snake becomes confused and wrecks the room after Rolli asks it a question it finds hard to solve. Rolli und Rita then try to put the broken family portraits together again, incorrectly matching pieces with different family members. Nada, a 17-year-old who lives without his parents in a flat with other young people, talks about himself for the first time, and he talks about the chores and jobs he does when he is there. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Das ist meine Familie'. +Episode 3 - "Zu Hause". +Marko talks about what his house is like. Miriam has breakfast with her family and talks about food that is usually eaten in a meal of breakfast. Some people who live in Berlin are asked questions about themselves. Rolli shows the order in which he does things to get ready in the morning and does not remember to finish doing his chores before his mother comes back to his home. Marko talks about his wardrobe and some of his clothes, and leaves his home to go to school. The different types of houses in Berlin are talked about, and Jessica and Daniel talk about their addresses. Some homeless people are seen being given food in a small restaurant in central Berlin. After that, Esther goes to Jessica's house. When they're there, they talk about Take That and listen to CDs. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Wo Wohnst Du?'. +Episode 4 - "In der Stadt". +Wolfgang, Jessica's cousin, is shown going on an ICE train and going to Jessica's house. He talks with Jessica and her mother on a payphone for a brief amount of time, then goes on the U-Bahn. Thomas meets someone who also enjoys Star Trek at a shop, and they leave the shop together. Wolfgang cannot find the correct way and asks someone who also lives in Berlin for help, only to get a long set of directions. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rita trying to talk to Rolli using a mobile phone multiple times and giving him directions that conflict with previous directions, until he accidentally finds out he is on top of a building that's being made. Thomas and his friend buy food, and Daniel, Miriam, Marko and Esther are asked how to find the correct way in Berlin. Wolfgang still cannot find his way and calls Jessica again, and she comes to meet him. Rolli und Rita perform the song "Ist eine Post hier?". Thomas, his friend, Jessica and Wolfgang are seen at the Cup Final match. +Episode 5 - "Essen und Trinken". +Thomas goes to a grocery shop to buy things for his favourite aunt. At the same time, Miriam and Jessica plan to go to McDonald's. Thomas and his aunt go to a cafe to get an ice cream and cake. Rolli und Rita try to make food at home. This goes wrong when Rita covers the room with whipped cream. A Turkish market and some traditional Turkish food are seen. Rolli und Rita perform the song "Einmal Eis, bitte". +Episode 6 - "Schule". +Jessica and Marko talk about their schools, and multiple lessons can be seen. Things that are being done when it is lunch break are shown. Arno is found out to be smoking at too early of an age and is sent to the headteacher's office. Because of this, Arno is made to clean for the school as a punishment. At the same time, an English lesson is seen. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows Rolli not doing his homework. Rita appears on a computer screen that is near to him to help him, but both of them run away after he chooses all of the wrong answers. Some students say to Esther, who is the person who represents the class, say they do not want as much German homework. Esther talks about the issue with their German teacher. Jessica talks about the after-school clubs (Arbeitsgemeinschaften). A montage is seen of multiple after school activities. After that, Rolli und Rita perform 'Was ist dein Lieblingsfach?'. +Episode 7 - "Freizeit". +Some students talk about their weekend plans. Miriam talks about her horse and how she rides and cares for it. Arno is seen sleeping. At the same time, Daniel, Thomas and Esther meet in a shop that sells music. Jessica is seen doing ballet. The Rolli und Rita sketch shows them making bad things happen in a music shop with musical instruments that cost a lot of money. A traditional Turkish festival is seen, and the main characters dance in a disco. Rolli und Rita perform "Was machst du am Wochenende?". +Episode 8 - "Gesundheit". +Marko plays volleyball and hurts himself. At the same time, Esther gets ready to play sports by playing sports, and plays sports. Foods and activities that are healthy or not healthy are talked about. Marko sees a doctor because he has been hurt, and the doctor sees what should be done about that. In the Rolli und Rita sketch, Rolli und Rita choose to go bowling, which goes wrong. Jessica, Marko, and Esther talk about their favourite sports. Karate lessons are seen, and Thomas, Daniel and Miriam talk about their favourite activities. Some children in wheelchairs are seen playing basketball. Rolli und Rita perform 'Ich habe zehn Finger'. The characters are then seen at an indoor water park. +Episode 9 - "Ferien und Feste". +Daniel's mother reserves hotel rooms at a hotel near the Ostsee, where the family is going on holiday. A Turkish festival is seen, and Jessica has her Confirmation at the church. Miriam celebrates her 14th birthday with her family, Thomas, and Jessica. In the Rolli und Rita sketch, Rolli und Rita are on holiday, and do not know a storm is coming before being struck by lightning. Daniel is with his family on the Ostseeküste (Baltic Sea Coast), and they ride a boat. Rolli und Rita perform 'Wann hast du Geburtstag?'. +Episode 10 - "Unser Berlin". +The last episode of the series shows much of the culture in Berlin. Jessica goes around the shops of Berlin and the KaDeWe. Thomas talks about the history of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, a reminder of World War 2, and Daniel eats in a restaurant that is in Berlin. Esther talks about where she lives, Kreuzberg, and looks around its shops and restaurants. Marko talks about the history of the Berlin Wall, and talks about the plans for Potsdamer Platz to be constructed on that were new at the time. The characters say goodbye in a theme park. Rolli und Rita perform the song 'Das ist unser Berlin', which ends the series. +Rolli und Rita. +Rolli und Rita are two characters who are teenagers and are animated using computers. In every episode of the series, they appear in a sketch and perform a song. +The characters were said to be the most advanced ones when the series was first shown in 1996. Baxter Hobbins Slides, which was independent, used 3D motion-capture suits with motion sensors to make animated 3D models so the characters could make the same movements as the actors. These 3D models were wireframe models at first, then skin and clothes were added to them. The lip movements of the characters were done by using the real lip movements of the actors filmed behind a blue screen. +The voices in the sketches were later replaced with a version in French for "Quinze Minutes Plus" as "Juju et Juliette", and a version in Spanish for "Revista" as "Julio y Julia". +The characters (mostly Rolli) and the music videos for 'Wann Hast Du Geburtstag?' and ‘Was Ist Dein Lieblingsfach?’ later became a small meme, due to Rolli's dance movements being very big. +Rolli was voiced by Frido Ruth. Rita was voiced by Nina Hamm, except for the singing parts, which were voiced by Christina Fry, a professional actress, singer, voice-over artist, comedienne, writer, presenter and cabaretist. + += = = Singleton, New South Wales = = = +Singleton is a town on the banks of the Hunter River, New South Wales, Australia. Singleton is northwest of Sydney and northwest of Newcastle. According to the 2016 Australian census, the estimated population number of the town was 13,214 people in the urban centres and localities. + += = = Glide (API) = = = +Glide is a 3D graphics API made by 3dfx Interactive for their "Voodoo Graphics" 3D accelerator cards. It was proprietary at first, then 3dfx later made it open source. It was only designed to draw graphics, mostly geometry and texture mapping, in data formats like those used in their cards. It was popular in the late 1990s because 3Dfx 3D accelerator cards were widely used, but became obsolete because Microsoft's Direct3D got better, full OpenGL implementations from other graphics card vendors came out, and 3D hardware became more diverse. +API. +Glide is based on the basic geometry and "world view" of OpenGL 1.1. That version of OpenGL is an API that has 336 calls, most of which were not of use to draw graphics for video games at the time. Glide was designed to only have the features that were of use to draw graphics for video games at the time. The allowed the API to be small enough to fully run using late-1990s hardware. +Use in games. +Voodoo cards dominated the video game market during the last half of the 1990s because they ran fast and Glide was easy to use. The name Glide was chosen to reference OpenGL, which it was based on, while being different enough to not make trademark problems happen. +Glide wrappers and emulators. +Glide emulator development started in the late 1990s. Before 3dfx ended, the company tried very hard to stop these attempts, ending early emulation projects using legal threats. Before it ended and Nvidia bought its assets, 3dfx made the Glide API, and also the Voodoo 2 and Voodoo 3 specifications, open source. It later became an open source project. No games released after 1999 only support Glide for 3D acceleration (Direct3D and OpenGL are used instead), but Glide emulation is still needed to run older games with hardware acceleration. Because the specifications and code are now open source, multiple emulators and wrappers are available that allow older games that use the Glide API to run on non-Voodoo hardware. Other projects, such as Glidos, allow even older games to use Glide. + += = = Kenning = = = +A kenning is a phrase that describes a noun in metaphorical terms often in a form of imagery. It is often used in literature. + += = = Adam Price = = = +Adam Price (born 23 September 1968) is a Welsh politician. He is the leader of Plaid Cymru since 2018. He has sat in the National Assembly for Wales for Carmarthen East and Dinefwr. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) for the Carmarthen East and Dinefwr constituency. + += = = Colum Eastwood = = = +Colum Eastwood MP MLA (born 30 April 1983) is a Northern Irish politician. He has been the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) since 2015. He was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in 2011, and had since been re-elected. He quit in 2019. +He was also the SDLP candidate in the 2019 European Parliament election to represent Northern Ireland. In December 2019 he was elected as Member of Parliament for Foyle. +Eastwood was also mayor of Derry from 2010 to 2011. + += = = Naomi Long = = = +Naomi Rachel Long (née Johnston; born 13 December 1971) is a Northern Irish politician. She has been leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland since 2016. She has again been a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Belfast East since 2020. She has also been minister of Justice in the government of Northern Ireland since 2020. +From 2010 to 2015 she was the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Westminster constituency of Belfast East. She was the second elected female Lord Mayor of Belfast from 2009 to 2010. +In 2019, she was elected as the Alliance Party candidate for the European Parliament, becoming the first ever Alliance MEP. + += = = Karin Balzer = = = +Karin Balzer (née Richert, 5 June 1938 – 17 December 2019) was a East German hurdler. She competed in the 80 m hurdles event at the 1960, 1964 and 1968 Olympics, and in the 100 m hurdles in 1972. She won a gold medal in 1964 and a bronze in 1972. + += = = Bronco Horvath = = = +Bronco Joseph Horvath (March 12, 1930 – December 17, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played 434 games in the NHL between 1955 and 1968. Horvath played for New York Rangers, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins, Chicago Black Hawks, Toronto Maple Leafs and Minnesota North Stars. He was born in Port Colborne, Ontario. +Horvarth died on December 17, 2019 at the age of 89. + += = = Tunç Başaran = = = +Tunç Başaran (October 1, 1938 – December 18, 2019) was a Turkish screenwriter, movie director, movie producer and actor. He was born in Istanbul. In 1964 he directed his first feature "Survival". By 1962, he had directed about 40 movies. He directed "Ayşecik ve Sihirli Cüceler Rüyalar Ülkesinde", "Don't Let Them Shoot the Kite" and "Piano Piano Kid". +Başaran died on December 18, 2019 in Istanbul of soft-tissue sarcoma at the age of 81. + += = = Zafar Chaudhry = = = +Zafar Ahmad Chaudhry (Urdu: ��� ���� ������; 19 August 1926 – 17 December 2019), , was a Pakistani human rights activist and an airline executive. He was the first Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force, appointed in 1972 until his resignation in 1974. He was born in Sialkot, Punjab in British India. +Chaudhry died on 17 December 2019 in Lahore of cardiac arrest at the age of 93. + += = = Geulah Cohen = = = +Geulah Cohen (, 25 December 1925 – 18 December 2019) was an Israeli politician and activist. She founded the Tehiya party. She won the Israel Prize in 2003. She was born in Tel Aviv. Cohen was a member of Knesset between 1972 and 1992. +Cohen died on 18 December 2019 at the age of 93. + += = = Kenny Lynch = = = +Kenneth Lynch, OBE (18 March 1938 – 18 December 2019) was an English rock singer-songwriter, entertainer and actor. He appeared in many variety shows in the 1960s. His best known single was "You Can Never Stop Me Loving You". An actor, his best known role were in "Carry On Loving" and "The Playbirds". +He died in the early hours of 18 December 2019 of cancer, aged 81. + += = = Filozoa = = = +Filozoa is a clade (a group of plants or animals with a common ancestor) that is in the Opisthokonta clade. It includes animals, and their close single-celled relatives. These relatives are more closely related to animals than they are to fungi, and other Opisthokonts. +Three groups are in Filozoa: Filasterea, Choanoflagellatea, and Kingdom Animalia. Animalia is the most important one, which has all proper animals in it. +Evolution. +The phylogenic tree (evolution tree) below shows how clades broke into newer clades. This includes Filozoa. + += = = Ibrahim Diarra = = = +Ibrahim Diarra (25 May 1983 – 18 December 2019) was a French rugby union footballer. He played as a flanker for Castres. He was born in Paris. He made his international debut for France. +Diarra died on 18 December 2019 in Paris of a stroke at the age of 36. + += = = Constitution Party = = = +Constitution Party, Constitutional Party, or Constitutionalist Party may refer to one of several political parties. + += = = Wimberley, Texas = = = +Wimberley is a city in Hays County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,839 at the 2020 census. + += = = Edward C. Schmults = = = +Edward Charles Schmults (born February 6, 1931) is an American lawyer. He was the Deputy Attorney General of the United States from 1981 to 1984 during the Ronald Reagan presidency. He studied at Yale University and Harvard Law School. He was born in Paterson, New Jersey. + += = = Ralph E. Erickson = = = +Ralph E. Erickson (born October 3, 1928) is an American lawyer. He was the 11th Deputy Attorney General of the United States from 1972 to 1973 during the Richard Nixon presidency. Erickson was born in Jamestown, New York. + += = = Philip Heymann = = = +Philip B. Heymann (October 30, 1932 – November 30, 2021) was an American lawyer, federal prosecutor, legal scholar and law professor. +He was in charge of the Criminal Division of the Justice Department as Assistant Attorney General during the Carter administration and was briefly Deputy Attorney General in the Clinton administration. +Heymann died on November 30, 2021 in Los Angeles, California from problems caused by a stroke, one month after his 89th birthday. + += = = Diophantus = = = +Diophantus of Alexandria was an ancient Greek mathematician. He is well known for his series of books called "Arithmetica". He mainly focused on solving algebraic equations. His work was built upon by Pierre de Fermat, a French mathematician, who claimed that a certain equation created by Diophantus was unsolvable. The attempts to prove this claim, now known as Fermat's Last Theorem, led to major advances in number theory. +Biography. +Not much is known of Diophantus's life. Some information is given by another Greek mathematician, Metroduros, through various problems that he wrote which supposedly contained hints about Diophantus' life. +"Arithmetica". +Diophantus' main notable work is his series of books called "Arithmetica." It is a collection of problems and solutions to those problems. These problems have come to be known as Diophantine equations. The method in which they are solved is now called Diophantine analysis. + += = = John Lewis = = = +John Robert Lewis (February 21, 1940 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and civil rights leader. He was the U.S. Representative for from 1987 until his death in 2020. He was the dean of the Georgia congressional delegation. He was a member of the Democratic Party. +Lewis, who as chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was one of the "Big Six" leaders of groups who organized the 1963 March on Washington. +Early Life. +John Lewis was born in 1940 in Troy, Alabama to Eddie Lewis and Willie Mae Lewis (née Carter), who were sharecroppers in Pike County, Alabama. Sharecroppers were people who were allowed to rent a part of a piece of land for return of a share of the crops they harvested. He was the third of ten children. +He experienced segregation as a young boy in the Southern United States. When he went to visit relatives in the Northern US, he learned that places there were integrated and served Black people and white people equally. +Personal Life. +Lewis married Lilian Miles in 1968. They had a son, John-Miles. Lillian died on December 31, 2012. +Death. +In December 2019, Lewis was diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He died in Atlanta, Georgia on July 17, 2020 from the disease, aged 80. His funeral was held at Martin Luther King Jr.'s Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta. + += = = Tamisuke Watanuki = = = + is a Japanese politician. He was born in Nanto, Toyama, Japan. +He was elected to the Diet in 1969 as a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. +He was Speaker of the House of Representatives from July 2000 to November 2003. + += = = Yoshio Mochizuki = = = + was a Japanese politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democratic Party. He served as a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature) from 1996 to 2009, and from 2011 until his death in 2019. He was also Minister of the Environment from 2014 to 2015. He was a native of Shimizu, Shizuoka and a graduate of Chuo University. +Mochizuki died on 19 December 2019 at a hospital in Shimizu, Shizuoka of liver failure. He was 72. + += = = Tadamori Ōshima = = = + is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party and the Speaker of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). + += = = List of speakers of the House of Representatives (Japan) = = = +List of speakers ("gichō") and vice-speakers ("fuku-gichō") of the House of Representatives. + += = = House of Representatives (Japan) = = = +The is the lower house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Councillors is the upper house. +The House of Representatives has 465 members, elected for a four-year term. + += = = House of Councillors (Japan) = = = +The is the upper house of the National Diet of Japan. The House of Representatives is the lower house. +The House of Councillors has 242 members who each serve six-year terms, two years longer than those of the House of Representatives. Councillors must be at least 30 years old, compared with 25 years old in the House of Representatives. + += = = List of presidents of the House of Councillors (Japan) = = = +List of presidents ("gichō") and vice presidents ("fuku-gichō") of the House of Councillors. + += = = Akiko Santō = = = + is a Japanese politician. She is a member of the Liberal Democratic Party and a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). In August 2019, she was elected President of the House of Councillors of Japan. + += = = Chūichi Date = = = + is a Japanese retired politician of the Liberal Democratic Party. He was a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet (national legislature). He was a former President of the House of Councillors. + += = = Chikage Oogi = = = +, real name (10 May 1933 – 9 March 2023 as , was a Japanese actress and politician. She became the first female President of the House of Councillors in 2004. + += = = Azuma Koshiishi = = = + is a Japanese politician of the Democratic Party. He was a member of the House of Councillors in the Diet, and general secretary of the ruling Democratic Party. +He was elected to the House of Representatives of Japan in 1990, where he served for two terms until 1996 when he failed to be re-elected. He was elected to the House of Councillors for the first time in 1998. + += = = Masatoshi Wakabayashi = = = + was a Japanese politician. He is a member of Liberal Democratic Party. He was the acting Leader of the Opposition in 2009. + += = = Leader of the Opposition (Japan) = = = +The is the leader of the largest opposing party to the Japanese government. The role is not an official office. + += = = Yukio Edano = = = + is a Japanese politician. He is a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet. He was Chief Cabinet Secretary and Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry in the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) between 2010 and 2012. +He was the head of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan from 2017 until 2021. + += = = 2021 Japanese general election = = = +The was held on 31 October 2021. +It was the first general election in the Reiwa era, ending the nine-year Shinzo Abe era and a controversial Suga Cabinet. +The ruling party, the LDP, is projected to win a sole majority, passing the 233 seats needed. + += = = Jaye P. Morgan = = = +Jaye P. Morgan (born Mary Margaret Morgan; December 3, 1931) is an American popular music singer, actress, and game show panelist. +In 1961, Morgan was cast as Sally Dwight in the episode "Money and the Minister" of the CBS anthology series, "General Electric Theater", hosted by Ronald Reagan. +In 1973, Morgan played herself in the episode "The Songwriter" of the sitcom, "The Odd Couple". She appeared as Magda Valentine in the movie "The All-American Boy", and continued to play small roles in movies such as "Loose Shoes" (1980), "Night Patrol" (1984) and "" (1992). + += = = Mancos, Colorado = = = +The Town of Mancos is a Statutory Town located in Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. The town population was 1,196 at the 2020 United States Census. + += = = Cortez, Colorado = = = +Cortez is a Home Rule Municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Montezuma County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 8,766 at the 2020 United States Census. + += = = Jimmy Dean = = = +Jimmy Ray Dean (August 10, 1928 – June 13, 2010) was an American country music singer, television host, actor, and businessman. He was the creator of the Jimmy Dean sausage brand. +He became a national television personality starting on CBS in 1957. His best known hit was "Big Bad John" and he was known for his 1963 television series "The Jimmy Dean Show". He died on June 13, 2010, at the age of 81. + += = = Plainview, Texas = = = +Plainview is a city in and the county seat of Hale County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,187. + += = = Henrico County, Virginia = = = +Henrico County (formerly Henrico Shire) , officially the County of Henrico, is a county in the Virginia in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 334,389. + += = = Laurel, Virginia = = = +Laurel is a census-designated place (CDP) in Henrico County, Virginia. The population was 17,769 at the 2020 United States Census. It is the county seat of Henrico County. + += = = Oskar Lindblom = = = +Oskar Lindblom (born 15 August 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey forward. He plays with the Philadelphia Flyers organization of the National Hockey League (NHL) since 2014. He was born in Gävle, Sweden. +On 13 December 2019, Lindblom was diagnosed with a rare form of bone cancer. + += = = Greg Kirk = = = +Greg M. Kirk (September 24, 1963 – December 22, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in Americus, Georgia. He was a member of the Georgia State Senate from the 13th District, representing, from 2014 until his death. He is a member of the Republican Party. +In June 2019, Kirk was diagnosed with bile duct cancer. He died under hospice care in Americus from the disease on December 22, 2019 at the age of 56. + += = = Jules Deelder = = = +Jules Anton Deelder (24 November 1944 – 19 December 2019) was a Dutch poet, spoken word poet and writer. He was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. +His poems usually focused on life in Rotterdam, drug use, and jazz. He was well known in the Netherlands for his live performances and appearances in Dutch popular media. He was known as the "night mayor of Rotterdam". +Deelder died on 19 December 2019 in Rotterdam of a heart attack at the age of 75. + += = = Nashville, North Carolina = = = +Nashville is a town in Nash County, North Carolina, United States. The town was founded in 1780. It is part of the Rocky Mount, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population of Nashville was 5,632 in 2020. It is the county seat of Nash County. + += = = Leandro Despouy = = = +Leandro Despouy (April 4, 1947 – December 18, 2019) was an Argentine human rights lawyer and politician. He was born in San Luis, Argentina. He was the United Nations Commission on Human Right's Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers from August 2003 until July 2009. +From 2002 through 2016, he was the General Auditor of Argentina. +Despouy died of cancer in Buenos Aires on December 18, 2019 at the age of 72. + += = = Alain Barrière = = = +Alain Barrière (born Alain Bellec; 18 November 1935 – 18 December 2019) was a Breton-French pop singer. He was active from the 1950s until his death and was known for participating in the 1963 Eurovision Song Contest for his hit song "Elle était si jolie". Barrière was born in La Trinité-sur-Mer, Brittany, France. +Barrière died of cardiac arrest in Carnac, France on 18 December 2019 at the age of 84. + += = = Bruno Scipioni = = = +Bruno Scipioni (July 29, 1934 – December 5, 2019) was an Italian actor. He was born in Rome. His best known roles were in "Kapo", "The Pizza Triangle" and in "La figliastra". +Scipioni died on December 5, 2019 in Rome at the age of 85. + += = = Bill Schulz (politician) = = = +William R. Schulz (born April 4, 1931) is an American businessman and politician. He was an Independent candidate for Governor of Arizona in the 1986 gubernatorial election, and was the Democratic nominee against Barry Goldwater in the 1980 U.S. Senate election. He was born in Des Moines, Iowa. + += = = Saddle River, New Jersey = = = +Saddle River is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 3,372. + += = = Lavallette, New Jersey = = = +Lavallette is a borough in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 1,787. + += = = Mount Nebo = = = +Mount Nebo (; ) is an elevated ridge of the Abarim in Jordan. It is about above sea level. It is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the place where Moses was granted a view of the Promised Land. Mount Nebo is claimed to be the death place of Moses. +<br> + += = = Dwarf Fortress = = = +Dwarf Fortress (also known as Slaves to Armok: God of Blood Chapter II: Dwarf Fortress) is an indie game created by Tarn and Zach Adams. It has three modes, each providing a different experience but all sharing a fantasy setting. It is currently in Alpha, and has been in development since 2002. The game has simple text-based graphics inspired by classic roguelikes. There is no way to win, but various ways of losing an in-game fortress or adventurer. A popular meme within the game's fanbase is "Losing is fun!" +Gameplay. +Before the game can be played, a world must be made. The player can choose the size, number of groups, and various other bits of the world. After this, they are shown a world made to their liking and can use it or ask for another. +In "Fortress Mode", the player manages a fortress of dwarves. Among other things, the player is able to construct buildings, build an army, and break holes. Their dwarves must be fed, entertained, and protected from hazards to survive. Hazards include flooding, sieges, magma, and a variety of hostile creatures. +In "Adventure Mode", the player explores the world as their own character. Through exploration, they can gather information on characters and places across the map. Quests can be discovered by listening to friendly NPCs. Most quests focus around killing villains or monsters, and reward fame. Some friendly NPCs can be made into companions, who will aid the player in their travels. The player character has the same needs as the dwarves, including hydration and rest. This mode features a deeper combat system where body parts can be targeted. +In "Legends Mode", the player can read the generated history of their world. Historical figures, artifacts, and battles are described. A historical map of the world is included. +History. +In their youth, the Adams brothers were avid fans of sci-fi and fantasy games. They became curious about computer game development and Tarn worked to learn programming. The two programmed various computer games including "Slaves to Armok: God of Blood", a role-playing game focused around killing goblins. Using much of the system created for "Armok" and inspiration from their mining game "Mutant Miner", they began work on "Dwarf Fortress" in 2002. The game has been in development since 2006, with frequent updates on progress and planned features. The game is free to download and its development is funded through PayPal donations. + += = = Golden Child (band) = = = +Golden Child (; abbreviated as GNCD or GolCha) is a South Korean boy band formed on 2017 by Woollim Entertainment. The group debuted on 28 August 2017 with their extended play, "Gol-Cha!". Originally consist of eleven members, Park Jae-seok later departed from the group in January 2018. + += = = Re-boot (Golden Child album) = = = +Re-boot is the first studio album by South Korean band, Golden Child. The album was released on 18 November 2019 by recording label, Woollim Entertainment. Consists of 12 songs, the track "WANNABE" was chosen as the title track for the album. + += = = Kenshi Yonezu = = = + is a Japanese male musician. He began his music career in Vocaloid as "Hachi" (stylized as HACHI), and grows up to one of the most successful singer-writer in Japan. +Discography. +Singles. +As Composer, Lyricist, and Producer +As featured artist + += = = Wilhelm Helms = = = +Wilhelm Helms (19 December 1923 – 8 December 2019) was a German politician. He was a member of the Bundestag from 1969 to 1972. Helms was known for his 1972 party switch that threatened to collapse the government of Chancellor Willy Brandt. From 1979 through 1984, Helms was a member of the European Parliament. Helms was born in Twistringen, Lower Saxony. +Helms died on 8 December 2019 in Vechta, Germany at the age of 95. + += = = Hans Kornberg = = = +Sir Hans Leo Kornberg, FRS (14 January 1928 – 16 December 2019) was a German-born British-American biochemist. He was Sir William Dunn Professor of Biochemistry in the University of Cambridge from 1975 to 1995, and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge from 1982 to 1995. He was born in Herford, Germany. +Kornberg died on 16 December 2019 in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 91. + += = = Matti Ahde = = = +Matti Allan Ahde (23 December 1945 – 20 December 2019) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the Social Democratic Party. Ahde was born in Oulu, Finland. He was the Minister of the Interior (1982–1983), Minister of the Environment (1983–1987) and Speaker of the Parliament (1987–1989). +On 20 December 2019, Ahde died from pancreatic cancer at his home in Helsinki, aged 73. + += = = Speaker of the Parliament of Finland = = = +The speaker of the Parliament of Finland (Finnish "eduskunnan puhemies", Swedish "riksdagens talman"), along with two deputy speakers, is elected by Parliament during the first plenary session each year. +Speakers are chosen for a year at a time. + += = = Matti Vanhanen = = = +Matti Taneli Vanhanen () (born 4 November 1955) is a Finnish politician. He was Prime Minister of Finland from 2003 to 2010. He was also Chairman of the Centre Party, and in the second half of 2006 he was President of the European Council. In June 2019, he became Speaker of the Parliament of Finland. + += = = Erkki Pystynen = = = +Erkki Topias Pystynen (born 2 November 1929) is a Finnish politician. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. Pystynen was born in Heinola, Finland. Pystynen was a professor in Tampere University. He was elected to the parliament in 1975 and was the Speaker from 1983 to 1986. He left the Parliament in 1991. + += = = Ilkka Suominen = = = +Ilkka Olavi Suominen (8 April 1939 – 23 May 2022) was a Finnish politician. He was a member of the National Coalition Party. He was President of the Nordic Council in 1992. In 1987, he was the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland. +He was member of the parliament from 1970 to 1975 and from 1983 to 1994. He held the position of minister of trade and industry in Holkeri cabinet 1987-1991. +Suominen left parliament to become CEO of state monopoly Alko. He was elected as a member of the European Parliament (MEP) for one term 1999-2004 (EPP). +Suominen died on 23 May 2022 in Helsinki, Finland at the age of 83. + += = = Francisco Brennand = = = +Francisco Brennand, or "Francisco de Paula de Almeida Brennand", (June 11, 1927 – December 19, 2019) was a Brazilian sculptor. He worked in several different media. He was best known for his work in ceramic sculpture. Brennand was born in Recife, Pernambuco. He also used ceramics to create floor and wall tiles for construction. +Brennand died on December 19, 2019, in Recife of respiratory tract infection-related problems at the age of 92. + += = = George Metallinos = = = +Protopresbyter (Archpriest) Fr. George Metallinos (in Greek �. �������� ����������; 11 March 1940 – 19 December 2019) was a Greek theologian, priest, historian, author and professor. Metallinos was born in Corfu, Greece. +In 1971, he was ordained a member of the clergy and became Doctor of Theology (University of Athens) and Doctor of Philosophy - History (University of Cologne). In 1984 he became Professor at the School of Theology of the University of Athens, teaching "History of Spirituality during the Post-Byzantine Period", "History and Theology of Worship", and "Byzantine History". +Metallinos died in Athens on 19 December 2019 at the age of 79. + += = = Shahdon Winchester = = = +Shahdon Shane Andre Winchester (8 January 1992 – 19 December 2019) was a Trinidadian professional footballer. He played as a winger for the Trinidad and Tobago national team from 2010 through 2017. +Winchester was one of four people killed in a car crash on 19 December 2019 in Gasparillo, catching on fire, aged 27. + += = = Alba Zaluar = = = +Alba Maria Zaluar (2 June 1942 – 19 December 2019) was a Brazilian anthropologist. Her works focused in anthropology of violence. In 1984, she got her PhD in social Anthropology at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Zaluar was born in Rio de Janeiro. +Zaluar worked as invited professor in the State University of Campinas, and as professor in the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, where she coordinated the "Núcleo de Pesquisas da Violência" (NUPEVI), located in the Institute of Social Medicine. +Zaluar died on 19 December 2019 in Rio de Janeiro of pancreatic cancer, aged 77. + += = = William S. McFeely = = = +William Shield McFeely (September 25, 1930 – December 11, 2019) was an American historian and educator. In 1982, he won the Pulitzer Prize. He worked at Yale University, the University of Georgia and at Harvard University. McFeely was known for his biographies about Ulysses S. Grant and the Reconstruction era. +Life. +He was born in New York City. McFeely studied at Amherst College and at Yale University. +McFeely taught at Yale until 1970, during the Civil Rights Movement and Black Power movements. One of his black students in his class was Henry Louis Gates Jr.. +McFeely was known for his Pulitzer Prize-winning 1981 biography of Ulysses S. Grant. His works also focused on the Reconstruction era, and for the field of African-American history. He retired as the Abraham Baldwin Professor of the Humanities emeritus at the University of Georgia in 1997. He began working for Harvard University in 2006. +McFeely died of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis on December 11, 2019 at his home in Sleepy Hollow, New York at the age of 89. + += = = Black Power = = = +Black Power is a political slogan and a name for many ideologies that are pro-African-American identity. It is used mainly in the United States. The Black Power movement was created in the late 1960s and early 1970s. + += = = Clive Lewis (politician) = = = +Clive Anthony Lewis (born 11 September 1971) is a British Labour politician and journalist. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Norwich South since winning the seat at the 2015 general election. +Lewis was appointed by Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet as Shadow Secretary of State for Defence in June 2016, and later appointed Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in the October 2016 reshuffle. +In December 2019, Lewis announced his candidacy for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election. He dropped out from the race on 13 January 2020. + += = = Lisa Nandy = = = +Lisa Eva Nandy (born 9 August 1979) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Wigan since 2010. She was Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change from September 2015 until June 2016. She became the Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs on 5 April 2020. +Nandy ran in the 2020 Labour Party leadership election. Out of three candidates she came in third place and received 79,597 votes, representing 16.2% of the total vote. +A day after the 2020 Labour Party leadership election on 5 April 2020, the winning candidate, Keir Starmer, appointed Nandy in the shadow cabinet in the role of Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs. + += = = Keir Starmer = = = +Sir Keir Rodney Starmer (born 2 September 1962) is a British politician who has served as leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition since 2020. Since 2015 he has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Holborn and St Pancras, a constituency of the UK Parliament in Inner London. He has been re-elected as the constituency's MP in the 2017 general election, and 2019 general election. +Starmer was the "Shadow Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union" in Jeremy Corbyn's Shadow Cabinet. He was Director of Public Prosecutions and Head of the Crown Prosecution Service from 2008 to 2013. +In January 2020, Starmer announced his candidacy for Labour Leader in the 2020 election. On 4 April 2020, Starmer was elected as leader of the Labour Party, and as the Labour had the second most number of seats in the House of Commons, this made him the Leader of the Opposition. He was elected as leader of the Labour Party in the first round of voting using the single transferable vote (stv) method of voting. Starmer won with 275,780 votes (56.2%). He got 40,417 (53.13%) of the affiliates vote, 225,135 (56.07%) of the Labour Party members vote, and 10,228 (78.64%) of the registered supporters vote. +Personal Life. +Starmer is an atheist, but has said that he "does believe in faith", and its power to bring people together. His wife, Victoria Alexander, is Jewish, and their two children are brought up in Jewish faith. + += = = Jonathan Ashworth = = = +Jonathan Michael Graham Ashworth (born 14 October 1978) is a British Labour and Co-operative Party politician. He has been a Member of Parliament for Leicester South since 2011, and is the current Shadow Secretary of State for Health and Social Care. +He worked as an adviser to Gordon Brown and head of party relations for Ed Miliband. + += = = Dan Jarvis = = = +Daniel Owen Woolgar Jarvis, (born 30 November 1972) is a British Labour Party politician. +From 1997 to 2011, he was in the Parachute Regiment, before being elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Barnsley Central in a by-election in 2011. +He was elected as Mayor of the Sheffield City Region in 2018. + += = = David Lammy = = = +David Lindon Lammy (born 19 July 1972) is a British Labour Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tottenham since 2000. He has been serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs since 2021. + += = = Jess Phillips = = = +Jessica Rose Phillips (; born 9 October 1981) is a British Labour Party politician. She has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Birmingham Yardley since the 2015 general election. +In January 2020, Phillips briefly ran for Leader of the Labour Party in the 2020 leadership election. + += = = Rob Burrow = = = +Robert Geoffrey Burrow (born 26 September 1982) is an English former professional rugby league footballer. He spent 16 years playing for the Leeds Rhinos in the Super League, before retiring in 2017. +He also played for England and Great Britain. Burrow was known for many years as "the smallest player in Super League". He won a total of 8 Super League championships, two Challenge Cups, been named to the Super League Dream Team on three occasions and won the Harry Sunderland Trophy twice. +In December 2019, Burrow announced that he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. + += = = Jason Becker = = = +Jason Eli Becker (born July 22, 1969) is an American musician, songwriter and composer. He is known for his albums "Speed Metal Symphony" in 1987, "Go Off!" in 1988, "Perpetual Burn" in 1988 and "A Little Ain't Enough". +In the 1990s, Becker was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. + += = = Ezio Bosso = = = +Ezio Bosso (; 13 September 1971 – 15 May 2020) was an Italian composer, classical musician and conductor. He was born in Turin. +On October 30, 2015 his first major studio album, "The 12th Room", was released and peaked at number three on the Italian FIMI albums chart. Bosso has won several awards for his compositions, including the Australian Green Room Award, the Syracuse NY Award and two David di Donatello Awards. +In September 2019 Bosso announced that he was diagnosed with motor neurone disease. He died from the disease on 15 May 2020, aged 48. + += = = O. J. Brigance = = = +Orenthial James Brigance (born September 29, 1969) is a former football linebacker. He played in the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the National Football League (NFL). He is the senior advisor to player development for the Baltimore Ravens. +In May 2007, Brigance was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. + += = = Marián Čišovský = = = +Marián Čišovský (2 November 1979 – 28 June 2020) was a Slovak football defender. He played for Viktoria Plzeň. +On 5 August 2010 he scored the qualification goal in 93rd minute against MyPa in Europa League making it 3–3. Čišovský scored one goal in 2–0 won against Oţelul Galaţi. +In 2011, he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. He died from the disease on 28 June 2020, aged 40. + += = = Rickey Dixon = = = +Rickey Dixon (December 26, 1966 – August 1, 2020) was an American cornerback and special teams player. He played for the Oklahoma Sooners and later the National Football League’s Cincinnati Bengals and Los Angeles Raiders. +Dixon was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2019. +Dixon was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in 2014. He died from the disease on August 1, 2020 in DeSoto, Texas at the age of 53. + += = = Vic Gilliam = = = +Victor S. Gilliam (July 21, 1953 – June 18, 2020) was an American politician and actor. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was in the Oregon House of Representatives from the 18th District from his appointment in January 2007 until his resignation in January 2017. +In November 2015, Gilliam was diagnosed with ALS. He died from the disease in Silverton, Oregon on June 18, 2020 at the age of 66. + += = = Silverton, Oregon = = = +Silverton is a city in Marion County, Oregon, United States. + += = = Euan MacDonald = = = +Euan MacDonald MBE is a Scottish businessman. He studied at the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh. MacDonald created The Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research in 2007 in partnership with the University of Edinburgh. +MacDonald was diagnosed with Motor Neurone Disease (MND) in October 2003. +In 2013, MacDonald co-founded the disabled access review website, Euan's Guide. In November 2014, MacDonald was named as one of the most influential disabled people in the UK. + += = = Rob Rensenbrink = = = +Rob Rensenbrink (; 3 July 1947 – 24 January 2020) was a Dutch footballer and member of the Netherlands national team that reached two World Cup finals in 1974 and 1978. A creative and prolific left winger or forward, he became a legend in Belgium whilst playing in the great Anderlecht side of the 1970s. He is the UEFA Cup Winners Cup's all-time top scorer, with 25 goals. A talented dribbler as well as a cool finisher and adequate passer, he only ever missed two penalties in his entire career. He was also the first winner of the Onze d'Or. Considered as one of the greatest Dutch players of all time. Rensenbrink was widely regarded to be one of the best left wingers of the 1970s. +Club career. +Born in Amsterdam, Rensenbrink started his career at DWS, an Amsterdam amateur club, before moving to Belgian side Club Brugge in 1969. Between 1971 and 1980 he played for Anderlecht where he enjoyed his greatest club successes. In total when in Belgium he twice won the Belgian Championships, the Belgian Cup five times and at European club level the European Cup Winners' Cup twice (in 1976 and 1978 as well as being runner-up in 1977). Rensenbrink delivered a notable performance in the 1976 final as Anderlecht ran out 4–2 winners against West Ham United. He scored two goals, one from the penalty spot and set up Francois Van der Elst for the fourth goal. Among his team mates was Dutch internationalist compatriot, Arie Haan. In 1980, he left Anderlecht and wound down his career with a spell at Portland Timbers in the NASL, followed by a brief stay with Toulouse in France in 1981. +International career. +Rensenbrink made his international debut for the Netherlands national football team against Scotland in 1968, but picked up relatively few caps due to competition for the forward positions with Johan Cruijff and Piet Keizer. However, Rinus Michels included him for the 1974 FIFA World Cup squad that made the short trip to West Germany. +The Dutch side that took part in the 1974 FIFA World Cup were the pinnacle of Total Football. Most of the 1974 team were made up of players from Ajax and Feyenoord, so Rensenbrink was an outsider and was unfamiliar with playing the system. His preferred position was up front on the left, but that position was already Johan Cruijff's domain, so he played on the left-wing position in midfield, taking over from Ajax player Piet Keizer. He missed one game in the tournament (when Keizer played instead) and was only half-fit for the final after picking up an injury during the semi-final against Brazil. Rinus Michels gambled on Rensenbrink's fitness and played him from start – however he only lasted until half-time and was replaced by René van de Kerkhof. The Netherlands took an early lead through a Johan Neeskens penalty, but goals from Paul Breitner and Gerd Müller gave West Germany a 2–1 victory. Rensenbrink's performances saw him named to the team of the tournament and he was sought by Ajax as a replacement for Keizer. However, contract negotiations fell through and he remained at Anderlecht. +Rensenbrink stayed in the Netherlands national team during the qualifiers and finals of the 1976 European Football Championship. However, the Netherlands fell at the semi-final stage to Czechoslovakia. +In the 1978 FIFA World Cup tournament in Argentina, the Netherlands again reached the final, but this time without Cruijff (who decided to retire from international football) and under the guidance of Ernst Happel rather than Michels. Out of the shadow of Cruijff, Rensenbrink found more room to showcase his own considerable talent, playing on the left-hand side of a front three alongside Johnny Rep and René van de Kerkhof. He scored a hat-trick in the opening game against Iran, another goal against Scotland which was goal number 1000 in World Cup history and a penalty in the 5–1 win over Austria. In the final against Argentina, the Netherlands yet again met the hosts. In an intense match, the Netherlands fell behind to a first-half Mario Kempes strike. After Dick Nanninga's equalizer 9 minutes from time, a long pass from the Dutch captain Ruud Krol in the last 30 seconds of normal time gave Rensenbrink a half-chance to score but his shot from a very narrow angle was deflected on to the post and bounced clear. Had he scored, it is almost certain that Holland would have won the World Cup with Rensenbrink being top goal scorer with Mario Kempes. Argentina scored twice in extra-time for a 3–1 victory and the Netherlands again had to settle for the runners-up spot. +Rensenbrink played some of the qualifiers for Euro 80, but after earning his 46th cap in 1979 (a 2–0 defeat by Poland in a qualifier for Euro 80), he retired from international football at the age of 32, having scored 14 times for his country. He along with Eusébio are the only players to score the most goals from a penalty spot in a tournament (4 in 1978). +He was named by Pelé as one of the top 125 greatest living footballers in March 2004. He was also named Anderlecht's greatest ever foreign player in 2008. +Personal life. +Rensenbrink was married and lived in Oostzaan. In the summer of 2015, he revealed that he had been diagnosed with progressive muscular atrophy three years earlier. He died on 24 January 2020. Belgian news sources reported that he had been diagnosed with a muscular disease in 2012 which led to his death. +Honours. +Club Brugge +Anderlecht +Toulouse +Netherlands +Individual + += = = Luton Shelton = = = +Luton Shelton (11 November 1985 – 22 January 2021) was a Jamaican footballer. He played as a striker or winger. He made his international debut for Jamaica in 2004. +In 2018, it was announced that Shelton has been diagnosed with ALS. He died from problems caused by the disease on 22 January 2021, aged 35. + += = = Paul Shrubb = = = +Paul Shrubb (1 August 1955 – 28 May 2020) was an English professional footballer, coach and scout. He made 350 appearances as a player in the Football League. He played for Brentford and Aldershot. +He later returned to Aldershot as assistant manager and coached at a number of non-league clubs. +Shrubb was diagnosed with motor neurone disease in January 2006 and was given two years to live by doctors. He died from the disease on 28 May 2020, aged 64. + += = = Archie Yates = = = +Archie Yates (born 22 February 2009) is a British actor. He is known for winning a Critics' Choice Movie Award. + += = = Baintha Brakk = = = +Baintha Brakk is a mountain in the Karakoram range, in Pakistan. It is also known as The Ogre. Baintha Brakk is part of the Panmah Muztagh subrange. It is the 85th highest mountain in the world. +The first people to reach the top were Chris Bonington and Doug Scott, in 1977. As of 2013, people had reached the top only three times. + += = = Harmonic series (mathematics) = = = +In mathematics, the harmonic series is the divergent infinite series: +Divergent means that as you add more terms the sum never stops getting bigger. It does not go towards a single finite value. +Infinite means that you can always add another term. There is no final term to the series. +Its name comes from the idea of harmonics in music: the wavelengths of the overtones of a vibrating string are formula_2, formula_3, formula_4, etc., of the string's fundamental wavelength. Apart from the first term, every term of the series is the harmonic mean of the terms either side of it. The phrase "harmonic mean" also comes from music. +History. +The fact that the harmonic series diverges was first proven in the 14th century by Nicole Oresme, but was forgotten. Proofs were given in the 17th century by Pietro Mengoli, Johann Bernoulli, and Jacob Bernoulli. +Harmonic sequences have been used by architects. In the Baroque period architects used them in the proportions of floor plans, elevations, and in the relationships between architectural details of churches and palaces. +Divergence. +There are several well-known proofs of the divergence of the harmonic series. A few of them are given below. +Comparison test. +One way to prove divergence is to compare the harmonic series with another divergent series, where each denominator is replaced with the next-largest power of two: +Each term of the harmonic series is greater than or equal to the corresponding term of the second series, and therefore the sum of the harmonic series must be greater than or equal to the sum of the second series. However, the sum of the second series is infinite: +It follows (by the comparison test) that the sum of the harmonic series must be infinite as well. More precisely, the comparison above proves that +for every positive integer formula_8. +This proof, proposed by Nicole Oresme in around 1350, is considered to be a high point of medieval mathematics. It is still a standard proof taught in mathematics classes today. +Integral test. +It is possible to prove that the harmonic series diverges by comparing its sum with an improper integral. Consider the arrangement of rectangles shown in the figure to the right. Each rectangle is 1 unit wide and formula_9 units high, so the total area of the infinite number of rectangles is the sum of the harmonic series: +The total area under the curve formula_11 from 1 to infinity is given by a divergent improper integral: +Since this area is entirely contained within the rectangles, the total area of the rectangles must be infinite as well. This proves that +The generalization of this argument is known as the integral test. +Rate of divergence. +The harmonic series diverges very slowly. For example, the sum of the first 1043 terms is less than 100. This is because the partial sums of the series have logarithmic growth. In particular, +where formula_15 is the Euler–Mascheroni constant and formula_16 which approaches 0 as formula_8 goes to infinity. Leonhard Euler proved both this and also that the sum which includes only the sum of the reciprocals of the primes diverges also diverges, that is: +Partial sums. +The finite partial sums of the diverging harmonic series, +are called harmonic numbers. +The difference between formula_20 and formula_21 formula_22 converges to the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The difference between any two harmonic numbers is never an integer. No harmonic numbers are integers, except for formula_23. +Related series. +Alternating harmonic series. +The series +is known as the alternating harmonic series. This series converges by the alternating series test. In particular, the sum is equal to the natural logarithm of 2: +The alternating harmonic series, while conditionally convergent, is not absolutely convergent: if the terms in the series are systematically rearranged, in general the sum becomes different and, dependent on the rearrangement, possibly even infinite. +The alternating harmonic series formula is a special case of the Mercator series, the Taylor series for the natural logarithm. +A related series can be derived from the Taylor series for the arctangent: +This is known as the Leibniz series. +General harmonic series. +The general harmonic series is of the form +where formula_28 and formula_29 are real numbers, and formula_30 is not zero or a negative integer. +By the limit comparison test with the harmonic series, all general harmonic series also diverge. +p-series. +A generalization of the harmonic series is the formula_31-series (or hyperharmonic series), defined as +for any real number formula_31. When formula_34, the formula_31-series is the harmonic series, which diverges. Either the integral test or the Cauchy condensation test shows that the formula_31-series converges for all formula_37 (in which case it is called the over-harmonic series) and diverges for all formula_38. If formula_37 then the sum of the formula_31-series is formula_41, i.e., the Riemann zeta function evaluated at formula_31. +The problem of finding the sum for formula_43 is called the Basel problem; Leonhard Euler showed it is formula_44. The value of the sum for formula_45 is called Apéry's constant, since Roger Apéry proved that it is an irrational number. +ln-series. +Related to the formula_31-series is the ln-series, defined as +for any positive real number formula_31. This can be shown by the integral test to diverge for formula_38 but converge for all formula_37. +�-series. +For any convex, real-valued function formula_51 such that +the series +is convergent. +Random harmonic series. +The random harmonic series +where the formula_55 are independent, identically distributed random variables taking the values +1 and −1 with equal probability formula_2, is a well-known example in probability theory for a series of random variables that converges with probability 1. The fact of this convergence is an easy consequence of either the Kolmogorov three-series theorem or of the closely related Kolmogorov maximal inequality. Byron Schmuland of the University of Alberta further examined the properties of the random harmonic series, and showed that the convergent series is a random variable with some interesting properties. In particular, the probability density function of this random variable evaluated at +2 or at −2 takes on the value ..., differing from formula_57 by less than 10−42. Schmuland's paper explains why this probability is so close to, but not exactly, formula_57. The exact value of this probability is given by the infinite cosine product integral formula_59 divided by . +Depleted harmonic series. +The depleted harmonic series where all of the terms in which the digit 9 appears anywhere in the denominator are removed can be shown to converge and its value is less than 80. In fact, when all the terms containing any particular string of digits (in any base) are removed the series converges. +Applications. +The harmonic series can be counterintuitive. This is because it is a divergent series even though the terms of the series get smaller and go towards zero. The divergence of the harmonic series is the source of some paradoxes. +Because the series gets arbitrarily large as formula_22 becomes larger, eventually this ratio must exceed 1, which implies that the worm reaches the end of the rubber band. However, the value of formula_22 at which this occurs must be extremely large: approximately formula_64, a number exceeding 1043 minutes (1037 years). Although the harmonic series does diverge, it does so very slowly. +Calculating the sum shows that the time required to get to the speed of light is only 97 seconds. + += = = Au, St. Gallen = = = +Au is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Balgach = = = +Balgach is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Oberriet = = = +Oberriet is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Diepoldsau = = = +Diepoldsau is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Dublin, Texas = = = +Dublin is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Lott, Texas = = = +Lott is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Rüthi = = = +Rüthi is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = New England (New South Wales) = = = +New England or New England North West is the name given to a generally undefined region in the north of the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is about inland, that includes the Northern Tablelands (or New England Tablelands) and the North West Slopes regions. + += = = Ronda, North Carolina = = = +Ronda is a town in Wilkes County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 438 at the 2020 census. + += = = Wilkes County, North Carolina = = = +Wilkes County is a county located in the US state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 65,969. Its county seat is Wilkesboro. + += = = Wilkesboro, North Carolina = = = +Wilkesboro is a town in and the county seat of Wilkes County, North Carolina. The population was 3,687 at the 2020 census. + += = = Dmitri Chesnokov = = = +Dmitri Yuryevich Chesnokov (; 26 April 1973 – December 2019) was a Russian professional footballer. He made his debut in the Russian Premier League in 1999 for FC Saturn Ramenskoye. +Chesnokov died in December 2019 at the age of 49. + += = = Ward Just = = = +Ward Swift Just (September 5, 1935 – December 19, 2019) was an American writer. He was a war correspondent and the author of 17 novels and many short stories. He was born in Michigan City, Indiana. Benjamin Bradlee hired Just at "The Washington Post" as a war correspondent for the Vietnam war. His novel "An Unfinished Season" was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 2005. His novel "Echo House" was a finalist for the National Book Award in 1997. +Just died on December 19, 2019 in Plymouth, Massachusetts of problems caused by Lewy body dementia, aged 84. + += = = Fazle Hasan Abed = = = +Sir Fazle Hasan Abed KCMG (27 April 1936 – 20 December 2019) was a Bangladeshi businessman. He was the founder and Chair Emeritus of BRAC. This was one of the world's largest non-governmental organizations. +Abed died on 20 December 2019 at a Dhaka hospital from respiratory failure caused by glioblastoma, aged 83. + += = = Eduard Krieger = = = +Eduard "Eddie" Franz Krieger (16 December 1946 – 20 December 2019) was an international Austrian footballer. +Krieger started his professional career at Austria Wien. After a play at Dutch side VVV-Venlo, Krieger returned to Austria to finish his career at LASK Linz. He made his debut for Austria in April 1970 and was a participant at the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He earned 25 caps, no goals scored. He played his final international match in 1978. + += = = Yuri Pshenichnikov = = = +Yuri Pavlovich Pshenichnikov (Russian: ���� �������� �����������; 2 June 1940 – 20 December 2019) was an Uzbek-born Soviet-Russian football goalkeeper and coach. He was born in Tashkent. He earned 19 caps for the USSR national football team, and participated in UEFA Euro 1968. +Pshenichnikov died on 20 December 2019 in Moscow at the age of 79. + += = = Daniel Selvaraj = = = +D. Selvaraj (; 14 January 1938 – 20 December 2019) was a Tamil writer. He was the author of a number of novels, short stories, and plays in Tamil. He received the Tamil Nadu Government's literary award for the best Novel for 2011 for his work on tannery workers of Southern Tamil Nadu titled "Thol". He also won the Sahitya Akademi award for Tamil in 2012. +Selvaraj died on 20 December 2019 from an illness at a private hospital in Chennai at the age of 81. + += = = Preity Zinta = = = +Preity G Zinta (pronounced ; born 31 January 1975) is an Indian actress and businesswoman. Her first movie roles were in "Dil Se.." in 1998, followed by a role in "Soldier" in the same year. +She is known for her role as a teenage single mother in "Kya Kehna" (2000). She also got a lot of credit for her roles in films such as "Chori Chori Chupke Chupke" (2001), "Dil Chahta Hai" (2001), "Dil Hai Tumhaara" (2002), and "Armaan" (2003), and she especially won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress for her performance in the drama "Kal Ho Naa Ho" (2003). She also played leading roles in the science fiction film "Koi... Mil Gaya" (2003) and the romantic drama "Veer-Zaara" (2004), which were the two consecutive top-grossing films in India for her. She also played other roles like a modern Indian woman in both "Salaam Namaste" (2005) and "Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna" (2006), which were the highest grossing productions in the overseas markets. + += = = Thomas Chandy = = = +Thomas Chandy (29 October 1947 – 20 December 2019) was an Indian businessman and politician. He was born in Chennamkary, Kerala, India. Chandy was a member of the Kerala Legislative Assembly from 2006 until his death. In 2017, he was the Minister of Transport of Kerala. Chandy was a member of the Nationalist Congress Party. +Chandy died of stomach cancer at a hospital in Ernakulam, Kerala on 20 December 2019 at the age of 72. + += = = Chuck Peddle = = = +Charles Ingerham “Chuck” Peddle (November 25, 1937 – December 15, 2019) was an American electrical engineer. He was born in Bangor, Maine. He was best known as the main designer of the MOS Technology 6502 microprocessor, as well as the KIM-1 SBC (single-board computer) and the Commodore PET PC (personal computer). +Peddle died at the age of 82 on December 15, 2019 at his Santa Cruz, California home of pancreatic cancer. + += = = Verka Serduchka = = = +Andriy Mykhailovych Danylko (; ; born 2 October 1973), better known for his drag stage name Verka Serduchka (; ), is a Ukrainian comedian, actor and pop and dance singer. +Danylko represented Ukraine in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 and finished in second place. +Interesting Facts. +In November 2022, Andriy Danylko put up for auction at Sotheby's the previously purchased Rolls-Royce Silver Shadow 1974, which belonged to Freddie Mercury. On November 5, 2022, the car was sold at an auction for 250,000 pounds (11 million hryvnias). All 100% of the proceeds were directed by Andriy Danylko to the construction of a new modern center for the rehabilitation and prosthetics of Ukrainians injured in the war in the Lviv region. + += = = Carlos Rosenkrantz = = = +Carlos Fernando Rosenkrantz (born 27 October 1958) is an Argentine lawyer. He is a member of the Supreme Court of Argentina since August 2016, nominated by president Mauricio Macri's. He served as president of the court from October 2018 to 2021, currently serves as vice president of the court. +Biography. +Rosenkrantz was born in Buenos Aires. His father was a Jewish-Polish immigrant and his mother a teacher from Corrientes Province. +He studied law at the University of Buenos Aires and later in the United States thanks a Fulbright Scholarship. + += = = Sergio Massa = = = +Sergio Tomás Massa (born 28 April 1972) is an Argentine politician who is a candidate for President of Argentina in the 2023 election. He became the country's Minister of Economy on 2 August, 2022. He was the president of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies from 2019 until 2022. He was also a national deputy for Buenos Aires Province. +Massa is the founder and current leader of the peronist Renewal Front. He was Chief of the Cabinet of Ministers from 2008 to 2009 under Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. +He was a former member of the Justicialist Party. He founded a new political party, the Renewal Front, in 2013. +As the leader of the United for a New Alternative coalition, Massa ran for president in 2015, finishing third in the first round of voting with 21% of the vote. +In 2023, he ran for president for a second time as part of the Union for the Homeland coalition in October 2023. He won 36.6% of votes to Javier Milei's 29.9%, leading to a November run-off. + += = = Winamac, Indiana = = = +Winamac is a town in the Monroe Township in Pulaski County in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the county seat of Pulaski County. As of the 2020 census, 2,318 people lived in Winamac. + += = = The Karate Kid Part III = = = +The Karate Kid Part III is a 1989 American martial arts drama movie and the second sequel to "The Karate Kid" (1984). The movie stars Ralph Macchio, Pat Morita, Robyn Lively, and Thomas Ian Griffith in his movie debut. As was the case with the first two movies in the series, it was directed by John G. Avildsen and written by Robert Mark Kamen, with stunts choreographed by Pat E. Johnson and the music composed by Bill Conti. In the movie, the returning John Kreese, with the help of his best friend Terry Silver, tries to get revenge on Daniel LaRusso and Mr. Miyagi which involves hiring a ruthless martial artist and harming their relationship. + += = = Versailles, Indiana = = = +Versailles is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Nashville, Indiana = = = +Nashville is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Rebstein = = = +Rebstein is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Berneck, St. Gallen = = = +Berneck is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Eichberg, St. Gallen = = = +Eichberg is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Tübach = = = +Tübach is a municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Rockville, Indiana = = = +Rockville is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Fort Branch, Indiana = = = +Fort Branch is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Hazleton, Indiana = = = +Hazleton is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Gurnard, Isle of Wight = = = +Gurnard is a village and civil parish on the Isle of Wight, two miles to the west of Cowes. Gurnard sits on the edge of Gurnard Bay, used by the Gurnard Sailing Club. +Gurnard's main street features a pub (Portland Inn), Doughty Newnham Chartered Surveyors office (a company of measurers and mapmakers), a few shops, and a few houses. The west end of the beach is called Gurnard Marsh and there is a stream called "The Luck" flows into the Solent. +A fort known as Gurnard Fort was built on a coastal high point west of Gurnard Marsh about 1600. The land washed away into the ocean, however, and the remains of the fort were lost and forgotten until a nearby Roman home was dug up in 1864, when the fort was found. +Transport is provided by the former Wightbus route 32 to and from Cowes, now run by Southern Vectis. There is no longer a direct service to Newport, Isle of Wight. + += = = Streetman, Texas = = = +Streetman is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Fluminense de Feira Futebol Clube = = = +Fluminense de Feira Futebol Clube, usually known as Fluminense de Feira, or just Fluminense are a Brazilian football team from Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil, founded on January 1, 1941. +Games are played in the Joia da Princesa stadium, capacity 16,274. The team plays in white, red and green striped shirts, white shorts and white socks. +History. +On January 1, 1941, Fluminense de Feira Futebol Clube was founded. Fluminense de Feira became a professional team in 1954. Two years later, the club was runner-up in Campeonato Baiano. In 1963, the club won Campeonato Baiano, its first professional title. In 1968, the club was again Campeonato Baiano runner-up. In the following year, the club won again the state championship. +In 1992, Fluminense de Feira was runner-up of Brazilian Third Division, after losing the final to Tuna Luso. But, no promotion was given to Fluminense de Feira or Tuna Luso, because neither the second division, nor the third division were disputed in 1993. +In 1998, after a very poor campaign, ending in 10th of 12 teams, the club was relegated to the Campeonato Baiano Second Division. In 1999, Fluminense de Feira competed in the Campeonato Baiano Second Division, ending the competition as runner-up, after a 1–1 home match draw, and a 0–0 away match draw against Colo-Colo of Ilhéus. The team gained promotion to the following year's Campeonato Baiano first division. +Stadium. +Fluminense de Feira's stadium is Estádio Joia da Princesa, built in 1953, with a maximum capacity of 16,274 people. +Symbols. +The club is named after Fluminense Football Club of Rio de Janeiro city. Fluminense de Feira's kit, as well as the club logo, are very similar to the Rio de Janeiro's Fluminense ones. The club's nickname, Touro do Sertão, means Backland's Bull. Fluminense de Feira's mascot is a bull. + += = = Orsinian Tales = = = +Orsinian Tales is a collection of eleven short stories by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. Most of them happen in Le Guin's imaginary country called Orsinia. +Most of the stories do not share events or characters. All the stories are emotional personal events. Many are romantic. Larger political events such as wars and revolutions are happening in all of the stories. Le Guin writes about each person's right to his or her own thoughts and emotions. In the stories, Le Guin shows that these emotions should not be controlled by society, rules, or the State. +Orsinia. +The stories are set in a fictional country somewhere in Central Europe. Stories happen between 1150-1965. "Orsinia"is in Le Guin's earliest writings, Le Guin invented Orsinia when she was a young adult learning to write. The names Orsinia and Ursula both come from the Latin word "ursus" meaning "bear" ("ursula" = diminutive of "ursa" "female bear"; "ursinus" = "bear-like"). Le Guin once said that since Orsinia was her own country it should have her name. + += = = Sound Transit = = = +Sound Transit (ST), officially the Central Puget Sound Regional Transit Authority, is the public transit system in Seattle, Washington, United States. It covers Seattle and its neighboring cities with light rail trains, commuter trains, and buses. Sound Transit gets its money from sales tax, property tax, and a fee on license plate stickers ("car tabs"). + += = = Anri Sakaguchi = = = + is a Japanese variety entertainer represented by Avilla. +Biography. +Sakaguchi was born in Tokyo, She graduated from Shōtō Kindergarten, Seijo Gakuen Primary School, Seijo Gakuen Junior High School and High School, and Horikoshi High School. +Sakaguchi's mother is actress Ryoko Sakaguchi, her father was formerly a real estate company executive, her stepfather is the professional golfer Tateo Ozaki. She has a brother that is two years older than her. Her parents divorced on 1994, and she grew up with her mother. +Sakaguchi was a fan of Morning Musume and joined the entertainment industry in 2008. Her first leading film role was in "Honey Flappers" in 2014. +She became an adult video actress, releasing her first video in October 2016. Sakaguchi began stripping in June 2018, and began working as a hostess. + += = = Social conservative = = = +A social conservative is someone who supports right-wing politics on social issues. Examples of such issues are: opposition to abortion, homosexual marriage, and/or euthanasia, supporting capital punishment, and similar issues. They may or may not be conservative on other issues, such as taxes. +In the United States social conservatives tend to be in the Republican Party and are usually also Christian Conservatives. There are also Americans who are social conservatives for other reasons than religion. +In Canada, social conservatives are known as the Blue Tories. +Some people, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, George Orwell, and Stephen Leacock, have supported left-wing politics on many issues. However, they were socially conservative on issues like abortion, for Wollstonecraft and Orwell, or feminism, for Leacock. + += = = Blue Tory = = = +A Blue Tory is a member of the Conservative Party of Canada who is a social conservatives. They are the opposite of the Red Tories. +Stephen Harper is sometimes called a Blue Tory. + += = = Red Tory = = = +Red Tories are members of the Conservative Party of Canada who support left-wing policies on issues like capital punishment, homosexual marriage and abortion but who are still conservative because they want low taxes and small government and have libertarian beliefs. +The people in the Conservative Party of Canada who disagree with them are called Blue Tories. +John Diefenbaker and Joe Clark were Canadian Prime Ministers who were Red Tories. + += = = New Super Mario Bros. (disambiguation) = = = +New Super Mario Bros. might refer to: + += = = Roland Matthes = = = +Roland Matthes (17 November 1950 – 20 December 2019) was a German swimmer. He won four European championships and three world championships. He won Olympic gold medals at the 1968 and 1972 Olympics and at the World Aquatics Championships in 1973 and 1975. +Matthes died on 20 December 2019 of a heart attack, aged 69. + += = = Claudine Auger = = = +Claudine Auger (born Claudine Oger; 26 April 1941 – 18 December 2019) was a French actress and model. She was born in Paris. Auger was best known for her role as Bond girl, Dominique "Domino" Derval, in the James Bond movie "Thunderball" (1965). She won the title of Miss France Monde and was also the first runner-up in the 1958 Miss World contest. +Auger died of a long-illness on 18 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 78. + += = = Steina and Woody Vasulka = = = +Steina Vasulka (born Steinunn Briem Bjarnadottir in 1940) and Woody Vasulka (born Bohuslav Vasulka on 20 January 1937 – 20 December 2019) are early known figures of video art. They are known for producing work since the early 1960s. +The couple met in the early 1960s and moved to New York City in 1965, where they began showing video art at the Whitney Museum and founded The Kitchen in 1971. Steina and Woody both became Guggenheim fellows: Steina in 1976, and Woody in 1979. +Woody died on 20 December 2019 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 82. + += = = Ramachandra Babu = = = +K. Ramachandra Babu (15 December 1947 – 21 December 2019) was an Indian award-winning cinematographer of over 125 movies. Babu was born in Maduranthakam, Tamil Nadu, India. His best known works were "Dweepu", "Chamaram" and "Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha". +Babu died on 21 December 2019 of a heart attack at the age of 72. + += = = Gold (British TV channel) = = = +Gold is a British pay television channel from the UKTV network, that was launched on 1 November 1992 as UK Gold before it was rebranded UKTV Gold in 2004 apart from Dave, Alibi, and W from 2 August 2019. + += = = Lennart Andersson = = = +Lennart Andersson could mean: + += = = Jonschwil = = = +Jonschwil is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Niederbüren = = = +Niederbüren is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Niederhelfenschwil = = = +Niederhelfenschwil is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. +Geography. +Niederhelfenschwil has an area of . +The municipality is to the north of the Thur river between Bischofszell and Wil. It includes the villages of Lenggenwil, Niederhelfenschwil and Zuckenriet as well as the hamlets of Dägetschwil, Dietenwil and Enkhüseren. +Niederhelfenschwil borders the following municipalities: Niederbüren, Oberbüren and Zuzwil (Canton of St. Gallen); Bischofszell, Kradolf-Schönenberg and Wuppenau (Canton of Thurgau). + += = = Bronschhofen = = = +Bronschhofen was a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. The municipality Bronschhofen became part of Wil on 1 January 2013. + += = = Oberbüren = = = +Oberbüren is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Zuzwil, St. Gallen = = = +Zuzwil is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Eschenbach, St. Gallen = = = +Eschenbach is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel joined together to become the municipality called Eschenbach. + += = = Schänis = = = +Schänis is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = St. Gallenkappel = = = +St. Gallenkappel was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel joined together to become the municipality called Eschenbach. + += = = Weesen = = = +Weesen is a municipality in See-Gaster, in the canton of St. Gallen, in Switzerland. It is on the western shore of Lake Walen on the Linth channel. + += = = Goldingen = = = +Goldingen was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Goldingen and St. Gallenkappel joined together to become the municipality called Eschenbach. + += = = Gommiswald = = = +Gommiswald is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Ernetschwil and Rieden joined together to become the municipality called Gommiswald. + += = = Thal, St. Gallen = = = +Thal is a village and municipality in Rorschach in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. Besides the village of Thal itself, the municipality also includes the villages Altenrhein, Buechen, Buriet and Staad. +St. Gallen–Altenrhein Airport is in the municipality. + += = = Rapperswil, St. Gallen = = = +Rapperswil (Swiss German: or ; short: "Rappi") was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. It is at the east side of the Lake Zurich (Zürichsee). As of 31 December 2006, 7,601 people lived there. +On 1 January 2007, the municipalities Rapperswil and Jona joined together to become the new municipality called Rapperswil-Jona. + += = = Uznach = = = +Uznach is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Ernetschwil = = = +Ernetschwil was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former Ernetschwil and Rieden joined together to become the municipality called Gommiswald. + += = = Worms (movie) = = = +Worms () is a 2013 Brazilian stop motion animated adventure fantasy family comedy film directed by Paolo Conti and Arthur Nunes. It is the first Brazilian stop-motion animated film. It was released in Brazil on December 20, 2013. +Plot. +When Junior, a worm who is eleven years old or twelve years old who is protected too much, accidentally goes up to the surface, he has to go back home, which could be dangerous for him. + += = = Balloon (2019 movie) = = = +Balloon is a 2019 Chinese movie. Pema Tseden directed the movie. It was shown in the Horizons section at the 76th Venice International Film Festival. + += = = Dareema Caddo = = = +Dareema Caddo was the first capital of the Daraawiish State. It is near the city of Buuhoodle, to the northwest. It used to be settled by the Arale Mahad tribe. But now the Arale Mahad tribe have moved to a town called Dhilaalo. Dhilaalo is a bit further to the north. + += = = Emmet County, Michigan = = = +Emmet County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the population was 34,112. The county seat is Petoskey. + += = = Alcona County, Michigan = = = +Alcona County is a county on the northern point on the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The county seat is Harrisville. In 2020, 10,167 people lived in the county. + += = = Stewart Copeland = = = +Stewart Armstrong Copeland (born July 16, 1952) is an American musician and composer. He was the drummer for the British rock band The Police. He has written music for movies and video games, and music for ballet, opera and orchestra. According to MusicRadar, Copeland's "distinctive drum sound and uniqueness of style have made him one of the most popular drummers to ever get behind a drumset." +He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Police in 2003, the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2005, and the "Classic Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2013. In 2016, Copeland was ranked 10th on "Rolling Stone"s "100 Greatest Drummers of All Time". He is also known for composing soundtracks for the "Spyro" video game series. + += = = List of prime ministers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina = = = +This article lists the prime ministers of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. + += = = Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina = = = +The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (abbreviated FB&H; Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: "Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine" (FBiH) / ���������� ����� � ����������� (����), ) is one of the two political entities that make up Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is made up of 10 cantons with their own governments. It is sometimes known by the shorter name Federation of B&H. + += = = Mustafa Mujezinović = = = +Mustafa Mujezinović (27 December 1954 – 23 December 2019) was the Prime Minister of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2009 to 2011. + += = = Ahmed Gaid Salah = = = +Ahmed Gaid Salah (; 13 January 1940 – 23 December 2019) was a senior leader in the Algerian People's National Army. In 2004, he was appointed by then-President Abdelaziz Bouteflika to chief of staff of the army. On 15 September 2013, he was appointed Deputy Minister of Defense. +Salah died at a military hospital in Algiers of a heart attack on 23 December 2019 at the age of 79. + += = = Ted Lepcio = = = +Thaddeus Stanley "Ted" Lepcio (July 28, 1929 – December 11, 2019), was an American professional baseball utility infielder. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox, Detroit Tigers, Philadelphia Phillies, Chicago White Sox, and Minnesota Twins. +Lepcio died on December 11, 2019 in Dedham, Massachusetts at the age of 90. + += = = Jack B. Farris = = = +Jack Brodie Farris (December 5, 1935 – December 14, 2019) was a United States Army Lieutenant General. He commanded the military ground forces during Operation Urgent Fury, the United States invasion of Grenada in 1983; at the time of his retirement in 1991 he was Deputy Commander of the United States Pacific Command in Hawaii. + += = = Ricardo de Aparici = = = +Ricardo de Aparici (23 June 1940 – 19 December 2019) was an Argentinian politician. He was Governor of the province of Jujuy between 1987 and 1990. He was born in Buenos Aires. +Aparici died from a fall in Buenos Aires on 19 December 2019 at the age of 79. + += = = Jan de Laval = = = +Jan Patrik de Laval (28 March 1948 — 19 December 2019) was a Swedish actor. He was born in Västrum, Sweden. He was known for his roles in "Skilda världar" and "Rederiet". +Laval died on 19 December 2019 in Stockholm at the age of 71. + += = = Zilda Cardoso = = = +Zilda Cardoso (4 January 1936 – 20 December 2019) was a Brazilian actress. She was best known for her many comedic roles in TV shows such as "Praça da Alegria", "A Praça é Nossa" and "Escolinha do Professor Raimundo". She was born in São Paulo. +Cardoso died on 20 December 2019 in her São Paulo apartment of emphysema at the age of 83. + += = = Lloyd Morrisett = = = +Lloyd N. Morrisett Jr. (November 2, 1929 - January 23, 2023) is an American psychologist, educator and philanthropist. He is one of the founders of the Sesame Workshop and was an important figure for the creation of "Sesame Street" and "The Electric Company". +Morrisett was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the son of Jessie Watson and Lloyd N. Morrisett Sr. He went to Oberlin College and received his BA in philosophy in 1951. He then went to Yale in 1953 for three years and earned a PhD in experimental psychology. +He and his wife, Mary Pierre, had two daughters. + += = = Lizzo = = = +Melissa Viviane Jefferson (born April 27, 1988), known professionally as Lizzo, is an American singer, rapper, songwriter, and flutist. +Career. +Lizzo released two studio albums:"Lizzobangers" (2013), and "Big Grrrl Small World" (2015). In 2014, "Time" named her one of fourteen music artists to watch. Lizzo's first major-label EP, "Coconut Oil", was released in 2016. +In 2019, she became popular after her third studio album, "Cuz I Love You", which peaked inside the top five of the "Billboard" 200. The album spawned two singles: "Juice" and "Tempo". Lizzo's 2016 single "Good as Hell" and her 2017 single "Truth Hurts" both became viral hits, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 years after their release. In 2022, she released another single "About Damn Time". +Awards. +Lizzo has been nominated for Best New Artist and received eight nominations at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year for the deluxe version of "Cuz I Love You" and Song of the Year and Record of the Year for "Truth Hurts". +Controversy. +In August 2023, three former backup dancers filed a lawsuit against Lizzo, accusing her of racism, ableism, assault, weight-shaming, religious discrimination and sexual harassment. Lizzo denied the claims. + += = = Ubirajara Penacho dos Reis = = = +Ubirajara Penacho dos Reis (5 September 1934 – 22 December 2019), better known as Bira, was a Brazilian musician and bassist. He was best known for being a member of the house band of the talk shows Jô Soares Onze e Meia, broadcast on SBT, and Programa do Jô. +Bira died on 22 December 2019 from a stroke, aged 85. + += = = Jô Soares = = = +José Eugênio "Jô" Soares (January 16, 1938 – August 5, 2022) was a Brazilian comedian, talk show host, author, theatrical producer, director, actor, painter and musician. +In 1970, Soares started working at Rede Globo. +In 1988, Soares moved to SBT, where he hosted a talk-show, "Jô Soares Onze e Meia" ("Jô Soares Eleven Thirty"), until 1999. In 2000, Soares began hosting "Programa do Jô", and hosted the program until 2016. +His first novel "O Xangô de Baker Street" was published in 1995 and has been translated in several languages. +Soares died on August 5, 2022 at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil at the age of 84. + += = = Thor Bjarne Bore = = = +Thor Bjarne Bore (10 January 1938 – 22 December 2019) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician. He was born in Molde, Norway. He was the editor-in-chief of "Romsdals Budstikke" from 1966 to 1970, "Vårt Land" from 1974 to 1983 and "Stavanger Aftenblad" from 1983 to 1999. +He also worked in "Vårt Land" from 1964 to 1966 and 1970 to 1974. +Bore was the chair of Norwegian Church Aid from 2000 until his death. He was also a member of Stavanger city council for the Liberal Party from 2007 to 2011. +Bore died in Stavanger, Norway of pneumonia on 22 December 2019, aged 81. + += = = Édison Realpe = = = +Édison Gabriel Realpe Solís (13 April 1996 – 22 December 2019) was an Ecuadorian footballer who played for L.D.U. Quito. +Realpe began his career with Guayaquil City in 2014. +On 31 January 2018, Realpe was loaned out to L.D.U. Quito for the 2018 season. After the loan spell ended, he signed permanently for the club. +Realpe was killed in a car accident near Esmeraldas at the age of 23. + += = = Esmeraldas, Ecuador = = = +Esmeraldas () is a coastal city in northwestern Ecuador. It is the seat of the Esmeraldas Canton and capital of the Esmeraldas Province. +Esmeraldas is well known around Latin America given the large number of locals that have historically played in the Ecuadorian national football team. + += = = Emanuel Ungaro = = = +Emanuel Ungaro (13 February 1933 – 22 December 2019) was a French fashion designer. +Ungaro launched his first menswear collection, Ungaro Uomo, in 1973, and his first perfume, "Diva", 10 years later in 1983. Ungaro was a participant in The Battle of Versailles Fashion Show held on November 28, 1973. Later followed the perfumes "Senso" (1987), "Ungaro" (1991) and "Emanuel Ungaro For Men" (1991). +Ungaro died in Paris on 22 December 2019 at the age of 86. + += = = Manfred Stolpe = = = +Manfred Stolpe (16 May 1936 – 29 December 2019) was a German politician. He was Federal Minister of Transport, Building and Housing of the Federal Republic of Germany from 2002 until 2005. From 1990 until 2002, he was Minister President of Brandenburg. Stolpe was born in Stettin (Szczecin). +Stolpe was diagnosed with colon and male breast cancer in 2009. He died on 29 December 2019 in Potsdam of liver cancer at the age of 83. + += = = Werner Klumpp = = = +Werner Klumpp (12 November 1928 – 8 January 2021) was a German politician. He was a German politician of the FDP. After the death of Franz-Josef Röder he was the interim Minister President of the Saarland from 26 June 1979 to 5 July 1979. He was born in Baiersbronn, Baden-Württemberg. +Klumpp died on 8 January 2021, aged 92. + += = = Erwin Teufel = = = +Erwin Teufel (born 4 September 1939) is a German politician. He is a member of the CDU. He was born in Zimmern ob Rottweil, Germany. He was known for his political partnership with Russian President Boris Yeltsin. +Teufel was the leader of the CDU parliamentary group in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg from 1978 to 1991. +Teufel was Minister President of Baden-Württemberg and chairman of the CDU state party group from 1991 to 2005, serving as President of the Bundesrat in 1996/97. + += = = Berndt Seite = = = +Berndt Seite (born 22 April 1940) is a German politician. He was the 2nd minister president of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern from 1992 to 1998 and the 45th president of the German Bundesrat in 1992. Seite has been a member of the Christian Democratic Union since 1990. + += = = Harald Ringstorff = = = +Harald Ringstorff (born 25 September 1939) is a German politician of the SPD. He was born in Wittenburg, Mecklenburg. He was the 3rd Minister President of the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. He was the 61st President of the Bundesrat in 2006/07. + += = = Wolfgang Clement = = = +Wolfgang Clement (7 July 1940 – 27 September 2020) was a German politician. Clement was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). He was the 7th Minister President of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia from 27 May 1998 to 22 October 2002 and Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Labour from 2002 to 2005. +Clement died of lung cancer in Bonn, Germany on 27 September 2020 at the age of 80. + += = = Bernhard Vogel = = = +Bernhard Vogel (; born 19 December 1932) is a German politician. He is a member of the CDU. He was the 4th Minister President of Rhineland-Palatinate from 1976 to 1988 and the 2nd Minister President of Thuringia from 1992 to 2003. +He is the only person to have been head of two different German federal states. He is the longest governing Minister President of Germany. He was the 28th and 40th President of the Bundesrat in 1976/77 and 1987/88. + += = = Tino Chrupalla = = = +S +Tino Chrupalla (born 14 April 1975) is a German politician. He is a Member of the Bundestag since 2017 of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) Party. In November 2019 he was nominated by Alexander Gauland to replace him as co-chairman and duly elected to that position. + += = = Malu Dreyer = = = +Maria Luise Anna "Malu" Dreyer (born 6 February 1961) is a German politician (SPD). Since 13 January 2013, she has been the Minister-President of Rhineland-Palatinate. She is the first woman to hold this office. She was the President of the Bundesrat from 1 November 2016 – 2017, which made her the deputy to the President of Germany while in office. +In late 2017, SPD members elected Dreyer to the party’s national leadership for the first time as a vice chair. + += = = Norbert Walter-Borjans = = = +Norbert Walter-Borjans (born 17 September 1952) is a German economist and politician. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. He has been leader of the party since December 2019 and was minister of finance of the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia from 2010 until 2017. + += = = Saskia Esken = = = +Saskia Esken ("née" Hofer, born 28 August 1961) is a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) who has been serving as leader of the party since December 2019. She is a member of the Bundestag since 2013. + += = = Gesine Schwan = = = +Gesine Schwan (born 22 May 1943) is a German political science professor. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. The party has nominated her twice as a candidate for the federal presidential elections. On 23 May 2004, she was defeated by the Christian Democrat Horst Köhler. On 23 May 2009, Köhler beat her again to win his second term. + += = = Kurt Biedenkopf = = = +Kurt Hans Biedenkopf (28 January 1930 – 12 August 2021) was a German politician. He was the 1st Minister President of the Free State of Saxony (one of Germany's federal states) from 1990 until 2002. He was the 54th President of the Bundesrat in 1999/2000. He was born in Ludwigshafen, Germany. +Biedenkopf died on 12 August 2021 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 91. + += = = Werner Münch = = = +Dr. Werner Münch (born 25 September 1940) is a German politician (CDU). +He became the first Financial Minister of this state since refounding of same after the reunification under the 1st Minister-President Gerd Gies. After Gies had to resign already in 1991 Münch was elected as 2nd Minister-President of Saxony Anhalt from 4 July 1991 to 28 November 1993. +On 25 February 2009 Münch quit membership of the CDU after 37 years and became a critic of Angela Merkel. + += = = Wolfgang Böhmer = = = +Wolfgang Böhmer (born 27 January 1936) is a German politician (CDU). He was the 5th Minister-President of Saxony-Anhalt from 16 May 2002 to 19 April 2011. He was President of the Bundesrat in 2002/03. He has been a critic of Angela Merkel. + += = = Björn Engholm = = = +Björn Engholm (born 9 November 1939) is a Lübeck born German SPD politician. He was Minister-President of Schleswig-Holstein from 1988 to 1993 and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany between 1991 and 1993.. + += = = Josef Duchac = = = +Josef Duchac (born February 19, 1938) is a German politician (CDU). He became a member of the East German Christian Democratic Union in 1957. He was elected Thuringia's first post-reunification minister-president on October 14, 1990. He resigned in 1992 following corruption issues. + += = = Michael Müller (politician) = = = +Michael Müller (born 9 December 1964) is a German politician. He was the Mayor of Berlin from 11 December 2014 to 21 December 2021. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany. +He was President of the Bundesrat from November 2017 until October 2018, which made him deputy to the President of Germany. + += = = Walter Momper = = = +Walter Momper (born 21 February 1945) is a German politician. He was the Governing Mayor of Berlin (West Berlin 1989–1990, reunited Berlin 1990–1991). He was President of the Bundesrat in 1989/90. He was at the opening of the Brandenburg Gate on 22 December 1989 and, on 3 October 1990, became the first mayor of a reunited Berlin. + += = = Eberhard Diepgen = = = +Eberhard Diepgen (born 13 November 1941) is a German politician of the CDU. He was Governing Mayor of West Berlin from 1984 through 1989 and later Governing Mayor of Berlin from 1991 through 2001. + += = = Henning Scherf = = = +Henning Scherf (born 31 October 1938) is a German lawyer and politician (SPD). He was the 6th President of the Senate and Mayor of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen from 4 July 1995 to 8 November 2005. + += = = Hans-Ulrich Klose = = = +Hans-Ulrich Klose (14 June 1937 – 6 September 2023) was a German politician from the Social Democratic Party. Klose was the First Mayor (German: "Erster Bürgermeister") of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg from 1974 up to 1981 and was President of the Bundesrat in 1979/80. +Klose died on 6 September 2023, after suffering from Alzheimer's disease in Hamburg at the age of 86. + += = = Klaus von Dohnanyi = = = +Klaus von Dohnanyi (born 23 June 1928) is a German politician. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party. He was Mayor of Hamburg between 1981 and 1988. + += = = Alfons Pawelczyk = = = +Alfons Pawelczyk (born 26 February 1933) is a German politician. He is a member of the Social Democratic Party. He was a Hamburg state minister of the Interior and second mayor in Hamburg. +Pawelczyk was lieutenant colonel of the German federal armed forces and member of the German federal parliament from 1969 to 1980. + += = = Hans-Jürgen Krupp = = = +Hans-Jürgen Krupp (born 15 April 1933) is a German politician and economist. He was the President of the University of Frankfurt. He was a representative of the Social Democratic Party (SPD) and state minister in Hamburg. In 1988 Krupp became state minister of Finance, and in 1991 state minister for Economic Affairs and second mayor of Hamburg. + += = = Shankha Ghosh = = = +Shankha Ghosh (5 February 1932 – 21 April 2021) was a Bengali Indian poet and critic. In 2011, he was honored with the Padma Bhushan. He taught at Bangabasi College, City College (all affiliated to the University of Calcutta) and at Jadavpur University, all in Kolkata. He retired from Jadavpur University in 1992. +He has won a number of prestigious awards including Jnanpith Award in 2016. His pen name is "kuntak". +Ghosh died on 21 April 2021 in Kolkata from COVID-19, aged 89. + += = = White Christmas (movie) = = = +White Christmas is a 1954 American musical movie starring Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye, Rosemary Clooney, and Vera-Ellen. It was directed by Michael Curtiz. It was filmed in VistaVision and Technicolor. It has songs by Irving Berlin, including the title song, "White Christmas". This was a new version of the song sung by Crosby in the 1942 film "Holiday Inn". +The movie was produced and distributed by Paramount Pictures. It is notable for being the first to be released in VistaVision. This is a widescreen process developed by Paramount. It used twice the surface area of the then standard 35mm film. This large-area negative was used to yield finer-grained standard-sized 35mm prints. +The word "film" is sometimes used instead of "movie". They are the same thing. +Plot. +The movie starts on Christmas Eve, 1944, somewhere in Europe. It is World War II. Crosby and Kaye play two U.S. Army soldiers. Crosby plays Captain Bob Wallace and Kaye plays Private First Class Phil Davis. Bob is a Broadway entertainer, Phil wants to be a professional entertainer. They perform "White Christmas". Their commanding officer, Major General Thomas F. Waverly is being relieved of his command. He arrives for the end of the show and says goodbye. +After the performance everyone is forced to take cover from an aerial bombing. A bomb knocks over a Wwall. Bob is too busy shouting orders to notice. Phil pushes him out of the way and injurs his arm. Bob later visits Phil at a field hospital and thanks him for saving his life. Phil shows Bob a duet he wrote and asks to perform with him back in New York City. Feeling obligated by Phil's heroism, Bob agrees. +After the war, Bob and Phil make it big in nightclubs, radio, and then on Broadway, eventually becoming successful producers. They mount their newest hit musical titled "Playing Around". The same day they receive a letter from "Freckle-Faced Haynes, the dog-faced boy," their mess sergeant from the war, asking them to look at an act that his two sisters are doing. +They go to the club to watch the "Sisters" act. Phil notices that Bob likes Betty, played by Rosemary Clooney. Phil likes her sister Judy, played by Vera-Ellen. Betty and Judy join Bob and Phil at their table. Phil dances with Judy. Phil and Judy hit it off. Bob and Betty do not get on. They have a minor argument about how Bob thinks that everyone has an "angle" in show business. +Judy and Betty are headed for the Columbia Inn in Pine Tree, Vermont, where they are booked to perform over the holidays. Due to a disagreement with their landlord the girls have to leave. Phil gives the sisters his and Bob's sleeping-room on the train. They delay the sheriff by imitating the girls' and sing their song, "Sisters". Bob and Phil board later and Bob is extremely upset that they have to stay up all night in the club car on their way to NYC. They are joined by Betty and Judy, who thank them profusely for the tickets and convince them to come with them to Pine Tree. +When the train arrives in Pine Tree, there isn't any snow. Bob and Phil discover that the inn is run by their former commanding officer, General Waverly. Waverly has invested all of his savings into the lodge. It is failing because there's no snow and no guests. To bring business to the inn, Bob and Phil bring the entire cast and crew of their musical "Playing Around". They add in Betty and Judy to the rehearsals. Bob and Betty's relationship blooms and they spend a good deal of time together. +Bob discovers the General's request to rejoin the army has been rejected. Bob calls Ed Harrison an old army buddy. Ed is now a successful variety show host. They arrange a televised invitation to all the men formerly under the command of the General to come to the inn on Christmas Eve as a surprise. Harrison suggests they put the show on national television to generate free advertising for Wallace and Davis. Bob insists that it must have nothing to do with their business. +Nosy housekeeper Emma Allen has been listening, but she has only heard the part about free advertising, not Bob's rejection of the idea. She thinks that her boss will be seen as a pitiable figure on TV and tells Betty. Betty is shocked. The misunderstanding causes Betty to ignore a baffled Bob. While this is happening, Judy becomes convinced that Betty will never take on a serious relationship until Judy is engaged or married. She pressures a reluctant Phil to announce a phony engagement, but the plan backfires when Betty abruptly departs for New York City to take a job offer. +After rehearsals are complete, Phil and Judy reveal to Bob that the engagement was phony. Bob still doesn't know the real reason Betty left. He goes to New York for "The Ed Harrison Show". He tries to convince Betty to come back. Bob sees Betty's new act and tells her the truth about the engagement. He is called away by Ed Harrison before he finds out what is really bothering her. +Back at the Inn, Phil fakes an injury to distract the General so he won't see the broadcast of Bob's announcement. In the broadcast, Bob invites veterans of the 151st Division to come to Pine Tree, Vermont, on Christmas Eve. Betty sees it on TV and realizes she was wrong. She returns to Pine Tree in time for the Christmas Eve show, but only tells Judy. The whole division comes into Pine Tree secretly. When the General enters the lodge, he is greeted by his former division, who sing a rousing chorus of "The Old Man". Just as the following song ends, the snow starts to fall. +In the finale, Bob and Betty declare their love for one another. So do Phil and Judy. The background of the set is removed to show the snow falling. Bob, Betty, Phil and Judy perform "White Christmas". Everyone raises a glass, and toasts, "May your days be merry and bright; and may all your Christmases be white." +Songs. +All songs were written by Irving Berlin. The centerpiece of the film is the title song. This was first used in "Holiday Inn" where it won an Oscar for Best Original Song in 1942. +"Count Your Blessings" earned an Oscar nomination for Best Original Song. +The song "Snow" was originally written for "Call Me Madam" with the title "Free". The melody was kept but the lyrics were changed to be more appropriate for a Christmas movie. +The song "What Can You Do with a General?" was originally written for an un-produced project called "Stars on My Shoulders". +It was not possible to issue an "original soundtrack album" of the film, because Decca Records controlled the soundtrack rights, but Clooney was under exclusive contract with Columbia Records. Consequently, each company issued a separate "soundtrack recording": Decca issuing "Selections from Irving Berlin's White Christmas," while Columbia issued "Irving Berlin's White Christmas." On the former, the song "Sisters" and all of Clooney's vocal parts were recorded by Peggy Lee. On the latter, the song was sung by Rosemary Clooney and her own sister, Betty. +Crosby and Kaye recorded another Berlin song ("Santa Claus") for the opening WWII Christmas Eve show scene, but it was not used in the final film. Their recording of the song survives and can be found on the Bear Family Records 7-CD set called "Come On-A My House". +Casting. +"White Christmas" was intended to reunite Crosby and Fred Astaire for their third Irving Berlin showcase musical. Crosby and Astaire had previously co-starred in "Holiday Inn" (1942) – where the song "White Christmas" first appeared – and "Blue Skies" (1946). Astaire declined the project after reading the script and asked to be released from his contract with Paramount. Crosby also left the project shortly thereafter, to spend more time with his sons after the death of his wife, Dixie Lee. Near the end of January 1953, Crosby returned to the project, and Donald O'Connor was signed to replace Astaire. Just before shooting was to begin, O'Connor had to drop out due to illness and was replaced by Danny Kaye, who asked for and received a salary of $200,000 and 10% of the gross. Financially, the film was a partnership between Crosby and Irving Berlin, who shared half the profits, and Paramount, which got the other half. +A scene from the film featuring Crosby and Kaye was broadcast the year after the film's release, on Christmas Day 1955, in the final episode of the NBC TV show "Colgate Comedy Hour" (1950–1955). +Production. +Berlin suggested a movie based on his song in 1948. Paramount put up the $2 million budget and only took 30% of the proceeds. +Principal photography took place between September and December 1953. The film was the first to be shot using Paramount's new VistaVision process, with color by Technicolor. It was one of the first to feature the Perspecta directional sound system at limited engagements. +Release and reception. +Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" was not impressed: "...the use of VistaVision, which is another process of projecting on a wide, flat screen, has made it possible to endow "White Christmas" with a fine pictorial quality. The colors on the big screen are rich and luminous, the images are clear and sharp, and rapid movements are got without blurring—or very little—such as sometimes is seen on other large screens. Director Michael Curtiz has made his picture look good. It is too bad that it doesn't hit the eardrums and the funnybone with equal force." +"Variety" liked it: ""White Christmas" should be a natural at the box office, introducing as it does Paramount's new VistaVision system with such a hot combination as Bing Crosby, Danny Kaye and an Irving Berlin score...Crosby and Kaye, along with VV, keep the entertainment going in this fancifully staged Robert Emmett Dolan production, clicking so well the teaming should call for a repeat...Certainly he "(Crosby)" has never had a more facile partner than Kaye against whom to bounce his misleading nonchalance." +"White Christmas" was enormously popular with audiences, earning $12 million in theatrical rentals – equal to $ today – making it the top moneymaker of 1954 by a wide margin and the highest-grossing musical film of all-time. Overall, the film grossed $30 million at the domestic box office. +There was a US theatrical re-release by Paramount in 1961. +Home video. +"White Christmas" was released in the US on VHS in 1986 and again in 1997. The first US DVD release was in 2000. It was re-released in 2009, with a Blu-ray in 2010. There was a US issue 4-disc "Diamond Anniversary Edition" in 2014. This collection contains a Blu-ray with extras, two DVDs with the film and extras, and a fourth disc of Christmas songs on CD. These songs are performed individually by Crosby, Clooney, and Kaye. +Stage adaptation. +A stage adaptation of the musical, titled "Irving Berlin's White Christmas" premiered in San Francisco in 2004 and has played in various venues in the US, such as Boston, Buffalo, Los Angeles, Detroit and Louisville. +The musical played a limited engagement on Broadway at the Marquis Theatre, from November 14, 2008 until January 4, 2009. The musical also toured the United Kingdom in 2006 - 2008. It headed to the Sunderland Empire in Sunderland from November 2010 to January 2011 after a successful earlier run in Manchester and has continued in various cities with a London West End run at the end of 2014. + += = = Caution (Mariah Carey album) = = = +Caution is the fifteenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey. It was released on November 16, 2018, through Epic Records. Carey collaborated with Ty Dolla Sign, Slick Rick, Blood Orange and Gunna on the album's songs and worked with a variety of producers. It is her first studio album in four years, "Caution" was praised upon release and appeared on several year-end lists and to promote the album Carey went on the Caution World Tour +Track listing. +Notes +Sample credits +Personnel. +Credits adapted from Tidal. +Performance +Instrumentation +Production +Technical + += = = K. Michelle = = = +Kimberly Michelle Pate (born March 4, 1982), who uses the stage name, K. Michelle, is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee. K. Michelle is well known for appearing in the first two seasons of "Love & Hip Hop". She became famous through her songs "V.S.O.P.", which managed to peak at number 89 on the Billboard Hot 100. Her first album, "Rebellious Soul", was a commercial success, debuting at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, and number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. There were three other successful singles from the album: "Can't Raise a Man", "I Don't Like Me" and "A Mother's Prayer". K. Michelle later appeared in a musical film called "Rebellious Soul: The Musical". She was featured on rapper Lil Boosie's remix of his single "Show The World". +At the 2013 Soul Train Music Awards, K. Michelle won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, "Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?", titled "Love 'Em All". At the 2013 Soul Train Music Awards, K. Michelle won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, "Anybody Wanna Buy a Heart?", titled "Love 'Em All". "Maybe I Should Call" was released on November 3, 2014 as the second single from the album. She has also released two other albums, "More Issues Than Vogue" in 2016 and "Kimberly: The People I Used to Know" in 2017. +In 2017, she became engaged to dentist Kastan Sims, who appeared in her reality television series "K. Michelle: My Life", after dating since 2016. In 2018, she released the single "Save Me" and announced that she was working on a new album. + += = = Masked tree frog = = = +The masked tree frog, New Granada cross-banded tree frog, Tarraco treefrog, or Central American smilisca ("Smilisca phaeota") is a frog that lives in Honduras, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Costa Rica and Colombia. Scientists have seen it as high in the hills as 3300 meters above sea level. +This frog is called the masked tree frog because it has dark skin around its eyes so it looks like it is wearing a black mask. The black mask covers their eyes, which helps them hide from predators. +This frog hides during the day and looks for food at night. The frog sleeps on top of large leaves, in ferns, or inside rolled-up leaves. Scientists think this frog eats insects and other animals without spines. This frog can change color. It can be tan during the day and turn green at night. +The male frog sits next to a small pool of rainwater and sings "wrauk" for the females. The females lay 2000 eggs at a time, which float on the surface of the water. The tadpoles grow into frogs quickly before the rainwater dries up. + += = = Amden = = = +Amden is a municipality in See-Gaster, in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. +Geography. +Amden has an area of . It is on a terrace above the north shore of the Lake Walen. The Seerenbach Falls is in Amden. It is the highest waterfall in Switzerland. + += = = Benken, St. Gallen = = = +Benken is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Schmerikon = = = +Schmerikon (Swiss German: "Schmerike") is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Kaltbrunn = = = +Kaltbrunn is a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. + += = = Rieden, Switzerland = = = +Rieden was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the municipalities Rieden and Ernetschwil joined together to become a municipality called Gommiswald. + += = = Jona, Switzerland = = = +Jona was a municipality in See-Gaster in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2007, the municipalities Rapperswil and Jona joined to become a new municipality called Rapperswil-Jona. + += = = Krisztián Zahorecz = = = +Krisztián Zahorecz (28 October 1975 – 21 December 2019) was a Hungarian football player. He was born in Szarvas, Hungary. He played for Kaposvári Rákóczi FC, Nagykanizsai SC, Debreceni VSC, Egri FC, Szolnoki MÁV FC, Kecskeméti TE, Kaposvári Rákóczi FC and Bajai LSE. His career lasted from 1998 through 2011. +Zahorecz died on 21 December 2019 of an illness at the age of 44. + += = = Bentley Kassal = = = +Bentley Kassal (February 28, 1917 – December 16, 2019) was an American lawyer and politician. He worked for Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom in New York City. He was a New York State Assemblyman from 1957 through 1962. Kassal was born in New York City. He was a member of the Democratic Party. +Kassal died on December 16, 2019 in New York City at the age of 102. + += = = Jürgen Kühling = = = +Jürgen Kühling (April 27, 1934 – December 16, 2019) was a German judge and politician. He was a judge in the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany between 1989 and 2001. He was born in Osnabrück, Germany. +Kühling died on December 16, 2019 in Hamburg at the age of 85. + += = = Cameron Monaghan = = = +Cameron Riley Monaghan (born August 16, 1993) is an American actor and model. Monaghan is best known for his role as Ian Gallagher on the Showtime comedy-drama series "Shameless". He has also appeared as Jeremiah Valeska also known as the Joker on the Fox crime series "Gotham". + += = = Viagra Boys = = = +Viagra Boys are a Swedish post-punk band from Stockholm. +The band started in 2015. Some members came from other Swedish punk bands, Les Big Byrd, Pig Eyes and Nitad. +In 2018, they released their first album called "Street Worms". Nils Hansson, a journalist at the newspaper Dagens Nyheter gave the band a good review. He liked their musical style and sense of humor. He rated the album a five out of five. + += = = Wealth inequality in the United States = = = +Wealth inequality in the United States, also known as the wealth gap, refers to the unequal distribution of assets among residents of the United States. Wealth inequality in the U.S. is worse than in most developed countries other than Switzerland and Denmark. + += = = Makhnovshchina = = = +Makhnovshchina existed from 1918 to 1921. It was formed in an attempt to create a stateless anarchist society. This took place during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 to 1921. "Free soviets" and libertarian communes were set up and operated under the protection of Nestor Makhno's Revolutionary Insurrectionary Army. +Makhnovshchina was established when Huliaipole was captured by Makhno's forces on 27 November 1918. Huliapole became the territory's de facto capital. The Ukrainian peasants refused to pay rent to the landowners and "...seized the estates and livestock of the pomeshchiks, kulaks, monasteries and State holdings: in so doing, they always set up local committees to manage these assets, with an eye to sharing them out among the various villages and communes." +Russian forces of the White movement under Anton Denikin occupied part of the region and formed a temporary government of Southern Russia in March 1920. In late March 1920, Denikin's forces were pushed back by Makno's forces and the Red Army. Makhnovshchina was disestablished in 1921 when Makhno and 77 of his men escaped. Remnants of the Black Army would continue to fight until late 1922. + += = = Paris Agreement = = = +The Paris Agreement is an agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It planned to reduce greenhouse gases. It also looked at ways countries could change to deal with problems caused by climate change, and have countries promise to spend money to make sure this would happen. The agreement was signed in Paris in 2016, by 197 countries. + += = = Mr. Niebla = = = +Mr. Niebla (February 22, 1973 – December 23, 2019) was a Mexican luchador enmascarado. He worked for Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). His real name is not known as is traditional in lucha libre for masked wrestlers. "Niebla" is Spanish for "fog". Mr. Niebla worked for CMLL from the early 1990s until 2007, and again from 2008 until his death in 2019. +Mr. Niebla died from complications of a blood infection on December 23, 2019 at the age of 46. + += = = Diane Watson = = = +Diane Edith Watson (born November 12, 1933) is an American politician and psychologist. She was a member of the United States House of Representatives for from 2003 until 2011. She is a member of the Democratic Party. +She was a member of the Los Angeles Unified School Board (1975–78). She was a member of the California Senate from 1978 to 1998, and the U.S. Ambassador to Micronesia from 1999 to 2000. + += = = William P. Curlin Jr. = = = +William Prather Curlin Jr. (born November 30, 1933) was an American politician. He is a member of the United States House of Representatives from Kentucky from 1971 through 1973. +He was in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957. +He was a member of the Kentucky General Assembly from 1968 to 1971 as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives. + += = = Ed Foreman = = = +Edgar Franklin "Ed" Foreman, Jr. (December 22, 1933 – February 2, 2022) an American politician and motivational speaker. For one term, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives as the only Republican from Texas's 16th congressional district from 1963 to 1965 and again from 1969 to 1971 in New Mexico's 2nd district. +Foreman died on February 2, 2022 at the age of 88. + += = = Portales, New Mexico = = = +Portales is a city in and the county seat of Roosevelt County, New Mexico, United States. The population was 12,137 at the 2020 census. + += = = Roosevelt County, New Mexico = = = +Roosevelt County is a county located in the U.S. state of New Mexico. As of the 2020 census, the population was 19,191. Its county seat is Portales. + += = = No Fun at All = = = +No Fun at All is a Swedish punk rock band. The band started in summer 1991 in Skinnskatteberg. The original members were: Mikael Danielsson (guitar), Jimmie Olsson (vocals, drums) and Henrik Sunvisson (bass guitar). The name came from the Sex Pistols' version of The Stooges' song "No Fun" and the name of the band Sick of It All. The group released their albums on the Swedish label Burning Heart Records outside the United States. In the U.S., No Fun at All's albums were released by Theologian Records and later by Epitaph Records. +In 1993, Jimmie Olsson left the band to work on his other band Sober. No Fun at All then added three new members: Ingemar Jansson (vocals), Krister Johansson (guitar) and Kjell Ramstedt (drums). In 1999, Sunvisson left No Fun at All. Danielsson switched from guitar to bass guitar and Stefan Neuman, from Tribulation, joined to play guitar. On November 11, 2001, after ten years together, the band quit. But, since 2004, No Fun at All has play some reunion concerts. + += = = Jesse & Joy = = = +Jesse & Joy () is a Mexican pop duo formed in 2005 by brother and sister Jesse (born December 31, 1982, as Jesse Eduardo Huerta Uecke) and Joy (born June 20, 1986, as Tirzah Joy Huerta Uecke), in Mexico City. The duo have released four studio albums, one live album and one EP on Warner Music Latin. They have won a Best Latin Album Grammy Award and six Latin Grammy Awards in many categories. +In 2019, Joy gave birth to her daughter Noah and came out as lesbian. She is married to her wife Diana Atri. + += = = Variety (magazine) = = = +Variety is an American magazine that covers entertainment. It was started by Sime Silverman in New York in 1905. It began as a weekly newspaper reporting on theater and vaudeville. In 1933, Daily Variety, based in Los Angeles, was started. It covers the motion-picture industry. The website Variety.com has entertainment news, reviews, box office results, cover stories, and video and photo galleries. There is also a credits database, production charts and calendar. It has archive content dating back to 1905. + += = = Jehan Sadat = = = +Jehan Sadat (, "Jihān as-Sadāt"; 29 August 1933 – 9 July 2021) was an Egyptian politician, researcher and feminist. She was the First Lady of Egypt from 1970 until her husband's assassination in 1981. +Sadat died on 9 July 2021, at the age of 87 from cancer in Egypt. + += = = Noor Ali Tabandeh = = = +Noor Ali Tabandeh (, 13 October 1927 – 24 December 2019) also known by the title Majzoub Ali Shah, was the spiritual leader or "Qutb" of the Ni'matullahi (Sultan Ali Shahi) Gonabadi Order in Iran, which is the largest Sufi order in Iran. He was born in Beydokht, Gonabad, Iran. He was known for his support of human and social rights of Iranians and was under house arrest because of his activism. +Tabandeh died on 24 December 2019 at a Tehran hospital of an illness at the age of 92. + += = = David Rice Atchison = = = +David Rice Atchison (August 11, 1807January 26, 1886) was an American Democratic politician. He was a United States Senator from Missouri. He was President pro tempore of the United States Senate for six years. +He is best known for the claim that for 24 hours—Sunday, March 4, 1849 through noon on Monday—he may have been Acting President of the United States. This, however, has been dismissed by nearly all historians, scholars, and biographers. + += = = Gower, Missouri = = = +Gower is a city in Buchanan and Clinton counties in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. The population was 1,533 at the 2020 census. + += = = Plattsburg, Missouri = = = +Plattsburg is a city and county seat of Clinton County, Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. As of the 2020 census, the city population was 2,222. + += = = Clinton County, Missouri = = = +Clinton County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 U.S. Census, the county had a population of 21,184. Its county seat is Plattsburg. The county was organized January 2, 1833 and named for Governor DeWitt Clinton of New York. + += = = Buchanan County, Missouri = = = +Buchanan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 84,793. Its county seat is St. Joseph. It is named for James Buchanan, 15th President of the United States. + += = = Platte County, Missouri = = = +Platte County is a county located in the northwestern portion of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 106,718. Its county seat is Platte City. + += = = Platte City, Missouri = = = +Platte City is a city in Platte County, Missouri within the United States. The population was 4,784 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Platte County. The city is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. + += = = Cass County, Missouri = = = +Cass County is a county located in the western part of the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 107,824. Its county seat is Harrisonville. + += = = Harrisonville, Missouri = = = +Harrisonville is a city in Cass County, Missouri, United States. The population was 10,121 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Cass +County. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. + += = = Shirley Douglas = = = +Shirley Jean Douglas (April 2, 1934 – April 5, 2020) was a Canadian actress and activist. She was born in Weyburn, Saskatchewan. Her career began in 1950 and she retired in 2013. She played Mrs. Starch in the 1962 movie "Lolita". Her father was Premier of Saskatchewan Tommy Douglas. +Douglas was married to Donald Sutherland from 1966 through 1970. They had three children, including Kiefer Sutherland. +Douglas died in Toronto of pneumonia-related problems three days after her 86th birthday on April 5, 2020. + += = = George Hearn = = = +George Clark Hearn Jr. (born June 18, 1934) is an American actor and singer. In 1980, he became the lead in Stephen Sondheim's "Sweeney Todd" opposite Dorothy Loudon. He played Sir Dinidan in a national tour of "Camelot". In 1985, Hearn starred as Long John Silver in an Edmonton production of "Pieces of Eight". +In 2004, Hearn returned to Broadway for the first time in four years, starring as the Wizard in the Broadway musical "Wicked", remaining until May 29, 2005. +In 1984, he won a Drama Desk Award. In 1985, Hearn won an Emmy Award. He has won two Tony Awards (1984, 1995). + += = = Essex, New York = = = +Essex is a town in Essex County, New York, United States overlooking Lake Champlain. The population was 621 at the 2020 census. The town is named after locations in England. + += = = Kenneth Braithwaite = = = +Kenneth John Braithwaite II (born 1960) is an American politician, businessman and military personnel. He was the 77th United States Secretary of the Navy from May 2020 to January 2021. He was the United States Ambassador to Norway from February 8, 2018 to May 29, 2020. +President Donald Trump said on November 24, 2019, that he would nominate Braithwaite to serve as the United States Secretary of the Navy. His nomination was confirmed on May 29, 2020. +He is a retired rear admiral of the United States Navy Reserve. +He is seen as a possible candidate for the United States Senate from Pennsylvania in the 2022 election. + += = = Livonia, Michigan = = = +Livonia is a city in the northwest part of Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 95,535 at the 2020 census, making it Michigan's eighth largest city. + += = = Wanda Ventham = = = +Wanda Ventham (born 5 August 1935) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Colonel Virginia Lake in the 1970s science-fiction television series "UFO", and for her recurring role as Cassandra Trotter's mother Pamela Parry in the sitcom "Only Fools and Horses" between 1989 and 1992. + += = = Timothy Carlton = = = +Timothy Carlton Congdon Cumberbatch (born 4 October 1939), known professionally as Timothy Carlton, is an English actor. +He is best known for his sitcom roles in "Executive Stress", "Keeping Up Appearances" and "Next of Kin". His best known movie roles are "Baby Love" (1968), "The Breaking of Bumbo" (1970), "That Lucky Touch" (1975), "High Road to China" (1983) and "Parting Shots" (1999). + += = = Derren Nesbitt = = = +Derren Nesbitt (born Derren Michael Horwitz; 19 June 1935) is an English actor and writer. Nesbitt's movie career began in the late 1950s. He is well-remembered for his role as Major von Hapen in the 1968 movie "Where Eagles Dare". +In January 1973, Nesbitt was charged with assault after hitting his first wife, Anne Aubrey, multiple times after discovering she was having an affair. + += = = Anne Aubrey = = = +Anne Aubrey (born 1 January 1937) is an English actress. She was born in London. She was known for her roles in "Idle on Parade", "Killers of Kilimanjaro", "The Bandit of Zhobe" (1959), "Jazz Boat", "Let's Get Married", and "In the Nick" (1960). +Aubrey was married to actor Derren Nesbitt. They divorced in 1973 shortly after he was convicted of assaulting her after she was having an affair. + += = = Sylvia Syms = = = +Sylvia May Laura Syms, (6 January 1934 – 27 January 2023) was an English actress. +Syms is best known for her roles in "Woman in a Dressing Gown" (1957), "Ice Cold in Alex" (1958), "No Trees in the Street" (1959), "Victim" (1961), and "The Tamarind Seed" (1974). +In 2006 she played Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother in the Stephen Frears movie "The Queen", about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, and the few days after that, leading up to the funeral. +In the last year of her life, Syms lived at Denville Hall, a retirement home for actors in London. She died there on 27 January 2023, at the age of 89. + += = = Dodi Fayed = = = +Emad El-Din Mohamed Abdel Mena'em Fayed (; , 15 April 1955 – 31 August 1997), better known as Dodi Fayed ( ), was an Egyptian movie producer. He was born in Alexandria, Egypt. He was the son of billionaire Mohamed El Fayed. +Fayed was the first cousin of the late "Washington Post" Saudi journalist, Jamal Khashoggi, who was killed in Turkey in 2018. +Fayed was the producer of "Chariots of Fire", "Breaking Glass", "F/X", "F/X2", "Hook", and "The Scarlet Letter". +Death. +On August 31, 1997, Fayed was killed in a car crash in Paris with Diana, Princess of Wales, with whom he was in a romantic relationship. He was 42 years old. + += = = Derek Fowlds = = = +Derek Fowlds (2 September 1937 – 17 January 2020) was an English actor. He is best known for playing Bernard Woolley in popular British television comedies "Yes Minister" and "Yes Prime Minister", and Oscar Blaketon in the long-running ITV police drama "Heartbeat". +Fowlds died at the hospital in Bath, Somerset on 17 January 2020 at age 82, from heart failure and sepsis caused by pneumonia. + += = = William Gaunt = = = +William Charles Anthony Gaunt (born 3 April 1937) is an English actor. Between 1983 and 1987 he starred as harassed father Arthur Crabtree in the sitcom "No Place Like Home". From 1995 to 1997 Gaunt starred in the sitcom "Next of Kin". + += = = Barry Cryer = = = +Barry Charles Cryer, OBE (23 March 1935 – 25 January 2022) was an English writer, comedian and actor. +Cryer has written for many performers, including Dave Allen, Stanley Baxter, Jack Benny, Rory Bremner, George Burns, Jasper Carrott, Tommy Cooper, Les Dawson, Dick Emery, Kenny Everett, Bruce Forsyth, David Frost, Bob Hope, Frankie Howerd, Richard Pryor, Spike Milligan, Mike Yarwood, The Two Ronnies and Morecambe and Wise. +Cryer also wrote episodes for the television comedy series "Doctor in the House". +Cryer died at a London hospital in Harrow on 25 January 2022, at the age of 86. +Bibliography. +(repackaged as "The Chronicles of Hernia" (2009), ) + += = = Wendy Craig = = = +Anne Gwendolyn Craig (born 20 June 1934), known professionally as Wendy Craig, is an English actress. She is best known for her roles in the sitcoms "Not in Front of the Children", "...And Mother Makes Three"/"...And Mother Makes Five" and "Butterflies". +She played the role of Matron in the TV series "The Royal" (2003–2011). + += = = Jess Conrad = = = +Jess Conrad (born Gerald Arthur James; 24 February 1936) is an English actor and singer. He was born in Brixton, London. +Between the late 1950s and mid-1960s, Conrad appeared in many movies such as "Serious Charge" (uncredited), "The Boys", "Rag Doll", "K.I.L. 1" and "Konga". + += = = Lionel Blair = = = +Lionel Blair (born Henry Lionel Ogus; 12 December 1928 – 4 November 2021) was a Canadian-born British actor, choreographer, tap dancer and television presenter. +He appeared in "The Limping Man" (1953), "The World of Suzie Wong" (1960), "The Cool Mikado" (1963), "The Beauty Jungle" (1964), "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), "Maroc 7" (1967) and "Absolute Beginners" (1986). +Blair died on the morning of 4 November 2021 in Banstead, England, at the age of 92. + += = = Tishomingo County, Mississippi = = = +Tishomingo County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 18,850 people lived there. Its county seat is Iuka. + += = = Scott County, Mississippi = = = +Scott County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 27,990 people lived there. Its county seat is Forest. +Geography. +According to the U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that is land and (0.2%) is water. +It is an about 45 minute driving distance from Jackson. +History. +Scott County was created on December 23, 1833. It is named for Abram M. Scott, the Governor of Mississippi from 1832 to 1833. +Demographics. +As of the 2020 census, there were 27,990 people, 10,235 households, and 7,194 families living in the county. + += = = Stone County, Mississippi = = = +Stone County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 18,333 people lived there. Its county seat is Wiggins. + += = = Tallahatchie County, Mississippi = = = +Tallahatchie County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 12,715 people lived there. Its county seats are Charleston and Sumner. + += = = Walthall County, Mississippi = = = +Walthall County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 13,884 people lived there. Its county seat is Tylertown. + += = = Tylertown, Mississippi = = = +Tylertown is a town in Mississippi, United States. It is the county seat of Walthall County. As of the 2020 census, 1,515 people lived in Tylertown. + += = = Tate County, Mississippi = = = +Tate County is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 28,064 people lived there. Its county seat is Senatobia. + += = = Sofia the First = = = +Sofia the First is an American animated television series that premiered on November 18, 2012, produced by Disney Television Animation for Disney Channel and Disney Junior. Jamie Mitchell is the director and executive producer and Craig Gerber serves as creator, story editor, and producer. The show follows the adventures of Sofia, voiced by Ariel Winter. Sofia becomes a princess when her mother, Miranda, marries King Roland II of Enchancia. The show features songs by John Kavanaugh and Erica Rothschild and a musical score by Kevin Kliesch. The show had its final episode on September 8, 2018. + += = = Dodson, Louisiana = = = +Dodson is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Calvin, Louisiana = = = +Calvin is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Atlanta, Louisiana = = = +Atlanta is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Sikes, Louisiana = = = +Sikes is a village in Winn Parish in the U.S. state of Louisiana. + += = = Warren County, Mississippi = = = +Warren County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 44,722 people lived there. Its county seat is Vicksburg. + += = = Rankin County, Mississippi = = = +Rankin County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 157,031 people lived there, which makes it the fourth-most populous county in Mississippi. Its county seat is Brandon. +Rankin County is part of the Jackson Metropolitan Statistical Area. +History. +Rankin County was founded on February 4, 1828. It is named in honor of Christopher Rankin, a Mississippi Congressman from 1819 to 1826. +Geography. +According to the U.S. Census Bureau says that the county has a total area of . Of that is land and (3.8%) is water. +Demographics. +As of the 2020 census, there were 157,031 people, 59,626 households, and 41,940 families living in the county. +Transportation. +Airport. +Jackson Evers International Airport is located in unincorporated Rankin County. + += = = Da Chen = = = +Da Chen (1962 – December 17, 2019) was a Chinese novelist. His works included "Brothers," "China's Son," "Sounds of the River," "Sword," and "Colors of the Mountain." "Brothers" was awarded best book of 2006 by "The Washington Post", "San Francisco Chronicle", "Miami Herald" and "Publishers Weekly". Chen was born in Huangshi, Putian, Fujian, China. +Chen died December 17, 2019 at his home in Temecula, California from lung cancer at the age of 57. + += = = Poplarville, Mississippi = = = +Poplarville is a city in Pearl River County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2020 census, 2,833 people lived there. It is the county seat of Pearl River County. It hosts an annual Blueberry Jubilee, which includes rides, craft vendors and rodeos. + += = = Allee Willis = = = +Allee Willis (born Alta Sherral Willis, November 10, 1947 – December 24, 2019) was an American songwriter and director. +She was nominated for an Emmy Award for "I'll Be There For You", which was used as the theme song for the sitcom "Friends", and won two Grammy Awards for "Beverly Hills Cop" and "The Color Purple". +Willis also co-wrote hit songs such as "September" and "Boogie Wonderland" by Earth, Wind & Fire. She was added into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 2018. +Willis died in Los Angeles, California on December 24, 2019, at the age of 72 of cardiac arrest. + += = = I'll Be There For You (The Rembrandts song) = = = +"I'll Be There for You" is a song recorded by American duo The Rembrandts. It is best known as the theme song to the American sitcom "Friends", which premiered in September 1994 and ended in May 2004. +The song was also released as the first single from the group's third studio album "LP", reaching the top 10 in Australia, New Zealand and Norway, as well as in Ireland and the United Kingdom in both 1995 and 1997. + += = = The Rembrandts = = = +The Rembrandts are an American pop rock duo, formed by Danny Wilde and Phil Solem in 1989. They had worked together as members of Great Buildings in 1981. +The Rembrandts are best known for their song "I'll Be There for You", which was used as the main theme song for the NBC sitcom "Friends". + += = = Jacques Bravo = = = +Jacques Bravo (29 December 1943 – 18 December 2019) was a French politician. He was a member of the Socialist Party. From 2001 through 2014, he was the Mayor of the 9th arrondissement of Paris. From 1995 through 2014, he was the Councillor of Paris. +Bravo was born in Valognes, France. He died on 18 December 2019 in Paris at the age of 75. + += = = Gordon J. Humphrey = = = +Gordon John Humphrey (born October 9, 1940) is an American politician. He was a member of the U.S. Senate for New Hampshire as a Republican from 1979 to 1990. He twice ran for Governor of New Hampshire, though both bids were unsuccessful. Humphrey was born in Bristol, Connecticut. +Humphrey has become a critic of President Donald Trump and as a result of his presidency, he became an Independent. + += = = Cass County, Indiana = = = +Cass County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 37,870 people lived there. The county seat is Logansport. + += = = Tippah County, Mississippi = = = +Tippah County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 21,815 people lived there. Its county seat is Ripley. + += = = Lucedale, Mississippi = = = +Lucedale is a city in and the county seat of George County, Mississippi, United States. As of the 2020 census, 2,869 people lived in Lucedale. + += = = Douglass, Kansas = = = +Douglass is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. In 2020, 1,555 people lived there. +History. +19th century. +The first settlement was founded at Douglass in 1869. Douglass is named after its founder, Joseph W. Douglass, a storeowner who was deadly shot at the town site in 1873 while apprehending a suspected chicken thief. Douglass was incorporated as a city of the third class in 1879. +In 1877, the Florence, El Dorado, and Walnut Valley Railroad Company built a train line from Florence to El Dorado, in 1881 it was extended to Douglass, and later to Arkansas City. The line was leased and operated by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway. The line from Florence to El Dorado was abandoned in 1942. The train line connected Florence, Burns, De Graff, El Dorado, Augusta, Douglass, Rock, Akron, Winfield, Arkansas City. +21st century. +In 2010, the Keystone-Cushing Pipeline (Phase II) was constructed about 1.8 miles west of Douglass, north to south through Butler County. +Geography. +Douglass is at (37.516802, -97.011705). +The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land. +Climate. +Douglass has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Douglass has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. +People. +2020 census. +The 2020 census says that there were 1,555 people, 595 households, and 393 families living in Douglass. Of the households, 71.4% owned their home and 28.6% rented their home. +The median age was 35.4 years. Of the people, 90.2% were White, 1.5% were Native American, 1.1% were Asian, 0.3% were Black, 0.5% were from some other race, and 6.4% were two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.7% of the people. +2010 census. +The 2010 census says that there were 1,700 people, 625 households, and 452 families living in Douglass. +Education. +Douglass is part of Douglass USD 396 public school district. + += = = Yummy (Justin Bieber song) = = = +"Yummy" is a song by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released on January 3, 2020, along with a lyric video through Def Jam Recordings as the lead single from his upcoming fifth studio album. The song is Bieber's first solo single to be released in three years. Upon its release, the song has received mostly mixed reception from critics: many praised its R&B production but most dismissed its lyrics. Its official music video was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020. +Background and promotion. +On December 23, 2019, Bieber teased the release by posting a picture of himself in front of a piano accompanied by two posts with the caption "tomorrow". On the following day, he announced the single through a trailer he uploaded to YouTube that shows him walking through an abandoned gas station. The trailer also serves as an announcement for his upcoming North American tour starting May 14, 2020, as well as a documentary covering "all different stories". About the upcoming music, Bieber stated that he feels like "this is different than the previous albums just because of where I'm at in my life". +Composition. +"Yummy" is a "straightforward R&B number" that moves along on pop-trap beats. The song contains a "crisp bass line and plinking keyboards". Bieber sings the pre-chorus, while he hits his "signature falsetto" in the bridge. Bryan Rolli of "Forbes" magazine called the chorus "seductive", albeit "meaningless". The song is considered an ode to Bieber's wife Hailey Bieber. +Critical reception. +"Yummy" received polarizing reviews from music critics, who complimented the "catchy" R&B production. They also criticized the "asinine" lyrical content. +Rania Aniftos of "Billboard" said "Yummy" brings back "the flirtatious Bieber we've missed and been waiting for", describing the chorus as "catchy". Bryan Rolli, a writer for "Forbes", said that Bieber "sings his heart out" on the song and noted although "the lyrics may not invite scholarly analysis ... Bieber sure does sound good singing them". Rolli concluded calling the song a "win, an inevitable chart smash" and opined that it is "sure to sound even better when 50,000 fans scream it every night on his upcoming tour". Mikael Wood from the "Los Angeles Times" described the song as "a lithe little R&B number that faintly recalls Ginuwine's mid-'90s classic "Pony" and basically three-and-a-half minutes of PG-13 sex talk seemingly directed at Hailey Baldwin". He stated that "though it's very cute, 'Yummy' feels awfully lightweight for a single that has as much hanging on it as this one does" and added that the song "loses much of its flavor after only a few spins". +"NME"s Sam Moore complimented the song's R&B production, who dismissed the lyrics. He termed as "failed expectations". He opined that the song's producers opted for "minimalism with their choice of instrumentation, melding airy keys with pop-trap beats with an evident view of creating something as universal as the likes of 'Hotline Bling' and Childish Gambino's 'Feels Like Summer'". Moore further wrote that Bieber's layered vocals and harmonies are "able to glide along rather effortlessly—it's just a shame he doesn't have more to say with them" and that Bieber's embrace of R&B "isn't a complete turn-off". "Pitchfork"s Eric Torres criticized the song for being "shamelessly engineered for the truncated attention span of TikTok" and "a bloodless shell of an R&B song crippled by asinine lyrics and a tired, syncopated backdrop". He further wrote that the song "plateaus as soon as it starts, never inching past the toddler-like repetition of 'yummy-yum' in its chorus". Brad Callas from "Complex" listed "Yummy" among the best new music of the week and said Bieber's "pivot back to R&B is refreshing for those who were fans of his slept-on 2013 project, "Journals"". Callas further remarked that the "silky vocals" is at times reminiscent of Bieber's 2016 collaboration with Post Malone, "Deja Vu". +Music video. +The music video for "Yummy" was directed by Bardia Zeinali, which premiered on January 4, 2020. In the video, it portrays Bieber with pink hair at a dinner party in a fancy restaurant, eating various colorful food items with the guests. +Credits and personnel. +Credits adapted from Tidal. + += = = Washington County, Mississippi = = = +Washington County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 44,922 people lived there. Its county seat is Greenville. + += = = DIA = = = +DIA may refer to: + += = = Wittelsheim = = = +Wittelsheim is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. + += = = Blossom, Texas = = = +Blossom is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Del Amitri = = = +Del Amitri is a Scottish alternative rock band formed in Glasgow in 1980. Between 1985 and 2002, the band released six studio albums. Their 1995 single "Roll to Me" reached number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Five have reached the Top 10 in the UK. Del Amitri have sold six million albums around the world. +History. +Band name. +Del Amitri's member and songwriter, Justin Currie, said in 2010 that the band's name "was invented to be meaningless – basically a corruption of the Greek name 'Dimitri'." In 2018, he said that 'Del Amitri' was based on the name of the producer of a movie he saw in 1979 – "...probably Dimitri-something, but we couldn't remember..." Many sources have said that the name was chosen because it is Greek for "from the womb", but this is untrue. +Members. +The current members of the band are: +Currie and Harvie are the main songwriters for the band. +Former members of the band are: + += = = Division of Spence = = = +The Division of Spence is an electoral district for the Australian House of Representatives in the outer northern suburbs of Adelaide, South Australia. +History. +It is named after Catherine Helen Spence, who worked to get women the right to vote. She was the first female political candidate in Australia. +It was set up in 2018 after a redistribution to reduce the number of seats in South Australia. It cover most of the former Division of Wakefield. +Spence covers the Adelaide Plains between the Little Para River in the south and the Gawler River on the north, and areas around Gawler and Salisbury. It includes the City of Playford and Town of Gawler, Concordia, Kalbeeba, Gawler Belt, Buchfelde, and parts of the City of Salisbury. + += = = Frame rate = = = +Frame rate is a way of describing video. It refers to the number of images, called frames, that are being shown every second. It is measured in frames per second, or FPS. +Early silent movies were shown at a frame rate between 16 and 24 frames per second. This went up to 20 and 26 FPS later. When movies with sound came out 24 FPS became the standard because it was in the middle of the frame rates theaters used. +Video games are usually played at a frame rate of 60 frames per second. This is because it is a very common refresh rate (display speed) for computer monitors. They also can run at 30 FPS, or even more, such as 144 FPS or 240 FPS, depending on what the monitor can handle. If the frame rate is higher than the refresh rate, not all of the frames can be shown. If two or more frames are displayed at the same time, it can cause problems like screen tearing. + += = = Screen tearing = = = +Screen tearing is a type of video error. It can happen when multiple video frames are displayed at a single time on a computer monitor. The frames will each be shown on different parts of the screen, and can leave horizontal lines if the pictures are different at the point. +Screen tearing can be stopped by synchronizing the frames that are put on the screen. Vertical synchronization, or VSync, is one popular way. Another way is FreeSync or G-Sync, but these options only work with certain GPUs and monitors. + += = = Emsley A. Laney High School = = = +Emsley A. Laney High School is a high school in Wilmington, North Carolina, United States. It is known as the high school that was attended to by NBA star Michael Jordan. + += = = Sidney, Nebraska = = = +Sidney is a city in the U.S. state of Nebraska. It is the county seat of Cheyenne County. The population was 6,410 at the 2020 census. +History. +The city was founded in 1867 by the Union Pacific railroad company. It grew up around the military base called Fort Sidney (also known as Sidney Barracks). The soldiers there were stationed to guard transcontinental railroad from potential Indian attacks. When the railroad reached Sidney, it was the end of a sub-division of the rail line and played host to a roundhouse, repair facilities, and a railroad hotel for passengers. +The city was named after Sidney Dillon. He was president of the Union Pacific Railroad at that time. +The town became the southern terminus of the Sidney Black Hills Stage Road in the late 1870s and 1880s. +Sidney has one of the Old West's Boot Hill cemeteries; many of those interred there were soldiers from the fort. +In the first two decades of the twenty-first century, the largest employer in the city was Cabela's, a company that makes items for outdoor recreation. In 2016, it was sold to Bass Pro Shops. Then it moved out of Sidney. Many jobs were lost. +Geography. +According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land. +Sidney is near the western edge of the midwestern wheat-growing region. West of the city, the land is increasingly used for cattle ranching. Sidney is located along Lodgepole Creek, which is along present-day Interstate 80. +Commerce. +Near the city is the junction of two major highways: US 385 and I-80. This junction is about halfway between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and North Platte, Nebraska. This location has encouraged the growth of Sidney as a major transportation service area on the Interstate highway. Because the I-80/US 385 interchange is many miles southeast of the town center, a new commercial area has developed. This area includes truck stops, convenience stores, shopping centers, motels, restaurants, and other commercial enterprises. +Companies in Sidney include: Adams Industries, 21st Century Water Technologies, KISST Organics-Health & Wellness Store/Firearms Division, Nexgen Outfitters, Highby Outdoors, Lukjan Great Plains, Agri-Plastics, 308 Ag LLC and Sidney Foundry. +Demographics. +2010 census. +As of the 2010 census, there were 6,757 people, 2,893 households, and 1,764 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 3,184 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.3% White, 0.2% African American, 0.8% Native American, 2.3% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.7% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.4% of the population. +There were 2,893 households of which 30.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.3% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 39.0% were non-families. 33.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.30 and the average family size was 2.95. +The median age in the city was 37.1 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 27.4% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female. +Education. +The Sidney public schools educate 1,200 children from pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. Western Nebraska Community College has a campus in Sidney. +Services. +Library. +Sidney has a public library. It is at 1112 12th Avenue. The library has almost 50,000 volumes. its services include a bookmobile serving all of Cheyenne County, a genealogy room, and reading programs. +Medical care. +The Sidney Regional Medical Center provides a variety of medical care at a number of sites in Chappell and Sidney. +Activities. +The Cheyenne County Community Center, 627 Toledo St, provides sports facilities, daycare, and other activities. + += = = Tunica County, Mississippi = = = +Tunica County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 9,782 people lived there. Its county seat is Tunica. + += = = Wilkinson County, Mississippi = = = +Wilkinson County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 8,587 people lived there. Its county seat is Woodville. + += = = Winston County, Mississippi = = = +Winston County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 17,714 people lived there. Its county seat is Louisville. + += = = Martin J. Schreiber = = = +Martin James "Marty" Schreiber (born April 8, 1939) is an American politician, publisher, author, and lobbyist. He was the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin and the 39th Governor of Wisconsin from 1977 to 1979. + += = = Yazoo County, Mississippi = = = +Yazoo County is a county in the U.S. state of Mississippi. As of the 2020 census, 26,743 people lived there. Its county seat is Yazoo City. + += = = Bob Wade (artist) = = = +Bob "Daddy-O" Wade (January 6, 1943 – December 23, 2019) was an artist. He was born in Austin, Texas. He helped shape the 1970s Texas Cosmic Cowboy counterculture. His work was exhibited at the South Austin Museum of Popular Culture in the fall of 2009. +He was best known for his creating large sculptures of Texas symbols and for experimenting with hand-tinting black-and-white vintage photographs transferred to large photo canvases. His giant iguana, knowns as "Iggy", sat on top of the Lone Star Cafe in New York City from 1978 to 1989. +Wade died on December 23, 2019 in Austin of cardiac arrest at the age of 76. + += = = Táňa Fischerová = = = +Taťana Fischerová (better known as Táňa Fischerová) (6 June 1947 – 25 December 2019) was a Czech actress, writer, television host, politician and civic activist. From 2002 to 2006, she was a member of the Parliament of the Czech Republic. She was a candidate for president in the 2013 Czech presidential election. She was born in Prague. +Fischerová died on 25 December 2019 in Prague of cancer at the age of 72. + += = = Karel Schwarzenberg = = = +Prince Karel Schwarzenberg (, 10 December 1937 – 12 November 2023) was a Czech politician. He was the leader of the TOP 09 party. He was the party's candidate for President of the Czech Republic in the 2013 election. He was a Member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP). +Schwarzenberg was hospitalized in Prague in August 2023 with heart and kidney problems. He was later flown to a clinic in Vienna. He died on 11 November 2023 at the age of 85. + += = = Vladimir Bushin = = = +Vladimir Sergeyevich Bushin (; January 24, 1924 – December 25, 2019) was a Soviet-Russian writer, essayist, literary critic, columnist and social activist. He was a member of the Union of Soviet Writers and Communist. He was born in Moscow. He was a critic of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin. His works were about Joseph Stalin and how he was a positive figure of the Soviet Union. +Bushin died in Moscow on December 25, 2019 of cardiopulmonary arrest, aged 95. + += = = David Lee Roth = = = +David Lee Roth (born October 10, 1954) is an American rock singer-songwriter, musician, author, and radio personality. He was the lead singer of hard rock band Van Halen across two stints from 1974 to 1985 and again since 2006. + += = = Ari Behn = = = +Ari Mikael Behn (né Bjørshol, 30 September 1972 – 25 December 2019) was a Danish-born Norwegian writer. He wrote three novels, two collections of short stories and a book about his wedding. +His 1999 short stories collection "Trist som faen" ("Sad as hell") sold about 100,000 copies. His books have been translated into Swedish, Danish, German, Hungarian, and Icelandic as well as French. In the spring of 2011, Behn made his debut as a playwright with "Treningstimen". +He was married to Princess Märtha Louise from 2002 to 2017. They had three children. +In December 2017, Behn alleged that he was sexually assaulted by Kevin Spacey. He accused Spacey of groping his genitals in 2007, at a nightclub during the afterparty for the Nobel Peace Prize concert. +Behn died killing himself at his home in Lommedalen on 25 December 2019, aged 47. He had struggled with alcoholism and mental health issues. In a 2009 interview he said he was chronically depressed and lonely. + += = = Princess Märtha Louise of Norway = = = +Princess Märtha Louise of Norway (born 22 September 1971) is a Norwegian princess. She is the only daughter and elder child of King Harald V and Queen Sonja. She is fourth in the line of succession to the Norwegian throne, after her brother Haakon and his children. +Title and Styles +22 September 1971-1 February 2002 Her Royal Highness Princess Martha Louise of Norway +1 February 2002:present Her Highness Princess Martha Louise of Norway +Honors +National Honors +-Norway: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Saint Olav +-Norway: Dame of the Royal Family Decoration of King Olav V of Norway +-Norway: Dame of the Royal Family Decoration of King Harald V of Norway +-Norway: Recipient of the Medal of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of King Haakon VII +-Norway: Recipient of the King Olav V Silver Jubilee Medal +-Norway: Recipient of the King Olav V Commemorative Medal +-Norway: Recipient of the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of King Olav V +-Norway: Recipient of the Royal House Centennial Medal +-Norway: Recipient of the King Harald V Silver Jubilee Medal +Foreign Honors +-Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant +-Finland: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose +-Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon +-Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Star of Jordan +-Netherlands: Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown +-Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau +-Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Prince Henry +-Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit +-Sweden: Commander Grand Cross of the Roya Order of the Polar Star, Recipient of the 50th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf, Recipient of the 70th Birthday Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf + += = = Queen Sonja of Norway = = = +Queen Sonja of Norway (born Sonja Haraldsen on 4 July 1937) is the Queen consort of Norway as the wife of King Harald V. She became Queen consort on 17 January 1991, when her husband became king. +4 July 1937-29 August 1968 Miss Sonja Haraldsen +29 August 1968-17 January 1991 Her Royal Highness The Crown Princess of Norway +17 January 1991 Her Majesty The Queen of Norway +National Orders +-Norway: Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of St. Olav +-Norway: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit +-Norway: The Royal House Centenary Medal +-Norway: Haakon VIIs Centenary Medal +-Norway: Olav V Commemorative Medal (30 January 1991) +-Norway: Olav V Jubilee Medal 1957-1982 +-Norway: Olav V Centenary Medal +-Norway: Harald V Jubilee Medal 1991-2016 +-Norway: Royal Family Order of King Olav V of Norway +-Norway: Royal Family Order of King Harald V of Norway +-Norway: Norwegian Red Cross Badge of Honor +-Norway: The Nansen Medal +-Norway: Oslo Military Society Badge of Honor in Gold +Foreign Honors +-Argentina: Grand Cross of the Order of May +-Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honor for Services to the Republic of Austria (1978) +-Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold +-Brazil: Grand Cross of the Order of the Southern Cross +-Bulgaria: Sash of the Order of the Balkan Mountains +-Chile: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit +-Croatia: Recipient of the Grand Order of Queen Jelena (12 May 2011) +-Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant (12 February 1973) +-Estonia: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana (24 August 1998), Member 1st Class of the Order of the White Star (2 September 2014) +-Finland: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland +-France: Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit +-Germany: Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany +-Greece: Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer +-Hungary: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary +-IOC: Recipient of the Gold Olympic Order +-Iceland: Grand Cross of the Order of the Falcon (21 October 1981) +-Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (19 October 2001) +-Japan: Grand Cross (Paulownia) of the Order of the Precious Crown +-Jordan: Grand Cordon of the Supreme Order of the Renaissance +-Latvia: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the Three Stars (2 September 1998), Recipient of the 1st Class of Cross of Recognition (12 March 2015) +-Lithuania: Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great (3 September 1998) +-Luxembourg: Grand Cross of the Order of Adolphe of Nassau, Knight of the Order of the Gold Lion of the House of Nassau +-Netherlands: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion, Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown, Recipient of Queen Beatrix's Inauguration Medal +-Poland: Knight of the Order of the White Eagle +-Portugal: Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of Portugal (2 January 1981), Grand Cross of the Order of Infante Dom Henrique (13 February 2004), Grand Cross of the Order of Christ (26 May 2008) +-Slovakia: Member 2nd Class of the Order of the White Double Cross (2010), Member of the Order for Exceptional Merits (2011) +-South Korea: Member 1st Class (Grand Gwanghwa Medal) of the Order of Diplomatic Merit +-Spain: Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (21 April 1995), Dame Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (12 April 1982) +-Sweden: Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim, Recipient of the 50th Birthday Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (30 April 1996), Recipient of the Ruby Jubilee Badge Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (15 September 2013), Recipient of the Golden Jubilee Medal of King Carl XVI Gustaf (15 September 2023) + += = = Lommedalen = = = +Lommedalen is a rural community in a small valley in Bærum municipality in the county of Akershus, Norway. The population is about 11,000 people. + += = = George Eastham = = = +George Edward Eastham, OBE (born 23 September 1936) is an English former footballer. He is known for playing for Newcastle United, Arsenal and Stoke City, as well as a non-playing member of England's 1966 World Cup-winning squad. +Honours. +Stoke City +England +Individual + += = = Roger Hunt = = = +Roger Hunt, (20 July 1938 – 27 September 2021) was an English footballer. He played as a forward. He spent eleven years at Liverpool. +Hunt was a member of the England team that won the 1966 World Cup. He played in all six England games in the tournament, scoring three times. Hunt was inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame in 2006. +Hunt died on 27 September 2021 at the age of 83. +Honours. +Liverpool +England + += = = Terry Paine = = = +Terence Lionel Paine MBE (born 23 March 1939) is an English retired footballer. Paine is best known for his career with Southampton. He later played for Hereford United, and briefly worked at Cheltenham Town as a player-manager. +He played primarily as a winger. + += = = Norman Hunter = = = +Norman Hunter (29 October 1943 – 17 April 2020) was an English former footballer. He played for Leeds United, Bristol City, Barnsley and England. +Hunter was hospitalised for COVID-19 in Leeds on 10 April 2020. He died on 17 April from the infection, aged 76. +Honours. +Leeds United +England +Individual + += = = Ron Flowers = = = +Ronald Flowers (28 July 1934 – 12 November 2021) was an English footballer and manager. He played as a midfielder. Flowers is most known for his time at Wolverhampton Wanderers. He was a member of England's victorious 1966 World Cup squad. +On 12 November 2021, it was announced that Flowers had died aged 87. +Honours. +Wolverhampton Wanderers +England + += = = George Cohen = = = +George Reginald Cohen (22 October 1939 – 23 December 2022) was an English former professional association football right-back. He won the 1966 World Cup with England. He has been added into the English Football Hall of Fame. + += = = Maurice Norman = = = +Maurice Norman (8 May 1934 – 27 November 2022) is an English former footballer. He played nearly 400 times in the Football League as a centre half for Norwich City and Tottenham Hotspur. At international level, Norman won 23 caps for the England national team. +Maurice died on 27 November 2022, at the age of 88. + += = = Alan Peacock = = = +Alan Peacock (born 29 October 1937) is an English former footballer. +He spent the majority of his career at Middlesbrough, also playing for Leeds United and Plymouth Argyle. He joined Middlesbrough in 1954. +Peacock's high scoring rate earned him a place in the 1962 World Cup England squad. + += = = Bryan Douglas = = = +Bryan Douglas (born 27 May 1934) is an English former footballer. +He also earned 36 caps and scored 11 goals for England. He appeared in two World Cups, in 1958 and 1962, appearing in all of England's matches in the two tournaments. +In February 2019 he was one of the first seven players to be added into the club's Hall of Fame. + += = = Peter Swan = = = +Peter Swan (8 October 1936 – 20 January 2021) wan English former professional footballer. His career lasted from 1952 until 1974. Swan made 299 appearances for Sheffield Wednesday. +Swan died on 20 January 2021, aged 84. + += = = Maurice Setters = = = +Maurice Edgar Setters (16 December 1936 – 22 November 2020) was an English football player and manager. +As player, he made more than 400 appearances in the Football League representing Exeter City, West Bromwich Albion, Manchester United, Stoke City, Coventry City and Charlton Athletic. +Setters died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on 22 November 2020, aged 83. +Career statistics. +Managerial career. +Source: +Honours. +Manchester United + += = = Colin McDonald = = = +Colin Agnew McDonald (born 15 October 1930) is an English former football goalkeeper. He played for Burnley from 1953 to 1959. He also played eight matches for the England national football team, including all four matches in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. + += = = Tommy Banks = = = +Thomas Banks (born 10 November 1929) is a retired English footballer. He played for Bolton Wanderers from 1947 to 1961, and six matches for the England national football team in 1958, including all four matches in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. + += = = Freehold Borough, New Jersey = = = +Freehold Borough is a borough in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is the county seat of Monmouth County. According to the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population is 12,538, and its land area is 1.93 square miles. +Freehold Borough has a downtown where many restaurants and businesses are located. The downtown is part of the borough's Special Improvement District, which is managed by Downtown Freehold, a nonprofit organization created in 1991. +The borough also contains many suburban homes, including many Victorian-era homes. +Freehold Borough is governed by a council of six people, in addition to one mayor. The current mayor is Kevin A. Kane, a Democrat. All the people on the council are Democrats. + += = = Clark County, Indiana = = = +Clark County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2020 census, 121,093 people lived there. The county seat is Jeffersonville. + += = = Clinton County, Indiana = = = +Clinton County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 33,190 people lived there. The county seat is Frankfort. + += = = Crawford County, Indiana = = = +Crawford County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 10,526 people lived there. The county seat is English. + += = = Daviess County, Indiana = = = +Daviess County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 33,381 people lived there. The county seat is Washington. + += = = Gray County = = = +Gray County is the name of two counties in the United States: + += = = Anneli Jäätteenmäki = = = +Anneli Tuulikki Jäätteenmäki (born 11 February 1955) is a Finnish politician. She was the first female Prime Minister of Finland from 17 April 2003 to 24 June 2003. From 2004 to 2019, she was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Finland. She was the chairwoman of the Centre Party of Finland from 18 June 2000 to 5 October 2003. In 2003, Jäätteenmäki was the Speaker of the Parliament of Finland. + += = = Daviess County = = = +Daviess County is the name of three counties in the United States (all named for Joseph Hamilton Daveiss): + += = = Franklin County, Indiana = = = +Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. It has 13 townships. As of 2020, 22,785 people lived there. The county seat is Brookville. +History. +Franklin County was created in 1811. It was named for Benjamin Franklin. + += = = Bowie, Texas = = = +Bowie is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Nocona, Texas = = = +Nocona is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Saint Jo, Texas = = = +Saint Jo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Alamo Heights, Texas = = = +Alamo Heights is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is surrounded by the city of San Antonio. + += = = Fair Oaks Ranch, Texas = = = +Fair Oaks Ranch is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Schertz, Texas = = = +Schertz is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Elmendorf, Texas = = = +Elmendorf is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Leon Valley, Texas = = = +Leon Valley is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Fallout 76 = = = +Fallout 76 is a video game in the "Fallout" series released in 2018. It was developed by Bethesda Game Studios and published by Bethesda Softworks. +Although it came out after "Fallout 4", "Fallout 76" is not a sequel. It takes place earlier than all of the other "Fallout" games, more like a prequel. +"Fallout 76" was made using the Creation Engine, just like "Fallout 4". It is also the first "Fallout" game made by Bethesda Game Studios that includes multiplayer. It needs an Internet connection to play, because it is all online. + += = = Diet of Worms = = = +The Diet of Worms was a council of the Holy Roman Empire in the city of Worms. The council was held because of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation. It lasted for five months in early 1521. The Emperor, Charles V led the council. Other councils (called Imperial Diets) were held in Worms in the years 829, 926, 1076, 1122, 1495, and 1545, but the most important Diet of Worms was in 1521. +Background. +In June 1520, Pope Leo X wrote the Papal bull Exsurge Domine ("Arise, O Lord"), in which he talked about 41 problems he saw in Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses and his other works. Because of this, the Holy Roman Emperor told Martin Luther to come to the diet. He promised that he would give Luther safe passage to and from it. The Diet started on 23 January 1521. Martin Luther was told that he had to either take back what he had said or defend it. +Events of the Diet. +Most of the important things in the Diet happened between 16-18 April. On 16 April, Martin Luther got to the city of Worms. He was told to come to the Diet at 4 p.m. on the 17th, and given a lawyer. After a day of arguing about his works, he was told that he was acting like a heretic. On the 18th of April, he went home. But Frederick III, Elector of Saxony thought that someone might kill him, so he faked a highway ambush and used this as a reason to hide Luther in one of his castles. +The Edict of Worms. +By 23 May 1521, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria, King of Spain (Castile and Aragon), King of Germany, King of Italy, Lord of the Netherlands, and Titular Duke of Burgundy had had enough of all of this Martin Luther business, so he wrote: +After that, he ended the Diet of Worms. +However, because Luther was hidden in Wartburg Castle, nothing ever happened to him. + += = = Dual in-line package = = = +A dual in-line package is one way of making microchips and other integrated circuits. The circuit is put inside of a container made out of materials such as plastic or ceramic. All the wires of the circuit are connected to metal pins, and they stick out of the package on two sides. This way the circuit is able to be used from inside the package. +Things can also be put in a dual in-line package that are not integrated circuits. A DIP switch is one example of this, where there are switches on top of the package instead of a circuit inside. + += = = Adrian Zandberg = = = +Adrian Tadeusz Zandberg (born 4 December 1979) is a Polish politician, historian, programmer. He is the co-founder of the left-wing political party "Razem". +Political career. +On 14 November 2001, he published an article in the "Gazeta Wyborcza" daily newspaper written together with civil rights activist Jacek Kuroń on the topic of social justice in Poland. +He was elected chairman of the youth wing ("Forum Młodych") of the Labour United party ("Unia Pracy"), was a member of the executive of this party and founded the Federation of Young Socialists ("Młodzi Socjaliści"). +He has been a Member of the Sejm since 2019. + += = = Todd Howard = = = +Todd Howard (born ) is an American video game designer. He has been a designer, producer, and game director for games. The most well known of these are the "Fallout" and "The Elder Scrolls" series with Bethesda Game Studios. + += = = Clarksdale, Mississippi = = = +Clarksdale is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is the county seat of Coahoma County. + += = = 2039 = = = +2039 (MMXXXIX) will be . + += = = Sergei Karimov = = = +Sergei Karimov (German:"Sergej Karimow", Russian: "������ �������") (21 December 1986 – 24 December 2019) was a Kazakh footballer. He last played for Lupo Martini Wolfsburg. In 2010, he played for the Kazakhstan national football team. + += = = Dario Antoniozzi = = = +Dario Antoniozzi (11 December 1923 – 25 December 2019) was an Italian Christian Democrat politician. He was in the Chamber of Deputies of Italy (1953–1983). He worked in the Government of Italy in the cabinet of Prime Minister of Italy Giulio Andreotti (1976–1979). He was a recipient of the Italian Order of Merit for Culture and Art. He was in the European Parliament from 1979 to 1989. + += = = Peter Schreier = = = +Peter Schreier (29 July 1935 – 25 December 2019) was a German tenor and conductor. He was born in Meissen, Germany. +Schreier made his professional debut in August 1959, playing the role of the First Prisoner in "Fidelio" by Beethoven. In 1963, he was employed by the Berlin State Opera at "Unter den Linden". In 1969, he starred as The Witch in Engelbert Humperdinck's "Hansel and Gretel". +Schreier died on 25 December 2019 in Dresden, Germany at the age of 84. + += = = Sleepy LaBeef = = = +Thomas Paulsley "Sleepy" LaBeef ("né" LaBeff; July 20, 1935 – December 26, 2019) was an American rockabilly singer-songwriter, guitarist and actor. He was born in Smackover, Arkansas. +His first hit was 1968's "Every Day", which peaked at No. 73 on the U.S. Billboard Country charts. After moving to Plantation Records in 1969, he scored a second hit in 1971 with "Blackland Farmer", which charted at No. 67. +LaBeef also starred in the horror movie "The Exotic Ones". He was more popular in Europe. +LaBeef died on December 26, 2019 in Siloam Springs, Arkansas at the age of 84. + += = = Galina Volchek = = = +Galina Borisovna Volchek (; December 19, 1933 – December 26, 2019) was a Soviet and Russian theater and movie director, actress, politician and teacher. She was born in Moscow. +Volchek was known for her roles in "Don Quixote" (1957), "Children of Don Quixote" (1966), "Beware of the Car" (1966), "King Lear" (1971), "The Little Mermaid" (1976), "About the Little Red Riding Hood" (1977), "Autumn Marathon" (1979) and in "Tevye the Dairyman" (1985). +Volchek was elected a deputy into the State Duma in 1995. She left parliament in 1999. +Volchek died in Moscow of pneumonia on December 26, 2019 at the age of 86. + += = = Graham T. Allison = = = +Graham Tillett Allison Jr. (born March 23, 1940) is an American political scientist and educator. He is a professor at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. +His book "Remaking Foreign Policy: The Organizational Connection" was published in 1976. He had some influence on the foreign policy of the administration of President Jimmy Carter who took office in early 1977. +Since the 1970s, Allison has also been a leading analyst of U.S. national security and defense policy, with a special interest in nuclear weapons and terrorism. + += = = Robert D. Putnam = = = +Robert David Putnam (born January 9, 1941) is an American political scientist. +He is the Peter and Isabel Malkin Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. Putnam developed the two-level game theory that says international agreements will only be successfully if they also have domestic benefits. + += = = Port Clinton, Ohio = = = +Port Clinton is a city in and the county seat of Ottawa County. It is located at the mouth of the Portage River on Lake Erie, about 44 miles east of Toledo. The population was 6,025 at the 2020 census. + += = = Robert Banas = = = +Robert "Bobby" Banas (born September 22, 1933) is an American dancer and actor. He is known for his work on movies such as "West Side Story" (1961), "Always" (1989) and "Down and Out in Beverly Hills" (1986). He also did a televised performance of the dance (which he also choreographed) for the 1963 Shirley Ellis song, "Nitty Gritty". + += = = Richard Beymer = = = +George Richard Beymer, Jr. (born February 20, 1938) is an American actor, filmmaker and artist. He is best known for playing the roles of Tony in the movie version of "West Side Story" (1961), Peter in "The Diary of Anne Frank" (1959) and Ben Horne on the television series "Twin Peaks" (1990–1991, 2017). + += = = Jimmy Bryant (singer) = = = +James Howard Bryant (June 2, 1929 - June 22, 2022) was an American singer, arranger and composer. He is most well known for being the singing voice of Tony (played onscreen by Richard Beymer) in the 1961 movie musical "West Side Story". +He also sang for James Fox in the 1967 musical "Thoroughly Modern Millie" and sang in "The Telephone Hour" number in "Bye Bye Birdie". He also sang in the group that performed the theme song of the TV series "Batman". +Bryant was born in Birmingham, Alabama. He died June 22, 2022 at 93. The remake of West Side Story is dedicated to his memory. + += = = Arthur Laurents = = = +Arthur Laurents (July 14, 1917 – May 5, 2011) was an American playwright, stage director and screenwriter. +His best known works were "West Side Story" (1957), "" (1959), and "Hallelujah, Baby!" (1967), and directing some of his own shows and other Broadway productions. +His early movie scripts include "Rope" (1948) for Alfred Hitchcock, followed by "Anastasia" (1956), "Bonjour Tristesse" (1958), "The Way We Were" (1973), and "The Turning Point" (1977). + += = = Quogue, New York = = = +Quogue () is an incorporated village in Suffolk County, New York, United States, in the Town of Southampton, on Long Island. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 1,662. + += = = Phil Ruffin = = = +Phillip Gene "Phil" Ruffin (born March 14, 1935) is an American businessman. He owns the Treasure Island Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. He is also a business partner of Donald Trump, with whom he co-owns the Trump International Hotel in Las Vegas. +On the "Forbes" 2018 list of the world's billionaires, he was ranked No. 877 with a net worth of US $2.7 billion. + += = = Aureus = = = +Aureus (plural: aurei) was a type of gold coin in ancient Rome. It had the same value as 25 denarii silver coins. An aureus was the same size as a denarius, but it weighed more because gold is more dense. +The aureus coin was first used in 1st century BC. It stopped being used in the 4th century AD. It was replaced by the solidus. + += = = Jerry Herman = = = +Gerald Sheldon Herman (July 10, 1931 – December 26, 2019) was an American composer and lyricist. He was known for his work in Broadway musical theater. He composed the scores for the hit Broadway musicals "Hello, Dolly!", "Mame", and "La Cage aux Folles". +He was nominated for the Tony Award five times, and won twice, for "Hello, Dolly!" and "La Cage aux Folles". He won a Grammy Award in 1965. In 2009, Herman received the Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre. He was a recipient of the 2010 Kennedy Center Honors. +Herman, who was openly gay, was diagnosed HIV-positive in 1985. +Herman died on December 26, 2019 at a hospital in Miami, Florida from lung disease at the age of 88. + += = = Adam DeVine = = = +Adam Patrick DeVine (born November 7, 1983) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer, and singer. He is one of the stars and co-creators of the Comedy Central series "Workaholics". +He plays the role of Bumper in the musical movies "Pitch Perfect" and "Pitch Perfect 2" and Andy in the sitcom "Modern Family" and Adam Demamp in the sitcom "Workaholics". +His other roles include "Neighbors", "The Intern", "The Final Girls", "Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates", "Game Over, Man!" and "When We First Met". +He has voiced characters in movies including "" and "The Lego Batman Movie". +DeVine has voiced characters on animated series "Uncle Grandpa", "", "Vampirina", and "Green Eggs and Ham". +DeVine married actress Chloe Bridges in 2021. + += = = Hack and slash = = = +Hack and slash or hack and slay (H&S or HnS; also hack-and-slash or hack 'n' slay) is a type of gameplay that emphasizes combat. +The term "hack and slash" was used to describe a play style in tabletop role-playing games, from there to MUDs, MMORPGs, and role-playing video games. In arcade- and console-style action video games, it has a different usage, it focuses on real-time combat with hand-to-hand weapons against guns or fists.<ref name="Wells/Mohan"></ref> + += = = Sachse, Texas = = = +Sachse is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Lowry Crossing, Texas = = = +Lowry Crossing is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Celina, Texas = = = +Celina is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Allen, Texas = = = +Allen is a city in Collin County, Texas, United States, a northern suburb of Dallas. As of the 2020 United States Census, the city had a total population of 104,627. + += = = The Colony, Texas = = = +The Colony is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is a suburb of Dallas. + += = = Ennis, Texas = = = +Ennis is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Hurst, Texas = = = +Hurst is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Dalworthington Gardens, Texas = = = +Dalworthington Gardens is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. It is a suburb of Arlington. The population was 2,293 at the 2020 census. + += = = Azle, Texas = = = +Azle is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Hudson Oaks, Texas = = = +Hudson Oaks is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Bovina, Texas = = = +Bovina is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Mirasi = = = +Mirasi refers to a caste of people living in North India, Pakistan especially punjab area who earn their living by singing, dancing, entertaining as jokers. These people are considerd inferior caste in social system. + += = = Friona, Texas = = = +Friona is a city in Parmer County, Texas, United States. In 2020, 4,171 people lived in Friona. + += = = Appleby, Texas = = = +Appleby is a city of Nacogdoches County, in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Chireno, Texas = = = +Chireno is a city in Nacogdoches County, Texas, United States. The population was 370 at the 2020 census. +American actress, singer, and dancer Ann Miller (1923-2004) was born in Chireno. + += = = Cushing, Texas = = = +Cushing is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Garrison, Texas = = = +Garrison is a city of Nacogdoches County, in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Haslet, Texas = = = +Haslet is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Justin, Texas = = = +Justin is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Roanoke, Texas = = = +Roanoke is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Dearborn County, Indiana = = = +Dearborn County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 50,679 people lived there. The county seat and largest city is Lawrenceburg. + += = = Ball, Louisiana = = = +Ball is a suburb of Alexandria. It is in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. + += = = Boyce, Louisiana = = = +Boyce is a small town in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. + += = = Decatur County, Indiana = = = +Decatur County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 26,472 people lived there. The county seat is Greensburg. + += = = Warren Park, Indiana = = = +Warren Park is a town in Warren Township, Marion County, Indiana, United States. The population was 1,490 at the 2020 census. + += = = Austwell, Texas = = = +Austwell is a city in Refugio County, Texas, United States. + += = = Italy, Texas = = = +Italy is a town in Ellis County, Texas, United States. As of the 2020 census, 1,926 people lived there. + += = = Brazos Bend, Texas = = = +Brazos Bend is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Perryton, Texas = = = +Perryton is a city in Ochiltree County, Texas, United States. The population was 8,492 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Ochiltree County. + += = = La Chaux = = = +La Chaux is the name or part of the name of several places: + += = = Moiry = = = +Moiry may refer to: + += = = Shaheed = = = +Shaheed ( , , ; ) denotes a martyr in Islam and Sikhism. The word is used frequently in the Quran in the generic sense of "witness" but only once in the sense of "martyr" (i.e. one who dies for his faith); the latter sense acquires wider usage in the "hadith". +Quranic references. +A shaheed is one who is promised to go to Jannah according to these verses of the Quran: +Think not of those, who are slain in the way of Allah, as dead. Nay, they are living. With their Lord they have provision. Jubilant (are they) because of that which Allah hath bestowed upon them of His bounty, rejoicing for the sake of those who have not joined them but are left behind: That there shall no fear come upon them neither shall they grieve. +- Quran 3:169–170 +Lo! Allah hath bought from the believers their lives and their wealth because the Garden will be theirs: they shall fight in the way of Allah and shall slay and be slain. It is a promise which is binding on Him in the Torah and the Gospel and the Qur'an. Who fulfilleth His covenant better than Allah? Rejoice then in your bargain that ye have made, for that is the supreme triumph. +- Quran 9:111 +Those who fled their homes for the cause of Allah and then were slain or died, Allah verily will provide for them a good provision. Lo! Allah, He verily is Best of all who make provision. Assuredly He will cause them to enter by an entry that they will love. Lo! Allah verily is Knower, Indulgent. +- Quran 22:58–59 + += = = Fallout 2 = = = +Fallout 2: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game (usually just called Fallout 2) was a video game released in 1998. It was made by Black Isle Studios and published by Interplay. It was a sequel to "Fallout", and the second game in the "Fallout" series. It had very similar graphics and gameplay to the first "Fallout", but a larger world and longer story. +The sequel to "Fallout 2" was not made by Black Isle Studios because Bethesda Softworks bought the "Fallout" series. Eventually Bethesda Game Studios made "Fallout 3" in 2008. + += = = Tim Cain = = = +Tim Cain is an American video game designer. He designed the game "Fallout", which came out in 1997. In 2009 he was chosen by IGN as one of the top 100 game creators of all time. + += = = Richmond, British Columbia = = = +Richmond is a city on Lulu Island and in the Metro Vancouver area of British Columbia. The Canada Line and Vancouver International Airport are also located inside Richmond. Richmond had 196,660 people in it in 2006. +Malls. +Many shopping malls are located in Richmond, these include: + += = = The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas = = = +"The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" short story by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. It was published in 1973. The story happens in a utopian city called Omelas. The city can only be wealthy and happy as long as a single child suffers. "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" was nominated for the Locus Award for Best Short Fiction in 1974 and won the Hugo Award for Best Short Story in 1974. + += = = The Wind's Twelve Quarters = = = +The Wind's Twelve Quarters is a collection of short stories by American writer Ursula K. Le Guin. The title is from A. E. Housman's "A Shropshire Lad" Harper & Row published the book in 1975. Le Guin called it a look back at her start as a writer. The book has 17 stories that had already been published. Four of the stories were the first ideas for novels she wrote later: "The Word of Unbinding" and "The Rule of Names" was the beginning of Earthsea. "Semley's Necklace" was first titles "Dowry of the Angyar" in 1964. Then it was the start of the novel "Rocannon's World" in 1966; "Winter's King" is about people living on the planet Winter, as is Le Guin's later novel "The Left Hand of Darkness". Most of the other stories are also connected to Le Guin's novels. The story "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" won the Hugo Award in 1974. "The Day Before the Revolution" won the Locus and Nebula Awards in 1975. + += = = Kulubá = = = +Kulubá is an ancient Maya civilization city and archaeological site in the Tizimín Municipality, Yucatán, Mexico. +The archaeological zone was originally discovered in 1941. Excavation of the site is still in its initial stages even though research in the area has been going on for over a decade. So far, a large palace has been partially uncovered. It is 55 meters by 15 meters and stand six meters tall. Other remains include a residential and cooking area. A burial site has also been identified. The governor of Yucatan announced in 2019 that a significant amount of money was to be invested in development of the site as a tourist destination. + += = = Kim (Korean surname) = = = +Kim or Gim () is the most common surname, or family name, in Korea. In 2015 more than 10 million people in South Korea had this name. That is over 20% of all people in the country. The Kim family is the current ruling family in North Korea. + += = = Angela Rayner = = = +Angela Rayner ("née" Bowen; born 28 March 1980) is a British politician serving as Shadow First Secretary of State and Deputy Leader of the Opposition since 2020. A member of the Labour Party, she currently serves as its Deputy leader. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Ashton-under-Lyne since 2015. She served in the Shadow Cabinet of Jeremy Corbyn as Shadow Secretary of State for Education since 2016. +In January 2020, Rayner announced her candidacy for Labour Deputy Leader in the 2020 deputy leadership election, which she won. + += = = Ronald Melzack = = = +Ronald Melzack, (July 19, 1929 – December 22, 2019) was a Canadian psychologist and emeritus professor of psychology at McGill University. He was known for his pain research by introducing the gate control theory of pain. +He was a founding member of the International Association for the Study of Pain. He also became the founding editor of "Wall & Melzack's Textbook of Pain" +Melzack had many honors including Prix du Québec (1994), the Order of Canada (1995), and the National Order of Quebec (2000). In 2010, he won the Grawemeyer Award for his research on the science of pain. + += = = Lee Mendelson = = = + Richard Dawson Harry "Lee" Mendelson (March 24, 1933 – December 25, 2019) was an American television producer, known for his cartoons for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Walt Disney Company, Hanna-Barbera Productions, The Peanuts animated Specials and Nickelodeon Movies. "Travels with Charley", based upon the book by John Steinbeck. +Mendelson Productions has produced over 100 television and movie productions, winning 12 Emmys and 4 Peabodys, as well as many Grammy, Emmy, and Oscar nominations. +Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Disney, HB Nickelodeon Movies and animation. +Mendleson joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1961. He worked on some Tom and Jerry films. He produced A Charlie Brown Christmas. In 1966, he joined Disney. Movies like for example, The lion King. (1994). Afew years later He joined the Hanna-Barbera. Characters like Scooby-doo. Later hE joined Nickelodeon Movies, +Like producing Spongebob Squarepants. +Death. +Mendelson died on December 25, 2019 from lung cancer in Hillsborough, California at the age of 86. + += = = Hillsborough, California = = = +Hillsborough is an incorporated town in San Mateo County, California, in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is located south of San Francisco on the San Francisco Peninsula. The population was 11,387 as of 2020. + += = = Don Imus = = = +John Donald Imus Jr. (July 23, 1940 – December 27, 2019) was an American radio personality, television show host, recording artist, and author. He was known for his radio show "Imus in the Morning" which aired on many stations until 2018. +His first radio job in 1968 at KUTY in Palmdale, California. Three years later, he landed the morning spot at WNBC in New York City; he was fired in 1977. +In 1979, Imus returned to WNBC and stayed at the station until 1988 when the show moved to WFAN. He became popular when the show entered national syndication in 1993. He was called a "shock jock" radio host throughout his later career. He retired from broadcasting in March 2018. +In March 2009, Imus was diagnosed with stage 2 prostate cancer. He refused to have chemotherapy. +Imus was hospitalized in College Station, Texas, on December 24, 2019 for problems caused by lung disease. He died three days later, on December 27, at the age of 79. + += = = LeRoy Zimmerman = = = +LeRoy S. Zimmerman (born December 22, 1934) is an American lawyer and politician. He was the Attorney General of Pennsylvania from 1981 through 1989. He was the first person to be elected as state attorney general. +In 2002, he was named to the PoliticsPA list of politically influential individuals. He was named again in 2003 and called a, "power broker in Central Pennsylvania." + += = = J. Charles Jones = = = +Joseph Charles Jones (August 23, 1937 – December 27, 2019) was an American civil rights leader and lawyer. He was the co-founder of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and chairperson of the SNCC's direct action committee. Jones was born in Chester, South Carolina. +He led and participated in several sit-in movements during the 1960s. He was chair of SNCC's direct action committee. In 1961 Jones joined the Freedom Riders driving from Atlanta, Georgia, to Birmingham, Alabama. He was later arrested in Montgomery, Alabama. +In 1966, Jones organized an activist organization called the Action Coordinating Committee to End Segregation in the Suburbs or ACCESS. + += = = Chester, South Carolina = = = +Chester is a small city in Chester County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 5,269 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Chester County. Chester County is part of the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia Metropolitan Statistical Area (formerly Columbia, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area until 1987) + += = = Allison Feaster = = = +Allison Sharlene Feaster-Strong (born February 11, 1976) is a retired American professional basketball player. Feaster-Strong played in the Women's National Basketball Association from 1998 through 2008, for the Los Angeles Sparks, Charlotte Sting, and Indiana Fever. +She played professionally in Europe from 1998 through 2016 for teams in Portugal, France, Spain, and Italy. She retired from professional basketball in August 2016. She was born in Chester, South Carolina. + += = = Freedom Riders = = = +Freedom Riders were civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated Southern United States in 1961 and following years to challenge the non-enforcement of the United States Supreme Court decisions "Morgan v. Virginia" (1946) and "Boynton v. Virginia" (1960), which ruled that segregated public buses were unconstitutional. +The Southern states had ignored the rulings and the federal government did nothing to enforce them. The first Freedom Ride left Washington, D.C. on May 4, 1961, and was scheduled to arrive in New Orleans on May 17. +Southern local and state police considered the actions of the Freedom Riders to be criminal and arrested them in some locations. In some places, such as Birmingham, Alabama, the police worked with the Ku Klux Klan and other white people against the actions of the riders, and allowed mobs to attack the riders. + += = = Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee = = = +The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, often pronounced ) was the main channel of student activity to the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. +They were a group of students who wanted to show segregation was wrong. They would sit in white only shops and cafes and refuse to move even if they were attacked. +It was created in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins to protest segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina and Nashville, Tennessee. The group was mainly founded and headed by Ella Baker. + += = = Sterling Marlin = = = +Sterling Burton Marlin (born June 30, 1957) is an American former stock car racing driver. He formerly competed in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. He won the Daytona 500 in 1994 and 1995. He is the son of late NASCAR driver Coo Coo Marlin. +In October 2012, Marlin was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease. + += = = Columbia, Tennessee = = = +Columbia is a city in and the county seat of Maury County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 41,690 at the 2020 census. + += = = Maury County, Tennessee = = = +Maury County ( ) is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee, in the Middle Tennessee region. As of the 2020 census, the population was 100,974. Its county seat is Columbia. + += = = Fred Lorenzen = = = +Frederick "Fred" Lorenzen, Jr. (born December 30, 1934), nicknamed The Golden Boy, Fast Freddie, The Elmhurst Express and Fearless Freddy, is an American NASCAR driver. He was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. His career lasted from 1958 to 1972. He won the 1965 Daytona 500. + += = = Rona Ambrose = = = +Ronalee Chapchuk "Rona" Ambrose (; born March 15, 1969) is a Canadian politician. She was interim Leader of the Conservative Party and the Leader of the Opposition between 2015 and 2017. +She was the Conservative Party member of the House of Commons for Sturgeon River—Parkland between 2015 and 2017, and had represented Edmonton—Spruce Grove from 2004 to 2015. + += = = Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada) = = = +The Leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition () is the leader of Canada's Official Opposition. It is the party possessing the most seats in the House of Commons that is not the governing party or part of the governing coalition. +The former interim Leader of the Opposition was Candice Bergen, M.P. since Erin O'Toole's resignation in February 2022. Pierre Poilievre is the current Leader of the Opposition. + += = = Bill Graham (Canadian politician) = = = +William Carvel "Bill" Graham (March 17, 1939 – August 7, 2022) was a Canadian lawyer, law professor, politician, and Chancellor of Trinity College. +Graham was Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of National Defence, Leader of the Opposition and interim Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada. +Graham died on August 7, 2022 in Toronto, Ontario at the age of 83. + += = = Guccio Gucci = = = +Guccio Gucci (26 March 1881 – 2 January 1953) was an Italian-British businessman and fashion designer. He is most known for being the founder of the fashion house of Gucci. + += = = Hugo Boss = = = +Hugo Boss AG, often styled as BOSS, is a German luxury fashion house headquartered in Metzingen. It was founded in 1924 by Hugo Boss. +With the rise of the Nazi Party in the 1930s, Boss began to produce and sell Nazi uniforms. After World War II and the founder's death in 1948, Hugo Boss started to turn its focus from uniforms to men's suits. The company went public in 1988. Hugo Boss online store in Great Britain is launched in September 2008 and selling Men's suits online from there. + it owned more than 1,113 retail stores worldwide. +Hugo Boss along with the Guggenheim Museum administers the Hugo Boss Prize which is given annually to artists from around the world. + += = = Hugo Boss (fashion designer) = = = +Hugo Ferdinand Boss (8 July 1885 – 9 August 1948) was a German fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the clothing company Hugo Boss AG. He was an active member of the Nazi Party from 1931 to 1945. + += = = Metzingen = = = +Metzingen is a Swabian city with about 22,000 people in it, in Reutlingen county, Baden-Württemberg, Germany, south of Stuttgart. + += = = Roy Raymond = = = +Roy Larson Raymond (April 15, 1947 – August 26, 1993) was an American businessman. He founded the Victoria's Secret lingerie retail store in 1977. +On August 26, 1993, Raymond committed suicide by jumping off the Golden Gate Bridge. + += = = Louis Vuitton (designer) = = = +Louis Vuitton (; 4 August 1821 – 27 February 1892) was a French fashion designer and businessman. He was the founder of the Louis Vuitton brand of leather goods now owned by LVMH. + += = = LVMH = = = +LVMH Moët Hennessy – Louis Vuitton SE (), also known as LVMH, is a French multinational luxury goods conglomerate headquartered in Paris (France). The company was formed in 1987 under the merger of fashion house Louis Vuitton with Moët Hennessy, a company formed after the 1971. + += = = Charles Lewis Tiffany = = = +Charles Lewis Tiffany (February 15, 1812 – February 18, 1902) was an American jewelry designer. He was a leader in the nineteenth century American jewelry trade. He founded New York City's Tiffany & Co. in 1837. He helped introduced the English standard of sterling silver in imported jewelry in 1851. + += = = Sankt Augustin = = = +Sankt Augustin is a town in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is named after the patron saint of the Divine Word Missionaries, Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430). +Sankt Augustin is twinned with: + += = = Mevaseret Zion = = = +Mevaseret Zion () is a suburb of Jerusalem with the administrative status of a local council. Mevaseret Zion is made up of two distinct older townships, Maoz Zion and Mevaseret Yerushalayim. +Mevaseret Zion is located on a mountain ridge 750 meters above sea level, on the outskirts of Jerusalem. + += = = Szentes = = = +Szentes is a city in south-eastern Hungary, Csongrád county. + += = = Quentin Burdick = = = +Quentin Northrup Burdick (June 19, 1908 – September 8, 1992) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party. He represented North Dakota in the U.S. House of Representatives (1959–1960) and the U.S. Senate (1960–1992). +At the time of his death, he was the third longest-serving senator (after Strom Thurmond and Robert Byrd) among current members of the Senate. +Burdick died of heart failure at a Fargo, North Dakota hospital at the age of 84. + += = = Erzsébet Szőnyi = = = +Erzsébet Szőnyi, also Erzsébet Szilágyi, (25 April 1924 – 28 December 2019) was a Hungarian composer and music teacher. Her works were about symphonic compositions, chamber music works, art songs, and oratorios. She also wrote many stage works including eight operas. She was born in Budapest. In 1964, Erzsébet became a member directing the International Society for Music Education (ISME). She was vice-president of ISME from 1970 to 1974. +Szőnyi died on 28 December 2019 in Budapest at the age of 95. + += = = Takehiko Endo = = = + was a Japanese politician. He was a member of Liberal Democratic Party. He was in the House of Representatives in the Diet of Japan. +On September 3, 2007, due to the financial scandal, he resigned as Minister of Agriculture just eight days after he was appointed to the post. +Endo died of pneumonia on December 27, 2019 in Yonezawa, Yamagata at the age of 81. + += = = Bek Air Flight 2100 = = = +Bek Air Flight 2100 was a domestic passenger flight from Almaty to Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, onboard a Fokker 100. It crashed on 27 December 2019 while taking off from Almaty International Airport. +Initial reports said fourteen people had been killed and 66 were critically injured, with one of the first survivors dying later in hospital, bringing total fatalities to fifteen; however, the death toll was later fixed to 12, without any explanation. +The local government has started investigations and more reports are pending. The exact number of people on board was not immediately determined. + += = = Wilson Livingood = = = +Wilson "Bill" Livingood (born October 1, 1936) was elected Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives on January 4, 1995. Livingood was the 35th person to hold the post. + += = = Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives = = = +The Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives is an officer of the House with law enforcement, protocol, and administrative responsibilities. +The Sergeant at Arms is elected at the beginning of each Congress by the membership of the House. +They are known for announcing "Mister/Madam Speaker, the President of the United States" during the beginning of the State of the Union Address as the President enters the United States Capitol. + += = = Paul D. Irving = = = +Paul D. Irving (born August 1957) is an American law enforcement officer. In January 2012, he became the Sergeant at Arms of the United States House of Representatives. He replaced Wilson Livingood. He also worked for the United States Secret Service. + += = = Romà Cuyàs i Sol = = = +Romà Cuyàs i Sol (24 November 1938 – 27 December 2019), was a Spanish lawyer and sports and cultural executive. He was the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee between 1983 and 1984 and comissioner of the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. + += = = Kushal Punjabi = = = +Kushal Punjabi (23 April 1977 – 26 December 2019) was an Indian actor. He won the TV reality game show, "", the Indian version of the American game show "Wipeout" in February 2011. +Punjabi had been in movies such as "Lakshya", "Kaal" and in "Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai." He had also appeared in television shows such as "Ishq Mei Marjawan". +Punjabi hung himself at his Mumbai home on 26 December 2019 at the age of 42. + += = = William Greider = = = +William Harold Greider (August 6, 1936 – December 25, 2019) was an American journalist and author. He wrote mainly about economics. He was national affairs correspondent for "The Nation". He also wrote for the "Rolling Stone" magazine during the 1980s and 1990s, and worked as an on-air correspondent for "Frontline" on PBS. +Greider died at his home in Washington, D.C. from congestive heart failure-related problems, aged 83, on December 25, 2019. + += = = Joseph Segel = = = +Joseph Myron Segel (January 9, 1931 – December 21, 2019) was an American entrepreneur. He was the founder of over 20 American companies, most notably QVC, an American television network, and the Franklin Mint. He was seen as the inventor of television shopping channels. +Segel died on December 21, 2019 at the age of 88 in Gladwyne, Pennsylvania from congestive heart failure. + += = = Gladwyne, Pennsylvania = = = +Gladwyne is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. In 2018, Gladwyne was ranked the 6th richest ZIP code (using 2015 IRS data) in the country in a study by Bloomberg BusinessWeek. The population was 4,096 at the 2020 US census. + += = = Elizabeth Spencer (writer) = = = +Elizabeth Spencer (July 19, 1921 – December 22, 2019) was an American writer. She was born in Carrollton, Mississippi. Spencer's first novel, "Fire in the Morning", was published in 1948. She wrote a total of nine novels, seven collections of short stories, a memoir ("Landscapes of the Heart", 1998), and a play ("For Lease or Sale", 1989). +Her novella "The Light in the Piazza" (1960) was made into a movie in 1962 and made into a Broadway musical of the same name in 2005. +She was a five-time recipient of the O. Henry Award for short fiction. +Spencer's mother was the great-aunt of U.S. Senator John McCain. +Spencer died on December 22, 2019 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina at the age of 98. + += = = Orange County, North Carolina = = = +Orange County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, 148,696 people lived there. Its county seat is Hillsborough. + += = = Siler City, North Carolina = = = +Siler City is a town in western Chatham County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town's population was 7,702. + += = = Pittsboro, North Carolina = = = +Pittsboro is a town in Chatham County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,537 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Chatham County. + += = = Carrollton, Mississippi = = = +Carrollton is a town in and the second county seat of Carroll County, Mississippi, United States. The population was 423 at the 2020 census. + += = = Vaiden, Mississippi = = = +Vaiden is a town in Carroll County, Mississippi, United States and its first county seat. The population was 907 at the 2020 census. + += = = Gaston County, North Carolina = = = +Gaston County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 227,943. The county seat is Gastonia. + += = = Monroe, North Carolina = = = +Monroe is a city in and the county seat of Union County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 34,562 in 2020. It is within the rapidly growing Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC Metropolitan area. +A new mayor was elected in 2023. The election came down to a coin flip which Robert Burns won. + += = = Union County, North Carolina = = = +Union County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 238,267. Its county seat is Monroe. + += = = Robeson County, North Carolina = = = +Robeson County is a county in the southern part of the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 116,530. Its county seat is Lumberton. + += = = Lumberton, North Carolina = = = +Lumberton is a city in Robeson County, North Carolina, United States. It is the county seat of Robeson County, which is the largest county in the state by land area. + += = = Elizabethtown, North Carolina = = = +Elizabethtown is a town in Bladen County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 3,296 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Bladen County. + += = = Dallas, North Carolina = = = +Dallas is a small town in Gaston County, North Carolina, and a suburb of Charlotte, located north of Gastonia. The population was 5,927 at the 2020 census. It was named for George M. Dallas, Vice President of the United States under James K. Polk. + += = = Silver City, North Carolina = = = +Silver City is an unincorporated area and census-designated place (CDP) in Hoke County, North Carolina in the United States. The population was 643 at the 2020 census. + += = = Raeford, North Carolina = = = +Raeford is a city in Hoke County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 4,559 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Hoke County. + += = = Hoke County, North Carolina = = = +Hoke County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 52,082. Its county seat is Raeford. + += = = Fly Me to the Moon = = = +"Fly Me to the Moon", originally titled "In Other Words", is a song written in 1954 by Bart Howard. +Kaye Ballard made the first recording of the song the year it was written. Frank Sinatra's 1964 version was mainly about the Apollo missions to the Moon. Patti Page also sang this song and made a hit. +In 1999, the Songwriters Hall of Fame honored "Fly Me to the Moon" by adding it as a "Towering Song". + += = = You Make Me Feel So Young = = = +"You Make Me Feel So Young" is a 1946 popular song composed by Josef Myrow, with lyrics written by Mack Gordon. It was created for the movie "Three Little Girls in Blue". +The song was recorded by Frank Sinatra in 1956, and performed many times throughout his career. It is featured in the 2003 movie "Elf". + += = = Rat Pack = = = +The Rat Pack was an informal group of entertainers centered on the Las Vegas casino scene. The group met at the Los Angeles home of Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall. +Members. +In the 1960s the group had Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr., Peter Lawford and Joey Bishop among others. They appeared together on stage and in movies in the early 1960s, including the movies "Ocean's 11", "Sergeants 3", and "Robin and the 7 Hoods" (in the last movie, Bing Crosby replaced Lawford). Sinatra, Martin, and Davis were seen as the group's lead members after Bogart's death. + += = = Send In the Clowns = = = +"Send In the Clowns" is a song written by Stephen Sondheim for the 1973 musical "A Little Night Music". Sondheim wrote the song specifically for Glynis Johns. It became Sondheim's most popular song after Frank Sinatra recorded it in 1973 and Judy Collins' version charted in 1975 and 1977. + += = = Bosworth, Missouri = = = +Bosworth is a city in Carroll County, Missouri, United States. The population was 213 at the 2020 U.S. Census. + += = = Carroll County, Missouri = = = +Carroll County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 8,495. Its county seat is Carrollton. + += = = Carrollton, Missouri = = = +Carrollton is a city in Carroll County, Missouri, United States. The population was 3,514 at the 2020 census. The population is down 270 residents since 2010. Carrollton is the county seat of Carroll County. + += = = Ray County, Missouri = = = +Ray County is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri and is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 23,158. Its county seat is Richmond. + += = = Richmond, Missouri = = = +Richmond is a city in Ray County, Missouri, and part of the Kansas City metropolitan area within the United States. The population was 6,013 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Ray County. + += = = Newton County, Missouri = = = +Newton County is a county located in the southwest part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the population was 58,648. Its county seat is Neosho. + += = = Savannah, Missouri = = = +Savannah is a city and county seat of Andrew County, Missouri, United States. The population was 5,069 at the 2020 census. + += = = Chicka Chicka Boom Boom = = = +Chicka Chicka Boom Boom is a bestselling American children's book written by Bill Martin, Jr. and John Archambault, illustrated by Lois Ehlert, and published by Simon & Schuster in 1989. The book features anthropomorphized letters. + += = = McKeesport, Pennsylvania = = = +McKeesport is a city in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 17,727 at the 2020 census, and it is Allegheny County's second-largest city, after Pittsburgh. It is at the confluence of the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers and within the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. It was founded in 1795. + += = = Pietro Brollo = = = +Pietro Brollo (1 December 1933 – 5 December 2019) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Tolmezzo. +Brollo was ordained to the priesthood in 1957. He was titular bishop of "Zuglio" and auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Udine, Italy, from 1985 to 1995. He then was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Belluno-Feltre, Italy, from 1995 to 2000. Brollo was archbishop of the Udine Archdiocese from 2000 to 2009. +Brollo died on 5 December 2019 in Tolmezzo at the age of 86. + += = = Tolmezzo = = = +Tolmezzo (, , archaic or "Schönfeld") is a city and "comune" in the province of Udine, part of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of north-eastern Italy. + += = = Trasquera = = = +Trasquera is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont. +Trasquera is about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Verbania. It is in the Val Divedro, on the border with Switzerland. As of 2004, 247 people lived there. It has an area of . +Trasquera is next to these municipalities: Bognanco, Crevoladossola, Domodossola, Varzo, Zwischbergen (Switzerland). + += = = Baceno = = = +Baceno (Lombard "Bascén", Walser German: "Aager") is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont. +Baceno is about northeast of Turin and about northwest of Verbania. It is on the border with Switzerland. As of 2004, 963 people lived there. It has an area of . +Baceno is next to these municipalities: Binn (Switzerland), Crodo, Formazza, Grengiols (Switzerland), Premia, Varzo. + += = = Bangs, Texas = = = +Bangs is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Blackwell, Texas = = = +Blackwell is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Robert Lee, Texas = = = +Robert Lee is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Coke County. + += = = Flower Mound, Texas = = = +Flower Mound is a town in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Weimar, Texas = = = +Weimar is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Subaru Brat = = = +The Subaru BRAT, short for "Bi-drive Recreational All-terrain Transporter", known outside Canada and the United States as the 284 in the United Kingdom, Brumby in Australia, and Shifter, MV, or Targa in other markets, was a pickup truck that was made by Subaru from 1978 until 1994. The Subaru BRAT was an all-wheel drive automobile. + += = = Subaru Sambar = = = +The Subaru Sambar is a cabover kei truck and microvan that is currently made by Daihatsu. The Subaru Sambar is common in Japan and is uncommon in the United States and Canada but is sent to these countries when people buy them. However, Subaru did make some Sambars to be sold in the United States. + += = = Hicksville, New York = = = +Hicksville is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States, on Long Island. The population of the CDP was 43,869 at the 2020 census. + += = = American crow = = = +The American crow ("Corvus brachyrhynchos") is a species of crow that is found in North America. It is of least concern, this means that it is not in any danger of dying out. A large group of crows is also called a murder. These crows can also be tamed to be around humans. +It is a common bird found throughout much of North America. American crows are the North American counterpart to the carrion crow and the hooded crow of Eurasia; they all occupy the same ecological niche (role in their environment). Although the American crow and the hooded crow are very similar in size and behavior, their calls and the way the look are different. +From beak to tail, an American crow measures , almost half of which is tail. Mass is between , with males tending to be bigger than females. Plumage is all black, with feathers that look like they shine in the sun. It looks much like the other all-black birds in their family. They are very intelligent, and adaptable to human environments. The most usual call is "". +American crows are very common in North America. They are considered a pest to farms. +Health concerns. +These crows also carry different viruses that might be harmful to humans if the crow is infected with the disease. +They also catch the West Nile virus easily making them useful to track the virus's spread. +Relationship with people. +Crows are used as a motif in some human cultures, they are used as symbols of death, thieves, graveyards, bad luck, and other things seen as bad. +However, they are seen by some neo-pagan and native cultures as signs of good luck, and even of some gods, such as Apollo & Odin. + += = = Large-billed crow = = = +The large-billed crow ("Corvus macrorhynchos") is a type of crow found in East Asia. Sometimes people think that this bird is a raven. This crow is of least concern so it is safe. It is also called the jungle crow. The bird was called a 'gorilla crow' in Japan, this is because people said it looked like one when they were looking at it. + += = = Lee (Korean surname) = = = +Lee or I () is the second most common surname, or family name, in Korea. In 2015 more than 7 million people in South Korea had this name. That is over 14% of all people in the country. + += = = Gaels = = = +The Gaels are an ethnic group who are native to Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man in northwestern Europe. Gaelic languages are spoken by the Gaels, including m Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic. + += = = Urlabari Municipality = = = +Urlabari is a city and municipality in the Morang District in the Province 1 of southeastern Nepal that makes it the second largest city in Morang District after Biratnagar. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census, it had a population of 18224. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, it had a population of 35,166 and 8,165 households. +It is found 60 km eastern part of metropolitan city Biratnagar. + += = = Aimyon = = = + is a Japanese singer and songwriter. +Discography. +Studio albums +Extended plays +Single +As lead artist +As featured artist + += = = Cateel = = = +', officially the ', is a (or town) in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. +Barangays. +In governmental administration, Cateel is divided into 16 divisions called barangays. + += = = Maurizio Noci = = = +Maurizio Noci (10 August 1937 – 22 December 2019) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies, the Italian Senate and an undersecretary in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests. He was the mayor of Crema from 1975 to 1979. Noci was born in Crema. He was a member of the Italian Socialists. +Noci died on 22 December 2019 in Crema at the age of 82. + += = = Thanos Mikroutsikos = = = +Athanasios "Thanos" Mikroutsikos (; 13 April 1947 – 28 December 2019) was a Greek composer and politician. He was thought to be one of the most important composers of the recent Greek musical scene. He was born in Patras, Greece. In 1994, he became Minister of Culture. He left the job in 1996. He was supporter of the Communist Party of Greece. +Mikroutsikos died on 28 December 2019 from lung cancer at a hospital in Athens at the age of 72. + += = = Mikhail Zhvanetsky = = = +Mikhail Mikhaylovich Zhvanetsky (; born 6 March 1934 – 6 November 2020) was a Soviet-Russian writer, satirist and performer. He was best known for his shows about different parts of the Soviet and post-Soviet everyday life. He was born in Odessa, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. He joined the Union of Soviet Writers in 1978 and has written several books. +Awards. +A minor planet, 5931 Zhvanetskij, discovered on April 1, 1976, is named after him (using different transliteration of the surname). + += = = Vishwesha Teertha = = = +Sri Vishwesha Tirtharu (officially known as ; (27 April 1931 – 29 December 2019) ) was an Indian Hindu guru. He was the Swamiji of the Sri Pejavara Adokshaja Matha, one of the Ashta Mathas belonging to the Dvaita school of philosophy, founded by Sri Madhvacharya. +Sri Vishvesha Tirtharu was the 32nd in the lineage of the Pejavara matha, starting from Sri Adhokshaja Tirtharu. He was the honorary president of "Vishva Tulu Sammelana". Teertha was born in Ramakunja, India. +Teertha died on 29 December 2019 at a hospital in Pejawara Matha, Udupi of pneumonia at the age of 88. + += = = Pat Crowley = = = +Patricia Crowley (born September 17, 1933) was an American actress. She co-starred with Rosemary Clooney in a 1954 musical, "Red Garters", and with Barbara Stanwyck and Fred MacMurray in the 1956 drama "There's Always Tomorrow". + += = = Olyphant, Pennsylvania = = = +Olyphant is a borough in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania. It is about five miles (8 km) northeast of Scranton. + += = = Karen Sharpe = = = +Karen Kay Sharpe (born September 20, 1934) is an American actress. In 1969 to 1970, Sharpe was cast as Laura Thomas, the girlfriend of the title character, in 18 episodes of the CBS Western series "Johnny Ringo". + += = = Carroll Baker = = = +Carroll Baker (born May 28, 1931) is an American actress. She is known for her role in "Baby Doll" in 1956. Her role in the movie earned her BAFTA and Oscar nominations for Best Actress, as well as a Golden Globe award for Most Promising Newcomer that year. +Her other early movie roles included George Stevens' "Giant" (1956), playing the love interest of James Dean, and in the romantic comedy "But Not for Me" (1959). + += = = Susan Kohner = = = +Susanna "Susan" Kohner (born November 11, 1936) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Sarah Jane in "Imitation of Life" (1959), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award and won a Golden Globe award. + += = = Barry Coe = = = +Barry S. Coe (born Barry Clark Heacock, November 26, 1934 – July 16, 2019) was an American actor. He co-starred in one series, titled "Follow the Sun", which aired on ABC during the 1961-1962 season. He also played "Mr. Goodwrench" on TV commercials in the 1970s and 1980s. +Coe died on July 16, 2019 from myelodysplastic syndrome in Palm Desert, California at the age of 84. + += = = Michael Callan = = = +Michael Callan (born November 22, 1935-11 October 2022) is an American actor. He was best known for the role of Riff in "West Side Story" on Broadway, and for his movie roles for Columbia Pictures, notably "Gidget Goes Hawaiian", "The Interns" and "Cat Ballou". + += = = Mark Damon = = = +Mark Damon (born April 22, 1933) is an American actor and producer. His best known role was in Roger Corman's "House of Usher". + += = = Keir Dullea = = = +Keir Atwood Dullea (; born May 30, 1936) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles of astronaut David Bowman in the 1968 movie "" and its 1984 sequel, "2010: The Year We Make Contact". +His other movie roles include "Bunny Lake Is Missing" (1965) and "Black Christmas" (1974). + += = = Margot Bennett (actress) = = = +Margot Bennett (born Muriel Eisenberg, February 19, 1935) is an American publicist and actress. She is best known for her appearances in the movies "O Lucky Man!" and "Who Killed Teddy Bear". She was the first wife of both actor Keir Dullea and, later, actor Malcolm McDowell. + += = = Woodmere, New York = = = +Woodmere is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 18,669 at the 2020 census. + += = = Howard Weitzman = = = +Howard Lloyd Weitzman (September 21, 1939 – April 7, 2021) was an American entertainment lawyer. He was known for representing Michael Jackson's estate in the IRS case against him. Other famous clients include Justin Bieber, O.J. Simpson and John DeLorean. +Weitzman was a founding partner at Kinsella Weitzman Iser Kump & Aldisert (KWIKA). He was born in Los Angeles. +Weitzman died on April 7, 2021 in Los Angeles from cancer, aged 81. + += = = Parspatunik = = = +Parspatunik,Parspatuniq(in , also Parasapatene and Patsparunik, Parparunik) was the 26th district of Vaspurakan province and the largest region (550 km 2) of the kingdom of Greater Armenia. After 72 A.D. Parspatuniq became principality of Great Armenia, which owned two regions (Parspatunik and Marand) in the province of Vaspurakan. The region belonged to the princely family of Parspatuni(Patsparuni, Parspuni, Parsparuni). +History. +In antiquity, the main territory of Parspatunik (modern Karadag) was part of the Scythian state-tribal entity. In the western part of Parspatunik, Marand, the center of the ancient region Sangibutu,Ulhu was located . Then the region was part of the kingdom of Urartu. Subsequently, these areas again fell into the power of the Scythians. They later became part of the Median Empire. After the division of the empire of Alexander the Great,��stern Parspatunik became part of the Media Atropatena. Artashes I annexed �astern Parspatunik to Great Armenia during the military campaign +. Marand was part of the Armenian kingdom before the conquests of King Artashes I. +The princely clan of Parspatuni descended from the Matianian kings of Sangibutu. +Having become princes, the naxarars of Parspatuni united under their rule the regions of Parspatunik and Marand, choosing the Marand's Bakurarakert(Greco-Roman Philadelphia) as their capital. +Parspatunik was not included into Vaspurakan after the second partition of Great Armenia in 591 by the Roman and Sasanids empires. +Then, later, under the rule of the Arab caliphate, the region is no longer part of Vaspurakan. The population of Parspatunik was significantly Islamized during the Caliphate. +Geographical location and population. +Parspatunik was located between the river Araxes from the north and Parthian empire in the south. +The wooded mountain range of Parspatunik(Matiani mts.) was also known in Antiquity as �������� ��� - the Armenian Mountains, in which there was a passage �������� ����� - Armenian Gate (������ �����), what was described in the III-rd century B.C. by a Greek author Eratosthenes(280-202 B.C.) and mentioned again by a XIV-th century Muslim historiographer Hamballah Ghazvini. The road passing through the Armenian Gate in the Middle Ages led to the famous Khudapery Bridge. +By its geographical position, Parspatunik was located on the border of the Armenian and Parthian kingdoms. This circumstance explains the Armenian name of the region, which translates as “Wall of Persia” from the words “Pars”(Persia) and “pat”(wall), due to the fact that the Matiani mountains of Parspatunik served as the ancient border between Armenia and Iran. +In the I-VI centuries, this region was the 26th ghawar(region) and the principality of the Armenian province of Vaspurakan, as mentioned by the 7th-century Armenian geographer and historian Anania Shirakatsi . +The population of Parspatunik consisted m�stly of Iranian(Atropatenian and Caspian) tribes. +The Armenian population, previously Matiene and Alarodian tribes, was concentrated in the towns and wooded mountainous areas near the fortresses, where it still existing to this day in modern Iran. +In the mountainous wooded territory of Parspatunik (Karadag), adjacent to the right bank of the Araxes, there were small Armenian melikdoms until the end of the First World War. +Political map of the Armenian Highlands in the 16th century during the period of the Turkish-Persian Wars,map of the region in the first half of the XVIIIth century +Some of the Armenian melikdoms of Karadag(Parspatunik) were founded by settlers from Karabakh(Artsakh). +The modern historical region of Parspatunik is located on the territory of the Iranian region Arasbaran(Karadag) and was abandoned by the majority of the Armenian population during the repatriation period 1946-1947. A large number of monuments of Armenian architecture have been preserved in the region. +The remaining Armenian population of Parspatunik (Karadag) is concentrated in the mountainous region, on the border of the Iranian provinces of Ardabil and East Azerbaijan. + += = = Cardiff City Stadium = = = +The Cardiff City Stadium () holds Cardiff City Football Club and the Wales national football team. It is located in Cardiff has a seating capacity of 33,280 people. + += = = International economics = = = +International economics is a field of macroeconomics. It looks at the effect of trade of goods and services between different countries. Generally, there's trade between countries, if any of the following is true: +In the end, countries and economies are better off with specialization and trade. + += = = Gilmer, Texas = = = +Gilmer is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Upshur County. + += = = Vanzone con San Carlo = = = +Vanzone con San Carlo is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont. +Vanzone con San Carlo is about northeast of Turin and about west of Verbania. As of 2004, 482 people lived there. It has an area of . +Vanzone con San Carlo is next to these municipalities: Antrona Schieranco, Bannio Anzino, Calasca-Castiglione, Ceppo Morelli. + += = = Black Panther (movie) = = = +Black Panther is a 2018 superhero movie set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and starring Chadwick Boseman as T’Challa / Black Panther and Michael B. Jordan as the supervillain Erik Killmonger. +Plot. +Thousands of years ago an asteroid crashes into an African country called Wakanda containing an alien metal called vibranium which absorbs vibrations and is the world’s strongest metal as a result. The tribes of Wakanda went to war for the vibranium but then decided to unite under the leadership of a king called the Black Panther. Only one tribe goes into exile in the mountains of Wakanda so that they do not have to be ruled by the Black Panther. Because of using vibranium to make weapons the Wakandans managed to stop anyone else from ever conquering their country and as a result they became the world’s most technologically advanced nation but kept that a secret from everyone else by creating a giant force field around the country and having no relationship with the outside world. Then in the late 20th century T’chaka, King of Wakanda finds out that his brother who is an undercover spy in the United States is secretly smuggling vibranium to the US to help oppressed black people to overthrow the white man. T’chaka then kills his brother and leaves his body unburied to return to Wakanda. T’chaka’s brother’s son finds his father’s body dead and swears to get revenge. Then in 2018, T’chaka’s son T’challa comes back to Wakanda to become the new king following T’chaka’s murder in the movie . M’baku comes from the mountains and challenges T’challa to a fight to become Black Panther. T’challa wins and convinces M’Baku to surrender so that he doesn’t have to kill him. T’challa’s cousin turns out to have joined the American army and worked as an assassin for the CIA known as Killmonger. He since left the CIA and hired a supervillain named Klaue to help him rob the British Museum of its Wakandan artifacts and then murder everyone there. T’challa finds out that Klaue is in South Korea and goes there as the Black Panther to try and capture him only to find himself fighting the CIA. Klaue is captured by CIA agent Everett Ross with T’challa’s help and Klaue tells Ross that Wakanda is actually a rich country. Klaue escapes with Killmonger’s help and Ross is hurt. T’challa takes Ross to Wakanda so that his doctors can fix him. Killmonger then gets Klaue to take him to Wakanda only to reveal to Klaue that he is actually a Wakandan prince and kills Klaue. He then delivers Klaue’s body to Wakanda in exchange for an audience with T’challa and demand the throne. Killmonger and T’challa fight to the death and Killmonger wins. Killmonger becomes King of Wakanda and then wants to use the Wakandan military to conquer all white people in the world and punish them for their crimes against black people. T’challa’s family reaches out to M’baku and asks him to fight Killmonger. M’baku reveals that T’challa survived the fight without having surrendered and that he rescued an injured T’challa to repay him for having spared his life. T’challa is healed by M’baku and T’challa confronts Killmonger. Killmonger has no plan to fight T’challa since he believes that now that he is king there is no need for violence. T’challa tries to get the throne back by fighting to the death against Killmonger and wins. T’challa then decides to share Wakanda’s technology with the world. +Reception. +The Black Panther movie was generally praised by the critics and was actually nominated for an Oscar. The CIA helped promote the movie on its Twitter account before the Oscars. + += = = Re, Piedmont = = = +Re is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region of Piedmont. +Re is about from Domodossola and from the border with Switzerland. As of 2004, 805 people lived there. It has an area of . +Re is next to these municipalities: Craveggia, Cursolo-Orasso, Malesco, Villette. + += = = Rho, Lombardy = = = +Rho (; ; ) is a city in northern Italy. Rho is in the Lombardy Region. As of 2018, 50,602 people lived there. + += = = China, Texas = = = +China is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Cinisello Balsamo = = = +Cinisello Balsamo is a city in northern Italy. Cinisello Balsamo is in the Lombardy Region. As of 2018, 75,581 people lived there. + += = = Bevil Oaks, Texas = = = +Bevil Oaks is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Elsberry, Missouri = = = +Elsberry is a city in Missouri in the United States. + += = = DeKalb County, Indiana = = = +DeKalb County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 43,265 people lived there. The county seat is Auburn. + += = = Switzerland County, Indiana = = = +Switzerland County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 9,737 people lived there. The county seat is Vevay. + += = = Vevay, Indiana = = = +Vevay is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the county seat of Switzerland County. + += = = Patriot, Indiana = = = +Patriot is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Brownsboro, Texas = = = +Brownsboro is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Carrion crow = = = +The carrion crow ("Corvus corone") is a type of crow found in east Asia, and in parts of western Europe. Nests are usually in trees and sometimes old buildings, Young birds get wings about a month after birth. This crow is not in any danger, and is of least concern. + += = = Hooded crow = = = +The hooded crow ("Corvus cornix") (also called hoodie) is a type of crow found in north, east and south Europe, it is also found in the Middle East. +Conservation status. +This crow's conservation status is least concern, this means that this bird is safe and not in any danger of becoming extinct. + += = = Cecil Hotel (Los Angeles) = = = +The Cecil Hotel is a hotel in Downtown Los Angeles. It was built and opened in 1924. It is in a poorer part of the city, and many deaths and violent acts have happened there. For example, the dead body of a Canadian student, Elisa Lam, was found on the hotel roof in 2013. The hotel changed its name to Stay on Main Hotel in 2011, in order to distance itself from its dark past. Because of this, the hotel is also called "The Suicide." +At least 11 people killed themselves in the hotel. +In 2019, the hotel had 301 rooms for people who want to live there for a long time and 299 hotel rooms. Some of the hotel rooms are regular private hotel rooms and some are meant to be like a European hostel, where people who didn't know each other would be expected to share the room. The owners rebuild the hotel to make it nicer and newer. On December 13, 2021, the Cecil Hotel was reopened as an affordable housing complex. +The Cecil Hotel was part of the inspiration for the fifth season of the television show "American Horror Story", which took place in a haunted hotel. + += = = Dieter Danzberg = = = +Dieter Danzberg (12 November 1940 – 28 December 2019) was a German professional footballer. He played as a defender. He was born in Duisburg, Germany. Danzberg began his career with hometown club MSV, later playing with FC Bayern Munich, Rot-Weiß Oberhausen, Freiburger FC and Eintracht Gelsenkirchen. +In 2009, he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died from the disease at a nursing home in Dorsten, Germany on 28 December 2019 at the age of 79. + += = = Dorsten = = = +Dorsten (; Westphalian: "Dössen") is a town in the district of Recklinghausen in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 75,000 people live in Dorsten. +Twin towns – sister cities. +Dorsten is twinned with: + += = = Myocarditis = = = +Myocarditis, also known as inflammatory cardiomyopathy, is inflammation and infection of the heart muscle. Symptoms can include shortness of breath, chest pain, unable to exercise, and an irregular heartbeat. The duration of problems can vary from hours to months. Problems caused by this may include heart failure due to cardiomyopathy or cardiac arrest. + += = = Fabien Thiémé = = = +Fabien Thiémé (11 July 1952 – 27 December 2019) was a French politician. Thiémé was born in Valenciennes, France. Thiémé was elected to the National Assembly as a member of the French Communist Party from Nord's 21st constituency in 1988. He lost re-election in 1993. Thiémé was mayor of Marly, Nord from 2008 until his death. +Thiémé died on 27 December 2019 in Marly from problems caused by myocarditis, aged 67. + += = = Amy Patterson = = = +Amelia Cabeza de Pelayo Patterson, also known as Amy Patterson (16 July 1912 – 28 December 2019) was an Argentine composer, singer, poet, and teacher. She was known for writing the anthem of the Province of Salta. She was very popular in Argentina, and much of her music received state approval from the Ministry of Education of Argentina. She was born in San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina. +She turned 100 in July 2012. Patterson died on 28 December 2019 at the age of 107. + += = = Nilcéa Freire = = = +Nilcéa Freire (14 September 1953 – 29 December 2019) was a Brazilian academic and politician. She was dean of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. In 2004 she became a government minister, as the Special Secretariat of Policies for Women. From 2005 to 2007, she was the President of the Inter-American Commission of Women. Freire was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. +Freire died on 29 December 2019 of cancer in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 66. + += = = Harry Villegas = = = +Harry "Pombo" Villegas (10 May 1940 – 29 December 2019) was a Cuban Communist guerrilla and historian. He fought alongside Che Guevara in battles from the Sierra Maestra to the Bolivian insurgency. Villegas was also a published writer. He was born in Yara, Cuba. +Villegas died on 29 December 2019 in Havana at the age of 79. + += = = Roger Deakins = = = +Roger Alexander Deakins , (born 24 May 1949) is an British cinematographer. He is best known for his work on the movies of the Coen brothers, Sam Mendes, and Denis Villeneuve. Deakins is a member of both the American and British Society of Cinematographers. +Deakins has received fourteen nominations and one win for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography. His most well-known works include "The Shawshank Redemption", "Fargo", "A Beautiful Mind", "Skyfall", "Sicario", and "Blade Runner 2049". + += = = Sam Mendes = = = +Sir Samuel Alexander Mendes (born 1 August 1965) is an English director, producer and screenwriter. He is best known for his directoral debut movie "American Beauty" (1999), which earned him the Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Director, the crime movie "Road to Perdition" (2002) the James Bond movies "Skyfall" (2012) and "Spectre" (2015), and the war movie "1917" (2019). + += = = Denis Villeneuve = = = +Denis Villeneuve (; born October 3, 1967) is a Canadian movie director, writer, and producer. He is best known for his movies "Prisoners" (2013) and "Sicario" (2015), as well as the science fiction movies "Arrival" (2016) and "Blade Runner 2049" (2017). + += = = Chad Wolf = = = +Chad F. Wolf (born 1976) is an American government official. He was unlawfully appointed the acting Secretary of Homeland Security in 2019. Wolf also serves as Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Strategy, Policy, and Plans since November 2019. He was Chief of Staff of the Transportation Security Administration and Chief of Staff to former Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen. +On August 25, 2020 President Donald Trump announced his plans to nominate Wolf was the permanent Homeland Security Secretary. However, following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, Wolf resigned on January 11, 2021. + += = = Courtney B. Vance = = = +Courtney Bernard Vance (born March 12, 1960) is an American actor. He was known for his roles in the movies "Hamburger Hill" and "The Hunt for Red October", the television series ', in which he played Assistant District Attorney Ron Carver and ', in which he played Johnnie Cochran. +He won a Tony Award in 2013 and an Emmy Award in 2016. + += = = American Crime Story = = = +American Crime Story is an American anthology true crime television series developed by Scott Alexander and Larry Karaszewski. +The first season, titled "", presents the murder trial of O. J. Simpson, based on Jeffrey Toobin's book "The Run of His Life: The People v. O. J. Simpson". +The second season, subtitled ", is about the murder of designer Gianni Versace by spree killer Andrew Cunanan. +The third season, titled ", is about the impeachment of 42nd President of the United States Bill Clinton for charges of perjury and obstruction of justice. The season came out on September 7, 2021. +The series is broadcast on the cable television channel FX in the United States. It premiered on February 2, 2016. +Another season, based on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, was in development, but FX announced in February 2019 that production on the season has been scrapped. + += = = Kenneth Choi = = = +Kenneth Choi (born October 20, 1971) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Henry Lin on the television series "Sons of Anarchy" (2008–2014), Chester Ming in Martin Scorsese's "The Wolf of Wall Street" (2013), and Judge Lance Ito in "" (2016). He was born in Chicago. + += = = Christian Clemenson = = = +Christian Dayton Clemenson (born March 17, 1958) is an American actor. He is well known for his role of Jerry "Hands" Espenson in the television series "Boston Legal". +His movie roles include "Hannah and Her Sisters", "Broadcast News", "Apollo 13" and "The Big Lebowski", and played Tom Burnett in Paul Greengrass' "United 93". He starred in "" as prosecutor William Hodgman. He was born in Humboldt, Iowa. + += = = The Big Lebowski = = = +The Big Lebowski () is a 1998 crime comedy movie written, produced, and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen. It stars Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski. John Goodman, Julianne Moore, Steve Buscemi, David Huddleston, and John Turturro also appear, in supporting roles. +"The Big Lebowski" had received mixed reviews at the time of its release. In 2014, the movie was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. + += = = Paul Greengrass = = = +Paul Greengrass (born 13 August 1955) is an English movie director, movie producer, screenwriter, and former journalist. His best known work was "Bloody Sunday". Other movies he directed included: "Bourne" action/thriller series: "The Bourne Supremacy" (2004), "The Bourne Ultimatum" (2007), and "Jason Bourne" (2016); "United 93" (2006), for which he won the BAFTA Award for Best Director and received an Academy Award for Best Director nomination. + += = = O. J. Simpson murder case = = = +The O. J. Simpson murder case (officially People of the State of California v. Orenthal James Simpson) was a criminal trial held in Los Angeles County Superior Court. +Former National Football League (NFL) player, broadcaster, and actor O. J. Simpson was tried on two counts of murder for the June 12, 1994 slashing deaths of his ex-wife, Nicole Brown Simpson, and her friend Ron Goldman. +At 12:10 a.m. on June 13, Brown and Goldman were found stabbed to death outside her condominium in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. Simpson was a person of interest in the murders. He did not turn himself in, and on June 17 he became the object of a low-speed pursuit in a white 1993 Ford Bronco SUV owned and driven by his friend Al Cowlings. The pursuit was watched live by an estimated 95 million people. The pursuit, arrest, and trial were among the most widely publicized events in American history. +The trial—often called the trial of the century because of its international publicity—spanned eleven months, from the jury's swearing-in on November 9, 1994. Opening statements were made on January 24, 1995, and the verdict was announced on October 3, 1995, when Simpson was acquitted on two counts of murder. +Following his acquittal, no additional arrests related to the murders have been made, and the crime remains unsolved to this day. + += = = Gil Garcetti = = = +Gilbert Salvador Iberri Garcetti (born August 5, 1941) is an American politician and photographer. He was Los Angeles County's 40th district attorney for two terms, from 1992 until November 7, 2000. He is the father of current Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti. + += = = Lance Ito = = = +Lance Allan Ito (born August 2, 1950) is a retired American judge. He is best known for presiding over the criminal trial for the O. J. Simpson murder case, held in the Los Angeles County Superior Court in 1995. He was born in Los Angeles. + += = = Nicole Brown Simpson = = = +Nicole Brown Simpson (May 19, 1959 – June 12, 1994) was a German-American model. She was the ex-wife of retired professional football player and actor O. J. Simpson. They were married from 1985 to 1992. She was the mother of their two children, Sydney and Justin. +She was murdered at her home in Los Angeles, California, on June 12, 1994, along with her friend, restaurant waiter Ron Goldman, two years after her divorce from Simpson. This led to the controversial criminal trial of Simpson. + += = = Mark Fuhrman = = = +Mark Fuhrman (born February 5, 1952) is a former detective of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). He is known for his part in the investigation of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman in the O. J. Simpson murder case. Fuhrman was known to have used a racist slurs toward African Americans during the early 1980s. These tapes were used during the Simpson trial. + += = = Eatonville, Washington = = = +Eatonville is a town in Pierce County, Washington, United States. It is south of Seattle. The population was 2,845 at the 2020 census. + += = = Ron Goldman = = = +Ronald Lyle Goldman (July 2, 1968 – June 12, 1994) was an American restaurant waiter. He was a friend of Nicole Brown Simpson, the ex-wife of O. J. Simpson. He was murdered along with Brown at her home in Los Angeles, California, on June 12, 1994. Simpson was acquitted of their murders in 1995, but found liable for both deaths in a 1997 lawsuit. + += = = Buffalo Grove, Illinois = = = +Buffalo Grove is a village in Lake and Cook counties in the U.S. state of Illinois, within the northwest suburbs of Chicago. As of the 2020 census, the village population was 43,212. + += = = Christopher Darden = = = +Christopher Allen Darden (born April 7, 1956) is an American lawyer, author, and educator. He worked for 15 years in the Los Angeles County District Attorney's office. He was a co-prosecutor in the O. J. Simpson murder trial, a role in which he gained a great deal of national attention. + += = = 2019 Argentine general election = = = +General elections were held in Argentina on 27 October 2019, to elect the president of Argentina, members of the national congress and the governors of most provinces. +Former Cabinet Chief Alberto Fernández of the Justicialist Party won the presidency, and incumbent president Mauricio Macri lost his re-election bid for a second term. Macri became the first incumbent president in Argentine history to be defeated in his reelection bid. + += = = Sebastián Ferrat = = = +Roberto González López (17 September 1978 – 29 December 2019) artistically known as Sebastián Ferrat, was a Mexican actor. He was born in Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico. He was best known for his roles in many telenovelas for Televisión Azteca and Telemundo. Ferrat became known mostly for his character Juan Antonio Marcado in the third and fourth season of the Telemundo crime drama series "El Señor de los Cielos" (2015–2016). +In October 2019, Ferrat became comatose due to a serious food poisoning after eating spoiled pork. He died on 29 December 2019 due to the disease at a Mexico City hospital, aged 41. + += = = Deaths in January 2020 = = = +The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in January 2020. Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting. + += = = Algonquin, Illinois = = = +Algonquin is a village in McHenry and Kane counties, Illinois, in the United States. It is a suburb of Chicago, about northwest of the Loop. As of the 2020 census the village's population was 29,700. + += = = Dormans = = = +Dormans is a commune in the Marne department in northeastern France. + += = = Lac de Moiry = = = +Lac de Moiry is a lake in the municipality of Anniviers (former Grimentz), Switzerland. The lake has a surface area of 1.40 km2 and an elevation of 2,249 m. The maximum depth is 120 m. +The dam is 148 m high and was completed in 1958. + += = = Ujjain district = = = +Ujjain district is a district in the state of Madhya Pradesh in central India. The historic city of Ujjain is the district headquarters. According to the 2011 census, it has a population of 1,986,864 people. + += = = Jacob Needleman = = = +Jacob Needleman (born October 6, 1934) is an American philosopher, author, and religious scholar. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is a professor of philosophy at San Francisco State University and is said to have "popularized the term 'new religious movements'." + += = = Neil Innes = = = +Neil James Innes (; 9 December 1944 – 29 December 2019) was an English actor, comedian, musician and writer. +Innes was born in Danbury, Essex. He was known for his constant work with Monty Python. He played in The Rutles and the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band. His first album was "How Sweet to Be an Idiot". He wrote the original songs for "Monty Python and the Holy Grail". +Innes died suddenly on 29 December 2019 from a heart attack in Toulouse, France at the age of 75. + += = = Carol Cleveland = = = +Carol Cleveland (born 13 January 1942) is an English-American actress, comedian and singer. She is known for her work with Monty Python. +Cleveland was born in London. She retired in 2014. She first appeared in "Monty Python's Flying Circus." She appeared in 30 of the 45 episodes in the series, plus all four "Monty Python" movies. + += = = Rick Savage = = = +Richard Savage (born 2 December 1960) is an English musician. He is best known for being the bass guitarist and one of the founding members of the English rock band Def Leppard. Savage and lead singer Joe Elliott are the only two remaining original members of the band. + += = = Joe Elliott = = = +Joseph Thomas Elliott, Jr. (born 1 August 1959) is an English singer-songwriter and musician. He is best known as the lead singer and one of the founding members of the English rock band Def Leppard. He has also been the lead singer of the David Bowie tribute band the Cybernauts and the Mott the Hoople cover band Down 'n' Outz. +He is one of the two original members of Def Leppard currently playing on the band. + += = = Rick Allen = = = +Richard John Cyril Allen (born 1 November 1963) is an English drummer. He has played for the hard rock band Def Leppard since 1978. +His left arm was amputated because of a car crash in 1984. He is known as "The Thunder God" by fans. + += = = Pete Willis = = = +Peter Andrew Willis (born 16 February 1960) is a retired English musician and songwriter. He is best known as a founding member of the band Def Leppard. He co-wrote many tracks and played guitar on the band's first three albums: "On Through the Night", "High 'n' Dry", and "Pyromania". He was fired from Def Leppard in 1982 and replaced by Phil Collen. +In 2019, Willis was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Def Leppard. + += = = Phil Collen = = = +Philip Kenneth Collen (born 8 December 1957) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. He is the lead guitarist for the rock band Def Leppard, joining the band in 1982 during the recording of the "Pyromania" album, replacing Pete Willis. He was born in London. + += = = Vivian Campbell = = = +Vivian Patrick Campbell (born 25 August 1962) is a Northern Irish heavy metal-blues rock guitarist and songwriter. He became known in the early 1980s as a member of Dio, and has been a member of Def Leppard since 1992 (replacing Steve Clark after his death). Campbell has also worked with Thin Lizzy, Whitesnake, Sweet Savage, Trinity, Riverdogs, and Shadow King. +Campbell was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. In June 2013, Campbell revealed that he was diagnosed with Hodgkin's lymphoma. + += = = Danbury, Essex = = = +Danbury is a village in the City of Chelmsford, in the county of Essex, England. It is located northeast of Charing Cross, London. It has a population of 6,500. +The city of Danbury, Connecticut in the United States is named after the village. + += = = Cysticercosis = = = +Cysticercosis is a tissue infection caused by the young form of the pork tapeworm. People may have few or no symptoms for years. +In some cases, particularly in Asia, solid lumps of between one and two centimetres may develop under the skin. After months or years these lumps can become painful and swollen and then be cured. + += = = Judy Farrell = = = +Judy Farrell (May 11, 1938 – April 2, 2023) was an American actress. She was known for her role as Nurse Able on the television comedy series "M*A*S*H". She had small roles in other television series, then later wrote 13 episodes for the soap opera "Port Charles". +Farrell died from problems caused by a stroke on April 2, 2023, aged 84. + += = = Jeff Van Drew = = = +Jefferson H. Van Drew (born February 23, 1953) is an American dentist and Republican politician. He is a member of the U.S. House of Representatives for New Jersey's 2nd congressional district since 2019. +He was the New Jersey State Senator from the 1st Legislative District from 2008 to 2018. He represented the same district in the New Jersey General Assembly from 2002 to 2008. +Van Drew was elected to congress as a Democrat. On December 19, 2019, Van Drew announced that he had joined the Republican Party. + += = = Backbencher = = = +In Westminster parliamentary systems, a backbencher is a member of parliament (MP) or a legislator who holds no governmental office and is not a frontbench spokesman in the Opposition. A backbencher is simply a member of parliament with no cabinet duties. + += = = Rotelsee = = = +Rotelsee is a lake near Simplon Pass in the canton of Valais, Switzerland. + += = = Prosper Grech = = = +Prospero Grech (24 December 1925 – 30 December 2019) was a Maltese Augustinian friar. He co-founded the Patristic Institute Augustinianum in Rome and was made a cardinal on 18 February 2012 by Benedict XVI. He was born in Birgu, Malta. +Grech died on 30 December 2019 at the age of 94. + += = = Renato Martino = = = +Renato Raffaele Martino (born 23 November 1932) is an Italian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He has been a cardinal since 2003. He has been the longest serving Cardinal Deacon, the Cardinal Protodeacon, since June 2014. + += = = Francesco Monterisi = = = +Francesco Marco Nicola Monterisi (born 28 May 1934) is an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church. He worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1964 to 1998. He retired in 2014. + += = = Santos Abril y Castelló = = = +Santos Abril y Castelló (born 21 September 1936) is a Spanish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. From 2011 to 2016, he was Archpriest of the Basilica of Santa Maria Maggiore. He was born in Alfambra, Spain. On 29 April 1985, Pope John Paul II named him Apostolic Nuncio to Bolivia and Titular Archbishop of Tamada. On 21 November 2011 he was named Archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major. +On 28 December 2016, Pope Francis accepted his resignation as Archpriest. + += = = Inkwilersee = = = +Inkwilersee is a small lake on the border of the municipalities of Inkwil, Canton of Berne, and Bolken, Canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. The surface area is . + += = = Luigi De Magistris (cardinal) = = = +Luigi De Magistris (23 February 1926 – 16 February 2022) was a Sardinian prelate of the Catholic Church. He was Pro-Major Penitentiary of the Apostolic Penitentiary from 2001 to 2003 after working for more than forty years in the Roman Curia. He was made a bishop in 1996, an archbishop in 2001, and a cardinal in 2015. He was born in Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy. +De Magistris died on 16 February 2022 in Cagliari, one week before his 96th birthday. + += = = Groveton, Texas = = = +Groveton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Trinity County. + += = = Karl-Josef Rauber = = = +Karl-Josef Rauber (11 April 1934 – 26 March 2023) was a cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was a papal nuncio from 1982 until his retirement in 2009. He was born in Nuremberg, Nazi Germany. + += = = Ernest Simoni = = = +Ernest Simoni Troshani (born 18 October 1928) is an Albanian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was created a cardinal in a consistory held on 19 November 2016 by Pope Francis. He was born in Troshani, Albania. + += = = Marcial Maciel = = = +Marcial Maciel Degollado (March 10, 1920 – January 30, 2008) was a Mexican Catholic priest. He founded the Legion of Christ and the Regnum Christi movement. He was general director of the legion from 1941 to 2005. +Throughout most of his career, he was respected within the church as "the greatest fundraiser of the modern Roman Catholic church". +Late in his life, Maciel was revealed to have been for a long time a drug addict who sexually abused many boys and young men. After his death, it became known that he had sexual relationships with at least two women, one of whom was a minor at the time. He fathered as many as six children, two of whom he is alleged to have abused. +In 2006 Pope Benedict XVI removed Maciel from active ministry, before his election as Pope in April 2005. Maciel was ordered "to conduct a reserved life of prayer and penance, renouncing every public ministry", and died in 2008. + += = = Inn (river) = = = +The Inn (; ) is a river that flows through Switzerland, Austria and Germany. It is a right tributary of the Danube and is long. + += = = Sumter County, Georgia = = = +Sumter County is a county in the center of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 29,616. The county seat is Americus. The county was created on December 26, 1831. + += = = Ripley County, Indiana = = = +Ripley County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 28,995 people lived there. The county seat is Versailles. + += = = Ada Colau = = = +Ada Colau Ballano (; ; born 3 March 1974) is a Spanish activist and politician. She was the Mayor of Barcelona from 2015 to 2023. She is the first woman to hold the office. + += = = José María Álvarez del Manzano = = = +José María Álvarez del Manzano y López del Hierro (born 17 October 1937) is a Spanish politician. He is a member of the People's Party. He became the Mayor of Madrid in 1991, a position that he held until 2003. He chaired the board of IFEMA (Institute for Exhibitions and Fairs Madrid) for 24 years, until 2015. + += = = Manuela Carmena = = = +Manuela Carmena Castrillo (; born in 1944) is a retired Spanish lawyer and judge. She was Mayor of Madrid from June 2015 to June 2019. She was a member of the General Council of the Judiciary. + += = = José Luis Martínez-Almeida = = = +José Luis Martínez-Almeida Navasqüés (born 17 April 1975) is a Spanish state lawyer and politician. He is a member of the People's Party (PP). He has been the Mayor of Madrid since 2019. He has been a member of the Madrid City Council since 2015. + += = = Multiple integral = = = +In calculus and mathematical analysis, an integral is a way to calculate the limiting value a function with one variable will tend towards. Graphically, this can then be shown as the area under the graph of the function. In multivariate calculus, It is also possible to calculate integrals for functions with more than one variable. These integrals are commonly referred to as multiple integrals. +An integral for a function with two variables over a two-dimensional region, called double integral, can be shown as a surface in three dimensional space. Similarly, an integral for a function with three variables over a three-dimensional region, called triple integral, can be thought of as a hypervolume. +A double integral can also be used to define an integral over an arbitrary surface (surface integral), just like a triple integral can be used to define an integral over an arbitrary volume (volume integral). + += = = Bristol County, Massachusetts = = = +Bristol County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 579,200. The county seat is Taunton. + += = = Narcís Serra = = = +Narcís Serra i Serra (born 30 May 1943) is a Spanish economist and politician. He was Deputy Prime Minister of Spain from 1991 to 1995. From 1979 through 1982, he was Mayor of Barcelona. + += = = Franklin County, Massachusetts = = = +Franklin County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 71,029, which makes it the least-populous county on the Massachusetts mainland, and the third-least populous county in the state. The county seat and most populous city is Greenfield. The largest town by area is New Salem. +Franklin County was created on June 24, 1811 from the northern third of Hampshire County. It was named for Benjamin Franklin. + += = = Bristol County = = = +Bristol County is the name of two counties in the United States: + += = = Norfolk County, Massachusetts = = = +Norfolk County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 725,981. The county seat is Dedham. The county was named after the English county of the same name. Two towns, Cohasset and Brookline, are exclaves. It is the richest county in Massachusetts. +Norfolk County was created on March 26, 1793. + += = = Dukes County, Massachusetts = = = +Dukes County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 20,600. The county seat is Edgartown. + += = = Hampden County, Massachusetts = = = +Hampden County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 465,825. The county seat is Springfield. + += = = Hampshire County, Massachusetts = = = +Hampshire County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 162,308. The county seat is Northampton. It is named after the English county Hampshire. + += = = Plymouth County, Massachusetts = = = +Plymouth County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. As of the 2020 census, the population was 530,819. The county seats are Plymouth and Brockton. + += = = Alton, Texas = = = +Alton is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Donna, Texas = = = +Donna is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. + += = = Elsa, Texas = = = +Elsa is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Pulaski County, Indiana = = = +Pulaski County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 12,514 people lived there. The county seat is Winamac. + += = = Progreso, Texas = = = +Progreso is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. + += = = Progreso Lakes, Texas = = = +Progreso Lakes is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. + += = = Llano Grande, Texas = = = +Llano Grande (Spanish "Great Plain") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas. + += = = San Carlos, Texas = = = +San Carlos is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas. + += = = Havana, Texas = = = +Havana is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hidalgo County, Texas. + += = = Palmview, Texas = = = +Palmview is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. + += = = Greenfield, Massachusetts = = = +Greenfield is a city in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 17,768 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Franklin County. +Greenfield was first settled in 1686. + += = = The Irregular at Magic High School = = = + is a Japanese web novel series by Tsutomu Satō. It was published between October 2008 and March 2011 on Shōsetsuka ni Narō. Shōsetsuka ni Narō is an internet web novel website. Satō started releasing his work in a light novel format from July 2011. In this story, magic exists and is made better through technology. The story is about Tatsuya and Miyuki Shiba, brother and sister. They both start studying at First High magic high school. +An anime series based on this manga was produced by Madhouse. It was aired between April and September 2014. An based on an original story by Satō was released in Japan on June 17, 2017. The second season of the anime series by Eight Bit it is was aired between October and December 2020. +The light novels appeared on Sugoi Japan's 2015 polls. Since 2011, it is one of the top-selling series in Japan with 10 million copies sold as of 2019. Its manga and anime adaptations also appeared on top-selling charts. + += = = Target Canada = = = +Target Canada is a former Canadian department store chain that took over most Zellers stores, it then ran out of money in April 2015 and closed all of all its stores. There was a total of 133 Target stores in Canada in 2015. It was formerly headquartered in Mississauga, Ontario. + += = = Lavinia (novel) = = = +Lavinia is a novel by American author Ursula K. Le Guin. It won the Locus Award. 2008 . The book tells about the life of Lavinia. She was a minor character in Virgil's epic poem the "Aeneid". +The book is based on the last six books, or the Iliadic half, of the "Aeneid". + += = = Citizen science = = = +Citizen science is when regular people help scientists study the world. Citizen scientists usually collect information and send it to a team of scientists, who examine and process it. Most citizen scientists are volunteers and do not get paid. +Sometimes scientists ask for help from people who are collecting information anyway. For example, scientists studying birds might ask birdwatchers to record which birds they see and hear and then tell the scientists. The National Audubon Society has been running a Christmas Bird Count since 1900. +Smartphones and GPS have made citizen science easier to do and easier for scientists to ask for and use. For example, in FrogWatch USA, citizen scientists go to places where frogs live and use their phones to make recordings of the sounds they hear. +Not all citizen science programs mean going outside. In EyeWire, volunteers visit a website and click on what they can see. This helps scientists tell how the brain works with things the eyes see. +In other citizen science programs, volunteers measure temperature to track climate change, tell scientists when different plants start to grow in the spring, search for aliens in space, and design better bicycle routes. + += = = Haroun = = = +The Haroun was the government of the Daraawiish, a 19th century Dhulbahante state. The British government realized how important the haroun was. They said this about it: + += = = List of political parties in Hungary = = = +This is a list of political parties in Hungary. Hungary has a multi-party system. + += = = Wolfgang Winkler (actor) = = = +Wolfgang Winkler (2 March 1943 – 7 December 2019) was a German actor. He was best known for starring in movies such as "The Rabbit Is Me", "Das Mädchen auf dem Brett" and "I Was Nineteen", as well as playing Hauptkommissar Herbert Schneider in the television series Polizeiruf 110. +Winkler died of cancer on 7 December 2019 at the age of 76. + += = = Fred Emmer = = = +Freddy Emmer better known as Fred Emmer (23 August 1934 – 24 December 2019) was a Dutch news presenter. He was born in Amsterdam. He was known for his works for NTS and NOS. +Emmer died on 24 December 2019 in Amsterdam at the age of 85. + += = = LaDell Andersen = = = +LaDell Andersen (October 25, 1929 – December 29, 2019) was an American college and professional basketball coach. He was born in Malad City, Idaho. He coached for Utah State Aggies, Utah Stars and for BYU Cougars. He played for Utah State University. +Andersen died on December 29, 2019 in St. George, Utah at the age of 90. + += = = Washington County, Utah = = = +Washington County is a county in the southwestern corner of Utah, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the population was 180,279. Its county seat and largest city is St. George. It was named after the first President of the United States, George Washington. + += = = Günter Lamprecht = = = +Günter Lamprecht (born 21 January 1930 died 4 October 2022) is a German actor. He is known for his leading role in the Fassbinder miniseries "Berlin Alexanderplatz" (1980) and as a ship captain in the epic war movie "Das Boot" (1981). + += = = Jan Fedder = = = +Jan Fedder (14 January 1955 – 30 December 2019) was a German actor. He was born in Hamburg, Germany. He was best known for his role as police officer Dirk Matthies in the German television show "Großstadtrevier". He was also known for his role as the crude Petty Officer Pilgrim in Wolfgang Petersen's "Das Boot". +Fedder was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2012. He died on 30 December 2019 in Hamburg of the disease, aged 64. + += = = Syd Mead = = = +Sydney Jay Mead (July 18, 1933 – December 30, 2019) was an American industrial designer and neofuturistic concept artist. He was known for his designs for science-fiction movies such as "Blade Runner", "Alien" and "Tron". Mead was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. +Mead died of lymphoma in Pasadena, California on December 30, 2019 at the age of 86. + += = = Nils Petter Sundgren = = = +Nils Henrik Christian Sundgren, known as Nils Petter Sundgren, (24 February 1929 – 30 December 2019) was a Swedish movie critic and television presenter. He worked for "Filmkrönikan" broadcast on SVT. Sundgren was born in Bromma, Sweden. +Sundgren died on 30 December 2019 in Stockholm at the age of 90. + += = = A V Swamy = = = +Alajangi Viswanath Swamy (18 July 1928 – 31 December 2019) was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha the Upper house of Indian Parliament from Odisha as an Independent candidate. From 2012 through 2018 he was in the parliament. Swamy was born in Nabarangpur, Odisha. +Swamy died at his home of cardiac arrest on 31 December 2019 in Bhubaneswar, Odisha at the age of 91. + += = = Christopher Tolkien = = = +Christopher John Reuel Tolkien (21 November 1924 – 16 January 2020) was an English editor, essayist and educator. He was the third son of the author J. R. R. Tolkien (1892–1973). He was the editor of much of his father's posthumously published work. He drew the original maps for his father's "The Lord of the Rings", which he signed C.J.R.T. He was born in Leeds, England. +He published "The Saga of King Heidrek the Wise". Tolkien was a lecturer and tutor in English Language at New College, Oxford, from 1964 to 1975. +Tolkien died on 15 January 2020 in Draguignan, Var, France, at the age of 95. + += = = George Alagiah = = = +George Maxwell Alagiah (; 22 November 1955 – 24 July 2023 was a British newsreader, journalist and television news presenter. He was born in Colombo, Ceylon. +Since December 2007, he had been the presenter of the "BBC News at Six" and had also been the main presenter of "GMT" on BBC World News since February 2010. He was also the main presenter for the "BBC Ten O'Clock News" since the year 2000. +In April 2014, he was diagnosed with colorectal cancer. In March 2018, he said his cancer was terminal. He died on 24 July 2023 from the disease in London, England, aged 67. + += = = The Two Popes = = = +The Two Popes is a British-Italian-American 2019 biographical drama movie directed by Fernando Meirelles and written by Anthony McCarten. It was adapted from McCarten's 2017 play "The Pope". It stars Anthony Hopkins as Pope Benedict XVI and Jonathan Pryce as Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio (later Pope Francis). +The movie had a limited theatrical release in the United States on November 27, 2019 and in the United Kingdom on November 29, 2019, and started digital streaming on December 20, 2019, by Netflix. + += = = 1917 (2019 movie) = = = +1917 is an American-British 2019 epic war movie. +Production. +It was directed and produced by Sam Mendes, who wrote the screenplay with Krysty Wilson-Cairns. The movie stars George MacKay and Dean-Charles Chapman, with Mark Strong, Andrew Scott, Richard Madden, Claire Duburcq, Colin Firth, and Benedict Cumberbatch in supporting roles. The movie is inspired by a story told to Mendes by his paternal grandfather, Alfred Mendes, about his time serving in World War I. +Plot. +Taking place soon after the German retreat to the Hindenburg Line and Operation Alberich, the movie is about two young British soldiers who were given a mission to deliver a message calling off a doomed offensive attack. This message is especially important to one of the soldiers because his brother will be part of the attack. +Schedule. +The project was officially announced in June 2018. MacKay and Chapman signed on in October and the rest of the cast the following March. Filming took place from April to June 2019 in the UK, with cinematographer Roger Deakins and editor Lee Smith using long takes to have the entire movie appear as two continuous shots. +"1917" premiered in the UK on 4 December 2019 and was released theatrically in the United States on 25 December by Universal Pictures and in the United Kingdom on 10 January 2020 by Entertainment One. The movie received widespread critical praise and was a box office success, grossing $384 million worldwide. +Awards. +The movie had ten nominations at the 92nd Academy Awards including Best Picture and Best Director, and three wins, for Best Cinematography, Best Visual Effects, and Best Sound Mixing. It was the last movie to win the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing before the category was combined with Best Sound Editing as a single award for Best Sound. The movie also won Best Picture at the 77th Golden Globe Awards, 73rd BAFTA Film Awards, and PGA Awards, while Mendes won Best Director at the Golden Globes, BAFTAs, and DGA Awards. The movie was also chosen by both the National Board of Review and the American Film Institute as one of the top ten movies of 2019. + += = = Harry Kupfer = = = +Harry Kupfer (12 August 1935 — 30 December 2019) was a German opera director and academic. He was born in Berlin. +Kupfer was a long-time director at the Komische Oper Berlin. He worked at major opera houses and at festivals internationally. He was trained by Walter Felsenstein. He has worked in the tradition of realistic directing. +At the Bayreuth Festival, he staged Wagner's "Der fliegende Holländer" in 1978, and "Der Ring des Nibelungen" in 1988. At the Salzburg Festival, he directed the premiere of Penderecki's "Die schwarze Maske" in 1986, and "Der Rosenkavalier" by Richard Strauss in 2014. +He also worked for Hochschule für Musik Franz Liszt, Weimar and Hochschule für Musik "Hanns Eisler". +Kupfer died on 30 December 2019 in Berlin at the age of 84. + += = = Krzysztof Penderecki = = = +Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (; 23 November 1933 – 29 March 2020) was a Polish composer and conductor. "The Guardian" called him Poland's greatest living composer in 2012. He was born in Dębica, Poland. His best known works are "Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima", Symphony No. 3, his "St. Luke Passion", "Polish Requiem", "Anaklasis" and "Utrenja". +Penderecki has won many awards, including the Commander's Cross in 1964, the Prix Italia in 1967 and 1968, the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta in 1964, four Grammy Awards in 1987, 1998 (twice), and 2017, Wolf Prize in Arts in 1987. +Penderecki died on 29 March 2020 of a long-illness in Krakow, Poland at the age of 86. + += = = Decatur, Mississippi = = = +Decatur is a town in Newton County, Mississippi. The population was 1,945 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Newton County. + += = = Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli = = = +Giovanni Innocenzo Martinelli OFM (5 February 1942 – 30 December 2019) was a Libyan-Italian Roman Catholic prelate. He was an Vicar Apostolic of Tripoli and the Titular Bishop of Tabuda. Martinelli was born in Tripoli, Libya. +He was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest in 1967 and returned to Libya in 1971. In 1985 he was appointed the Vicar Apostolic of Tripoli and the Titular Bishop of Tabuda. He retired on February 5, 2017 and was replaced by George Bugeja. +Martinelli died on 30 December 2019 at the age of 77. + += = = Gertrude Himmelfarb = = = +Gertrude Himmelfarb (August 8, 1922 – December 30, 2019), also known as Bea Kristol, was an American historian. She was a leader and critic of conservative works of history and historiography. She wrote on intellectual history, with a focus on Great Britain and the Victorian era. She was born in New York City. In 2004, she was honored with the National Humanities Medal by President George W. Bush. +Himmelfarb was married to neoconservative icon Irving Kristol. They had two children; including Chief of Staff to Vice President Bill Kristol. +Himmelfarb died on December 30, 2019 in Washington, D.C. of congestive heart failure at the age of 97. + += = = 2019–20 Australian bushfire season = = = +The 2019–20 Australian bushfire season impacted many parts of New South Wales: namely the North Coast, Mid North Coast, Cessnock, the Hunter Region, the Hawkesbury north west of Sydney, the Wollondilly south west of Sydney, the Blue Mountains and the South Coast. +Central Queensland and South Eastern Queensland were barely affected in November. On 20 December, serious fires took hold in South Australia, especially in the Cudlee Creek area of the Adelaide hills. By 21 December 2019, the fires had burnt over 3,000,000 hectares, destroyed over 700 houses and killed at least 33 people. + += = = Donald O. Hebb = = = +Donald Olding Hebb FRS (July 22, 1904 – August 20, 1985) was a Canadian psychologist. His works were about the area of neuropsychology. His works were about how to understand the function of neurons to psychological processes such as learning. His best known work was "The Organization of Behavior". He was ranked as the 19th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. + += = = Gemma Chan = = = +Gemma Chan (born 29 November 1982) is an English actress. She is known for her role as Astrid in the 2018 movie "Crazy Rich Asians" and as Anita/Mia on the television drama "Humans". + += = = Constance Wu = = = + use both this parameter and |birth_date to display the person's date of birth, date of death, and age at death) --> +Constance Wu (born March 22, 1982) is an American actress. She stars as Jessica Huang in the ABC television comedy "Fresh Off the Boat" (2015–present). +She is also known for her movie roles in "Crazy Rich Asians" (2018), for which she was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical, and "Hustlers" (2019). + += = = Hustler (disambiguation) = = = +Hustler is a pornographic magazine targeted at men and a general brand of Larry Flynt Publications. +Hustler or hustlers may also refer to: + += = = Romell Broom = = = + Romell Broom (June 4, 1956 – December 28, 2020) was an American man convicted of murder, kidnapping, and rape. He was convicted in 1984 of abducting and killing Tryna Middleton, age 14, who was walking home from a football game in East Cleveland, Ohio. +In 2003, Broom accepted an offer from the state of Ohio for a DNA test to try to prove his innocence. However, the test results proved that he was guilty. Broom also has convictions for robbery, aggravated robbery and four counts of kidnap of a male child. He was also convicted in a separate incidence of raping a female child. +On May 19, 2017, the Ohio Supreme Court scheduled an execution date for Broom, on June 17, 2020. His execution was pushed to 2022. +Broom died on December 28, 2020, at age 64 from COVID-19 in Ohio, aged 64. + += = = Jack Garfein = = = +Jack Garfein (July 2, 1930 – December 30, 2019) was an American director and acting teacher. He was known for his teaching works at the Actors Studio in New York City. He was also known for directing the 1961 sexual-drama "Something Wild". +Garfein produced two plays by Arthur Miller, "The Price" and "The American Clock", and went on to direct other Broadway productions such as "The Sin of Pat Muldoon", and "Girls of Summer". +He directed the French premiere of "Master Harold"...and the Boys in Paris, and the world premiere of "Nacht und Träume" by Samuel Beckett in Austria. +Garfien was born in Mukacevo, Carpathian Ruthenia, Czechoslovakia . He was married to actress Carroll Baker from 1955 until they divorced in 1969. They had two daughters. Garfien died on December 30, 2019 in Manhattan from leukemia-related problems at the age of 89. + += = = Actors Studio = = = +The Actors Studio is a membership organization for professional actors, theatre directors and playwrights at 432 West 44th Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. +It was founded on October 5, 1947, by Elia Kazan, Cheryl Crawford and Robert Lewis who trained member actors. Lee Strasberg joined later and took the charge in 1951 until his death on February 17, 1982. +The Studio is best known for its work of teaching method acting. +, the studio's co-presidents are Ellen Burstyn, Alec Baldwin and Al Pacino. + += = = Elia Kazan = = = +Elia Kazan (; born Elias Kazantzoglou (); September 7, 1909 – September 28, 2003) was a Turkish-born Greek-American director, producer, writer and actor. +He was called by "The New York Times" as "one of the most honored and influential directors in Broadway and Hollywood history". He helped co-found the Actors Studio in Manhattan. +Kazan directed "A Streetcar Named Desire" (1951), "On the Waterfront" (1954), and "East of Eden" (1955). He won two Academy Awards, three Tony Awards and four Golden Globe Awards. + += = = Zoe Kazan = = = +Zoe Swicord Kazan (born September 9, 1983) is an American actress, playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her roles in "The Savages" (2007), "Revolutionary Road" (2008) and "It's Complicated" (2009). +In 2014, she appeared in the HBO miniseries "Olive Kitteridge", for which she received an Emmy nomination. + += = = Maya Kazan = = = +Maya Kazan (born November 24, 1986) is an American actress and director. She is known for playing Caroline in "Frances Ha", Eleanor Gallinger on "The Knick" and Mabel Thompson on "Boardwalk Empire". +She is the daughter of screenwriters Nicholas Kazan and Robin Swicord, and the granddaughter of movie director Elia Kazan and playwright Molly Kazan. She is the younger sister of actress Zoe Kazan. + += = = Robert Lewis (director) = = = +Robert Lewis (March 16, 1909 – November 23, 1997) was an American actor, director, teacher and author. He was the founder of the influential Actors Studio in New York in 1947. + += = = Marion Chesney = = = +Marion Gibbons (née Chesney; 10 June 1936 – 30 December 2019) was a Scottish writer. She wrote romance and mystery novels from 1979 until her death. She her books under a form of her maiden name, Marion Chesney, including the Travelling Matchmaker and Daughters of Mannerling series. Her best known works were "Death of a Gossip", "Death of an Outsider" and "Agatha Raisin and the Deadly Dance". +Chesney was born in Glasgow. She died on 30 December 2019 at the age of 83. + += = = Steven Pasquale = = = +Steven Pasquale (pronounced ; born November 18, 1976) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his role as the New York City Firefighter/First Responder Sean Garrity in the series "Rescue Me". He also starred in the movie ' and as Detective Mark Fuhrman in the miniseries '. + += = = Laura Benanti = = = +Laura Ilene Benanti (born Laura Ilene Vidnovic; July 13, 1979) is an American actress and singer. She has received five Tony Award nominations. +She played Louise in the 2008 Broadway revival of "Gypsy", winning the 2008 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. Benanti then appeared in the stage musical "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" in 2010, winning the Drama Desk Award and Outer Critics Circle Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. +She played Baroness Elsa Schräder in the 2013 NBC television production of "The Sound of Music Live!" and in 2015 began playing twin sisters Alura and Astra in the TV series "Supergirl". +Since 2016, she has been playing First Lady Melania Trump on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". + += = = Kinnelon, New Jersey = = = +Kinnelon is a borough in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2020 United States Census, the borough's population was 9,966. It is a low-density, suburban community, with many parks and trails. + += = = Phillipa Soo = = = +Phillipa Soo (; born May 31, 1990) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for the role of Eliza Schuyler Hamilton in the Broadway musical "Hamilton". She was nominated for the 2016 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for that role. + += = = Hamilton (musical) = = = +Hamilton is a musical with music, lyrics, and book by Lin-Manuel Miranda. It is inspired by the 2004 biography "Alexander Hamilton" by historian Ron Chernow. +The musical is about the story of American Founding Father Alexander Hamilton through music that are mainly made up of hip hop, as well as R&B, pop, soul, and traditional-style show tunes. +The show is known for having black actors as the Founding Fathers and other historical figures, which is far from reality. Through this use of modern storytelling methods, "Hamilton" has been called for being the "America then, as told by morons now." +A movie, which is a live recording of the musical with the original cast, was released on Disney+ on July 3, 2020. +Story. +A nineteen-year-old orphan named Alexander Hamilton moves from the Caribbean to New York where he meets Aaron Burr who tells him to “talk less, smile more, don’t let anyone know what you're against or what you're for” then they go to a bar where they meet Hercules Mulligan, Marquis de Lafayette and John Laurens and join the American Revolution. +Burr asks General George Washington to make him his secretary but instead, Washington hires Hamilton. Hamilton marries a woman named Eliza Schuyler while Burr falls in love with the wife of a British soldier. Charles Lee insults Washington so Laurens decides to duel Lee with Hamilton’s help and Washington punishes Hamilton by sending him home where Hamilton finds out his wife is pregnant. +Lafayette convinces Washington to bring back Hamilton to help with the Battle of Yorktown. Hamilton’s wife gives birth to a son Philip Hamilton while Burr has a daughter Theodosia. Hamilton and Burr become lawyers. +Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay wrote the Federalist Papers to convince people to get a new Constitution, and President Washington hired Hamilton to be in charge of spending money for the Government. +Thomas Jefferson comes back from France and is angry with Hamilton for spending too much money. Hamilton then has sex with a married woman whose husband then blackmails him for money. Hamilton strikes a deal with Jefferson and James Madison that they get to choose the capital of the country if Hamilton can start his own bank. +Burr wishes he could be in the room where the deals are made so that he could know what happens inside it, so he joins the Democratic-Republican Party and becomes a politician. Jefferson tries to convince Washington to support France against England in their war but Hamilton convinces Washington not to do that so Jefferson quits his job working for Washington and decides to run for President of the United States while Washington decides to retire. +After John Adams becomes president he and Hamilton don’t get along well so Hamilton quits and complains about Adams. Jefferson, Madison, and Burr think that Hamilton stole money from the government so Hamilton tells them the truth, that he spent his own money paying a man named Reyolds not to tell anyone that he had sex with Reynolds’s wife but Hamilton is scared that Burr will use this to blackmail him so Hamilton writes a letter in a newspaper telling everyone everything and his wife is angry with him about it. +When a man gives a speech criticizing Hamilton, Hamilton’s son Philip is angry about it, so they have a duel. Philip fires his gun at the sky but the man shoots and kills him. Hamilton becomes upset about it, Eliza being angry at him, and questioning if he knew about the duel. +Then Burr runs for president and there’s a tie between him and Jefferson so each one asks Hamilton who he thinks would be a better president of the United States. Hamilton says he hates Jefferson and disagrees with him on everything but that he’s still better than Burr since Jefferson believes what he says he believes but Burr doesn’t believe in anything. +Jefferson becomes president and doesn’t want Burr to be his vice president so Burr asks Hamilton for a duel. Instead of killing Burr, Hamilton fires his gun at the sky and Burr shoots Hamilton and kills him. Burr regrets his actions and his loved ones sing a song about how upsetting Hamilton dying is. + += = = Poorna Jagannathan = = = +Poorna Jagannathan (born December 22, 1972) is a Tunis-born Indian-American actress. She is best known for her role of Safar Khan in HBO's Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated show, "The Night Of", as well as playing the lead in the Bollywood cult comedy movie "Delhi Belly". + += = = Thurnen (disambiguation) = = = +Thurnen may refer to: + += = = Delaware County, Indiana = = = +Delaware County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 111,903 people lived there. The county seat is Muncie. + += = = Alamo, Texas = = = +Alamo is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Jefferson County, Indiana = = = +Jefferson County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 33,147 people lived there. The county seat is Madison. + += = = Virginia City, Montana = = = +Virginia City is a town of Montana in the United States. It is the county seat of Madison County. + += = = Bloomfield, Indiana = = = +Bloomfield is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Wild Nights – Wild Nights! = = = +"Wild Nights – Wild Nights!" is a poem by Emily Dickinson published in 1861. + += = = Spencer, Indiana = = = +Spencer is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. + += = = Dubois County, Indiana = = = +Dubois County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 43,637 people lived there. The county seat is Jasper. + += = = Guthrie, Texas = = = +Guthrie is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of King County. In 2020, 151 people lived there. It is found 142 km east of Lubbock. + += = = Carole Delga = = = +Carole Delga (born 19 August 1971 in Toulouse) is a French politician. She was a member of the French National Assembly. + += = = Pan-African Institute for Statistics = = = +The Pan-African Institute for Statistics (StatAfric) is a government agency in Africa. It was started in 2018 to publish data and research. + += = = Window function = = = +In mathematics, a window function is a special function that can be applied to a signal, as it occurs in digital signal processing. A window function has a value of zero outside the domain which is of interest, and a non-zero value inside this domain. When multiplied with the signal (function), the result will be zero outside the domain of interest, and non-zero inside it - it will only leave the "window". The simplest possible window function is rectangular: It is 1 inside the domain of interest, and zero everywhere else. It is named Dirichlet window (after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet). Many window functions are symmetric around the center (which is often in the middle of the interval). They will amplify or weaken the signal in certain positions, + += = = Genesis P-Orridge = = = +Genesis Breyer P-Orridge (born Neil Andrew Megson; 22 February 1950 – 14 March 2020) was an English singer-songwriter, musician, poet, performance artist, and occultist. P-Orridge was known as the founder of the COUM Transmissions artistic collective and frontman of seminal industrial band, Throbbing Gristle. +They were also a founding member of Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth occult group, and fronted the experimental band Psychic TV. +P-Orridge identifies as third gender. +In October 2017, P-Orridge was diagnosed with a rare form of leukaemia. They died from the disease on 14 March 2020 in New York City, aged 70. + += = = John Edrich = = = +John Hugh Edrich, (21 June 1937 – ) was an English first-class cricketer. His career lasted from 1956 to 1978. He was thought of as one of the best batsmen of his generation. Edrich played for Surrey and England. +Edrich died in December 2020 from a rare-form of blood cancer in Scotland, aged 83. + += = = Tom Smith (rugby union) = = = +Tom Smith (31 October 1971 – 6 April 2022) was an English-born former Scotland international rugby union losehead prop. He played for Glasgow Warriors, Caledonia Reds and Northampton Saints and also represented the British and Irish Lions. He was a rugby coach. Smith was born in London. +In November 2019, Smith was diagnosed with terminal colon that metastasized spread to his brain and liver. He died from the disease on 6 April 2022, aged 50. + += = = Arawanna = = = +Arawanna,Ara-Wanna(I�rwnt). The Hittite-Luwian city-state and historical region of the same name in the south-west of the Armenian Highlands(near modern town of Elbistan, Ablasta in Armenian: �������), which existed in the Bronze Age and was mentioned by king Mursili II in his annals, where he writes that when Šuppiluliuma I was king of the Hittites, the Aravanians invaded the land of Kaskians near «Sammahi». Some translators believe that this may be a Late-Hittite pronunciation of «Samuha», comparing Šuppiluliuma of the mid-14th century BC, who managed to subdue Arawanna and other city-states, which had rebelled against his father, with king Šuppiluliuma of the late 13th century BC. However, in other places of the annals Arawanna and Cascia are not connected with Samuha. King Mursili himself in the fifth year of his reign - c. 1317 BC - moved to the city of Zulila in the vicinity of Sammahi to save the Cascians from invasions near Samuha. +Arawanna took part in the coalition of states that rebelled against the Hittite king Tudhaliya III and were supported by the king of Mitanni Shuttarna II. +Arawanna(I�rwnt) at the Battle of Kadesh. +Arawanna(I�rwnt) was one of the allies states who fought on the side of the Hittite empire against Egypt at the Battle of Kadesh +Succession of Arawanna. +Arawanna(I�rwnt) was a homeland and personal land domain of the first historically known Armenian royal dynasty Eruandid(Yervanduni,Orontid dynasty). + += = = Ng Jui Ping = = = +Ng Jui Ping (17 October 1948 – 1 January 2020) was a Singaporean entrepreneur and army general. He was the second Chief of Defence Force (CDF) of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) from 1992 to 1995. He also served as Chief of Army from 1990 to 1992. He held the rank of lieutenant-general. Ng was also the vice-president of the Football Association of Singapore. +Ng died on 1 January 2020 at the age of 71 of pancreatic cancer. + += = = Serikbolsyn Abdildin = = = +Serikbolsyn Abdildaevich Abdildin (; 25 November 1937 – 31 December 2019) was a Kazakh politician and economist. He was a member of the Communist Party. He served as the last chairman of the Supreme Council from 1991 to 1993. He was also the leader of the Communist Party from 1996 to 2010. He was born in Tarbagatay. +Abdildin died on 31 December 2019 at the age of 82. + += = = Shahla Riahi = = = +Shahla Riahi (, 7 February 1927 – 31 December 2019) was an Iranian actress and movie director. She was born in Tehran. In 1956, she became the first Iranian woman to direct a feature, with "Marjan". Her career as an actress includes more than 72 movies. +Riahi died on 31 December 2019 in Tehran at the age of 92. + += = = Thurnen, Bern = = = +Thurnen is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020, the former municipalities of Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf and Mühlethurnen merged to form the new municipality of Thurnen. + += = = Burkburnett, Texas = = = +Burkburnett is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = YellaWood 500 = = = +The YellaWood 500 is a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at Talladega Superspeedway in Lincoln, Alabama, hosting an event in the NASCAR playoffs. The race is one of four NASCAR Cup Series races currently run with tapered spacers, the others being the GEICO 500 in May, the Coke Zero Sugar 400, and the Daytona 500. Through 1996, this race was normally held in early August or late July. In 1997, it was moved to early October due to the uncomfortably hot summer temperatures, and sometimes unpredictable summertime thunderstorms in the Alabama area. In 2009, the race moved again, this time to November 1 as part of a realignment agreement with Atlanta and Fontana (where Fontana earned a race in the Chase and Atlanta gained the Labor Day weekend race). +The race was on average on the most competitive in NASCAR history. It unwent 40 official leader changes in 1971, 1973, 1975-1978, 1983-1984, 1989-2000, and each year in the period covering races from 2003-2012. In 13 cases, the race exceeded 60 changes of leader, that of 2010 holds the record of leader changes for this circuit, one less than the NASCAR record created in a race in April. +The race. +It is long and it is 188 laps, stages 1 and 2 is 55 laps in length, while the final stage is 78 laps total. +Dale Earnhardt holds the most record of wins (7), at the level of the stables, it is Richard Childress Racing, which holds it with 8 victories and for the manufacturers, it is Chevrolet with 21 victories. + += = = Silvia Montanari = = = +Silvia Montanari (January 14, 1943 – October 26, 2019) was an Argentine actress. She was born in Quilmes Partido, Argentina. She was known for starring in Arthur Miller's play "Panorama from the bridge" with Alfredo Alcón. In telenovelas, she was known in "La Cruz de Marisa Cruces", "La Sombra", "Stefania", "Between love and power", "All yours", "The lion and the rose", and "When love is guilty". +In her later career, she starred as bar owner Emilia in "Gasoleros". +Montanari died on October 26, 2019 at a hospital in Buenos Aires from cancer, aged 76. + += = = Tzvi Freeman = = = +Rabbi Tzvi Freeman is from Canada and is a member of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic movement. Tzvi Freeman is a writer and the author of Bringing Heaven Down to Earth. Rabbi Freeman's writings are primarily based on the teachings of Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the seventh leader of the Chabad movement. +Personal life. +Tzvi Freeman was born in Vancouver, Canada. Before he became a writer, Freeman worked as a game designer for a children's literacy video game. +Freeman works as a senior editor on Chabad.org, the Chabad movement's official outreach website. He produced a children's cartoon called "Kabbalah Toons." + += = = Tess Daly = = = +Helen Elizabeth "Tess" Daly (born 29 March 1969) is an English model, novelist and television presenter. +She is best known for co-presenting the BBC One celebrity dancing show "Strictly Come Dancing" since 2004. +Daly was born in Stockport, Cheshire. In 2003 she married Vernon Kay. They have two children. + += = = Beatriz Taibo = = = +Beatriz Taibo (March 10, 1932 – March 2, 2019) was an Argentinian actress. She was born in San Telmo, Argentina. Taibo was known for her movie roles in "Millones de Semillita", "Asunto terminado" and in "Cuidado con las colas". She appeared in the theatre, notably in the play "Boeing-Boeing". In 1955 she appeared with Tita Merello in "Para vestir santos" ("To Dress Saints"). +Taibo died in Buenos Aires on March 2, 2019 at the age of 86. + += = = Jack Sheldon = = = +Jack Sheldon (November 30, 1931 – December 27, 2019) was an American bebop and West Coast jazz trumpeter, singer, and actor. He was a trumpet player and the music director on "The Merv Griffin Show". His voice was heard on several episodes of the educational music television series "Schoolhouse Rock!". He was born in Jacksonville, Florida. +Sheldon died on December 27, 2019 at the age of 88. + += = = Ira Sullivan = = = +Ira Sullivan (May 1, 1931 – September 21, 2020) was an American jazz trumpeter, flugelhornist, flautist, saxophonist, educator and composer. He was born in Washington, D.C.. His career began in the 1950s in Chicago. He worked often with Red Rodney and Lin Halliday. Sullivan teaches at the Young Musicians Camp each summer at the University of Miami. +Sullivan died on September 21, 2020 from pancreatic cancer in Miami, Florida at the age of 89. + += = = Floyd County, Indiana = = = +Floyd County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 80,484 people lived there. The county seat is New Albany. It is the second smallest county in Indiana by area. It was created in 1819. + += = = Abra (province) = = = +Abra (; ) is province of the Philippines in the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon. The capital is Bangued, and is bordered by Ilocos Norte on the northwest, Apayao on the northeast, Kalinga on the mid-east, Mountain Province on the southeast, and Ilocos Sur on the southwest. + += = = Agusan del Norte = = = +Agusan del Norte (; Butuanon: "Probinsya hong Agusan del Norte") is a province in the Philippines. It is in the Caraga region in Mindanao. The capital is the city of Cabadbaran and is bordered on the northeast by Surigao del Norte; mid-east by Surigao del Sur; southeast by Agusan del Sur, and southwest by Misamis Oriental. It faces Butuan Bay, part of the Bohol Sea, to the northwest. + += = = Injil = = = +The Injil (, alternative spellings: "Ingil" or "Injeel") is the Arabic word for the Gospel. Muslims believe the Injil is to be followed, but has been corrupted over time. Muslims believe the Qur'an is the true successor. + += = = Ipswich, South Dakota = = = +Ipswich is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Edmunds County. In 2020, 928 people lived there. + += = = Ashland County, Wisconsin = = = +Ashland County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 16,027 people lived in the county. The county seat is Ashland. + += = = Barron County, Wisconsin = = = +Barron County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 46,711 people lived in the county. The county seat is Barron. + += = = Prez, Switzerland = = = +Prez is a municipality in Saane in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the municipalities Corserey, Noréaz, and Prez-vers-Noréaz joined together to become the new municipality of Prez. + += = = Bayfield County, Wisconsin = = = +Bayfield County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 16,220 people lived in the county. The county seat is Washburn. + += = = Brown County, Wisconsin = = = +Brown County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 268,740 people lived in the county. The county seat is Green Bay. + += = = Villaz, Switzerland = = = +Villaz is a municipality in Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the municipalities La Folliaz and Villaz-Saint-Pierre joined together to become the new municipality of Villaz. + += = = Donatyre = = = +Donatyre is a former municipality of the district of Avenches in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. On 1 July 2006, it has been part of the municipality of Avenches. + += = = Buffalo County, Wisconsin = = = +Buffalo County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 13,317 people lived in the county. The county seat is Alma. + += = = Remembrance (1982 movie) = = = +Remembrance is a drama about Royal Navy ratings of HMS "Raleigh". They are about to go on a six-month naval exercise. Some well-known British actors had early roles in the film. They include Timothy Spall, Lisa Maxwell and John Altman. It was Gary Oldman's first film. +It was made by Channel Four Films and was shown in the first week of Channel 4 broadcasting. It was also one of the first films in the UK to be shown on television less than three years after its initial cinema release. Before this event, a three-year delay was made by the Cinema Exhibitors' Association. +Plot. +The film follows several naval ratings with the story switching between the characters. The naval ratings prepare for their coming months away at sea. The action takes place around the bars and clubs of the Union Street district of Plymouth. One major event that affects all the characters is the hospitalisation, and eventual death, of Daniel, played by Gary Oldman. This is after a violent assault by a nightclub bouncer. +Production. +Gregg got the idea for the film from his own experiences as a student at Plymouth Art College. +It was shot on location. It includes interior scenes in two Union Street pubs, "The Phoenix" and "The Two Trees". +The film was commissioned by Channel 4, before the channel had started broadcasting. It was shown in November 1982, close to Remembrance Sunday. This was in the first week of the new channel +In June 1982, before being shown on TV, the film had been shown in a cinema, the "Screen on the Hill" in Hampstead. +This was for publicity of the film and the start of Channel 4. It took advantage of the role that the Royal Navy had played in the Falklands War. It was also an important event in the relationship between cinema and television in the UK. In "Independent Television in Britain" (Volume 6, 2003), Paul Bonner and Lesley Aston note that: +Soundtrack. +Background music is from "Aragon" by Brian Eno. +Reception. +Channel 4's regulator, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), raised concerns about use of swearing in the script. +The film won the Golden Charybdis Award at the 1982 Taormina International Film Festival. + += = = Siloam, Georgia = = = +Siloam is a town in Greene County, Georgia. In 2020, 194 people lived there. + += = = Languages of the United Kingdom = = = +Languages of the United Kingdom include: + += = = Fazilatunnesa Bappy = = = +Fazilatunesa Bappy (31 December 1970 – 2 January 2020) was a Bangladeshi lawyer and politician. She was a member of the Awami League. She was elected to the Jatiya Sangsad, Bangladesh's national parliament, in 2011. She served two terms until 2018. She was born in Narail. +Bappy died on 2 January 2020 in Dhaka at the age of 49. + += = = Elena Cotta = = = +Elena Cotta Ramusino (born 19 August 1931) is an Italian actress. She has appeared on stage and in movies and television since the 1950s. In 2013, at 82 years old, she won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress for her role in "A Street in Palermo". She appeared in the Australian movie "Looking for Alibrandi" (2000). Cotta has also appeared in "Your Hands on My Body" (1970), "Loro" (2018) and "The Man Without Gravity" (2019). +Cotta was born in Milan. + += = = List of prime ministers of Chad = = = +This is a list of prime ministers of Chad since the formation of the post of Prime Minister of Chad in 1978 to the present day. + += = = Albert Pahimi Padacké = = = +Albert Pahimi Padacké (, born 15 November 1966) is a Chadian politician. He was the last Prime Minister of Chad from 2016 to 2018. However in 2021, the job was created again with interim leader Mahamat Déby making him prime minister again. He was prime minister until October 2022. + += = = Shen Yi-ming = = = +Shen Yi-ming (; 30 March 1957 – 2 January 2020) was a Taiwanese Air Force commander. He began his term as the Chief of the General Staff, the head of the Republic of China Armed Forces, in July 2019. He served the role until his death in January 2020. +On 2 January 2020, Shen was killed after being in a helicopter crash in Wulai District, aged 62. + += = = Prudential = = = +Prudential plc is a British multinational life insurance and financial services company headquartered in London, United Kingdom. It was founded in London in May 1848 to provide loans to professional and working people. +Prudential has 20 million life customers. It owns Prudential Corporation Asia, which has leading insurance and asset management operations across 14 markets in Asia, Jackson National Life Insurance Company, which is one of the largest life insurance providers in the United States. +Prudential has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Prudential has secondary listings on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, New York Stock Exchange and Singapore Exchange. + += = = Chris Barker = = = +Christopher Andrew Barker (2 March 1980 – 1 January 2020) was an English professional footballer. He played as a defender. +Barker was born in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. He began his professional career at Barnsley in 1999. He won the club's young player of the year award in his first full season. He appeared in over 100 games for the club. In July 2002, Barker joined Welsh side Cardiff City. While at Cardiff, Barker had loan spells at Stoke City and Colchester United. After 177 appearances for Cardiff City, he joined Queens Park Rangers in 2007, and Plymouth Argyle in 2008. He moved to Southend United in 2010, playing for the club until 2013. In 2015, Barker was named player-manager of Aldershot Town. He later played for Hereford and Weston-super-Mare. +On 1 January 2020, Barker died in Cardiff at the age of 39. +Honours. +Player. +Cardiff City +Southend United +References. +General +Specific + += = = Peter Lo Sui Yin = = = +Tan Sri Datuk Peter Lo Sui Yin (; 19 May 1923 – 1 January 2020) was a Malaysian politician. He was the second Chief Minister of the State of Sabah. He was sworn-in on 1 January 1965. He was replaced on 12 May 1967. He was a member of the Sabah Chinese Association (SCA). + += = = Harris Salleh = = = +Harris bin Mohd Salleh (born 4 November 1930) is a Malaysian politician. He was the sixth Chief Minister of the state of Sabah in Malaysia from 1976 to 1985. He was also the president for Parti Berjaya. + += = = Sakaran Dandai = = = +Tun Sakaran Mohd Hashim bin Dandai (15 April 1930 – 30 August 2021) is a Malaysian politician. He was the eighth Chief Minister in 1994 and Governor of the Malaysian state of Sabah from 1995 through 2002. Dandai was a member of the United Malays National Organisation. He was born in Semporna, Malaysia. +Dandai died on 30 August 2021 at a hospital in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia from COVID-19, aged 91. + += = = Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame = = = +The Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is an American history museum and hall of fame. It is located at 1000 Hall of Fame Avenue in Springfield, Massachusetts. It is basketball's most complete library, in addition to promoting and preserving the history of basketball. +It was dedicated to Canadian-American physician and inventor of the sport James Naismith, it was opened and inducted its first class in 1959. + += = = Sylvester James Gates = = = +Sylvester James Gates Jr. (born December 15, 1950), known as S. James Gates Jr. or Jim Gates, is an American theoretical physicist. He works on supersymmetry, supergravity, and superstring theory. +He retired from the physics department at the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences in 2017. +He is the Brown Theoretical Physics Center Director, the Ford Foundation Professor of Physics, Affiliate Professor of Mathematics, and Watson Institute for International Studies & Public Affairs Faculty Fellow at Brown University. +He was a University of Maryland Regents Professor and was on former President Barack Obama's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology. + += = = James Edward Young = = = +James Edward Young (born January 18, 1926) is an American physicist. He was the first black tenured faculty member in the Department of Physics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a founding member of the National Society of Black Physicists. Young was a mentor for Shirley Ann Jackson and Sylvester James Gates. He was born in Wheeling, West Virginia. + += = = James Soong = = = +James Soong Chu-yu (; born 16 March 1942) is a Taiwanese politician. He is the founder and current Chairman the People First Party. +In November 2019, he announced his candidacy for the 2020 Taiwan presidential election, beginning his campaign on 13 November 2019. + += = = Chang San-cheng = = = +Chang San-cheng or Simon Chang () (born 24 June 1954) is a Taiwan politician. He was Premier of the Republic of China from 1 February 2016 until 20 May 2016, appointed by President Ma Ying-jeou. He was Vice Premier from 8 December 2014. +Chang is the current vice presidential candidate in the 2020 Taiwan presidential election for the Kuomintang, running with presidential candidate Han Kuo-yu. He elected Mayors of Taoyuan from 25 December 2022. + += = = Su Tseng-chang = = = +Su Tseng-chang (; born 28 July 1947) is a Taiwanese politician. He was the premier of the Republic of China. He was the chairman of the Democratic Progressive Party from 2012 to 2014. +Su was Premier of the Republic of China from 2006 to 2007 and was Chief of Staff to President Chen Shui-bian in 2004. +Su was born in Ministry of Health and Welfare Pingtung Hospital at Pingtung, He was studied at National Pingtung Senior High School and College of Law, National Taiwan University, He was previously the magistrate of Pingtung County (1989–1993) and magistrate of Taipei County (1997–2004). + += = = Lai Ching‐te = = = +Willam Lai Ching‐te (born 6 October 1959), is a Taiwanese politician who is the President of Taiwan since January 2024. Lai has been the Vice President of Taiwan since 2020. He was a legislator in the Legislative Yuan from 1999 to 2010, and as Mayor of Tainan from 2010 to 2017, before taking office as Premier of Taiwan. +On 24 November 2018, he announced his intention to resign from the premiership after the Democratic Progressive Party suffered a major defeat in local elections, and left office on 14 January 2019. +Lai was a successfull candidate for Vice President of Taiwan and the running mate of President Tsai Ing-wen in the 2020 Taiwan presidential election. +Lai was the successful Democratic Progressive Party nominee for President of Taiwan in the 2024 election, winning the election on 13 January 2024. + += = = People First Party (Taiwan) = = = +The People First Party (PFP, ) is a center-right political party in Taiwan (Republic of China). + += = = Finn Wittrock = = = +Peter "Finn" Wittrock, Jr. (born October 28, 1984) is an American actor and screenwriter. +In 2011, he performed in playwright Tony Kushner's Off-Broadway play "The Illusion" and made his Broadway debut in 2012 as Happy Loman in the revival of Arthur Miller's play "Death of a Salesman", directed by Mike Nichols. +In 2014, he appeared in "The Normal Heart", "Noah", and "Unbroken". He is also known for his roles in ', ' and in ". +In 2018, he played murder victim Jeffrey Trail in the FX crime drama series ". + += = = Roland Minson = = = +Roland T. Minson (February 18, 1929 – January 1, 2020) was an American basketball player. He was born in Idaho Falls, Idaho. He is best known for his college career at Brigham Young University (BYU). At BYU, Minson led the Cougars to the 1951 National Invitation Tournament (NIT) championship. He was drafted by the New York Knicks in the second round of the 1951 NBA draft. At the same time, he was drafted into active duty in the US Navy during the Korean War. When he returned from the military, he turned down a contract from the Knicks. He still had a career in basketball with the Denver Bankers in the Amateur Athletic Union. +Minson died on January 1, 2020 in Afton, Wyoming. He was 90. + += = = Stilton cheese = = = +Stilton is an English cheese, made in two types: Blue, and White. Blue stilton has "Penicillium roqueforti" added. This gives it a characteristic smell and taste. White is the same cheese without having the penicillium added. Both have been given the status of a protected designation of origin (PDO) by the European Commission. This means that the cheese must be made to a strict code in one of the three counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire or Nottinghamshire. +Cheese made in the village of Stilton, which is now in Cambridgeshire can not be sold as "Stilton". +History. +Frances Pawlett (or Paulet), a cheese maker of Wymondham, Leicestershire, has been credited as the person who set modern Stilton cheese's shape and style characteristics in the 1720s, +but others have also been named. +A recipe for a Stilton cheese was published in 1721 by Richard Bradley. +The Stilton Cheesemaker's Association say the first person to market Blue Stilton cheese was Cooper Thornhill. He was the owner of the Bell Inn on the Great North Road, in the village of Stilton, Huntingdonshire. Huntingdonshire is now a district in modern Cambridgeshire. The story is that in 1730, Thornhill discovered a distinctive blue cheese while visiting a small farm near Melton Mowbray in rural Leicestershire — possibly in Wymondham. He fell in love with the cheese and made a business arrangement that gave the Bell Inn exclusive marketing rights to Blue Stilton. The Great North Road, a main stagecoach route from London to Northern England, passed through the village of Stilton. So he was able to promote the sale of Stilton cheese. +In 1936 the Stilton Cheesemakers' Association (SCMA) was formed. They wanted to get legal protection for the quality and origin of the cheese. In 1966, Stilton was granted legal protection via a certification trade mark, the only British cheese to have received this status. +Manufacture and PDO status. +Blue Stilton's blue veins are created by piercing the crust of the cheese with stainless steel needles. This allows air into the core. The cheese is then ripened for nine to twelve weeks. +For cheese to use the name "Stilton", it must be made in one of the three counties of Derbyshire, Leicestershire and Nottinghamshire, and must use pasteurised local milk. The manufacturers of Stilton cheese in these counties applied for and received protection under European Law (PDO = protected designation of origin) in 1996. +Stichelton is made in the same way as Stilton cheese and uses cows' milk from Nottinghamshire, but the milk is unpasteurised and so under the PDO it cannot be designated as true Stilton. + just six dairies are licensed to make Stilton (three in Leicestershire, two in Nottinghamshire and one in Derbyshire). Each dairy is checked by an independent inspection agency accredited to European Standard EN 45011. Four of the licensed dairies are based in the Vale of Belvoir, which straddles the Nottinghamshire-Leicestershire border. This area is seen to be the heartland of Stilton production. Dairies are located in the town of Melton Mowbray and the villages of Colston Bassett, Cropwell Bishop, Long Clawson and Saxelbye. +Another Leicestershire dairy was located in the grounds of Quenby Hall near the village of Hungarton. There had been a dairy there in the 18th century. Quenby Hall restarted Stilton production in a new dairy in August 2005 but the business closed in 2011. +The former Dairy Crest-owned licensed dairy that produced Stilton at Hartington in Derbyshire was acquired by the Long Clawson dairy in 2008 and closed in 2009, with production transferred to Leicestershire. Two former employees set up the Hartington Creamery at Pikehall in Hartington parish which was licensed in 2014. +Stilton cheese cannot be produced in the village that gave the cheese its name. Stilton village is not in the three permitted counties; it is in the historic county of Huntingdonshire in Cambridgeshire. The Original Cheese Company applied to Defra to amend the Stilton PDO to include the village but the application was rejected in 2013. +Stilton cheese was also manufactured in Staffordshire. The Nuttall family of Beeby, Leicestershire opened a Stilton cheese factory in Uttoxeter in 1892 to take advantage of the local milk and good transport links. +Characteristics. +To be called "Blue Stilton", a cheese must: +Stilton has a typical fat content of approximately 35%, and protein content of approximately 23%. +Similar cheeses. +A number of blue cheeses are made in a similar way to Blue Stilton. These cheeses get their blue veins and distinct flavour from the use of one or more saprotrophic fungi, such as "Penicillium roqueforti" and "Penicillium glaucum". Since the PDO came into effect, some British supermarkets have stocked a generic "British Blue cheese". Other makers have adopted their own names and styles. Other typical British blue cheeses are Oxford Blue and Shropshire Blue. +Many countries make blue cheeses. Italy has Gorgonzola cheese, a greenish-blue cheese made from cows' milk. France has Fourme d'Ambert made in Auvergne with cows' milk and Roquefort, made with ewes' milk. Denmark makes Danish Blue Cheese. The Netherlands makes Ruscello. +How to eat. +Blue Stilton is often eaten with celery or pears. It can also be added as a flavouring to vegetable soup, such as cream of celery or broccoli. +It is often eaten with crackers, biscuits or bread. It can also be used to make a blue cheese sauce served over a steak. It can be crumbled over a salad. The cheese is traditionally eaten at Christmas. The edible rind of the cheese forms naturally during the aging process. +White Stilton is the same cheese but has not had the "Penicillium roqueforti" mould introduced into it. It is a crumbly, creamy, open textured cheese. +Dreams. +A 2005 survey by the British Cheese Board reported that Stilton seemed to cause unusual dreams, with 75% of men and 85% of women experiencing "odd and vivid" dreams after eating a 20-gram serving of the cheese half an hour prior to sleeping. +Cultural influence. +George Orwell wrote an essay, "In Defence of English Cooking", first published in the "Evening Standard" on 15 December 1945. While enumerating the high points of British cuisine, he touches on Stilton: "Then there are the English cheeses. There are not many of them, but I fancy that Stilton is the best cheese of its type in the world, with Wensleydale not far behind." +The Stilton Cheese Makers Association produced a fragrance called "Eau de Stilton", which was "very different to the very sweet perfumes you smell wafting down the street as someone walks past you." +The search for an unpasteurised Stilton cheese was a plot element of a "Chef!" episode titled "The Big Cheese", aired on BBC1 on 25 February 1993. +A character named G. D'Arcy "Stilton" Cheesewright appears in several of the Jeeves novels of P. G. Wodehouse. + += = = Rossens, Vaud = = = +Rossens was a municipality in Payerne in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. On 1 July 2006, it joined with Rossens and Sédeilles to become Villarzel. + += = = Sédeilles = = = +Sédeilles was a municipality in Payerne in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. On 1 July 2006, it joined with Rossens and Sédeilles to become Villarzel. + += = = Jay County, Indiana = = = +Jay County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 20,478 people lived there. The county seat is Portland. + += = = LaGrange, Indiana = = = +LaGrange is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the county seat of LaGrange County. + += = = Fountain County, Indiana = = = +Fountain County is a county in the western part of the U.S. state of Indiana on the east side of the Wabash River. As of 2020, 16,479 people lived there. The county seat is Covington. + += = = Elkhart County, Indiana = = = +Elkhart County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 207,047 people lived there. The county seat is Goshen. + += = = DeSoto, Texas = = = +DeSoto is a city in Dallas County, Texas. As of 2020, it had a population of 56,145 people. + += = = Rowlett, Texas = = = +Rowlett is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Fulton County, Indiana = = = +Fulton County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 20,480 people lived there. The county seat is Rochester. + += = = Aquilla, Texas = = = +Aquilla is a city in Hill County, Texas, United States. The population was 101 at the 2020 census. +Aquilla Lake is about north of Aquilla. + += = = Happy Camp, California = = = +Happy Camp (Karuk: "athithúf-vuunupma") is a census-designated place (CDP) in Siskiyou County, California in the United States. In 2020 census, 905 people lived there. It is along California State Route 96. + += = = McCloud, California = = = +McCloud is a census-designated place (CDP) in Siskiyou County, California, United States. The population was 945 at the 2020 census. It is found along California State Route 89. + += = = Tennant, California = = = +Tennant is a census-designated place (CDP) in Siskiyou County, California, United States. In 2020, 63 people lived there. + += = = War of Devolution = = = +In the 1667 to 1668 War of (the) Devolution, France occupied the Spanish-controlled provinces of Spanish Netherlands and Franche-Comté. Because of one law not many people knew about (called the Jus Devolutionis), Louis XIV claimed these provinces 'devolved' to him because of his marriage to Maria Theresa of Spain. +War. +King Louis had claimed territory from the Spanish Empire as his own, due to his marriage of Maria Theresa. This claim started the conflict between France and the Spanish Empire. The Triple Alliance, (England, Sweden, and The Netherlands,) decided to get involved in this war, but not allying with either side. They saw 2 countries now weakened by war and realized they could expand. They also did this for the protection of each side, because both were a vital piece to trade in Europe and the world. The French soldiers marched into Flanders, (now in Belgium) and easily took over the city. Just a year later after almost a standoff, they made a peace treaty with Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I. They would partition the Spanish Dominions until the king's death, and France would annex part of the Netherlands. + += = = Nick Fish = = = +Nicholas Stuyvesant Fish (September 30, 1958 – January 2, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Democrat. He served as a commissioner of Portland, Oregon from 2008 until his death in 2020. Fish also worked with Portland Parks & Recreation, the Portland Housing Bureau and the Bureau of Environmental Services. He was born in Millbrook, New York. The Fish family are a notable political family. His father, Hamilton Fish IV, and grandfather, Hamilton Fish III, both served in the U.S. House of Representatives from New York. Fish's great-great grandfather was Hamilton Fish, the 26th United States Secretary of State. +Fish died of stomach cancer on January 2, 2020 in Portland. He was 61. + += = = Farwell, California = = = +Farwell is a unincorporated community in Alameda County, California. It is found along California State Route 84, in Niles Canyon. + += = = Qasem Soleimani = = = +Qasem Soleimani (‎; 11 March 1957 – 3 January 2020) was an Iranian major general in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). From 1998 until his death in 2020, he was commander of the IRGC's Quds Force. He was born in Qanat-e Malek, Kerman. He began his military career in the 1980s Iran–Iraq War. He later helped command efforts against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in 2014–15. +On 3 January 2020, Soleimani was killed in an airstrike near Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad, Iraq. The U.S.-ordered airstrike also killed others, including Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. + += = = Afton, Wyoming = = = +Afton is a town in Lincoln County, Wyoming, United States. The population was 2,172 at the 2020 census. +Afton is home to the world's largest arch made of elk antlers, it weighs 15 tons. + += = = Assassination of Qasem Soleimani = = = +On 3 January 2020, the United States Air Force launched an airstrike against a convoy traveling near Baghdad International Airport that was carrying several passengers, including Iranian Major General and IRGC Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi Popular Mobilization Forces commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis. +Several missiles reportedly struck the convoy. Five Iranians and five Iraqis were killed. +In response to the killing of Qasem Soleimani and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, Iran launched attacks against the United States and Iraq kicked out American soldiers from the country. Donald Trump, the president at the time, said that Soleimani was killed because he had an arrest warrant for terrorism put out by Ayatollah Khamenei. + += = = Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis = = = +Jamal Jafaar Mohammed Ali Ebrahimi (, 1954 – 3 January 2020), known by the kunya Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis (), was an Iraqi-Iranian military commander. He headed the Popular Mobilisation Committee ("Al-Hashd Al-Sha'abi"). He was the commander of the Kata'ib Hezbollah militia. +He was accused of being a terrorist over his activities in Kuwait in the 1980s. He was sentenced to death in absentia by a court in Kuwait for his involvement in 1983 Kuwait bombings. +Muhandis was on the United States list of designated terrorists. +He was killed by a US airstrike at the Baghdad International Airport on 3 January 2020 alongside Qasem Soleimani. + += = = Baghdad International Airport = = = +Baghdad International Airport , previously "Saddam International Airport" (), is Iraq's largest international airport. It is located in a suburb about west of downtown Baghdad in the Baghdad Governorate. +It is the home base for Iraq's national airline, Iraqi Airways. +On 3 January 2020, Baghdad International Airport was the location of a U.S. airstrike that killed Qassem Soleimani, leader of Iran's Quds Force, and Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, deputy commander of the Popular Mobilization Forces, as well as numerous civilians. + += = = Tommy Hancock = = = +Thomas O. Hancock (March 25, 1929 – January 1, 2020) was an American musician. He was called the godfather of West Texas music. Hancock was born in Lubbock, Texas. He played the fiddle. He played for the band The Flatlanders. During the 1970s, Hancock and his family became followers of Guru Maharaj Ji. +On January 1, 2020, Hancock died in Austin, Texas at the age of 90. + += = = Muenster, Texas = = = +Muenster ( ) is a city in western Cooke County, Texas, United States, along U.S. Route 82. The population was 1,536 at the 2020 census. + += = = Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi = = = +Dr. Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi () (born 5 January 1932) is an Algerian politician and educator. He was born in National Liberation Front (FLN). Ibrahimi was born in Setif, Algeria. Ibrahimi was Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1982 to 1988. Before, he was Counselor to the President from 1977 through 1982. + += = = Victoria Pedretti = = = +Victoria Pedretti (born March 23, 1995) is an American actress. She played Eleanor "Nell" Crain in the Netflix horror series "The Haunting of Hill House" and Love Quinn in the Netflix thriller series "You". +In 2019, she played Lulu in Quentin Tarantino's movie "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood". + += = = Elizabeth Lail = = = +Elizabeth Dean Lail (born March 25, 1992) is an American actress. She is known for her starring roles as Amy Hughes in the 2016 Freeform television series "Dead of Summer" and as Guinevere Beck in the 2018 Lifetime television series "You". + += = = Asheboro, North Carolina = = = +Asheboro is a city in and the county seat of Randolph County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 27,156 at the 2020 census. It is the home of the state-owned North Carolina Zoo. + += = = Randolph County, North Carolina = = = +Randolph County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 144,171. Its county seat is Asheboro. + += = = Penn Badgley = = = +Penn Dayton Badgley (born November 1, 1986) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his role as Dan Humphrey in The CW teen drama series "Gossip Girl" (2007–12) and as Joe Goldberg in the Netflix thriller series "You" (2018–present). + += = = Basil Watts = = = +Basil J. Watts (15 June 1926 – 31 December 2019) was an English World Cup winning rugby league footballer. He was also known by the nickname of "Baz". Watts played in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. He played at representative level for Great Britain and England, and at club level for York. + += = = Sam Wyche = = = +Samuel David Wyche (January 5, 1945 – January 2, 2020) was an American professional football player, coach and politician. He was a player and head coach for the Cincinnati Bengals and a quarterbacks coach for the San Francisco 49ers. He led the Bengals to Super Bowl XXIII. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. +Wyche also played for the Washington Redskins, Detroit Lions, and St. Louis Cardinals. He also coached at the University of South Carolina and Indiana University, and for the San Francisco 49ers, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and Buffalo Bills. +On November 4, 2008, Wyche won a seat on the County Council for Pickens County, South Carolina. He ran as a member of the Republican Party. +On September 9, 2016, Wyche was hospitalized in Charlotte, North Carolina, while waiting for a heart transplant due to congestive heart failure. Three days later, a heart was found, and on September 13, Wyche had a 4.5-hour transplant operation. +Wyche was diagnosed with melanoma in December 2019 and it had spread to his bones and liver. He died at his home in Pickens, South Carolina on January 2, 2020 from problems caused by the disease, three days short of his 75th birthday. + += = = Pickens, South Carolina = = = +Pickens, formerly called Pickens Courthouse, is a small town in Pickens County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 3,388 at the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Pickens County. Pickens County is included in Greenville-Mauldin-Easley metropolitan area. + += = = Craig Roberts = = = +Craig Haydn Roberts (born 21 January 1991) is a Welsh actor, writer and director. He is best known for his lead roles as Oliver Tate in the coming-of-age comedy-drama movie "Submarine" (2010), David Meyers in the series "Red Oaks" (2014–2017), and for playing Rio Wellard in the television series "The Story of Tracy Beaker" (2004–2005). + += = = Jennifer Ehle = = = +Jennifer Anne Ehle (; born December 29, 1969) is a British-American actress. She won the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress for her role as Elizabeth Bennet in the 1995 BBC miniseries "Pride and Prejudice". +For her work on Broadway, she won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for "The Real Thing", and the 2007 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play for "The Coast of Utopia". +She is the daughter of English actress Rosemary Harris and American author John Ehle. + += = = Student transport = = = +Student transport is the transporting of students to and from schools and school events. +Types. +In the United States, this is by school bus. In the Netherlands, this is by walking. In the United Kingdom this is by car, bus and/or bicycle. +Crossing roads. +Students walking are assisted to cross roads by lollipop men or lollipop ladies. In the United States this is known as crossguard. + += = = Darchula = = = +Darchula District ( , a part of Sudurpashchim Pradesh, is one of the seventy-seven districts of Nepal. The district, with Khalanga, Mahakali (today part of Mahakali Municipality) as its district headquarters, covers an area of and has a population (2011) of 133,274. The number of male 63,609 and female 69,855. Decadal Change(%) 9.40, Annual Growth Rate(%) 0.90, Sex Ratio(males per 100 females) 91, Absent (abroad) Population Total 6,867, where number of male 5,880 and female 987. Total Number of House 22,948. Total Number of Household 25,802. Average Household Size 5.17. Population Density . The town has an Indian counterpart to its northwest, named Dharchula. The split between the two towns is just virtual as the traditions, culture, and lifestyle of the people living across both the regions are quite similar. +Darchula Lies in the west-north corner of the country. Darchula made of two words Dhar (ne:���) and Chula (ne:����). Dhar means edge in Nepali and Chula means fire pace,thus the district derives it name today, legends say that in ancient time Hermit Byas cooked rice on the top of two peaks. Byas RIshi HImal is the famous peak here. It covers area of 1867 square km. The major rivers are Mahakali, Chalune, Tinkar, Nampa and Kalagad. The district's boundary is connected with India and china also.Tropical,Subtropical,cool temperate,mild temperate, alpine types of climate are found here. Temperature lies from 18 to minus 7 degree centigrade and rainfall is up to 143 mil-liter. Nepali,Byasi, Gurung, Bhote, Doteli are the dominant language and culture here. + += = = 2021 Jamaica general election = = = +The 2021 Jamaican general election is scheduled to be held in Jamaica by, at the latest, 25 February 2021. The Elections will be largely a contest between the governing Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) and the Opposition party, People’s National Party (PNP). Current Opinion polls suggest a narrow win by the PNP which is led by Peter Philips. + += = = Loose Women = = = +Loose Women is a British lunchtime weekday talk show that has been aired on ITV from 12:30pm to 1:30pm. The show was originally broadcast from Manchester, then Norwich, before moving to London, and focuses on a panel of four female presenters who interview celebrities and talk about aspects of their lives, and discuss topical issues ranging their politics and current affairs to celebrity gossip and entertainment. +On-air team. +Kaye Adams - Presenter / Anchor<br>Ruth Holmes - Presenter<br>Christine Lampard - Presenter<br>Charlene White - Presenter<br>Jane Moore - Anchor / Presenter<br>Nadia Sawalha - Anchor / Presenter<br>Coleen Nolan - Anchor / Presenter<br>Carol McGiffin - Anchor<br>Denise Welch - Anchor<br>Janet Street-Porter - Anchor<br>Linda Robson - Anchor<br>Gloria Hunniford - Anchor<br>Stacey Solomon - Anchor (currently on maternity leave)<br>Brenda Edwards - Anchor<br>Kéllé Bryan - Anchor<br>Judi Love - Anchor<br>Frankie Bridge - Anchor<br>Sunetra Sarker - Anchor<br>Katie Piper - Anchor<br>Sophie Morgan - Anchor<br>Kelly Holmes - Anchor +Reactions to the death and life of Her Sovereign Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. +Loose Women was postponed from 9 September 2022 until 15 September 2022 due to the death of Her Majesty the Queen. Every single anchor had their chance to pay their respects to Her Majesty the Queen and speak about the good times the anchors had in their lives about the Queen. + += = = Tehrik-e-Istiqlal = = = +Tehrik-e-Istiqlal Pakistan (Urdu: ����� �������‎) was a political party which was once the second most popular political party in Pakistan. It was formed by Air Marshal Retd. Asghar Khan in 1970. +In 1990 Pakistani general election it entered into an alliance with Pakistan Peoples Party for electoral calculus. +In January 2012, Tehrik-e-Istiqlal announced merging with the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. + += = = Blanchard, Louisiana = = = +Blanchard is a town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, United States. it is the second most populous municipality in Caddo Parish (after Shreveport) + += = = Haughton, Louisiana = = = +Haughton is a town in Bossier Parish, Louisiana, United States, it is the suburb of Shreveport. The population was 4,539 at the 2020 census. It is the second most populous municipality in Bossier Parish (after Bossier City) + += = = Oakdale, California = = = +Oakdale is a city in the San Joaquin Valley and Stanislaus County, California. As of the 2020 census, 23,181 people lived there. It is about northeast of Modesto. + += = = Independence Airport = = = +Independence Airport is a small airport in Independence, Inyo County, California. It is a public airport, and has two runways. The airport was used as a flight school site during World War II. + += = = Valley View, Texas = = = +Valley View is a city in Cooke County, Texas, United States. The population was 737 at the 2020 census. + += = = Hancock County, Indiana = = = +Hancock County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 79,840 people lived there. The county seat is Greenfield. + += = = Languages of Ireland = = = +The following is a list of languages used in Ireland: + += = = Helsinki Airport = = = +Helsinki Airport (; , ) is the main international airport of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. Its surrounding metropolitan area, and the Uusimaa region. The airport is in the city of Vantaa, about west of Tikkurila, the administrative center of Vantaa and north of Helsinki city center. The airport is operated by state-owned Finavia. +It is the largest airport in Finland and the fourth busiest airport in the Nordic countries. +The airport is the main hub for Finnair, the flag carrier of Finland, and its subsidiary Nordic Regional Airlines. It is also a hub for CityJet (on behalf of SAS) and an operating base for Jet Time, Norwegian Air Shuttle, SunClass Airlines and TUI fly Nordic. + += = = Vierne = = = +Vierne is a surname. People with the surname include: + += = = That Time I Got Reincarnated as a Slime = = = + is also known as or Slime Isekai. It is a Japanese fantasy light novel series written by Fuse. The pictures in the light novel are drawn by Mitz Vah. It was published online between 2013 and 2016 on website Shōsetsuka ni Narō. Micro Magazine published the first light novel volume in 2014. Twenty-one volumes have been released as of October 2023. The light novel has been licensed in North America by Yen Press. It published the first volume in December 2017. +There is a manga based on the light novel published by Kodansha. It also has a manga spin-off published by Micro Magazine. There is an anime television series based on the light novel by Eight Bit. +Reception. +The light novel series has over 4.5 million volumes in print. It was the fifth best-selling title of 2018 with 539,277 copies Its manga adaptation was the ninth best-selling title of 2018 with 3,460,066 copies. +The light novel ranked eighth in 2017 in Takarajimasha's annual light novel guide book "Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi!", in the "tankōbon" category. It ranked sixth in 2018 and fifth in 2019. +In 2019, Rimuru Tempest won Best Protagonist on the Crunchyroll Anime Awards. + += = = Nathaël Julan = = = +Nathaël Julan (16 July 1996 – 3 January 2020) was a French professional footballer. He played as a forward. +Julan was born in Montivilliers and was from a Guadeloupean background. In June 2016, he signed his first professional contract with Le Havre. He was last signed for Ligue 2 side Guingamp. +On 3 January 2020, Julan was killed in a car accident in Pordic. He was 23. + += = = Bogusław Polch = = = +Bogusław Polch (5 October 1941 – 2 January 2020) was a Polish comic book artist. His noted works including artwork of "Funky Koval" (written by Maciej Parowski and Jacek Rodek) and "Wiedźmin" (based on Andrzej Sapkowski's "The Witcher" stories, written by Maciej Parowski). Polch also created the cover art of some of Sapkowski's first edition books in "The Witcher" series. +Polch died on 2 January 2020 at the age of 78. + += = = Derek Acorah = = = +Derek Francis Jason Johnson (27 January 1950 – 3 January 2020), better known as Derek Acorah, was an English self-styled spiritual medium. He was best known for his television work on "Most Haunted", shown on Living TV (2002–2010). Although he had a successful career in television, many people doubted Acorah's claims as a medium. He also starred in "Derek Acorah's Ghost Towns" from 2005 to 2006. He also starred in "Celebrity Big Brother" in 2017. +Acorah was born in Bootle, Liverpool. He was a footballer earlier in his life. He was signed to Liverpool in the Bill Shankly era, but never made a first team appearance. +On 3 January 2020, Acorah died of sepsis caused by pneumonia in Scarisbrick, Lancashire. He was 69. + += = = Ian Lavery = = = +Ian Lavery (born 6 January 1963) is a British Labour Party politician and former trade union leader. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Wansbeck since the 2010 general election. +He was president of the National Union of Mineworkers, 2002–2010. In June 2017, he became Chairman of the Labour Party and would continue in the role until 5 April 2020. + += = = Stella Maris Leverberg = = = +Stella Maris Raquel Leverberg (12 September 1962 – 3 January 2020) was an Argentine politician and trade unionist. She was a member of the Chamber of Deputies for the province of Misiones from 2007 to 2015. She was also the leader of the "Unión de Docentes de la Provincia de Misiones" (UDPM). +On 3 January 2020, Leverberg died at a hospital of cardiac arrest after being in a road accident in Cruce Caballero, Misiones. She was 57. + += = = Mónica Echeverría = = = +Monica Echeverria Yañez (September 2, 1920 – January 3, 2020) was a Chilean journalist, writer, actress and professor. She was a feminist. She called herself a "rebel" and "anarchist" in the face of the neoliberal economics of the Chilean government. She was born in Santiago de Chile. In 2016, Mónica Echeverría published ¡Háganme Callar!. +As a writer she published her first book, "Antihistoria de un luchador", in 1993, it took eight years for her to finish this 500-page biography of the unionist Clotario Blest. +Echeverría died on January 3, 2020 in Santiago at the age of 99. + += = = Raghunath Murmu = = = +Raghunath Murmu also called Guru Gomke (05 May 1905 – 1 February 1982) was the inventor of the "Ol Chiki" script used in the Santali language. +Early life. +Raghunath Murmu was born in Dandbus village of Mayurbhanj district in 5th May 1905. His father Nandlal Murmu was village head and his paternal uncle was Munsi in the court of Raja Pratap Chandra Bhanjdeo. +Honours. +Murmu was honoured by Mayurbhanj State Adivasi Mahasabha with the title "Guru Gomke" (the great teacher). +Murmu's birthday, the 5th May, was declared an "optional holiday" by the Odisha chief minister in 2016, and the state culture department was directed to celebrate the day annually, in honour of his creation of the Ol Chiki script. + += = = Gibson County, Indiana = = = +Gibson County is a county in the southwestern part of the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2020, 33,011 people lived there. The county seat is Princeton. + += = = Cashion Community, Texas = = = +Cashion Community (commonly called Cashion) is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Bridgeport, California = = = +Bridgeport is a census-designated place (CDP) of California in the United States. It is the county seat of Mono County. In the 2020 census, 553 people lived there. It is found at the meeting point of U.S. Route 395 and State Route 182. + += = = Mr In-Between = = = +Mr In-Between (also called The Killing Kind) is a 2001 British crime drama film. It is based on the novel by English writer Neil Cross. It was directed by Paul Sarossy. The screenplay was written by Peter Waddington. +Plot summary. +In 2002, hitman Jon lives alone. One day he meets an old friend called Andy. He starts an unneeded relationship. The truth comes out about what Jon does. This endangers the lives of those close to him. He must make a difficult decision. Should he save the woman he loves or kill her and the child. +Reception. +Derek Elley of "Variety" called it "unevenly acted and scripted". Jamie Russell of the BBC rated it 3/5 stars and called it "commendably ambitious, but only occasionally successful". Alan Morrison of "Empire" rated it 3/5 stars and wrote that the film becomes more pretentious as time goes on. Total Film rated it 2/5 stars and called it "intense, reflective yarn" that wallows in sadism. "Time Out London" called it bleak, stylistically bold, and occasionally pretentious. David Johnson of DVD Verdict called it "a refreshingly original take on the hitman-with-a-conscience gig." Glenn Erickson of DVD Talk called it "an overachieving straight-to-video feature" that treats its subject matter as more important than it is. +Awards. +"Mr In-Between" won Best UK Feature at Raindance Film Festival. +Andrew Howard won Best Actor at the Tokyo International Film Festival. + += = = Unbioctium = = = +Unbioctium also called eka-curium is an chemical element that has been not been yet discovered. it has isotopes but how many isotopes it has in still yet unknown, Yuri Oganessian's team is searching this element and this might be the target, they already made a chemical called Oganesson. Ununennium and Unbinilium has already been targeted by them. Unbinoctium has the symbol Ubo and it is in the superactinide group + is a chemical element of the periodic table. The atomic number of this element is 128. It has the chemical symbol Ubo. It is in the superactinide. It has not been discovered. + += = = Sam and Friends = = = +Sam and Friends is a puppet TV show created by Jim Henson in 1955. It aired its last episode in 1961. The show had many Muppet characters: Sam, Kermit, Icky Gunk, Wilkins and Wontkins, Harry the Hipster, Omar, and Yorick. +There was many episodes but most of them are lost, fans of the show have described the missing episodes from memory, here is the lists of found episodes: + += = = Herbert Binkert = = = +Herbert Binkert (3 September 1923 – 4 January 2020) was a German football player and manager. He played as a forward. +Binkert was born in Karlsruhe. He played internationally for Saarland from 1951 to 1956. Binkert is the joint top scorer for Saarland, with six goals. He played club football between 1942 and 1960, most notably for 1. FC Saarbrücken. He later managed football teams, including 1. FC Saarbrücken. +Binkert died on 4 January 2020 at the age of 96. + += = = Júlio Castro Caldas = = = +Júlio de Lemos de Castro Caldas (19 November 1943 – 4 January 2020) was a Portuguese lawyer and politician. He was elected to the Assembly of the Republic in 1980, serving until 1983. He later served as Minister of National Defence from 1999 to 2001. Castro Caldas was born in Lisbon. +Castro Caldas died on 4 January 2020 at the age of 76. + += = = Zdravko Tomac = = = +Zdravko Tomac (24 May 1937 – 4 January 2020) was a Croatian politician. He was born in Garčin. He was a member of the League of Communists until 1991, when he joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He served as an MP from 1995 to 2005. He left the SDP in 2003. +On 4 January 2020, Tomac died in Dubrava, Zagreb. He was 82. + += = = Antoni Morell Mora = = = +Antoni Morell Mora (14 December 1941 – 5 January 2020) was a Spanish-born Andorran diplomat, civil servant, writer and lawyer. Morell Mora was born in Barcelona. He served as Ambassador of Andorra to the Holy See from 2005 to 2010. He also held local government roles starting in the 1970s. He wrote a number of essays on topics such as sociology, geography and history. +On 5 January 2020, Morell Mora died of heart failure in Andorra la Vella. He was 78. + += = = Prince Frederick of Great Britain = = = +Prince Frederick (Frederick William; 13 May 1750 – 29 December 1765) was a member of the British Royal Family, a grandchild of George II and the youngest brother of King George III. + += = = Socialist Studies = = = +Socialist Studies is a British socialist political party started in 1991. It is opposed to all wars. It is opposed to the former Soviet Union. + += = = Islam in Delhi = = = +Delhi has the second largest Muslim population (12.86%) within Delhi State. Muhammad Ghori invaded India in 1175 A.D. After the conquest of Multan and Punjab, he advanced towards Delhi. The Rajput chiefs of northern India headed by Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated him in the First Battle of Terrain in 1191 A.D. After about a year, Muhammad Ghori came again to avenge his defeat. A furious battle was fought again in Terrain in 1192 A.D. in which the Rajputs were defeated and Prithvi Raj Chauhan was captured and put to death. The Second Battle of Terrain, however, proved to be a decisive battle that laid the foundations of Muslim rule in Northern India. Ghori built many mosques and libraries after laying Muslim rule in India. The period between 1206 A.D. and 1526 A.D. in India's history is known as the Delhi Sultanate period. During this period of over three hundred years, five dynasties ruled in Delhi. These were: the Slave dynasty (1206-90), Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and Lodhi dynasty (1451-1526).The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk/Slave dynasty (1206–1290), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the Sayyid dynasty (1414–1451), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526). It covered large swathes of territory in modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh as well as some parts of southern Nepal. +As a successor to the Ghurid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate was originally one among a number of principalities ruled by the Turkic slave-generals of Muhammad Ghori (who had conquered large parts of Northern India), including Yildiz, Aibek and Qubacha, that had inherited and divided the Ghurid territories amongst themselves. After a long period of infighting, the Mamluks were overthrown in the Khalji revolution which marked the transfer of power from the Turks to a heterogeneous Indo-Muslim nobility. Both of the resulting Khalji and Tughlaq dynasties respectively saw a new wave of rapid Muslim conquests deep into South India. The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent. This was followed by decline due to Hindu reconquests, Hindu kingdoms such as the Vijayanagara Empire and Mewar asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the Bengal Sultanate breaking off. In 1526, the Sultanate was conquered and succeeded by the Mughal Empire. +The sultanate is noted for its integration of the Indian subcontinent into a global cosmopolitan culture (as seen concretely in the development of the Hindustani language and Indo-Islamic architecture), being one of the few powers to repel attacks by the Mongols (from the Chagatai Khanate) and for enthroning one of the few female rulers in Islamic history, Razia Sultana, who reigned from 1236 to 1240. Bakhtiyar Khalji's annexations were responsible for the large-scale desecration of Hindu and Buddhist temples (leading to the decline of Buddhism in East India and Bengal), and the destruction of universities and libraries. Mongolian raids on West and Central Asia set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, intelligentsia, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from those regions into the subcontinent, thereby establishing Islamic culture in India and the rest of the region. + += = = Knox County, Indiana = = = +Knox County is a county in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of 2020, 36,282 people lived there. The county seat is Vincennes. + += = = La Feria, Texas = = = +La Feria is a city of Texas in the United States. + += = = Iglesia Antigua, Texas = = = +Iglesia Antigua is a census-designated place (CDP) of Cameron County in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Bishop, Texas = = = +Bishop is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. + += = = Orange Cove, California = = = +Orange Cove is a city of Fresno County, in the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, 9,649 people lived there. + += = = Saint-Julien-en-Genevois = = = +Saint-Julien-en-Genevois is a commune. It is in the French department of Haute-Savoie. + += = = Alexander Frater = = = +Alexander Russell Frater (3 January 1937 – 1 January 2020) was a British-Australian travel writer and journalist. He was known as 'the funniest man who wrote for "Punch" since the war'. Frater was best known for his books and for documentaries he wrote and produced for the BBC and ABC. + += = = John Baldessari = = = +John Anthony Baldessari (June 17, 1931 – January 2, 2020) was an American conceptual artist. He was known for his work around found photography and appropriated images. +In 1970 he began working in printmaking and photography. He created thousands of works which showed the power of language. His art has been featured in more than 200 solo exhibitions in the U.S. and Europe. + += = = Lorenza Mazzetti = = = +Lorenza Mazzetti (26 July 1927 – 4 January 2020) was an Italian movie director, novelist, photographer and painter. She was born in Florence, Tuscany. She directed the movie "Together" (1956) movie. +Mazzetti died on 4 January 2020 in Rome at the age of 92. + += = = K. S. S. Nambooripad = = = +K. S. S. Nambooripad (6 April 1935 – 4 January 2020) was an Indian mathematician. His works were related to the structure theory of regular semigroups. Nambooripad was also important in popularising the TeX software in India. He helped create the free software movement in India. +He was with the Department of Mathematics, University of Kerala, beginning in 1976. He was the Department Head from 1983 until his retirement from University service in 1995. +Nambooripad died on 4 January 2020 at his home in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala at the age of 84. + += = = T. N. Chaturvedi = = = +Triloki Nath Chaturvedi (18 January 1929 – 5 January 2020) was an Indian politician. He was born in Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh. From 1984 through 1989, he was the Comptroller and Auditor General. In 2002, he became the Governor of Karnataka and left office in 2007. In 2004, he was the Governor of Kerala. +He was an unsuccessful candidate for President of India in 2017. +Chaturvedi died on 5 January 2020 while on his way to the hospital in Noida, Uttar Pradesh, of a heart attack, aged 90. + += = = Quds Force = = = +The Quds Force is a military unit in Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). The purpose of this is to provide the country's law enforcement. It was founded by Qasem Soleimani, in 1988. Prior to becoming an independent military unit, the Quds Force was a special intelligence unit for the military organization Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The main goal of the Quds Force was to fight against the Iran-Iraq War. It has also been stopping ISIS from invading Iran. +Since 2007, United States of America marked the Quds Force as a terrorist group. Similiarly, Canada marked the Quds Force as a terrorist group too in 2012. Egypt has also included Quds Force as a terrorist group. Israel marked the Quds Force as a terrorist organization in March 2015. +Soleimani was in charge of the group until he was killed by a U.S. drone strike at Baghdad International Airport on 3 January 2020. Brigadier General Esmail Qaani was appointed as commander of the Quds Force on the same day. + += = = Anri Jergenia = = = +Anri Mikhail-ipa Jergenia (; 8 August 1941 – 5 January 2020) was an Abkhazian politician. From June 2001 to November 2002 he was the Prime Minister. He was a presidential candidate for the 2004 election. He was born in Leningrad, Russian SFSR. He was a member of the Amtsakhara. +Jergenia died in Moscow on 5 January 2020 at the age of 78. + += = = Woking F.C. = = = +Woking Football Club is a football club which plays in Woking, Surrey, England. + += = = Clovis, California = = = +Clovis is a city of Fresno County, in the U.S. state of California. In 2020, 120,124 people lived there. This is up from 95,631 people in 2010. + += = = Gustine, California = = = +Gustine is a city of Merced County, in the U.S. state of California. It is found west of Merced. In 2020, 6,110 people lived there. + += = = Yukiko Miyake = = = +Yukiko Miyake (�� ��, "Miyake Yukiko"; March 5, 1965 – January 2, 2020) was a Japanese politician. She was in the Japanese House of Representatives from 2009 through 2012. Miyake was a member of the Democratic Party of Japan. She was born in Washington, D.C. +On January 2, 2020, Miyake drowned herself at the Tokyo Bay at the age of 54. + += = = Lina Medina = = = +Lina Marcela Medina de Jurado (born 23 September 1933) is a Peruvian woman who became the youngest confirmed mother in history. In 1939, she gave birth at the age of five years, seven months and 21 days. Her son, Gerardo, was born via a caesarean section. Gerardo grew up healthy, and died of bone disease in 1979, aged 40. Medina never publicly revealed the father of her first child. She was less than five years old when she became pregnant. She is also believed to be the youngest documented case of precocious puberty, which is when puberty happens at a very early age. +Medina was born in Ticrapo, Castrovirreyna Province. She is married to Raúl Jurado, who fathered Medina's second son in 1972. As of 2002, she was living in Lima. + += = = Louis Siminovitch = = = +Louis Siminovitch, (May 15, 1920 – April 6, 2021) was a Canadian molecular biologist. He was a known figure in human genetics, researcher into the genetic basis of muscular dystrophy and cystic fibrosis, and helped create Ontario programs about roots of cancer. +Siminovitch was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied at Pasteur Institute in Paris and at McGill University. He joined the University of Toronto and worked there from 1956 to 1985. In 2012, he was made a member of the Order of Ontario. Siminovitch died on April 6, 2021 in Toronto, aged 100. + += = = Muscular dystrophy = = = +Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of muscle diseases that causes increasing weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time. Many people will eventually become unable to walk. Some types are also associated with problems in other organs. +The most common type is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which typically affects males beginning around the age of four. There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. + += = = Duchenne muscular dystrophy = = = +Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe type of muscular dystrophy. The symptom of muscle weakness usually begins around the age of four in boys and worsens quickly. Most are unable to walk by the age of 12. Scoliosis is also common. +The disorder is X-linked recessive. About two thirds of cases are inherited from a person's mother, while one third of cases are due to a new mutation. It is caused by a mutation in the gene for the protein dystrophin. +Although there is no known cure, physical therapy, braces, and corrective surgery may help with some symptoms. + += = = Bernice Falk Haydu = = = +Bernice "Bee" Falk Haydu (December 15, 1920 – January 30, 2021) was an American aviator. She was a Women Airforce Service Pilot (WASP) in World War II. Haydu remained active in aviation and has been an activist for women pilots into her 90s. Haydu was born in Montclair, New Jersey. +From 1978 to 1980 she was president of Women Military Aviators. She was one of the three surviving WASPs present in the Oval Office in 2009, when Barack Obama awarded the Congressional Gold Medal to the WASPs for their service. +Haydu turned 100 in December 2020. She died a month later on January 30, 2021. + += = = Lorraine Rodgers = = = +Lorraine Zillner Rodgers (September 11, 1920 – July 3, 2018) was a Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) pilot for the United States Army Air Forces. + += = = Women Airforce Service Pilots = = = +The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) (also Women's Army Service Pilots or Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots) was a civilian women pilots' organization. +Their members were United States federal civil service employees. +Members of WASP became trained pilots who tested aircraft, ferried aircraft and trained other pilots. Their purpose was to free male pilots for combat roles during World War II. The WASP and its members had no military standing. + += = = Charles Burrell (musician) = = = +Charles "Charlie" Burrell (born October 4, 1920) is an American classical and jazz bass player. He is known for being the first African-American to be a member of a major American symphony (the Denver Symphony, now known as the Colorado Symphony). For this, he is often known as "the Jackie Robinson of Classical Music". He was born in Toledo, Ohio. + += = = Kenneth McAlpine = = = +Kenneth McAlpine, OBE DL (21 September 1920 – 8 April 2023) was a British racing driver. He was born in Cobham, Surrey. +He participated in 7 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 19 July 1952. He scored no championship points. +During the development of the Connaught Racing Team based at Send in Surrey, McAlpine became a considerable financial backer and enjoyed several team owner triumphs including Tony Brooks's memorable F1 victory at Syracuse, Italy in 1955. +McAlpine died on 8 April 2023, at the age of 102. + += = = Ted Knap = = = +Ted Knap (born May 19, 1920) is an American journalist. Knap is best known for having been included on Nixon's enemies list despite his belief that "I thought Nixon, except for Watergate, was a good president". He was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. +In 1973, Knap began the weekly "White House Watch" column. He retired in 1985. +He was added into the Indiana Journalism Hall of Fame in 2007, the American Political Science Association (twice), the Marquette University By-Line Award, Sigma Delta Chi fraternity, and Indianapolis Press Club reporting awards. + += = = Dante Exum = = = +Dante Exum (born 13 July 1995) is an Australian professional basketball player. He plays the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Utah Jazz from 2014 to 2019. He was traded to the Cavaliers in 2019. +Exum was born in Melbourne, Victoria, to American parents. His father, Cecil, played college basketball at the University of North Carolina. Exum is a supporter of Essendon Football Club in the Australian Football League. + += = = Fossil water = = = +Fossil water or palaeowater is an ancient body of water that has been kept in an undisturbed place. Usually it is groundwater in an aquifer. It may stay underground for millions of years. Other types of fossil water can include lakes under ice, such as Antarctica's Lake Vostok. The term may be used to describe ancient water on other planets. +UNESCO defines "fossil groundwater" as +"water that infiltrated usually millennia ago and often under climatic conditions different from the present, and that has been stored underground since that time". +Estimating the time since water infiltrated is done using isotopes. Some aquifers are hundreds of meters deep and underlie vast areas of land. Research techniques in the field are developing quickly and the scientific knowledge base is growing. For many aquifers, research is lacking or disputed as to the age of the water and the behaviour of the water inside the aquifer. + += = = Yandex = = = +Yandex N.V. (; ) is a Russian internet company and search engine. It is the most popular search engine in the Russian language. The website has gone through many changes like being just a searching browser, an entire email and becoming into a multi-service website. The company was originally founded in 2000 by Arkady Volozh but the website didn't start until 2006. Currently headquartered in Moscow, Russia. +Other programs. +Yandex Translate. +Yandex runs Yandex Translate, a machine translation program. It uses computer software to translate text or speech from Russian into either English or Ukrainian or back. Yandex Translate started in 2011. The team that built it read thousands of documents and their translations and built a dictionary for Yandex Translate. +In 2020, the Mozilla Firefox web browser added a tool to that could translate webpages. That tool can use only Google Translate and Yandex Translate. + += = = Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System = = = +The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System is said to be the world's largest known fossil water aquifer system. It is underground the Eastern end of the Sahara Desert. It spans the boundaries of four countries in north-eastern Africa north-western Sudan, north-eastern Chad, south-eastern Libya, and most of Egypt. +The Great Man-made River Project (GMMR) in Libya makes use of the system. It takes water from this aquifer, about 2.4 km3 of fresh water for drinking and agriculture each year. This system is mainly used to supply water to the Kufra oasis. + += = = Walter Ormeño = = = +José Francisco Walter Ormeño Arango (3 December 1926 – 4 January 2020) was a Peruvian footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. +Ormeño was born in Lima. He played at club level for Universitario de Deportes, Huracán de Medellín, Mariscal Sucre, Boca Juniors, Rosario Central, Alianza Lima, América and Atlante. Ormeño also played for the Peruvian national team between 1949 and 1957. He played for his country at the 1949 South American Championship. +After retiring as a player, Ormeño worked for a number of clubs in Mexico. He died on 4 January 2020 in Mexico City. He was 93. + += = = Dennis Brown = = = +Dennis Emmanuel Brown CD (1 February 1957 – 1 July 1999) was a Jamaican reggae singer who was called as "The Crown Prince of Reggae" by Bob Marley. + += = = Dennis Brown (disambiguation) = = = +Dennis Brown (1957–1999) was a Jamaican reggae singer. +Dennis Brown may also refer to: + += = = Nute Gunray = = = +Nute Gunray is a fictional character in the Star Wars Universe. Gunray was a neimoidian politician who served as the Viceroy of the Trade Federation during their invasion of Naboo and later served as a prominent Separatist leader during the conflict known as the Clone Wars. Gunray appears in , and of the Star Wars Prequels Trilogy as well as in other media such as the Animated Television series. +The Invasion of Naboo. +The Invasion of Naboo was an event that took place 32 years before the events of . The Invasion began as a blockade around the planet, with Nute Gunray taking charge of the fleet, this blockade was set up in order to protest the taxation of trade routes by the new republic, however the real intention of the blockade was to stage a droid invasion of the planet so that Senator Palpatine (who was secretly controlling Nute Gunray as Darth Sidious) could gain sympathy in the Galactic Senate. After the Blockade was set up, the trade federation began sending Battle Droids down to the planets surface. This event was seen throughout . +Negotiations. +The Republic sent Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn and his Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi to negotiate with the Viceroy, Gunray assumed they had arrived to force a negotiation so, after consulting Darth Sidious, ordered their death. Droideka's were sent but the two Jedi were able to escape to the planet below were they witnesses the invasion first hand. Nute Gunray would later descend to the planet below of Naboo in an attempt to force the planet's queen Padmé Amidala into a deal, he would eventually be stopped. +The Senate. +Nute Gunray argues that everything he does is legal and he also states that he would not do anything without the approval of the senate, when saying this he is talking about the trade blockade, not the invasion. If proof could be shown to the senate that the trade federation had began an invasion of the planet, the republic would intervene, but the senate could not be convinced. Gunray and the trade federation had a presence in the senate and were even accused of taking part in bureaucracy. +Relationship with the Sith. +Nute Gunray was under direct command of the Sith Lord Darth Sidious. This was the Sith alias of Senator Palpatine. Sidious commanded Gunray to invade Naboo. By creating an artificial conflict, Sidious could gain sympathy for Naboo in the senate. He could use this sympathy along with the Republic's lack of action to achieve the political position of Supreme Chancellor. Nute Gunray was just a pawn in Sidious' plan to achieve the position of supreme chancellor. By working as the necessary opposition, Gunray was not aware that this was his purpose but despite this Sidious was able to ascend to Supreme Chancellor and he would not be able to do this without Nute Gunray. +Nute Gunray was not fond of his Sith overlords. When Darth Sidious introduced Darth Maul in a hologram to Gunray, Gunray was not pleased and when the communication ended exclaimed "This is getting out of hand, now there are two of them!" referring to the two Sith. It is likely that Gunray disliked the Sith as he feared their power and they could threaten his position. Gunray also feared they could be too controlling. +Nute Gunray also knew the Sith Lord Darth Tyrannus was Sidious's second apprentice and played a large part in the separatist rebellion along with Gunray. They were seen together on Geonosis. +Separatist. +After the conflict on Naboo Nute Gunray along with others from the Trade Federation, Banking Clan, Techno Union and others form the Confederacy of Independent Systems (C.I.S.) the C.I.S. would be what fought against the Republic During the conflict known as The Clone Wars. +Separatist Council. +Gunray was the chairman of the separatist council and sat on it alongside others such as Count Dooku, the Corporate Alliance’s Passel Argente, the InterGalactic Banking Clan’s San Hill, the Commerce Guild’s Shu Mai, the Techno Union’s Wat Tambor, Poggle the Lesser of Geonosis, and Senators Po Nudo and Tikkes. +Death. +Nute Gunray was killed by Darth Vader under the orders of his new master Darth Sidious on Mustafar after Darth Sidious ordered the Separatist council move there as Sidious promised the war would soon be at an end. +Quotes. +"This is getting out of hand, now there are two of them!" +"What about the Senator from Naboo? Is she dead yet? I am not signing your treaty until I have her head on my desk!" +"She can't do that! Shoot her, or something!" +"She has disappeared, my lord. One Naboo cruiser got past the blockade." +"And the Jedi?" +"My lord, it's impossible to locate the ship. It's out of our range." +"Yes, of course. As you know, our blockade is perfectly legal and we'd be happy to receive the ambassadors." +"No need to report that to him until we have something to report!" +"My lord, is that, legal?" +"Ah, victory!" +"The war is over. Lord Sidious promised us peace. We only want..." +"Safe? Hum. Chancellor Palpatine managed to escape, General. Without Count Dooku, I have doubts about your ability to keep us safe." + += = = Central retinal artery = = = +The central retinal artery (retinal artery) is an artery in the back of the eye at the retina, where the fresh oxygenated blood is brought to the eye for it to use. + += = = War Powers Resolution = = = +The War Powers Resolution (also known as the War Powers Resolution of 1973 or the War Powers Act) (50 U.S.C. 1541–1548) is a federal law planned to check the U.S. president's power to commit the United States to an armed conflict without the approval of the U.S. Congress. +The resolution was adopted in the form of a United States congressional joint resolution. It says that the president can send the U.S. Armed Forces into action abroad only by declaration of war by Congress. + += = = Mike Fitzpatrick = = = +Michael Gerard Fitzpatrick (June 28, 1963 – January 6, 2020) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives, representing from 2005 to 2007 and 2011 to 2017. +After loosing his re-election bid in 2006, he was re-elected in 2010, 2012 and 2014. He was a supporter of term limits and did not seek re-election in 2016 and retired in 2017. +He had a moderate conservative position, and ranked among the most bipartisan members of Congress. +Fitzpatrick was diagnosed with colon cancer in June 2008. He reported five months later that the cancer went into remission after chemotherapy. In 2016, he had surgery after the cancer returned and continued to have the disease until his death. +Fitzpatrick died in Levittown, Pennsylvania on January 6, 2020 from melanoma at the age of 56. + += = = Levittown, Pennsylvania = = = +Levittown is a census-designated place (CDP) and planned community in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States, within the Philadelphia metropolitan area. The population was 52,699 at the 2020 census. + += = = Chicago Seven = = = +The Chicago Seven (originally Chicago Eight, also Conspiracy Eight/Conspiracy Seven) were seven defendants charged by the federal government with conspiracy, causing a riot, and other charges related to anti-Vietnam War and countercultural protests that took place in Chicago, Illinois. +They were also responsible for the massive violent protest at the 1968 Democratic National Convention. +The Chicago Seven were: +Bobby Seale, the eighth man charged, had his trial end during the proceedings, lowering the number of defendants from eight to seven. +The trial resulted in five of the seven convicted for creating riots. All were acquitted of conspiracy. However, during the trial, Judge Julius Hoffman sentenced all of the defendants to lengthy sentences for Contempt of court. Later, the judge's contempt charges were reversed, and all of the convictions for causing riots were overturned. + += = = Poets' Corner = = = +Poets' Corner is an area in the south transept of Westminster Abbey. Over the years, many people have been buried in this corner. They have been buried here in recognition of their contributions to British culture. Most are poets, playwrights, and writers. The first interred in the corner was Geoffrey Chaucer in 1556. When Edmund Spenser was buried nearby, the tradition of burying literary notables in the corner was established. The most recent memorial (6 December 2011) was that of Poet Laureate Ted Hughes. Writer C. S. Lewis will be the next to be commemorated on 22 November 2013, the fiftieth anniversary of his death. Burial in Poet's Corner is not automatic following death. Lord Byron died in 1824, for example, but a memorial in the corner was not raised to him until 1969. + += = = Indian National Army = = = +The Indian National Army was the army of Azad Hind. Azad Hind was a state that existed on the territory which would later become India, Pakistan, and Myanmar. During the Second World War, they fought in what is known as Burma campaign today. After the war, Azad Hind was disbanded, and with it, the Indian National Army. The Indian National Army was the brainchild of and + += = = Charles Ebbets = = = +Charles Clyde Ebbets was an American photographer who is credited with having taken the iconic photograph "Lunch atop a Skyscraper". He was born on August 18, 1905 in Alabama. He got his first camera, a Kodak Brownie when he was 8 years old. The family was struggling so he left school in 10th grade to work for the newspaper in the city. It was then he decided to work toward the idea of making a living from taking pictures. + += = = Lorüns = = = +Lorüns is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Blons = = = +Blons is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Brand, Vorarlberg = = = +Brand is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Bregenz (district) = = = +The Bregenz District is a district in Vorarlberg, Austria. It has an area of 863.37 km2. As of 2012, 130,425 people lived there. The administrative center of the district is Bregenz. +Geography. +It is in the Bregenz Forest region, the Leiblach valley, and the Austrian part of Lake Constance. +Places. +The district has 40 municipalities, one of them is a town, and four are market towns. + += = = Dornbirn (district) = = = +The Dornbirn District is a district in Vorarlberg, Austria. It has an area of 172.7 km2. As of 2012, 82,721 people lived there. The administrative center of the district is Dornbirn. +Places. +The district has three municipalities, two of which (Dornbirn and Hohenems) are towns, the third (Lustenau) being the largest market town in Austria. Hohenems is the youngest town in Vorarlberg to have received town privileges (in 1983). + += = = EVO Smart Console = = = +EVO Smart Console (originally called Evo: Phase One) is a media PC and seventh generation era video game console made by Envizions. The beta, called "EVO: Phase One", came out on October 20, 2006, and the final version came out on November 20, 2008. +The system uses Linux software, which is based on the Fedora operating system. The system came with three games: "SuperTux", "Kobo Deluxe" and "Kid Destiny". The system has high definition (HD), can access the Internet, and can run games for Windows. It also has a 120 GB hard drive and 2 GB RAM. +Final version. +The final name of the system is "EVO Smart Console". It came out for developers on November 20, 2008, and cost $250. It had Amiga-based games, and an Akimbo-based video on demand service. It also had a larger, 250 GB hard drive, 1080p resolution, and its own Fedora-based Linux operating system, which was known as "Mirrors Evolution". There is open source code for developers to make games for Linux. +Successors. +EVO 2. +The EVO 2 is a cancelled video game console Envizions first talked about in a press release on January 9, 2011 under the name "GameBox". It was revealed on May 25, 2011, along with specifications, images, and a new name. It was supposed to come out in fall 2011. Their website previously said the console would ship in 2012. +On November 28, 2012, Envizions CEO Derrick Samuels announced a new Android console, "Oton", from his new startup company, which was called 'EnGeniux'. This stopped the EVO 2 from being made. +EVO 2 DX. +, Envizions said it was making the "EVO 2 DX", a gaming PC that was going to be able to run both Windows and Android. It was thought it would be able to play Android games using motion gestures, and have a version that would be able to play Blu-ray Discs. +As of when the EVO 2 was cancelled, it is not known what is happening with the EVO 2 DX. + += = = Feldkirch (district) = = = +The Feldkirch District is a district in Vorarlberg, Austria. It has an area of 278.26 km2. As of 2012, 100,656 people lived there. The administrative center of the district is Feldkirch. +Places. +The district is has 24 municipalities, one of them is a town, and three of them are market towns. + += = = Klösterle, Austria = = = +Klösterle is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Korean New Year = = = +Korean New Year () is the first day of the Chinese lunisolar calendar.It is one of the most important traditional Korean holidays which orginated from China. The celebration usually lasts three days: the day before Korean New Year, Korean New Year itself, and the day after Korean New Year. During this time, many Koreans visit family, perform ancestral rites, wear "hanbok"(��), eat traditional food, and play folk games. Additionally, children often receive money from their elders after performing a formal bow (originated from Chinese HongBao). Most celebrations can be dated back to ancient China because Korea was a dependent country of China. Therefore, a lot of celebrations were strongly correlated to the traditional Chinese culture. +Korean New Year generally occurs in January or February on the second new moon after the winter solstice, unless there is a intercalary eleventh or twelfth month in the lead-up to the New Year. In such a case, the New Year falls on the third new moon after the solstice. Korean New Year typically falls on the same day as Chinese New Year. + += = = Burnett County, Wisconsin = = = +Burnett County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 16,526 people lived there. The county seat is Siren. + += = = Calumet County, Wisconsin = = = +Caulmet County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 52,442 people lived there. The county seat is Chilton. + += = = Chippewa County, Wisconsin = = = +Chippewa County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 66,297 people lived there. The county seat is Chippewa Falls. + += = = Crawford County, Wisconsin = = = +Crawford County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 16,113 people lived there. The county seat is Prairie du Chien. + += = = Door County, Wisconsin = = = +Door County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 30,066 people lived there. The county seat is Sturgeon Bay. + += = = Douglas County, Wisconsin = = = +Douglas County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 44,295 people lived there. The county seat is Superior. + += = = Phrygian cap = = = +The Phrygian cap () or liberty cap is a soft cap, in the shape of a cone, with the apex bent over, which people in antiquity thought had to do with many different peoples in Eastern Europe and Anatolia, including Phrygia, Dacia, and the Balkans. During the French Revolution it came to mean freedom and the pursuit of liberty, but Phrygian caps did not originally have this meaning. The original cap of liberty was the Roman "pileus", the felt cap of freed slaves of ancient Rome, which also had to do with Libertas, the Roman goddess of liberty. In the 16th century, the Roman icons of liberty were used again in emblem books and coin studying handbooks where the figure of Libertas is usually shown with a "pileus". The most common use of a headgear as a symbol of freedom in the first two centuries after the Roman iconography was commonly used again was in the Netherlands, where the cap of liberty was used in the form of a hat of that time. In the 18th century, the traditional liberty cap was often used in English prints and from 1789 on in French prints, too; but it was not until the early 1790s, that the French cap of liberty was most often used in the Phrygian form. +It is used in the coats of arms of some republics in the place where in a monarchy a crown would be used. It thus came to be identified as a symbol of the republican form of government. A number of national personifications, most commonly France's Marianne, are usually depicted wearing the Phrygian cap. + += = = Jack Frost = = = +Detective Inspector William Edward "Jack" Frost, GC QPM, unnamed to Jack Frost, is a fictional detector from the BBC detective series "A Touch of Frost", played by David Jason and created by RD Wingfield characterised as sloppy, untidy, hopeless with paperwork but unmatched at solving mysteries. + += = = FreeSpace 2 = = = +FreeSpace 2 is a space combat simulator video game created by the company Volition Inc. and released in 1999 by Interplay. The game received positive feedback from many reviewers, but did not manage to sell well. It has been described by some critics as an unfairly overlooked game. + += = = Rekt Galaxies = = = +Rekt Galaxies is a modification for the game "FreeSpace 2". It is anything but a "Mortal Engines" videogame. +In the game set in the same universe as the "Mortal Engines" film, you fly as a pilot for the Ancients and Vasudans fighting for the very survival against numerous threats, such as the Cylon Empire and various alien menaces. + += = = Boolean expression = = = +In computer science, a Boolean expression is an expression used in programming languages that produces either true or false when evaluated. +Boolean expressions are often used by conditionals in computer programs to decide which code to run. +Most Boolean expressions will contain at least one variable (), and often more () so that the expression can be useful for various values of X and Y. +Boolean operators. +Boolean operators may be represented by words such as +OR, AND and "NOT". +Some programming languages use symbols such as +"||" (double pipe character) for OR, "&&" (double ampersand) for AND, and "!" for NOT. +Other programming languages may use other symbols. +Other Boolean operators may be available, too, for example XOR (exclusive OR). +Boolean expressions can also be represented as Logic gates in electronic circuit diagrams. +See Truth tables for a summary of the effects of common Boolean operators. + += = = Dunn County, Wisconsin = = = +Dunn County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 45,440 people lived there. The county seat is Menomonie. + += = = Florence County, Wisconsin = = = +Florence County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 4,558 people lived there. The county seat is Florence. + += = = Forest County, Wisconsin = = = +Forest County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 9,179 people lived there. The county seat is Crandon. + += = = Iron County, Wisconsin = = = +Iron County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 6,137 people lived there. The county seat is Hurley. + += = = Ludesch = = = +Ludesch is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Jackson County, Wisconsin = = = +Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. In 2020, 21,145 people lived there. The county seat is Black River Falls. + += = = Lech am Arlberg = = = +Lech am Arlberg is a mountain village and a ski resort in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Nüziders = = = +Nüziders is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Sankt Gerold = = = +Sankt Gerold is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Silbertal = = = +Silbertal is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Stallehr = = = +Stallehr is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. + += = = Planctomycetota = = = +Planctomycetes are a group (phylum) of gram-negative bacteria that can be found in marine habitats including oceans, freshwater lakes, wastewater but also terrestrial habitats like soils. Approximately 11% of marine microbial communities is occupied by this phylum. They grow very slowly compared to other bacteria phylum. The majority of Planctomycetota species reproduce by binary fission which is when the bacterium divides into two (or more) and each part regenerates to become a new cell which resembles the original cell; however, they can also reproduce by budding which is when an organism reproduces by forming a ‘bud’, this bud develops into a full organism. +Planctomycetes were only discovered to be a bacterium in 1972 even though they were first discovered back in 1924. They were first wrongly identified as a eukaryote because their cells are unusually structured compared to majority of bacteria cells and looked more similar to eukaryotes. +This phylum is part of the PVC superphylum which is a superphylum that contains and is named after Plantomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Chlamydiae. The two classes that are part of the Planctomycetota are Planctomycetia and Phycisphaerae. +Planctomycetes have been identified as a potential source for bioactive molecules which are compounds that can possibly encourage great health. +Planctomycetes are heavily involved in producing nitrogen gas with an estimated 30-50% of nitrogen gas in the oceans produced by this phylum. This aids nitrogen production for the nitrogen cycle which is the process of nitrogen transforming into different forms where it is used by many organisms to stay alive. + += = = Enterobacter = = = +Enterobacter is a group (genus) of bacteria that are part of the ESKAPE pathogens. There have been 22 species that’ve been discovered so far. They are widely spread around habitats including water, soil and sewage but also have been discovered in human and animal faeces which is one reason why they have managed to inhabit so many environments. In addition, they can survive in oxygen containing (aerobic) as well as oxygen-free (anaerobic) environments. +This genus is part of the Enterobacteriaceae family which is a group that contains many harmful bacteria like Salmonella and Shigella. +These species are known for causing many infections with most of the species being nosocomial (acquired in hospitals). Some example infections include urinary tract infection (UTI), intra-abdominal infections, respiratory tract infection and soft tissue infection. There are antibiotics that treat Enterobacter infections; however, resistance to the currently employed antibiotics is rising, and there is an urgent need to develop new antibiotics to fight this bacterium. Two species that are especially resistant to antibiotic treatment are Enterobacter huaxiensis and Enterobacter chuandaensis. + += = = Milan Dvořák = = = +Milan Dvořák (19 November 1934 – 21 July 2022) was a Czech football player. From 1952 to 1958, he played for the Czechoslovakia national football team, making thirteen appearances. + += = = Heikki Haavisto = = = +Heikki Haavisto (20 August 1935 – 22 July 2022) was a Finnish politician and lobbyist. He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in Esko Aho's cabinet between 1993 and 1995. He was a member of the Centre Party. Haavisto was born in Raisio, Finland. +Haavisto died on 22 July 2022 in Raisio at the age of 86. + += = = Nick Parents = = = +Nick Parents (formerly "Nickelodeon Parents") is a nighttime programming block. It was owned by Viacom Media Networks. It was aired on the Nick Jr. Channel from November 29, 2015 to the present. At this time, children would normally be sleeping. The block broadcasted comedy programming for adults, particularly adults. +On February 4, 2022, Nickelodeon Parents was now rebranded as Nick Parents. +Timesharing history. +Nick Jr. timeshared Nickelodeon Parents Every Night from November 29, 2015 to the present. + += = = NickMom Sunset = = = +NickMom Sunset was a nighttime programming block. It was owned by Viacom Media Networks. It was aired on the Nick Jr. Channel from September 28, 2015 to December 17, 2015. At this time, children would normally be sleeping. The block broadcasted comedy programming for adults, particularly mothers. +On December 17, 2015, NickMom Sunset ended its run, and it was replaced by Nickelodeon Parents. The NickMom Sunset website was also closed, and the domain now redirects to the parental resources section of Nick.com. +Timesharing history. +Nick Jr. timeshared NickMom Sunset Every Night from November 29, 2015 to December 17, 2015. + += = = Brown-headed cowbird = = = +The brown-headed cowbird ("Molothrus ater") is a bird in the Icteridae family. + += = = Andi Peters = = = +Andi Eleazu Peters (born 29 July 1970) is a British television presenter, producer, journalist and voice actor who is currently Competitions Presenter for ITV. + += = = T.O.T.S. = = = +T.O.T.S. (also known as Tiny Ones Transport Service) is an American computer-animated children's television series. It was created by Travis Braun. + += = = Alsleben = = = +Alsleben ( ]) is a town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is in the Salzlandkreis district and is on the Saale river. The population was about 2,500 in 2020. The main political party is the CDU. A major industry is shipping and is part of the town's history. Tourist attractions include a town hall, churches from the Middle Ages and a Water Tower ("Wasserturm") from 1916. + += = = Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office = = = +The Cabinet Intelligence and Research Office (�������, Naikaku Jōhō Chōsashitsu), also known as Naichō (��), is a Government of Japan intelligence agency under the Cabinet Secretariat responsible for gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information for the cabinet. As a principal member of the Japanese intelligence community, the CIRO reports directly to the Prime Minister of Japan. +The CIRO frequently works with the National Security Council as a communication channel with the prime minister. It is headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, in a building called "H20". +History. +The CIRO was created by the Allied Forces through the formation of the Prime Ministers's Research Office (�����������, Naikakusōri Daijin Kanbō Chōsa-Shitsu) in April 1952 with Jun Murai as the first director in an attempt to replicate its structure after the CIA. But due to widespread opposition, this plan was discarded. The RO was placed under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's office in 1957 and was known as the Cabinet Research Office (�����, Naikaku Chōsa-Shitsu). The CRO was later renamed the CIRO in 1986. +The Cabinet Intensive Information Center was established on April 11, 1996, to ensure that the CIRO can inform the Prime Minister in severe emergencies. It's located in the Prime Minister's residence. +In August 2007, discussions of intelligence reforms through the paper improvement of counter-intelligence functions resulted in the establishment of the counter-intelligence Center. It's been suggested that the CIC can be used as the basis for the creation of an actual external intelligence agency similar to the CIA. +In 2013, CIRO satellite imagery analysis was used to assist NGOs in Tacloban with reconstruction work in the wake of Typhoon Haiyan. +Since 2015, CIRO agents are usually recruited to be sent to the International Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Collection Unit. + += = = Defense Intelligence Headquarters = = = +The Defense Intelligence Headquarters (����, Jōhōhonbu) is a military intelligence and signal intelligence agency of the Japanese government, under the jurisdiction of the Japanese Ministry of Defense. It is currently one of the biggest Japanese intelligence agencies. +The DIH is under the jurisdiction of the Joint Staff and is controlled by the Defense Intelligence Committee, which is made up of the Chiefs of Staff of the JGSDF, JMSDF and JASDF along with the Chief of Staff, Joint Staff, State Minister of Defense and the Minister of Defense. +Command. +Command of the DIH was given directly to the Japanese Minister of Defense in March 2006. The deputy officer is usually a civilian officially appointed by the MOD.Four Defense Intelligence Officers (DIOs) are also appointed with three being colonels from the JGSDF or the JASDF with one a civilian official. +SIGINT. +The SIGINT facilities managed by the Chobetsu (Chosa Besshitsu) or the Annex Chamber, Second Section, Second Investigation Division in English, from 1958 to 1997 is managed by the DIH. Command of the SIGINT division is usually filled by a senior officer from the NPA. +Role. +The main role of the DIH is to collect information and analyse for planning defense and operation policy. The agency collect information from open sources, signals and image intelligence as well as from other Japanese government ministries, Japanese embassies and other affiliated ministries and organizations. In addition, they also gather intelligence through surveillance activities. +Seal. +The seal of the DIH consist of the following symbols: + += = = Nitrobacter = = = +The genus "Nitrobacter" consists of gram-negative (gram staining negative) bacteria with pear-shaped or different-sized rod shapes. Their size is around 0.5-0.9um in width and 1.0-2.0 um in length. The optimal growth temperature is between 28 and 30 °C, and the optimal pH is 7.5 ~8.0. +"Nitrobacter" bacteria reproduce by separating a body into two new parts (binary fission) or by budding (when new individuals develop from parent organisms). "Nitrobacter" grow at a quite slow rate. +"Nitrobacter spp." generally occur in soil and water and are organisms that derive energy from chemical reactions (chemoautotrophic). They possess compartments inside their cells, which contain a specific type of protein (enzyme nitrite oxidoreductase. +"Nitrobacter bacteria" are responsible for the conversion (oxidation) of nitrite (NO2−) to nitrate (NO3-). The chemical reaction is shown below. This reaction is called nitrification and it is coupled with low rates of carbon fixation via the Calvin cycle. +<chem>NO2- + H2O -> NO3- + 2H+ + 2e-</chem> +Nitrification benefits plant growth and is important to the ocean, as it takes about half of the nitrate consumed by phytoplankton (microscopic marine algae) growth. However, it also may lead to eutrophication (enriching the water with nutrients, generally nitrogen/phosphorus) and drinking water pollution. +In the presence of oxygen, "Nitrobacter bacteria" use nitrite as the energy source and utilize carbon dioxide as the main source of carbon. "Nitrobacter bacteria" can also carry out anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) by reducing nitrate to nitrite, nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O). +History. +Russian microbiologist Sergei Winogradsky first found nitrification and isolate first nitrifiers. He also found these nitrifiers were chemoautotrophic. + += = = Altena = = = +Altena is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the Märkischer Kreis district. It is on the Lenne river valley It is in the northern parts the Sauerland. About 16,500 lived there in 2020. The major political party is the CDU. The Altena Castle is a famous tourist attraction in the town and is from the 12th century. There is also the Castle Holtbrinck, St. Matthew's Church, St. Katharine's Church and a special Holländer house. The main religious groups are Protestants and Catholics. During the German Refugee Crisis (2015/2016), Altena took in hundreds of immigrants and won the "National Integration Prize". + += = = Altenau, Lower Saxony = = = +Altenau is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is in the Goslar district. The town is in the Harz mountains. The town was originally a mining community. About 1,800 people lived there in 2020. The main religious group is Protestant and the main political parties are CDU and SPD. The town is a health resort and has the largest herb garden in Germany. + += = = Altenberg, Saxony = = = +Altenberg is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district. There are 20 municipalities. The main political parties are Freie Wähler Altenberg (FWA) and CDU. The population was about 7,800 in 2021. Tin mining was important in the town in Europe. Attractions include the Great Pinge ("Große Pinge"), which is collapsed mineshaft. There is also a Altenberg bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track and botanical garden Botanischer Garten Schellerhau. + += = = Acidobacteria = = = +The phylum "acidobacteria" is distributed across nearly all ecosystems. "Acidobacteria" are particularly abundant in acidic soils, peatlands and environments with rich iron minerals. Most "acidobacteria" prefer acidic conditions (pH3.0-6.5) for growth, but multiple members also live in alkaline soils. +The characteristics of "acidobacteria" are gram-negative (gram staining negative), non-spore-forming and with multiple shapes. In most cases, they reproduce through binary fission (separate a body into two new parts). Most "acidobacteria" get energy from chemical substances (chemoheterotrophs), but some get it from light. +Due to the most acidobacteria's capacity to live with a low level of nutrients, "acidobacteria" are hard to culture on the conventional growth media in the laboratory. Hence, they were underrepresented until gene analysis in recent decades. Currently, "acidobacteria" have 26 subdivisions based on the results of DNA analysis. +"Acidobacteria" has a large proportion of the genes encoding proteins that can transport nutrients from the environment into cells, which facilitates "acidobacteria" to acquire a wide range of nutrients, helping them to survive in nutrient-poor environments. +Ecological roles. +Modulation of biogeochemical cycles. +"Acidobacteria" contains genes that help them in degrading sugar polymers. They can act as decomposers in soil and recycle organic matters produced by plants, fungi and insects. "Acidobacteria" is likely to supplement their energy intake with carbon monoxide(CO), but this remains to be confirmed. They significantly contribute to the carbon cycle in these two major parts: degradations of sugars and CO oxidation. +"Acidobacteria" can process nitrogen in many different forms and they play a central role in the nitrogen cycle in plant-soil ecosystems. +Some members of "acidobacteria" can do anaerobic respiration (respiration without oxygen) and promote the global sulfur cycle. +Some "acidobacteria" can breathe oxygen at atmospheric and at very low oxygen concentrations. They have survival advantages in soils with a low level of oxygen. +Some strains can consume hydrogen (H2) at the atmospheric level and this contributes to the global hydrogen cycle. +Production of complex sugars. +"Acidobacteria" species can produce and send complex sugars to the outside of their cells , which could help plant roots uptake nutrients and water from soils by modifying the properties of soils around roots. These sugars also support bacteria to adhere to the root surfaces. +Influencing plant growth. +"Acidobacteria" species could actively produce important compounds that stimulate plant growth. + += = = Altlandsberg = = = +Altlandsberg is a town in Brandenburg, Germany. It is in the Märkisch-Oderland district. It is also 14 miles east of Berlin. The population was about 10,000 in 2020. There are six municipalities in the town. The largest political party is the SPD. Attractions include the Old Town ("Altstadt"). There is the town church St. Marien from the 13th century, a castle church from the 18th century, a town hall, a marketplace, a manor and historic barns ("Scheuneviertel") from the 19th century. + += = = Pelodryadidae = = = +Pelodryadidae is a family of frogs. They are named Australian treefrogs in English. They live in Australia and New Guinea. Human beings also brought them to New Caledonia, Guam, New Zealand, and Vanuatu. Some scientists say these frogs should be called a subgroup inside the group Hylidae. They call this family Pelodryadinae. +Most of the frogs in Pelodryadidae live in trees but some do not. +Scienitsts think of Pelodryadidae as a sister group to the leaf frogs (Phyllomedusidae). Those frogs live in trees and live in tropical places. Both families of frogs came from the same ancestor frog. Scientists think this frog lived during the early Cenozoic in South America. The two groups of frogs would have become different from each other during the Eocene. The ancestors of the Pelodryadidae frogs probably went to Australasia by going to Antarctica first. At the time, Antarctica was further north and not frozen, so frogs could live there. The clade comprising both families is sister to the Hylidae. They became different from the frogs in Hylidae during in the early Paleogene. +Taxonomy. +The family has 215 species in three genuses: + += = = Enterococcus faecium = = = +"Enterococcus faecium" is a gram-positive spherical bacterium. "Enterococcus faecium" was first discovered in 1919 and was misclassified as a different type of bacteria (Streptococci). A study in 1984 looked at its genetic material more closely and classified it as a different group of bacteria. +"Enterococci" are commonly found in the gut. They have a high tolerance to salts present in this environment. Elsewhere, they may cause infections. Infections are always related to the urinary tract or the biliary/gastrointestinal tract. Sometimes infections can lead to bacteria present in the circulating blood (bacteremia). +Hospitalized patients with weak immunity are at a great risk of "Enterococcal" infections due to prolonged use of antibiotics. "Enterococci" cause 10-15% of the infections transmitted in a hospital that occur in the urinary tract, intra-abdomen and in the bloodstream. Among Enterococci, "Enterococcus faecalis" and "Enterococcus faecium" are the most common causative agents of human infections. + += = = Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ, BWV 177 = = = +"Ich ruf zu dir, Herr Jesu Christ", BWV177 is a chorale cantata written by Johann Sebastian Bach. The title means "I call to You, Lord Jesus Christ" in English. The cantata is performed for the fourth Sunday after Trinity. It was written in Leipzig. It was first performed on 6 July 1732. The cantata is based on Johann Agricola's hymn of the same name. +History. +In 1724, the fourth Sunday after Trinity happened on the same day as the Feast of Visitation. Bach wrote "Meine Seel erhebt den Herren", BWV 10, a chorale cantata for the Feast of Visitation. He did not write a cantata for the fourth Sunday itself. In 1732, Bach wrote BWV 177. He completed his second chorale cantata cycle. The text of the cantata is from Johann Agricola's hymn. +Structure. +The cantata has five movements. The cantata is written for SATB choir, soprano, alto, and tenor soloists, a solo violin, two violins, a viola, basso continuo, a bassoon, and two oboes. + += = = The Punisher (1989 movie) = = = +The Punisher is a 1989 Australian-American vigilante action thriller movie directed by Mark Goldblatt and was based on the Marvel Comics' character of same name. It stars Dolph Lundgren, Louis Gossett, Jr., Jeroen Krabbé , Kim Miyori, Bryan Marshall, Todd Boyce, Brian Rooney, Nancy Everhand and was distributed by New World International. + += = = Tragelhöchstädt = = = +Tragelhöchstädt is a village in Uehlfeld in Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany. + += = = 1948 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 = = = +The 1948 FIFA Youth Tournament, was the first edition of what would later be called the UEFA European Under-19 Championship, a yearly international men's football tournament organised by FIFA. It was held in England from 15 to 17 April 1948 with five different locations hosting the matches. Eight teams competed in a knockout competition with England defeating the Netherlands 3–2 in the final. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Supplementary Round. +In this round the losing teams from the first round participated. + += = = 1949 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 = = = +The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1949 Final Tournament was held in the Netherlands. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +First round. +For this round received a Bye. +Supplementary round. +In this round the losing teams from the first round participated. + received a Bye. + += = = 1950 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 = = = +The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1950 Final Tournament was held in Austria. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +First round. +For this round, and received a Bye. + += = = 1951 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 = = = +The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1951 Final Tournament was held in France. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Supplementary Round. +In this round the losing teams from the first round participated. + += = = 1952 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 = = = +The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1952 Final Tournament was held in Spain. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +First round. +For this round and received a Bye. + += = = 1953 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 = = = +The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1953 Final Tournament was held in Belgium. Argentina was the first non-European team that entered. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: + += = = 1954 FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 = = = +The FIFA Youth Tournament Under-18 1954 Final Tournament was held in West Germany. It was the last time that FIFA was going to arrange the tournament, from next year on, the UEFA would take over. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group 1. +<br> +Group 2. +<br> +Group 3. +<br> +Group 4. +<br> + += = = 1955 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1955 Final Tournament was held in Italy. During this edition, only group matches were played and no winner was declared. This was done to prevent a leftover of competition. Romania, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungary and Czechoslovakia were the five group winners. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> +Group E. +<br> + += = = 1956 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1956 Final Tournament was held in Hungary. During this edition, only group matches were played and no winner was declared. This was done to prevent a leftover of competition. Hungary, Italy, Romania and Czechoslovakia were the four group winners. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = Horacio Rosatti = = = +Horacio Daniel Rosatti (born August 11, 1956) is an Argentine lawyer, judge, writer, university professor and former politician, who has served as minister of the Supreme Court of Justice of Argentina since 2016 and its president since 2021. +On December 15, 2015, President Mauricio Macri, by decree, appointed him a judge of the Court; and the National Senate granted the agreement on June 15, 2016. On June 29, In 2016, he took an oath before the president of the Court, and from that moment on he was incorporated into the court. Later he assumed as president of the Court on October 1, 2021. +Biography. +Rosatti graduated in law from the National University of the Littoral in Santa Fe. He is also a Doctor in History by the Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina + += = = Get On Up and Dance = = = +Get On Up and Dance is the debut studio album by Quad City DJ’s. The album was released on June 25, 1996. + += = = 1957 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1957 Final Tournament was held in Spain. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = 1958 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1958 Final Tournament was held first in Luxembourg, but matches were also played in West Germany, Belgium and France. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = The Last of the High Kings = = = +The Last of the High Kings is a 1996 Irish Danish British comedy-drama movie directed by David Keating and starring Jared Leto, Christina Ricci, Catherine O'Hara, Gabriel Byrne, Stephen Rea, Colm Meaney, Lorraine Pilkington, Emily Mortimer, Jason Barry. + += = = Q & A (movie) = = = +Q & A is a 1990 American British crime drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet and was based on the novel by Edwin Torres. It stars Nick Nolte, Armand Assante, Timothy Hutton, Jenny Lumet, Patrick O'Neal, Lee Richardson, Charles S. Dutton, Fyvush Finkel and was distributed by Tri-Star Pictures. + += = = Zimbabwe national futsal team = = = +The Zimbabwe national futsal team is a controlled by the Zimbabwe Football Association and made the first ever FIFA Futsal World Cup in 1989. + += = = Bartolomeo Cristofori = = = +Bartolomeo Cristofori di Francesco (; May 4, 1655 – January 27, 1731) was an Italian musical instrument maker. He invented the piano. +Life. +Cristofori was born in Padua. Not much is known about Cristofori's early life. In 1688, he worked for Prince Ferdinando de' Medici in Florence as a musical instrument technician. He ook care of instruments for the prince. In 1716, he became the "custode" (steward) of the musical instruments. He made harpsichords and other keyboard instruments. He had his own workshop. +He started to experiment with hammer mechanisms in 1700. His earliest known piano was called (English: "A keyboard instrument which makes soft and loud sound"). The instrument became popular outside of Florence. He sold pianos to customers in Florence and Rome. Gottfried Silbermann learned of Cristofori's invention. He started to make his own pianos. Lodovico Giustini published 12 sonatas for the instrument in 1732. This was the first collection of music specifically for the piano. +Cristofori died on January 27, 1731 at the age of 75. + += = = The Wings of a Serf = = = +The Wings of a Serf () is a 1926 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yuri Tarich. It stars Leonid Leonidov, Ivan Klyukvin, and Safiyat Askarova. + += = = Bed and Sofa = = = +Bed and Sofa () is a 1927 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Abram Room. It stars Nikolai Batalov, Lyudmila Semyonova, and Vladimir Fogel. + += = = The Club of the Big Deed = = = +The Club of the Big Deed () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. The movie is about 1825 Decembrist revolt. It stars Emil Gal, Sergei Gerasimov, and Konstantin Khokhlov. + += = = The Diplomatic Pouch = = = +The Diplomatic Pouch () is a 1927 Soviet silent thriller movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars M. Buyukli, A. Klymenko, and Heorhii Zelondzhev-Shypov. + += = = The End of St. Petersburg = = = +The End of St. Petersburg () is a 1927 Soviet drama movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Mikhail Doller. It stars Alexander Chistyakov, Vera Baranovskaya, and Ivan Chuvelev. + += = = The Forty-First (1927 movie) = = = +The Forty-First () is a 1927 Soviet war movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Ada Vojtsik, Ivan Koval-Samborsky, and Ivan Straukh. + += = = The Girl from a Far River = = = +The Girl from a Far River () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yevgeni Chervyakov. It stars Roza Sverdlova, Vladimir Romashkov, and Pyotr Kirillov. + += = = The Girl with a Hatbox = = = +The Girl with a Hatbox () is a 1928 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Anna Sten, Vladimir Mikhailov, and Vladimir Fogel. + += = = Jews on Land = = = +Jews on Land () is a 1927 Soviet movie directed by Abram Room. + += = = A Kiss from Mary Pickford = = = +A Kiss from Mary Pickford () is a 1927 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Sergei Komarov. It stars Igor Ilyinsky, Anel Sudakevich, and Abram Room. + += = = Little Brother (1927 movie) = = = +Little Brother () is a 1927 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It stars Emil Gal, Sergey Gerasimov, and Tatyana Guretskaya. + += = = Man from the Restaurant = = = +Man from the Restaurant () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Michael Chekhov, Vera Malinovskaya, and Ivan Koval-Samborsky. + += = = Moscow in October = = = +Moscow in October () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Anna Sten, Boris Barnet, and Ivan Bobrov. + += = = The Poet and the Tsar = = = +The Poet and the Tsar () is a 1927 Soviet silent movie directed by Vladimir Gardin and Yevgeni Chervyakov. It stars Yevgeni Chervyakov, Irina Volodko, and Konstantin Karenin. + += = = Banco Entre Ríos = = = +The Bank of Entre Rios () (BER) is a financial services and commercial bank based in the Entre Ríos Province has the largest territorial coverage, reaching 83 percent of the inhabitants of the district. +History. +Founded in 1933 and under the management of the Banco San Juan Group since 2005, the bank is a tool for the international trade operations of companies in the region. It participates in trade missions and has a range of international payment and collection instruments. +It has an extensive network of branches and dependencies, which are concentrated in the area of ​​financial services to the private and public sectors. + += = = Ernest Mandel = = = +Ernest Ezra Mandel (); (5 April 1923 – 20 July 1995), was a Belgian Marxian economist, Trotskyist activist and theorist, and Holocaust survivor. + += = = Wild Bill Davis = = = +Wild Bill Davis (November 24, 1918 – August 17, 1995) was the stage name of American jazz pianist, organic, and arranger William Strethen Davis. + += = = Edmond Jouhaud = = = +Edmond Jouhaud (; 2 April 1905 – 4 September 1995) was one of four French generals who briefly staged a putsch in Algeria in April 1961. + += = = 2022 Illinois gubernatorial election = = = +The 2022 Illinois gubernatorial election happened on November 8, 2022, to elect the governor of Illinois. +Current governor and lieutenant governor J. B. Pritzker and Juliana Stratton, the Democrat nominees, won reelection to a second term. They defeated Illinois State Senator Darren Bailey and his running mate Stephanie Trussell, the Republican nominees. + += = = Peter Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville = = = +Peter Leonard Brooke, Baron Brooke of Sutton Mandeville, (3 March 1934 – 13 May 2023) was a British politician. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He was in the Cabinet under Prime Ministers Margaret Thatcher and John Major. +He was a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Cities of London and Westminster from 1977 to 2001. + += = = GemIdent = = = +GemIdent is an software that helps to recgonize images and identify regions of interest in images and photographs. It is specifically designed for images with not so many colors it them. For example, to identify oranges on an orange tree. +GemIdent was developed at Stanford University by Adam Kapelner in 2006-2007. In 2008, it was improved and gained possibility to support multispectral images. + += = = Shailesh Vara = = = +Shailesh Lakhman Vara (born 4 September 1960) is a Ugandan-British politician. He was the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland from July 2022 to September 2022. He is a member of the Conservative Party. He has been a Member of Parliament (MP) for North West Cambridgeshire since the 2005 general election. + += = = Bitplane = = = +Bitplane is software developed of Andor Technology company for 3D and 4D image analysis. It was founded in December 1992. Bitplane works in Zürich, Belfast, and South Windsor. +Overview. +Bitplane got investments in 2000. After an investment with Endeavour, Bitplane started to growing in North America. After the internet bubble in 2001, Bitplane started slowly and continuously grew in sales and profitability +Product. +Imaris is Bitplane's main product. It helps in visualization, segmentation and interpretation of 3D and 4D images. Imaris visualize images in a real time in an interactive manner so everyone can see visual assessments of experiments with 3D and 4D images. Imaris has a lot of image segmentation options and tools to segment large datasets to find, divide, and visualize various objects. +In order to explore the 3D capabilities of the confocal microscope, the instrument still had to be combined with high-end graphics computers. + += = = Joseph Quinn (actor) = = = +Joseph Quinn (born 1993 or 1994) is a British actor. He was born in London. He appeared on British television in "Dickensian" (2016), the miniseries "Howards End" (2017) and "Catherine the Great" (2019). He is best known for playing Eddie Munson in season 4 of the series "Stranger Things". + += = = Steve Gibbons (politician) = = = +Stephen William Gibbons (11 September 1949 – 22 July 2022) was an Australian politician. He was an Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from 1998 until 2013. Gibbons was born in Melbourne, Australia. +Gibbons died in July 2022 at the age of 72. + += = = Autopix = = = +Autopix is a Norwegian company that provides services and apps for image editing. Founder and CEO of the company is Erlend Bakke. +Overview. +Autopix has its origins in the company 3sixtyfactory. 3sixtyfactory was founded on February 8, 2008, by Erlend Bakke in Oslo, Norway. In the same year, Rimmon Pancito joined the company, who later became Head of Production. The company provided a range of photo services, including 360 photo editing and 3D animation. +In February 2020, the company focused on editing car photos and launched a mobile application called Autopix. +In December 2021, the service began cooperation with Toyota. The same month, Autopix cooperated and integrated with CARWEB. +In 2022, Autopix merged with 3sixtyfactory under one name and rebranded as Autopix. + += = = Fazle Rabbi Miah = = = +Fazle Rabbi Miah (; 15 April 1946 — 22 July 2022) was a Bangladesh Awami League politician. Miah was born in Saghata Upazila, then-British India. +Miah was a member of the Jatiya Sangsad three times, from 1986 to 1995, then 1996 to 2001 and then from 2008 until his death. He was the Deputy Speaker from 2014 until his death. +In August 2021, Miah began getting treatment for stomach cancer. He died from the disease at a hospital in New York City, New York on 22 July 2022, aged 76. + += = = Bsoft = = = +Bsoft is a collection of software for image and molecular processing in structural biology and medicine. It has a user-friendly interface. Several workflows such as for single particle analysis and tomography are also supported. +Current Bsoft release supports such operating systems: Unix (Mac OS X, IRIX, Linux, AIX, Solaris, Tru64), OpenVMS + += = = Núria Feliu = = = +Núria Feliu i Mestres (21 September 1941 – 22 July 2022) was a Spanish Catalan singer and actress. She was a popular person during the Nova Cançó movement. She was born in Barcelona. She was also a Catalonia independence activist, having supported the 2017 Catalan independence referendum. +Feliu died on 22 July 2022 in Barcelona from problems caused by a stroke, aged 80. + += = = Dwight Smith (baseball) = = = +John Dwight Smith Sr. (November 8, 1963 – July 22, 2022) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He played for the Chicago Cubs, California Angels, Baltimore Orioles, and Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball between 1989 and 1996. He won the 1995 World Series with the Braves. +Smith died on July 22, 2022 from congestive heart failure and respiratory failure at a hospital in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 58. + += = = Materialise NV = = = +Materialize NV, based in Leuven, Belgium, is a company active in the field of 3D printing, offering both software and parts manufacturing. +Overview. +Materialize was founded in June 1990 in Louvain2 by Wilfried Vancraen3. +In 1991, the company released the first elements of the Mimics software suite, and in 1992 the Magics software suite. The first of these suites, Mimics, transforms stacks of 2D images (eg DICOM files) into a 3D model and calculates the area of these 3D models. Initial data can be obtained by computed tomography, confocal microscopy, microtomography or microscopic tomography (micro-CT or �CT), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) via image segmentation. +The second, Magics, makes it possible to optimize the printing result, to simulate the process, to manage the mesh structures, to generate supports, to import data, for example in CAD formats and to export them, in particular in 3D STL files. These software suites then evolve regularly2,4. +At the same time, the company sets up web services allowing its customers to express manufacturing needs or to pilot 3D prints. + += = = Make Way for Noddy = = = +Make Way for Noddy is a British CGI children's musical computer-animated television series by Enid Blyton. It originally aired on Channel 5's Milkshake! in the United Kingdom for the first and the second seasons in 2002. PBS Kids & PBS Kids Sprout (2005-2010, 2012-2015) In the United States, the series got an American dub using a British voice actors by BLT Productions and Koko Studios using an American with an American accents by The Character Development and The Sound Company Ltd. on PBS Kids Sprout in 2005. Only the first 2 seasons were dubbed. + += = = The Koala Brothers = = = +The Koala Brothers is a stop-motion animated children’s television show. +A notable quality of the TV show is that although there can be differences of opinion and some instances of anti-social or unthoughtful behavior, there are no villains or antagonistic characters. Rather, the emphasis is on helping and being a good friend. It was originally premiered on both ABC Kids and CBeebies on 1 September 2003 until the final episode’s airing on 31 October 2007. +The show is currenlty streaming on Amazon Prime Video and KidoodleTV. Some episodes are available on "Koala Brothers TV" on YouTube channel. + += = = Heat Waves = = = +"Heat Waves" is a song by English indie rock group Glass Animals, released as a single from their third studio album "Dreamland" on 29 June 2020. It was released alongside its music video. +A sleeper hit, "Heat Waves" is the group's most successful single ever. In addition to reaching number five on the UK Singles Chart and being a top-five hit in several other European countries, it reached number one in Australia, Canada, Lithuania, Switzerland and the United States, where it reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 after a record-breaking 59 weeks on the chart. By September 2021, the song had been played more than one billion times on Spotify. At the 2022 Brit Awards "Heat Waves" was nominated for Best British Single. + += = = Glass Animals = = = +Glass Animals are an English indie rock band formed in Oxford in 2010. Led by singer, songwriter, and producer Dave Bayley, the group also features his childhood friends Joe Seaward, Ed Irwin-Singer and Drew MacFarlane. Bayley wrote and produced all three Glass Animals albums. Bayley spent his childhood in Massachusetts and Texas before moving to Oxford, where he met the other band members at school. Their first album, "Zaba" (2014), made way for the single "Gooey", which was eventually certified platinum in the United States. Their second full album, "How to Be a Human Being", received positive reviews and won in two categories at the 2018 MPG Awards for UK Album of the Year and Self Producing Artist of the Year, as well as a spot on the Mercury Prize shortlist. The third, "Dreamland", peaked at number two on the UK Albums Chart and number seven on the US "Billboard" 200. +In their live shows, they play re-worked, dance-heavy versions of their songs. Their song "Heat Waves" reached number one in Australia in February 2021 and was voted number one on the Triple J Hottest 100 of 2020. The song surpassed one billion streams on Spotify. + += = = Lodovico Giustini = = = +Lodovico Giustini (12 December 1685 7 February 1743) was an Italian composer, harpsichordist and organist. He is famous for having written the first pieces of music specifically for the piano. +Life. +He was born in Pistoia. His family were musicians. He became the organist at the church of S. Ignazio after his father died. He performed cantatas and wrote religious music. In 1734 he became the organist at S. Maria dell'Umiltà, the cathedral in Pistoia. +Music. +He is most famous for his set of 12 sonatas. They were published in Florence in 1732. They were meant to be played on a (English: Harpsichord of soft and strong [sound]), which is another word for the piano at that time. The sonatas have many dynamic markings. This was possible to play on the piano, but not on the harpsichord. + += = = His Excellency (1928 movie) = = = +His Excellency () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal. It stars Leonid Leonidov, Maria Sinelnikova, and Yuly Untershlak. + += = = Three Friends and an Invention = = = +Three Friends and an Invention () is a 1927 Soviet silent movie directed by Aleksei Popov. It stars Sergei Lavrentyev, Aleksei Popov, and Olga Tretyakova. + += = = Zambia national futsal team = = = +The Zambia national futsal team is controlled by Football Association of Zambia and they are yet to feature at the FIFA Futsal World Cup. + += = = Zombies on Broadway = = = +Zombies on Broadway (or Loonies on Broadway in the UK) is a 1945 American horror comedy movie directed by Gordon Douglas and starring Wally Brown, Alan Carney, Bela Lugosi, Anne Jeffreys, Sheldon Leonard, Ian Wolfe, Jason Robards Sr., Darby Jones, Russell Hopton. It was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. + += = = Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture = = = +In mathematics, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture (often called the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture) describes the set of rational solutions to equations defining an elliptic curve. It is an open problem in the field of number theory. It is known as one of the most challenging mathematical problems. +Background. +An elliptic curve is a function of the form formula_1, where formula_2 and formula_3 are rational numbers. +The formula_4 values that satisfy the equation are called solutions of the elliptic curve. Sometimes these solutions are both rational, both irrational, or one rational and the other irrational. It turns out that the set of rational solutions is an abelian group. This means that given rational points formula_5 and formula_6, there is a way to produce the sum formula_7, and this is another rational point. +In 1922, Louis Mordell proved that the set of rational solutions is a finitely generated abelian group. This means that any rational point formula_5 can be written as a finite combination of certain generating points. For example, the points formula_9 and formula_10 are generators of the rational points of formula_11. This means that all rational points on it, even very complicated points, can be written in terms of these two points. For example, we have: +formula_12 + += = = Zambia national cricket team = = = +The Zambia national cricket team is a team that represents the Republic of Zambia in international cricket. They were a member of the International Cricket Council from 2003 to 2021. + += = = Osteocephalus duellmani = = = +Osteocephalus duellmani is a frog in the family Hylidae. It lives in Ecuador. Scientists have seen it in exactly one place: Cordillera del Cóndor. This was 1910 meters above sea level. +At least one adult male frog was 48.1 mm long from nose to rear end. +This frog lives in cloud forests where the trees grow close together and there is water in the air. The scientists who caught the frog saw smaller plants growing on the trees and the trees were covered in moss. + += = = Brown falcon = = = +The brown falcon ("Falco berigora") is a large falcon. It is native to Australia and New Guinea. + += = = The Whirlpool (1927 movie) = = = +The Whirlpool () is a 1927 Soviet silent movie directed by Pavel Petrov-Bytov. It stars Tatyana Guretskaya and F. Mikhajlov. + += = = The Yellow Ticket (1928 movie) = = = +The Yellow Ticket () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Fyodor Otsep. It stars Anna Sten, Ivan Koval-Samborsky, and Mikhail Narokov. + += = = Your Acquaintance = = = +Your Acquaintance () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. It stars Aleksandra Khokhlova, Pyotr Galadzhev, and Yuri Vasilchikov. + += = = Women of Ryazan = = = +Women of Ryazan () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Olga Preobrazhenskaya and Ivan Pravov. It stars Kuzma Yastrebitsky, Emma Tsesarskaya, and Georgi Bobynin. + += = = Zvenigora = = = +Zvenigora () is a 1927 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars Georgi Astafyev, Nikolai Nademsky, and Vladimir Uralsky. + += = = The Doll with Millions = = = +The Doll with Millions () is a 1928 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Sergei Komarov. It stars Igor Ilyinsky, Vladimir Fogel, and Galina Kravchenko. + += = = Don Diego and Pelagia = = = +Don Diego and Pelagia () is a 1928 Soviet silent comedy drama movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Mariya Blyumental-Tamarina, Anatoliy Bykov, and Vladimir Mikhaylov. + += = = Käthe Erfling = = = +Käthe Erfling also written as Käte Erfling (born 18 December 1911) was a German track and field athlete specialized in the sprint events. She was a member of SV Duisburg, later Stadt SV Köln and represented Germany at international competitions. +One of the earliest representations with the national team was at the 1928 Germany–Netherlands women's athletics competition where she competed in the 100 metres and 4x 100 metres relay. In 1931 she competed with the national team in Paris, including in the 4x 100 metres. In 1932 she was part of the national team in Elberfeld. +In 1933, Erfling started studying at University of Cologne. She competed athletics with the university and became a member of athletics club Stadt SV Köln. +Erfling won the bronze medal at the 1935 International University Games in the 400 metres event in a time of 62.1 seconds. With this time she was the fastest German women in the 400 metres of 1935, the first year official German 400 metres times were registered. +Her last achievement was in August 1938 in Mannheim setting a time of 25.9 in the 200 metres. + += = = Montage (filmmaking) = = = +Montage is an editing technique in film. In montage, shots are placed one after another in a sequence. The series of shots use less space and time. Montage can tell a story very fast. It can give much information in a short amount of time. In French, the word montage simply means editing. Montage is an important part of Soviet Montage Theory. Soviet theorists believed montage could create meaning and symbolism. There are several types of montage editing. Several were originally part of Soviet Montage Theory, but are common in films today. +Types. +Metric montage is not connected to emotions or a deeper meaning. It is based on the number of frames (single image in a video). It is mathematically and symmetric. This type of montage can be jarring and unpleasant. It is not often used in movies. +Rhythmic montage cuts clips based on the actions of the images. The images are matched with what is happening. This creates continuity and makes things less abrupt. This is a common form of montage. +Tonal montage cuts images based on the emotions of a scene. Directors place two images together to create emotions. +Overtonal montage combines metric, rhythmic and tonal montage. The combination creates deeper emotions. +Intellectual montage combines images to add meaning and emotions. It can often create metaphors. This type of montage creates the Kuleshov effect. +Sports training montage is a type of montage to show sport athletes training. It often shows physical training with shortcut images appearing really fast. The time of multiple weeks or months happens in a couple of minutes on the screen. It is common in America and in East Asian martial arts films. + += = = Earth's internal heat budget = = = +Earth's internal heat budget is about heat that comes from the Earth itself, not heat from the Sun. +The flow of heat from Earth's interior to the surface is estimated at 47±2 terawatts (TW). It comes from two main sources in roughly equal amounts. There is the "radiogenic heat" produced by the radioactive decay of isotopes in the mantle and crust. Secondly, there is the "primordial heat" left over from the formation of Earth. +As many people know, the deeper down you go, the hotter the Earth gets. Mine shafts are a good example of this. +Radiogenic heat. +This is still being produced. but its amount reduces very slowly as time passes. Remember, these radioactive elements are produced in supernovae, and are quite different from the Sun, which is mostly hydrogen. The planets are completely different from the Sun, historically and in their make-up. +Primordial heat. +Primordial heat is the heat lost by the Earth as it continues to cool from its original formation, in contrast to its still actively-produced radiogenic heat. +The Earth core's heat flow—heat leaving the core and flowing into the overlying mantle is thought to be due to primordial heat. It is estimated as 5–15 TW. + += = = Cromwell, Minnesota = = = +Cromwell is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Kettle River, Minnesota = = = +Kettle River is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Moose Lake, Minnesota = = = +Moose Lake is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Scanlon, Minnesota = = = +Scanlon is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Wrenshall, Minnesota = = = +Wrenshall is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Wright, Minnesota = = = +Wright is a city in Carlton County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Carver, Minnesota = = = +Carver is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Old City, Philadelphia = = = +Old City is a neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia. It is in the eastern part of Center City near the Delaware River. It contains many famous historic buildings from the Revolutionary Era. The most famous building is Independence Hall. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and part of the Independence National Historical Park. The Indepence Hall is where the Declaration of Independence and the US Constitution were written and signed. The famous Liberty Bell is also part of this national park. The Old City Historic District is in Old City. It includes many other historic buildings like Carpenter's Hall, Betsy Ross House and Elfreth's Alley. Christ Church is a famous historic church building. The neighborhood is also the oldest part of Philadelphia. It is where William Penn and Quakers settled. + += = = Kimmel Center for Performing Arts = = = +The Kimmel Center for the Performing Arts is a building for performing arts in Center City, Philadelphia. It is on the "Avenue of the Arts" street. The Kimmel Center is the main performance hall for the Philadelphia Orchestra. The Philadelphia Youth Orchestra, Chamber Orchestra of Philadelphia, Philadanco and the Philadelphia Chamber Music Society also play there. There are also other performances like jazz and pop. The main hall is Verizon Hall with about 2,500 seats. The Perelman Theater is a smaller recital hall. + += = = Italy-Palestine relations = = = +Italian-Palestinian relations are the international relations between the Italian Republic and the State of Palestine. Italy has a general consulate in Jerusalem, and the State of Palestine has an embassy in Rome. +Relationships over time. +After the 1967 war, Palestinian students flocked to study in Italian universities, and with it a branch of the General Union of Palestinian Students was established in Italy, which was the only Palestinian presence until 1974 when it received the delegation of the Palestine Liberation Organization under the name of “the office” at the headquarters of the League of Arab States until 1979. Nimer Hammad was the first Palestinian representative to Italy. +1980s. +In 1980, Italy recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization as the representative of the Palestinian people. +After the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat visited Italy and met with Italian Prime Minister Betino Craxi, and a representative office of the PLO in Italy was opened under the name of “Information and Liaison Office” and Palestinian officials were treated in their representative capacity for the PLO. In 1989, the Palestinian delegation was granted diplomatic status and Italy recognized its Palestinian General Commission. +2010s. +On November 30, 2011, Italian President Giorgio Napolitano agreed to consider the Palestinian delegation a diplomatic mission and granted the status of ambassador to the head of the mission, and on January 10, 2012, Ambassador Sabri Attia presented his credentials as ambassador. +Also, on October 31, 2011, it abstained from voting in favor of Palestine's membership in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). +In 2012, Italy voted to recognize the State of Palestine as a 2012 observer member at the United Nations. +On 27 February 2015, the Italian Parliament recognized the State of Palestine and urged the Italian government to recognize it. In 2016, Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi criticized a UNESCO resolution which stated: “It demands that Israel, the occupying power, allow a return to the historical situation that existed until September 2000. Strongly deplores the continued incursion of Al-Aqsa Mosque/Al-Haram Al-Sharif by Israeli right-wing extremists. He denounces the restrictions imposed by Israel on Al-Aqsa Mosque. Reaffirms the obligation of Israel to preserve the integrity, authenticity and cultural heritage of Al-Aqsa Mosque/Al-Haram Al-Sharif, in accordance with the historical situation that existed, as an Islamic holy site of worship and an integral part of a World Cultural Heritage site. He reiterates that the slope of the Mughrabi Gate is an integral part of Al-Aqsa Mosque/Al-Haram Al-Sharif.” His country abstained from voting. +Italian Consulate General in Jerusalem. +The Italian Consulate General in Jerusalem is the highest diplomatic representation of the Italian Republic to the State of Palestine. The Consulate has two offices, one in the Qatamon neighborhood and the other in the Sheikh Jarrah neighborhood in Jerusalem. Giuseppe Fidel has been the Italian Consul General since 2020. + += = = Cinnamon teal = = = +The cinnamon teal ("Spatula cyanoptera") is a bird in the Anatidae family. + += = = National Institute of Statistics and Census of Argentina = = = +The National Institute of Statistics and Censuses (; INDEC) is a decentralized public body of a technical nature that operates within the orbit of the Ministry of Economy of the Nation, which exercises the superior direction of all official statistical activities carried out in the Argentine Republic. +The INDEC produces statistical information on Argentina that can be used by governments for planning public policies. It can also be used for other research and projections that are carried out in academic and private spheres. +The individual data provided by citizens are confidential and are protected by statistical secrecy as established by Argentine Law No. 17,622. + += = = Component-based software engineering = = = +Component-based software engineering, or component-based software development is an idea from computer science. It says that complex systems should be made of smaller pieces, called components. Each component has a given functionality, and an interface that can be used to communicate with it. Well-designed components can be re-used. An application can then be made by combining and extending different compoents. These components will then use each other's interfaces to communicate. + += = = El Trece Internacional = = = +El Trece Internacional is an international subscription television channel of Argentine origin. It is the international signal of the El Trece networks from Buenos Aires, one of the main Argentine television stations, with availability for subscription television in America and Europe. +History. +The signal was launched on April 6, 2009. Initially, the signal used to broadcast a block called Animatic TV. In August 2014, it was broadcast on the channel "Volver". +In 2014, eltrece Internacional launched its version in HD. +Since 2015, the channel broadcasts segments showing different landscapes of Argentina, called "Argentina Mía", during breaks. +In February 2018, Eltrece Internacional is incorporated into the "Cablevisión Uruguay" grid. + += = = National Geographic (American TV channel) = = = +National Geographic (formerly National Geographic Channel; abbreviated and trademarked as Nat Geo or Nat Geo TV), is an American subscription television channel launched by National Geographic Partners. Its programming is based on approximately 45-minute documentaries on scientific exploration, history, nature and culture, among others. +The National Geographic channels were previously mostly controlled by Fox International Channels, but due to Disney's purchase of 21st Century Fox they are now controlled by Disney and its divisions. + += = = List of movies considered the best = = = +This is a list of movies considered the best based on various polls. These are polls for critics and the public. Votes are subjective and can be biased. +American and British Critics and Filmmakers. +"Sight & Sound" 100 Greatest Films of all Time 2012: +"Time Out" 100 Best Movies of All Time: +AFI'S 100 YEARS...100 MOVIES — 10TH ANNIVERSARY EDITION +"The Village Voice" 100 Greatest Films +"Entertainment Weekly" 100 Greatest Movies of All Time +IndieWire's 50 Best Movies of All Time: +"BBC"'s The 100 greatest films directed by women: +"Ebony"'s 1998 "Top Black Films of All Times": +International Critics and Filmmakers. +"Brussels World's Fair" of 1958 - The 12 Best Films of All Time +"Cahiers du cinéma's 100 films pour une cinémathèque idéale" +"Télérama" Les 100 meilleurs films de tous les temps: +"Le Temps" The Fifty Best Films according to Swiss Critics +"Cinephilia.net" Critics' 10 Greatest Films 2012: +"Steadycam" Critic's 30 Favorite Films 2007: +"Film Magazine" Critics' Best Foreign Movies Poll: +"Kinema Junpo" Critics' Best Foreign Movies: +Audience Polls. +"Empire Magazine" 50 Best Movies 2001: +"Empire"'s 500 Greatest Movies of All Time 2008: +Harris Interactive Survey Poll 2008: +"Time Out" Top 100 Films Reader's Poll 1998: +IMDb Reader's Top 250 Movies: +"Cinema"'s Readers Best Films of All Time 2000: +Best Movies of the 21st Century. +BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century: +"Time Out"'s The 100 best movies of the 21st century: +"The Gaurdian"'s The 100 best films of the 21st century +Best Movies by Genre or Media. +Action. +"Time Out" New York 100 Best Action Movies 2014: +"Time Out" The 101 best action movies of all time 2022: +Animation. +"Time Out" The 100 best animated films of all time: +Animation Films in BBC's The 21st Century’s 100 greatest films: +Christmas. +Greatest Christmas Films Excluding "Die Hard" by Axios and SurveyMonkey 2018: +"Empire"'s Greatest Christmas Movies 2015: +Comedy. +AFI's 100 YEARS...100 LAUGHS: +"Rolling Stone"'s Readers’ Poll: The 25 Funniest Movies of All Time 2014: +Crime. +"Time Out" The 50 best gangster movies of all time: +AFI's 10 TOP 10 Gangster Films: +"Business Insider" Critics 100 Best Crime Movies of all Time: +Documentary. +Critics’ 50 Greatest Documentaries of All Time "Sight & Sound" +Fantasy. +"TimeOut" The 50 best fantasy movies of all time +Horror. +"TimeOut" The 100 best horror movies of all time +"Empire" Magazine The 50 Best Horror Movies + += = = Louisiana Creole people = = = +Louisiana Creole people are people of mixed colonial French, Spanish, African American and Native American ancestry from Louisiana. + += = = Louisiana Creole = = = +Louisiana Creole is a language derived from French spoken by the Louisiana Creole people in Louisiana. + += = = Louisiana Creole cuisine = = = +Louisiana Creole cuisine is the cuisine of the Louisiana Creole people in Louisiana. It is influenced by French, Italian, Spanish, African, German, Caribbean, Native American, and Portuguese cuisine. + += = = Wuthering Heights (1920 movie) = = = +Wuthering Heights is a 1920 British silent drama movie directed by A. V. Bramble. The movie is based on the 1847 novel by Emily Brontë. The movie has the same name as Brontë's novel. It stars Milton Rosmer, Ann Trevor, Colette Brettel, Warwick Ward, Cecil Morton York, Cyril Raymond, Dora De Winton. It is a lost movie. + += = = Osteocephalus cannatellai = = = +Osteocephalus cannatellai is a frog in the family Hylidae. It lives in Ecuador and Colombia. Scientists have seen it between 200 and 1290 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is 38.5-57.2 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 62.6-72.8 mm long. The skin on the frog's back is dark green in color with light brown or dark brown marks. Its belly can be gray or creamy in color to dark brown with lighter spots. There is a light mark underneath each eye. The sides of the body are light green in color with darker marks. The bones are green in color. The iris of the eye is bronze in color with dark marks. Some frogs have bright blue color where the legs meet the body and other parts of the legs. +This frog lives near streams with rocky bottoms. People have seen it sitting on leaves and branches 0.5 to 2.3 meters above the forest floor. +Scientists named this frog after David C. Cannatella, who studied the frogs of South America and taught many other people how to study them. + += = = Sony Movies (Latin America) = = = +Sony Movies is a Latin American subscription television channel of US origin, specializing in the broadcast of movies. Broadcast from Mexico City and Bogotá in Spanish, and from São Paulo to Brazil in Portuguese, it is owned by Sony Pictures Entertainment and currently distributed by Ole Distribution, a joint venture between Ole Communications, Warner Bros. Discovery and The Walt Disney Company. + += = = Cologne, Minnesota = = = +Cologne is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Hamburg, Minnesota = = = +Hamburg is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = New Germany, Minnesota = = = +New Germany is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Norwood Young America, Minnesota = = = +Norwood Young America is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Victoria, Minnesota = = = +Victoria is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Waconia, Minnesota = = = +Waconia is a city in Carver County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Backus, Minnesota = = = +Backus is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Sony Movies = = = +Sony Movies (formerly known as Sony Movie Channel from 2010 to 2021) is an American subscription television channel that launched on October 1, 2010. Owned by subsidiary Sony Pictures Television. +Availability. +Sony Movies is available nationally on Philo, DirecTV and Dish Network, and regionally on AT&T U-Verse, Suddenlink, Optimum. +Sony Cine. +Sony Cine (also known as Cine Sony Televisión from 2011 to 2017 and formerly known as Cine Sony from 2017 to 2021) is an American Spanish-language pay television channel, broadcasting with dubbed movies in Spanish. It is owned by Sony Pictures Television. The channel launched in August 2012 with a focus on showcasing Hollywood blockbusters featuring dramas, comedies, and thrillers from Sony Pictures Entertainment and other partner studios. It is distributed nationwide by Comcast, Cox Communications, CenturyLink, Dish Network, DirecTV, Sling, and Verizon. + += = = Bena, Minnesota = = = +Bena is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Boy River, Minnesota = = = +Boy River is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Cass Lake, Minnesota = = = +Cass Lake is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Chickamaw Beach, Minnesota = = = +Chickamaw Beach is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = East Gull Lake, Minnesota = = = +East Gull Lake is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Federal Dam, Minnesota = = = +Federal Dam is a city in Cass County, Minnesota, United States. + += = = Contact (Garau) = = = +Contact (also known as Contatto) is a 21st-century landscape, is a painting by the Italian painter Salvatore Garau painted in 2003, a mixed technique on PVC sheet, measuring 50 x 50 cm centimeters. +Styling. +"Salvatore Garau's canvases depict spaces animated by movements and pictorial events. Spaces that must be revived, experienced, filtered by emotions and identified with a scene." (Lorand Hegyi) + += = = Galt, Missouri = = = +Galt is a city in Grundy County, Missouri, United States. + += = = Spickard, Missouri = = = +Spickard is a city in Grundy County, Missouri, United States. + += = = Tindall, Missouri = = = +Tindall is a city in Grundy County, Missouri, United States. + += = = Golden Beak = = = +Golden Beak () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yevgeni Chervyakov. It stars A. Yefimov, Gennadiy Michurin, and Sergei Minin. + += = = The House in the Snow-Drifts = = = +The House in the Snow-Drifts () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Fridrikh Ermler. The movie is based on the short story "The Cave" by Yevgeny Zamyatin. It stars Fyodor Nikitin, Tatyana Okova, and Valeri Solovtsov. + += = = Clinton, Missouri = = = +Clinton is the county seat of Henry County, Missouri, United States. + += = = Black Mama White Mama = = = +Black Mama White Mama (also known as "Women in Chains") is a 1973 American Filipino action movie directed by Eddie Romero. It is a remake of the 1958 movie "The Defiant Ones". It stars Pam Grier, Sid Haig, Margaret Markov, Zaldy Zshornack, Eddie Gracia, Alona Alegre, Alfonso Carvajal. + += = = The House on Trubnaya = = = +The House on Trubnaya () is a 1928 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Vera Maretskaya, Vladimir Fogel, and Yelena Tyapkina. + += = = Kastus Kalinovskiy (movie) = = = +Kastus Kalinovskiy () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Vladimir Gardin. It stars Nikolai Simonov, V. Plotnikov, and Kondrat Yakovlev. + += = = Mutiny (1928 movie) = = = +Mutiny () is a 1928 Soviet war drama movie directed by Semyon Tymoshenko. It stars Pyotr Podvalny, Aleksey Alekseev, and . + += = = My Son (1928 movie) = = = +My Son () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yevgeni Chervyakov. It stars Gennadiy Michurin, Anna Sten, and Pyotr Berezov. + += = = The Night Coachman = = = +The Night Coachman () is a 1928 Soviet silent movie directed by Georgi Tasin. It stars Amvrosi Buchma, Maria Dyusimeter, and Nikolai Nademsky. + += = = The Parisian Cobbler = = = +he Parisian Cobbler () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Fridrikh Ermler. It stars Veronika Buzhinskaya, Bella Chernova, and Yakov Gudkin. + += = = Salamander (1928 movie) = = = +Salamander () is a 1928 Soviet-German silent drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal. It stars Bernhard Goetzke, Natalya Rozenel, and Nikolay Khmelyov. + += = = Storm over Asia (1928 movie) = = = +Storm over Asia () is a 1928 Soviet war drama movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin. It stars Valéry Inkijinoff, I. Dedintsev, and Aleksandr Chistyakov. + += = = Chattahoochee Hills, Georgia = = = +Chattahoochee Hills is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. + += = = Bice del Balzo at the Castle of Rosate = = = +Bice del Balzo at the Castle of Rosate (also known as Bice del Balzo at the Castle of Rosate) is a 19th-century painted in oil on canvas made by Vincenzo Petrocelli, in 1840, in Venice, Italy. The artwork measures centimeters 89 x 102, it is part of the Collection of the Palace of Caserta Museum. +Description. +Taken from the novel "Marco Visconti" by Tommaso Grossi published in 1834, the scene depicted shows Bice del Balzo in the castle of her father, Count Oldrado del Balzo, in 1329. Courted by Marco Visconti but in love with Ottorino, cousin of Marco, she ends up dying from the shenanigans of this last... + += = = East Point, Georgia = = = +East Point is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. + += = = Hapeville, Georgia = = = +Hapeville is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. + += = = South Fulton, Georgia = = = +South Fulton is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. + += = = Union City, Georgia = = = +Union City is a city in Fulton County, Georgia, United States. + += = = The Great Gatsby (1949 movie) = = = +The Great Gatsby is a 1949 American drama movie directed by Elliott Nugent and was the second version of the 1925 novel of the same name. It stars Alan Ladd, Betty Field, Macdonald Carey, Shelley Winters, Ruth Hussey, Ed Begley, Henry Hull, Howard Da Silva, Tito Vuolo and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = The White Eagle = = = +The White Eagle () is a 1928 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Vasili Kachalov, Anna Sten, and Vsevolod Meyerhold. + += = = Arsenal (1929 movie) = = = +Arsenal () is a 1929 Soviet silent war movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars Semyon Svashenko, Georgiy Kharkiv, and Amvrosy Buchma. + += = = Fragment of an Empire = = = +Fragment of an Empire () is a 1929 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Fridrikh Ermler. It stars Fyodor Nikitin, Yakov Gudkin, and Lyudmila Semyonova. + += = = The General Line = = = +The General Line () is a 1929 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov and Sergei Eisenstein. It stars Martha Lapkina, M. Ivanin, and Konstantin Vasilyev. + += = = The Happy Canary = = = +The Happy Canary () is a 1929 Soviet silent adventure movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. It stars Galina Kravchenko, Andrey Fayt, and Ada Vojtsik. + += = = Huckleberry Finn (1920 movie) = = = +Huckleberry Finn is a 1920 American silent adventure movie directed by William Desmond Taylor and was based on the 1884 novel "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" by Mark Twain. It stars Lewis Sargent, Katherine Griffith, Martha Mattox, Frank Lanning, Orral Humphrey, Edythe Chapman and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. + += = = An Hour with Chekhov = = = +An Hour with Chekhov () is a 1929 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Mikhail Tarkhanov, Mariya Strelkova, and Andrey Petrovsky. + += = = The Lame Gentleman = = = +The Lame Gentleman () is a 1929 Soviet silent movie directed by Konstantin Eggert. It stars Mikhail Klimov, Nikolai Aleksandrov, and L. Cherkes. + += = = The Last Attraction = = = +The Last Attraction () is a 1929 Soviet movie directed by Ivan Pravov and Olga Preobrazhenskaya. It stars Ivan Bykov, Yelena Maksimova, and Raisa Puzhnaya. + += = = The Living Corpse (1929 movie) = = = +The Living Corpse () is a 1929 German-Soviet silent drama movie directed by Fyodor Otsep. It stars Vsevolod Pudovkin, Maria Jacobini, and Viola Garden. + += = = The New Babylon = = = +The New Babylon () is a 1929 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It stars Arnold Arnold, Sergei Gerasimov, and David Gutman. + += = = Post (movie) = = = +Post () is a 1929 Soviet animated movie directed by Mikhail Tsekhanovsky. + += = = Turksib (movie) = = = +Turksib () is a 1929 Soviet documentary movie directed by Viktor Turin. + += = = Two-Buldi-Two = = = +Two-Buldi-Two () is a 1929 Soviet movie directed by Nina Agadzhanova and Lev Kuleshov. The movie tells the story of circus performers during the Civil War. It stars Sergey Komarov, Vladimir Kochetov, and Anel Sudakevich. + += = = Cities and Years = = = +Cities and Years () is a 1930 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yevgeni Chervyakov. The movie is based on the eponymous novel by Konstantin Fedin. It stars Bernhard Goetzke, Ivan Chuvelyov, and Gennadiy Michurin. + += = = The Civil Servant = = = +The Civil Servant () is a 1930 Soviet comedy movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Maksim Shtraukh, Lidiya Nenasheva, and Naum Rogozhin. + += = = Earth (1930 movie) = = = +Earth () is a 1930 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars Stepan Shkurat, Semen Svashenko, and Yuliya Solntseva. + += = = The Earth Is Thirsty = = = +The Earth Is Thirsty () is a 1930 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Y. Agramov, I. Aksyonov, and Kira Andronikashvili. + += = = The Ghost That Never Returns = = = +The Ghost That Never Returns () is a 1930 Soviet drama movie directed by Abram Room. It stars Boris Ferdinandov, A. Filippov, and Karl Gurnyak. + += = = Judas (1930 movie) = = = +Judas () is a 1930 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Evgeniy Ivanov-Barkov. It stars Aleksandr Antonov, Boris Ferdinandov, and Vasili Kovrigin. + += = = A Simple Case = = = +A Simple Case () is a 1930 Soviet movie directed by Mikhail Doller and Vsevolod Pudovkin. It stars Aleksandr Baturin, Yevgeniya Rogulina, and Aleksandr Chistyakov. + += = = The Sleeping Beauty (1930 movie) = = = +The Sleeping Beauty () is a 1930 Soviet silent drama movie directed by Georgi Vasilyev and Sergei Vasilyev. It stars Konstantin Mukhutdinov, Varvara Myasnikova, and Nikolay Simonov. + += = = St. Jorgen's Day = = = +St. Jorgen's Day () is a 1930 Soviet silent comedy movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Igor Ilyinsky, Anatoly Ktorov, and Mikhail Klimov. + += = = Wind in the Face = = = +Wind in the Face () is a 1930 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Aleksandr Melnikov, Oleg Zhakov, and Zoya Gleizarova. + += = = Alone (1931 Soviet movie) = = = +Alone () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Leonid Trauberg and Grigori Kozintsev. It stars Yelena Kuzmina, Pyotr Sobolevsky, and Sergei Gerasimov. + += = = Akinwunmi Ambode = = = +Akinwunmi Ambode (born 14 June 1963) is a Nigerian politician who as served as the governor of Lagos from 2015 to 2019. Ambode was a public servant for 27 years and a financial consultant before he contested as the governor of Lagos state. +Early life and education. +Ambode was born on 14 June 1963 in Epe General Hospital, to Mr Festus Akinwale Ambode and Mrs Christianah Oluleye Ambode. He is one of the ten children of his father. Ambode started his education at St. Jude's Primary School, Ebute Metta, Lagos State, Nigeria from 1969 to 1974, where he wrote his National Common Entrance Examinations. After his primary school education, he proceeded to Federal Government College, Warri, Delta State for his secondary school education from 1974 to 1981. + += = = And Quiet Flows the Don (1931 movie) = = = +And Quiet Flows the Don () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Ivan Pravov and Olga Preobrazhenskaya. The movie is an adaptation of the first two books of the eponymous novel by Mikhail Sholokhov. It stars Nikolay Podgorny, Andrei Abrikosov, and Emma Tsesarskaya. + += = = Enthusiasm (movie) = = = +Enthusiasm () is a 1931 Soviet movie directed by Dziga Vertov. + += = = Forty Hearts = = = +Forty Hearts () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. + += = = Nail in the Boot = = = +Nail in the Boot () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov. It stars Aleksandre Jaliashvili, Siko Palavandishvili, and Akaki Khorava. + += = = Road to Life (1931 movie) = = = +Road to Life () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Nikolai Ekk. It stars Nikolai Batalov, Yvan Kyrlya, and Mikhail Dzhagofarov. + += = = Sniper (1931 movie) = = = +Sniper () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Semyon Timoshenko. It stars Boris Shlikhting, Pyotr Sobolevsky, and Pyotr Kirillov. + += = = The Thaw (1931 movie) = = = +The Thaw () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Vera Marinich, Aleksandr Zhukov, and Anton Martynov. + += = = Tommy (1931 movie) = = = +Tommy () is a 1931 Soviet drama movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. The movie is based on the play Armoured Train 14-69 by Vsevolod Ivanov. It stars Aleksei Temerin, A. Zhutayev, and Mikhail Kedrov. + += = = Counterplan (movie) = = = +Counterplan () is a 1932 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich and Fridrikh Ermler. It stars Vladimir Gardin, Mariya Blyumental, and Tatyana Guretskaya. + += = = Horizon (1932 movie) = = = +Horizon () is a 1932 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. It stars Nikolai Batalov, Dmitriy Kara-Dmitriev, and Nikolai Gladkov. + += = = The House of the Dead (1932 movie) = = = +The House of the Dead () is a 1932 Soviet drama movie directed by Vasili Fyodorov. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Fyodor Dostoevsky. It stars Nikolay Khmelyov, Nikolai Podgorny, and Nikolai Vitovtov. + += = = Ivan (1932 movie) = = = +Ivan () is a 1932 Soviet drama movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars K. Bondarevsky, Dmitry Golubinsky, and Elena Golki. + += = = ¡Que viva México! = = = +¡Que viva México! () is a 1932 Soviet movie directed by Sergei Eisenstein. + += = = The Conveyor of Death = = = +The Conveyor of Death () is a 1933 Soviet drama movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Ada Vojtsik, Veronika Polonskaya, and Tamara Makarova. + += = = The Deserter (1933 movie) = = = +The Deserter () is a 1933 Soviet drama movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin. It stars Boris Livanov, Vasili Kovrigin, and Aleksandr Chistyakov. + += = = The Great Consoler = = = +The Great Consoler () is a 1933 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. It stars Konstantin Khokhlov, Ivan Novoseltsev, and Vasili Kovrigin. + += = = House of Greed = = = +House of Greed () is a 1933 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanovsky. It stars Vladimir Gardin, Tatyana Bulakh-Gardina, and Nina Latonina. + += = = My Motherland (movie) = = = +My Motherland () is a 1933 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Bari Haydarov, Gennadiy Michurin, and Aleksandr Melnikov. + += = = Outskirts (1933 movie) = = = +Outskirts () is a 1933 Soviet war drama movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Sergey Komarov, Elena Kuzmina, and Robert Erdmann. + += = = The Storm (1933 movie) = = = +The Storm () is a 1933 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. The movie is based on play by Alexander Ostrovsky, The Storm. It stars Alla Tarasova, Ivan Chuvelyov, and Mikhail Tsaryov. + += = = Nzema language = = = +Nzema is a language spoken by the Nzema people in southwestern Ghana and southeastern Ivory Coast. + += = = Sierra Leone national cricket team = = = +The Sierra Leone national cricket team is a cricket team that represents the Republic of Sierra Leone in cricket and were granted membership in the International Cricket Council in 2002. + += = = When Your Love is Gone = = = +"When Your Love is Gone" is a song by Australian singer Jimmy Barnes and is the fourth single from the 1990 album Two Fires. It went to number 7 in Australia and number 17 in New Zealand. +Track listing. +CD single (K 10321) + += = = Cuz I Love You = = = +Cuz I Love You is the third studio album by American singer and rapper Lizzo. It is Lizzo's first album on a major label and was released through Nice Life and Atlantic Records on April 19, 2019. The album features guest appearances from Missy Elliott and Gucci Mane. Two singles "Juice" and "Tempo" (with Missy Elliott) were released from the album. +The deluxe edition of the album was released on May 3. It won Best Urban Contemporary Album at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards. It includes the single "Truth Hurts". "Truth Hurts" peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. + += = = Chapaev (movie) = = = +Chapaev () is a 1934 Soviet war movie directed by Vasilyev brothers. It stars Boris Babochkin, Boris Blinov, and Varvara Myasnikova. + += = = Osteocephalus camufatus = = = +Osteocephalus camufatus is a frog in the family Hylidae. It lives in Brazil. Scientists have seen it in two places. +The skin on the frog's back is dark green in color. It has some light brown marks on its back. Its belly has tan spots. The legs have dark marks on them. + += = = Accordion (movie) = = = +Accordion () is a 1934 Soviet movie directed by Igor Savchenko. It stars Zoya Fyodorova, Pyotr Savin, and Igor Savchenko. + += = = Boule de Suif (1934 movie) = = = +Boule de Suif () is a 1934 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Galina Sergeyeva, Andrey Fayt, and Faina Ranevskaya. + += = = Crown Prince of the Republic = = = +Crown Prince of the Republic () is a 1934 Soviet comedy movie directed by Eduard Ioganson. It stars Pyotr Kirillov, Yevgeniya Pyryalova, and Andrei Apsolon. + += = = Dokhunda = = = +Dokhunda () is a 1934 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. It stars Kamil Yarmatov, T. Rakhmanova, and Semyon Svashenko. + += = = The Four Visits of Samuel Wolfe = = = +The Four Visits of Samuel Wolfe () is a 1934 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Stolper. It stars Andrei Abrikosov, Viktor Kulakov, and Maksim Shtraukh. + += = = Lieutenant Kijé (movie) = = = +Lieutenant Kijé () is a 1934 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Faintsimmer. It stars Mikhail Yanshin, Boris Gorin-Goryainov, and Nina Shaternikova. + += = = Serratia = = = +"Serratia" – genus of Gram-negative anaerobic rod-shaped bacteria, some species of which produce a red pigment, prodigiosin. Members of "Serratia" were initially considered harmless, however, they cause infections in animals, plants, humans, and insects. The diseases include pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis, and wound infections. The most common species – "Serratia" "marcescens", was found to be highly pathogenic to humans and animals. "S. marcescens" is included in hospital-acquired infections; found in urinary, respiratory, and gastrointestinal tracts. They cause disease mainly in individuals with weak immune system. Other species cause bone and cardiovascular system infections. +Habitat. +"Serratia" genus occupies wide range of habitats, including water, both seawater and drinking water; plants, such as vegetables, mushrooms, grasses, mosses; and insects: healthy, diseased and dead. +History. +The discovery of "Serratia" genus began with "Serratia marcescens" species colonised food in 1819. In the city of Padula, Italy, cornmeal dish, called polenta, of many people turned red. This phenomenon was called “bloody polenta” and was believed to have a diabolical origin. The investigation began, and Pietro Melo wrote a paper where he stated that it was spontaneous fermentation. For four years Bartolomeo Bizio, a Venetian pharmacist observed small red spots which got larger and subsequently merged into a red mass. Later, in 1823, he published a paper where he stated that the organism was a fungus and named him "Serratia marcescens" (after a Florentine physicist Serafino Serrati). +Transmission and treatment. +Transmission occurs hand-to-hand, through hospital equipment, such as catheters, and also sinks, blood products and antiseptics. +"S. marcescens" species are increasingly resistant to antibiotics, they rapidly acquire resistant genes, which makes the infections difficult to treat. Gentamicin is the common antibiotic that was used to treat "S. marcescens" infections, however, bacteria became resistant to it. "S. marcescens" has the ability to produce beta-lactamase, which is the enzyme providing bacteria resistance to beta lactam antibiotics, such as penicillin. Now the treatment is more effective in a combination of different antibiotics5. + += = = Timeline of prehistory = = = +The timeline of prehistory covers the time from when humans first appeared to the time writing was invented. + += = = The Unguarded Hour = = = +The Unguarded Hour is a 1936 American drama movie directed by Sam Wood and was based on the 1935 play of the same name by Bernard Merivale. It stars Loretta Young, Lewis Stone, Franchot Tone, Roland Young, Jessie Ralph, Henry Daniell, Aileen Pringle, Dudley Digges, Wallis Clark and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. + += = = Sunderland, Vermont = = = +Sunderland is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Winhall, Vermont = = = +Winhall is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Woodford, Vermont = = = +Woodford is a town in Bennington County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Barnet, Vermont = = = +Barnet is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Burke, Vermont = = = +Burke is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Groton, Vermont = = = +Groton is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Hardwick, Vermont = = = +Hardwick is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Kirby, Vermont = = = +Kirby is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Lyndon, Vermont = = = +Lyndon is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Newark, Vermont = = = +Newark is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Peacham, Vermont = = = +Peacham is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Ryegate, Vermont = = = +Ryegate is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Sheffield, Vermont = = = +Sheffield is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = 1959 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1959 Final Tournament was held in Bulgaria. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = 1960 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1960 Final Tournament was held in Austria. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = UEFA European Under-19 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-19 Championship, or simply UEFA Under-19 Championship or the UEFA Euro U-19, is an yearly football competition, challenged by the European men's under-19 national teams of the member associations of UEFA. +Spain and England are the most successful team in this competition, having won eleven titles each. England are also the current champions. +History and format. +The competition has been held since 1948. It was originally called the FIFA International Youth Tournament, until it was taken over by UEFA in 1956. In 1980, it was restyled the UEFA European Under-18 Championship. Until the 1997 tournament, players born on or after 1 August the year they turned 19 years were eligible to compete. Since the 1998 tournament, the date limit has been moved back to 1 January. The championship received its current name in 2001, which has been used since the 2002 championship. The contest has been held every year since its founding in 1948, except for the period between 1984 and 1992, when it was only held every other year. +The tournament has been played in a number of different formats during its existence. Currently it has two stages, similar to UEFA's other European championship competitions. The qualifying stage is open to all UEFA members, and the final stage is battled between eight teams. +During even years, the best finishing teams qualify for the FIFA U-20 World Cup held in the next (odd) year. Currently, five teams can qualify for the World Cup, having the top two of their groups plus the winner of a play-off match between the third-placed teams of each group. +Statistics. +Performances by countries. +Note: +"1954 Third place ." "1966 Title Shared between and ." "1957 Third place Shared between and ." +Awards. +Golden Player Award. +For certain tournaments, the official website UEFA.com subsequently named a "Golden Player". +1Honour shared. +Top goalscorer. +The "Top goalscorer" award is awarded to the player who scores the most goals during the tournament. + += = = 1961 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1961 Final Tournament was held in Portugal. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> +Friendlies. +Three Friendly Matches were also played during the tournament. + += = = Three Steps to Heaven (song) = = = +"Three Steps to Heaven" is a song co-written by Eddie Cochran released in 1960 and went to number 1 in the United Kingdom and Ireland shortly after his death on April 17, 1960. + += = = 1962 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1962 Final Tournament was held in Romania. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +The 20th participant was Brașov XI. +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D1. +<br> +Group D2. +<br> + += = = 1963 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1963 Final Tournament was held in England. It was considered to be the 16th International Youth Football Tournament. +It was hosted by England as part of the Football Association's hundredth celebration. +Qualification. +A match between and (3-0) may have been related to the qualifying stage as well. +Teams. +The following teams qualified for the tournament: + also received a Bye for the qualifying stage but withdrew before the start of the tournament. After this, a Bye was given to both and the who were drawn against each other for the qualifying stage. +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = 1964 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1964 Final Tournament was held in the Netherlands. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group 1. +<br> +Group 2. +<br> +Group 3. +<br> +Group 4. +<br> +Group 5. +<br> +Group 6. +<br> +Group 7. +<br> +Group 8. +<br> + += = = 1965 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1965 Final Tournament was held in West Germany. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament: +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> +Group E. +<br> +Group F. +<br> +Group G. +<br> +Group H. +<br> + += = = 1966 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1966 Final Tournament was held in Yugoslavia. The Soviet Union and Italy drew their final match and shared the title. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament. Four teams qualified for the tournament (Q) and the other teams entered without playing qualification matches. +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = 1967 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1967 Final Tournament was held in Turkey. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament. Seven teams qualified (Q) and nine teams entered without playing qualification matches. +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = 1968 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1968 Final Tournament was held in France. +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament. Eight teams qualified (Q) and eight teams entered without playing qualification matches. +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = 1969 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1969 Final Tournament was held in East Germany. +Qualification. +Group. +<br> +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament. Eight teams qualified (Q) and eight teams entered without playing qualification matches. +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = 1970 UEFA European Under-18 Championship = = = +The UEFA European Under-18 Championship 1970 Final Tournament was held in Scotland. +Qualification. +Group 1. +<br> +Group 3. +<br> +Group 4. +<br> +Group 5. +<br> +Teams. +The following teams entered the tournament. Six teams qualified (Q) and ten teams entered without playing qualification matches. +Group stage. +Group A. +<br> +Group B. +<br> +Group C. +<br> +Group D. +<br> + += = = Welcome to the Jungle = = = +"Welcome to the Jungle" is a song by the American rockband Guns N' Roses. It featured on their debut album "Appetite for Destruction" and went to number 7 in the United States and number 6 in New Zealand. +Track listings. +All songs credited to Guns N' Roses except where noted + += = = Dominik Lechner = = = +Dominik Lechner (born 1 April 2005) is an Austrian professional footballer. He plays as a forward for 2. Liga club Liefering. +Career. +He started his career with the youth team of SV Kuchl. In 2012 he came to FC Red Bull Salzburg youth. From 2019 on he was in the Red Bull Salzburg Academy. In July 2022 he debuted for FC Liefering when he came on in the 65th minute for Zeteny Jano in the league match against Young Violets Austria Wien. +National team. +Lechner played for the Austrian U 17 team. He debuted in April 2022 versus Romania. + += = = FX (TV channel) = = = +FX is an American pay television channel owned by FX Networks, LLC. It is based at the Fox Studios lot in Century City, California. +Programming. +FX's most popular original shows include "Justified", "Damages", "Nip/Tuck", "Rescue Me", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", "The League", "Sons of Anarchy", "The Shield", "The Strain", "Archer", "American Horror Story", "Anger Management", "The Americans", "Better Things", "Louie", "You're the Worst", "Fargo", "American Crime Story", "Legion", "Snowfall", "Atlanta", and "Welcome to Wrexham". + += = = FXX = = = +FXX is an American basic cable channel owned by the Walt Disney Television unit of The Walt Disney Company through FX Networks, LLC. + += = = Mohammad Sadeqi = = = +Dominik Lechner (born 8 January 2004) is an Austrian professional footballer. He plays as a midfielder for 2. Liga club Liefering. +Career. +He started his career with the youth teams of his local club SV Roppen. After one year with Wacker Innsbruck he went to the FC Red Bull Salzburg Academy. In 2022 he became part of the FC Liefering squad in Austrias Second League. + += = = Tomorrow Come Today = = = +Tomorrow Come Today is the third studio album by Boysetsfire. The album was released on April 1, 2003. + += = = Marionettes (movie) = = = +Marionettes () is a 1934 Soviet comedy movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Anatoly Ktorov, Nikolai Radin, and Valentina Tokarskaya. + += = = A Petersburg Night = = = +A Petersburg Night () is a 1934 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal and Vera Stroyeva. It stars Lyubov Orlova, Boris Dobronravov, and Kseniya Tarasova. + += = = The Private Life of Pyotr Vinogradov = = = +The Private Life of Pyotr Vinogradov () is a 1934 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Macheret. It stars Boris Livanov, V. Tsishevsky, and Konstantin Gradopolov. + += = = Three Songs About Lenin = = = +Three Songs About Lenin () is a 1934 Soviet movie directed by Dziga Vertov. + += = = Aerograd = = = +Aerograd () is a 1935 Soviet drama movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars Stepan Shagaida, Sergei Stolyarov, and Yevgeniya Melnikova. + += = = Bezhin Meadow = = = +Bezhin Meadow () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Eisenstein. It stars Viktor Kartashov, Nikolay Khmelyov, and Boris Zakhava. + += = = Dzhulbars = = = +Dzhulbars () is a 1935 Soviet action movie directed by Vladimir Schneiderov. It stars , , and . + += = = Happiness (1935 movie) = = = +Happiness () is a 1935 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Medvedkin. It stars Peter Zinoviev and Elena Egorova. + += = = Lyotchiki = = = +Lyotchiki () is a 1935 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Ivan Koval-Samborsky, Yevgenia Melnikova, and Aleksandr Chistyakov. + += = = Red Army Days = = = +Red Army Days () is a 1935 Soviet comedy movie directed by Alexander Zarkhi and Iosif Kheifits. It stars Nikolai Simonov, Tatiana Okunevskaya, and Yanina Zheymo. + += = = Loss of Sensation = = = +Loss of Sensation () is a 1935 Soviet science fiction movie directed by Alexandr Andriyevsky. It stars S.M. Vecheslov, V.P. Gardin, and M.G. Volgina. + += = = The New Gulliver = = = +The New Gulliver () is a 1935 Soviet animated movie directed by Aleksandr Ptushko. + += = = The Youth of Maxim = = = +The Youth of Maxim () is a 1935 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It stars Boris Chirkov, Valentina Kibardina, and Mikhail Tarkhanov. + += = = Three Comrades (1935 movie) = = = +Three Comrades () is a 1935 Soviet drama movie directed by Semyon Timoshenko. It stars Mikhail Zharov, Anatoly Goryunov, and Tatyana Guretskaya. + += = = Proteus Airlines Flight 706 = = = +Proteus Airlines Flight 706 was a scheduled local flight from Lyon, France to Lorient, France. On July 30, 1998, Flight 706 collided in mid-air with a Cessna 177 light aircraft over Quiberon Bay. This disaster was known as the Quiberon Bay mid-air collision. +Investigation. +The investigation revealed that the Cessna's transponder had not been switched on. +In documentation published by the Aeronautical Information Service in 1997 and 1998 and probably used by the pilot of the Cessna, the use of a transponder while operating under visual flight rules could be interpreted as optional. As a result of the transponder being off, the Cessna was not depicted on the radar screen of the Lorient approach controller and its traffic information could not be relayed to the crew of the Beechcraft. +Following this accident, the BEA recommended that pilots should only cancel instrument flight rules flight plans in cases of necessity. + += = = Accidental Meeting (1936 movie) = = = +Accidental Meeting () is a 1936 Soviet action comedy movie directed by Igor Savchenko. It stars Galina Pashkova, Yevgeny Samoylov, and Pyotr Savin. + += = = Baltic Deputy = = = +Baltic Deputy () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Nikolay Cherkasov, Mariya Domashyova, and Boris Livanov. + += = = Beethoven Concerto = = = +Beethoven Concerto () is a 1936 Soviet movie directed by Mikhail Gavronsky and Vladimir Schmidtgof. It stars Mark Taimanov, Borya Vasilyev, and Vladimir Gardin. + += = = By the Bluest of Seas = = = +By the Bluest of Seas (, U samogo sinego morya) is a 1936 Soviet comedy movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Yelena Kuzmina, Nikolai Kryuchkov, and Lev Sverdlin. + += = = The Children of Captain Grant (movie) = = = +The Children of Captain Grant () is a 1936 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vladimir Vaynshtok. It stars Nikolai Vitovtov, Mariya Strelkova, and Nikolay Cherkasov. + += = = Circus (1936 movie) = = = +Circus () is a 1936 Soviet comedy movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov. It stars Lyubov Orlova, James Patterson, and Sergei Stolyarov. + += = = Convict (movie) = = = +Convict () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Yevgeni Chervyakov. It stars Mikhail Astangov, Mikhail Yanshin, and Boris Dobronravov. + += = = Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety = = = +The Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA, ) is the French authority responsible for safety investigations of accidents and serious incidents involving civil aircraft. +The BEA is responsible for investigating when the event takes place in France or in International airspace and involves a French aircraft. They may also assist foreign investigation authorities at their request, in particular, BEA technical assistance is often sought by nations that do not wish to engage with the American FAA for political reasons. Representatives of the aircraft manufacturer or airline may assist the BEA as technical advisers. In addition, the BEA provides technical assistance when a foreign authority calls on its skills, most often in terms of reading flight recorders. +They are also the investigating party for all Airbus aircraft, BEA reports are made public. + += = = Tanzania women's national under-17 football team = = = +The Tanzania women's national under 17 football team represents Tanzania in international women's under 17 football. They have qualified for the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup for the first time in 2022 and being the first Tanzanian football team to be the World Cup in any gender. + += = = Kian Amorgaste = = = +Kian Amorgaste (born 8 January 2002) is a Belgian korfball player. He is a member of and the Belgium national korfball team. +With his club he became champion in 2022. Amorgaste is since 2022 a member of the national team. With the national team he won the silver medal at the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, Alabama. While Amorgaste was topscorer in the final, Belgium lost the final from the Netherlands. +His brother is korfball player . Amorgaste studies legal practice at Artesis Plantijn University College of Antwerp in Antwerp. + += = = Sandy Ramlal = = = +Sandy Ramlal (born 12 January 1995) is a Dutch-Surinamese korfball player. She is a member of the Dutch club KVS, Scheveningen and the Suriname national korfball team. +With the national team of Suriname she competed at the 2022 World Games in Birmingham, Alabama. It was the first time ever a sports team from Suriname competed at the World Games, receiving wide media attention. +The father of Ramlal is from Suriname, and so she is allowed to represent Suriname. + += = = Nisha Verwey = = = +Nisha Verwey (born 4 January 1984) is a Dutch-Surinamese korfball player. +With her club TOP she became national champion. With the Netherlands national korfball team she became European Champion in 2010. Verwey has been a player of the Suriname national korfball team since 2017. She played with the team at the 2019 IKF World Korfball Championship in South Africa. + += = = DWGT-TV = = = +DWGT-TV (channel 4) is a noncommercial television station in Metro Manila, Philippines, serving as the flagship of the government-owned People's Television Network. The station maintains studios and hybrid analog/digital transmitting facility at Broadcast Complex, Visayas Avenue, Brgy. Vasra, Diliman, Quezon City. +Digital television. +Digital channels. +DWGT-TV broadcasts its digital signal on UHF Channel 14 (473.143 MHz) and is multiplexed into the following subchannels: +Prior to its current DTT channel frequency, PTV was previously using the UHF Channel 48 frequency (677.143 MHz; now being used by Christian Era Broadcasting Service International to broadcast Iglesia ni Cristo Television (INCTV) on analog TV) from its beginning of digital test transmission until the first half of 2015, while TV5 (through its affiliate Nation Broadcasting Corporation) was using UHF Channel 42 before it discontinued. Later on September 7, 2015, PTV moved to UHF Channel 42 frequency (641.143 MHz) until July 15, 2021. +NTC released implementing rules and regulations on the re-allocation of the UHF Channels 14-20 (470–512 Megahertz (MHz) band) for digital terrestrial television broadcasting (DTTB) service. All operating and duly authorized Mega Manila VHF (very high frequency) television networks are entitled to a channel assignment from Channels 14 to 20. +On July 16, 2021, PTV began to transmit its digital test broadcast on UHF Channel 14 (473.143 MHz) as its permanent frequency assigned by NTC. +In addition, the government's official news agency (PNA) is planning to launch its own dedicated news channel on PTV's digital subchannel. Eventually, it launched a late-night newscast called PNA Newsroom airing every midnight on PTV. + += = = Public health emergency of international concern = = = +A public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) is a formal declaration by the World Health Organization (WHO) of in which an outbreak of a disease is a public health risk that can spread between many countries and need an international response. These countries have a legal duty to respond quickly to a PHEIC. +Between 2009 and 2022, there were seven PHEIC declarations: the 2009 H1N1 (or swine flu) pandemic, the 2014 polio declaration, the 2013–2016 outbreak of Ebola in Western Africa, the 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, the 2018–20 Kivu Ebola epidemic, the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing 2022 monkeypox outbreak. + += = = Western African Ebola virus epidemic = = = +The 2013–2016 epidemic of Ebola virus disease, centered in Western Africa, was the most widespread outbreak of the disease in history. It caused many deaths and socioeconomic problems in the region, mainly in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone. The first cases were recorded in Guinea in December 2013; later, the disease spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, with minor outbreaks occurring in Nigeria and Mali. +Infections of medical workers happened in the United States and Spain. Isolated cases were recorded in Senegal, the United Kingdom and Italy. The number of cases peaked in October 2014 and then began to slow down. + += = = DZKB-TV = = = +DZKB-TV (channel 9) is a television station in Metro Manila, Philippines, serving as the flagship of the RPTV network. It is owned by Radio Philippines Network; TV5 Network, Inc., which owns TV5 flagship DWET-TV (channel 5), operates the station under an airtime lease agreement. Both stations share studios at the TV5 Media Center, Reliance cor. Sheridan Sts., Mandaluyong; while DZKB-TV's alternate studios is at Broadcast Complex, Visayas Avenue, Brgy. Vasra, Diliman, Quezon City; its analog transmitter is at the RPN Compound, #97 Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle, Quezon City; and its digital transmitter located at Crestview Heights Subdivision, Brgy. San Roque, Antipolo, Rizal. +Digital channels. +UHF Channel 19 (503.143 MHz) + += = = DZTV-TV = = = +DZTV-TV (channel 13) is a non-commercial television station in Metro Manila, Philippines, serving as the flagship of the IBC network. It is owned and operated by the network's namesake corporate parent. The station maintains studios at the IBC Compound, Lot 3-B, Capitol Hills Drive cor. Zuzuarregui Street, Brgy. Matandang Balara, Diliman, Quezon City; Its hybrid analog and digital transmitting facility is located at 125 St. Peter Street, Nuestra Señora Dela Paz Subdivision, Santa Cruz, Antipolo, Rizal. +Digital channels. +DZTV-TV's digital signal operates on UHF channel 17 (491.143 MHz) and broadcasts on the following subchannels: + += = = Polio eradication = = = +Polio eradication is the permanent elimination of the global spread of the poliovirus and the poliomyelitis (polio) it causes. Polio eradication began as a public health effort which began in 1988, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Rotary Foundation. These organizations, along with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The Gates Foundation, have created the campaign through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Vaccinations have been seen as a key reason why polio ended. +Nigeria is the latest country to have officially stopped endemic transmission of wild poliovirus. Afghanistan and Pakistan are the only two countries where the disease is still classified as endemic. + += = = 2015–16 Zika virus epidemic = = = +An epidemic of Zika fever, caused by Zika virus, began in Brazil and affected other countries in the Americas from April 2015 to November 2016. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the end of the epidemic in November 2016. It is said that 1.5 million people were infected by Zika virus in Brazil. The epidemic also affected other parts of South and North America, as well as several islands in the Pacific. + += = = Kivu Ebola epidemic = = = +The Kivu Ebola epidemic was an outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) that happened in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in Central Africa from 2018 to 2020. Between 1 August 2018 and 25 June 2020 it caused in 3,470 reported cases. The Kivu outbreak also affected Ituri Province, whose first case was confirmed on 13 August 2018. +In November 2018, the outbreak became the biggest Ebola outbreak in the DRC's history, and had become the second-largest Ebola outbreak in recorded history worldwide. +On 25 June 2020, the outbreak was declared ended. + += = = The Miracle (1991 movie) = = = +The Miracle is a 1991 Irish British drama movie directed by Neil Jordan and starring Beverly D'Angelo, Donal McCann, Lorraine Pilkington, Niall Byrne, Cathleen Delany, Tom Hickey. It was distributed by Miramax. + += = = Jim Dillard (gridiron football) = = = +James Austin Dillard (December 21, 1938 – July 19, 2022) was an American Canadian football halfback. He played for the Calgary Stampeders, Ottawa Rough Riders and Toronto Argonauts. He played college football at Oklahoma State University–Stillwater. He was born in Oklahoma. +Dillard died on July 19, 2022 in Cleveland, Oklahoma at the age of 83. + += = = DZEC-DTV = = = +DZEC-TV, channel 25 (analog) and channel 28 (digital) is the flagship UHF television station of Philippine television network Net 25, owned by Eagle Broadcasting Corporation. +Digital channels. +DZEC-TV broadcasts its digital signal on UHF Channel 28 (557.143MHz) and is multiplexed into the following subchannels: +In addition, Eagle Broadcasting Corporation operates its channel on DZCE-TV UHF Channel 49 (683.143MHz) + += = = DWKC-DTV = = = +DWKC-DTV (channel 31) is a television station in Metro Manila, Philippines, serving as the flagship of Broadcast Enterprises and Affiliated Media, Inc. Its main office is located at the 3rd floor, Globe Telecom Plaza 1, Pioneer St. cor. Madison St., Mandaluyong City, while its transmitter and master control is located at Palos Verdes Subdivision, Sumulong Highway, Brgy. Santa Cruz, Antipolo, Rizal. +Digital channels. +DWKC-DTV currently operates on UHF Channel 31 (575.143 MHz) and is multiplexed into the following subchannels: +Transition to digital television. +According to BEAM president Steve Macion, the station is expected to replace the 50 kW (4,050 kilowatt ERP) analog transmitter with a new, DTT-ready transmitter which is currently under transition and would be completed by the end of 2015. Cebu, Davao and Iloilo stations are also expected to upgrade to digital broadcast. +Aside from blocktimers, BEAM is now looking for local and foreign partnerships to allocate and generate content up to eight digital free TV channels. +In 2016, DYCT-DTV and DXKC-DTV, BEAM's stations in Cebu and Davao, respectively, conducted DTT test transmissions on UHF channel 32. DYRM-DTV, BEAM's Iloilo station, conducted its DTT test in 2017. + += = = Zayar Thaw = = = +Phyo Zeya Thaw ( , also spelled U Phyo Zeya Thaw Thaw or Zeya Thaw; 26 March 1981 – 23 July 2022) was a Burmese politician, activist and hip-hop artist. Phyo Zeya Thaw was arrested by the military dictatorship for his anti-government messages in his song lyrics. Phyo Zeya Thaw was a member of Pyithu Hluttaw from 2012 to 2021. In November 2021 Phyo Zeya Thaw was arrested by the Myanmar military junta and was sentenced to death in January 2022. +On 23 July 2022, Phyo Zeya Thaw and three other democratic activists were executed in Yangon, Myanmar. Phyo Zeya Thaw was 41 years old. + += = = Michael R. Long = = = +Michael R. Long (February 1, 1940 – July 24, 2022) was an American politician. He was chairman of the Conservative Party of New York State from December 1988 to January 2019. Long represented the Borough of Brooklyn at-large on the New York City Council from 1981 to 1983. He was a Republican. Long was born in New York City. +Long died on July 24, 2022 at the age of 82. + += = = DZRJ-DTV = = = +DZRJ-DTV (channel 29) is a commercial independent digital-only television station based in Makati City, Metro Manila, Philippines. The station is the flagship TV property of Rajah Broadcasting Network, Inc., a state media owned by Presidential Communications Office. The station's broadcast facilities, shared with its AM and FM radio sisters, are located at the Ventures I Bldg., Makati Ave. cor. Gen. Luna St., Makati; DZRJ-DTV's transmitter facility is located at Merano Street, Brgy. San Roque, Antipolo City, Rizal Province. +DZRJ-DTV began in 1993 as DZRJ-TV which operated on UHF Channel 29 using the analog NTSC-M system from 1993 to 2018. +Digital television. +Digital channels. +DZRJ-TV operates on UHF Channel 29 (563.143 MHz), and is multiplexed thru the following subchannels: + += = = Diana Kennedy = = = +Diana Kennedy MBE (; 3 March 1923 – 24 July 2022) was a British food writer. She was known for writing English-language books about Mexican cuisine. Her best known book was "The Cuisines of Mexico". Kennedy was honored with the Order of the Aztec Eagle from the Mexican government, and was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire. +Kennedy died on 24 July 2022 at her home in Zitácuaro, Mexico at the age of 99. + += = = DWVN-DTV = = = +DWVN-DTV (channel 45) is a digital television station of Gateway UHF Television Broadcasting. Its studios are located at San Juan cor. Donada Streets, Pasay, while its transmitter is located at GSat Technical Facilities and Earth Station Building, First Global Technopark Complex, Lot 1910 Governor's Drive, Barangay Ulong Tubig, Carmona, Cavite. +As of December 1, 2018, the TV station's analog signal was permanently shutdown. +Digital channels. +UHF Channel 45 (659.143 MHz) + += = = Tamar Eshel = = = +Tamar Eshel (; 24 July 1920 – 24 July 2022) was an Israeli politician. She was born in London, England to Israeli parents. She was a member of Alignment. Eshel was in the Knesset from 1977 to 1984. Before becoming a member of Knesset, she was the Deputy Mayor of Jerusalem. +Eshel died on her 102nd birthday on 24 July 2022 in Jerusalem. + += = = Bob Rafelson = = = +Robert Rafelson (February 21, 1933 – July 23, 2022) was an American movie director, screenwriter, and producer. He was seen as an important person in the New Hollywood movement in the 1970s. He was born in New York City. +His best known works were "Five Easy Pieces" (1970), "The King of Marvin Gardens" (1972), "The Postman Always Rings Twice" (1981) and "Mountains of the Moon" (1990). He also produced "Easy Rider" (1969) and "The Last Picture Show" (1971). He also produced the TV series "The Monkees". +Rafelson died on July 23, 2022 at his home in Aspen, Colorado from lung cancer at the age of 89. + += = = Janina Altman = = = +Janina Altman (née Hescheles), 2 January 1931 – 24 July 2022) was a Polish-Israeli chemist, writer and a Holocaust survivor. She was born in Lviv. When Nazi Germany invaded Poland, she was sent to the Janowska concentration camp. She escaped from there in 1943. She later became a writer and a chemist, working for Weizmann Institute of Science, and also at the Technical University of Munich. +Altman died on 24 July 2022, aged 91. + += = = Cosmic Voyage (1936 movie) = = = +Cosmic Voyage () is a 1936 Soviet silent science fiction movie directed by Vasili Zhuravlyov. It stars Sergei Komarov, Ksenia Moskalenko, and Vassili Gaponenko. + += = = Dawn of Paris = = = +Dawn of Paris () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal. It stars Nikolai Plotnikov, Yelena Maksimova, and Andrei Abrikosov. + += = = Dubrovsky (movie) = = = +Dubrovsky () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanovsky. The movie is based on the posthumously published 1841 eponymous novel by Alexander Pushkin. It stars Boris Livanov, Nikolay Monakhov, and Galina Grigoreva. + += = = Girl Friends (1936 movie) = = = +Girl Friends () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Arnshtam. The movie tells story of the friendship between three girls from Petrograd who grow up together and become nurses during the Russian Civil War. It stars Zoya Fyodorova, Yanina Zhejmo, and Irina Zarubina. + += = = Agha Syed Hamid Ali Shah Moosavi = = = +Agha Syed Hamid Ali Shah Moosavi (; 1930 – 25 July 2022) was an Indian Shia Islam leader. He was the patron-in-chief of the supreme Shia ullama board and president of Tehrik-e-Nafaz-e-Fiqah-e-Jafaria () from 1982 until his death. He was born in Tharparkar, then-British India. +Moosavi died on 25 July 2022, aged 92 . + += = = Stray (video game) = = = +Stray is a 2022 adventure game created by BlueTwelve Studio and published by Annapurna Interactive. +The game is about a cat who falls into a walled city where robots, machines, and viruses live there. The cat's mission is to return to the surface with the help of a drone friend called B-12. The city in the game is inspired by Kowloon Walled City. +The player travels by leaping across platforms and climbing up obstacles. Throughout the game, the player must run away from the Zurks and Sentinels, both of whom will try to kill the cat. +The game was released in July 2022 to strong positive reviews. + += = = Arizona Dream = = = +Arizona Dream is a 1993 French-American surrealist indie comedy drama movie co-written and directed by Emir Kusturica. It stars Johnny Depp, Jerry Lewis, Faye Dunaway, Lili Taylor and Vincent Gallo. This movie was filmed in Arizona in 1991. +The movie won the Silver Bear - Special Jury Prize at the 43rd Berlin International Film Festival. + += = = Yoko Shimada = = = + was a Japanese actress. She was best known for being in Western movies. Her best known role was as Mariko in the 1980 miniseries "Shōgun". For this role, she won a Golden Globe Award in 1980. She was born in Kumamoto, Japan. Her career began in 1970. She also appeared in the 1995 movie "The Hunted". +Shimada died on 25 July 2022 at a hospital in Tokyo, Japan from colorectal cancer, aged 69. + += = = Eduardo Mangada = = = +Eduardo Mangada Samain (born 4 March 1932) is a Spanish politician and architect. He was born in Anna, Spain. He was an important politician in the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party. He was a member of the Communist Party of Spain, but was expelled from the party in 1982. +From 1979 to 1983, he was a member of the City Council of Madrid. He was also the Deputy Mayor of Madrid from 1981 to 1982. From 1983 to 1991, he was a government official for the Community of Madrid. + += = = Osteocephalus sangay = = = +The Sangay casqued tree frog ("Osteocephalus sangay") is a frog in the family Hylidae. It lives in Ecuador. Scientists have seen it between 1551 and 1795 meters above sea level. +The adult male frog is 40.3–41.3 mm long from nose to rear end. The adult female frog is 45.3-52.8 mm long. The skin on the frog's back is green or brown in color. It can have bumps made of keratin protein or dark marks. The tops of the legs and middle are light brown with darker brown marks. There is a large dark brown mark on the head. The sides of the head have a cream-colored stripe. There is yellow color on the skin outside the eye. The ear is green in color or dark brown in coor. The sides are light green, cream-colored, or brown with brown or black marks. The skin of the belly is brown with darker brown marks or lighter brown marks. The pupil of the eye has an olive green ring around it. The iris of the eye is bronze in color with black lines. +This frog lives in forests on the east sides of the mountains. Scientists have seen it at night, sitting on plants 2 m above the ground. +Scientists named this frog for the place they first found it: Parque Nacional Sangay. It is in Ecuador's Morona Santiago province. The word "sangay" comes from the Shuar language word "samkay." This word is for volcanoes. + += = = Ria Simmelink = = = +Ria Simmelink (born 1900s) was a Dutch athletics competitor who was specialized in the javelin throw but also competed in other events. She was a member of athletics club Hercules-Hebe. Simmelink was the best Dutch female javelin thrower in the 1920s, being multiple times national record holder and national champion. +Career. +Simmelink won het first javelin throw competition on 1 June 1924. The athletics association organized a men’s athletics competitions including one women’s event, the javelin throw. At the end of the month she became for the first time champion of Twente. She was selected by the athletics association of Twente to compete at the international 1924 Westfalen–Twente athletics competition in Münster. She finished in this competition third behind Erna Pröschold and another German. +In 1925 the women’s national record in javelin throw was introduced. Simmelink set the first javelin throw national record, after winning the javelin throw event at the national competition in Hengelo with a distance of 28.24 metres on 26 July 1925. In 1926, she became again javelin throw champion of Twente. She also won the bronze medal in the 100 metres, losing from Bets ter Horst. She improved her own national record on 24 July 1927 at the championships of Twente. A year later on 2 September 1928, she became Dutch national champion, beating her own national record with a distance 29.31 metres. She lost her record to Leny Rombout on 15 July 1929. + += = = Ptychohyla = = = +Ptychohyla is a genus. It is a group of frogs in the family Hylidae. They are called stream frogs or mountain stream frogs in English. These frogs live in southern Mexico and Central America. They live in the states of Chiapas, Guerrero, and Oaxaca and all the way south to Panama. +Species. +These species are in "Ptychohyla": + += = = Society Hill = = = +Society Hill is a historic neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia. It is one of the oldest part of Philadelphia along with Old City. The area was settled in the 1680s. It is one of the most expensive neighborhoods in Philadelphia. Society Hill has the largest number of 18th- and early 19th-century buildings in an area. It is famous for its Franklin street lamps, brick sidewalks, cobblestone and Belgian block streets. + += = = DPH = = = +DPH may mean: + += = = List of programs broadcast by The CW = = = +This is a list of programs broadcast by The CW. Some programs were broadcast on UPN and The WB. The networks merged with the CW when the networks ceased broadcasting. + += = = José Luis Rodríguez = = = +José Luis Rodríguez González (Caracas, January 14, 1943), also known as El Puma, is a Venezuelan singer, actor, businessman and music producer. +Life and career. +José Luis Rodríguez was born in Caracas, Venezuela to José Antonio Rodríguez from the Canary Islands, Spain and Ana González a Venezuelan housewife. +His father died in 1949 when José Luis was just 6 years old. His mother was an activist of the Acción Democrática party, so during the dictatorship of Marcos Pérez Jiménez he decided to go into exile in Guayaquil, Ecuador with his two youngest children. Upon his return, José Luis entered the Escuela Técnica Industrial de Caracas, where he studied as an electrical technician. +Health. +He underwent a double lung transplant due to pulmonary fibrosis in 2018. + += = = Stannard, Vermont = = = +Stannard is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Walden, Vermont = = = +Walden is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Waterford, Vermont = = = +Waterford is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Wheelock, Vermont = = = +Wheelock is a town in Caledonia County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Bolton, Vermont = = = +Bolton is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Tanzania national cricket team = = = +The Tanzania national cricket team is a men's team that represents the United Republic of Tanzania in international cricket. They have been a member of the International Cricket Council since 2001. + += = = Mario Pejazic = = = +Mario Pejazic (born 21 January 2005) is an Austrian professional footballer. He plays as a left back for 2. Liga club Liefering. +Career. +He started his career with SK Vorwärts Steyr and went on to LASK Linz. From 2018 to 2022 he played for the Red Bull Salzburg Academy. 2022 he was promoted to FC Liefering. His debut for Liefering was in July 2022 , when he started in the first round of Second league versus Young Violets Austria Wien. +He also played for Austria U 15 and U17 national team. + += = = La Vèze = = = +La Vèze () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. + += = = Le Moutherot = = = +Le Moutherot () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +The commune is from Besançon, Dole, and Gray between the rivers Ognon and Doubs. +On a top of a hill, the village offers a view on fields, forests. In bright weather Mont Blanc, the Mount Poupet, and the "Ballon of Alsace" can be seen. + += = = Le Puy, Doubs = = = +Le Puy () is a commune in the department of Doubs in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +The village of Le Puy is from Besançon on Route D115 and north of Roulans. It is close to its intersection with the D336 on the east and the A36 on the west. +Population. +The inhabitants of Le Puy are known as "Puylots". +Name origin. +The village is nicknamed "le Puits" (French: "the Well") on the Cassini map. The French "le Puy" usually connects to the Provençal word "Puech" (an isolated hill). Here, as the Cassini map shows, it refers to the local wells. +Other websites. +All sites are in French, unless otherwise indicated. + += = = Le Vernoy = = = +Le Vernoy () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. + += = = Lizine = = = +Lizine () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +The village is built on a plateau between the Loue and the Lison rivers. + += = = Lombard, Doubs = = = +Lombard () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. + += = = Lomont-sur-Crête = = = +Lomont-sur-Crête (, literally "Lomont on Ridge") is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. + += = = Lougres = = = +Lougres () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +Lougres is southwest of Montbéliard. +The commune takes its name from the stream that runs through it, from its source to the river Doubs. + += = = The Goalkeeper (1936 movie) = = = +The Goalkeeper () is a 1936 Soviet musical comedy movie directed by Semyon Timoshenko. It stars Grigory Pluzhnik, Tatyana Guretskaya, and Lyudmila Glazova. + += = = Journey to Arzrum (movie) = = = +Journey to Arzrum () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Moisei Levin. It stars Dmitry Zhuravlyov, Serafim Azanchevsky, and Konstantin Khokhlov. + += = = The Last Night (1936 movie) = = = +The Last Night () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Ivan Pelttser, Mariya Yarotskaya, and Nikolai Dorokhin. + += = = Late for a Date = = = +Late for a Date () is a 1936 Soviet comedy movie directed by Mikhail Verner and og Sergei Sidelyov. It stars Boris Petker, Mikhail Rostovtsev, and Mariya Barabanova. + += = = The Nightingale (1936 movie) = = = +The Nightingale () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Nikolai Ekk. It stars Valentina Ivashova, Z. Kashkarova, and Nikolai Ekk. + += = = Party Membership Card = = = +Party Membership Card () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Andrei Abrikosov, Anatoliy Goryunov, and Igor Maleyev. + += = = The Miracle Worker (1936 movie) = = = +The Miracle Worker () is a 1936 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Medvedkin. It stars Leonid Alekseev, Tatyana Barysheva, and Zinaida Bokareva. + += = = The Sailors of Kronstadt = = = +The Sailors of Kronstadt () is a 1936 Soviet war drama movie directed by Efim Dzigan. It stars Vasiliy Zaychikov, Georgi Bushuyev, and Nikolay Ivakin. + += = = The Thirteen = = = +The Thirteen () is a 1936 Soviet action movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Ivan Novoseltsev, Yelena Kuzmina, and Aleksandr Chistyakov. + += = = Seekers of Happiness = = = +Seekers of Happiness () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Korsch-Sablin. + += = = Seven Brave Men = = = +Seven Brave Men () is a 1936 Soviet action drama movie directed by Sergey Gerasimov. It stars Nikolay Bogolyubov, Tamara Makarova, and Ivan Novoseltsev. + += = = Son of Mongolia = = = +Son of Mongolia () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Ilya Trauberg. It stars Tse-Ven Rabdan, Igin-Khorlo, and Susor-Barma. + += = = Without a Dowry (movie) = = = +Without a Dowry () is a 1936 Soviet drama movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. The movie is based on Alexander Ostrovsky's play Without a Dowry (1878). It stars Nina Alisova, Olga Pyzhova, and Anatoly Ktorov. + += = = The Ballad of Cossack Golota = = = +The Ballad of Cossack Golota () is a 1937 Soviet action drama movie directed by Igor Savchenko. It stars Konstantin Nassonov, Leonid Shekhtman, and Konstantin Tyrtov. + += = = The Defense of Volotchayevsk = = = +The Defense of Volotchayevsk () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Vasilyev brothers. It stars Varvara Myasnikova, Nikolai Dorokhin, and Lev Sverdlin. + += = = Essex, Vermont = = = +Essex is a town in Chittenden County, Vermont, United States. + += = = Benay Venuta = = = +Benay Venuta (born Benvenuta Rose Crooke, January 27, 1910 – September 1, 1995) was an American actress, singer and dancer. + += = = Mohamed Sedki Sulayman = = = +Mohamed Sedki Sulayman (1919 – 28 March 1996) was an Egyptian politician and Prime Minister of Egypt from 10 September 1966 to 19 June 1967. +Between 1962 and 1966, he was the minister supervising the building of the Aswan High Dam. + += = = Valentin Oelz = = = +Valentin Oelz (born 24 April 2005) is an Austrian professional footballer. He plays as a goalkeeper for Second League club Liefering. +Career. +His career began with his local club ASKÖ SC Kirchberg-Thening. In 2018 he went on to the LASK Academy. In 2022 he went on to FC Liefering. +National team. +Oelz played for the Austrian U17 national team. + += = = Lenin in October = = = +Lenin in October () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm and Dmitri Vasilyev. The movie portrays the activities of Lenin at the time of the October Revolution. It stars Boris Shchukin, Nikolay Okhlopkov, and Vasili Vanin. + += = = The Lonely White Sail = = = +The Lonely White Sail () is a 1937 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vladimir Legoshin. It stars Igor But, Boris Runge, and Aleksandr Melnikov. + += = = Lullaby (1937 movie) = = = +Lullaby () is a 1937 Soviet movie directed by Dziga Vertov. + += = = Marriage (1936 movie) = = = +Marriage () is a 1936 Soviet comedy movie directed by Erast Garin and Khesya Lokshina. The movie is based on eponymous play by Nikolay Gogol. It stars Erast Garin, Stepan Kayukov, and Aleksei Matov. + += = = The Miners = = = +The Miners () is a 1937 Soviet comedy movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Boris Poslavsky, Yuriy Tolubeev, and Vladimir Lukin. + += = = Peter the Great (1937 movie) = = = +Peter the Great () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Nikolai Simonov, Mikhail Zharov, and Nikolay Cherkasov. + += = = Pugachev (1937 movie) = = = +Pugachev () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Pavel Petrov-Bytov. It stars Konstantin Skorobogatov, Kasim Mukhutdinov, and Yakov Malyutin. + += = = The Return of Maxim = = = +The Return of Maxim () is a 1937 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It stars Boris Chirkov, Valentina Kibardina, and Anatoli Kuznetsov. + += = = Alexander Nevsky (movie) = = = +Alexander Nevsky () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Eisenstein. It stars Nikolay Cherkasov, Nikolay Okhlopkov, and Andrei Abrikosov. + += = = The Bear (1938 movie) = = = +The Bear () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Isidor Annensky. It stars Olga Androvskaya, Mikhail Zharov, and Ivan Pelttser. + += = = Tobi Amusan = = = +Oluwatobiloba Ayomide Amusan (born 23 April 1997) is a Nigerian track and field athlete. She is very good in short races like 100 meter and 100 meter hurdles. Tobi Amusan won the 2022 World Athletics Championships in the 100 meters hurdles. she set a new record of 12.12 seconds in the semi-finals and also improved her time again in the final, running a wind-aided 12.06 seconds to win the gold medal. Tobi was the 2018 Commonwealth, 2018 African champion and she is also a two-time African Games champion in the event. She won the Diamond League Trophy in Zurich in 2021 in the 100m hurdles. +Early life and education. +Oluwatobiloba born on 23 April, 1997, in Ijebu Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria. Her Parent are Mr. and Mrs. Amusan who were school teachers. Tobi, as she is fondly called, is the last child of the three siblings. She had her secondary school education at Our Lady of Apostles Secondary School, Ijebu Ode, Ogun state. +Career. +Tobi has always been doing well since the early stage of her career as an athlete. She was a silver medallist at the 2013 African Youth Championships in Warri. She also won gold medal in the 100 metres hurdles at the 2015 African Junior Athletics Championships in Addis Ababa. + += = = The Childhood of Maxim Gorky = = = +The Childhood of Maxim Gorky () is a 1938 Soviet movie directed by Mark Donskoy. It stars Aleksei Lyarsky, Varvara Massalitinova, and Mikhail Troyanovsky. + += = = Doctor Aybolit (movie) = = = +Doctor Aybolit () is a 1938 Soviet family movie directed by Vladimir Nemolyayev. It stars Maksim Shtraukh, Anna Semionovna, and Igor Arkadin. + += = = Friends (1938 movie) = = = +Friends () is a 1938 Soviet movie directed by Lev Arnshtam. The movie is based on the life of Sergey Kirov. During the Russian Civil War, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union sends Aleksey to Caucasus Mountains to help organize an armed uprising. It stars Boris Babochkin, Irina Zarubina, and Nikolai Cherkasov. + += = = The Great Citizen = = = +The Great Citizen () is a 1938 Soviet movie directed by Fridrikh Ermler. It stars Nikolay Bogolyubov, Ivan Bersenev, and Oleg Zhakov. + += = = If War Comes Tomorrow = = = +If War Comes Tomorrow () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Lazar Antsi-Polovsky, Georgy Beryozko and Yefim Dzigan. It stars Inna Fyodorova, Vsevolod Sanayev, and Serafim Kozminsky. + += = = Komsomolsk (movie) = = = +Komsomolsk () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Gerasimov. It stars Pyotr Aleynikov, Sergei Gerasimov, and Yevgeniya Golynchik. + += = = The Man with the Gun = = = +The Man with the Gun () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Maksim Shtraukh, Mikheil Gelovani, and Boris Tenin. + += = = The New Moscow = = = +The New Moscow () is a 1938 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Medvedkin and Aleksandr Olenin. It stars Daniil Sagal, Nina Alisova, and Mariya Barabanova. + += = = Peat-Bog Soldiers = = = +Peat-Bog Soldiers () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Macheret. It stars Oleg Zhakov, S. Shirokova, and Ivan Kudryavtsev. + += = = Professor Mamlock (1938 movie) = = = +Professor Mamlock () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Herbert Rappaport and Adolf Minkin. It stars Semyon Mezhinsky, E. Nikitina, and Oleg Zhakov. + += = = Treasure Island (1938 movie) = = = +Treasure Island () is a 1938 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vladimir Vaynshtok. It stars Klavdiya Pugachova, Osip Abdulov, and Mikhail Klimov. + += = = Victory (1938 movie) = = = +Victory () is a 1938 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Doller and Vsevolod Pudovkin. It stars Yekaterina Korchagina-Aleksandrovskaya, Vladimir Solovyov, and S. Ostroumov. + += = = Drill music = = = +Drill is a subgenre of trap music that originated in Chicago streets in the late 2000s. It grew into the American mainstream around 2012 after the success of rappers and producers like Chief Keef, Lil Durk, Lil Reese, Fredo Santana, Young Chop, G Herbo, Lil Bibby, King Louie, and King Von who had many local fans and a significant internet appearance. Media attention and the signing of drill musicians to major labels followed. Artists within the genre have been noted for their style of lyricism and association with crime in Chicago. + += = = The Great Outdoors (movie) = = = +The Great Outdoors is a 1988 American comedy movie directed by Howard Deutch and starring John Candy, Dan Aykroyd, Annette Bening (in her movie debut), Stephanie Faracy, Chris Young, Lucy Deakins, Lewis Arquette. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. + += = = Cathelijn Peeters = = = +Cathelijn Peeters (born 6 November 1996) is a Dutch athlete, specialized in the 400 metres and 400 metres hurdles. She became three times national champion. +After winning bronze at the 2019 Dutch Athletics Championships she became national champion at the 2020 Dutch Athletics Championships, 2021 Dutch Athletics Championships and 2022 Dutch Athletics Championships. Her niece Silke Peeters is also a hurdler, who won the bronze medal in 2020 and the silver medal in 2021 behind Cathelijn Peeters. +In 2022, Peeters improved in the 400 metres. As a result she was selected to compete at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in the 4 × 400 metres relay event. During the heats Peeters dropped the baton and so they were disqualified. + += = = Salaam TV (Philippine TV channel) = = = +Salaam TV was a Philippine government-owned Islamic channel owned by the Presidential Communications Office through the People's Television Network (PTV). The channel's main programming is solely focused on Filipino Muslims and other Islamic communities in the country. At present, the channel is on test broadcast via digital terrestrial television on PTV's digital subchannel (via UHF 14) and Expand to cable television on SkyCable and Destiny Cable Channel 4 depending on the digital boxes' channel availability from 12 noon to 8:00 p.m. It was also the second Islamic television network based in the Philippines, following the launch of Davao-based Islamic cable channel Mensahe TV. + += = = The Zoo (song) = = = +"The Zoo" is a 1980 hard rock song by the Scorpions and under-performed the music charts peaking at number 75 in the United Kingdom. + += = = 1924 Westphalia–Twente athletics competition = = = +The 1924 Westphalia–Twente athletics competition was the second international athletics competition between athletes of Westphalia, Germany and Twente, the Netherlands. The competition was held in Münster, Germany on 24 August 1924 at the sport field at the Hohenzollernring. The competition included 10 events for men and 3 events for women. +The competition was won by the Germany with 78.5 points versus the Netherlands with 61.5 points. +After the competitions the teams and officials had a dinner together. Afterwards the Dutch team returned home by train. +Preparations and organization. +The Dutch athlethes selected by the Twente athletics association were published on 21 August 1924. +The Dutch team arrived in the morning of the competition at 10 am. by train. They were given a tour of the city of Münster. After the tour there was a joint lunch. +Competition format. +In each individual event two athletes of each team competed. In the relay event the two teams competed against each other. The winner of each event received the most points, with less points for every other place. For the overall classication all points from each teams are added together. +Competition. +The competitions started at 3:00 pm. During the competition the weather conditions were bad. Due to the bad weather there were not many spectators. +Overall classification. +Source: + += = = Volga-Volga = = = +Volga-Volga () is a 1938 Soviet comedy movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov. It stars Igor Ilyinsky, Lyubov Orlova, and Vladimir Volodin. + += = = Wish upon a Pike = = = +Wish upon a Pike () is a 1938 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Aleksandr Rou. It stars Pyotr Savin, Maria Kravchunovskaya, and Georgy Millyar. + += = = A Girl with a Temper = = = +A Girl with a Temper () is a 1939 Soviet comedy movie directed by Konstantin Yudin. It stars Valentina Serova, Emma Tsesarskaya, and Andrei Tutyshkin. + += = = Commandant of the Bird Island = = = +Commandant of the Bird Island () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Vasili Pronin. It stars Leonid Kmit, Nikolai Dorokhin, and Nikolay Gorlov. + += = = Courage (1939 movie) = = = +Courage () is a 1939 Soviet adventure movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov. It stars Oleg Zhakov, Dmitry Dudnikov, and Konstantin Sorokin. + += = = Karl Kehrle = = = +Karl Kehrle OSB OBE (3 August 1898, Mittelbiberach, Germany – 1 September 1996, Buckfast, Devonshire, England, United Kingdom), known as Brother Adam, was a Benedictine monk, beekeeper, and an authority on bee breeding, Developer of the Buckfast bee. + += = = Doctor Kalyuzhnyy = = = +Doctor Kalyuzhnyy () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Erast Garin. It stars Boris Tolmazov, Mariya Barabanova, and Yuriy Tolubeev. + += = = South Africans = = = +South Africans are a ethnic group and nation native to South Africa. The majority of the White South African population is Afrikaans, with the remainder of them being of British or European descent. The Coloured population have a mixed lineage. They descend from the indigenous Khoisan people and White settlers. Most of the Coloured population live in the Northern and Western Cape Provinces in South Africa, while the majority of the Indian population live in KwaZulu-Natal. The Afrikaner population is concentrated in the Gauteng and Free State Provinces. + += = = Engineer Kochin's Error = = = +Engineer Kochin's Error () is a 1939 Soviet thriller movie directed by Aleksandr Macheret. It stars Mikhail Zharov, Sergey Nikonov, and Lyubov Orlova. + += = = The Golden Key (1939 movie) = = = +The Golden Key () is a 1939 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Aleksandr Ptushko. It stars Aleksandr Shchagin, Sergey Martinson, and Olga Shaganova-Obraztsova. + += = = Laurie Sawle = = = +Lawrence Michael Sawle AM (19 August 1925 – 26 July 2022) was an Australian first-class cricketer and administrator for the Australia national cricket team. Sawle was born in East Fremantle, Western Australia. He played for the Western Australia cricket team from 1954 to 1955 and from 1960 to 1961. +He died in Perth, Western Australia on 26 July 2022, aged 96. + += = = Lenin in 1918 = = = +Lenin in 1918 () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Boris Shchukin, Mikheil Gelovani, and Nikolay Bogolyubov. + += = = Man in a Shell = = = +Man in a Shell () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Isidor Annensky. It stars Nikolay Khmelyov, Mikhail Zharov, and Olga Androvskaya. + += = = Member of the Government = = = +Member of the Government () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Vera Maretskaya, Vasili Vanin, and Nikolay Kryuchkov. + += = = Minin and Pozharsky (movie) = = = +Minin and Pozharsky () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Mikhail Doller. The movie is about the Time of Troubles, Russia's struggle for independence led by Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin against the Polish invasion in 1611–1612. It stars Aleksandr Khanov, Boris Livanov, and Boris Chirkov. + += = = Roma people in Denmark = = = +There is a small Roma population in Denmark. The Council of Europe estimates that there are around 5,500 Roma living in Denmark (0.1% of the Danish population). + += = = The New Teacher = = = +The New Teacher () is a 1939 Soviet comedy drama movie directed by Sergei Gerasimov. It stars Boris Chirkov, Tamara Makarova, and Lyudmila Shabalina. + += = = The Oppenheim Family = = = +The Oppenheim Family () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal. It stars Vladimir Balashov, Joseph Tolchanov, and Ada Wójcik. + += = = Squadron No. 5 = = = +Squadron No. 5 () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Abram Room. It stars Yuri Shumsky, Nikolai Garin, and Boris Bezgin. + += = = Tractor Drivers = = = +Tractor Drivers () is a 1939 Soviet comedy drama movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Marina Ladynina, Nikolay Kryuchkov, and Boris Andreyev. + += = = Shchors (movie) = = = +Shchors () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars Yevgeny Samoylov, Ivan Skuratov, and Luka Lyashenko. + += = = Domari people in Israel = = = +About 1,500 Dom reside in Israel. They are the poorest community in Israel. They speak Domari language and Arabic. They practice Islam. + += = = Roma people in New Zealand = = = +There is a small Roma population in New Zealand. Approximately 1,500 – 3,000 Roma reside in New Zealand. + += = = Roma people in Latvia = = = +The Roma population in Latvia is small. According to data from the population register of the Office for Citizenship and Migration Affairs there were 7,456 Romani individuals residing in Latvia as at 1 January 2017, comprising 0.3% of the total Latvian population. + += = = Stepan Razin (movie) = = = +Stepan Razin () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Ivan Pravov and Olga Preobrazhenskaya. It stars Andrei Abrikosov, Vladimir Gardin, and Elena Kondratyeva. + += = = The Vyborg Side = = = +The Vyborg Side () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It stars Boris Chirkov, Valentina Kibardina, and Mikhail Zharov. + += = = Vasilisa the Beautiful (1940 movie) = = = +Vasilisa the Beautiful () is a 1940 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Alexander Rou. It stars Georgy Millyar, Sergey Stolyarov, and Lev Potyomkin. + += = = Virgin Soil Upturned (1939 movie) = = = +Virgin Soil Upturned () is a 1939 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Gavriil Belov, Sergei Blinnikov, and Mikhail Bolduman. + += = = The Beloved (1940 movie) = = = +The Beloved () is a 1940 Soviet drama movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Marina Ladynina, Vsevolod Sanaev, and Leonid Kmit. + += = = Mexican diaspora = = = +There is a large Mexican diaspora in the United States. Many Mexicans in the United States live in Texas and California. Los Angeles has the largest Mexican population by metropolitan area. There is also a substantial Mexican population in Canada, Spain, Guatemala and Germany. + += = = Disappearance of 'The Eagle' = = = +Disappearance of 'The Eagle' () is a 1940 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vasily Zhuravlyov. It stars Nikolai Annenkov, Viktor Gromov, and Sergey Stolyarov. + += = = The Foundling (1940 movie) = = = +The Foundling () is a 1940 Soviet comedy-drama movie directed by Tatyana Lukashevich. It stars Veronika Lebedeva, Faina Ranevskaya, and Pyotr Repnin. + += = = The Law of Life (movie) = = = +The Law of Life () is a 1940 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Stolper and Boris Ivanov. It stars Daniil Sagal, Aleksandr Lukyanov, and Oswald Glazunov. + += = = Musical Story = = = +Musical Story () is a 1940 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanovsky and Gerbert Rappaport. It stars Sergei Lemeshev, Zoya Fyodorova, and Nikolai Konovalov. + += = = My Love (1940 movie) = = = +My Love () is a 1940 Soviet comedy movie directed by Vladimir Korsh. It stars Lidiya Smirnova, Ivan Pereverzev, and Vladimir Chobur. + += = = Siberians (movie) = = = +Siberians () is a 1940 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. It stars Aleksandra Kharitonova, Aleksandr Kuznetsov, and Aleksandr Pupko. + += = = Salavat Yulayev (movie) = = = +Salavat Yulayev () is a 1940 Soviet drama movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Arslan Muboryakov, Mikhail Bolduman, and Sergei Blinnikov. + += = = Tanya (1940 movie) = = = +Tanya () is a 1940 Soviet comedy movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov. It stars Lyubov Orlova, Yevgeny Samoylov, and Elena Tyapkina. + += = = Timur and His Team = = = +Timur and His Team () is a 1940 Soviet action movie directed by Aleksandr Razumny. It stars Liviy Shchipachyov, Pyotr Savin, and Lev Potyomkin. + += = = Cloud forest stream frog = = = +The cloud forest stream frog ("Ptychohyla euthysanota") is a frog. It lives in Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. It lives on the Pacific side (west side) of the mountains. People have seen this frog between 600 and 2200 meters above sea level. + += = = Yakov Sverdlov (movie) = = = +Yakov Sverdlov () is a 1940 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. The movie tells about the life and work of the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee Yakov Sverdlov. It stars Leonid Lyubashevsky, Maksim Shtraukh, and Andro Kobaladze. + += = = Anton Ivanovich Is Angry = = = +Anton Ivanovich Is Angry () is a 1941 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanovsky. It stars Nikolai Konovalov, Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, and Pavel Kadochnikov. + += = = The Artamonov Business (movie) = = = +The Artamonov Business () is a 1941 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal. It stars Sergei Romodanov, Tamara Chistyakova, and Mikhail Derzhavin Sr.. + += = = Dream (1941 movie) = = = +Dream () is a 1941 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Yelena Kuzmina, Vladimir Solovyov, and Vladimir Shcheglov. + += = = Four Hearts (1941 movie) = = = +Four Hearts () is a 1941 Soviet comedy movie directed by Konstantin Yudin. It stars Valentina Serova, Yevgeny Samoylov, and Lyudmila Tselikovskaya. + += = = The Girl from Leningrad = = = +The Girl from Leningrad () is a 1941 Soviet adventure movie directed by Viktor Eisymont. It stars Zoya Fyodorova, Mariya Kapustina, and Olga Fyodorina. + += = = The Humpbacked Horse (1941 movie) = = = +The Humpbacked Horse () is a 1941 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Aleksandr Rou. It stars Pyotr Aleynikov, Georgy Vinogradov, and Marina Kovalyova. + += = = In the Rear of the Enemy = = = +In the Rear of the Enemy () is a 1941 Soviet war movie directed by Yevgeni Shneider. It stars Nikolay Kryuchkov, Aleksandr Grechanyy, and Pavel Shpringfeld. +Plot. +The film takes place in the winter of 1940 during the Soviet-Finnish War. Three Soviet intelligence officers penetrated the rear of the enemies who left it. Then the Red Army men disguised themselves and established a telephone connection with the headquarters. And suddenly the Finns appear. + += = = Masquerade (1941 movie) = = = +Masquerade () is a 1941 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergey Gerasimov. The movie is based on the eponymous play by Mikhail Lermontov. It stars Nikolay Mordvinov, Tamara Makarova, and Mikhail Sadovsky. + += = = Mysterious Island (1941 movie) = = = +Mysterious Island () is a 1941 Soviet science fiction movie directed by Eduard Pentslin. It stars Andrey Andriyenko-Zemskov, Yuri Grammatikati, and Pavel Kiyansky. + += = = Thomas Sageder = = = +Thomas Sageder (* born 5 September 1983) is an Austrian football manager. +Career. +Sageder started with the youth of SV Riedau. 2008/2009 he was coach of the youth of FC Red Bull Salzburg. The next season he became assistance coach of Andreas Milot in the SV Ried Academy. +In 2010 and 2011 he was coach of the Red Bull Academy in Ghana. In 2011 he became the assistance coach of the 2nd league team FC Blau-Weiß Linz. After their relegation he became the assistance coach of Oliver Glasner with SV Ried in the Austrian Bundesliga. +Glasner went to LASK so in May 2015 he became caretaker together with Ewald Brenner till the end of the season. In December 2015 he left SV Ried. +In the 2016/17 season he trained SV Wallern in the 4th league. In December 2017 he came back to FC Blau-Weiß Linz as head coach. 2019 he resigned after four losses in a row. +In the 2019/20 season he was assistance coach to Oliver Glasner with VfL Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga. +In the 2021/22 season he was assistance coach to Fabio Ingolitsch in the Red Bull Academy U18. Together with Ingolitsch he went to FC Liefering in the 2022/23 season. After the season Sageder left Liefering and became head coach of LASK in the Bundesliga + += = = Suvorov (movie) = = = +Suvorov () is a 1941 Soviet drama movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Mikhail Doller. The movie is based on the life of Russian general Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1729 – 1800), one of the few great generals in history who never lost a battle. It stars Nikolai Cherkasov-Sergeyev, Aleksandr Khanov, and Mikhail Astangov. This movie is most notable for its quote by Kyrzchev, "������ ����� ����� ������", which roughly translates to "the dogs smell very foul." + += = = 1923 Twente–Westphalia athletics competition = = = +The 1923 Twente–Westphalia athletics competition was an international athletics competition between athletes of Westphalia, Germany and Twente, the Netherlands. The competition was held at the in Enschede, the Netherlands on 8 July 1923. The competition included in total 15 events: 11 events for men and 4 events for women. The competition was the first Twente–Westphalia athletics competition. It was hosted a year after an athletics competition of national teams of the Netherlands and Germany in Enschede. +The competition was won by the Westphalia with 78 points versus Twente with 66 points. +Requests were made to include attempts to break Dutch records. This was approved by the chairman of the Dutch athletics association who was present. Harke (Olympia-Hengelo) broke the national record in the women's long jump with a distance of with 4.67 metres, beating the previous record of 4.55 from Annie van de Blankevoort. Franken (Hercules Hebe-Enschede) broke the women's 80 metres record with a time of with 10.5 seconds, beating the previous record of 10.7 seconds also from Annie van de Blankevoort. +Preparations. +In the four weeks ahead of the competition, the selection group of Twente trained with national athletics trainer Hjertberg. +Competition format. +In each individual event two athletes of each team competed. In the relay event the two teams competed against each other. The winner of each event received 4 points, with 3, 2 and 1 point for the other positions. For the overall classication all points from each teams are added together. +Competition. +According to the newspapers the competition were held in "tropical heat". +Source: +Overall classification. +Source: + += = = Snowy egret = = = +The snowy egret ("Egretta thula") is a bird in the Ardeidae family. + += = = Verrucomicrobiota = = = +The phylum Verrucomicrobia is made up of six groups of gram-negative, spherical or rod-shaped bacteria that consume other plants or animals for energy and nutrients (heterotrophic). They are distributed throughout freshwater, marine, and soil habitats, as well as vertebrae digestive tracts including those of humans. The bacteria within this group exist as a free-living organisms or symbiont (organisms that live in close physical association) with eukaryotic hosts from nematode worms and marine sponges to the gut of sea cucumber, clam worm, and humans. +Planctobacteria Superphylum. +Members of the "Verrucomicrobia" phylum (group) are a part of the Planctobacteria (PVC) superphylum, along with its “sister groups”; "Chlamydiae" and "Lentisphaerae." Verrucomicrobia is distinguished from these other groups by a unique genetic change. + += = = Diane Hegarty = = = +Diane Hegarty (July 10, 1942 – July 23, 2022) was an American satanist. She was the co-founder of the Church of Satan. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She was the High Priestess of the Church of Satan from 1966 to 1984. During this time, her partner was Anton LaVey. +Hegarty died on July 23, 2022 at the age of 80. + += = = Julio Valdez = = = +Julio Julián Castillo Valdez (June 3, 1956 – July 23, 2022) was a Dominican professional baseball infielder and manager. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Boston Red Sox from 1980 to 1983. He later managed in Minor League Baseball. +Valdez died on July 23, 2022 at the age of 66. + += = = Carla Cassola = = = +Carla Cassola (15 December 1947 – 24 July 2022) was an Italian actress and composer. She was born in Taormina, Italy. She was known for dubbing Tilda Swinton in "Orlando". Cassola was also in the 1990 movie "Captain America". +Cassola died on 24 July 2022 in Welwyn Garden City, England at the age of 74. + += = = Reg Empey = = = +Reginald Norman Morgan Empey, Baron Empey, (born 26 October 1947), best known as Reg Empey, is a Unionist politician from Northern Ireland. +He was the leader of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) from 2005 to 2010. He was the chairman of the Ulster Unionist Party from 2012 to 2019. Empey was also Lord Mayor of Belfast and was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for East Belfast from 1998 to 2011. + += = = Mark Durkan = = = +Mark Durkan (born 26 June 1960) is a retired Irish nationalist politician from Northern Ireland. Durkan was the deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland from November 2001 to October 2002. He also was the Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) from 2001 to 2010. He unsuccessfully ran for MEP with Fine Gael at the 2019 European Parliament election. + += = = John O'Dowd = = = +John Fitzgerald O'Dowd (born 10 May 1967) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician. He has been the Minister for Infrastructure since 16 May 2022 and the Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly for Upper Bann since 2003. He was the Minister for Education from 2011 to 2016. He was the deputy First Minister in 2011 for a short time. + += = = Uri Orlev = = = +Uri Orlev (; 24 February 1931 – 26 July 2022) was a Polish-born Israeli children's writer and translator. He won the international Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1996. Orlev was born in Warsaw, Poland. He was known for his 1981 book "The Island on Bird Street". +Orlev died on 26 July 2022 in Jerusalem, Israel at the age of 91. + += = = Tom Poberezny = = = +Thomas Paul Poberezny (October 3, 1946 – July 25, 2022) was an American aerobatic world champion. He was chairman of the annual Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Fly-In and Convention from 1977 to 2011 and president of EAA from 1989 to 2010. +Poberezny was a member of the Eagles Aerobatic Team. In 2016, he was honored into the National Aviation Hall of Fame. +Poberezny died on July 25, 2022 at the age of 75. + += = = Hales Corners, Wisconsin = = = +Hales Corners is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 7,720 at the 2020 census. + += = = Chin Kung = = = +Chin Kung, AM (��; pinyin: "Jìngkōng"; 13 March 1927 – 26 July 2022) was a Buddhist monk. He was from the Mahayana tradition. He was the founder of the Corporate Body of the Buddha Educational Foundation. He was known for his teaching of the dharma. His works also focused on inter-faith harmony in Australia and the Asia Pacific region. He was born in Lujiang County, Anhui, Republic of China. +Chin Kung died at the age of 95 on 26 July 2022 in Tainan, Taiwan. +References. + += = = Marit Paulsen = = = +Marit Eli Paulsen (; 24 November 1939 – 25 July 2022) was a Norwegian-born Swedish journalist, author and politician. She was a member of the Liberals. She was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1999 to 2004 and from 2009 to 2015. She was a well known supporter of Swedish membership in the European Union during the 1994 referendum campaign. Paulsen was born in Oslo, Norway. +Paulsen died on 25 July 2022 at her farm house in Yttermalung, Sweden at the age of 82. + += = = Jonas Vingegaard = = = +Jonas Vingegaard Rasmussen (; born 10 December 1996) is a Danish cyclist. He rides for UCI WorldTeam Team Jumbo–Visma. In July 2022, he won the 2022 Tour de France. Vingegaard was born in Thy, Denmark. + += = = Akihabara massacre = = = +The was an incident of mass murder that took place on 8June 2008, in the Akihabara shopping area in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. +The attacker, 25-year-old , drove into a crowd with a rented truck, killing three people and injuring two at first. He then stabbed at least twelve people using a dagger, killing four other people and injuring eight. +Katō was sentenced to death by the Tokyo District Court in 2011. He was executed on 26 July 2022. + += = = Joel David Moore = = = +Joel David Moore (born September 25, 1977) is an American actor and director. He is known for his roles as Colin Fisher on the Fox series "Bones" and Dr. Norm Spellman in James Cameron's "Avatar" (2009) and its sequels "" (2022) and "Avatar 3" (2024). + += = = Ben Platt = = = +Benjamin Schiff “Ben” Platt (born September 24, 1993) is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He is known for his main role in the Broadway musical "Dear Evan Hansen" (2015–2017). This role earned him a Tony, Emmy, and Grammy Award. At 23, Platt became the youngest individual winner of the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical. Platt played the role of Evan Hansen in 2021 movie version of the musical. +Platt is openly gay. + += = = Blake Jenner = = = +Blake Alexander Jenner (born August 27, 1992) is an American actor, model and singer. Jenner played Ryder Lynn on the Fox musical comedy-drama series "Glee". He has also appeared in "Everybody Wants Some!!" (2016), "The Edge of Seventeen" (2016), "American Animals" (2018), and "What/If" (2019). + += = = Chris Wood (actor) = = = +Christopher Charles Wood (born April 14, 1988) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Kai Parker in the sixth season of the CW's television series "The Vampire Diaries" in 2014. He also starred in the 2016 CW television series "Containment" as police officer Jake Riley. From 2016 to 2018, he played Mon-El on the CW superhero series "Supergirl". + += = = Watertown High School = = = +Watertown High School is a public high school in Watertown, New York. It is the only high school in the Watertown City School District. +History. +The first high school in Watertown was built in 1837, and it was a Presbyterian school. It was demolished in 1905. + += = = Bush family = = = +The Bush family is an American family that is known for their involvement in American politics, news, sports, entertainment, and business. They were the First Family of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and again from 2001 to 2009. +Family members have held held national and state offices across four generations, including that of U.S. senator (Prescott Bush); governor (Jeb Bush and George W. Bush); and president (George H. W. Bush, who also was as vice president, and George W. Bush). +The Bushes have been called "the most successful political dynasty in American history". +Family tree. +Sources: + += = = Mamirolle = = = +Mamirolle () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +The commune is southeast of Besançon on the first plateau of the Jura mountains. It is at the foot of a wooded hill and is crossed by the railroad from Besançon to Le Locle. + += = = Mancenans = = = +Mancenans is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +Mancenans is west of L'Isle-sur-le-Doubs between the hills of "Châtel" and "Replain". + += = = Hannes Alfvén = = = +Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén (; 30 May 1908 – 2 April 1995) was a Swedish electrical engineer and plasma physicist. He was the winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). + += = = Lamitan = = = +Lamitan, officially known as the City of Lamitan (Chavacano: "Ciudad de Lamitan"; Yakan: "Siyudad Lamitanin"; Tausūg: "Dāira sin Lamitan"; ), is a 6th class component city and "de jure" capital of the province of Basilan, Philippines. + += = = Ahmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah = = = +Ahmad Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah (born 1956) is a Kuwaiti politician and military official. In July 2022, he became the Prime Minister of Kuwait. Before becoming Prime Minister, he was the Minister of Interior and Deputy Prime Minister of Kuwait from March 2022 until April 2022. He is the son of Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, the Emir of Kuwait. He resigned on 20 December 2023. + += = = Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah = = = +Mishal Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (; also spelled Meshal, Mishaal or Meshaal; born 27 September 1940) is the Emir of Kuwait since 16 December 2023. Before becoming emir at aged 83, he was the oldest crown prince in the world. +Crown prince. +Crown Prince Nawaf became emir after the death of his half-brother Sabah on 29 September 2020. According to Kuwaiti law, Nawaf had one year to pick his crown prince. After a record-short eight days, he picked his half-brother Mishal on 7 October. +His pick was controversial as it showed the royal family preferred to pick older options rather than a newer generation such as Prime Minister Nasser Al-Mohammed Al-Sabah and Deputy Prime Minister Nasser Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah.<ref name="Reuters10/1"></ref> +On 2 September 2021, Mishal spoke with US Vice President Kamala Harris about US-Kuwait relations and Kuwait's role in the evacuation of Afghanistan. +Mishal has also represented Kuwait at important events abroad, including the state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II at Westminster Abbey, London in 2022 and the wedding of Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan in 2023. +Emir. +Mishal became the emir of Kuwait after the death of his half-brother Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, on 16 December 2023 at the age of 86. +Personal life. +Mishal has two wives: Nuria Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah and Munira Badah Al-Mutairi. He has 12 children: five sons and seven daughters. + += = = Mancenans-Lizerne = = = +Mancenans-Lizerne is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +The commune is from Maîche. + += = = Mandeure = = = +Mandeure () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. + += = = Marvelise = = = +Marvelise () is a commune in the Doubs département in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +Marvelise is from the Swiss border in the Jura mountains. On the east are the Hauts des Roches (502 m) and on the west the Chanois (516 m). + += = = Mathay = = = +Mathay () is a commune in the Doubs department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. +Geography. +Mathay is north of Pont-de-Roide. + += = = Athletics at the 1934 Women's World Games – 60 metres = = = +The 60 metres at the 1934 Women's World Games was held at the White City Stadium in London, from 9 to 11 August 1934. +In the final, the Polish Stanisława Walasiewicz won the event in 7.6 seconds ahead of Margarete Kuhlmann and British Ethel Johnson. +Entrants. +On 9 August an incomple list was published of participating athletes. This list consisted of athletes from seven nations: Austria, Czechslovakia, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 60 metres event. +Note that there are some discrepancies with those names and the names listed in newspapers during the competition. +Results. +Heats. +The heats took place in morning of 9 August. +Heat 6. +Sources: +Semi-finals. +The heats took place in the afternoon of 9 August. +Semi-final 2. +Source: +Final. +The final took place on 12 August 1934. +After the semi-final the Dutch Tollien Schuurman tore a muscle and couldn't start the final. +Sources: + += = = Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek = = = +Jolán Kleiber-Kontsek (née "Kontsek;" 29 August 1939 – 20 July 2022) was a Hungarian athlete. He mainly competed in the discus throw event during her career. She won a bronze medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics. Kleiber-Kontsek was born in Budapest, Hungary. +Kleiber-Kontsek died in Budapest on 20 July 2022 at the age of 82. + += = = Branko Cvejić = = = +Branko Cvejić (; 25 August 1946 – 26 July 2022) was a Serbian actor. He was known for his roles in "Grlom u jagode", "The Elusive Summer of '68" and "Balkan Express". Cvejić was born in Belgrade, Serbia. His career began in 1962. +Cvejić died on 26 July 2022 in Belgrade at the age of 75. + += = = Azotobacter = = = +Azotobacter are a type of bacteria that are normally oval or spherical in shape. Azotobacter species are commonly found in soil, sediments and water. Azotobacter grows well at approximately at pH range of 7 to 9, between neutral and alkaline. Azotobacter will die if they are in an environment below the pH 6. +Nitrogen fixation can be defined as the removal of nitrogen from the environment in its molecular form (N2) to create nitrogen compounds that are helpful for other biological processes. Azotobacter species are nitrogen-fixing bacteria (which convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia. Azotobacter species are classified as one of the non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation bacteria (free-living bacteria in the soil). +Azotobacter aids to boost plant development and increase soil nitrogen level through nitrogen fixation by using carbon for its metabolism. Optimal calcium nutrient concentrations are required for Azotobacter to develop more rapidly and have the capacity to fix nitrogen (Iswaran and Sen, 1960) but higher nitrogen concentrations have a negative impact on Azotobacter activity (Soleimanzadeh and Gooshchi, 2013). Since more than a century ago, the genus Azotobacter has been utilised as a biofertilizer (fertiliser that contains living microorganisms) (Gerlach & Vogel, 1902). + += = = Algebraic number theory = = = +Algebraic number theory is a branch of number theory that uses algebra to study numbers, and their properties. Examples of algebraic number theory are that Diophantine equations can be used to solve problems of number theory. Galois groups are also useful. + += = = Altimeter = = = +An altimeter is an tool that can measure the height of an object, above a reference plane. A common reference plane is meters above sea level. There are different ways that this measurement can be done. The most common one uses atmospheric pressure. Other ways include ultra sound, laser light, or microwaves. Altimeters in planes often use lasers or microwaves. + += = = Big Jet Plane = = = +Big Jet Plane is a song by Angus Stone. It was later re released with Stone's sister, Julia Stone. It was on the 2010 hottest 100 countdown. The song is featured in a Maybelline commercial. In 2018 it was nominated for best video clip of the year by MTV millennial award's. + += = = Philadelphia Museum of Art = = = +The Philadelphia Museum of Art is a large art museum in Philadelphia. +It is the 9th largest art museum in the United States. The building is on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway. The museum has over 240,000 objects. The museum is famous for the Rocky Steps. These steps lead up to the museum. The 1976 movie "Rocky" was filmed here. The museum's sections include American Art, Arms & Armor, Asian Art, European Art, Modern & Contemporary Art, Prints, Drawings, Photographs, and Special Exhibitions. The museum was first planned in 1876 and built in 1928. + += = = Fairmount Park = = = +Fairmount Park is the largest park in Philadelphia. It is about 2,000 acres. The park is on both sides of the Schuykill river. It is in the northwest part of Philadelphia. There is an East and West section. The park includes sites like the Centennial Arboretum, a Horticulture Center, Fairmount Water Works, Memorial Hall (home of the Please Touch Museum), Shofuso Japanese House and Garden, Boathouse Row and Smith Memorial Playground and Playhouse. + += = = Shofuso Japanese House and Garden = = = +Shofuso (Pine Breeze Villa), () is a Japanese house in West Fairmount Park in Philadelphia. The house is 17th century style. The house was a gift from Japan to Americans in 1953. The Centennial Exposition of 1876 happened there. + += = = Milkshake! = = = +Milkshake! (stylised as milkshake!) is a British children's television programming block on Channel 5. It is made for children aged 3–7. +List of presenters. +Current presenters. +The year in brackets denotes when the presenter began presenting Milkshake!, one of these presenters would often calls the viewers as "Milkshakers." (Originally known as "Milkyshakers.") (Milkshake! (2005) + += = = Detroit (movie) = = = +Detroit is a 2017 American period crime drama movie directed by Kathryn Ann Bigelow and written by Mark Boal. The movie is about Detroit's 1967 12th Street Riot. It stars John Boyega, Will Poulter, Algee Smith, Jacob Latimore, Jason Mitchell, Hannah Murray, Kaitlyn Dever, Jack Reynor, Ben O'Toole, Nathan Davis, Jr., Peyton Alex Smith, Malcolm David Kelley, Joseph David-Jones, with John Krasinski and Anthony Mackie. The movie got positive reviews and made less money. +Reception. +"Detroit" had positive reviews from critics. The movie has an 82% on Rotten Tomatoes. The site says the movie is "gut-wrenching". + += = = Carrie (1952 movie) = = = +Carrie is a 1952 American historical romance movie directed by William Wyler and was based on the 1900 novel "Sister Carrie" by Theodore Dreiser. It stars Laurence Olivier, Jennifer Jones, Miriam Hopkins, Eddie Albert, Ray Teal, Walter Baldwin, Barry Kelley and was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for 2 Academy Awards in 1953. + += = = Chilean Americans = = = +Chilean Americans are Americans of Chilean ancestry. + += = = Barbadian Americans = = = +Barbadian Americans are Americans of Barbadian ancestry. + += = = Pure Shores = = = +"Pure Shores" is a 2000 song by the band All Saints and was released on 14 February 2000. It was used in the soundtrack to the 2000 movie "The Beach" and went to number 1 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Italy, Romania and Scotland and went to number 2 in New Zealand. + += = = Dominicans (Dominica) = = = +Dominicans, are an ethnic group and nation native to Dominica. Most Dominicans are Afro-Dominicans who were brought during the slave trade. The remainder of the population are white Dominicans mostly of French stock, people from the India, and the Caribs. + += = = They Met in Moscow = = = +They Met in Moscow () is a 1941 Soviet musical comedy movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Marina Ladynina, Vladimir Zeldin, and Nikolai Kryuchkov. + += = = Valery Chkalov (movie) = = = +Valery Chkalov () is a 1941 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov. It stars Vladimir Belokurov, Mikheil Gelovani, and Semyon Mezhinsky. + += = = Antosha Rybkin = = = +Antosha Rybkin () is a 1942 Soviet comedy movie directed by Konstantin Yudin. It stars Boris Chirkov, Marina Ladynina, and Vladimir Gribkov. + += = = The Defense of Tsaritsyn = = = +The Defense of Tsaritsyn () is a 1942 Soviet drama movie directed by Vasilyev brothers. It stars Mikheil Gelovani, Nikolay Bogolyubov, and Mikhail Zharov. + += = = The District Secretary = = = +The District Secretary () is a 1942 Soviet drama movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Vasili Vanin, Marina Ladynina, and Viktor Kulakov. + += = = A Good Lad = = = +A Good Lad () is a 1942 Soviet movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Evgeniy Grigorev, O. Yakunina, and Ekaterina Sipavina. + += = = His Name Is Sukhe-Bator = = = +His Name Is Sukhe-Bator () is a 1942 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. The movie tells about the founder of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party, the leader of the Mongolian People's Revolution - Damdin Sukhe-Bator. It stars Nikolay Cherkasov, Semyon Goldshtab, and Maksim Shtraukh. + += = = Kotovsky (movie) = = = +Kotovsky () is a 1942 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Faintsimmer. It stars Nikolai Mordvinov, Vasili Vanin, and Nikolay Kryuchkov. + += = = Lad from Our Town = = = +Lad from Our Town () is a 1942 Soviet drama movie directed by Boris Ivanov, Aleksandr Stolper and Aleksandr Ptushko. It stars Nikolai Kryuchkov, Nikolay Bogolyubov, and Lidiya Smirnova. + += = = Mashenka (1942 movie) = = = +Mashenka () is a 1942 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Valentina Karavayeva, Mikhail Kuznetsov, and D. Pankratova. + += = = Moscow Strikes Back = = = +Moscow Strikes Back () is a 1942 Soviet documentary movie directed by Ilya Kopalin and Leonid Varlamov. + += = = The Murderers are Coming = = = +The Murderers are Coming () is a 1942 Soviet war movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Yuri Tarich. The movie is based on the 1938 play Fear and Misery of the Third Reich by Bertolt Brecht. It stars Mikhail Astangov, Boris Blinov, and Sofiya Magarill. + += = = Actress (1943 movie) = = = +Actress () is a 1943 Soviet comedy movie directed by Leonid Trauberg. It stars Galina Sergeyeva, Boris Babochkin, and Zinaida Morskaya. + += = = The Front (1943 movie) = = = +The Front () is a 1943 Soviet drama movie directed by Vasilyev brothers. It stars Boris Zhukovsky, Boris Babochkin, and Pavel Geraga. + += = = In the Name of the Fatherland = = = +In the Name of the Fatherland () is a 1943 Soviet war movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Dmitriy Vasilyev. The movie is based on the play Russian People by Konstantin Simonov. It stars Nikolai Kryuchkov, Yelena Tyapkina, and Mikhail Zharov. + += = = With a Little Luck = = = +"With a Little Luck" is a 1978 song by the band Wings from their album "London Town". It went to number 1 in the United States and in Canada. + += = = Diamond Dogs (movie) = = = +Diamond Dogs is a 2007 Canadian Chinese action movie directed by Dolph Lundgren (who also stars) and Shimon Dotan. It also stars Yu Nan, Raicho Vasilev, Zhang Chunnian. It was released direct to DVD in North America. + += = = Kutuzov (movie) = = = +Kutuzov () is a 1943 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Aleksei Dikij, Semyon Mezhinsky, and Yevgeniy Kaluzhsky. + += = = Nasreddin in Bukhara = = = +Nasreddin in Bukhara () is a 1943 Soviet comedy movie directed by Yakov Protazanov. It stars Lev Sverdlin, M. Mirzakarimova, and Konstantin Mikhailov. The movie is based on the novel by Leonid Solovyov "Disturber of the Peace" about Nasreddin. + += = = She Defends the Motherland = = = +She Defends the Motherland () is a 1943 Soviet drama movie directed by Fridrikh Ermler. It stars Vera Maretskaya, Nikolay Bogolyubov, and Lidiya Smirnova. + += = = Stalingrad (1943 movie) = = = +Stalingrad () is a 1943 Soviet documentary movie directed by Leonid Varlamov. + += = = Taxi to Heaven = = = +Taxi to Heaven () is a 1943 Soviet comedy movie directed by Gerbert Rappaport. It stars Mikhail Zharov, Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, and Boris Blinov. + += = = Two Soldiers (1943 movie) = = = +Two Soldiers () is a 1943 Soviet war movie directed by Leonid Lukov. It stars Mark Bernes, Boris Andreyev, and Vera Shershnyova. + += = = Wait for Me (movie) = = = +Wait for Me () is a 1943 Soviet war drama movie directed by Aleksandr Stolper and Boris Ivanov. It stars Boris Blinov, Valentina Serova, and Lev Sverdlin. + += = = The Young Fritz = = = +The Young Fritz () is a 1943 Soviet movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. The movie is based on a short satiric poem by Samuil Marshak. It stars Mikhail Zharov, Maksim Shtraukh, and Mikhail Astangov. + += = = Days and Nights (1944 movie) = = = +Days and Nights () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Stolper. It stars Vladimir Solovyov, Daniil Sagal, and Yuri Lyubimov. + += = = Duel (1944 movie) = = = +Duel () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Legoshin. It stars Sergei Lukyanov, Vladimir Belokurov, and Andrey Tutyshkin. + += = = Ivan the Terrible (1944 movie) = = = +Ivan the Terrible () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Eisenstein. It stars Nikolay Cherkasov, Serafima Birman, and Pavel Kadochnikov. + += = = The Last Hill = = = +The Last Hill () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Nikolay Kryuchkov, Boris Andreyev, and Akaki Khorava. + += = = Nebo Moskvy = = = +Nebo Moskvy () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Pyotr Aleynikov, Nikolay Bogolyubov, and Ivan Kuznetsov. + += = = Once There Was a Girl = = = +Once There Was a Girl () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Viktor Eisymont. It stars Nina Ivanova, Natalya Zashchipina, and Ada Vojtsik. + += = = Rainbow (1944 movie) = = = +Rainbow () is a 1944 Soviet war movie directed by Mark Donskoi. It stars Elena Tyapkina, Hans Klering, and Nina Alisova. + += = = Silva (movie) = = = +Silva () is a 1944 Soviet musical movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanovsky. It stars Zoya Smirnova-Nemirovich, Niyaz Dautov, and Margarita Sakalis. + += = = Six P.M. = = = +Six P.M. () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Marina Ladynina, Ivan Lyubeznov, and Yevgeny Samoylov. + += = = The Ural Front = = = +The Ural Front () is a 1944 Soviet war movie directed by Sergey Gerasimov. It stars Tamara Makarova, Viktor Dobrovolsky, and Sofya Khalyutina. + += = = The Wedding (1944 movie) = = = +The Wedding () is a 1944 Soviet movie directed by Isidor Annensky. It stars Alexey Gribov, Faina Ranevskaya, and Erast Garin. + += = = We from the Urals = = = +We from the Urals () is a 1944 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Kuleshov. It stars Aleksey Konsovsky, Aleksandr Mikhailov, and Yanina Zhejmo. + += = = Zoya (movie) = = = +Zoya () is a 1944 Soviet war movie directed by Lev Arnshtam. It stars Galina Vodyanitskaya, Tamara Altseva, and Aleksey Batalov. + += = = The Call of Love = = = +The Call of Love () is a 1945 Soviet comedy movie directed by Konstantin Yudin. It stars Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, Vera Orlova, and Mikhail Zharov. + += = = Dark Is the Night (1945 movie) = = = +Dark Is the Night () is a 1945 Soviet war movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Irina Radchenko, Boris Andreyev, and Ivan Kuznetsov. + += = = Fifteen-Year-Old Captain = = = +Fifteen-Year-Old Captain () is a 1945 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vasily Zhuravlyov. It stars Vsevolod Larionov, Yelena Izmailova, and Mikhail Astangov. + += = = Girl No. 217 = = = +Girl No. 217 () is a 1945 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Yelena Kuzmina, Vladimir Balashov, and Tatyana Barysheva. + += = = Guilty Without Guilt = = = +Guilty Without Guilt () is a 1945 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Alla Tarasova, Viktor Stanitsyn, and Boris Livanov. + += = = Hello Moscow! = = = +Hello Moscow! () is a 1945 Soviet musical movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Oleg Bobrov, Sergei Filippov, and Pavel Kadochnikov. + += = = Kashchey the Immortal (movie) = = = +Kashchey the Immortal () is a 1945 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Aleksandr Rou. It stars Sergei Stolyarov, Alexander Shirshov, and Galina Grigorieva. + += = = The Lost Letter (1945 movie) = = = +The Lost Letter () is a 1945 Soviet animated movie directed by Valentina Brumberg and Zinaida Brumberg. + += = = Simple People = = = +Simple People () is a 1945 Soviet war movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev and Leonid Trauberg. It stars Yuri Tolubeyev, Olga Lebzak, and Boris Zhukovsky. + += = = The Turning Point (1945 movie) = = = +The Turning Point () is a 1945 Soviet movie directed by Fridrikh Ermler. It stars Mikhail Derzhavin, Sr, Petr Andrievsky, and Yuri Tolubeyev. + += = = Cruiser 'Varyag' = = = +Cruiser 'Varyag' () is a 1946 Soviet war movie directed by Viktor Eisymont. It stars Boris Livanov, Aleksandr Zrazhevsky, and Nikolai Chaplygin. + += = = The First Glove = = = +The First Glove () is a 1946 Soviet comedy movie directed by Andrey Frolov. The movie is about young boxer Nikita Krutikov. It stars Vladimir Volodin, Anastasia Zuyeva, and Ivan Pereverzev. + += = = Heavenly Slug = = = +Heavenly Slug () is a 1946 Soviet comedy movie directed by Semyon Timoshenko. It stars Nikolai Kryuchkov, Vasili Merkuryev, and Vasily Neschiplenko. + += = = In the Mountains of Yugoslavia = = = +In the Mountains of Yugoslavia () is a 1946 Soviet drama movie directed by Abram Room. It stars Ivan Bersenev, Nikolay Mordvinov, and Olga Zhizneva. + += = = The Great Glinka = = = +The Great Glinka () is a 1946 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Arnshtam. The movie is about Mikhail Glinka, a Russian composer of the 19th century. It stars Boris Chirkov, Valentina Serova, and Klavdiya Polovikova. + += = = Alibaba Group = = = +Alibaba Group Holding Limited, also known as Alibaba (), is a Chinese multinational technology company. + += = = The Liberated Earth = = = +The Liberated Earth () is a 1946 Soviet war drama movie directed by Aleksandr Medvedkin. It stars Vasili Vanin, Emma Tsesarskaya, and Sergei Kalinin. + += = = A Noisy Household = = = +A Noisy Household () is a 1946 Soviet comedy movie directed by Mikhail Zharov. It stars Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, Aleksandr Grave, and Mikhail Zharov. + += = = Son of the Regiment = = = +Son of the Regiment () is a 1946 Soviet war drama movie directed by Vasili Pronin. It stars Yuri Yankin, Aleksandr Morozov, and Pavel Volkov. + += = = The Stone Flower (1946 movie) = = = +The Stone Flower () is a 1946 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Aleksandr Ptushko. It stars Vladimir Druzhnikov, Yekaterina Derevshchikova, and Tamara Makarova. + += = = The White Fang = = = +The White Fang () is a 1946 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Zguridi. It stars Oleg Zhakov, Yelena Izmailova, and Lev Sverdlin. + += = = Admiral Nakhimov (movie) = = = +Admiral Nakhimov () is a 1947 Soviet war drama movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin. The movie is based on the life of Russian Admiral Pavel Nakhimov (1802-1855). It stars Aleksei Dikiy, Ruben Simonov, and Leonid Knyazev. + += = = Boy from the Outskirts = = = +Boy from the Outskirts () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Vasily Zhuravlyov. It stars Yevgeny Samoylov, Sergei Lukyanov, and Aleksandra Vasilyeva. + += = = Cinderella (1947 movie) = = = +Cinderella () is a 1947 Soviet movie directed by Nadezhda Kosheverova and Mikhail Shapiro. It stars Yanina Zhejmo, Aleksey Konsovsky, and Erast Garin. + += = = For Those Who Are at Sea = = = +For Those Who Are at Sea () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Faintsimmer. It stars Mikhail Zharov, Aleksandra Trishko, and Dmitri Pavlov. + += = = Win Remmerswaal = = = +Wilhelmus Abraham "Win" Remmerswaal (March 8, 1954 – July 24, 2022) was a Dutch-born American baseball relief pitcher in Major League Baseball. Remmerswaal was born in The Hague, Netherlands. Remmerswaal played for the Boston Red Sox from 1979 to 1980. He also played for the Netherlands national baseball team. +Remmerswaal was put in a coma after getting pneumonia and pleurisy in 1997. He died on July 24, 2022 in the Netherlands at the age of 68. + += = = Celina Seghi = = = +Celina Seghi (6 March 1920 – 27 July 2022) was an Italian alpine skier. She was born in Abetone, Italy. She competed in the 1948 and 1952 Winter Olympics, finishing in fourth place both times. +Seghi turned 100 in March 2020. She died on 27 July 2022 in Pistoia, Italy at the age of 102. + += = = Abetone = = = +Abetone was a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Pistoia in the Italian region of Tuscany. It was about northwest of Florence and about northwest of Pistoia. It has been a frazione of Abetone Cutigliano since 2017. + += = = Félix Sienra = = = +Félix Sienra (born 21 January 1916) is a Uruguayan former sailor. He took part in the 1948 Summer Olympics and finished in 6th place. Sienra was born in Montevideo, Uruguay. +Sienra turned 100 in January 2016. As of 2022, he is the oldest known living Olympic athlete. + += = = Staircase (movie) = = = +Staircase is a 1969 British romantic comedy-drama movie directed by Stanley Donen and was based on the play of the same name by Charles Dyer. It stars Richard Burton, Rex Harrison, Cathleen Nesbitt, Beatrix Lehmann, Avril Angers, Pat Heywood, Maurice Colbourne, Dermot Kelly and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. + += = = Drusus Julius Caesar = = = +Drusus Julius Caesar (14 BC – 14 September AD 23), was the son of Emperor Tiberius, and heir to the Roman Empire after the death of his adoptive brother Germanicus in AD 19. +Drusus first began politics with the office of quaestor in AD 10 and was very popular among the Roman people. +Drusus died suddenly 14 September 23, from natural causes. + += = = Livilla = = = +Claudia Livia (Classical Latin: ; c. 13 BC – AD 31) was the only daughter of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor and sister of the Roman Emperor Claudius and general Germanicus. She was the paternal aunt of the emperor Caligula and maternal great-aunt of emperor Nero, as well as the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius. +She was named after her grandmother, Augustus' wife Livia Drusilla. She was known by her family nickname Livilla ("little Livia"). + += = = Ptychohyla salvadorensis = = = +The Salvador stream frog ("Ptychohyla salvadorensis") is a frog. It lives in El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. It lives on the Pacific side (west side) of the mountains. People have seen this frog between 1440 and 2050 meters above sea level. + += = = The Humpbacked Horse (1947 movie) = = = +The Humpbacked Horse () is a 1947 Soviet animated movie directed by I. Ivanov-Vano. + += = = In the Name of Life = = = +In the Name of Life () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Viktor Khokhryakov, Mikhail Kuznetsov, and Oleg Zhakov. + += = = Light over Russia = = = +Light over Russia () is a 1947 Soviet movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Nikolai Kolesnikov, Mikheil Gelovani, and Vasily Markov. + += = = Miklukho-Maklai (movie) = = = +Miklukho-Maklai () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Razumny. The movie tells about the famous Russian ethnographer Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay and his travels to Australia and Oceania, where he watched the natives. It stars Sergei Kurilov, Galina Grigoreva, and Mikhail Astangov. + += = = Pirogov (movie) = = = +Pirogov () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev. The movie is based on the life of Russian scientist and doctor Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881). It stars Konstantin Skorobogatov, Vladimir Chestnokov, and Sergei Yarov. + += = = Private Aleksandr Matrosov = = = +Private Aleksandr Matrosov () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Leonid Lukov. It stars Anatoliy Ignatyev, Pyotr Konstantinov, and Konstantin Sorokin. + += = = Robinson Crusoe (1947 movie) = = = +Robinson Crusoe () is a 1947 Soviet adventure movie directed by Aleksandr Andriyevsky. The story of the film is based on the 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. It stars Pavel Kadochnikov, Yuri Lyubimov, and Aleksandr Smiranin. + += = = Russian Ballerina = = = +Russian Ballerina () is a 1947 Soviet musical movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanovsky. It stars Mira Redina, Viktor Kazanovich, and Olga Zhiznyeva. + += = = Secret Agent (1947 movie) = = = +Secret Agent () is a 1947 Soviet spy movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Pavel Kadochnikov, Amvrosy Buchma, and Viktor Dobrovolsky. + += = = Springtime (1947 movie) = = = +Springtime () is a 1947 Soviet comedy movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov. It stars Lyubov Orlova, Nikolay Cherkasov, and Faina Ranevskaya. + += = = The Train Goes East = = = +The Train Goes East () is a 1947 Soviet comedy movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Lidiya Dranovskaya, Leonid Gallis, and Mariya Yarotskaya. + += = = The Village Teacher = = = +The Village Teacher () is a 1947 Soviet drama movie directed by Mark Donskoy. It stars Vera Maretskaya, Pavel Olenev, and Daniil Sagal. + += = = Ballad of Siberia = = = +Ballad of Siberia () is a 1948 Soviet musical movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Vladimir Druzhnikov, Marina Ladynina, and Boris Andreyev. + += = = The Court of Honor = = = +The Court of Honor () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Abram Room. It stars Boris Chirkov, Antonina Maksimova, and Evgeniy Samoylov. + += = = First-Year Student = = = +First-Year Student () is a 1948 Soviet movie directed by Ilya Frez. It stars Natalya Zashchipina, Tamara Makarova, and Tatyana Barysheva. + += = = Glorious Path = = = +Glorious Path () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Boris Buneev, Anatoli Rybakov and Mikhail Schweitzer. It stars Aleksandr Antonov, Aleksey Bakhar, and Sergey Bondarchuk. + += = = Michurin (movie) = = = +Michurin () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Alexander Dovzhenko. It stars Grigori Belov, Fyodor Grigoryev, and Vladimir Isayev. + += = = The Precious Seed = = = +The Precious Seed () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Aleksandr Zarkhi. It stars Galina Kozhakina, Boris Zhukovsky, and Oleg Zhakov. + += = = Red Necktie = = = +Red Necktie () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Mariya Sauts and Vladimir Sukhobokov. It stars Aleksandr Khvylya, Galina Stepanova, and Vera Okuneva. + += = = The Russian Question = = = +The Russian Question () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Vsevolod Aksyonov, Yelena Kuzmina, and Mikhail Astangov. + += = = Tale of a True Man = = = +Tale of a True Man () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Stolper. It stars Pavel Kadochnikov, Nikolay Okhlopkov, and Aleksei Dikiy. + += = = The Third Blow = = = +The Third Blow () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Igor Savchenko. It stars Aleksei Dikiy, Nikolay Bogolyubov, and Ivan Pereverzev. + += = = Three Encounters = = = +Three Encounters () is a 1948 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Ptushko, Vsevolod Pudovkin and Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Tamara Makarova, Boris Chirkov, and Nikolay Kryuchkov. + += = = Alexander Popov (movie) = = = +Alexander Popov () is a 1949 Soviet drama movie directed by Herbert Rappaport and Viktor Eisymont. It stars Nikolay Cherkasov, Aleksandr Borisov, and Konstantin Skorobogatov. + += = = Alitet Leaves for the Hills = = = +Alitet Leaves for the Hills () is a 1949 Soviet drama movie directed by Mark Donskoy. It stars Andrei Abrikosov, Lev Sverdlin, and Boris Tenin. + += = = The Battle of Stalingrad (movie) = = = +The Battle of Stalingrad () is a 1949 Soviet war movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Aleksei Dikiy, Maksim Shtraukh, and Viktor Khokhryakov. + += = = Cossacks of the Kuban = = = +Cossacks of the Kuban () is a 1949 Soviet comedy movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Marina Ladynina, Sergei Lukyanov, and Vladimir Volodin. + += = = Happy Flight (1949 movie) = = = +Happy Flight () is a 1949 Soviet comedy movie directed by Vladimir Nemolyayev. It stars Nikolay Kryuchkov, Mikhail Zharov, and Vera Orlova. + += = = Ivan Pavlov (movie) = = = +Ivan Pavlov () is a 1949 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal. It stars Aleksandr Borisov, Nina Alisova, and Nikolai Plotnikov. + += = = The Star (1949 movie) = = = +The Star () is a 1949 Soviet war movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanov. It stars Anatoly Verbitsky, Alexey Pokrovsky, and Irina Radchenko. + += = = They Have a Motherland = = = +They Have a Motherland () is a 1949 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Faintsimmer and Vladimir Legoshin. It stars Natalya Zashchipina, Lyonya Kotov, and Pavel Kadochnikov. + += = = Brave People = = = +Brave People () is a 1950 Soviet movie directed by Konstantin Yudin. It stars Sergei Gurzo, Alexey Gribov, and Tamara Chernova. + += = = Athletics at the 1934 Women's World Games – 100 metres = = = +The 100 metres at the 1934 Women's World Games was held at the White City Stadium in London, from 9 to 11 August 1934. +In the final, the German Käthe Krauß won the event in 11.9 seconds ahead of Polish Stella Walasiewicz and British Eileen Hiscock. +Entrants. +On 9 August an incomple list was published of participating athletes. This list consisted of athletes from seven nations: Austria, Czechslovakia, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 100 metres event. A day later it was later also mentioned a team of 4 American sprinter was in London for the 100 metres event and 4x 100 metres event. +Note that there are some discrepancies with those names and the names listed in newspapers during the competition. +Results. +Heats. +The heats took place on 9 August. The Dutch Cor Aalten was eliminated in the heats. +Heat 6. +Sources: +Semi-finals. +The heats took place on 11 August. +The Dutch Beb Martin finished 5th in her semi-final with a time of 12.6 seconds. +Semi-final 2. +Source: +Final. +The final took place on 12 August 1934. +Sources: + += = = 2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum = = = +The 2022 Tunisian constitutional referendum is a referendum in Tunisia held on 25 July 2022 which was organized by the Independent High Authority for Elections to allow a national vote on a new constitution. This referendum was supported by President Kais Saied. +The referendum proposed to expand the powers given to the president and to make Tunisia a presidential system instead of a semi-presidential system. +Voters voted in a landslide to expand the presidential powers in Tunisia. + += = = Anne-Marie Garat = = = +Anne-Marie Garat (9 October 1946 – 26 July 2022) was a French novelist. She won the Prix Femina for her novel "Aden" in 1992 and the for her novel "Les mal famées". +Garat died of cancer on 26 July 2022 in Paris, France at the age of 75. + += = = Conspiracy of the Doomed = = = +Conspiracy of the Doomed () is a 1950 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov. + += = = Dream of a Cossack = = = +Dream of a Cossack () is a 1950 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuli Raizman. It stars Sergei Bondarchuk, Anatoli Chemodurov, and Kira Kanayeva. + += = = Robert Hoffmann = = = +Robert Hoffmann (30 August 1939 – 4 July 2022) was an Austrian actor. He was born in Salzburg, Austria. He was best known for his main role in "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" (1964). He was also in the 1968 war movie "Kampf um Rom", the 1975 drama-war movie "Le vieux fusil" and the 1980 war movie "The Sea Wolves". His career began in 1964 and retired in 2004. +Hoffmann died of a short-illness on 4 July 2022 in Salzburg at the age of 82. + += = = Birthday effect = = = +The birthday effect (sometimes called the birthday blues, especially when talking about suicide) is a statistical phenomenon where the chances of a person's death is higher on or close to their birthday. The birthday effect has been seen in studies in England and Wales, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United States. It is even studied within Major League Baseball players. +Some studies find that men's and women's mortality rates are higher near their birthdays. Other studies do not find that gender affects high death rates around birthdays. However, some studies found that women were more likely to die right before a birthday, and men were more likely to die right after. +Some reasons for people dying near or on their birthdays are said to be related to alcohol drinking, stress, higher suicide risk, or terminally ill patients trying to stay alive until their birthday. Another cause could be a yearly cycle (similar to the circadian rhythm) that causes the body to weaken. +A study in England and Wales found that there was a statistically significant birthday effect in men and women (never married, married, divorced and widowed) but it was not seen in the population as a whole. +Famous people to have died on their birthdays include James Lovelock, Levi P. Morton, Frances E. Allen, Julie Bishop, Peter Dickinson, Shih Ming-teh, Edward Seaga, Grachan Moncur III, and Phil Batt. + += = = The Fall of Berlin (movie) = = = +The Fall of Berlin () is a 1950 Soviet war movie directed by Mikheil Chiaureli. It stars Boris Andreyev, Mikheil Gelovani, and Yury Tymoshenko. + += = = Strasburg, North Dakota = = = +Strasburg is a city in Emmons County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 379 at the 2020 census. + += = = Mendocino, California = = = +Mendocino (Spanish for "of Mendoza") is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County, California, United States. The population of the census-designated place (CDP) is 932 at the 2020 census. + += = = Near Dark = = = +Near Dark is a 1987 vampire western film directed by Kathryn Bigelow. It combines Western and horror genres. The film stars Adrian Pasdar, Jenny Wright, Bill Paxton, Lance Henriksen and Jenette Goldstein. The film got positive reviews but made little money. The film has an 82% on Rotten Tomatoes. +Plot. +A vampire Mae bites Caleb. Mae and other vampires abduct Caleb. They disagree on whether to keep him alive. Mae supports and protects Caleb. Caleb risks exposing the vampires, and they want to kill him. Caleb later sacrifices himself for them, and they feel sorry. Caleb learns that Jesse is 150 years old. The vampires get Caleb's sister Sarah. Caleb's father finds the vampires. He demands they release Sarah. The vampires argue. Sarah opens the door, and sunlight burns the vampires. Caleb and his family escape. The vampires try to get back Sarah and distract Caleb. Caleb ends up killing the vampire Severen. Mae helps Sarah and Caleb. Several of the vampires die from sunlight. Mae gets a transfusion and is no longer a vampire. + += = = Residences of North Korean leaders = = = +North Korean leaders have over 12 different homes that they can use at any time., according to Kim Jong-il’s former bodyguard Lee Young-kuk. Many of the residences were identified on satellite images in the North Korea Uncovered project. Ryongsong Residence is the main home of Kim Jong-un. All homes are kept secret by the government and very few photographs exist. + += = = Barry Ackroyd = = = +Barry Ackroyd (born 12 May 1954) is an English Cinematographer. His notable films include "United 93", "The Hurt Locker" and "Capain Phillips". He won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography for "The Hurt Locker". He has worked with the directors Ken Loach, Paul Greengrass and Kathryn Bigelow. The films that Ackroyd works in are usually very realistic and naturalistic. + += = = Isaac I Komnenos = = = +Isaac I Komnenos ( 1007 - 1 June 1060) was Byzantine Emperor from 1057 until 1059. +After he abdicated due to ill health, he retired to a monastery, where he died in 1060. + += = = Gerda Gottlieb = = = +Gerda Gottlieb (14 April 1916 — 28 October 1992) was an Austrian track an field athlete specialized in high jump and sprint events. She was a member of Sportverein Wiener AC and the Austrian national team. +Gottlieb set in the mid 1930s three world records, in the: standing high jump, 4x 75 metres relay and 440 metres relay. These world records were the last in registered by the women's sports organization FSFI. The World Athletics Association IAAF, which registered women's world records from 1936, did not continue with any of these three disciplines. +At the 1934 Austrian Athletics Championships she became national champion in the 100 metres. She was selected to represent Austria at the 1934 Women's World Games. She won with the relay team the bronze medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay event. In the 60 metres event she didn’t reached the semi-finals. +In March 1938 Gottlieb moved to Innsbruck for professional reasons. The Jewish athlete was able to flee to the United States in October of the same year. + += = = Benjamin Rush = = = +Benjamin Rush (January 4, 1746 [O.S. December 24, 1745] – April 19, 1813) was an American politician. He was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. He was a leader in the Philadelphia community. Rush was also a physician, social reformer, humanitarian and educator. He founded Dickinson College. He was a professor of medicine and chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania. Rush was also the surgeon general of the Continental Army. +Early life. +Rush was born in Philadelphia on Jan. 4, 1746. He grew up in Philadelphia and went to college at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). He did a medical training in Europe. He got a medical degree from the University of Edinburgh. Rush returned to the American colonies. He became a professor at the College of Philadelphia (now University of Pennsylvania). Rush had a medical practice and rescued the American Philosophical Society. His publications include the first American chemistry textbook. +Revolutionary era. +Rush was politically active. He was part of the Sons of Liberty. He advised Thomas Paine, who wrote "Common Sense". Rush signed the Declaration of Independence. He represented Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention. +Rush also gave medical help in battles of the American Revolutionary War. Rush gave directions to keep soldiers healthy. The American military used these guidelines until 1908. However, there was also controversy. Rush sent two letters criticizing George Washington. Rush wrote that the armies were disorderly under Washington. Rush resigned in 1778 and later regretted his letters. +Later life. +After the Revolutionary War, Rush worked at the Pennsylvania Hospital. Rush was the treasurer of the United States Mint from 1797 to 1813. He became a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1788. Rush returned to the University of Pennsylvania as a professor of medicine. William Henry Harrison was a student of Rush. Rush founded Dickinson College in 1773. Rush treated patients during the 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic. He was also one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Prison Society. Rush prepared Meriwether Lewis for the medical part of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. +Reforms. +Rush was a reformer in many ways. He opposed slavery. He spoke out against the slave trade. He argued that African-Americans and Europeans were equal. He also opposed the death penalty and capital punishment. He believed punishment for criminals should be private. He said the death penalty went against reason and happiness. Rush also supported women education. He founded the Young Ladies' Academy of Philadelphia. He helped contribute to the ideals of the Republican Motherood. +Medicine. +Medicine at the time was not as advanced. Rush supported heroic medicine. This included things like bloodletting. People criticized Rush for this. It is now known to be dangerous. Rush also wrote case reports on infectious diseases like dengue fever. Rush believed that blackness was a curable skin disease. Today, this is considered false and wrong. Rush studied Native American health and why they got certain diseases. Rush also did a lot with mental health. He used mercury for mental problems. He developed occupational therapy and classified mental disorders. Rush treated addiction like a medical condition and not a sin. At the time, people had bad views about mentally sick people. Rush, however, said that mentally ill people were not inhuman animals. +Death. +Rush died of typhus fever in 1813. He was buried at Christ Church burial in Philadelphia. + += = = When Will I See You Again = = = +"When Will I See You Again" is a 1974 song by American soul group The Three Degrees from their third album "The Three Degrees". It was written by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff and went to number 1 in the United Kingdom. + += = = Door of the Duomo of Milan (Castiglioni) = = = +The Door of the Duomo of Milan is a sculpture by Giannino Castiglioni. +The Door is a group of monumental sculptures of the door of honor located on the east side of the Duomo of Milan. Made by the Italian sculptor Giannino Castiglioni, it was inaugurated on December 7, 1950. It is a masterpiece of this sculptor, who worked there for more than 15 years in Lierna Lake Como. +Description. +The door of Castiglioni tells the story of Saint Ambrose, patron saint of Milan. + += = = Minnie Pearl = = = +Sarah Ophelia Colley Cannon (October 25, 1912 – March 4, 1996), known professionally as her stage character Minnie Pearl, was an American comedian who appeared at the Grand Ole Opry for more than 50 years (1940–1991) and on the television show Hee Haw from 1969 to 1991. + += = = Far from Moscow = = = +Far from Moscow () is a 1950 Soviet war drama movie directed by Aleksandr Stolper. The movie is based on Vasily Azhayev's 1948 novel of the same title. It stars Nikolay Okhlopkov, Lev Sverdlin, and Pavel Kadochnikov. + += = = Mussorgsky (movie) = = = +Mussorgsky () is a 1950 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Roshal. It stars Aleksandr Borisov, Nikolay Cherkasov, and Vladimir Balashov. + += = = Secret Mission (1950 movie) = = = +Secret Mission () is a 1950 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Nikolai Komissarov, Sergei Vecheslov, and Yelena Kuzmina. + += = = Zhukovsky (movie) = = = +Zhukovsky () is a 1950 Soviet drama movie directed by Vsevolod Pudovkin and Dmitri Vasilyev. The movie is based on the life of Russian scientist Nikolai Zhukovsky (1847–1921), founding father of modern aero- and hydrodynamics. It stars Yuri Yurovsky, Ilya Sudakov, and Vladimir Belokurov. + += = = Belinsky (movie) = = = +Belinsky () is a 1951 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev. The movie is based on the life of Russian literary critic Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848). It stars Sergei Kurilov, Aleksandr Borisov, and Georgy Vitsin. + += = = Bountiful Summer = = = +Bountiful Summer () is a 1951 Soviet comedy-drama movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Nina Arkhipova, Nikolay Kryuchkov, and Viktor Dobrovolsky. + += = = Farewell, America = = = +Farewell, America () is a 1951 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Dovzhenko. The movie is based on the book by the American journalist Annabelle Bucar "The Truth about American Diplomats". It stars Liliya Gritsenko, Nikolai Gritsenko, and Grigori Kirillov. + += = = The Night Before Christmas (1951 movie) = = = +The Night Before Christmas () is a 1951 Soviet animated movie directed by Valentina Brumberg and Zinaida Brumberg. + += = = The Miners of Donetsk = = = +The Miners of Donetsk () is a 1951 Soviet drama movie directed by Leonid Lukov. It stars Aleksei Gribov, A. Mansvetov, and G. Pasechnik. + += = = Przhevalsky (movie) = = = +Przhevalsky () is a 1951 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Vsevolod Larionov, Sergey Martinson, and Sergey Papov. + += = = Sporting Honour = = = +Sporting Honour () is a 1951 Soviet movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Aleksei Gribov, Grigori Sergeyev, and Margarita Lifanova. + += = = The Village Doctor = = = +The Village Doctor () is a 1951 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergey Gerasimov. It stars Tamara Makarova, Grigori Belov, and Lena Belsky. + += = = The Composer Glinka = = = +The Composer Glinka () is a 1952 Soviet movie directed by Grigori Aleksandrov. It stars Boris Smirnov, Lev Durasov, and Lyubov Orlova. + += = = Dance Teacher (movie) = = = +Dance Teacher () is a 1952 Soviet drama movie directed by Tatyana Lukashevich. It stars Vladimir Zeldin, Mark Pertsovskiy, and Tatyana Alekseeva. + += = = The Encounter of a Lifetime = = = +The Encounter of a Lifetime () is a 1952 Soviet drama movie directed by Nikolay Lebedev. It stars Nadezhda Rumyantseva, Vladimir Sokolov, and Georgi Semyonov. + += = = The Inspector-General = = = +The Inspector-General () is a 1952 Soviet comedy movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. The movie is based on the play The Government Inspector by Nikolay Gogol. It stars Igor Gorbachyov, Yuriy Tolubeev, and Anastasiya Georgievskaya. + += = = May Nights = = = +May Nights () is a 1952 Soviet comedy movie directed by Aleksandr Rou. The movie is based on Nikolai Gogol's May Night, or the Drowned Maiden and the subsequent opera version by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. It stars Nikolai Dosenko, Tatyana Konyukhova, and Aleksandr Khvylya. + += = = Sadko (movie) = = = +Sadko () is a 1953 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Aleksandr Ptushko. It stars Sergei Stolyarov, Alla Larionova, and Ninel Myshkova. + += = = The Scarlet Flower (1952 movie) = = = +The Scarlet Flower () is a 1952 Soviet animated movie directed by Lev Atamanov. + += = = The Snow Maiden (1952 movie) = = = +The Snow Maiden () is a 1952 Soviet animated movie directed by Ivan Ivanov-Vano and Aleksandra Snezhko-Blotskaya. + += = = The Unforgettable Year 1919 = = = +The Unforgettable Year 1919 () is a 1952 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikheil Chiaureli. It stars Boris Andreyev, Mikheil Gelovani, and Pavel Molchanov. + += = = Admiral Ushakov (movie) = = = +Admiral Ushakov () is a 1953 Soviet war movie directed by Mikhail Romm. The movie portrays the career of Feodor Ushakov, a celebrated naval officer and contemporary of Horatio Nelson. It stars Ivan Pereverzev, Boris Livanov, and Sergei Bondarchuk. + += = = Adventure in Odessa = = = +Adventure in Odessa () is a 1953 Soviet comedy-drama movie directed by Vasily Zhuravlyov. It stars Mikhail Kuznetsov, Evgeniy Samoylov, and Viktor Dobrovolsky. + += = = Aleko (movie) = = = +Aleko () is a 1953 Soviet movie directed by Sergei Sidelyov. The movie is based on Sergei Rachmaninoff's 1892 opera Aleko. It stars Aleksandr Ognivtsev, Mark Reizen, and Inna Zubkovskaya. + += = = Alyosha Ptitsyn Grows Up = = = +Alyosha Ptitsyn Grows Up () is a 1953 Soviet comedy movie directed by Anatoliy Granik. It stars Viktor Kargopoltsev, Olga Pyzhova, and Valentina Sperantova. + += = = Attack from the Sea = = = +Attack from the Sea () is a 1953 Soviet war drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. The movie is about the career of the Russian naval officer Fyodor Ushakov and the Siege of Corfu (1798–99). It stars Ivan Pereverzev, Gennadi Yudin, and Vladimir Druzhnikov. + += = = The Boarder (1953 movie) = = = +The Boarder () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Basov and Mstislav Korchagin. It stars Boris Chirkov, Sergei Kurilov, and Lidiya Dranovskaya. + += = = Bride with a Dowry = = = +Bride with a Dowry () is a 1953 Soviet movie. It was directed by Tatyana Lukashevich and Boris Ravenskih. The movie is a comedic musical. It stars Vera Vasilyeva, Vladimir Ushakov, and Vladimir Dorofeyev. + += = = Chuk and Gek (movie) = = = +Chuk and Gek () is a 1953 Soviet comedy-drama movie directed by Ivan Lukinsky. It stars Yura Chuchunov, Andrei Chilikin, and Dmitri Pavlov. + += = = A Comrade's Honour = = = +A Comrade's Honour () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Nikolay Lebedev. It stars Konstantin Skorobogatov, Boris Kokovkin, and Gennadiy Michurin. + += = = A Fortress in the Mountains = = = +A Fortress in the Mountains () is a 1953 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vladimir Gerasimov and Konstantin Yudin. It stars Vladlen Davydov, Marina Kuznetsova, and Yelena Shatrova. + += = = Hostile Whirlwinds = = = +Hostile Whirlwinds () is a 1953 Soviet movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov. It stars Mikhail Kondratyev, Vladimir Yemelyanov, and Leonid Lyubashevsky. + += = = Incident in the Taiga = = = +Incident in the Taiga () is a 1953 Soviet action movie directed by Yuri Yegorov and Yuri Pobedonostsev. It stars Rimma Shorokhova, Boris Bityukov, and Aleksandr Antonov. + += = = Lights on the River = = = +Lights on the River () is a 1953 Soviet children's comedy movie directed by Viktor Eisymont. It stars Valery Pastukh, Nina Shorina, and Aleksandr Kopelev. + += = = Lyubov Yarovaya = = = +Lyubov Yarovaya () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Yan Frid. It stars Zinaida Karpova, Igor Gorbachyov, and Elena Granovskaya. + += = = Marina's Destiny = = = +Marina's Destiny () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Isaak Shmaruk and Viktor Ivchenko. It stars Yekaterina Litvinenko, Nikolai Gritsenko, and Tatyana Konyukhova. + += = = Maksimka = = = +Maksimka () is a 1953 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vladimir Braun. It stars Tolya Bovykin, Boris Andreyev, and Vyacheslav Tikhonov. + += = = Mysterious Discovery = = = +Mysterious Discovery () is a 1953 Soviet family movie directed by Boris Buneev. It stars Aleksey Alekseev, Igor Bezyayev, and B. Dorochov. + += = = Rimsky-Korsakov (movie) = = = +Rimsky-Korsakov () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Gennadi Kazansky and Grigori Roshal. It stars Grigori Belov, Nikolai Cherkasov, and Aleksandr Borisov. + += = = Shadows (1953 movie) = = = +Shadows () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Nadezhda Kosheverova and Nikolay Akimov. It stars Valentin Lebedev, Vladimir Petrov, and Galina Korotkevich. + += = = Silvery Dust = = = +Silvery Dust () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Abram Room. It stars Mikhail Bolduman, Sofiya Pilyavskaya, and Valentina Ushakova. + += = = Spring in Moscow = = = +Spring in Moscow () is a 1953 Soviet movie directed by Iosif Kheifits and Nadezhda Kosheverova. It stars Galina Korotkevich, Vladimir Petrov, and Yuri Bublikov. + += = = Stars of the Russian Ballet = = = +Stars of the Russian Ballet () is a 1953 Soviet movie directed by Gerbert Rappaport. It stars Galina Ulanova, Konstantin Sergeyev, and Natalya Dudinskaya. + += = = Steppe Dawns = = = +Steppe Dawns () is a 1953 Soviet drama movie directed by Lev Saakov. It stars Iya Arepina, Lev Frichinsky, and Nikolay Moskalenko. The movie is based on the eponymous novel by Boris Bedny. + += = = The Anna Cross = = = +The Anna Cross () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Isidor Annensky. It stars Alla Larionova, Vladimir Vladislavskiy, and Aleksandr Sashin-Nikolsky. + += = = A Big Family = = = +A Big Family () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Iosif Kheifits. It stars Sergei Lukyanov, Boris Andreyev, and Vera Kuznetsova. + += = = Boris Godunov (1954 movie) = = = +Boris Godunov () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Vera Stroyeva. It stars Alexander Pirogov, Nikandr Khanayev, and Georgii Nelepp. The movie is based on the 1874 opera of the same name by Modest Mussorgsky and the 1825 play by Alexander Pushkin. + += = = Certificate of Maturity = = = +Certificate of Maturity () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Tatyana Lukashevich. It stars Vasily Lanovoy, Vadim Grachyov, and Galina Lyapina. + += = = Commander of the Ship = = = +Commander of the Ship () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Braun. It stars Mikhail Kuznetsov, Anatoly Verbitsky, and Ludmila Sokolova. + += = = When We Were the New Boys = = = +"When We Were the New Boys" is the eighteen studio album by Rod Stewart and was released on 29 May 1998. It is the first Rod Stewart album not the be released on vinyl. It went to number 1 in Scotland and number 2 in the United Kingdom. + += = = Gambia national under-20 football team = = = +"Gambia national under-20 football team" is a national association football of The Gambia and competed at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Canada where they finished in the second round. + += = = Devotion (1954 movie) = = = +Devotion () is a 1954 Soviet romance movie directed by Ivan Pyryev. It stars Sergei Romodanov, Marina Ladynina, and Leonid Gallis. + += = = Did We Meet Somewhere Before = = = +Did We Meet Somewhere Before () is a 1954 Soviet comedy movie directed by Nikolay Dostal and Andrey Tutyshkin. It stars Arkadi Rajkin, Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, and Mikhail Yanshin. + += = = The Frigid Sea = = = +The Frigid Sea () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuri Yegorov. It stars Nikolay Kryuchkov, Valentin Grachyov, and Gennadi Yudin. + += = = The Great Warrior Skanderbeg = = = +The Great Warrior Skanderbeg () is a 1953 Soviet-Albanian drama movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Akaki Khorava, Besa Imami, and Adivie Alibali. The movie is a biography of George Kastriot Skanderbeg (1405–1468), widely known as Skanderbeg, a 15th-century Albanian lord who defended his land against the Ottoman Empire for more than two decades. + += = = Least We Forget = = = +Least We Forget () is a 1954 Soviet war movie directed by Leonid Lukov. It stars Sergey Bondarchuk, Lidiya Smirnova, and Olga Zhiznyeva. + += = = Sakhalin Island (movie) = = = +Sakhalin Island () is a 1954 Soviet movie directed by Eldar Ryazanov and Vasiliy Katanyan. + += = = The Safety Match = = = +The Safety Match () is a 1954 Soviet comedy movie directed by Konstantin Yudin. It stars Alexey Gribov, Andrei Popov, and Mikhail Yanshin. + += = = School of Courage = = = +School of Courage () is a 1954 Soviet war movie directed by Vladimir Basov and Mstislav Korchagin. It stars Leonid Kharitonov, Mark Bernes, and Vladimir Yemelyanov. + += = = A Tale of the Forest Giant = = = +A Tale of the Forest Giant () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Alexander Zguridi. It stars Oleg Zhakov, Lyudmila Skopina, and Lev Sverdlin. + += = = Tamer of Tigers = = = +Tamer of Tigers () is a 1954 Soviet comedy movie directed by Nadezhda Kosheverova and Aleksandr Ivanovsky. It stars Lyudmila Kasatkina, Pavel Kadochnikov, and Leonid Bykov. + += = = The Boys from Leningrad = = = +The Boys from Leningrad () is a 1954 Soviet comedy movie directed by Semyon Timoshenko. It stars Georgy Vitsin, Vsevolod Kuznetsov, and Elena Tyapkina. + += = = Two Friends (1954 movie) = = = +Two Friends () is a 1954 Soviet comedy movie directed by Viktor Eisymont. It stars Lyonya Krauklis, Vladimir Guskov, and Misha Aronov. + += = = World Champion (movie) = = = +World Champion () is a 1954 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Gonchukov. It stars Aleksey Vanin, Vladimir Volodin, and Vasily Merkuryev. + += = = Behind Show Windows = = = +Behind Show Windows () is a 1955 Soviet comedy movie directed by Samson Samsonov. It stars Oleg Anofriev, Viktor Arkasov, and Olga Bgan. + += = = The Crash of the Emirate = = = +The Crash of the Emirate () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Basov and Latif Faiziyev. It stars Yevgeny Samoylov, K. Alimdzhanov, and Vladimir Krasnopolsky. + += = = The Drummer's Fate = = = +The Drummer's Fate () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Viktor Eisymont. It stars Daniil Sagal, Sergei Yasinsky, and Alla Larionova. + += = = The Enchanted Boy = = = +The Enchanted Boy () is a 1955 Soviet animated movie directed by Vladimir Polkovnikov and Aleksandra Snezhko-Blotskaya. + += = = The First Echelon = = = +The First Echelon () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Kalatozov. It stars Vsevolod Sanayev, Nikolay Annenkov, and Oleg Yefremov. + += = = Solomon Islands national futsal team = = = +The "Solomon Islands national futsal team" represents Solomon Islands in international futsal competitions and are a mainstay at the FIFA Futsal World Cup since 2008. + += = = The Gadfly (1955 movie) = = = +The Gadfly () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Faintsimmer. It stars Oleg Strizhenov, Marianna Strizhenova, and Nikolai Simonov. + += = = Good Morning (1955 movie) = = = +Good Morning () is a 1955 Soviet comedy movie directed by Andrey Frolov. It stars Tatyana Konyukhova, Izolda Izvitskaya, and Yuri Sarantsev. + += = = The Grasshopper (1955 movie) = = = +The Grasshopper () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Samson Samsonov. It stars Sergey Bondarchuk, Lyudmila Tselikovskaya, and Vladimir Druzhnikov. The movie is based on a short story of the same title by Anton Chekhov. + += = = Heroes of Shipka = = = +Heroes of Shipka () is a 1955 Soviet-Bulgarian drama movie directed by Sergei Vasilyev. It stars Ivan Pereverzev, Viktor Avdyushko, and Georgi Yumatov. The movie tells the story of the famous Battle of Shipka Pass during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78. + += = = Lyana = = = +Lyana () is a 1955 Soviet comedy movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Kyunna Ignatova, Aleksandr Shvorin, and Muza Krepkogorskaya. + += = = The Mexican (1955 movie) = = = +The Mexican () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Kaplunovsky. It stars Oleg Strizhenov, Boris Andreyev, and Daniil Sagal. + += = = Mikhaylo Lomonosov = = = +Mikhaylo Lomonosov () is a 1955 Soviet movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanov. It stars Boris Livanov, Asta Vihandi, and Vladimir Soshalsky. + += = = Mother (1955 movie) = = = +Mother () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Mark Donskoy. It stars Vera Maretskaya, Aleksey Batalov, and Tatyana Piletskaya. The movie is based on the 1906 eponymous novel by Maxim Gorky. + += = = Princess Mary (movie) = = = +Princess Mary () is a 1955 Soviet comedy movie directed by Isidor Annensky. It stars Anatoliy Verbitskiy, K. Sanova, and Karina Shmarinova. + += = = Private Ivan = = = +Private Ivan () is a 1955 Soviet comedy movie directed by Ivan Lukinsky. It stars Leonid Kharitonov, Sergey Blinnikov, and Tatyana Pelttser. + += = = Romeo and Juliet (1955 movie) = = = +Romeo and Juliet () is a 1955 Soviet movie directed by Lev Arnshtam and Leonid Lavrovsky. It stars Galina Ulanova, Yuri Zhdanov, and I. Olenina. + += = = The Road (1955 movie) = = = +The Road () is a 1955 Soviet action movie directed by Aleksandr Stolper. It stars Andrei Popov, Vitaly Doronin, and Nikolai Gritsenko. + += = = 1934 Austrian Athletics Championships = = = +The 1934 Austrian Athletics Championships () was the year's national championship in outdoor track and field for Austria. It consisted of 32 events: 23 events for men and 9 events for women. + += = = 1933 Austrian Athletics Championships = = = +The 1933 Austrian Athletics Championships () was the year's national championship in outdoor track and field for Austria. It consisted of 41 events: 29 events for men and 12 events for women. + += = = Smoke in the Forest (movie) = = = +Smoke in the Forest () is a 1955 Soviet adventure movie directed by Yevgeny Karelov and Yuri Chulyukin. It stars Anatoli Berladin, Ludmila Genika-Chirkova, and Ira Luzanova. + += = = Son (1955 movie) = = = +Son () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Yuri Ozerov. It stars Leonid Kharitonov, Pyotr Konstantinov, and Varvara Kargashova. + += = = Twelfth Night (1955 movie) = = = +Twelfth Night () is a 1955 Soviet comedy movie directed by Yan Frid. It stars Klara Luchko, Alla Larionova, and Vadim Medvedev. + += = = Two Captains (movie) = = = +Two Captains () is a 1955 Soviet adventure movie directed by Vladimir Vengerov. It stars Aleksandr Mikhaylov, Olga Zabotkina, and Anatoly Adoskin. + += = = Unfinished Story = = = +Unfinished Story () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Fridrikh Ermler. It stars Elina Bystritskaya, Sergey Bondarchuk, and Sofia Giatsintova. + += = = Vasyok Trubachyov and His Comrades = = = +Vasyok Trubachyov and His Comrades () is a 1955 Soviet adventure movie directed by Ilya Frez. It stars Oleg Vishnev, Aleksandr Chudakov, and Vladimir Semenovich. + += = = Behind the Footlights = = = +Behind the Footlights () is a 1956 Soviet comedy-drama movie directed by Konstantin Yudin. It stars Vasili Merkuryev, Liliya Yudina, and Tatyana Karpova. + += = = Carnival Night = = = +Carnival Night () is a 1956 Soviet movie directed by Eldar Ryazanov. It stars Igor Ilyinsky, Lyudmila Gurchenko, and Yuri Belov. + += = = A Crazy Day = = = +A Crazy Day () is a 1956 Soviet comedy movie directed by Andrey Tutyshkin. It stars Igor Ilyinsky, Sergey Martinson, and Serafima Birman. + += = = Different Fortunes = = = +Different Fortunes () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Leonid Lukov. It stars Tatyana Piletskaya, Yulian Panich, and Georgi Yumatov. + += = = The Forty-First (1956 movie) = = = +The Forty-First () is a 1956 Soviet war drama movie directed by Grigori Chukhrai. It stars Izolda Izvitskaya, Oleg Strizhenov, and Nikolai Kryuchkov. + += = = For the Power of the Soviets = = = +For the Power of the Soviets () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Boris Buneev. It stars Aleksey Alekseev, Boris Chirkov, and Sergei Kurilov. + += = = Wanksta = = = +"Wanksta" is a song by American rapper 50 Cent. It is the second single off of the from the 2002 movie "8 Mile". The song also appeared on G-Unit's second mixtape "No Mercy, No Fear" and 50 Cent's first studio album "Get Rich or Die Tryin"'.The song was released on November 5, 2002. The song was able to make it to #13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and is certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). +50 describes a Wanksta as "a gangsta that doesn't progress. [Someone] that just goes through the cycle constantly. Most gangstas' actions are for finances -- they're motivated by money, the root of all evil -- but how are you gangsta and you're not getting any money? You're going back and forth to jail. And you're telling stories like, yeah I'm gonna get this [BMW]. And then we see you at the car lot, and you're there looking at the [BMW], and you still don't get it." +Eminem released a remix as diss song on Ja Rule on his 2004 box set "The Singles". + += = = The Girl and the Crocodile = = = +The Girl and the Crocodile () is a 1956 Soviet comedy movie directed by Iosif Gindin and Isaak Menaker. It stars Elena Granovskaya, Evgeniy Teterin, and Natalya Polinkovskaya. + += = = Honeymoon (1956 movie) = = = +Honeymoon () is a 1956 Soviet comedy movie directed by Nadezhda Kosheverova. It stars Lyudmila Kasatkina, Pavel Kadochnikov, and Tatyana Pankova. + += = = Ilya Muromets (movie) = = = +Ilya Muromets () is a 1956 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Aleksandr Ptushko. It stars Boris Andreyev, Ninel Myshkova, and Shukur Burkhanov. + += = = The Immortal Garrison = = = +The Immortal Garrison () is a 1956 Soviet war movie directed by Zakhar Agranenko and Eduard Tisse. It stars Vasili Makarov, Vladimir Yemelyanov, and Nikolai Kryuchkov. + += = = The Killers (1956 movie) = = = +The Killers () is a 1956 Soviet movie directed by Marika Beiku, Aleksandr Gordon and Andrei Tarkovsky. It stars Yuli Fait, Aleksandr Gordon, and Valentin Vinogradov. The movie is an adaptation of a short story by Ernest Hemingway. + += = = Maksim Perepelitsa = = = +Maksim Perepelitsa () is a 1956 Soviet comedy movie directed by Anatoliy Granik. It stars Leonid Bykov, Lyudmila Kostirko, and Nikolai Yakovchenko. + += = = Murder on Dante Street = = = +Murder on Dante Street () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Romm. It stars Yevgeniya Kozyreva, Mikhail Kozakov, and Nikolai Komissarov. + += = = Malaysia national futsal team = = = +The Malaysia national futsal team represents Malaysia in international futsal competitions and attended the 1996 FIFA Futsal World Cup. + += = = Old Khottabych = = = +Old Khottabych () is a 1956 Soviet fantasy movie directed by Gennadi Kazansky. It stars Nikolay Volkov, Alexey Litvinov, and Genya Khudyskov. + += = = 1935 Austrian Athletics Championships = = = +The 1935 Austrian Athletics Championships () was the year's national championship in outdoor track and field for Austria. It consisted of 42 events: 30 events for men and 12 events for women. + += = = Othello (1955 movie) = = = +Othello () is a 1955 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Yutkevich. It stars Sergei Bondarchuk, Andrei Popov, and Irina Skobtseva. The movie is based on the play Othello by William Shakespeare. + += = = Other People's Relatives = = = +Other People's Relatives () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Schweitzer. It stars Nikolai Rybnikov, Nonna Mordyukova, and Nikolai Sergeyev. + += = = The Poet (1956 movie) = = = +The Poet () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Boris Barnet. It stars Nikolay Kryuchkov, Izolda Izvitskaya, and Sergey Dvoretskiy. + += = = Sasha Enters Life = = = +Sasha Enters Life () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Mikhail Schweitzer. It stars Oleg Tabakov, Viktor Avdyushko, and Nikolai Sergeyev. + += = = 1933 WAAA Championships = = = +The 1933 WAAA Championships were the 12th national track and field championships for women in the United Kingdom. The tournament was held on 15 July 1933at the White City Stadium in London, United Kingdom, with the cross country event being held in Warwick. +Dutch athletes. +At the championships also four women from the Netherlands participated, sent by the ENDAT. The Dutch Gerda de Kock became champion in the shot put and javelin throw event, both in a new Enlgish record. According to Dutch newspapers the audience seemed to be pleased with the Dutch participants, their good style and sporting achievements. Gerda de Kock who won two titles, became the focus of photographers and film cameras. The Dutch ladies won two titles and finished three times in second place. +Gerda de Kock won the shot put event in a "new English record". Dutch newspapers wrote she improved the English national record from 32 ft. 11 inch to 33 ft. 8 inch (10.25 metres). The throw of 10.40 metres of the Dutch Munnikes was invalid. She finished in second place with 10.09 metres. De Kock also became champion in the javelin throw event with 36.10, "beating the English record with 4 feet and 2 inches". Title holder Halstead finished in second place. The national records described by the Dutch press, became never official English national records. +Bets ter Horst, who was very nervous at the start, finished in second place in the 80 metres hurdles behind Elsie Green. With 12.3 seconds Ter Horst was fasther than the Dutch national record. +Cor Pels finished second in the discus throw event behind Ada Holland. +Results. +It rained during the competitions. The stadium was well filled with spectators. +⚥ later identified as a man. Edith Halstead used the name when being a man the name Edwin Halstead. Lillian Chalmers later used the name Leonard Chalmers. +Source: + += = = Schultze's stream frog = = = +Schultze's stream frog ("Ptychohyla leonhardschultzei") is a frog. It lives in Mexico. It lives on the Pacific side (west side) of the Sierra Madre del Sur mountains. It lives in the states of Oaxaca and Guerrero. People have seen this frog between 700 and 2000 meters above sea level. +Some scientists said they had seen this frog on the Atlantic side (east side) of the mountains, but this was really another frog: "Ptychohyla zophodes". + += = = List of vice presidents of India = = = +The vice president of India is the second highest constitutional office in the government of India after the president. +Discharge. +Due to Article 63 of the Constitution of India, the vice president discharges the functions of the president when a contingency arises due to the resignation, removal, death, impeachment or inability. +At the upper house. +The vice president is also the "ex officio" chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament of India. +List of vice presidents of India. +†-Died in office⸸-Resigned + += = = Sierra de los Cuchumatanes = = = +The Sierra de los Cuchumatanes is a group of mountains in Guatemala. +Forming. +The mountains formed during the Cretaceous Period. The Altos de Chiantla is a table-shaped land in the Sierra. It had an ice cap. +History. +Historians don't know what people used the Sierra and the Altos de Chiantla for before the Spanish came to Mesoamerica. They think only a few people lived there. After the Spanish came to Mesoamerica, they brought sheep. Historians are not sure whether the Spanish brought potatoes to the Sierra or whether South Americans and Mesoamericans brought potatoes there first. But they do know there was more potato farming after the Spanish came. +When sheep eat the plants and grass, sometimes the soil is pushed away by the rain and wind. This is called erosion. This is a problem in the Sierra. +Plants. +Some scholars say that the plants of Sierra de los Chuchumatanes are more like the plants in the Andes Mountains in South America than like plants in the rest of Mesoamerica. +The plants in this place are páramo grasslands, but there are also some trees: juniper and pines in small groups and forests of fir trees. However, the sheep eat many new plants, so most trees grow in places that are too steep for the sheep to walk. +Economy. +People in the Sierra de los Chuchumantanes grow potatoes and sheep. They do not grow corn the way people closer to sea level do. This is because the weather is colder higher up in the mountains. +There are hundreds of miles of stone fences in the Sierra. This keeps the sheep from moving too far away. People put soil on top of the stone fences. They grow plants, for example, agave, in the soil on top of the fences. +Many young people leave the Sierra for work. Some of them come to the United States. They send money back home to their families on the Sierra. This money is called remittances. The families use the money to build things: new houses, water systems for their farms, and electricity. They also buy pickup trucks so they can take their potatoes and wool to markets. This way, they can sell them for better prices. +Houses and buildings. +Some people still live in Mayan-style houses: They have roofs made of grass called thatch. But with young people sending money home, their families have built cinder block houses. These houses have roofs made of metal. Most of them have two floors. There are fewer rats in cinder block houses than in houses with grass roofs. +The traditional Mayan sweat bath is called a "chuj". It is made of rock with a live sod roof. This means the roof is made of earth with plants growing out of it. With young people sending money home, their families have built new chuj out of cinder blocks. + += = = Soldiers (movie) = = = +Soldiers () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Aleksandr Ivanov. It stars Vsevolod Safonov, Innokentiy Smoktunovskiy, and Tamara Loginova. + += = = Spring on Zarechnaya Street = = = +Spring on Zarechnaya Street () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Feliks Mironer and Marlen Khutsiev. It stars Nina Ivanova, Nikolai Rybnikov, and Vladimir Gulyaev. + += = = They Were the First = = = +They Were the First () is a 1956 Soviet war drama movie directed by Yuri Egorov. It stars Georgi Yumatov, Liliana Alyoshnikova, and Mark Bernes. + += = = Bernice Steyl = = = +Bernice Steyl married name Bernice Du Plessis (11 May 1911 — 7 July 2008) was a South African track an field athlete specialized in the shot put. +Steyl was, like Marjorie Clark and Barbara Burke, a South African women who was forced by South African administrator to compete overseas in Great Britain. She became champion of England after winning the shot put event at the 1930 WAAA Championships. +Steyl married in 1938 to Josias Hendrik Otto du Plessis (1906-1960) who was Administrator of Cape Province. They had one child and she was grandmother. She died on 7 July 2008 at the age of 97. She is burried in Stellenbosch, South Africa. + += = = Chuj (bathhouse) = = = +A chuj is a traditional Mayan bathhouse. It is a sweat bath or steam bath. Traditional chuj had stone walls and live sod roofs. This means the roof was made of earth or soil and had plants growing on it. Today, some chuj are made out of cinder blocks instead. +Each family would build their own chuj near their house out of stone or adobe bricks. The chuj has no windows. Inside, the people heat rocks until they are hot. Then they throw water onto the rocks to make steam. The bathers lie down on wooden beds in the hut. The traditional belief is that the chuj cleans the body and also the spirit and mind. + += = = 1932 WAAA Championships = = = +The 1932 WAAA Championships were the 11th national track and field championships for women in the United Kingdom. The tournament was held in London (SB), United Kingdom, with the cross country event being held in Coventry. + += = = The Twelve Months (1956 movie) = = = +The Twelve Months () is a 1956 Soviet animated movie directed by Ivan Ivanov-Vano and Mikhail Botov. + += = = A Weary Road = = = +A Weary Road () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Leonid Gaidai and Valentin Nevzorov. It stars Sergei Yakovlev, Vladimir Belokurov, and Kyunna Ignatova. + += = = The White Poodle = = = +The White Poodle () is a 1956 Soviet drama movie directed by Marianna Roshal and Vladimir Shredel. It stars Viktor Koltsov, Vladimir Polyakov, and Natalia Gitserot. + += = = And Quiet Flows the Don (1958 movie) = = = +And Quiet Flows the Don () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Sergei Gerasimov. It stars Pyotr Glebov, Elina Bystritskaya, and Zinaida Kiriyenko. The movie is based on the novel of the same title by Mikhail Sholokhov. + += = = Close to Us = = = +Close to Us () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Adolf Bergunker. It stars Leonid Bykov, Innokenty Smoktunovsky, and Klara Luchko. + += = = Don Quixote (1957 movie) = = = +Don Quixote () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Grigori Kozintsev. It stars Nikolay Cherkasov, Yuri Tolubeyev, and Serafima Birman. + += = = Dickinson College = = = +Dickinson College is a liberal arts college in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Benjamin Rush founded it in 1783. It is one of the first colleges in the United States. The college is named after John Dickinson. He and Rush were signers of the US Declaration of Independence. Dickinson was originally the Carlisle Grammar School. The college has about 42 majors. There is also a Dickinson School of Law. + += = = Grenadian Americans = = = +Grenadian Americans are Americans whose ancestry came from the Caribbean island of Grenada, or Grenadians who have American citizenship. + += = = American Philosophical Society = = = +American Philosophical Society is an academic institution that supports research and scholarship. Benjamin Franklin founded the society in 1743 in Philadelphia. It was the first learned society in the United States. There are meetings, publications, grants and community outreach. The society supports research in the humanities and sciences. The building includes a museum and library. There are a couple thousand of members in the society. There are also honorary members. +The society gives out awards in academia. + += = = Three Sisters (agriculture) = = = +The Three Sisters are three types of crops. They are winter squash, maize ("corn"), and beans. Native Americans are known to use these crops. They were originally from Mesoamerica (present-day Mexico). Companion planting was often used with these crops. These crops could grow better when combined. The crops were important in Cahokian, Mississippian, Muscogee, Haudenosaunee, Maya, Mandan and Iroquois cultures. The Three Sisters were important for food and trade. The crops, especially maize helped population growth. + += = = Creek (disambiguation) = = = +A creek in North America is a stream. +Creek might also refer to: + += = = Hogar de HGTV = = = +Hogar de HGTV is an American TV channel. + += = = Virgin Islands Americans = = = +Stateside Virgin Islands Americans are West Indian Americans who hold US citizenship and who have migrated from the U.S. Virgin Islands to the continental United States and Hawaii, and their descendants. + += = = Athletics at the 1934 Women's World Games – 200 metres = = = +The 200 metres at the 1934 Women's World Games was held at the White City Stadium in London, from 9 to 11 August 1934. +In the final, the German Käthe Krauß won the event in 24.9 seconds ahead of Polish Stella Walasiewicz and British Eileen Hiscock. +Entrants. +On 9 August an incomple list was published of participating athletes. This list consisted of athletes from seven nations: Austria, Czechslovakia, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 200 metres event. +Results. +Heats. +The heats took place on 9 August. +Heat 6. +Sources: +Semi-finals. +The semi-finals took place on 10 August. +Semi-final 2. +Source: +Final. +The final took place on 12 August 1934. +Note: in Dutch newspaper sources the Canadian Palmer is listed in third place, without mentioning Hiscock at all. However, all database sources uses Hiscock as third in the event. +Sources: + += = = Rai Italia = = = +Rai Italia is the English language television service of Rai Internazionale, Italy's public national broadcaster. Rai Italia broadcasts around the world on three feeds. The programming it airs is a mix of news, discussion-based programs, drama and documentaries. It also broadcasts sports coverage. This includes four live games per week from Italy's top football league, Serie A. + += = = Norris Winslow = = = +Norris M. Winslow (May 19, 1835 – May 10, 1900) was an American banker and politician. He built almost 100 buildings in Watertown, New York. +Early life and career. +Norris Winslow was born on May 19, 1835 in Watertown, New York as the son of John Winslow and Betsey Collins Winslow. He attended public schools in Fields Settlement, New York. He also studied at Falley Seminary and Watertown High School. He graduated in 1854, and he became a clerk in a department store owned by Truman Keeler in Watertown, and he was paid $2 a week. After about two years, he bought the stores stock, and became a merchant. +In 1866, he opened the Merchants' Bank of Watertown. In April 1870, the bank was incorporated as a stock company, and he became chief executive officer of the company. In 1869, he bought a cotton factory in Factory Square in Watertown, and he started to heavily improve the square. The Carthage, Watertown and Sackets Harbor Railroad started to be built in 1872, and Winslow was one of the directors. In 1873, he built the Winslow Block, a building in the Public Square in Watertown. He built almost 100 buildings in the southeastern part of Watertown. +Winslow was also the chief executive officer of the Watertown Fire Insurance Company, and he was a shareholder of the Davis Sewing Machine Company. The Watertown Spring Wagon Company was started because of him. He was a member of the New York State Senate (18th D.) from 1870 to 1873, in the 93rd, 94th, 95th and 96th New York State Legislatures as a Republican. He was a special agent in the U.S. Treasury Department from 1882 to 1890, but he quit because he was ill. +Personal life and death. +He married Julia Elizabeth Eddy on April 16, 1862. They had two children, Harry Eddy Winslow, who was born on June 17, 1863, and Jenny Louise Winslow, who was born on February 21, 1865. +Winslow died on May 10, 1900, and he was buried at Brookside Cemetery in Watertown, New York. + += = = Athletics at the 1934 Women's World Games – 800 metres = = = +The 800 metres at the 1934 Women's World Games was held at the White City Stadium in London, from 9 to 11 August 1934. +In the final, the Zdena Koubková won the event in a new world record of 2 minutes and 12.8 seconds, ahead of Swedish Märtha Wretman and British Gladys Lunn. +Entrants. +On 9 August an incomple list was published of participating athletes. This list consisted of athletes from seven nations: Austria, Czechslovakia, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland. Listed below are the athletes from these nations who were entered for the 800 metres event. +Results. +Semi-finals. +The semi-finals took place on 9 August. +Semi-final 2. +Sources: +Final. +The final took place on 12 August 1934. +Sources: + += = = Wrong Number (The Cure song) = = = +"Wrong Number" is a 1997 song by the English rock band The Cure and was released as a single from their album "Galore". + += = = Lullaby (The Cure song) = = = +"Lullaby" is a song by the English gothic rock band The Cure. It was released on 10 April 1989 and from their eighth album "Disintegration". It was a top ten hit in the United Kingdom, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Italy, Netherlands, Austria, Norway and Spain. +Track listing. +The US-only single "Fascination Street" included the B-sides from the UK release of "Lullaby". Therefore, the US release needed some new B-sides. The two live cuts, "Homesick" and "Untitled", are from the limited edition live album "Entreat", which was recorded during the Disintegration Tour. +The song was remixed for single release, giving it more of an electronic feel. + += = = Muscogee = = = +The Muscogee or Mvskoke, Muscogee Creek are a Native American people from the Southeastern Woodlands. Today this is Tennessee, Alabama, western Georgia and northern Florida. Their languages are Muscogee, Mvskoke and Hitchiti-Mikasuki. The languages are part of the Muscogean language family. The Seminole people come from the Muscogee tribes. The Muscogee historically formed the Muscogee Confederacy. +Social Structure. +The Muscogee Confederacy included several Upper Towns and several Lower Towns. Abihka, Coosa, Tuckabutche, and Coweta were the four earliest towns. +The Muscogee Confederacy had particular social structure. The social unit was the town ("idalwa"). The "mico" was village chief and most important man. "Micos" were warriors. "Micalgi" were lower chiefs. The "heniha" was second in charge. The "tustunnuggee" were ranked warriors. The clan was another social group. They dealt with land, hunts, marriages and crimes. +History. +Early Muscogee were part of the Mississippian culture. They built cities and were mound builders. Notable mound sites are the Ocmulgee, Etowah Indian Mounds, and Moundville sites. +Spanish were early Europeans to meet the Muscogee in the 16th century. +Natives had interpretations for two special events. One was the Great Comet of 1811. The other was the 1812 New Madrid Earthquake. Many thought the events meant that they should support the Shawnee. +There was conflict between the Upper and Lower Towns of the Muscogee. This eventually lead to the Red Stick War (Creek War, 1813–1814). It was connected to the War of 1812. Europeans also got involved in the war. Shawnee leader Tecumseh led the Northern towns. They lost against the Southern Muscogee and General Andrew Jackson. In 1814, the Muscogee signed the Treaty of Fort Jackson. They had to give up a lot of land. The Muscogee spread out to different regions after this. Several went to Florida. +In Florida, Andrew Jackson attacked the Seminole in 1817. The Natives had been raiding towns. The Seminole lost and many moved inland. +The Muscogee were forced to leave their homes during the Trail of Tears in the 1830s. Most went to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Some remaining Muscogee moved to Florida and formed the Seminole. Also many of these Seminole were forced to leave. Some moved south to the Everglades. +The Muscogee were considered part of the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes". The Europeans saw how technologically advanced these natives were and thought they were civilized. +"Opothleyahola" was a chief of the Muscogee during the American Civil War. He wanted that the Muscogee stay neutral. Later they supported the Union and blacks. + += = = Scampurr = = = +Scampurr is a brand name of a recreational vehicle. The Scampurr was designed to go on land like a Go-Kart and over snow like a snowmobile. The vehicle was invented by Philip R. Hetland in 1967. It entered commercial production in Moorhead, Minnesota. The original company making the Scampurr was Hetland Enterprises. Later, production rights were sold to Leisure Industries in Edina, Minnesota. + += = = Interpol notice = = = +An Interpol notice is an international alert that is displayed in all European and connected countries. The message shows a wanted notice for a certain person or persons. It is like the FBI's Most Wanted list. + += = = Serhii Parkhomenko = = = +Serhii Ihorovych Parkhomenko ( January 14, 1997, Kharkiv — May 14, 2022, Gulyaipole, Zaporizhzhia oblast) was captain of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. He fought in the Russian-Ukrainian war. He was awarded Hero of Ukraine in 2022, posthumously. +Biography. +He was born on January 14, 1997 in the city of Kharkiv, in a family of military aviators. Since childhood, he dreamed of the sky and wanted to connect his life with aviation. He graduated from the Ivan Bohun Kyiv Military Lyceum. +At the time when his father Ihor Parkhomenko was performing combat missions in the air during the war with Russian proxyes in eastern Ukraine in 2014, Serhiy entered the flight faculty of the Ivan Kozhedub National Technical University. He successfully graduated in 2019 with the qualification of a 3rd class pilot. +Following the example of his father and grandfather, Serhii expressed a desire to serve in the tactical aviation brigade named after Lieutenant General Vasyl Nikiforov and to fly Su-25 aircraft. Despite his young age, at the time of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, he already held the position of commander of the aviation unit. Since the first day of repelling the Russian invasion of Ukraine, he carried out 38 sorties in difficult conditions with enemy air defense and fighter aircraft. He destroyed more than 20 enemy tanks, more than 50 armored combat vehicles, 55 vehicles, 20 fuel tanks and several hundred soldiers and officers of the Rashists. +For the courage and patriotism shown during the defense of the Motherland against Russian aggression, by Decree of the President of Ukraine No. 292/2022 dated May 2, 2022 he was awarded the Order of Bohdan Khmelnytsky III Class. +On May 14, 2022, Captain Serhiy Parkhomenko died heroically while performing a combat mission in the Zaporizhzhia region near the city of Gulyaipole. +Since the hostilities were going on in the region where Serhiy came from, he was buried on May 18, 2022 in Vinnytsia. +He was survived by his parents, wife and son, who was born in March 2022. + += = = John Winslow (politician) = = = +John Winslow (December 19, 1802 – July 7, 1874) was an American soldier and politician. +Early life and career. +John Winslow was born on December 19, 1802 in Woodstock, Vermont. His mother was Lucy Winslow, and his father was Samuel Winslow. In May, 1807, his parents moved from Woodstock to a log cabin in a forest 2.75 miles away from the city of Watertown, New York. He lived in the cabin for most of his life, but he moved away on January 7, 1870. He did not have a lot of education, but he went to Lowville Academy in Lowville, New York for one term. +On January 19, 1826, Winslow became ensign of the 76th Infantry Regiment. In 1827 he was promoted lieutenant, and on September 26, 1828, he was promoted to captain. On November 6, 1849 he became a member of the 73rd New York State Legislature, in the first district, as a democrat. In 1853 he became president of the Jefferson County Agricultural Society. +Personal life and death. +On October 18, 1827, John Winslow married Betsey Collins. John and Betsey had five children, Bradley, Norris, Betsey, Lucy, and Jennie. Betsey died in 1843. John married Sarah Bates on May 23, 1844. John and Sarah had one son. John Winslow died on July 7, 1874, in the city of Watertown from congestion. He was buried in Brookside Cemetery in Watertown, New York. + += = = Niko Verona = = = +Niko Verona (stage name), whose real name is Maciej Zamiatowski (b. Warsaw, March 5, 1985) is a polish actor based in spain whose career includes television, theater and cinema. Known for his character as Cachopo in Sky Rojo and as Tomás in the feature film Standard. + += = = Bo Svensson = = = +Bo Svensson (born 4 August 1979) is a Danish professional football coach and a former defender. He is manager of Mainz 05 in the German Bundesliga. +He has played three games for the Denmark national football team. +Playing career. +He started playing youth football with Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (KB). He moved from KB to FC Kopenhagen in June 1999. He debuted in September 1999. In March 2000 he played for Danish under-21 national team. +With FCK he won the 2001 Danish Superliga championship and the 2003 Superliga. He won 2004 Superliga and Danish Cup. The 2004–05 season was less successful, but FCK managed won the 2005 Royal League tournament. With his FCK contract running out one year later, in the summer 2006, Svensson looked for a new club, and left FCK in the winter break 2005. He played a total of 196 official games for FCK. +In January 2006 he went to Borussia Mönchengladbach in the German Bundesliga. In May 2006 he played for the Danish national team. In summer 2007 he was transferred to Mainz 05. After the 2013–14 season he retired from professional football. +Coaching career. +Svensson started his coaching career as an assistant coach for Mainz 05. In June 2015 he became a youth coach for the club. In 2017 Svensson took over the under 19 squad of Mainz. +In 2019, he became the head coach of FC Liefering in the 2. Liga in Austria. Under his leadership the team finished the 2019–20 season in third place. In the beginning of the 2020–21 season the team was in the second place after 13 games. +On 4 January 2021 Svensson became the new head coach of his former club Mainz 05 in the Bundesliga. + += = = List of programs broadcast by BET = = = +This is a list of current, former, and upcoming programming on BET (Black Entertainment Television). +Current programming. +Original programming. +Continuations. +These shows have been picked up by BET for additional seasons after having aired previous seasons on another network. + += = = Duel (1957 movie) = = = +Duel () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Petrov. It stars Nikolai Komissarov, Andrei Popov, and Yuri Puzyryov. + += = = Ekaterina Voronina (movie) = = = +Ekaterina Voronina () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Isidor Annensky. It stars Lyudmila Khityaeva, Sergey Bobrov, and Vera Pashennaya. + += = = The Girl Without an Address = = = +The Girl Without an Address () is a 1957 Soviet movie directed by Eldar Ryazanov. It stars Svetlana Karpinskaya, Nikolai Rybnikov, and Erast Garin. + += = = Gutta-percha Boy = = = +Gutta-percha Boy () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Gerasimov. It stars Alexey Gribov, Mikhail Nazvanov, and Aleksandr Popov. + += = = The House I Live In (1957 movie) = = = +The House I Live In () is a 1957 Soviet war movie directed by Lev Kulidzhanov and Yakov Segel. It stars Vladimir Zemlyanikin, Yevgeny Matveyev, and Rimma Shorohova. + += = = It Happened in Penkovo = = = +It Happened in Penkovo () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Stanislav Rostotsky. It stars Maya Menglet, Svetlana Druzhinina, and Vyacheslav Tikhonov. + += = = Leningrad Symphony (movie) = = = +Leningrad Symphony () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Zakhar Agranenko. It stars Vladimir Solovyov, Mark Pertsovsky, and Olga Malko. + += = = A Lesson in History = = = +A Lesson in History () is a 1957 Soviet-Bulgarian drama movie directed by Lev Arnshtam. It stars Stefan Savov, Tzvetana Arnaudova, and Ivan Tonev. + += = = Malva (1957 movie) = = = +Malva () is a 1957 Soviet drama movie directed by Vladimir Braun. It stars Dzidra Ritenberga, Pavel Usovenichenko, and Anatoly Ignatiev. + += = = Miles of Fire = = = +Through the process of photosynthesis, plants capture energy from sunlight and use it to combine carbon dioxide and water to produce carbohydrates and oxygen. The photosynthesis carried out by all the plants in an ecosystem is called the gross primary production (GPP). About 48–60% of the GPP is consumed in plant respiration. The rest is known as the net primary production (NPP). Total photosynthesis is limited by a range of environmental factors. These include the amount of light available, the amount of leaf area a plant has to capture light (shading by other plants limits photosynthesis), the supply of carbon dioxide and water, and suitable temperatures for carrying out photosynthesis. +Types. +Some of the major types of ecosystem: + += = = House of Stuart = = = +The House of Stewart, or Stuart, is a royal house of Scotland and England. +The Tudor dynasty ended when Queen Elizabeth I died in 1603. She named her cousin James I as heir. He became James I of England, and started the Stuart dynasty. +List of monarchs. +Here are the rulers of the Stuart dynasty: + += = = Parasitism = = = +Parasitism is a form of one-sided symbiosis. The parasites live off the host. They may, or may not, harm the host. Parasitoids, on the other hand, usually kill their hosts. A parasitic relationship is the opposite of a mutualistic relationship. Examples of parasites in humans include tapeworms and leeches. World-wide, the most serious cause of human death by a parasite is malaria. +A definition: +Parasites on humans. +"Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic worms and over 70 species of protozoa, some derived from our primate ancestors and some acquired from the animals we have domesticated or come in contact with during our relatively short history on Earth. Our knowledge of parasitic infections extends into antiquity". +Biological context. +When the above definition is applied, many organisms which eat plants can be seen as parasites, because they feed largely or wholly on one individual plant. Examples would include many herbivorous insects: the Hemiptera or true bugs (leafhoppers, froghoppers, aphids, scale insects and whiteflies). The larvae of Lepidoptera usually feed and mature on a single individual of the host plant species, and what they eat accounts for most of the food for their complete life span. Moreover, caterpillars can and often do serious damage to the host's foliage. Other orders also have many parasitic herbivores: Thysanoptera (thrips), Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies). +Parasites of larger animals account for much research done for veterinarian and medical purposes. These parasites include viruses, bacteria, protozoa, flatworms (flukes and tapeworms), nematodes (roundworms), arthropods (crustacea, insects, mites). Parasitic wasps and flies are of great interest to the entomologist, and may be used in biological control. +On the other hand, many blood-sucking insects (such as mosquitoes) have only brief contact with a host, and so perhaps should not be regarded as parasites.p5 +A huge number of species are parasitic. A survey of the feeding habits of British insects showed that about 35% were parasites on plants, and slightly more were parasites on animals. That means that nearly 71% of insects in Britain are parasitic. Since British insects are better known than those elsewhere (because of the length of time they have been studied), this means that the majority of insect species throughout the world are parasitic. Also, there are several other invertebrate phyla which are wholly or largely parasitic. Flatworms and roundworms are found in virtually every wild species of vertebrate. Protozoan parasites are also ubiquitous. Hence parasitism is almost certainly the most common feeding method on Earth. +Ecology. +Dispersal and reproduction. +Parasites are adapted to small, "separated" habitats. For a parasite, each host is an island surrounded by a hostile environment. For a small organism, the distances between hosts, or groups of hosts, is a hazard. Adaptations to bridge this hazard are: +So parasites exist in small, genetically similar groups with little flow of genes between them. In consequence, they have adaptations to solve their problems of dispersal and reproduction. +Parasites are highly specialised. +Parasites face an environment which varies in time and space. Consequently, both local (geographic) races and polymorphism occur. Both may occur in the same species. Parasites are very specialised feeders: many species have only one host at any stage of their life cycle. A few use more than two host species. +Complex life cycles. +Many parasites have complex life-cycles. Tremadodes, the flukes, are a parasitic class of flatworms (Platyhelminths), with over 20,000 species. Most of them infect molluscs in the first part of the life-cycle, and vertebrates in the second part. The biology of scrub typhus is even more complex. It involves these factors: +The occurrence of all these factors together would be limited in space, and brief in time. This is typical of the ecology of parasitic infections. +Evolution. +Rapid speciation. +Both evolutionary rates and speciation rates can be high. Sibling species are very common in the bug "Erythroneura", in which about 150 transfers from one host to another has resulted in about 500 species in the genus. +The clearest evidence comes from the large size of many parasitic families. +Sometimes there is good evidence of the speed of speciation. For example, five or more species of the moth "Hedylepta" must have evolved within 1000 years in Hawaii, because they are specific to banana, which was only introduced then. +Adaptive radiation. +Adaptive radiation in parasites is extensive. Its development in each taxon (group) depends on: +Diversity of hosts is a big factor. If many related species of host are available, then many related species of parasite will evolve. Mites on Lepidoptera families or fleas on mammals and birds are good examples. Eichler's rule goes as follows: +The two British oaks support some 439 species of parasite directly, and indirectly many hundred more which parasitise these parasites. "It would certainly be an underestimate to say that the two British species of oak are the primary products for a thousand species of parasite".p28 Obviously, the large size of these trees is a factor in the number of parasite species. In general, this holds whether the host is a plant or an animal. A larger bird will harbour more species of ectoparasite than a small bird. +More time, more species. +One of the reasons large trees have so many parasites is that they may have lived a long time in a particular area compared with other types of plant. They have had longer to accumulate parasites. +Parasites can be most useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts. Sibling host species have been discovered when their parasites diverged. Common ancestors of present-day parasites were themselves parasites of the common ancestors of present-day hosts. +Selection for co-evolution. +As the host evolves defences, so the parasite evolves to cope with this. This is co-evolution. +Consider two families of host plants, the Umbellifers (fennel, cumin, parsley, hemlock) and the Gramineae (grasses). The umbellifers have many aromatic species, and are chemically diverse and pharmaceutically interesting. Their resins and oils are defences against herbivory and parasitism. On the other hand, grasses have one big defence to herbivores: their stony inclusions in their cells wear down the teeth of herbivorous mammals, but they have few chemical defences. Both families are attacked by leaf-miner flies. There are four times as many grass species as there are umbellifers, but there are twice as many leaf-miner species on the umbellifers. +Sympatric speciation. +This is speciation which does not require geographical isolation. Ernst Mayr, the chief exponent of geographical speciation, admitted that host races of phytophagous animals "constitute the only known case indicating the possible occurrence of incipient sympatric speciation". + += = = Moment of silence = = = +"There is also a video game The Moment of Silence, and a poem "Moment of Silence"". +A moment of silence is a short time when people do not make noise. A moment of silence shows respect for people who have died. Many countries observe a minute of silence after a tragic event, usually with half-staff. Moments of silence often last one minute, but other amounts of time may be chosen. +On November 11th, many countries observe a two-minute silence to remember those who have died in World Wars. The tradition was started in 1919 exactly one year after the end of World War I. It became an official part of the annual service on Remembrance Day or Armistice Day. +During the moment of silence, people often bow their heads, remove their hats, and do not speak or move. A person in charge of a group will tell everyone when the moment begins and ends. A moment of silence may come before or after other events with symbolic meaning. Examples of these events are the ringing of bells, the release of doves or balloons, or a bugle playing the "Last Post". +Origins. +The first recorded instance of an official moment of silence dedicated to a dead person took place in Portugal on February 13, 1912. The Portuguese Senate dedicated 10 minutes of silence to José Maria da Silva Paranhos Júnior, baron of Rio Branco, Brazil, and Minister of the Exterior of the Brazilian government, who died three days earlier on February 10. This moment of silence was registered in the Senate's records of that day. In the same year, large parts of the United States kept a ceremonial silence to honour the dead of the Maine and the "Titanic". +Moments of silence and the separation of church and state. +In the United States, some people say that allowing prayer as part of a moment of silence means that moments of silence can make it hard to keep the separation of church and state (the idea that religion and government should not affect each other). +Moments of silence do not have to be time for prayers. They can be used for other thoughts that are not religious. Many people who want time for prayers in public schools and government meetings use moments of silence so that some people can pray and other people do not have to pray. Because they represent the government, and because the Constitution of the United States says that government cannot force people to do religious things, these people cannot tell other people to pray. +When public schools have a moment of silence, Buddhist students could meditate (relax and think calm thoughts), students with other religions such as Christianity, Islam, and Judaism could pray, and atheist students could think about the day ahead. +Colin Powell, a famous government leader, likes having moments of silence in schools. He has said that a simple moment of silence at the start of each school day is a good idea. He also has said that students could use this time to pray, meditate, think, or study. +Many people believe that prayer is not allowed in United States public schools, but this is not true. The Supreme Court ruled in 1962 that students can pray in school, but teachers and other school leaders cannot lead the prayers. Students can form clubs where they can pray, and they can pray alone, but they cannot lead prayers at school events. The reason prayer is not allowed at those times is because of the First Amendment. The First Amendment says that government cannot force people to do religious things, and public schools are part of the government. +In 1976, the state of Virginia allowed schools to have a moment of silence at the start of the school day. This moment would last one minute. In 1985, the Supreme Court said that a "moment of silence" law in Alabama would not work with the United States Constitution and could not be used. In 2005, the state of Indiana made a law that said all public schools had to give students time to say the Pledge of Allegiance and a moment of silence every day. +In April 2000, Virginia changed its law to say that all public schools in Virginia had to have a moment of silence (before this change, schools could choose not to have a moment of silence). In October 2000, a judge named Claude M. Hilton said that the "moment of silence" law was allowed by the United States Constitution. Judge Hilton said that the law has a secular (not religious) purpose, that the law does not make religion more important or less important, and that the law does not make government and religion be too close to each other. Judge Hilton also said, "Students may think as they wish," and that this thinking could be religious or not religious. He said that the only thing students had to do because of the law was sit and be quiet. +In March 2008, Illinois followed Virginia and made a compulsory 30 seconds moment of silence, but was lifted in August. +The American Civil Liberties Union thinks that these laws that say public schools should have moments of silence are a bad idea. They think they are a bad idea because the laws are made to give students time to pray, and that makes religion more important than non-religion. + += = = Muhammad Ali Jinnah = = = +Muhammad Ali Jinnah (26 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was the founder of the country of Pakistan. After the partition of India, he became the Governor-General of Pakistan. As a mark of respect, Pakistanis call him "Quaid-e-Azam". bra +"Quaid-e-Azam" is a phrase which, in the Urdu language, means "the great leader". He is also called "Baba-e-Qaum", another phrase in the Urdu language which means "the father of the nation". The day of his birth is a national holiday. +Early life of M.A jinnah. +Muhammad Ali Jinnah was born on 25 December 1876 in Karachi into the Isma'ilism family of Poonja Jinnah. Jinnah. He was born in Karachi, City of Sindh. His father’s name was Jinnah Poonja (1857- 1901) and his mother’s name was Mithibai. Jinnah was the eldest of the seven children of Jinnah Poonja and Mithibai. His family had migrated to Sindh from the Kathiawar area of Gujarat, present-day India. +Jinnah’s birth name was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. He later changed it to the much simpler 'Muhammad Ali Jinnah' or M.A. At home, his family talked in Gujarati language, and the children also came to speak Kutchi and English. Except for Fatima, little is known of his siblings. +Early working years. +In 1891 (when he was fifteen), Jinnah went to London and worked for a few years for a company. At around that time, his mother died. +In 1894, Jinnah quit his job to study law. He joined the course at Lincoln's Inn and graduated in 1896. While still in London, he also started to participate in politics. He greatly admired Indian political leaders Dadabhai Naoroji and Sir Pherozeshah Mehta. Gradually Jinnah was developing his own political outlook. He was thinking on the line that India should have a constitutional self-government. +Around this time, his father lost his business. This put Jinnah under great difficulty. In the meantime, he had started to practice as a lawyer in Mumbai. He also built a house in Mumbai’s Malabar Hill area. The house is now known as Jinnah House. +He became a successful lawyer. In 1908 he represented Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a famous leader of the Indian National Congress. Tilak was facing charges of sedition against the British Rule. Jinnah pleaded the case well, but Tilak was sent to prison.After that he lost hope +Early years as a politician. +Jinnah had already joined the Indian National Congress in 1906 when he started his politics. The Congress was the largest political organization in British India. Many members and leaders of the Indian National Congress favoured a limited self-government for the people of the Indian subcontinent. Jinnah also held the same view. At that time, his role model was Gopal Krishna Gokhale. +On 25 January 1910, Jinnah became a member on the Seventy two-member Imperial Legislative Council. He was an active member of the council. Like many other leaders of British India, Jinnah also supported Great Britain during World War I. The leaders had supported the Great Britain thinking that after the war, Great Britain would grant the people of the subcontinent political freedom. +At the beginning Jinnah had avoided joining the All India Muslim League, another political organization of British India. Muslims had formed the League in 1906. In 1913, Jinnah became a member of the Muslim League. In 1934, he became the president of the Muslim League. He helped in making an agreement between the Congress and the Muslim League (Lucknow Pact in 1916). The agreement tried to present a united front to the British for giving the people of the subcontinent self-government dominion status in the British Empire. This was similar to the dominion status which Canada, New Zealand and Australia had at that time. +In 1918, Jinnah married again. His second wife was Rattanbai Petit. She was twenty-four years younger than him. She was the daughter of Jinnah’s personal friend Sir Dinshaw Petit was a Parsi but rattanbai embraced Islam before marrying Jinnah and changed her name to Maryam. The couple resided in Bombay (now Mumbai) and frequently travelled to Europe. In 1919, his wife bore a daughter who was named Dina. +By 1918, Mohandas Gandhi had become one of the leaders of the Congress Party. Gandhi took a line of non-violent protest for gaining self-government for British India. Jinnah took a different line. He wanted constitutional struggle to gain the self-government for British India. Jinnah also opposed Gandhi’s support for the Khilafat movement. Gradually, many differences between them had arisen. In 1920, Jinnah left the Congress party. He became the president of the Muslim League. At this time, Jinnah brought out a program to reduce the differences between the Congress Party and the Muslim League. The program had fourteen points of action. Therefore, it became popularly known as Jinnah’s Fourteen Points. But the Congress party did not accept these. +During these years Jinnah’s personal life had suffered. His focus upon politics had led to tensions in Jinnah's marriage. The couple separated in 1927 and after a serious illness Rattanbai died. +Around that time, there was a conference of British Indian leaders with the government of Great Britain. It was held in London and is known as the Round Table Conference. Jinnah criticized the policy of Gandhi. The conference failed. Jinnah was also not happy with the Muslim League. He decided to quit politics. He again started to work as a lawyer in England. During all these years, his sister Fatima Jinnah took care of Jinnah’s affairs, both at home and outside. She also became a close adviser to him. She helped him in raising Jinnah’s daughter, Dina Wadia. The daughter married Neville Wadia, a Parsi who had converted to Christianity. Jinnah did not like this marriage. +Leader of the Muslim League. +Many Muslim leaders of British India like Aga Khan III, Coudhary Rahmat Ali and Sir Muhammad Iqbal requested Jinnah to come back to the British Raj. +The leaders of the Muslim League wanted him to take charge of the Muslim League. Jinnah agreed to come back to India. In 1934, he left London and returned to India to reorganize the Muslim league again. But he could not revive the stature of the party until after the elections of 1937 as the Muslim League won only a few seats. However, at this time, the League was helped by the powerful Premier of the Punjab, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. In October 1937, he agreed with Jinnah's Muslim League joining his strong government. This was called the Jinnah-Sikandar Pact. +His differences with the Congress Party continued to become bigger. In 1930, some Muslim leaders like Allama Iqbal had argued for a separate country for the Muslim people of India. At last he came to the conclusion that Hindus and Muslims cannot live in a single country. Jinnah also started to have the idea of a separate country for Muslims of India. Jinnah and the Muslim League started work to get such a separate country. They made a plan for this in 1940 called the Pakistan Resolution. This new country was to be named Pakistan. +In 1941, Jinnah founded a newspaper, named the "Dawn". This newspaper published the views and political thinking of the Muslim League. During World War II, Jinnah supported the British, and opposed the Quit India movement of the Congress party. In 1944, Gandhi held 14 rounds of talks with Jinnah, but they could not come to any conclusion. By this time, the Muslim League had formed governments in some provinces, and had also entered the central government. +Founder of Pakistan. +The Muslim League under Jinnah’s leadership accepted both the plans. But, on 16 August 1946, Jinnah also announced the Direct Action to achieve independence for Pakistan, a separate country of Muslims of the former British Raj. +Governor-General. +The British Indian Empire was partitioned into two countries, namely, India and Pakistan. Jinnah became the first Governor-General of Pakistan, his sister Fatimah Jinnah became the "Mother of the Nation". He also became the president of Pakistan’s constituent assembly. In an address to the constituent assembly on 11 August 1947, Jinnah told about the future of Pakistan as a secular state. He told this in the following words: +"You may belong to any religion caste or creed - that has nothing to do with the business of the state. In due course of time, Hindus will cease to be Hindus and Muslims will cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the state." +Jinnah also took the direct charge of the government. After the partition, large scale violence between Muslims and the Hindus took place. Such violence was very serious in Punjab and Bengal. Jinnah toured the areas with Hindu leaders from British India to calm down the population. Many people died in the violence. The estimates of death vary from two hundred thousand deaths to over a million deaths. Jinnah was personally very sad at all these happenings. +Soon after the independence of India and Pakistan, armed conflict broke out in Kashmir. Kashmir’s king had agreed to become a part of India. but mostly Muslims of Kashmir did not like this. They started fighting in Kashmir. India had to send his troops to Kashmir, which had become a part of India. India raised the issue to the United Nations. The United Nations ordered the conflict to end and a Plebiscite. This problem still continues to have a bad effect on the India-Pakistan relationship. +Jinnah’s role in creation of Pakistan as a new nation was very important. This made him very popular among the people of Pakistan. In East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), people opposed Jinnah’s view that the language most commonly known as Urdu should be the sole national language. +Death. +Muhammad Ali had been suffering from tuberculosis since the early 1940s. Only his sister and very few other persons close to the family knew this. After the partition of India and creation of Pakistan, he had become the governor general of Pakistan. His work was increased, but his health was deteriorating. To regain his health, he spent many months at his official rest house. The rest house was located at a place named in Ziarat. Jinnah could not regain his health. He died on 11 September 1948 from tuberculosis. +Modern views on Jinnah. +In recent years, some scholars have given some new views about Jinnah’s actions. Jinnah showed interest that some of the Hindu majority princely states should join Pakistan. These scholars argue that this view was against Jinnah’s declared view that Hindus and Muslims could not live together. +Some historians like H M Seervai and Ayesha Jalal say that Jinnah wanted a united South Asia. He demanded a separate state for Muslims as the Congress leaders were not willing to share power with the Muslim League. +Recently, Indian leaders belonging to the Bhartiya Janta Party, like Lal Krishna Advani and Jaswant Singh praised Jinnah. Jaswant Singh was expelled from the party because he had praised Jinnah in his book 'Jinnah- India, Partition and Independence'. +Commemoration. +Nations and people have done many things in memory of Jinnah. In Pakistan he is called "Quaid-e-Azam". His pictures appear on many Pakistani banknotes and coins. Karachi’s international airport is named after him. In 1998 a new university in Karachi was named the Mohammad Ali Jinnah University. Another university in Islamabad is named after Quaid-e-Azam university. +Many other places and institutions bear his name in Pakistan and elsewhere. For example, in Turkey, a very large street is named after him. In Iran, one of the highways of its capital city Tehran bears his name and in Mumbai Jinnah Hall, a public hall is named after him. +Many books, movies and TV programs tell about the life and work of Jinnah, including the biographical movie, "Jinnah". + += = = Gregor Mendel = = = +Gregor Johann Mendel (Heinzendorf, Austria, 20 July 1822 – Brünn, Austro-Hungary, 6 January 1884) was an Austrian monk and botanist. +Mendel founded genetics by his work cross-breeding pea plants. He discovered dominant and recessive characters (genes) from the crosses he performed on the plants in his greenhouse. What he learnt is known today as Mendelian inheritance. +His work was not appreciated at first, but was 'rediscovered' in 1900 by Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries. Erich von Tschermak's status as a third rediscoverer is now less convincing. +The experiments. +Mendel used the edible peas ("Pisum sativum") for his crosses. He selected seven characters which were distinctive, and never blended; they occurred as either-or alternatives. Examples: plant height (short or tall); colour of peas (green or yellow); position of flowers (restricted to the top or distributed along the stem). +When he crossed varieties which differed in a trait (e.g. tall crossed with short), the first generation of hybrids (F1) showed only one of the two alternatives. One character was "dominant", and the other "recessive". But when he crossed these hybrids with each other, the recessive character reappeared in the second (F2) generation. The proportion of plants showing the dominant as opposed to the recessive character was close to 3 to 1. Further analysis of the descendants (F3) of the dominant group showed that one-third of them were true-breeding and two-thirds were of hybrid constitution. The 3:1 ratio could therefore be rewritten as 1:2:1, meaning that 50 percent of the F2 generation were true-breeding and 50 percent were still hybrid. This was Mendel’s major discovery. +It could all be summed up by saying that inheritance was not blending, as Darwin had thought, it was particulate. The factors (genes) were not merged or mixed, they stayed separate and were passed on to the next generation unchanged. +He published his work in 1866, but at the time no-one saw how significant it was. 35 years later, the papers were rediscovered and, immediately, modern genetics began. + += = = Marshal of the German Democratic Republic = = = +Marschall der DDR (Marshal of the German Democratic Republic), was the highest rank in the NVA, the army of the DDR. It was founded on 25th March 1982. The reason was a strategy change in the armies of Warsaw Pact. After the change the DDR needed a new rank to be sure there was only one high command. The rank was never used and abolished in 1989. + += = = Farscape = = = +Farscape is a science fiction television show. The series was filmed in Australia. It was first shown from March 19, 1999 to March 21, 2003, followed by "Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars", which was broadcast on October 17 and 18, 2004. The show was cancelled after four seasons and ended with a cliffhanger. The cliffhanger was resolved in a miniseries, "The Peacekeeper Wars", in 2004. +Rockne S. O'Bannon came up the idea for the series. It was produced by Jim Henson Productions and Hallmark Entertainment. +Plot. +The show's main character is an astronaut named John Crichton. He travels through a wormhole by accident. He exits the wormhole at a distant part of the universe. The astronaut joins an alien crew on board a living ship. The members of the crew are escaped prisoners. + += = = Interplanetary internet = = = +An interplanetary internet does not exist yet. When people talk about an interplanetary internet, they are talking about a problem they are still trying to solve - the problem of making the internet to work between different planets. +Method. +The way the internet works here on Earth is simple. Computers need to connect to each and can share a network. One computer sends another computer a message (called a packet) and then the other sends back a message saying it got it. Internet messages move at the speed of light, about 300 thousand kilometres in a second, which is very fast. But if you were sending that message to Mars, it would take about ten minutes for the message to get there, and another ten for it to get back. That means we need to completely change the way computers talk to each other if we are going to communicate between different planets. That is the problem people are trying to solve when they talk about the interplanetary internet. It's a new and a very interesting concept. + += = = History of China = = = +The History of China covers thousands of years. The earliest records are from about 1250 BC but a few things are known about earlier times. Chinese history covers many periods and dynasties. See Ancient China for the earliest times. +Imperial China. +Qin dynasty. +The Qin Dynasty was very important in the history of China. They followed the philosophy of Legalism. Their capital was at Xianyang. Under the king of this dynasty, China became a powerful country. Many new things were done for the first time. A tight legal system was followed. Written language was developed. The common currency was used. The building of the Great Wall of China was started. +Han dynasty. +The Han dynasty was founded by Liu Bang after the Qin dynasty ended. During the Han dynasty, the territory of China expanded, and many advancements in science and technology took place. It was considered a golden age in Chinese history. +The Three Kingdoms. +The Three Kingdoms period (traditional Chinese: ��; simplified Chinese: ��; pinyin: Sānguó) is a period of history where China was divided into the states of Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. The Eastern Han dynasty lost all power. Eventually, the Han dynasty emperor abdicated. +Jin dynasty. +The Jin dynasty (1115–1234) is also known as the Jurchen dynasty and as the Great Jin. It was one of the last dynasties before the Mongol invasion (and eventual conquest) of China. +The dynasty was founded by the Wanyan (�� Wányán) clan of the Jurchens.[1] These were the ancestors of the Manchu, who established the Qing dynasty some 500 years later. The Jin Dynasty was founded in northern Manchuria, The founder was Wanyan Aguda (�����).[2] +The name of this dynasty is sometimes written as Jinn to differentiate it from an earlier Jin dynasty (265-420) of China whose name is spelled identically in the Roman alphabet. +The History of Jin recorded that Tangkuo Dingge (����), Consort Gui (��) was a Jurchen woman. She was first married to the Jurchen Jin royal Wanyan Wudai (����. She had an affair with her Han Chinese slave, Yan Qi'er (���), and with Wanyan Liang (Prince Hailing). When Wanyan Liang became emperor of the Jin dynasty he forced Dingge to have her husband Wanyan Wudai killed by her other slaves, Ge Wen (��) and Ge Lu (��) and he promised that she would be named empress. Wanyan Liang broke his promise after he got bored of her when she entered the harem. Dingge then smuggled Yan Qi'er into the palace through a trunk after first smuggling a trunk full of her clothes as a dummy and then reprimanded him for looking at her clothes so he wouldn't look when Yan Qi'er was smuggled in next. Dingge and Yan Qi'er had sex until a Jurchen maid, Guige (��) told them to the emperor and Dingge was strangled and Yan Qi'er was beheaded.[3][4][5][6] +Sui dynasty. +The Sui Dynasty (�� Suí cháo; 581-618) was founded by Emperor Wen, or "Yang Jian". Its capital was Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The dynasty is important because it reunited Southern and Northern China and the Grand Canal was built then. +Tang dynasty. +The Tang Dynasty was founded by the Li (�) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the Second Zhou Dynasty (16 October 690–3 March 705) when Empress Wu Zetian managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress. +The capital of the Tang, Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest city in the world at the time. Many historians see the Tang dynasty as a high point in Chinese civilization and as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. +The concept of inalienable private property has grown in China since the Tang dynasty. Chinese land deeds are preserved from medieval times and there were even land deeds for the afterlife in tombs in the Six dynasties. +Song dynasty. +The Song dynasty maintained the image and memory of the "universal empire" of the Han dynasty and Tang dynasty periods despite contracting in size. +One of the descendants of the Yan clan during the Song dynasty was Yan Zhengqing. When Eastern Jin was set up by Han Chinese nobles fleeing south, Yan Han was among the nobles and he was the ancestor of the Yan clan, who were related by blood to the Langye nobles who they married including the Wang clan of Langye, the Yin Clan of Chen commandery and Shen clan of Wuxing. Yan Han was the 13th generation ancestor of Yan Zhenqing. +Yuan dynasty. +The Yuan Dynasty was first ruled by Genghis Khan, a Mongolian leader who took control of the Song Dynasty. He was considered a barbarian and not civilized. His grandson, Kublai Khan, was one of the most famous and liked rulers of the Yuan dynasty. He opened up China to many other cultures and improved life for the Chinese very much. +Ming dynasty. +In 1368, a rebellion led by Zhu Yuanzhang broke out in southern China and eventually overthrew the Yuan Dynasty. Then Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty at Nanjing, its capital until Emperor Yongle changed the capital to Beijing. In the 15th century, a man named Zheng He took the majority of the Ming navy to explore the Indian Ocean and brought wealth and power to the Ming Dynasty. The empire experienced a prosperous period until 1449 when the Battle of Tumu Fortress broke out. In the battle, the Mongol descendants of Yuan captured the emperor and surrounded the capital. After the war with the Mongols, the Ming started to decline. During this time, the empire had two wars with the Japanese (the first against the Japanese pirates took place in southeastern China; the second against the armies of Toyotomi Hideyoshi that invaded Korea), and one war with the Portuguese of Macao. These wars eventually weakened the declining empire. In 1616, rebellions broke out at Manchuria and Shanxi. Twenty-eight years later, the Manchus crossed the Great Wall, invaded the capital, and destroyed the Shanxi rebels. +Qing dynasty. +Horses, cattle, farms, villages, servants, slaves, homes, and wives were given by Nurhaci to Jurchens who defected like Guwalca, Hurha, and Warka as well as Han Chinese defectors and Mongol defectors to Later Jin. +Jurchen chiefs were given Korean women as wives by Joseon to control them. +Scholars commissioned by Qianlong when editing historical texts and making commentaries on them often made up fanciful and completely fictional etymologies. One of the works they did was analyzing Jurchen clans mentioned in the History of Jin and trying to match their names to the Manchu clans that still exist. +Some Han bannermen promoted to Manchu banners added giya to the end of their surname. The ethnic identity of the Tong family of Liaodong during the late Ming and early Qing has been debated by historians. +The Oirat Torghut Kalmyk Mongol leader Khatun Khan was jailed by Yaqub Beg as he was attacking the Oirats in Kurla and attacking Hui forces for Tuo Ming, Daud Khalifa in Ürümqi with the help of Han militia under Xu Xuegong. +Modern era. +People's Republic of China. +Mao Zedong was the leader of the People's Republic of China from 1949 until he died in 1976. +In the 21st century, China became the richest country in the world in terms of GDP. +Timeline. +The countries below are not included in the sixteen kingdoms: + += = = Briefs = = = +Briefs are a type of short underwear for males or females. They provide a close fit, and come in either white, or in other colors like blue, pink, or red. +For male briefs, before the 2000s, briefs often came with hard elastic waistbands. This would cause stretch marks, and this was eventually replaced by the soft elastic waistband. However, hard elastic waistbands are still found on generic store brand underwear (that save consumer and manufacturing costs by not being fashion forward). +Female briefs are also called knickers or panties. + += = = Kayastha = = = +Kayastha is one of the social groups of India. They have a long history. They number around 30 million people and most of them live in India. +Hindus believe that Lord Brahma created the world. He then created 16 sons from different parts of his body. His 17th son, Shree Chitraguptjee, was created from his mind and soul. He is the only son to be made from the whole body, not just parts. In human form he is called "kayastha", "kaya" meaning whole. Kayastha's have two roles in the caste system, as Kshatriya (a warrior) and Brahmin (a learned person or scribe). The Kayastha caste is divided into 12 sub-castes. Subdivision of Kayastha:- Chitragupta Kayastha of North India, Prabhu Kayastha of Maharashtra, Karnam/Karuneegar (Kayastha) of South India, Karanas (Kayastha) of Orissa, Bengali Kayastha of Bengal and Kalitas (Kayastha) of Population approx 31 million + += = = Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer = = = +Rainbow Brite and the Star Stealer is an animated movie from 1985. It was produced by DiC Entertainment and Hallmark Cards, and released by Warner Bros. +This is the only movie in which the title character, Rainbow Brite, appears. + += = = Arctic Monkeys = = = +Arctic Monkeys are an indie rock band from Sheffield, England. Arctic Monkeys' first album was "Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not". It reached #1 in the United Kingdom album charts. Over 300 thousand copies of the album were sold in the first week. This makes it the fasting selling first album by a band in British music history. It was nominated for Best Alternative Album at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Their second album, "Favourite Worst Nightmare" was first released in Japan on April 18, 2007. Their third album, "Humbug" was released in England on 24 August 2009. In 2011 their fourth album "Suck It and See" was released. "AM", the Monkeys' fifth album, was released 6 September 2013. The sixth Arctic Monkeys album, "Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino" was released in 2018. +The members are: + += = = Swarm = = = +A swarm is a big group of animals. The term is usually used for insects, but other animals such fish and birds can make a swarm also. A good example of animals that swarm are locusts. Mammals do not build swarms, but herds. + += = = Queen's University = = = +Queen's University is a public university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Queen's University was started on October 16, 1841. + += = = String quartet = = = +A string quartet is a piece of music for four string instruments. +A string quartet can also mean the four people who play a piece for four string instruments. The four instruments in a string quartet are almost always 2 violins, 1 viola and 1 cello. The reason that a double bass is not used is that it would sound too loud and heavy. The balance between 2 violins, viola and cello is considered ideal. String quartets are the most popular form of chamber music. Many composers have written string quartets. +String quartet writing started in the 18th century. Italian composers like Sammartini (1698-1775) wrote music for two violins, viola and continuo. The continuo was either just a harpsichord or harpsichord with cello. Gradually composers started to leave the harpsichord out. The cello often played the same as the viola but one octave lower. +Composers of the Classical music period started writing cello parts which had an identity of their own. Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) wrote 68 string quartets, and made it a very popular form. His quartets from opus 33 were, he said, “written in a new and special way”. All four parts were very clear and individual. There were always four movements: a fast movement, a slow one, a Minuet and Trio and a fast final movement. Haydn often played in a quartet with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) and two other players. Mozart also wrote 23 string quartets and dedicated some of them to Haydn. Three of Mozart’s later ones were written for the King of Prussia who played the cello well, so Mozart gave the cello lots of difficult music to play. +By the time Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was growing up, string quartets treated each of the four instruments as important. Beethoven wrote 16 string quartets. The middle ones became particularly famous and later composers took ideas from them, for example the slow introductions, and the idea of having a fast scherzo instead of a minuet and trio for one of the middle movements. Beethoven’s last quartets are very beautiful, but also very complicated and sometimes quite aggressive. Beethoven was becoming very frustrated because he was deaf and could not hear his own music, but he could imagine it all in his head. Franz Schubert (1797-1827) admired them and wrote several string quartets himself. +In the Romantic period many composers wrote string quartets: Felix Mendelssohn (1809-1847), Robert Schumann (1810-1856), Johannes Brahms (1833-1897), Pyotr Tchaikovsky (1840-1893), Antonín Dvořák (1841-1904) and many others. Some of them, like Dvořák, included folk song from their own country in their quartets. +In the 20th century, composers continued to write string quartets. Claude Debussy (1862-1918) and Maurice Ravel (1875-1934) each wrote one. Arnold Schoenberg even added a voice to his first String Quartet. Béla Bartók (1881-1945) wrote six string quartets which are very hard to play. They have very exciting rhythms which often come from his native Hungarian folk music, as well as complex harmonies. Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) wrote fifteen and Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) wrote three. +String quartet groups. +Playing in a string quartet is highly enjoyable. There are many great works by famous composers, as well as some music which has been written for young players who are learning. +There are professional players who form string quartets and who play together for many years. In the early part of the 20th century the Rosé Quartet was thought by many to be the best in Europe. Later the Amadeus Quartet became very famous. + += = = Opus number = = = +Opus or the shortened form op. after the title of a piece of music means “work”. It is followed by a number. When a composer writes their first piece of music it is followed by the term “opus 1”. The next composition would then be called “opus 2”, etc. +Giving pieces of music opus numbers helps us to identify which piece of music (from a certain composer) that composition is. For example: Beethoven wrote lots of piano sonatas. His first Piano sonata in A flat major has the opus number of op.26. This shows that he wrote this sonata when he was young in his composing career. Many years later, he wrote another piano sonata which is also in A flat major, and this piece one has the opus number of 110 (op. 110). +You cannot always tell from a composer’s opus numbers the order in which the works were composed. Until around the end of the 18th century, opus numbers were only given to pieces of music which were published. +Some musicologists (people who study and write about music) have studied all the works by a famous composer and have given them a catalogue number. For example Mozart’s music does not have opus numbers. Some of them are long operas, others are tiny little pieces for the piano he might have written in a hurry one day. A man called made a list of every single work by Mozart and gave them K numbers (K for Köchel). His numbering goes up to 622. This is useful, for example, to tell the difference between his Symphony in G minor K183 and his Symphony in G minor K550. +The plural of “opus” is “opuses” in English. This is because the Latin plural is opera which is rather confusing to English speakers as the word is already used in musical terminology. +The word "opus" can also refer to the "work" of an artist. (For example: "This opus was composed by Chopin," or "This opus is the last Piano sonata that Beethoven composed") +An artist's "magnum opus" means his or her "greatest" work. + += = = Amino acid = = = +Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. In eukaryotes, there are 20 "standard" amino acids out of which almost all proteins are made. +In biochemistry, an amino acid is any molecule that has both amine (NH2+R) and carboxyl (C=O) functional groups. In biochemistry, this term refers to alpha-amino acids with the general formula H2NCHRCOOH, where R is one of many side groups (see diagram). +There are hundreds. +Across all forms of life, about 500 amino acids are known. The most important thing that amino acids do is to be part of proteins, which are long chains of amino acids. Every protein has its own sequence of amino acids, and that sequence makes the protein take different shapes, and have different functions. Amino acids are like the alphabet for proteins; even though you only have a few letters, if you connect them, you can make many different sentences. +Nine of the 20 standard amino acids are "essential" amino acids for humans. They cannot be built (synthesised) from other compounds by the human body. They must be taken in as food. Others may be essential for some ages or medical conditions. Essential amino acids may also differ between species. Herbivores have to get their essential amino acids from their diet, which for some is almost entirely grass. Ruminants such as cows get some amino acids via microbes in the first two stomach chambers. +Structure. +An amino acid is an organic chemical. It consists of an �-carbon atom that is covalently bonded to four groups. +Every amino acid has at least one amino group (-NH2) and one carboxyl group (-COOH), except proline. +Gene expression and biochemistry. +These are the proteinogenic amino acids, which are the building blocks for proteins. They are produced by cellular machinery coded for in the genetic code of any organism. +† The stop codon is not an amino acid, but is included for completeness. +†† UAG and UGA do not always act as stop codons (see above). +‡ An essential amino acid cannot be synthesized in humans. It must be supplied in the diet. Conditionally essential amino acids are not normally required in the diet, but must be supplied to populations which do not make enough of it. +To these �-amino acids further in biosynthesis processes appearing non-essential ones are structurally (here by using SMILES notation) related: +OC(=O)C(N)– + += = = Enlightenment = = = +Enlightenment has several meanings. Some of them are given below: + += = = Miscarriage = = = +A miscarriage is the natural death of an embryo or fetus in the womb, before it is old enough to live on its own, outside the mother. The medical words for a miscarriage are spontaneous abortion. ("Spontaneous" means something that a person did not expect to happen. An "abortion" is when a pregnancy ends early, before birth.) +Among women who know they are pregnant, about 15-20% have miscarriages. (This means that up to 1 in every 5 women who know they are pregnant miscarries.) It is the most common complication (serious problem) that happens in early pregnancy in humans. +Miscarriage vs. Stillbirth. +In the United States, if a fetus dies after it is 20 weeks old, its death is no longer called a miscarriage. Its death is called a "stillbirth", a "fetal demise", or a "fetal death". ("Demise" means "death.") Different countries have different ways of defining the difference between a miscarriage and a fetal death. For example: +Causes of miscarriage. +Nobody knows all of the reasons why a woman may miscarry. However, some common causes include: +The most common causes of miscarriage change depending on what trimester the mother is in. (Each trimester lasts about three months.) +First trimester (Weeks 1-12). +Most miscarriages happen during the first trimester. Some studies say that two-thirds (two out of three) to three-quarters (three out of four) of all miscarriages happen during this trimester. About 30% to 40% (3 to 4 in every 10) of all fertilized eggs miscarry, often before a woman knows she is pregnant. +In more than half of embryos miscarried in the first 13 weeks of pregnancy, the embryo has chromosomes that are not normal. These chromosomal problems may happen because of problems as the embryo grows and its cells make copies of themselves. It is also possible for chromosomal problems to happen because of a problem with a parent's genes. However, this is more likely to happen in women who have had other miscarriages, or if one of the parents has a child or other relatives with birth defects. Genetic problems are more likely to happen with older parents; this may be why miscarriages are more common in older women. +Another cause may be the mother not having enough progesterone. If a woman is diagnosed with low progesterone levels in the second half of her menstrual cycle (the luteal phase), she may be prescribed progesterone, to take during the first trimester of her pregnancy. However, when a woman might already be miscarrying, there is no evidence that first-trimester progesterone pills decrease the risk of having a miscarriage. Scientists have even questioned whether problems with the luteal phase really can cause miscarriages. +Second trimester (Weeks 13-27). +Common causes of miscarriage during the second trimester are: +These problems can also cause premature birth (when a baby is born earlier than expected). One study found that 19% of second-trimester miscarriages were caused by problems with the umbilical cord. The fetus gets blood and oxygen through the umbilical cord. Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive. If the baby cannot get enough oxygen because of a problem with the cord, it can die. Problems with the placenta may also cause second-trimester miscarriages. Nutrients and blood pass through the placenta in order to get from the mother to the umbilical cord. The placenta also helps filter out some things that could hurt the fetus. If there is a problem with the placenta, the fetus could die because it did not get enough nutrients and oxygen, or because the placenta did not filter out harmful things. +How is miscarriage diagnosed? +Miscarriage is usually diagnosed when a pregnant woman notices that she is having certain symptoms and goes to see a doctor. The most common symptom of a coming miscarriage is bleeding during early pregnancy. The woman may not have any pain. +Usually, if a pregnant woman is bleeding or having pain, an ultrasound should be done. The ultrasound can show that the fetus's heart is not beating, which means that the fetus has miscarried. If this happens, special tests should be done to make sure the woman does not have an ectopic pregnancy, which can kill a woman. +Not all light bleeding during early pregnancy means a woman is having a miscarriage. But any woman having light bleeding during pregnancy should see her doctor. If the bleeding is heavy, the woman is having a lot of pain, or she has a fever, she should go to an Emergency Room or call an ambulance to take her to the hospital. +If a woman has bleeding during her pregnancy, she may be diagnosed with a "threatened miscarriage." In the past, if a doctor thought a pregnancy might miscarry in the future, they would suggest bed rest for the mother (lying in bed for most of the time). Today, most doctors and scientists think that bed rest does not help. +How is miscarriage treated? +There are a few different types of miscarriage: +The treatment is different for each kind of miscarriage. +Complete miscarriage. +If a woman has a complete miscarriage, she usually does not need any medical treatment. +Incomplete or missed miscarriage. +If a woman has an incomplete miscarriage or a missed miscarriage, there are three different choices for treatment: +With no treatment (watchful waiting), most of these cases (65–80%) will pass naturally within two to six weeks. This path avoids the side effects and complications possible from medications and surgery, but increases the risk of mild bleeding, need for unplanned surgical treatment, and incomplete miscarriage. +Which treatment should be used? +The choice of which treatment to use depends on many things, including what the mother wants. However, there are guidelines that doctors use to suggest what treatment to use. +"Missed Miscarriage" +The most important things that help doctors decide what to do are the age and size of the embryo, and the size of the gestational sac (the fluid around the embryo. +"Incomplete Miscarriages" +Risk factors. +A risk factor for miscarriage is something that makes a woman more likely to miscarry. There are many risk factors for miscarriage. For example: + += = = Yuan dynasty = = = +The Yuan dynasty was a Mongol dynasty that ruled Mongolia and China from 1271 to 1368. Before this dynasty, China was ruled by the Song dynasty. After the Yuan dynasty, the Ming dynasty ruled China. Genghis Khan and his army of Mongols conquered many parts of China. His grandson Kublai Khan added more parts of China to his kingdom. He founded the Yuan dynasty in 1271. +In the year of 1206, Genghis Khan ruled the Mobi tribes(a part of a country) to establish the Mongol country at the Onon River. Jin was the main race in Mongolia, but Jin and Xia were in decline, Mongolia had attacked the Western Xia and Jin in August 1227, and Jin lost, so Mongolia occupied the whole north of China in March 1234. +In 1259, Möngke Khan died after the Song Yuan dynasty war. His brothers all wanted to be king. His fourth brother, Kublai, and his seventh brother, Ali Khan, fought to rule the Mobi tribes. And finally in 1264, Kublai won. Kublai made the name "DaYuan" in 1271 and proclaimed the Yuan Dynasty and said its founder was his grandfather Genghis. In 1276, Yuan ruled southern of Song, so yuan ruled the whole China in this year. In 1279, the Kublai subdued southern Song dynasty. The Yuan dynasty ruled China and brought different parts of China together that had been split since the late Tang dynasty. They were the first foreign dynasty to rule just about all of China. +For centuries, most of what the West knew about China came from the book by Marco Polo about his visit to Kublai's empire. The Yuan dynasty ended in 1368 when the Ming dynasty took control. + += = = History of India = = = +The History of India covers thousands of years and discusses many diverse languages, cultures, periods, and dynasties. Indian civilization began in the Indus Valley and some literature survives from that time. More is known of the time after the Persian Empire conquered India. +Stone age. +Paleolithic era. +Remains (stone tools and a skull) in central India show presence of an early species of humans, "Homo erectus". Archeologists think they lived in India between 200,000 and 500,000 years ago. This period is known as the paleolithic era. +The earliest archaeological site in the subcontinent is the paleolithic hominid site in the Soan River valley. Soanian sites are found in the Sivalik region across India, Pakistan and Nepal. +Mesolithic. +Modern humans ("Homo sapiens") settled in the Indian subcontinent at least 70,000 years ago. At that time, the last ice age had just ended and the climate became warm and dry. The first settlements are found in Bhimbetka, near Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh, India). Mesolithic people lived by hunting, fishing and food gathering. +Neolithic. +Neolithic agriculture started in the Indus Valley region around 7000 years ago, in the lower Gangetic valley around 5000 years ago. Later, in South India, agriculture spread southwards and also into Malwa around 3800 years ago. +Bronze Age. +The Bronze Age in the Indian subcontinent began around 5300 years ago with the early Indus Valley Civilisation, which included cities such as Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Lothal, and Kalibanga. The civilization was based on the Indus River and its tributaries, extending into the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley, the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, Gujarat, and southeastern Afghanistan. Today, the civilization's old territory is split between India and Pakistan. In Pakistan, the provinces of Sindh, Punjab, and Balochistan overlap with ex-Indus Valley territory. In India, the provinces Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan also share territory with the Indus Valley Civilization. +The first cities on the Indian subcontinent were part of the Indus Valley Civilisation. They were similar to early Mesopotamian civilisations and Ancient Egypt. Inhabitants of the ancient Indus river valley, the Harappans, developed new techniques in metallurgy and handicraft (carneol products, seal carving), and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. +The mature Indus civilization flourished from about 4600 to 3900 years ago. It included urban centers such as Dholavira, Kalibanga, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, and Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan. The cities were built of brick, with roadside drainage system and multi-storied houses. During the later period of this civilisation, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge. By about 3700 years ago, most of the cities were abandoned. However, the Indus Valley Civilisation did not disappear suddenly. Some parts of the Indus Civilization may have survived in the smaller villages and isolated farms. +Vedic civilization. +The Vedas are the oldest teachings of India, though the transmission of these teachings was mainly oral until around the 5th century. There are four Vedas, and the oldest is the Rigveda. As per Rigveda the whole region is SaptaSindhawa, the land of seven rivers. The other three are Samaveda, Yajurveda and Atharvaveda. The Vedas have verses in praise of gods and others. They also have other information. At that time, the society was pastoral. +After the Rigveda, society became more agricultural. People became divided into four classes depending on the type of the work. Brahmins were priests and teachers. Kshatriyas were the warriors. Vaishyas did agriculture, trading and commerce. The shudras were the general working class. It is not true that the Vaishyas and Shudras were always looked down upon, and treated badly by Brahmins and Kshatriyas, though it was true for the later part of the Vedic age. But it was untrue for the earlier part. This type of social division is called the Varna system in Hinduism. +During the period of the Later Vedic civilization, there were many Aryan clans and tribes. Some of them combined and became bigger like the kingdom of the Kurus. +Persian and Greek invasion. +The names "India" and "Hind" came from the Greeks and Persians. It means land of the river Indus in both languages. +Around the 5th century BC, north-western parts of India were invaded by the Achaemenid Empire and by the Greeks of Alexander the Great. A Persian way of thinking, administration and lifestyle came to India. This influence became bigger during the Mauryan dynasty. From around 520 BC, the Achaemenid Empire’s Darius I ruled large part of northwestern parts of the Indian subcontinent. Alexander later conquered these areas. Achaemenid rule lasted about 186 years. In modern times, there are still traces of this Greek heritage to be found in parts of northwestern India. Greco-Buddhism is a combination of the cultures of Greece and Buddhism. This mixture of cultures developed for 800 years, from the 4th century BC until the 5th century AD. The area where it happened is modern day’s Afghanistan and Pakistan. This mixture of cultures influenced Mahayana Buddhism and the spread of Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan and Tibet. +The Magadha empire. +The Magadha formed one of the sixteen kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges. Its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and Bengal, followed by much of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Odisha. The ancient kingdom of Magadha is mentioned in Jain and Buddhist texts. It was also mentioned in the Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata. The state of Magadha, possibly a tribal kingdom, is recorded in Vedic texts much earlier than 600 BC. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advances in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. This was an Indian "Golden Age." +Early middle kingdoms. +Satavahana empire. +The Satavahanas came to power from around 230 BC. They are also called Andhras. For about 450 years, Satavahanas kings ruled most parts of the southern and central India. +Western Kshatrapas. +For about 350 years, from the years 35-405, Saka kings ruled the western and central parts of India. These areas are in today's states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh. There were 27 independent rulers, collectively known as the Kshatrapas. +Saka kings ruled India along aside the Kushan kings and the Satvahana kings. Kushan kings ruled the northern parts of India. Satvahana kings ruled the central and some of the southern parts of India. +Indo-Scythians. +Indo-Scythians came to India from Siberia passing through Bactria, Sogdiana, Kashmir and Arachosia. Their coming to India continued from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century BC. They defeated the Indo-Greek rulers of India, and ruled India from Gandhara to Mathura. +Gupta dynasty. +The Gupta dynasty reigned from around 320 to 550 AD. The Gupta Empire covered most of North-central India, and what is now western India and Bangladesh. Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. The time of the Gupta Empire is seen as a Golden Age of India. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization. +Hun invasion. +By the first half of the fifth century, a group of people known as Huns had settled in Afghanistan. They became powerful. They made Bamiyan their capital city. They started attacking northwestern parts of India. Skandagupta, an emperor of the Gupta dynasty fought back and kept them away for some years. At last the Huns won and could enter most parts of northern India. With this the Gupta dynasty came to an end. Most of north India became badly affected by this invasion. However, Huns could not go up to the Deccan Plateau and the southern parts of India. These parts remained peaceful. No one knows definitely about the fate of Huns after the end of the sixth century. Some historians believe that they mixed up fully with the Indian people of that time. +Late Middle Kingdoms. +In the history of India the Middle kingdoms of India cover a period beginning from around the 6th-7th century. In South India, Chola kings ruled Tamil Nadu, and Chera kings ruled Kerala. They also had trading relationships with the Roman Empire to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. In north India, Rajputs ruled in many kingdoms. Some of those kingdoms continued for hundreds of years. +Harsha's empire. +After the collapse of the Gupta Empire, it was Harsha of Kanauj (a place now in Uttar Pradesh) who united the northern parts of India in one kingdom. After his death several dynasties tried to control north India and ruled from 7th century till the 9th century as described below. Some of these dynasties were the Pratiharas of Malwa and later Kannauj; the Palas of Bengal, and the Rashtrakutas of the Deccan. +The Pratiharas, Palas, and Rashtrakutas. +The Pratihara kings ruled kingdoms in Rajasthan and some other parts of northern India from the 6th century to the 11th century. The Palas ruled the eastern part of India. They ruled over areas which are now parts of the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, west Bengal, and Bangladesh. The Palas ruled from 8th century to the 12th century. In the southern parts of India, Rashtrakutas of Malakheda (Karnataka) ruled the Deccan during the 8th-10th centuries after the end of Chalukya rule. All these three dynasties tried to control the entire north India. During this time lasting for three to four hundred years, the Chola kings were growing in power and influence. +The Rajputs. +In the 6th century several Rajput kingdoms came into being in Rajasthan. Many other Rajput kings ruled in different parts of north India. Some of these kingdoms survived for hundreds of years. +Vijayanagar empire. +In 1336, two brothers named Harihara and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in an area which is now in Karnataka. The most famous king of this empire was Krishnadevaraya. In 1565, rulers of this empire were defeated in a battle. But, the empire continued for about the next hundred years. +A number of kingdoms of south India had trading relations with the Arabs in the west, and with Indonesia and other countries of the east. +Islamic sultanates. +Islam spread across the Indian subcontinent over a period of 500 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks,Persians(Muslims from Persia) and Afghans invaded India and established sultanates in Delhi. In the early 16th century, descendants of Genghis Khan swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which lasted for 200 years. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, southern India was dominated by Hindu Chola and Vijayanagar Dynasties. During this time, the two systems—the prevailing Hindu and Muslim—mingled, left lasting cultural influences on each other. +Delhi sultanate. +The Delhi sultanate was a Muslim kingdom based mostly in Delhi. It ruled large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526) Five dynasties ruled over Delhi Sultanate. They are the mamaluk, khilji, tughlaq, sayyid and the lodi dynasties. The mamluk dynasty was started by Qutbuddin Aibak. He was a slave and thus this dynasty is also called Slave Dynasty. Qutubuddin Aibak also made Qutub minar. His son in law, Iltutmish became the ruler after Qutubuddin aibak. He completed the qutub minar. +The Kingdom of Mysore. +The Kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom of southern India. People known as Wodeyars founded this kingdom in the year 1400. Later on, Hyder Ali and his son, Tipu Sultan, fought with the Wodeyar rulers. They also fought with the forces of the British Raj, but were defeated. Under the British Raj, Wodeyar kings continued to rule a large part of Karnataka. When India became independent on 15th August 1947, Wodeyars’ kingdom chose to become a part of India. +The Punjab. +Guru Nanak founded Sikhism and his followers were called Sikhs. The power of Sikhs increased in the northwestern part of India. The Sikhs became rulers of large part of the northwestern India. This is called the Sikh Kingdom or Empire. Ranjit Singh was the most famous ruler of the Sikh Empire. He expanded the borders of the Sikh Empire and at the time of his death, it covered areas of Punjab, and present day Kashmir and parts of Pakistan. The Sikhs and forces of the British Raj fought many wars. While Maharaja Ranjit Singh was alive, Britishers were not able to cross the Sutlej river. After his death, they took over the entire Punjab after battles with disorganised Sikh troops. +Durrani Empire. +For a short period, Ahmed Shah Durrani the founder of Afghanistan ruled some parts of northwestern India. Historians have named his rule the Durrani Empire. In 1748, he crossed the Indus River and attacked Lahore, now a part of Pakistan. He also attacked many parts of Punjab. Then, he attacked Delhi. At that time, Delhi was the capital of the Mughal Empire. He took many valuable things from India. This included the Peacock Throne of Shah Jahan and the famous diamond named Kohinoor. +Colonial era. +Colonial period means the time when Western countries ruled India. Western countries also ruled many other countries of Asia, Africa, and South America. +Company Raj. +Starting in the 1600s the British East India Company began a very profitable trading empire in India, centered in Bengal. In the mid-1700s Robert Clive (1725-1774) led the company to an expanded influence in India with victories over the French, the Bengalis, and the Mughals. With a victory at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 Clive became the first British Governor of Bengal. +In the hundred years after the battle, the East India Company conquered the entire subcontinent of India. They did this by trade, political intrigue, and direct military action. The British were very efficient administrators of their domains. But in 1857 the Indian Mutiny almost destroyed the company's rule of India. Afterward the British government took control away from the company. In 1858, India became a part of the British Empire and Queen Victoria became the empress of India. +The British. +For the next 100 years the British ruled most of India and Burma as an informal empire. It was divided into eight provinces each with a governor. These provinces were Burma, Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Uttar Pradesh, Central Provinces, Punjab, and Assam. A Governor-General (Viceroy) in Calcutta was head of the government. +It should be noted that the british did not control the entirirty of modern day India. Goa was under Portugese sovereignity and the 4 cities that comprise modern day Pondicherry were under French revolutionary sovereignity. +However, it was also a time of political stability. India experienced democracy for the first time in millennia. There were no more wars between the fragmented kingdoms and empires. +The British government's biggest failing was the partition of India and Pakistan.They were unable to negotiate with Indian political leaders properly to ensure a smooth transfer of power. During the partition millions of Indians and Pakistanis died. +The British also did good things. They built railroads, telegraphs and telephones, improved trade, standardised laws, and water supplies. Many of these things were done to help improve commerce in India. They created the Indian Civil Service for administering rules and regulations. They also eliminated cruel and unusual practices like burning widows. +The British ruled India primarily for the economic benefit of Britain and for the social and political benefit of India. India produced cheap raw materials for British industry. These were purchased and sent back to the British industries. The finished goods were then imported back to India at reduced tariffs, making them much cheaper. Indians preferred to buy British manufactured goods and profits went back to Britain. This was also India's first introduction to the economic system of Capitalism. +Independence. +Several people in India wanted to be free from British rule. The struggle for the supposed freedom was long and difficult. Many people protested against the British, often over the most insignificant things. The most important leader of the Hindu majority was Mohandas K. Gandhi. Gandhi believed in a non-violent opposition towards the British. He also believed that the best possible system of government for India would be to become a Commonwealth realm (Dominion) like Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and South Africa. +Because Hindus and Muslims fought each other, India was divided into two countries: Pakistan and India. Pakistan was also divided, decades later. India won its independence, along with Muslim Pakistan, and became a socialist republic on August 15, 1947. Pakistan won independence on 14 August, some hours before India. +Republic of India. +On 15 August 1947, the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two countries (dominions), India (Bharat) and Pakistan. With this the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent ended. On 26 January 1950, India adopted a constitution. From that day, India become a republic. +During last 60 years, the Republic of India has seen different stages in its national life. +In 2018 India was the fifth largest economy in terms of gross GDP. It was the 4th largest economy of the world when accounting for purchasing power parity. Some economists think that in coming decades, India’s economy will become still larger. + += = = 1250s = = = +The 1250s was a decade that began on 1 January 1250 and ended on 31 December 1259. + += = = The Life and Times of Michael K = = = +Life and Times of Michael K is a novel written by J. M. Coetzee in 1983. It won a Booker Prize. +The story is about a simple gardener called Michael K, trying to run away from South Africa in the Apartheid Era. +Some people think there is a link between Michael K and Josef K. in "The Trial" by Franz Kafka. + += = = Tort = = = +Tort law is the part of law for most harms that are not either criminal or based on a contract. Tort law helps people to make claims for compensation (repayment) when someone hurts them or hurts their property. For example, a car accident where one driver hurts another driver because he or she was not paying attention might be a tort. If a person is hurt by someone else, he or she can sue in court. +Many torts are accidents, like car accidents or slippery floors that make people fall down and get hurt. These are called "negligent" torts. But some torts are done on purpose. These are called "intentional" torts. For example, if one person punches another person in the nose, it might be an intentional tort called "battery". +Many torts cause physical harm to people. Some torts cause damage to property, like a broken window. Some torts can harm other things, like someone's reputation or a business. +The kinds of torts this article talks about are a part of the common law. The common law is found in England and former British colonies, such as the United States of America. Different laws are found in civil law countries such as France or Germany. In those countries people usually use the word delict instead of tort, but they mean very similar things. +In general. +Torts are what happens when one person (or organization) injures another. The person or organization that causes the injury is known as a "tortfeasor". The person who is injured is often called the "victim". +The victim may sue the tortfeasor. The people or organizations on each side of a lawsuit are called the "parties". In a lawsuit, the victim is called the plaintiff. The tortfeasor is called the defendant. +Usually, the plaintiff in a lawsuit is asking the court to make the defendant pay money to make up for the harm that the defendant caused. For example, the money that the plaintiff asks for might pay for the plaintiff's medical bills if he or she was hurt in an accident. Money that the court orders the defendant to pay is called damages. For some torts, especially ones done on purpose (intentional torts), the plaintiff might also ask the court to punish the defendant by making him or her pay extra money. That extra money is sometimes called "punitive damages". +Sometimes a plaintiff also asks the court to order the defendant to stop doing something, like polluting the air or water. An order to stop doing something is called an injunction (in the United States it is sometimes called a "restraining order"). +Tort law or 'The Law of Torts' is a body of laws that is applied by civil court proceedings to compensate people who have suffered harm due to the wrongful act of another. +Sometimes the same act can be both a tort and a crime. For instance, stealing someone else's property might be a criminal offense, but it is also a tort against the person who owns the property. Similarly, punching somebody in the nose can constitute both the crime and tort of "battery". +Kinds of torts. +Intentional torts. +When a defendant causes an injury on purpose, that injury is an intentional tort. Sometimes, an injury can be an intentional tort if the defendant knows it will happen, even if the defendant does not want it to happen. Intentional torts include hitting people and saying things about them that are not true. +Unintentional torts. +Unintentional torts are accidents. They usually happen because someone was not being careful. When someone is not careful, it is called negligence or recklessness. +An example of negligence is driving a car while not paying attention to the road. In a case of negligence, the court figures out what happened and decides whether the defendant was careful enough. It orders the defendant to pay money only if the defendant was not careful enough. +Recklessness occurs when somebody knows that a substantial risk may result to the lives and safety of others as a result of his or her actions, but acts with indifference to the safety of others. An example of a reckless act is shooting a gun randomly toward an occupied building. Although there is no intent to hurt anybody inside of the building, the action creates a significant risk that somebody could be injured or killed. +Strict liability. +In some kinds of cases, it does not matter whether the defendant was careful or not. This is called strict liability or absolute liability. For example, in the United States, if someone buys a soda can and it explodes because it was manufactured badly, the manufacturer will probably have to pay the victim money even if the court finds that the defendant was as careful as it could be. +Physical torts. +Physical torts are injuries to a person's body, such as hitting them or making them sick. +Abstract torts. +Abstract torts are injuries to a person's mind, reputation, or property. A person's mind or reputation can be injured by saying things about them that are not true. A person's property can be injured by taking it from them without permission or saying that it belongs to someone else. +Torts involving people. +Torts that involve people include hitting them, saying things about them that are not true, and making them stay in one place when they want to leave. Hitting someone is called battery. Saying things about someone that are not true is called slander, and writing things about someone that are not true is called libel, both of which are forms of defamation. When a police officer takes a person to prison when he or she is not supposed to, that is called false imprisonment or false arrest. +Torts involving property. +Torts involving property include walking on someone else's property without permission, taking someone else's property without permission, or damaging someone else's property. Walking on someone else's property without permission is called trespassing. Taking someone else's property without permission is called stealing or conversion. + += = = Lawsuit = = = +A lawsuit occurs when two people or organizations ask a court or judge to solve a disagreement or argument. The two (or more) participants in a lawsuit are called the parties. Each party is usually represented by a lawyer. That means that the lawyer will talk to the judge for the party. +The party that starts the lawsuit is called the plaintiff because they are complaining about something the other side has done. This is also called "suing", or to "sue". The other party is called the defendant because it must defend what it has done. Both sides or parties will show evidence or proof that they are right and the other side or party is wrong. The parties may also ask witnesses questions about what the argument or disagreement is about. +After both parties have shown evidence and asked witnesses questions, the judge or jury will decide which party is right. Then the court will do something to make the winning party happy again. The court might make the losing party pay the winner money, or it might make the losing party stop doing something that made the winner unhappy. +The conduct of a lawsuit is called litigation. The plaintiffs and defendants are called "litigants" and the attorneys representing them are called "litigators". The term "litigation" may also refer to criminal trial. + += = = Chamber music = = = +Chamber music means music written for small groups of instruments. A “chamber” is a “room” (from the French word “chambre”). Usually the word “chamber” in English means a room in a large house or castle. In the days when people with big houses or castles kept their own musicians, they might have their own private orchestra which played in the large hall. Sometimes there would be a concert in a small chamber. This was called “chamber music”. +Chamber music can be any group of instruments from two up to nine. Each player will be playing something different from the others (“one to a part”) unlike an orchestra where there may be many violins all playing the same notes. +The word “chamber” is also used for a “chamber orchestra” meaning: a small orchestra. By contrast: a large orchestra is often called a “symphony orchestra”. A small choir may be called a “chamber choir”. But these examples are not usually thought of as “chamber music”. +Words for the size of groups. +These words are used to show how many people are playing. They can also be used for groups of singers (vocal solo, duet etc.): +History. +Chamber music for instruments became popular as something different from big orchestras. The orchestra developed in the 17th century and so did chamber music. Composers wrote trio sonatas which were for two high instruments (e.g. two violins) and a continuo accompaniment (usually harpsichord and cello). Arcangelo Corelli and Johann Sebastian Bach wrote many trio sonatas. +Joseph Haydn wrote lots of string quartets. He made this combination popular. Mozart and Beethoven also wrote some very great string quartets. The last ones that Beethoven wrote were very difficult to play and to understand, but composers of the 19th century like Schubert, Schumann, Mendelssohn and Brahms were inspired by them. In the twentieth century some of the best string quartets were written by Bartók and Shostakovich. +Playing chamber music. +It is great fun to play chamber music because each player is an individual. It is like having a conversation in music. There is no conductor, so each musician has to listen carefully to the others and learn to play together as a small team. The musicians can also hear their own playing better than they can in an orchestra. Some living composers have written a lot of music for young players who are not very advanced. Some of Mozart’s earlier string quartets are not too difficult and make an excellent introduction to chamber music playing. + += = = Stefano Mei = = = +Stefano Mei (born 3 February 1963 in La Spezia) was an Italian long-distance runner in several international athletics (also called "track and field") events. +Mei won the silver medal in the 5,000 metre race, and the gold medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1986 European Championships in Athletics in Stuttgart, Germany. Mei also won a bronze medal in the 10,000 metre race during the 1990 European Championships in Athletics, in Split, Yugoslavia (now Croatia). He competed in the 1984 and 1988 Summer Olympics. + += = = Bielsko-Biała Museum and Castle = = = +The Bielsko-Biała Museum is a museum at Bielsko Castle, Poland. Since the 1970s there are three local branches: the Julian Fałat Museum, the Museum of Technology and Textile Industry and the Weaver's House Museum. +The castle. +The castle was built in the 14th century by the Piast family, the rulers of the Cieszyn Duchy in Poland, the castle was used as one of their residences for over two centuries. In 1752 the Bielsko state became a duchy owned by the Sulkowski family. The castle was their property until 1945. After World War II the castle was taken over by the Polish State. Since 1983 its only owner has been the Bielsko-Biała Museum. +The permanent exhibition in the castle. +In the west wing of the building the hunting room and armoury are located. The next two rooms display three centuries of art history from the 15th to the 17th century. Neighbouring with these rooms are a rococo concert hall and a Biedermeier room. The castle's east wing contains a gallery of the 19th and 20th century painting and graphic art. Next rooms located in the north wing display an exhibition of the history of the city and castle, as well as craftsman traditions of old Bielsko and Biała. The east wing of the castle is occupied by art gallery (the 19th century paintings displayed here include works of art representing realism and academism, Młoda Polska (Young Poland) paintings, works of artists connected with Bielsko-Biała during the twenty years of independence after World War I and during the modern times) +Museum of Technology and Textile Industry. +The museum shows traditions of wool industry in Bielsko-Biała, by means of collecting machines, equipment and documents. The exhibits are stored in four rooms and show the look of old textile factory A separate room displays machines for making hats and the history of Bielsko-Biała fire brigade. There is also a little printing office and a room where all the historical household equipments, radio sets, typewriters etc., are being stored. +The weaver’s house. +Reconstruction of the weaver’s house and workshop owned by a guild master. It shows live and work in 19th and 20th centuries. There are two main rooms – workshop on the left and living room on the right, with a kitchen and a bedroom. +The weaver’s house is an original example of the old wooden house. It tries to show craftsman’s work. +Julian Fałat’s villa. +The museum of Julian Fałat in Bystra Śląska is housed in a historical villa of the artist, called “Fałatówka” and its visitors can see the art and some biographical documents of the artist. This is the house where the artists lived after he stoped being a headmaster of the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts. The exhibition presents oil paintings and watercolours: self-portraits, portraits of his family and friends, landscapes from his travels and hunting scenes. + += = = Circumcision = = = +Circumcision is an operation in which the foreskin is removed. In common speech, someone who has been circumcised is described as "cut" while someone who is not is described as "uncut". For example, one teenaged boy might ask another teenaged boy, "Are you cut?" While this is slang English, it is not considered profanity. +Circumcision may be done by a doctor using a surgical tool, such as scissors, a plastic tool called a plastibell device, or it may be done with a laser. If the doctor uses a laser there is almost no bleeding. +Circumcision may be a religious ritual, a custom in certain tribes or countries, or a medical practice. The rates differs from country to country. +Benefits and criticisms. +No major medical organization recommends universal circumcision of neonatals (newborns), and no major medical organization calls for banning it. +Discussion. +This change to the penis is common in many countries of the world including the United States and Israel. It is uncommon, but often causes the man to die. Circumcision has been suggested to reduce the risk of cancer of the cervix in female sexual partners and some cancers of the penis. Circumcision reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of getting or spreading HIV/AIDS. Circumcision became more common in Africa after HIV/AIDS began but use of condoms remain more effective ways of preventing sexually transmitted diseases. +People disagree about whether circumcision is a good for health and sexual pleasure. People who think circumcision is a good idea may point to health reasons. Circumcision reduces sexually transmitted diseases like HIV and HPV, prevents certain kinds of cancer, and gets rid of infections and unpleasant smells under the foreskin. If circumcision is done soon after birth, it makes it less common for baby boys to get urinary tract infections (UTIs). UTIs can cause permanent damage to the kidneys. Many people think a penis looks better if it is circumcised. A study done in the United States found that the women prefer a circumcised penis, to look at and in sexual activity, especially if they are going to put their mouth on the penis. In countries where most boys are circumcised as babies, parents sometimes think that uncircumcised boys will be teased. Some boys are mean to a boy if his penis looks different. Bullying was a bigger problem in the past when boys had to take showers together at school after gym class or before swimming. People opposed to routine circumcision are called "intactivists". +The University of the Western Cape in South Africa lists these benefits of medical male circumcision (MMC): +Some myths about medical male circumcision: +One study, conducted in 2015, determined that the foreskin does not provide a sexual response or serve a sexual function in men. Instead, it is the and frenular (the area "under" the frenulum) areas which provide sexual response due to the high concentration of genital corpuscles. Out of a large sample of Kenyan men in a controlled trial, 74.8% of men reported higher penile sensitivity two years after circumcision, while only 7.1% reported lower penile sensitivity two years after circumcision. It was deduced that even a retracted foreskin would tend to reduce the stimulus to the corona and frenular areas, particularly on the outward stroke of intercourse. The study determined that “any sexual effect of circumcision must depend solely on the exposure of the glans and not on the absence of the prepuce.” The study concluded that male circumcision has no adverse effect on parameters relevant to sexual function, sensation, sensitivity, satisfaction, or pleasure. +The area of the outer and inner foreskin combined spans a wide range: 7–100 cm2 and 18–68 cm2 respectively. In discussing vestigial structures, Charles Darwin stated, “An organ, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations cannot be checked by natural selection.” The variability in foreskin size is consistent with the foreskin being a vestigial structure. +Those who believe that the foreskin is important for sexual pleasure are against circumcision. Others do not like circumcision because they believe it has no medical advantage, or that it is easy to clean under the foreskin, or that circumcision harms the penis or the mind. People who do not like circumcision of baby boys say doctors and parents should not make this decision. They say that the owner should choose when he is old enough to decide for himself. However, it will hurt more if done at a later age. +There are 8 large groups of circumcised men: +Traditions. +In the US, male circumcision is commonly done after birth in the Hospitals. According to the CDC, the latest data (from NCHS) on male circumcision in the United States show a 2.5% overall increase in prevalence in males aged 14 to 59 years between 2000 and 2010. In contrast, there has been a decline of 6.1% in newborn circumcisions. The newborn circumcision rate in the US dropped slightly from 83.3% in the 1960s to 77.2% in 2010. The main reason for this 6 point drop is most likely the much faster increase in the Hispanic population, the ethnic group having the lowest circumcision prevalence. The growing Hispanic population in the West accounts for most of the decrease in national prevalence. Because Hispanic and black individuals are over-represented in poorer demographics, the withdrawal of Medicaid funding for elective circumcision in 18 states is of concern to public health, as was also expressed by the authors of the CDC’s recent report. After controlling for other factors, states with Medicaid coverage had hospital circumcision rates 24 percentage points higher than states without such coverage. Many, but not all, private health insurance plans pay for circumcision. A study of 96,457 male babies in the state of Maryland found that 75% of new baby boys were circumcised before they left the hospital. More were circumcised in a religious ceremony or in a doctor's office later. With those boys included, 82% of baby boys in Maryland got circumcised. It was less common for Asian Americans and Hispanic babies than for White Americans and African Americans babies. A Study from 2022 shows the Highest Circumcision rate of newborn babyboys are West Virginia with 87% +Through the influence of the United States Army in West Germany, routine infant circumcision was introduced in some German Hospitals. After the German reunification in 1990, circumcision drastically decreased in the German population. Traditional male circumcision is usually performed due to historical Jewish and Islamic influence in Andalusia by the Spaniards. In Pacific Islands, circumcision of boys is part of their tradition. In the Phillipines, the tradition of male circumcision is called Tuli, and 91,7% of male are circumcised. In South Korea 77% of male are circumcised, this tradition was taken by US American Military. +Reuse of removed skin. +When a foreskin is removed from a baby, doctors can (with parents' permission) use the skin for important medical purposes. Doctors can replace skin on someone with burns or with foot sores caused by diabetes. Foreskins that have been removed can be used for medical research. A foreskin that has been cut off can be used to test new drugs and to find cures for diseases. The small piece of skin that was cut off can grow a huge amount of new skin, enough to cover several football fields. In the future, it may be possible to grow other parts of the body from this skin. +Ice Age. +Since the Ice Age circumcision of males was practised +Styles. +They are four circumcision styles: Low and Loose, Low and Tight, High and Loose and High and Tight. +The extreme High and Tight Style is done in USA, while the lower styles are common in Europe. +Judaism. +In Judaism, religious law orders that baby boys be circumcised on the 8th day after their birth. This is required even if the 8th day after birth is Shabbat (Saturday). In the Jewish faith, circumcision is an important tradition because it represents the newly born baby being included in the covenant (or agreement) which God made with the prophet Abraham. Medical studys confirm that the 8th day after birth, is the ideal day for a circumcision, because of the highest presence of the Coagulation factor Vitamin K Jews used to bury the foreskin after it was removed. +A "mohel" is someone who circumcises Jewish baby boys eight days after they are born in accordance with Jewish law. A knife is traditionally used for this, but a clamp is now sometimes used instead. Mohels are traditionally male, but most types of non-orthodox (not fully traditional) types of Judaism allow women to be mohels without restriction. +For Jews who observe religious law, the circumcision is performed at a ceremony called a Brit milah. Family, relatives and guests attend. Others, such as Reform Jews may choose to have the circumcision done in a hospital before the baby goes home. They may have a celebration afterwards, or after the birth of a baby girl for whom there is no ritual act. +Islam. +In the Quran, no sura or ayat mention male or female circumcision. However, there are some injunctions of the prophet Muhammad that explain and command "only" male circumcision, as a "continuation" of Abrahamic/Hebraic tradition. For example, the prophet Muhammad said in a hadith that "Five are the acts which are part of "fitrah": Circumcision, clipping or shaving the pubic hair, cutting the nails, plucking or shaving the hair under the armpits and clipping (or shaving) the moustache". +Also, according to the Qur'an, Allah ordered Muhammad to follow the religion of Ibrahim (the Hebrew Abraham): "Then We inspired you: 'Follow the religion of Ibrahim, the upright in Faith'." —(Qur'an 16:123) +Many Islamic scholars say that is an important ritual and a symbolic step of purification along the lines of Abrahamic tradition. Most Shafi Islamic Jurists (judges) say that circumcision is required for men. It is an accepted tradition in almost all Islamic sects and among most Islamic scholars and theologians. Circumcision is also important within Islam because Islam claims to be the 'truth' and the 'continuation' of the old and true message of Ibrahim/Abraham. According to Islam, God's covenant with Abraham was passed on to Muhammad, whose mission was to continue the covenant. The covenant is continued, according to Islam, through several steps, including male circumcision. The Quran discusses this covenant in detail in several places, including sura 14 (Ibrahim – "Abraham"). An Uncut Man is not allowed to made his Hajj to Mecca. +Age of men illustration. +There are two hadiths which are linked to the acceptance of male circumcision in Islam. They also show how circumcision may have been used to keep track of dates in tribal Arabia: +Ibn Jubayr Sa'id reported: "Ibn `Abbas was asked the following question: 'How was it with you, [when] the Prophet, peace be upon him, died?,' he said, 'I was circumcised at that particular time because the men were usually only circumcised when they became sexually mature.'" +[Sahih al-Bukhari No. 6299] +And further, Ibn `Abbas reported: "When the Prophet, peace be upon him died, I was circumcised at that particular time." +[Sahih al-Bukhari No. 6300] +Along with being an important rite of passage, circumcision may have helped people keep track of dates and place events into the correct time and place, like the Sünnet-Party. + += = = Moirai = = = +The Moirai (also known as the Fates) were the three goddesses of destiny in Greek mythology. They were Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos (). +The role of the Moirai is to control the fate of every being. The life of each being is represented by a "thread of life". Clotho spins the thread, beginning the being's life. Lachesis measures it (looks how long it is) and Atropos cuts the thread at the end of the person's life once they have reached their destiny, killing them. +The Moirai are considered to be above the Greek gods. However, in some stories, Zeus, the Chief God, is capable of controlling them. +The decisions of the Moriai about a person's life cannot be changed. +The parents of the Moirai are not surely known. Some said they were the daughters of Zeus and the Titaness Themis, or more likely of primordial beings like Nyx, Chaos or . +Their Roman equivalent were the Parcae. + += = = Wikisource = = = +Wikisource – "The Free Library" – is a project by Wikimedia. Its goal is to make a free wiki library of source texts. It has translations into many languages. +History. +It began on November 24, 2003. Its name was "Project Sourceberg" (a play on words for Project Gutenberg), and its URL was http://sources.wikipedia.org. On December 6, 2003, members wanted to change the name to "Wikisource", but the URL was not moved to http://wikisource.org until July 23, 2004. + += = = Whaling = = = +Whaling is the practice of hunting whales. This is done to get meat and oil, called blubber. Hunters of whales are called whalers. Whaling has been done at least since 3000 BC. +Many communities on the coast have done whaling for food for a long time. They have also killed stranded whales. +Industrialisation started in the 17th century and also affected whaling. Special ships were built for whaling, and whales were hunted until they were almost extinct. +As technology improved and demand for the seemingly vast resources remained high, far more whales were killed than were born. In the late 1930s more than 50,000 whales were killed each year. By the middle of the 20th century, there were not enough whales and they were at risk of becoming extinct. In 1986, the International Whaling Commission introduced a moratorium on commercial whaling so that whales might recover. +This moratorium was successful, and whale stocks recovered. There is a debate about whaling in general. Countries which are in favor of whaling want to do away with the moratorium, so they can again hunt whales as they did before. Countries and environmental groups say that whaling is immoral and should be banned, and that stocks have not yet recovered sufficiently. +The History of Hunting. +Whales have a thick layer of fat under their skin called blubber. For many years, the Eskimos of Alaska depended on these whales to live. Every part of a whale was used: the bones, the blubber, and the skin - every bit of it. In this way, one whale could feed an Eskimo community for a long time. They were important to the Eskimos. However, sometimes a good thing can get out of control and become a bad thing. This was what happened in whale hunting. +Whale blubber was not used only by Eskimos. Soon it became a product everybody wanted. This was because before electricity was invented, blubber was used as oil for lamps. They also used whale blubber to oil machines and make expensive makeup. Because of this, people hunted and killed whales to make money. +The whalers found out the paths whales liked to take in the ocean, and killed them mercilessly. It was a dangerous and frightening job. Whalers would jump into a small boat and follow the whale. Once they were close to it, they would throw a harpoon that was attached to a very long rope into the whale. The end of this harpoon was not at all like a spear. It had a switch blade on the end that would stay in the whale's skin. Once the harpoon was in the whale, the whale would start swimming as fast as it could. The whale might swim day and night with no stop for several days. Eventually, the tired and hurt whale would stop. The whalers would then kill the whale with one last harpoon. When the animal died, the whalers would haul the whale onto the ship (big or small), skin it, then boil the blubber for the oil. +Soon, boats began getting bigger. Whalers began using a harpoon like before, but the harpoon has a grenade inside. This was very cruel way of killing whales as it hurt them a lot. The whale would then have blood coming out of its blowhole. This meant the whale would die soon. +Sometimes entire whale families were found, and as many were killed as possible. Because of whaling, several kinds of whales became almost extinct. +More happily, whales are protected by conservation laws that stop people from killing too many of them. Also, chemists invented many products that take the place of whale blubber, and kerosene replaced whale oil in lamps. Now, many countries have agreed not to hunt whales, because otherwise all the whales might die. They signed a treaty agreeing on this though Norway and Japan still hunt whales. Russia and the United States also practising whaling, on a much smaller scale. (Japan still does hunt often, however). +Other websites. +Whaling -Citizendium + += = = Opinion = = = +An opinion is something a person or a group of people think. "What is your opinion?" is like saying: "What do you think about it?" +The person's answer might start with: "In my opinion..." or "I think..." +Sometimes companies try to find out what people think about something by asking many people their opinion. This is called an "opinion poll" and the people who do it are "pollsters". They might be trying to find out whether people think something is good or bad, such as electricity or exercise or Wikipedia, or whether one politician or beer or sport team is better than another. +Opinions are usually contrasted with facts. Facts are statements which are reliably supported by evidence. Opinions may or may not turn out to be facts. + += = = School year = = = +A school year is the time of year when students go to school. In some countries, it starts after summer, and goes to the next summer. The typical school year in the United States ranges from 170 days to 190 days. In the south, a school year is 180 days for students and 190 days for teachers. + += = = Audience = = = +An audience is a group of people that see, hear or otherwise experience the same thing. It may be many different kinds of thing, such as a play, a movie, a book, or a broadcast. Audience members participate in different ways in different kinds of art; some live performance events invite the audience to be part of the performance, while others allow only applause and criticism. Mass media seldom provide for audience participation. +An audience at a sporting event are called "spectators" or a "live audience" + += = = Group = = = +A group is a set of things or a number of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction. + += = = Side-scrolling video game = = = +A side-scrolling video game or 2D game is a video game where the player goes toward one side of the screen, either to the left or the right, although this is different for each video game. A famous side-scroller is "Super Mario Bros." The character usually moves from left to right but sometimes it is the other way around. In the golden age of video games, Side scrollers were a big thing and they still are to this day. + += = = Eating = = = +Eating is taking in food to get energy or nutrients or for enjoyment. People and animals need to eat because they cannot make their own food inside their bodies like plants. All plants' energy comes from the Sun. Plants take the Sun's energy, and they are eaten as food. The animals then eat each other for their energy. +When a plant collects energy from the Sun through its leaves, it is called photosynthesis. +Too much food make people fat. Too little makes then thin. + += = = Bathroom = = = +A bathroom (also known as a restroom, washroom, toilet or lavatory) is where people go for personal hygiene activities. This includes use of the toilet, wash their hands, brush their teeth, take a bath, painted bathtub , or take a shower. The room may also contain a sink, often called a "wash basin", “hair basin” or "hand basin" (in parts of the United States) and often a "lavatory." In the United States, "bathroom" mostly means "a room containing a lavatory." In other countries this is mostly called the "toilet". The word "bathroom" is also used in the United States for a public toilet or "restroom." Bathrooms also have bathroom cabinets. +History. +Baths go back to 3,000 B.C. Usually, a town would have a special building for people to take baths, which sometimes were part of a religious ceremony. Starting in the 16th century, public baths started declining. People at this time started building baths inside their homes. +Variations. +Usually, a full bath will have a toilet, a sink, a bathtub (painted) , and/or a shower. If a bathroom has only a toilet and a sink, then it is called a half bath or a powder room. A master bath is connected to a master bedroom for the use of whoever lives in that bedroom and no one else. + += = = Shower = = = +A shower is a place where a person cleans themself by using water. They stand up when they use a shower and usually do not wear clothes in a shower. Showers have a shower head that squirts out water usually from above. +There are different kinds of showers. One is a "power shower" where there are many jets of water from all around. Another is the one in the picture. Some are in baths, and others are on their own. +Showers are mainly used for hygiene. + += = = Gangtok = = = +Gangtok is the capital of the Indian state of Sikkim, It has a population of 50,000. It is located at a height of 1,780 metres in the Himalayan Mountains . It is small town, filled with different cultures and religions living together. +The city has wide roads, flyovers, markets, a modern hospital, schools, colleges and universities, fast food shops, discothèques, and all other modern amenities. One imposing man-made landmark of the town is the 200 ft-high TV tower which overlooks the town and is near the Enchey Monastery below Ganesh Tok. + += = = Transposing instrument = = = +A transposing instrument is a musical instrument that does not play the notes you might think it will play. But all the notes differ from the real notes by the same musical interval. So a song played on the transposing instrument will sound familiar, but played in a different key. That is because the transposing instrument is tuned above or below what the usual notes would be, and always above or below by the same number of notes on a scale. The usual notes are called "concert pitch". Most non-transposing instruments, like pianos, are tuned to play in the key of C. +When writing music for a transposing instrument, or teaching how to play the notes, the entire series of notes is written and described as notes moved up or down a number of semitones. For example: playing the note that is called "C" on a B flat clarinet, produces the note that is called "B♭" when played on a piano. All transposing instruments such as "horn in F" or "alto saxophone in E♭" mean F and E♭ in normal notes ("concert pitch"). The note "C" as written and played on the horn in F will sound like an "F" , and the same "C" written for the alto saxophone in E♭ will sound like "E♭". +Many Woodwinds, especially clarinets, are transposing instruments. Saxophones and most brass instruments are transposing instruments. +Historical notation. +The use of transposed notation (writing notes higher or lower than they really are) probably started with the slow changes in how to make instruments. There was a "clarinet in C" when Mozart was alive, but was later replaced by the larger, richer sounding "clarinet in B♭". There was no change to how clarinet players had to move their fingers. That helped players change from the older instrument to the newer instrument. Maybe learners of the modern day instrument in B♭ could re-learn how to use their fingers, so they could play with normal notes. But all written music would have to be transposed back to "concert pitch". +Natural harmonic series and timbre. +Instruments such as horns and woodwinds have a natural harmonic series, so it is easier and louder to play in certain keys. So that needs to be remembered when writing music for these instruments. Also, these instruments can only be played in tune in certain keys, because of a problem with something called "". Which keys will work depends on which key the instrument was tuned for. +Having transposing instruments makes it possible for pipes to play in several different keys. The fingering can remain the same. Only the key the music is written in, the notes that harmonize with that key, and timbre (what the note sounds like, not just which key it is) change as the different sizes of instrument are used. A cor anglais is like an oboe but a fifth lower (Five notes of a scale. A written C sounds like an F). Any oboe player can play the cor anglais, reading the music and playing with normal oboe fingering. It will automatically sound a fifth lower. Compare this to recorders which are not transposing instruments. On a descant recorder, the note played with three fingers of the left hand (1-2-3-0-0-0) is a G. To play a G on a treble (alto) recorder the fingering is 1-2-3-1-2-3. This can be confusing at first, but with practice players can get used to changing between the different sizes of recorder. +Professional clarinet players will need two clarinets: a B flat and an A clarinet. Some clarinet cases are made to hold both instruments. Some clarinet players also play the bass clarinet. This is also in B flat, but sounds an octave lower than the ordinary B flat clarinet. There is also an E flat clarinet which sounds a minor third higher than written. +Saxophones transpose into different keys according to their sizes. Brass instruments come in several different keys. It is always important for a player to come to a rehearsal or concert with the correct instrument. Often brass players become skilled at transposing. That means, if their music is written in the wrong key for the instrument on which they are playing, they can still play it in the right key. + += = = Transposition (music) = = = +Transposition or transposing in music means playing or writing music in a way that makes it sound higher or lower. This can be done by playing or writing the music in a different key, or by playing or writing it up or down an octave, without changing the key. +Transposing is a useful skill for people who play an instrument, especially the piano, organ, or some other keyboard instrument. If a pianist is accompanying a singer and the song is a little too high for the singer’s voice, it is very useful if he is able to transpose it down so that the music sounds in a lower key. For example, if the music is written in the key of C major, it could be transposed down a whole tone so that it sounds in B-flat major. +Most electronic keyboards and organs these days have buttons which can set notes to transpose automatically. This can be very useful, although it may be confusing for people with absolute pitch. +How to transpose. +It is a good idea for people who play keyboard instruments or other kinds of transposing instruments to practise transposing. There are two ways to do this: +Transposing by intervals is the a better way of transposing, but when people transpose they sometimes also transpose the notes the first way, one by one. +There is another possibility which sometimes works: by thinking in a different clef. For example, someone who is used to reading music in the alto clef, such as a violist, can transpose up a tone from music written in the treble clef by imagining it was written in the alto clef and playing an octave lower (a note on the middle line in the treble clef is a B, but in the alto clef it is a C). They could also imagine the new key signature of 2 sharps – it becomes a C sharp. +It is very important to understand key signatures in order to be able to transpose. This is why it is so useful to practise scales. + += = = Erinyes = = = +The Erinyes (or Eumenides) were the goddesses of revenge in Greek mythology. They are also known as the Furies. These three female divinities were named Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera. +Description. +The Erinyes were born from Mother Earth and the blood of Uranos. They avenged family crimes such as matricide and patricide. They also tormented evil men in the "Hell" of the underworld, Tartarus. +The Erinyes forever followed a person who did a crime. They even could make the person go mad. They are often shown with snakes on their heads, blood coming out of their eyes, and looking horrific. +In stories. +A well known story about the Erinyes is that of Orestes. Orestes' mother Klytaimnestra, and her lover Aegisthos, killed Orestes' father Agamemnon. The god Apollo told Orestes to kill the murderers of his father, which he did. Orestes was then pursued by the Erinyes for his crime. With the help of Athena and Apollo Orestes went to a court in Athens. It was decided that Orestes acted correctly and nobody should hurt him. Even the Erinyes accepted the decision, and from then on they were also called Eumenides, which means "the kind ones", because they could also let people go in peace if their crime was done for a good reason. + += = = Indian subcontinent = = = +The Indian subcontinent or the Indo-Pak subcontinent, also called the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent is a term mainly used for the geographic region which includes: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Republic of India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. It is north of the Indian Ocean. It is south of the Himalayas, one of the world's largest ranges of tall mountains. +The subcontinent was once part of Gondwana, the ancient southern supercontinent. Geologically, the origin of the Himalayas is the impact of the Indian tectonic plate travelling northward at 15 cm per year to slowly squeeze the Eurasian continent, about 40-50 million years ago. The formation of the Himalayan arc resulted in the rock of the seabeds of that time being uplifted into mountains. An often-cited fact used to illustrate this process is that the summit of Mount Everest is made of marine limestone. +About 50 million years ago, this fast moving plate had completely closed the Tethys Ocean. The existence of the Tethys has been proved by sedimentary rocks settled on the ocean floor, and the volcanoes that fringed its edges. Since these sediments were light, they crumpled into mountain ranges rather than sank to the floor. The Indian plate is still driving horizontally below the Tibetan Plateau, which forces the plateau to move upwards. +The Indo-Australian plate is still moving at 67 mm per year. Over the next 10 million years it may travel about 1,500 km into Asia. About 20 mm per year of the India-Asia convergence is absorbed by thrusting along the Himalaya southern front. This leads to the Himalayas rising by about 5 mm per year, making them geologically active. The movement of the Indian plate into the Asian plate also leads to earthquakes from time to time. + += = = Dike = = = +Dike or dyke, can mean: + += = = Horae = = = +The Horae were three goddesses in Greek mythology. +There are in fact two different groups of goddesses which were known at different times: today they are called the first and second generation to distinguish between them. +They were the children of Zeus and Themis. +First Generation. +The first Horae were goddesses of the seasons. +They were: +Second Generation. +The second Horae were goddesses of order, justice and law. +They were: + += = = Alkmene = = = +Alcmene "" is a person mentioned in Greek mythology. She is not a goddess, for Alcmene was mortal. She was the daughter of King Elektryon of Mycenae and his wife Anaxo. She was the wife of Amphitryon. She is the mother of Heracles "" and Iphicles. +Once when Amphitryon was not at home, the god Zeus, seduced Alcmene in the form of Amphitryon. Alcmene gave birth to Heracles, who was the son of Zeus, and Iphicles, who was the son of Amphitryon. Zeus wanted to kill her for yet another unknown reason of godlore, but Heracles, one day old, saved her. + += = = Danaë = = = +Danaë is a person in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Akrisios of Argos. She is the mother of Perseus by Zeus. +Akrisios was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where noone was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus. +Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him. +A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said. + += = = Akrisios = = = +Akrisios (or Acrisius) is a person in Greek mythology. He was the King of Argos. He is the father of Danaë, and grandfather of Perseus. +Akrisios was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Danaë in a tower where noone was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus. +Akrisios then put Danaë and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Danaë and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by , who lets them live with him. +A long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said. + += = = Andromeda (mythology) = = = +In Greek mythology, Andromeda (, "Androméda" or ���������, "Andromédē") is an Aethiopian princess, the daughter of King Cepheus and his wife Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasted that her daughter was more beautiful than the Nereids, this angered the sea god Poseidon, who sent the sea monster Ceto to ravage the land as punishment. Desperate, King Cepheus consulted the Oracle of Delphi, who stated that Andromeda must be offered as a sacrifice to the sea monster; Andromeda was then chained to a rock by the shore. When the hero Perseus saw Andromeda (having flown over after beheading Medusa), he killed the sea monster and saved Andromeda. They were soon married, with Perseus going on to found the city of Mycenae. By Perseus, she is the mother of Perses, Alcaeus, Heleus, Mestor, Sthenelus and Electryon as well as two daughters Autochthe and Gorgophone. Andromeda is also the great-grandmother of Herakles. +In Greek, her name means "ruler of men," from ����, ������ ("anēr", "andrós" - "[of] man"), and "medon" ("ruler"). + += = = GB = = = +GB or Gb could mean: + += = = Centaur = = = +A centaur is a creature in Greek mythology. It has the upper body of a human, but below the waist it has the body of a horse. There are also female centaurs. Centaurs lived in far away places, including Thessaly and Cyprus. They were wild, like wild horses. +Famous centaurs are Chiron and Nessus. + += = = Bruntál = = = +Bruntál is a small city in the Czech Republic. Bruntál is in the Hrubý Jeseník mountains (part of Nízký Jeseník). Approximately 20,000 people live there. +Bruntál was probably built in 1223. Its name is in the Unicov Charter published by Přemysl Otakar I. It is the oldest Czech city with Magdeburg Rights, meaning a city that can have its own wall and judges. Otakar I gave it these rights because of the gold, silver and other minerals from there. +Attractions. +In Bruntál there are many places that tourists visit – for example, the Castle of Bruntál, the Decanal church of the Virgin Mary, Gabriel's house, Mildner's villa, Klippel's column. +Notable people. +Some of the most notable authors who wrote about the place include: Erwin Weiser, Bruno Hanns Wittek, Josef Lowag, and Kurt Langer. +Schools. +There are 5 primary schools and 6 intermediate schools. Since 2003, there are 2 universities. +Culture. +There is one cinema, one theater, and one cultural building. + += = = Concerto = = = +A concerto is a piece of music made for a solo instrument and an orchestra. When an orchestra plays at a concert they might play a symphony (a piece for orchestra) and they might play a concerto (with a soloist). If the solo instrument is a violin the piece is called a “violin concerto”, if it is a piano it is called a “piano concerto”, etc. The orchestra accompanies the soloist. This means that it is the soloist who decides how fast or slow to play. The conductor should listen to the way the soloist wants to play and make the orchestra accompany sensitively. +The word “concerto” is an Italian word (the second “c” is pronounced like an English “ch”). It means “agreeing” or “playing together”. The English plural is “concertos”. +The concerto became popular during the 17th century in Italy. Some concertos had several soloists instead of just one. This kind of concerto was called a concerto grosso. +The Concerto in the Baroque Period. +The solo concerto became popular with composers like Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741) who wrote over 400 concertos for various instruments. His most famous concertos are a group of four known as "The Four Seasons". These are violin concertos, and each concerto deals in turn with one of the seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Many other Baroque composers wrote concertos: Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote several concertos for violin although only two have survived, the others have been lost. He also wrote solo concertos for the harpsichord. George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) wrote concertos for the organ. Organs in England were very small in those days and balanced well with an orchestra. Handel sometimes put pauses in his concertos where the soloist could improvise (make up) some music. These improvised bits became known as “cadenzas”. Concertos ever since have cadenzas where the soloist can show how brilliant they are at playing and at improvising. Some composers wrote their own cadenzas. +The Concerto in the Classical Period. +In the Classical period Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) wrote a few concertos including two for the cello, but he is better known for his symphonies. It was Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) who wrote many wonderful piano concertos. This was at a time when the piano was a new instrument. Mozart was a brilliant pianist and he wrote most of them for himself to perform. He also wrote five violin concertos, four horn concertos, two flute concertos and a clarinet concerto. He also wrote concertos for more than one soloist e.g. a flute and harp concerto and a violin and viola concerto which he called "Sinfonia Concertante". By this time concertos always had three movements: a fast one (usually in sonata form), a slow one, and a fast movement (often a rondo) to finish with. +Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) became famous as a pianist before he was known as a composer. He wrote five piano concertos. The last one, known in English-speaking countries as the "Emperor Concerto", is a very big, powerful work which looks forward to the music of the Romantic period. Beethoven wrote a beautiful violin concerto. At the time everyone thought it was too hard for the soloist to play, but as composers wrote harder and harder music the players had to become better and better. Nowadays every professional violinist should be able to play it. Beethoven also wrote a "Triple Concerto" for piano, violin, cello and orchestra. +The Concerto in the Romantic Period. +The 19th century is known as the age of Romanticism. People adored creative men like artists, musicians and writers (the time for women to be equal had not yet come). They were seen as heroes. The concerto fitted in very well with this way of thinking. The soloist was a great hero, and the concerto enabled him to show off his great technique. The violinist and composer Niccolò Paganini (1782-1840) was one of these great heroes. He played the violin like no one else had ever done, and because he was a thin, skinny man with a pale face and long hair people thought he looked like the devil. He wrote violin concertos which at the time only he could play. +Romantic and Modern Concertos. +Some of the most famous violin concertos of the 19th and 20th centuries include those by Felix Mendelssohn, Max Bruch (no 1), Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Edward Elgar, Dmitri Shostakovich (no 1), Béla Bartók, Alban Berg, Igor Stravinsky and Sir William Walton. +Famous piano concertos after Beethoven’s time include those by Frederic Chopin (2), Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms (2), Pjotr I. Tchaikovsky (3), Edvard Grieg, Sergei Rachmaninoff (4), Béla Bartók (3), Sergei Prokofiev (5) and Igor Stravinsky. +Famous cello concertos include those by Antonín Dvořák, Edouard Lalo, Edward Elgar and Dmitri Shostakovich. Tchaikovsky wrote a piece for cello and orchestra called "Rococo Variations" and Benjamin Britten wrote a piece for cello and orchestra which he called a “Cello Symphony” because the cello and orchestra are equal in importance. Brahms wrote a "Double Concerto" for violin and cello with orchestra. +There are viola concertos by Paul Hindemith and William Walton, and Hector Berlioz wrote "Harold in Italy" which is like a viola concerto. +Famous concertos for woodwind instruments include two for clarinet by Carl Maria von Weber, clarinet and flute concertos by Carl Nielsen, a clarinet concerto by Aaron Copland, an oboe concerto by Ralph Vaughan Williams. +Richard Strauss wrote two concertos for the French horn. Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov wrote a trombone concerto and Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote a tuba concerto. +Modern composers have written percussion concertos. These are usually pieces for one percussion player playing lots of different percussion instruments, and an orchestra accompanying. James MacMillan wrote a piece for percussion and orchestra called "Veni, Veni Emmanuel". +Joaquin Rodrigo wrote several works for guitar and orchestra including "Concierto de Aranjuez". +Béla Bartók wrote a piece called "Concerto for Orchestra". He gave it this title because, although it is a piece for orchestra (like a symphony), there are lots of solos for the different instruments. Other composer, such as Alan Hovhaness, have also written concertos for orchestra. +Sir Peter Maxwell Davies has written ten concertos, each for a different solo instrument. They are known as the "Strathclyde Concertos". + += = = Concerto grosso = = = +A Concerto Grosso is a piece of music from the 18th century in which there are a small group of instruments and a large group of instruments. These two groups are contrasted with one another. Sometimes both play together, sometimes one plays by itself, or the two groups might imitate one another. The small group is called “concertino” and the large group is called "tutti", “ripieno” or “concerto grosso” (the same name as the musical piece). “Concerto grosso” is Italian for “big concerto”. The plural is “concerti grossi”. Notice that the second “c” in “concerto” is pronounced like an English “ch”. +A concerto grosso has several parts that differ in speed and character. There are usually three movements; the first is fast, the second is slow, and the last is fast. The first movement contrasts the tutti and the soloists, the second movement is quiet, while the last movement is lively. +The composer who made the concerto grosso very popular was the Italian Arcangelo Corelli (1653-1713). The instruments in the small group of soloists in his concerti grossi were usually two violins and one cello. George Frideric Handel (1685-1759) also used that combination for his concerti grossi. +Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote a set of six concertos known as the "Brandenburg Concertos". Each of the Brandenburg Concertos is for a different combination of instruments. Most of them are concerti grossi. The second one, for example, has a concertino group of four instruments: trumpet, violin, recorder and oboe. +After the Baroque period, few composers wrote concerti grossi. They were more interested in the solo concerto. However, in the 20th century, some composers, including Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) and Bela Bartok (1881-1945), wrote pieces of music that are like concerti grossi. + += = = Hyundai Grandeur = = = +The Hyundai Grandeur is an automobile made by Hyundai Motor Company. It was first sold in 1986. In North America the automobile was called Hyundai XG (third generation) and Hyundai Azera (fourth generation). +First generation (1986–1992). +The first Grandeur of 1986 was developed together with Mitsubishi(Mitsubishi Debonair). +Second generation (1992–1998). +The New Grandeur was developed together with Mitsubishi (Mitsubishi Debonair). Mitsubishi provided the powertrain and Hyundai took care of the exterior and interior design. Production of the car began in September 1992 and ended in 1998. +Third generation (1998–2005). +The Grandeur XG, this time developed by Hyundai alone, used the same platform and engines as the Kia Amanti. In North America and Europe, it was called the Hyundai XG. Originally powered by a 3.0 L 6-cylinder engine, the XG300 was renamed to XG350 in 2002, to reflect the increase in engine size to 3.5 litres of displacement. +Fourth generation (2006–present). +Sold as the Hyundai Azera in North America, the Grandeur TG is a full-size sedan introduced for the 2006 model year. It shares many of its components with the mid-size Sonata. +Being a step up from the Sonata, the Azera is the most luxurious model sold by Hyundai outside of Korea. Pricing for the base model starts at starts at US$24,995. The 2006 Hyundai Azera has a 3.8 L 6-cylinder engine, automatic gearbox, cruise control, automatic air-conditioning, power front seats, anti-lock brakes (ABS), electronic brake-force distribution (EBD), electronic stability control (ESC), and several airbags. The better equipped Limited trim level adds 17-inch alloy wheels, heated front seats, leather seat-upholstery, and a power sunshade for the rear window, and costs US$27,495. +Awards. +The Hyundai Azera was named "Best New Family Car (over CAN$35,000)" in the 2006 Canadian Car of the Year awards. + += = = Ape = = = +Apes are mammals belonging to the primate family Hominoidea. Its members are called hominoids. They are native to Africa and Southeast Asia. Its living members are divided into two families: +In everyday use, "ape" often refers only to hominoids other than humans. +One clear difference between monkeys and apes is that monkeys almost always have tails, but hominoids never do. There are also differences in their teeth and the way they move their arms. They have a wide degree of freedom at the shoulder joint, which helps them swing by their arms in the trees (brachiation). +The diets of apes are similar to those of other primates. They eat fruits, nuts, seeds, leaves and sometimes other animals. They are generally omnivores, though most of their intake is primarily herbivorous. + += = = Hattingen = = = +Hattingen an der Ruhr is a city about 60,000 people in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. It belongs to the Ruhr area. It is south of Bochum and Essen. Very famous is its "Altstadt". + += = = Shart = = = +Shart is the name of several Bollywood and Tollywood movies. + += = = Morning wood = = = +Morning wood is an informal term for a morning erection, for which the technical medical term is "nocturnal penile tumescence". It means an erection that a man sometimes has while asleep or right after waking up. Men who do not have erectile dysfunction can experience this sensation. It usually happens during Rapid Eye Movement sleep. Other slang terms include "morning glory" and "morning tent". + += = = Accompaniment = = = +An accompaniment in music is music that accompanies (goes with) something else. +A piece of music may have a melody (tune) and an accompaniment underneath. The music may be played on the piano with the right hand playing the tune and the left hand playing the accompaniment. The accompaniment might also be played on a different instrument. +Music does not have to be a tune with accompaniment, although it often is. The accompaniment does not always have to be lower than the tune. To play the piano, the pianist has to learn to play a tune in the right hand and accompaniment in the left hand, or the tune might be passed from one hand to the other. The tune should usually be played a little louder than the accompaniment. The accompaniment must not ‘drown’ the tune. +An accompaniment might be single notes, or chords, or any other pattern. The accompaniments help us to feel the harmony. An accompaniment might be another tune (this is called counterpoint). Tunes can be played or sung without accompaniment. Folk songs are traditionally sung unaccompanied. +If one instrument accompanies another, the person who plays the accompaniment is an "accompanist". The piano is the most popular instrument for accompanying in Western music. A good pianist can accompany a violin, cello, oboe, trumpet, singer or choir. They have to listen carefully to the instrument(s) they are accompanying, and play with the same kind of feeling. +When a soloist plays a concerto the orchestra are accompanying the soloist. An organist playing a hymn is accompanying the congregation. A percussion player in a rock band is accompanying the lead instrument. +Guitars and electric keyboards are often used for accompaniment. In Elizabethan times the lute was popular. People sang songs and often accompanied themselves on the lute or harp. In the Baroque period the accompaniment was often played by the basso continuo (harpsichord or organ with cello or bassoon on the bass line). +The pianist Gerald Moore was a famous accompanist. When he started his career in the 1920s people did not think that the accompanist was very important. Sometimes their name would not even be printed in the programme. A singer would expect the audience to start to clap as soon as they had sung their last note, even if the piano had several more bars to play. This might not matter too much with some music, but in songs by Schubert, Wolf and other composers of Lieder the piano parts are very important. Gerald Moore made people realize how important the accompanist is. A good performance can be ruined by a bad accompaniment. + += = = Tagalog language = = = +Tagalog is one of the main languages spoken in the Philippines and is the national language of the country. More than 22 million people speak it as their first language. +It was originally spoken by the Tagalog people in the Philippines, who were mainly in Bulacan, Cavite, and some parts of Luzon. Now, Tagalog is spoken nationwide and used by Filipinos from different parts of the country to understand each other. +It originally was used with an abugida, the Baybayin script, but the Latin alphabet is now used. + += = = Basso continuo = = = +Basso continuo is a form of musical accompaniment used in the Baroque period. It means "continuous bass". +Basso continuo, sometimes just called "continuo", was played by an instrument providing chordal accompaniment such as a keyboard instrument or plucked string instrument such as the lute along with another bass instrument such as cello, violone, or bassoon. The keyboard instrument was normally a harpsichord but could also be an organ, such as a small portative instrument. +It was not usual to write out all the notes for the keyboard player. The composer normally just wrote the bass line which would be played by the left hand and doubled on the other bass instrument. The composer would indicate what the harmony should be (which chords should be played) by writing figures underneath the music. + += = = Diwali = = = +Diwali (also: Deepawali) is one of India's biggest festival. The word 'Deepawali' means rows of lighted lamps. It is a Festival of Lights and Hindus celebrate it with joy. During this festival, people light up their houses and shops with mall cup-shaped oil lamp made of baked clay). They worship the Lord Ganesha for welfare and prosperity marks the beginning of a new year. People clean and decorate their house before the festival. They do colorful rangoli art works on floors. +Deepawali is celebrated and is a public holiday in cous, shops school's offices and temples are thoroughly cleaned, whitewashed and decorated with pictures, toys and flowers. On the day of Deepawali, people put on their best clothes and exchange greetings, gifts and sweets with their friends and family. +At night, buildings are illuminated with earthen lamps, candle-stickweed. People buy sweets for their own families and also send them as presents to their friends and relatives. The Goddess Lakshmi is also worshiped in the form of earthen images, silver rupee. Hindus believe that on this day, Lakshmi only enters houses which are neat and tidy. People offer prayers for their own health, wealth and prosperity. They leave the light on in buildings believing that Lakshmi will not have difficulty in finding her way in. +Diwali is one of the most important festivals of the Hindus. It comes on Amavasya day in the month of Kartik. Both rich and poor wear new clothes on this day. Lots of sweets are made. People light divas and burn crackers. They ex- change greetings and sweets. Goddess Laxmi is worshipped on this day. +It is a festival of light and during this day people in India burst firecracker and draw rangoli on the floor. +Other websites. +Diwali Holds A Special Place In The Hearts Of Millions, Transcending Boundaries Of Region, Culture, And Religion. + += = = Arthashastra = = = +Arthashastra is an ancient book of India. Kautilya (also known as Chanakya) wrote this book. Kautilya was a minister of Chandragupta Maurya (321 BC – 297 BC), an emperor of Ancient India. After many revisions and additions, the book took its present form about 1800 years before, in the 2nd century. +The book is divided into fifteen sections. It tells about politics and administration. Different sections of the book talk about many subjects, such as: war and politics "rule with a harsh hand" + += = = Hanuman = = = +Hanuman is one of the most popular gods of Hindus. He is also known by other names like Hanumata. His mother’s name was Anjana. Based on her mother’s name, Hanuman is sometimes called "Anjaneya", that is, one born of Anjana. His father’s name was Kesari. +He is blessed by Vayu as the god of winds. Hanuman’s image shows him as a strong man with the face of a monkey. He also has a tail it represents the morality, higher pride of being self. +Hanuman was awarded boon of Immortality by Mother Sita ( Wife of Lord Rama) and is still alive +Hanuman is a very powerful and strong god. He finds an important place in the Ramayana. He was a devotee of Rama, a form (avatar) of Lord Vishnu, a god of Hindus. Hanuman is a figure of strength, perseverance and devotion. When he was young he thought the sun a mango. One of his most famous stories was when he helped Rama rescue Sita from Ravana which is the famous story of Diwali. + += = = Indra = = = + (Devanagari: ������) or is the most important among the Indo-Aryan gods. He is the God of war, the god of thunderstorms. In the Vedas, many verses (hymns) are there in his praise. The Rigveda praises him as a very strong God. Many Hindu scriptures tell about Indra, his character and his deeds. +Indra resides in a mythical city located above in the sky. The city’s name is Amravati. He lives there with his wife named Indrani, and several other smaller gods. There are many apsaras in amravati. +Indra was a very important God during the vedric period. Later his importance became less. Gods like Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva became more important in Hinduism. +Indra in current form of mythology, is similar to that of Zeus in Greek mythology. Though his importance has come down, he is still considered to be king of Gods. His status is below that of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva. Thus, he is considered to be king of lesser Gods. +Again, his weapon is Vajra which is represented by Thunderbolt! His means, at times, treacherous and he is shown as, at times, jealous and vengeful. Further, he is made to suffer his own bad deeds. + += = = Badrinath = = = +Badrinath is an important pilgrimage place for the Hindus. The place is in Uttarakhand state of India, and is located at a high altitude in the Himalayas. The Hindu scriptures say that the place is sacred to Vishnu, one of the gods of Hindus. +Badrinath gets its name from a tree's name. The name of that tree is "badri-tree" or Indian Jujube tree. The botanical name of a badri-tree is "Zizyphus jujba Lam". +The modern Badrinath temple was established by Adi Shankaracharya in the ninth century after the old temple fell to ruin. The Badrinath area is referred to as Badarikaashram (����������) in Hindu scriptures. +The temple was renovated many times because of age or damage by avalanche. In the 17th century, the temple was renovated by the kings of Garhwal. After the great 1803 Himalayan earthquake, it was rebuilt by the King of Jaipur. + += = = Kanchipuram = = = +Kanchipuram is one of the seven most holy cities of Hindus. It is about southwest of Chennai, Tamil Nadu state, India. Kanchipuram was an important religious and cultural place of Ancient India. The city continues to be an important religious place. +For a long time, from the 6th century till the 8th century, the city was capital city of the Pallava dynasty. +There are many temples in the city. +There is a Math (religious centre) of Shankaracharya in this city. +Kanchipuram silk sarees are famous + += = = History of Japan = = = +The History of Japan has old texts (things people have written) that go back to the 8th century AD, but archaeologists have found proof of people living in Japan for the last several thousand years from the time when the last Ice age ended. +Prehistory. +The first period of Japan's history is its prehistory, before the written history. Archeologists have found pottery from that time. Japan’s Paleolithic era covers a period from around 100,000 BC to around 12,000 BC. Archeologists have found some polished tools made of stones. Some of them are kept in Tokyo National Museum. These tools are more than 32,000 years old. +Jomon Period. +The Jomon period lasted for about 10,000 years, from 10,000 BC to around 300 BC. This was the Mesolithic era for Japan. Some scholars say that during this period, Neolithic culture also developed in Japan. +Archeologists have found several pieces of pottery of that time. Some are clay figures and some are vessels and potteries of different shapes. +Yayoi Period. +The Yayoi period covered about 550 years, from around 300 BC till around 250. The name came from a location in Tokyo. +By that time, Japanese people had learnt the cultivation of rice, and agriculture became the main part of the Japanese society. Because of this, differences in social status started to occur. +Different clans controlled different areas and they also fought among themselves. Some Chinese texts tell about this time. These texts describe Japan as Wa. Later, the Yamatai came into being when about 30 parts of Japan of that time united under a queen named Himiko. +Ancient and Classical Japan. +The Ancient and Classical period covers about 900 years, beginning from the mid-3rd century till the end of the 12th century. +Kofun period. +The period from the mid-3rd century until the mid-6th century is known as the Kofun period. +Kofun is a large tomb and people who had social power were buried in them. Buddhism had not reached Japan by this time. Kofuns were made in many places. This fact lets us to know that many social groups all around the country made up an authority, and this leads to the Yamato dynasty. +The Yamato dynasty started to take more action against Korea and China. In the 4th century, they started to advance to Korea to get iron. By this, cultures and technologies of Korea and China started to be introduced to Japan. They also fought with Goguryeo and Silla, which are countries in Korea. In the 5th century, the five kings of Wa made effort to have relationship with China. +Asuka period. +Tthe Asuka period was from mid-6th century till around 710. Asuka is the base of Yamato dynasty. Buddhism had reached Japan. +From the end of the 6th century to the early 7th century, Empress Suiko and her nephew Prince Shotoku changed the political system so that the emperor got power. They also sent missions to the Sui Dynasty. +The trend of centralization still continues. In 645, the Taika Reforms takes place, and the political system changes a lot. +In 663, Japan fought with the Tang Dynasty and Silla (Battle of Baekgang), but lost. +In 672, the Jinshin war occurs and Prince Ōama becomes the emperor. In his era, Japan starts to make a Chinese style law system (Ritsuryo). Also, the word Nippon which means "Japan" in Japanese, was started to be used in the era of Tenmu. +Nara period. +From the year 707, steps were taken to shift the capital to Heijō-kyō, a place near present-day Nara. This was completed in 710. A new city was built. The city was built to look like the Chinese capital city of that time. At that time, the Tang Dynasty was ruling China, and the capital was at Chang'an (now Xi'an). +During the Nara period, development was slow. The Emperor’s family members were always fighting for power with the Buddhists and other groups. At that time, Japan had friendly relations with Korea and China’s Tang Dynasty. The capital was shifted twice. In 784, the capital was moved to Nagaoka and in 794 to Kyoto. +The first Japanese book was written in 712, the Kojiki. The second Japanese book written was in 720, the Nihon Shoki. +Heian period. +The years from 794 to 1185 are known as the Heian period. It is named after city of Heian-kyō, which is the early name of present-day Kyoto. The Heian period produced many cultural achievements, such as the Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu. The power of the Japanese imperial court (that is, the Emperor, his ministers and other important persons) rose. This period is also famous for its art, poetry and literature. The language used in this period was called Late Old Japanese. The writing systems known as Kana emerged at this time. By the end of the 12th century, a number of groups came into being. These groups were highly armed and they fought among themselves. The situation was like a civil war, that is, war among different sections of society. Finally, groups of people called Samurai led society under the political rule of a Shogun. The Heian Period ended due to the Genpei War. +Feudal Japan. +The period from around the 12th century to the 19th century is called feudal period in the history of Japan. The Japanese Emperor was the head of the government, but he had no real power. Many powerful families (called daimyo and military groups called shogun) ruled Japan during this period. The feudal period of Japan is generally sub-divided into different periods named after the shogunate which ruled during that period. +Kamakura period. +The years 1185 to 1333 are known as the Kamakura period. This is named after city of Kamakura which was the center of power of the Kamakura shogunate. Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder and first shogun of the Kamakura shogunate. Mongols tried to invade Japan between the years 1272 and 1281. Japanese were successful at driving away the Mongols. But, this badly affected Japan. Shogunate also became weak and its rule ended in 1333. For a short time, Go Daigo became the emperor of Japan. +Muromachi period. +The Muromachi period began in 1336 and ended in 1573. Emperor Go-Daigo lost his throne. The government of the Ashikaga shogunate took control of most of Japan. This period ended in 1573. In that year the 15th and the last shogun named Ashikaga Yoshiaki was forced to leave the capital Kyōto. +In 1542, a Portuguese ship reached Japan and made the first direct contact with European culture, including the knowledge of firearms. In the next few years, merchants and also some Christian missionaries from European countries, mainly Portugal, the Netherlands, England, and Spain, reached Japan. +Azuchi-Momoyama period. +Azuchi-Momoyama period covers the years from 1568 to 1600. During these years, different parts of Japan became united again. Japan's military power grew. In 1592, Japan wanted to conquer China. At that time China was ruled by the Ming Dynasty. Toyotomi Hideyoshi was one of the main leaders of Japan. He sent an army of 160,000 samurai to Korea. The Japanese could not win and retreated back to Japan. In 1597, Japan again sent an army to Korea. In 1598, Toyotomi Hideyoshi died. After his death, the Japanese dropped the idea of conquering Korea and China. +The Japanese brought many Koreans to Japan. They were very good at making pottery and at other arts. Some of them were very educated. Japan gained new information and knowledge from the Koreans. +Yaita Kinbee Kiyosada, the Japanese blacksmith who was ordered to copy and reverse engineer Portuguese matchlock muskets could not make the screw properly himself and had to give his 16-year-old daughter Wakasa in marriage to a Portuguese man in exchange for the Portuguese teaching him to build the muskets. Today Japanese in Tageshima regard Wakasa as a heroine for giving herself to a Portuguese man in exchange for teaching how to screw the end of the musket barrel. A statue was built in her honour as well as candy, restaurants and boast named after her. +Japanese prostitutes were required to prove they were not Christian in order to work in prostitution by the Tokugawa government. +Edo period. +During the Edo period, Japan had many small rulers. There were about 200 of them. They were called daimyo, and they were all ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate which was led by the Tokugawa clan. The shogunate's capital moved to Edo, modern-day Tokyo. Fifteen shoguns controlled the Tokugawa shogunate during the Edo Period. +Tôjin-yashiki, the Chinese merchant colony on a square island was south of Dejima where the Dutch merchants were. Japanese prostitutes from the Maruyama red light district of Nagasaki visited both the Dutch and Chinese men to have sex with them. Japanese artists drew erotic paintings of the foreign men having seen with Japanese women. +Japanese peasant men were not required to kill wives who committed adultery but samurai were. The majority of the Japanese people in this period were townspeople, fisher people or peasant commoners and they did not take adultery, virginity or paternity of their children as serious issues unlike the samurai families. Japanese commoner women and men mixed with each other and had out of wedlock or bastard children through adultery and they made up the majority of prostitutes. Japanese commoners did not have surnames until the Meiji restoration in the 19th century. +The Edo period is a very important period in the history of Japan. The main developments include: +In 1867, the Tokugawa Shogunate returned its political power to the emperor. The emperor did not know how to rule the country because the last time the emperor had power was 500 years before. So, the shogunate still remained in authority. +In 1868, the Boshin War occurred between the Japanese emperor and the Tokugawa shogunate. Japan again came under the actual rule of an emperor as the Tokugawa shogunate was defeated. +Seclusion. +Beginning from the early 17th century, the Tokugawa shogunate followed a policy of seclusion, known as sakoku in Japanese language. They suspected that traders, merchants, and missionaries from Europe wanted to bring Japan under the control of European powers. All traders and missionaries from other countries were forced to leave Japan, except for the Dutch, the Koreans, and the Chinese. Even during the period of seclusion, the Japanese continued to gain information and knowledge about other parts of the world. +This policy of seclusion lasted for about 200 years until it ended under American military force. On July 8th 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the United States Navy reached Edo with four warships. The ships were heavily armed and their guns pointed towards the city. After this display of American military power, Japan was forced to agree to trade with other countries. The Japanese called these ships the "kurofune" or the Black Ships. +Next year, on March 31st 1854, Perry came with seven ships and the Japanese signed a treaty (known as the Convention of Kanagawa) that established a diplomatic relationship with the United States. Another treaty (known as the Harris Treaty) was signed with the United States on July 29th 1858. This treaty gave more facilities to foreigners coming to Japan and expanded trade with Japan. Many Japanese were not happy with reopening diplomatic relations and trade with other countries. +"For years several countries have applied for trade, but you have opposed them on account of a national law. You have thus acted against divine principles and your sin cannot be greater than it is. What we say does not necessarily mean, as has already been communicated by the Dutch boat, that we expect mutual trade by all means. If you are still to disagree we would then take up arms and inquire into the sin against the divine principles, and you would also make sure of your law and fight in defence. When one considers such an occasion, however, one will realize the victory will naturally be ours and you shall by no means overcome us. If in such a situation you seek for a reconciliation, you should put up the white flag that we have recently presented to you, and we would accordingly stop firing and conclude peace with you, turning our battleships aside." -Commodore Perry +After Commodore Perry's visit, Japan began to deliberately accept Western culture to the point of hiring Westerners to teach Western customs and traditions to the Japanese. Many Japanese politicians have since also encouraged the Westernization of Japan using the term Datsu-A Ron, which means the argument for "leaving Asia" or "Good-bye Asia". In Datsu-A Ron, "Westernization" was described as an "unavoidable" but "fruitful" change. After Japan's surrender to the United States and its allies ended World War II, the Westernization process of Japanese culture was further intensified and today, Japan is among the most Westernized countries in Asia. +Meiji Restoration. +The Meiji Restoration is an important period of history of Japan. Emperor Meiji ruled Japan and regained power from the shogunate. The Meiji Restoration began with the Boshin War of 1868. Emperor Meiji wanted Japan to become Westernized. Many changes occurred in Japan’s government and culture. +The Iwakura Mission or Iwakura Embassy was a Japanese diplomatic voyage to the United States and Europe conducted between 1871 and 1873 by leading statesmen and scholars of the Meiji period. Although it was not the only such mission, it is the most well-known and possibly most significant in terms of its impact on the modernization of Japan after a long period of isolation from the West. The mission was first proposed by the influential Dutch missionary and engineer Guido Verbeck. +Many Japanese buildings, products and planes were copies of western ones like the Tokyo dome of 1988 which copied the 1981 Metrodome, the Japanese DSK A 25 in 1954 which copied the BMW's R 25 of 1951, the Japanese zero fighter of 1939 which copied the Gloster F.5/34 of 1937 and the Toshiba vacuum cleaner of 1931 which copied GE's electric cleaner of 1928 and Seiki's Nippon camera of 1941 which copied Leica Illa's camera of 1935 and Shigeru Mizuki's rocketman in 1958 which copied DC Comics superman of 1938. The "Japanese" military planes Kawasaki Ki-5, Kawasaki Army Type 92 and Kawasaki Army Type 88 were designed by aircraft engineer Richard Vogt, a German. +The Japanese let volunteers from Okinawa into their army since 1890 and in 1898 Okinawa was given universal military conscription and were parts of all arms of the Japanese military, unlike Koreans where there was no conscription until the very last year of World War II since the Japanese did not trust Koreans unlike Okinawans. Taiwanese were also distrusted by the Japanese, with volunteers from Taiwan only allowed in 1942 and conscription only implemented in 1945. +Wars with China and Russia. +At the end of the 19th century, many Japanese believed that Japan needed to expand in order to face Western foreign powers. This resulted in wars with its neighboring counties. In 1894-1895, Japan and China had a war. Another war took place with Russia in 1904-1905. Japan became a world power after these wars. Russian influence continued to grow inside China. +Anglo-Japanese Alliance. +By the beginning of the 20th century, Russian influence was increasing in China. Japan and the United Kingdom used to get economic and other benefits from their relationship with China. Japan and the United Kingdom did not like Russia’s growing influence in China. Japan and the United Kingdom formed a military alliance, called the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, on January 30th 1902. Russia was not happy at this type of agreement between Japan and the United Kingdom. Russia tried to form a similar military alliance with Germany and France. On March 6th 1902, Russia formed a military alliance with France but not Germany. +The Russo-Japanese War began between Japan and Russia. Japan won the Russo-Japanese War. The United States mediated the peace negotiations between Japan and Russia. Japan got a number of concessions. In 1910, Japan invaded and annexed Korea. +Chinese bandits called Honghuzi fought against Japan or Russia in the Russo-Japanese war. +World War I. +In 1914, the First World War broke out. Japan also entered the war. It attacked several places (of East Asia), which were colonies of Germany. After the war ended in 1919, Japan developed very fast. It became one of the major powers of Asia. +World War II. +Japanese in Canada were interned as potential fifth columnists. Japanese in Australia were also interned as potential fifth columnists. Latin American countries like Peru also expelled their Japanese residents to the US to be interned during the war. Mexico also interned Japanese. +A huge proportion of Japanese Brazilians were pro Axis and some engaged in terrorist activities to sabotage Allied war efforts. Many Japanese even suffered mass delusion when the war ended and believed that Japan had won the war and that the Allied fleet was wiped out. +Japanese Americans were funding the Japanese military before the Pearl Harbor attack. +Before the beginning of the Second World War, Japan was fighting with China. This is called Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945). According to the United States government's Department of State's Office of the Historian, the US did nothing to help China against the Japanese from 1937 to 1940 when Japan and China were engaged in total war. US officials and policymakers did not want to help. Japan's military obtained the majority of its iron, steel and oil from the United States between 1937 and 1940. The treaty of commerce between the United States and Japan continued until January 1940 and even then the United States did not embargo Japan right away. The United States only began giving aid to China after 1940 when Japan and China already fought for three years. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, Japan went to the side of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The fighting continued for 4 years. When the USA dropped the first atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepted defeat and surrendered in 1945. +Japan launched a surprise attack on the Clark Air Base in Pampanga on December 8, 1941, just ten hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Aerial bombardment was followed by landings of ground troops on Luzon. The defending Philippine and United States troops were under the command of General Douglas MacArthur. Under the pressure of superior numbers, the defending forces withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula and to the island of Corregidor at the entrance to Manila Bay. +On January 2, 1942, General MacArthur declared the capital city, Manila, an open city to prevent its destruction. The Philippine defense continued until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces on the Bataan Peninsula in April 1942 and on Corregidor in May of the same year. Most of the 80,000 prisoners of war captured by the Japanese at Bataan were forced to undertake the infamous Bataan Death March to a prison camp 105 kilometers to the north. It is estimated that about 10,000 Filipinos and 1,200 Americans died before reaching their destination. +President Quezon and Osmeña had accompanied the troops to Corregidor and later left for the United States, where they set up a government in exile. MacArthur was ordered to Australia, where he started to plan for a return to the Philippines. +The Japanese military authorities immediately began organizing a new government structure in the Philippines and established the Philippine Executive Commission. They organized a Council of State, through which they directed civil affairs until October 1943, when they declared the Philippines an independent republic. The Japanese-sponsored republic headed by President José P. Laurel proved to be unpopular. Japanese occupation of the Philippines was opposed by large-scale underground and guerrilla activity. The Philippine Army, as well as remnants of the U.S. Army Forces Far East, continued to fight the Japanese in a guerrilla war. By the end of the war, Japan controlled only twelve of the forty-eight provinces. One element of resistance in the Central Luzon area was the Hukbalahap, which armed some 30,000 people and extended their control over much of Luzon. +The occupation of the Philippines by Japan ended at the war's conclusion. The American army had been fighting the Philippines Campaign since October 1944, when MacArthur's Sixth United States Army landed on Leyte. Landings in other parts of the country had followed, and the Allies, with the Philippine Commonwealth troops, pushed toward Manila. Fighting continued until Japan's formal surrender on September 2, 1945. The Philippines suffered great loss of life and tremendous physical destruction, especially during the Battle of Manila. About 1 million Filipinos had been killed, a large portion during the final months of the war, and Manila had been extensively damaged. +Occupied Japan. +After the end of the Second World War, Japan came under international control. Japan became an important friend of the US when it entered into the Cold war with Korea. Over next few years, many political, economic and social changes took place. The Japanese Diet came into being. In 1951, USA and 45 other countries signed an agreement with Japan, and Japan again became an independent nation with full power (a country with full sovereignty) on 28th April 1952. +Japan experienced dramatic political and social transformation under the Allied occupation in 1945–1952. US General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of Allied Powers, served as Japan's de facto leader and played a central role in implementing reforms. As the new de facto ruler of Japan, Douglas MacArthur ordered the drafting of a new constitution for Japan in February 1946. So great was his influence in Japan that he has been called the Gaijin Shōgun +In 1946, at the request of the GHQ, the Shōwa Emperor (Hirohito) proclaimed in the Humanity Declaration that he had never been a divinity in human form, and claimed his relation to the people did not rely on such a mythological idea but on a historically developed family-like reliance. Since the 1947 constitution, the role of emperor has been relegated to a ceremonial head of state without even nominal political powers. +The Deming Prize is the longest-running and one of the highest awards for Total Quality Management in the world. It recognizes both individuals for their contributions to the field of Total Quality Management and businesses that have successfully done it. It was established in 1951 to honor W. Edwards Deming who contributed greatly to Japan’s quality control after World War II. His teachings helped Japan build product quality which has been recognized as the highest in the world. Over the years it has grown, under the guidance of the Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers so it is now also available to non-Japanese companies, usually operating in Japan, and also to individuals recognized as having made major contributions to the advancement of quality. The awards ceremony is broadcast every year in Japan on national television. +European visitors to Japan observed that the lower classes were a simple, crude, and child-like people. Public nudity was widespread with little shame, as was public spitting and urination. Bawdy jokes were uttered in public without batting an eye. This was in contrast to the aristocracy with their fine clothing and elaborate etiquette. Following the Meiji Restoration, public nudity and urination were banned in the bigger cities, where foreigners were most likely to visit, and various backward, barbaric, and disgusting religious rituals were outlawed. The upper class took to wearing Western clothing. For the commoners, traditional garb continued to be the norm. During the post-WWII occupation, Douglas MacArthur further took it upon himself to civilize Japan. The wearing of Western clothing for everyone was encouraged—for women, blouses, skirts, brassieres, and panties instead of kimonos, and for men, shirts, trousers, and boxer shorts. Japanese men traditionally wore a loincloth known as a fundosi, women generally wore nothing under their kimonos. +After the war, Japan received assistance and technology from the US and other countries of Europe. The progress was very rapid. For about 30 years, from around the 1950s to the 1980s, Japan grew very fast. It became one of the major economic powers of the world. When the UN forces were fighting in Korea during the Korean War, Japan was one of the major suppliers. This also helped Japan’s economy. By 1980s, Japan had become the world’s second largest economy, after the USA. At first, there was very close relationship between Japan and the USA. But, Japan’s economic might resulted in trade deficit for the USA. This phase of rapid development ended in the 1990s. Some historians have described this decade as the lost decade of Japanese economy. About 5 to 10 persons in 100 could not find any work. +Heisei era. +Historians and sociologists call the recent era modern life. In Japanese, this is called the Heisei period. By 1989, Japan’s economy had become very large. Much development had taken place. In the Gulf war of 1991, Japan gave billions of dollars. +A 1973 article in the New York Times reported that Indonesians hated Japanese businessmen due to their practices and attitudes towards them. +The Jewish American engineer Jerome Lemelson developed the camcorder and walkman audio recorder for the Japanese company Sony. +Japan also faced some problems. In 1995, a big earthquake took place in Kobe. Another earthquake took place on 23rd October 2004 in Niigata Prefecture, and a very destructive tsunami damaged the north east coast in March 2011, causing a nuclear accident in Fukushima Prefecture. +The Heisei era was until April 30 2019. +Modern life (Reiwa era). +The current era in Japan is called the Reiwa era. It started in May 2019. + += = = History of Saudi Arabia = = = +The history of of Saudi Arabia as a nation state began with the Al Saud dynasty in 1727. +The territory that is modern Saudi Arabia was the site of several ancient cultures and civilizations. The prehistory of Saudi Arabia shows some of the earliest traces of human activity in the world. +It was founded in the area of Nejd, the central part of the Arabian Peninsula. The Sa'udi emirate's leadership is a traditional form of rule on Arabia since the 18th century. Over the next century and a half the family went through a lot of opposition and hurdles. The family faced opposition from powerful families of Arabia but also rulers of Egypt and the Ottoman Empire. +In 1902 Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud, also known as Abdul Aziz Al-Saud, took over the city of Riyadh from another family named Al-Rashid. He continued to win more areas, and on 8 January 1926, he became the King of Hejaz and the Sultan of Nejd. On 20 May in 1927, the government of the United Kingdom accepted him as the King of those areas ruled by him (the Nejd and Hejaz). His kingdom now became a sovereignty. The modern nation state of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932 as 'the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia' declared by King Abdul-Aziz Al-Saud. Petroleum oil was found in Saudi Arabia on 3 March in 1938, which made the country rich since the export of oil started to bring in a lot of money. +But the history of the Arabian Peninsula contains more history, which led to the development of the Saudi state. Inhabitants and cultures can be traced back 63,000 years ago. The most significant event that happened in the Peninsula is the rise of the Islamic religion presented by Prophet Muhammad. The Rashidun Caliphate, Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate and Fatimid Caliphate all occupied the Arabian Peninsula and thus helped it develop to how we know it today. More dynasties were there in history, but the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina were under the protection of the Hashemite Sharifs of Mecca from the 10th century onwards. +Early history. +Pre-Islamic Arabia. +Pre-Islamic Arabia is the time before 610 BC. This is the year when the Prophet Muhammad started propagating the religion of Islam and so is when the religion of Islam started. The term ‘pre-Islamic Arabia’ is useful because it signals the importance of Islam and its influence in forming the Peninsula as we know it today with all its religions and cultures. But it also shows a relation between the rise of Islam and the native Arabs living through conquest, trade and innovations. +This era covers thousands of years with many different cultures and communities. The oldest evidence that point to inhabitants of the Peninsula is perhaps 63,000 years old. There are inhabitants that had trading relations with many parts of the ancient world, but the hot and harsh climate had made large settlements difficult. So bedouin groups were naturally also present. Some settlements had always existed around oases; these are places in the deserts where growth and water are available. For instance there was a culture called the Dilmun culture among them, which was very old and existed along the Persian Gulf. It was as old as the ancient civilizations of the Sumerians and Egyptians. But also the Kindite kingdom and other ancient communities were present. +It is better to refer to the History of Arabia page when discussing the pre-Islamic era. This page (History of Saudi Arabia) will cover more of the post-Islamic era because of its strong relationship with Saudi Arabia. +Post-Islamic Arabia. +The birth of Islam. +The Hejaz area became an important center as Islam rose in the 620s. After Prophet Muhammad of the Quraysh tribe started calling to Islam in 610, the already existing cities of Medina (formerly called "Yathrib") and Mecca eventually became the holiest places of Islam and thus most of Muslims. The number of followers rapidly began to grow after the migration (or Hijra) of Muhammad and his companions in 622 from Mecca to Medina. During the completion of the religion, both these cities became the holiest places in the Muslim World. Masjid al-Haram and Al-Masjid al-Nabaw I am the main locations of pilgrimage where Muslim hopes to visit the Kaaba primarily in Masjid al-Haram and the Prophet's tomb in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at least once in their lifetime. +Muhammad and his companions went through the Arabian Peninsula in the following years and united the divided tribes of Arabia under one flag. This led to Medina becoming the capital of the newly established Islamic state ruled by the Prophet Muhammad. +After Muhammad died in 632, a new head of the state, called caliph, was named: Abu Bakr. He was the first of the four caliphs whose caliphate was called that of the Rashidun, which means 'rightly guided'. After dealing with the Ridda wars, wars against rebellious tribes who rebelled after Muhammad's death, he started to campaign against the Byzantines. Abu Bakr himself did not live to see the results of his initiative after suffering a natural death in 634. But his successors did. +Umar was the second caliph and managed to lead the Muslims to conquer Roman Egypt and even expand to present day Libya in the west. Umar's caliphate eventually went all the way to the Indus River in the east after conquering the Sassanid Empire. Eventually in 644 it was neither the past famines or plagues that killed Umar, but a Persian slave. +Uthman ibn Affan followed Umar as a caliph and ruled the longest of the four caliphs. In his twelve years of rule he standardized the Qur'an, spread the empire westwards to the Maghreb and even a part of Spain and eastward further into Central Asia. He was also assasinated which lead to Ali ibn Abi Talib being the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia imam. +The Umayyad and Abbasid Empire. +The death and assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib in 661 gave birth to a new era where the Umayyad Caliphate thrived and continued to expand the land left by the Rashidun. +Modern history. +Wahhabism and the First Saudi State. +After Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab got exiled from Uyaynah, he sought refuge in Diriyah, where some of his followers were residing. At that time, Muhammad bin Saud was the local chieftain of Diriyah. Two brothers and the wife of Muhammad bin Saud were followers of Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab's ideology. They encouraged cooperation between Muhammad bin Saud and Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab. Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab needed military support to secure his ideology and preaching, while Muhammad bin Saud needed pastoral support. Fulfilling these needs eventually led to an alliance between the scholar Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and the local ruler Muhammad bin Saud creating the First Saudi State, the Emirate of Diriyah. +When Muhammad bin Saud died in 1765, his son Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud who was a dedicated student of Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, became the leader of the Emirate of Diriyah. In his reign, the Emirate of Diriyah expanded in territory throughout the Arabian Peninsula. In the eastern part of the peninsula, Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud got Al-Hasa, Qatar, Al-Buraimi and Bahrain under his influence. In the western part of the Peninsula, Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud conquered parts of the Hejaz region. During the conquests of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud, the Saudi State got involved in a war with the Ottomans. At this stage, the campaigns of the Ottomans against the Saudi State failed, and Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud was expanding his territory inside Ottoman territories. With the death of Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud in 1803, his son Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud became ruler. Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud conquered the holy cities of Mecca and Medina for a few years, which gave him the title of Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. Eventually the Egyptians, who were supported and led by the Ottomans, destroyed the powers of Al Saud in 1818. It marked the end of the First Saudi State. +Ottoman domination. +By 1824, the Al Saud family regained control over parts of the Nejd region. This is seen as the beginning of the Second Saudi State, the Emirate of Nejd. The Saudi ruler, Turki bin Ali, made Riyadh the capital of its state. It remains the capital of the Saudi State today. Turki bin Ali succeeded in retaking most of the lands lost to the Ottomans. In 1865 the Ottomans launched an attack on the Saudi State again. This time with help from the Al Rasheed family of Ha'il, who are another powerful family of the Nejd region. The Al Rasheed family defeated the Saudi State in 1891, which marked the end of the Second Saudi State. Abdul Rahman bin Faisal Al Saud, who was the Saudi leader at that time, retreated into the desert and eventually to Kuwait with his family. +Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. +In 1902, Abdul Rahman's son Abdulaziz regained Saudi territory from the Al Rasheed family. He even regained control over Mecca and Medina from 1924 to 1925. In 1932 he declared the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, as it is known till today. +Boundaries. +The discussion for Saudi Arabia to fixate definite boundaries with its neighboring countries started from 1920 onwards. It finalized its boundaries with Iraq, Jordan, and Kuwait. On borders with Iraq and Kuwait, two neutral zones were created – one with Iraq and the other one with Kuwait. In 1934, borders with Yemen were almost finalized.In 1965, Saudi Arabia gave some of its areas to Jordan, and Jordan gave some of its areas to Saudi Arabia. In 1971, the neutral zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait was split between these two countries. Likewise, Saudi Arabia and Iraq decided in 1981 to split the neutral zone between them. This zone was split between the two countries in 1984. +Still, Saudi Arabia's borders with the United Arab Emirates and Oman were not final. The border with Qatar was finalized in 2001. +Politics. +King Abdul Aziz Al-Saud died in 1953. His son, who was named Saud, became the king. He reigned for 11 years. In 1964, he was forced to step down, and his half-brother, Faisal, became the king. Faisal had the support of the senior members of the royal family and the religious leaders. Faisal also held the post of the Prime Minister. This tradition of being both the King and the Prime Minister still continues in Saudi Arabia. All Kings after Faisal have followed this practice. +Faisal took several new steps for economic development of Saudi Arabia. During his reign, many important political events also happened like the ones noted below: +In 1975, King Faisal was assassinated by one of his nephews. The nephew was found guilty, and he was sentenced to death. King Faisal's half-brother Khalid became the King and the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia. During the reign of King Khalid, Saudi Arabia's importance in regional politics increased. The economic growth of the country also continued at a steady rate until his death. +King Fahd's period. +King Khalid died in 1982. After his death, Fahd became the King. At the same time, he also became the Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia. His half-brother Prince Abdullah became the Crown Prince. +The income of Saudi Arabia became less during King Fahd's reign. This was a result of lower price of petroleum oil. King Fahd's government used an economic policy that helped the country to survive with a lower income. +King Fahd helped Iraq during the Iran-Iraq war. Iraq's economy had become terrible on account of this war. The King also discussed with these two countries to stop fighting. Both countries (Iran and Iraq) stopped the fight in August 1988. The King also helped in making the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) a more vital organization. The GCC is an organization of six countries Persian Gulf. The purpose of the organization is to increase the development of and cooperation among the member countries. +Gulf War. +In 1990, Saddam Hussein was ruling Iraq. The Gulf War of 1991 was when he invaded Kuwait. Many people thought that his army would also invade Saudi Arabia. King Fahd allowed some Western countries and the USA to send their forces to the country. Many Muslims were against that their most holy land was used by non-Muslim soldiers. +During and after the Gulf War, King Fahd’s role was vital. During the war, he allowed the entry of the royal family of Kuwait inside Saudi Arabia and was followed by 400,000 other persons from Kuwait to stay temporarily. The King let the troops of countries like the USA mount attacks on Kuwait to liberate it. He also helped arrange support from former Muslim countries for the liberation of Kuwait. Iraqi forces were eventually ousted from Kuwait. +Terrorism. +The presence of troops from Western countries has angered many Muslims. One of them was the rich man Osama bin Laden. He was forced to leave Saudi Arabia when he disagreed and opposed the King of Saudi Arabia. Other than Osma bin Laden and his followers, several other persons and groups did not like the presence of Western troops inside Saudi Arabia. +Those who opposed the presence of Western troops were persons and groups who attacked people. They tried mainly to attack the foreign forces in Saudi Arabia. Some examples of such attacks are given below: +The September 11, 2001 attacks in New York had resulted into many deaths and big destruction. After enquiry, it came to light that out of 19 suspected persons for these attacks, 15 were from Saudi Arabia. +Such things attracted the attention of the government of Saudi Arabia. The government started a policy to check such activities. Even then, terrorist activities of such persons and groups continued. + += = = Linga = = = +A linga or a lingam is a very complex Phallus symbol of Hinduism. It is associated with Shiva, supreme god in main gods of the Hindus. The Hindu scriptures say that a linga represents energy and strength. In almost all the temples of Shiva, Shiva is shown in the form of a Circumcised linga. +The Hindu scriptures also say that Shiva took twelve forms as Jyotirlinga, that is, "a linga of light". In India, there are twelve places where this form of Shiva is worshiped. The Hindu scriptures also tell about five more forms of lingas. These form of lingas represent the earth, the water, the fire, the air and the sky (or ether). There are five different places in India where Hindus worship these forms of Shiva. These places are located at the following locations: +Beside above places, in almost all the towns and villages of India, Shiva’s temples are found. In all such temples, lingas are worshipped. +Also in other places in the World of Ancient history, Shiva Limgam was worshipped. + += = = United States National Guard = = = +The United States National Guard is an organization of the United States Army and the United States Air Force. The U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force are both branches of the United States military. The National Guard is a militia (an emergency army) for the United States. Each U.S. State has its own National Guard, usually under the control of that state's government. When needed, they are mobilized under control of the United States. +There are two parts of the United States National Guard, administered by the National Guard Bureau of the United States Department of Defense. The Air National Guard is part of the United States Air Force; the Army National Guard is part of the United States Army. The two National Guard groups are identified by the kinds of jobs they do. The Air National Guard does mainly air defense jobs, while the Army National Guard does the jobs on the ground. + += = = Bishop's Stortford = = = +Bishop's Stortford is a town in Hertfordshire in south-east England, with about 35,000 people living there. +History. +People have lived in the area for hundreds of thousands of years but it became a permanent town by the time of the Saxons. +The Domesday Book says there were 120 people living there in the 1100s. The Normans built a small castle there but it was unused and broken by the time of the Tudors. +The town grew as an important centre for transport. After 1769, ships were able to use the river. It was a stagecoach stop for travel on the road between London and Cambridge. In 1842 the town got a railway station. +In 1901 there were 7,000 people living there, and by 1951 it was 13,000. +The town is popular for travellers to London because of the M11 motorway (an important road) and good train services to London. Stansted Airport has also caused development. + += = = Raven = = = +A raven is a big black bird, ("Corvus corax"). It may be called the common raven or the northern raven. It is similar to a crow but bigger. It and the thick-billed raven are the two largest birds in the crow family, and perhaps the heaviest perching birds. The raven's feathers are all black, but a crow has feathers that are white at the bottom. This cannot be seen from a distance. +The most famous raven is in the Edgar Allan Poe story called "The Raven". +The common raven can be tamed. Some think it is mischievous and sly, and it has been regarded as a bird of evil and mysterious character. + += = = Malnutrition = = = +Malnutrition is eating a diet which does not supply enough nutrients. There are two broad categories of malnutrition: +Sometimes, people need to lose weight, and eat according to a special diet. This is usually not called malnutrition. +Malnutrition is considered a more scientific and official term than starvation which has negative associations. Malnutrition is not, however, simply a matter of eating too little. Someone can be malnourished if they eat an unhealthy diet. This can be cured by eating a proper balanced diet. +Children whose daily diet contains less carbohydrate and protein do not grow well. They do not gain weight. Their hands and legs appear as skin and bones. They cry all the time with hunger. They are not active and have sunken eyes. Such children often fall sick. Lack of a particular vitamin is another kind of malnutrition which can cause a particular deficiency disease, such as beriberi and rickets. +Malnutrition becomes a bigger problem during famine because most of the people do not get enough food, hence increasing the death rate. + += = = Carolina parakeet = = = +The Carolina parakeet (binomial name Conuropsis carolinensis) is an extinct species of parrot. +It was the last parrot type to have lived before the European conquest in the eastern United States. It was found from the Ohio Valley to the Gulf of Mexico, and lived in old woods along rivers. +The last wild Carolina parakeet was killed in Okeechobee County in Florida in 1904, and the last bird kept by people died at the Cincinnati Zoo in 1918. This was the male bird called "Incas", who died within a year of his mate "Lady Jane". It was not until 1939, however, that it was agreed that all the Carolina parakeets had died. +At some date between 1937 and 1955, three parakeets looking like this sort of bird were seen and recorded on videotape in the Okefenokee Swamp of Georgia. However, the American Ornithologists Union thought that they had probably recorded escaped pets. Additional sightings were recorded in Okeechobee County in Florida until the end of the 1920s. +Reasons for extinction. +The Carolina parakeet died out for a number of reasons. To make space for more farms, large areas of forest were cut down, taking away its living space. The colorful feathers (green body, yellow head, and red around the bill) were in demand as decorations in ladies' hats, and the birds were kept as pets. Even though the birds were bred easily in captivity, little was done to make sure enough birds were bred to avoid their dying out. Finally, they were killed in large numbers because farmers thought they were pests. +Another reason that led to their extinction was that, unfortunately, they liked to return in large flocks to places where some of them had just been killed. This led to even more being shot by hunters as they gathered about the wounded and dead members of the flock. + += = = Match Game = = = +Match Game was a game show that ran from 1962 to 1999. Hosted Premierie on 1973 Present CBS GSN & More Premierie June 26 2016 on ABC During $100,000 Pyramid Match Game The Hollywood Squares (1983) Like The Price is Right in Wheel of Fortune October 31 1983 on 1962-2016 Present Finale Until of 1979 in 1980-1982 in 1990 Theme in 1960s-2010s Like Pyramid +Contestant Competition. +First the challenging contestant would pick a question, A or B. Host Gene Rayburn would read it to the contestant. Then the contestant and the six celebrities would write their answer to the question on a piece of paper. Then after the contestant and the celebrities got done with their answer, Gene would ask for the contestant's answer. They would tell it to him. Then he would ask the celebrities for their answers. If the contestant's and a celebrity's answer are the same the contestant would get a point, and a green triangle would light up. +Then the defending contestant would take the remaining question. Then the process was the same as above, except red circles lit up. +Whoever had the most points at after two rounds of the above procedures would win $100 and go on to the Big Money Super Match. +Big Money Super Match. +Audience Match. +Before the game show, the audience would be surveyed. Their top 3 answers to the question (e.g. Road ___) would be worth (3rd most popular) $100, (2nd most popular) $250, and (most popular) $500. The contestant would pick 3 celebrities to give them answers they thought would be under the $500 slot. Then the contestant would choose one of those answers or make up their own. The answers were revealed one at a time. +Head-to-Head Match. +If the contestant won the Audience Match, they would get a chance to win 10 times that money. They had to match a celebrity's answer exactly to questions like ____ Bee. At first, the contestant chose the celebrity they wanted to play with. In 1978, the Star Wheel was introduced. The contestant spun a wheel to determine which celebrity they would be playing with. If the wheel stopped on a gold star section, the money the contestant would be playing for was doubled. +Other versions. +The first "Match Game" had different rules from this one and was shown on the NBC network starting in 1962 and ending in 1969. Then, this "Match Game" was introduced on the CBS network in 1973. That version ended in 1979. In 1975, a syndicated version titled "Match Game PM" started. It had three rounds of gameplay, and two Audience Matches in the Big Money Super Match. It ended in 1981. A second syndicated version with the same gameplay as "Match Game PM" started in 1979, and ended in 1982. In 1983, it was combined with another game show, "Hollywood Squares", to form the "Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour", which was on television for one year. Six years later, in 1990, it was brought back for the ABC network with a new host, Ross Shafer. In this version, contestants played for cash. It also featured a new round called the "Match Up" round. It was played at the end of both rounds. To start, a contestant chose one of the celebrities. The contestant had 30 seconds (45 in the second round) to match the celebrity in Super Match-style questions. Each question had two choices. Matches were worth $50 in the first round and $100 in the second. This version ended in 1991, but in 1998 it returned with Michael Burger as host. It featured five celebrities instead of six. This version was not very famous, however, and ended in 1999. + += = = Melanesia = = = +Melanesia is a region of islands in Oceania. +It stretches from the western side of the Eastern Pacific Ocean, to the Arafura Sea, northeast of Australia. Its name was invented in 1832 and means "black islands". +The following islands and groups of islands since the 19th century have been considered part of Melanesia: +Islands whose long-established inhabitants are of mixed ancestry and do not necessarily self-identify as Melanesian: +Some of the islands to the west of New Guinea such as Halmahera, Alor, and Pantar can also be considered part of Melanesia, although people in this area do not make use of the term. + += = = Diaphragm = = = +The diaphragm is a muscle that is at the bottom of the ribcage of mammals. +What it does. +When breathing in, the diaphragm pulls down so that the size of the lungs increases, allowing air to enter the lungs. +When breathing out, the diaphragm rests and goes up making a dome shape, decreasing the size of the lungs and pushing air out. +This increases the surface area of the air so that there is more oxygen that the lungs can hold. + += = = Germ theory of disease = = = +The Germ theory of disease is a theory in biology. It says that small organisms (called germs), also known as microbes, cause some diseases. These diseases are called infectious diseases. The germ theory states that small organisms cause a reaction in the body of those who are infected. The body's reaction to infection is called a disease. +Many scientists and doctors in history figured out that diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. Even after the microscope was invented, people still didn't know that germs caused diseases. People long believed that "bad air" from stinky trash dumps and from rotting meat was the cause of diseases. So people thought that covering their mouth and nose with a cloth would help filter out the "bad air." Scientists and doctors would use garlic and perfumes to ward off the bad air. But people still got sick and even died, so this theory was wrong. Polluted air is not the cause of disease. +One problem with the old theories of disease was that people believed that living things were spontaneously generated. Spontaneous generation is when something like a fly grows from a small speck of smelly meat. That old theory is called abiogenesis. In the seventeenth century, Francesco Redi (February 18, 1626 – March 1, 1697) discovered that flies lay eggs that become maggots. Prior to this, people thought that maggots came from rotting meat. He discovered this by sealing some meat in a jar and watching it. No maggots were found on the sealed meat. He also put some meat in a jar and covered it with gauze. Maggots were found on the gauze but not inside the jar. But when he placed meat in an open jar, maggots were found on the meat and inside the jar. Experiments like this proved that maggots come from flies who lay eggs, not from rotting meat. Later scientists would prove that diseases did not come from the air. Diseases are spread by infection. +Sanitation. +Also in the eighteenth century, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek discovered the first microscopic organisms with a microscope. He was the first microbiologist. He saw some of the microscopic organisms that cause diseases, but he didn't know what they were. In 1700, Nicolas Andry thought that some of these microscopic organisms caused smallpox and other diseases. Over 100 years later, Agostino Bassi figured out what caused disease in silkworms. Ignaz Semmelweis was a doctor who figured out that if doctors washed their hands after touching dead people, that other patients wouldn't get sick. That was in 1847. It was about this time that sanitation and hand washing became popular with some, but not all doctors. Doctors began to use chemicals to cleanse wounds and clean their tools between each patient. +One of the most famous experiments of the nineteenth century was when John Snow discovered the source of a cholera outbreak. It turns out that cholera is transmitted when human waste contaminates water that people drink. Snow found out that there was a large number of sick people in Soho in London. After talking to many people in the area and mapping where each sick person lived, he realized that the sick people were almost all getting their drinking water from the same public water pump. He solved the epidemic by having the water pump's handle removed so that the people would get water from some other place. It worked, and the epidemic was soon over. +Louis Pasteur showed that the germ theory of disease was true. In 1862, he invented a process that heats up a liquid to a high temperature to keep it from spoiling. This process is known as pasteurization, named after Pasteur. Pasteurization is used to kill microscopic organisms in liquids like milk, wine, and beer. Liquids that are pasteurized will last much longer before they spoil. +Later, he did an experiment with fermentation. In one case he made a broth that he put inside a jar with a very long winding tube, so that no particles could pass to it from outside. Air could get inside the tube, but almost no dust. The broth he made did not change, and no fermentation took place. +He then took a similar broth, but this time he allowed air and dust to go inside the jar. This time, fermentation took place. The thing that caused fermentation therefore needed to come from outside (the environment). And it wasn't just air that caused fermentation, it must be something floating in the air which was very small. We now know that small particles called yeast cause fermentation. +In the latter part of the nineteenth century, Robert Koch and Joseph Lister would go on and help establish the germ theory of disease as an important part of science and medicine. Koch's theories are called "postulates" and helped medical researchers know what causes diseases. Lister's ideas would help establish sanitation as a major defense against disease. Koch's postulates and Lister's sanitation discoveries are still very important today. +We now know that small things cause diseases. Each one of these things can cause infection: fungus, bacteria, virus, prion, yeast, protist. + += = = Labor Day = = = +Labor Day is a holiday in the United States and Canada on the first Monday of September. This holiday honors workers. It is similar to the May Day holiday in other countries. Many businesses close on Labor Day. Many students start school the day after Labor Day. +In some countries, it is known as International Workers' Day. It is celebrated every year on May 1 in almost 80 countries in the world. The day is celebrated on a different day, such as the first Monday of September in the United States. + += = = Martin Luther King Jr. Day = = = +Martin Luther King, Jr. Day is a US Federal Holiday. It commemorates civil rights activist Martin Luther King, Jr.'s birthday. It is celebrated on the third Monday in January and is one of only four United States Federal holidays to honor an individual person. +President Ronald Reagan signed a bill, proposed by Representative Katie Hall of Indiana, to create a federal holiday honoring King. The holiday was observed for the first time on January 20, 1986. It is observed on the third Monday of January. + += = = Washington's Birthday = = = +Presidents' Day, originally was two separate observances, Abraham Lincoln's birthday, which was February 12, and George Washington's birthday, which was February 22. The two observances were combined in 1971 into a single observance which is held on the third Monday in February. + += = = Memorial Day = = = +Memorial Day is a national holiday in the United States. It is also a state holiday in many states. The holiday honors troops who have died in past wars like World War I and the Korean War. It was founded by U.S. Army General John A. Logan, who fought in the Civil War and the Mexican–American War. +Memorial Day was first held in 1865 after the American Civil War. It was called Decoration Day at that time. The holiday was first called Memorial Day in 1882, and became a federal holiday in 1967. On June 28, 1968, the United States Congress made a law that said that the official Memorial Day holiday is May 30, but that Memorial Day was to be observed by federal employees as a paid holiday on the last Monday in May. +Memorial Day is thought of by many Americans as being the start of summer. + += = = Columbus Day = = = +Columbus Day is a holiday celebrating the day Columbus landed on San Salvador. It is celebrated in many countries. This holiday is very controversial because of the way Columbus treated the Native Americans at the time. + += = = Veterans Day = = = +Veterans Day is the American holiday when people who had served in the military during war-time are remembered and thanked. It is both a federal and a state holiday. The holiday is celebrated on the same day as Armistice Day or Remembrance Day in other countries. These holidays are all November 11. This is the day seen as the end of World War I. The first World War ended on November 11, 1918. +The holiday was first created as Armistice Day in 1919 by President Woodrow Wilson. Thirty states made it a state holiday that year. It was made a holiday for the entire country in 1938. In June 1, 1954, the name was changed to Veterans Day. + += = = Ralph Vaughan Williams = = = +Ralph Vaughan Williams (b. Down Ampney, Gloucestershire, 12 October 1872; d. London, 26 August 1958) was the most important English composer of his generation. +Vaughan Williams always pronounced his first name “Rafe” - (“Vaughan” rhymes with “born”). His father was a rector. Ralph was very young when his father died. The family moved to Dorking near London. He went to Charterhouse School and played the viola in the school orchestra. He studied at the University of Cambridge and at the Royal College of Music where Hubert Parry was his teacher. +Early career. +Vaughan Williams wanted to be a good composer, so he went abroad to study with famous composers like Max Bruch in Berlin and Maurice Ravel in Paris. Yet he knew that he must not simply imitate these composers, so he also studied English folk song. He became good friends with the composer Gustav Holst. The two men always showed one another the music they were writing so that they could help one another by offering criticism. +In 1910 he wrote a work which became one of his best-known pieces of music: the "Fantasia on a theme of Thomas Tallis". The piece is for a string orchestra divided into two sections. It uses a theme by the famous 16th century composer Tallis. He also wrote hymn tunes for the English Hymnal. One of his most popular hymn tunes is the one called "Sine Nomine" sung to the words “For all the saints”. Another lovely work is "The Lark Ascending". This is a short work for solo violin and orchestra. The violin sounds like a skylark singing in the sky. In 1934 he wrote a short piece for flute, harp and string orchestra called "Fantasia on Greensleeves" which is based on the famous English Renaissance tune "Greensleeves". +Later works. +During his long life Vaughan Williams wrote nine symphonies, works for the stage, songs, choral music and chamber music. In 1938 he wrote a famous piece called "Serenade to Music" for 16 solo singers and orchestra. It was one of several works he wrote inspired by Shakespeare. The words were from the play "The Merchant of Venice". It was written for the 50th anniversary of Sir Henry Wood’s career as a conductor. In 1953 he wrote music for Queen Elizabeth II’s coronation, including a very short and simple motet "O taste and see" which has remained very popular with church choirs. +In his old age he became quite deaf. This was because of the noise of gunfire he had been exposed to when he was serving as a stretcher bearer in World War I. +His importance in English music. +Some of Vaughan Williams’s best works are those where he makes his music sound like folk song. He loved the poetry of Housman and used some of the poems in a song cycle called "On Wenlock Edge" for tenor, piano and string quartet. His music always sounds English. He was born in the 19th century which was a time when people thought English musicians were not very good. Vaughan Williams and Edward Elgar (who was a little older) made people realise that it was possible for an Englishman to write beautiful, moving music. +References. +The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980 + += = = Recycling = = = +Recycling is when you recover scrap or waste and reprocessing the material into useful products. Glass, paper, plastic, and metals such as aluminum and steel are often recycled. Dead plants, fruit and vegetable scraps can be recycled through composting. +It is important not to confuse recycling with reusing, which is where old things, such as clothes, are donated or given a new use instead of being thrown out. +Recycling reduces trash in landfills and incinerators. Another reason people recycle is to reduce the amount of raw materials and energy used in making things. Most of the time, it takes less energy to recycle trash than to throw it away, "The Economist" says. Recycling can reduce your carbon footprint and it can help to minimize the whole size of landfills around the world +The 3 R's are Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. +Plastic recycling. +Most people make about two kilograms of waste (trash) every day, and about 7% of this waste is made up of plastic products that can be recycled. Today, plastic can be recycled into products like picnic tables, park benches, and even high-chairs. +Sort it out. +First, plastic is collected and taken to a recycling center, where it is "sorted out". When plastic is sorted out by hand, symbols have to be printed on every recyclable plastic product used. Nowadays, machines can sort out the plastic automatically. There are different types of plastic, for example "polyethylene", "polypropylene", "polystyrene", and "polyethylene terephthalate". There are two kinds of polyethylene plastic: "high density polyethylene" (HDPE), and "low density polyethylene" (LDPE). HDPE plastic is usually used to make milk bottles and bottles for shampoo or detergents. LDPE plastic are usually things like toothpaste tubes, plastic bags, and films for packaging. Polypropylene plastic is used to make buckets, plastic boxes, and flower pots. Polyethylene terephthalate is the material from which water and soft drink bottles are made. +Grinding washing. +HDPE plastic is ground into a small powder. LDPE plastic, which are usually thin films, need to be ground by a special machine. After that, both plastics are washed with hot water and detergent. Dirt and other things, like labels, are taken off. After the wash, the powder is dried with hot air. +Sometimes, the powder is sold. But other times, the powder is heated, colored, and then put into a "pelletizer". The pelletizer makes the powder into little pellets, which are bought by a company that shapes the pellets into pieces of plastic "wood". This plastic wood is used to make flowerpots, trash cans, pipes, picnic tables, benches, toys, mats, and many other things. + += = = Transnistria = = = +Transnistria (also called Transdniestria, or Pridnestrovie, officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, PMR; ), is a separatist country in Eastern Europe. This means that it claims to be a separate country from Moldova but this is not legally true. Most countries have no diplomatic relations with it. +Transnistria is the only state to still use the hammer and sickle symbol on its flag. +Russia has a big influence on the territory. Between 1.500 and 2.000 Russian soldiers are stationed on the territory. In addition, there may be up to 10.000 paramilitary troops. +Moldovans, Russians, and Ukrainians make up about a third of the population each. The capital and largest city is Tiraspol. +History. +The area was part of the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union. It was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. +Transnistria was officially formed between 1990, when the Soviet government established the Pridnestrovien Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in that area in hopes that it would remain if Moldova became independent. +Moldova did become independent of the Soviet Union and claimed Transnistria as part of its territory. Transnistria declared independence from Moldova on 2 September 1990. +With the help of the Russian army, it defeated the Moldovan army in the War of Transnistria. There has been peace since 1992, but the Council of Europe calls Transnistria a "frozen conflict" area. Currently, no state recognises Transnistria and most countries agree that it is officially part of Moldova. +Recognition. +There is argument about whether Transnistria is really a country or not. It is recognized by three other unrecognized or partly recognized breakaway countries: Abkhazia, Artsakh, and South Ossetia. The area continues to claim independence, and acts independently over its territory with the help of peacekeeping forces from foreign countries. Many countries also think that Transnistria is a puppet state of Russia. +In a vote on 17 September 2006, 97% voted to be free from Moldova. This vote has not been accepted by Moldova, which calls the area the "Territory of the Left Bank of the Dniester". +Geography. +Transnisttria is landlocked and is located between Moldova and Ukraine. +The climate is humid continental with subtropical characteristics. Transnistria has warm summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation is unvarying all year round, although with a slight increase in the summer months. +Politics. +Transnistria is a presidential republic, with the President of Transnistria being both the head of state and also shares the position of head of government with the Chairman of the Government. +The legislature is the Supreme Council, which has 43 members. There is disagreement over if elections in Transnistria are free. +Divisions. +Transnistria is divided into five districts and two municipalities. The districts are: Cameca District, Rîbnița District, Dubăsari District, Grigoriopol District and Slobozia District. +The two municipalities are Tiraspol and Bender, although Bender is not actually part of Transnistria's define territory. + += = = Mercalli intensity scale = = = +The Mercalli intensity scale (or more precisely the Modified Mercalli intensity scale) is a scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes. Unlike with the Richter scale, the Mercalli scale does not take into account energy of an earthquake directly. Rather, they classify earthquakes by the effects they have (and the destruction they cause). When there is little damage, the scale describes how people felt the earthquake, or how many people felt it. +Very often, non-geologists use this scale, because it is easier for people to describe what damage an earthquake caused, than to do calculations to get a value on the Richter scale. +Values range from I - Instrumental to XII - Catastrophic. +Giuseppe Mercalli (1850-1914) originally developed the scale, with ten levels. In 1902, Adolfo Cancani extended the scale to include twelve levels. August Heinrich Sieberg completely rewrote the scale. For this reason, the scale is sometimes named Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale, or MCS scale. +Harry O. Wood and Frank Neumann translated it into English, and published it as Mercalli–Wood–Neumann (MWN) scale. Charles Francis Richter also edited it. He also developed the Richter scale, later on. +Modified Mercalli Intensity scale. +The lower degrees of the Modified Mercalli Intensity scale generally deal with the manner in which the earthquake is felt by people. The higher numbers of the scale are based on observed damage to structures +The large table gives Modified Mercalli scale intensities that are typically observed at locations near the epicenter of the earthquake. +This is an accurate representation +The Scale under here is also a really good source for the Mercalli Scale. + += = = Dili = = = +Dili is the capital of the country East Timor. People from Portugal moved there around 1520. Now, Dili is home to about 150,000 people. + += = = Holly = = = +Holly is a type of bush with recognisable leaves. The leaves have sharp edges, and are often used to decorate a house on Christmas Day. Some types of holly are used to make tea. The leaves of the Holly don't fall of in the winter because they're very thick and have a waxy layer on them. +Holly bushes produce berries that birds often eat during the winter season. The plant often signifies holidays such as Christmas, or the start of a new season. + += = = Dysentery = = = +Dysentery is a disease that involves severe diarrhea. It is caused by a bacterium, which causes the intestines to swell up a lot. The main symptom of dysentery is having blood in the excrement. Some more symptoms are high fever and abdominal pain. It is usually treated with antibiotics. The diarrhea is severe and can be a problem for the people who catch the disease. + += = = NHK = = = +NHK, the Japan Broadcasting Corporation, is Japan's public broadcaster, like PBS in the United States. Its name is written as or Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai in Japanese. +History. +NHK was founded in 1926, based on the BBC radio company in the United Kingdom. They began operating TV broadcasting in 1953. The first color broadcast was in 1960. +Everyone in Japan who owns a TV is asked to pay anywhere 15,720 or 27,360 (included satellite broadcasting) � per year to support NHK; there is a discount for lump sum payment. +TV Programming. +NHK has lots of types of TV shows: +NHK has 500 staff members in the announcer division alone; but announcers that convey nationally important events and news are operated quite fixedly like Korean Central Television. + += = = Fargo, North Dakota = = = +Fargo is the largest city in the American state of North Dakota. It is in the eastern part of the state, near the Minnesota border. The city was founded in 1871, and it has a population of 125,990 as of the 2020 census. Fargo lies at the intersection of two major highways, Interstate 29 and Interstate 94. + += = = Blur (band) = = = +Blur are an English alternative rock band. Formed in London in 1988 originally under the name Seymour, the group's members are singer Damon Albarn, guitarist Graham Coxon, bassist Alex James and drummer Dave Rowntree. Blur's first album "Leisure" (1991) contained the sounds of Madchester and shoegazing. After a change in sound started by English guitar pop groups such as the Kinks, the Beatles and XTC, Blur released "Modern Life Is Rubbish" (1993), "Parklife" (1994) and "The Great Escape" (1995). As a result, the band helped the Britpop genre become popular and became popular in the UK, which was helped by a rivalry with Oasis in 1995 called "The Battle of Britpop". + += = = Daft Punk = = = +Daft Punk were an electronic music duo from France. There are two people in the band, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo (born February 8, 1974) and Thomas Bangalter (born January 3, 1975). Daft Punk used analog synthesizers and other real instruments to make their music. On 22 February 2021 they released the video "Epilogue" that announced the end of Daft Punk as a group. +History. +1987–1994: Group starts as Darlin'. +Both of the Daft Punk members went to the same school in Paris. They became friends and recorded a demo track with other students from the school. Thomas Bangalter played bass guitar, and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo played guitar. They formed a band called Darlin'. Darlin' had another member named Laurent Brancowitz. Darlin' did not last very long. Brancowitz left the group and joined Phoenix. This was a band his younger brother, Christian Mazzalai was in. After a concert in the United Kingdom, a newspaper said the band's music was "daft punk" (silly punk music). Thomas and Guy-Manuel liked the words "daft punk". They made a new music group named Daft Punk. +While attending a rave at EuroDisney, they met Stuart MacMillan of Slam. He let them join the record label Soma Quality Recordings based in Glasgow. +Daft Punk recorded their first demo. It was called "The New Wave". They made other demos, such as "Alive" and "Da Funk". Both of these were on the group's first album. +1995–1998: "Homework". +In 1995, Daft Punk recorded a song named "Da Funk". It was their first commercial success. After making the song, Daft Punk looked for a manager. They hired Pedro Winter, who is also known by the name Busy P. The group joined Virgin Records. +Daft Punk released "Homework" in 1997. This was their first studio album. The album was popular. It helped make French house music more popular. It went on the "Billboard" 200. The album had many singles. The most popular single from it was "Around the World". Daft Punk made many music videos for "Homework". After making the album, Bangalter and Homem-Christo made their own record labels. They made more music. +1999–2003: "Discovery". +In 1999, Daft Punk returned to recording studio to work on "Discovery" which would be their second album and their second success. "Discovery" reached the second place on the UK Albums Chart. "One More Time", the first single from "Discovery", was very popular around the world. Daft Punk became one of the most famous electronic music groups. +Daft Punk used many samples (sounds from other music) to make songs such as "Face to Face", "Too Long" and "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger". Kanye West's 2007 song "Stronger" from the album "Graduation" samples "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger". +In 2003, Daft Punk released the animated movie Interstella 5555. The band worked with the Japanese animation company Toei Animation and the famous Japanese producer Leiji Matsumoto to make the movie. It is a story that is set to the "Discovery" album with no additional words and only a few added sound effects. +2004–2010: "Human After All", "Tron: Legacy". +In 2004, Daft Punk spent six weeks on their third album. "Human After All" was a subject of controversy, concerning some aggressive aspects in songs such as "Technologic", saying that most of the songs were too repetitive. De Homem-Christo and Bangalter said "We believe that Human After All speaks for itself". +In 2006, Daft Punk released "Electroma", a short film about two robots (Daft Punk themselves) who are on a journey to become human. The film however, did not feature any music by Daft Punk but instead a selection of songs by other artists of different types of music genres. Daft Punk went on their second world tour, "Alive 2006/2007". The duo played worldwide to thousands of people. Daft Punk played in a pyramid on stage which was admired for its futuristic design. +In 2008, Daft Punk made their first televised performance at the 2008 Grammy Awards. They performed with Kanye West as he rapped, "Stronger". In 2010, Daft Punk were chosen to compose the soundtrack to . The duo had a cameo in the film. +2011–2015: "Random Access Memories". +In 2013, Daft Punk released their final album, "Random Access Memories". Columbia Records became their new label after many years with Virgin Records. The group worked with Giorgio Moroder, Todd Edwards, Nile Rodgers, Panda Bear, Chilly Gonzales, DJ Falcon, Julian Casablancas, Paul Williams and Pharrell Williams on the album. "Random Access Memories" had very little electronic music in it. Instead, Daft Punk used live instruments and minimized the use of synthesizers. The album is a tribute to the disco, rock and funk music of the 1970s and 1980s. +The lead single from the album, "Get Lucky", was met with critical acclaim and topped many charts around the world. It featured Pharrell Williams and Nile Rodgers. At the 2014 Grammy Awards, "Get Lucky" won Record of the Year and "Random Access Memories" won Album of the Year. +In 2015, a documentary called "Daft Punk: Unchained" was released. It told the history of the band from their beginnings in the early 1990s to the 2014 Grammy Awards. +2016–present: Final projects. +In 2016, Daft Punk worked with The Weeknd in the singles "Starboy" and "I Feel It Coming". They performed both songs at the 2017 Grammy Awards. It was their final performance together. In 2021, they announced their breakup via YouTube. + += = = Paralympic Games = = = +The Paralympic Games or Paralympics, are a major international sports event. People with physical disabilities compete in these games. They are called Paralympians. They include people with disabilities that affect movement, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. +There are and . They are held just after the Olympic Games. All Paralympic Games are governed by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC). +History. +The Paralympics started as a small gathering of British World War II veterans in organised by Sir Ludwig Guttmann in 1948. They became one of the largest international sport events by the early 21st century. +Paralympians. +Paralympians have many different kinds of disabilities, so there are several categories in which they compete. The disabilities are in seven broad categories: amputee, cerebral palsy, intellectual disability, wheelchair, visually impaired, and "Les Autres" (This means "the others" in French.) These categories are further broken down which vary from sport to sport. +Paralympians work for equal treatment with able-bodied Olympians. Olympians receive much more money than Paralympians. Some Paralympians have also participated in the Olympic Games. + += = = National Basketball Association = = = +The National Basketball Association (NBA) is the world's top men's professional basketball league. It is one of the major professional sports leagues of North America. There are 30 teams in the league. 29 are in the United States and 1 is in Canada. It is a member of USA Basketball (USAB). The NBA is one of the 4 major North American professional sports leagues. NBA players are the world's best paid athletes. They have the highest average annual salary. +The league was formed in New York City on June 6, 1946. It was called the Basketball Association of America (BAA). The league merged with the National Basketball League (NBL) in 1949. They then were known as the National Basketball Association. The league's head offices are in the Olympic Tower at 645 Fifth Avenue in New York City. Its international offices are in the same place. NBA Entertainment and NBA TV studios are in Atlanta, Georgia. +The NBA is widely considered the top level of competition in the world for basketball. With an average player height of about 6 foot 6 inches, it is also the world's tallest sports league. +History of the NBA. +Creation and merger. +In 1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed. Its founders were owners of the major ice hockey arenas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States and Canada. On November 1, 1946, the Toronto Huskies hosted the New York Knickerbockers. This was the first game played in NBA history. There were earlier attempts at professional basketball leagues. Examples are the American Basketball League and the NBL. The BAA was the first league to play in major cities. They played in large arenas. The level of play in the BAA was not very good. Competing leagues and other teams had similar talent. The Harlem Globetrotters are an example. +On August 3, 1949, the BAA combined with the NBL. The National Basketball Association was born. The new league had 17 teams. They came from cities of different sizes. The league got rid of several teams. It reached its smallest size of eight teams in the 1954–55 season. They were the New York Knicks, Boston Celtics, Philadelphia Warriors (now Golden State Warriors), Minneapolis Lakers (now Los Angeles Lakers), Rochester Royals (now Sacramento Kings), Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons (now Detroit Pistons), Milwaukee Hawks (now Atlanta Hawks), and Syracuse Nationals (now Philadelphia 76ers). Teams in small cities moved to larger cities. +Japanese-American Wataru Misaka broke the NBA color barrier in 1947–48. He played for the New York Knicks. But 1950 is recognized as when the NBA integrated. African Americans joined several teams. Those players included Chuck Cooper, Nathaniel "Sweetwater" Clifton, and Earl Lloyd. They joined three different teams. During the 1950s, the Minneapolis Lakers won five NBA Championships. George Mikan was their leader. He played the center position. The Lakers were the league's first dynasty. In 1954, the league introduced the 24-second shot clock. A team must try a shot in 24 seconds. If they cannot, the other team gets the ball. +Teams. +The NBA contains 30 teams. 15 are in the Eastern Conference and 15 are in the Western Conference. Each conference has three divisions with 5 teams. Teams play other teams in their division often. All teams play all other teams in a season. +The Boston Celtics and the Los Angeles Lakers have won 17 championships each. No other teams have won more championships. Some teams have never won a championship. +29 teams are in the United States. The Toronto Raptors are in Canada. David Stern wants the league to expand to Europe. Some teams have played games in the United Kingdom. +Regular Season. +Teams begin training camps in September. This allows the coaching staff to observe their players. Teams play preseason games. These do not count for a team's final season record. The weaker players get cut. Other players stay on the team and get paid. The NBA regular season begins in the last week of October. All teams play 82 games during a normal season. There are 41 home games and 41 road (away) games. Home games offer benefits to teams. They generally play better due to fan support and lack of travel. Teams play every other team during the regular season. The best players play in the NBA All-Star game in February. Fans vote for the starters. The coaches vote for the reserve (substitute) players. There is a pause in the season during the All-Star Game. Teams do not play games for about a week. Other events occur during the All-Star break. These include the Three-Point contest, the Skills course, and the Slam Dunk contest. Players participate in part due to fan interest. +Before the trade deadline, teams can trade players. This can cause changes in the balance of power. Team bosses want to get the best players for their team. Other bosses want to lower their costs. Trades often happen on the last day. +The regular season ends in the middle of April. Individual awards are given to players. The Most Valuable Player (MVP) award is given to the player most important to his team. The Defensive Player of the Year award is given to the player who plays the best defense. There are a few other awards. After the 2015-2016 season, Stephen Curry became the first player to win all votes for the MVP award. +Playoffs. +At the end of every NBA regular season, the NBA Playoffs begin. 8 teams from each, the western, and the eastern conference are assigned a seed 1-8. Home court advantage is always determined by seed; higher seed=home court advantage. In the first round of the playoffs, the 1 seed plays the 8 seed;2 plays 7; 3 plays 6; 4 plays 5. All playoff rounds are best-of-7 series, meaning the first team to win 4 games moves on to the next round. Since 2014 every round follows a 2-2-1-1-1 format. The higher seeded team will have home games 1, 2, 5, and 7. The lower seed is home in games 3, 4, and 6. +NBA Finals. +To win an NBA championship, a team needs to win four rounds. The fourth round is called the finals. A team from the Eastern Conference plays a team from the Western Conference. The team that wins this series is the NBA champion. The best player in the finals wins the Finals Most Valuable Player award. The finals are played in the same format as the other rounds, 2-2-1-1-1. If both teams are the number 1 seed from their respective divisions, the team with the best record will have home court advantage. + += = = FIFA Women's World Cup = = = +The FIFA Women's World Cup is a football tournament for women's national teams from countries that are part of FIFA. It happens every four years, one year after the men's World Cup. The first one was in China in 1991. Teams compete for 31 spots through qualifications, and the host country gets the 32nd spot. The tournament, called the World Cup Finals, takes place in the host country over about a month. Five different countries have won the nine Women's World Cup tournaments. The United States won four times, Germany twice, and Japan, Norway, and Spain once each. +Eight countries have hosted the Women's World Cup, including China and the United States twice. Australia, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Sweden have each hosted it once. +In 2023, Australia and New Zealand co-hosted the tournament, marking the first time it was in the Southern Hemisphere, the first Women's World Cup hosted by two countries, and the first FIFA competition to span two confederations. + += = = Nathula = = = +Nathula is a mountain pass in the Himalayas. It connects Sikkim in India and Tibet in China. It is at a height of 4,500 metres above sea level. + += = = Klondike Gold Rush = = = +The Klondike Gold Rush happened in the 1890s when many people went to the Klondike region of the Yukon, in Canada. They hoped to find gold there and become rich. Many of these prospectors came from the United States. Gold was first found in Klondike in a creek called Rabbit Creek. Prospectors named the creek "Bonanza Creek" because of the gold ("bonanza "means a lucky source of wealth). Four million dollars worth of gold was found. +Going to the gold fields was difficult. Most people who started the journey did not arrive. Very few who arrived found any gold. The city that likely profited most from the Klondike Gold Rush was Dawson City, Yukon in Canada. + += = = Clone High = = = +Clone High is an animated comedy television series about a high school full of clones of famous dead people. It aired on MTV in the US and Teletoon in Canada. It was produced by Nelvana, Touchstone Pictures, Teletoon Canada, and MTV. + += = = Chinese Civil War = = = +The Chinese Civil War () was a civil war fought from 1927 to 1949 because of differences in thinking between the Communist Party of China (CPC) and the Kuomintang (KMT), or Chinese Nationalist Party). The war was a fight for legitimacy of the government of China. The war began in April 1927 because of the Northern Expedition (�������) and mostly ended in 1950. Some people say the war has not ended, but no large battles have started since that year. Relations between the Republic of China (ROC) and the People's Republic of China (PRC) are still poor because both claim to be the legitimate sovereign government of all of China. +The Chinese Civil War was the third-largest war of all time, after World War 1 and World War 2. It was part of the Interwar period in the aftermath of the Great War from 1918 to 1939 and was also part of the Cold War in the aftermath of World War 2 from 1945 to 1949. The war is usually divided into two parts: 1927-1937 and 1946-1949. It started and stopped several times before the Second Sino-Japanese War and there was less fighting after the Empire of Japan had invaded. The war between the CPC and the KMT started again in 1946 after Japan's defeat in World War II. The CPC took control of most of China, and the KMT had only islands left. About two million Chinese fled to Taiwan in late 1949. In 1950, no large battles were started. The loss of the KMT in Mainland China is said to be for several reasons: +No agreement was made between the two governments and so some say that the war has not ended. Both governments have many military weapons to be used against only against each other, both still say they are the legitimate government of China, and both seek diplomatic relations with other countries as the only legitimate government. +Background and Prelude 1894-1911. +In 1894 Japan invaded the Qing Dynasty in Manchuria and Taiwan and as well as Korea . In 1899-1901 the Boxer Rebellion happened and Japan invaded China again but allied with Russia, Germany, Austria, France, Britain and America to support Yuan Shikai to stop Empress Dowager Cixi. This led to the fall of the Qing dynasty in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, the country was thrown into turmoil. In the ensuing power vacuum, a large number of warlords seized control of different parts of the country. To defeat them and unify the country, Sun Yat-sen and his KMT sought help from foreign governments. +He made pleas to several Western democratic nations, but none offered help. It was only after he turned to the Soviets in 1921 that Sun found aid. The communist Soviet Union agreed to help the KMT if the smaller Chinese Communist Party be allowed to join. In 1923 the Soviet Union, the KMT, and the CPC made an agreement, the Sun-Joffe Manifesto, which said the Soviets would help China have only one government. Mikhail Borodin traveled to China in 1923 to help change the KMT to make it similar to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The CPC and KMT were joined in the First United Front. +In 1923, Chiang Kai-shek travelled to the Soviet Union to study military and politics with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1924, he became the leader of the Whampoa Military Academy in China. Most of the help from the Soviet Union was for that school, which taught Soviet political and military ideas to the KMT and the CPC. The Soviets gave books and guns to use for teaching about war and military things. With Soviet help Sun made an "army of the party". Members of the CPC were also in the school and some were teachers. Zhou Enlai was a teacher in the school. +The KMT then agreed to let some communists join the KMT, when the CPC was small compared to the KMT. The CPC had 300 members in 1922 and only 1,500 by 1925. The KMT in 1923, however, had 50,000 members. +The First Chinese Civil War 1927-1936 and the Second Civil War 1945-1949. +In 1927 the civil war in the Republic of China began when the Kuomintang (KMT) led by Chiang Kai-shek became rivals with the Communist Party of China (CPC) led by Zhang Guotao and Mao Zedong were fighting against each other. The Chinese Nationalists got support from the Weimar German Republic and Nazi Germany by buying German Weapons until the Nazis started to support the Japanese Empire. In 1937 the Second Sino-Japanese War began which started World War 2 in Asia and Germany took the side of Japan. + += = = Nagorno-Karabakh = = = +Nagorno-Karabakh is a region in the South Caucasus. It is recognized by other countries as part of Azerbaijan, but from 1994 until the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, most of it was militarily controlled by Armenians as the Republic of Artsakh, which was not officially recognized by any other country, including Armenia which supported it. +In September of 2023, Azerbaijan invaded the Artsakh Republic after a long siege. Within a few days, Artsakh surrendered and came under the control of Azerbaijan. Nearly all of Artsakh's population fled to Armenia as refugees. +Etymology. +The names for the region in the different local languages all translate to "mountainous Karabakh", or "mountainous black garden". The word "nagorno" is Russian for "mountainous/on the mountain", "kara" is Turkish for "black", and "bakh" means "garden" in Azerbaijani. +History. +Around 180 BC, Artsakh became one of the 15 provinces of the Armenian Kingdom and remained so until the 4th century. Then it became part of the Sasanian Empire. In the 7th century, the region was conquered by the invading Muslim Arabs. The House of Khachen, then ruled Artsakh until the early 19th century. Persia formally ceded the whole of Karabakh to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Gulistan in 1813. In April 1920 Azerbaijan was taken over by the Bolsheviks. It was in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1980s there was a movement to have the autonomous oblast transferred to the Armenian SSR. When Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in Moscow and started campaigns of publicity and democratic reforms at the end of the 20th century, Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh sent letters to Gorbachev demanding him to move the autonomous oblast to the control of Armenia. When it was declined, the Armenians started an independence movement. +In November 1991, seeking to stop this movement, the Parliament of Azerbaijan abolished the autonomous status of the region. In response, the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians held a referendum on December 10, 1991, which was boycotted by Azerbaijanis living in Nagorno-Karabakh and none of them participated in it, therefore the overwhelming majority of the population voted for independence. + += = = Newcastle upon Tyne = = = +Newcastle upon Tyne is a city in north-east England. In 2021, 286,445 people lived in the city. +Newcastle upon Tyne is called Newcastle for short. It is famous for its big bridge called the Tyne Bridge. +The local dialect and accent is called the "Geordie" dialect. People from Newcastle are also called Geordies. + += = = James Read = = = +James Christopher Read (born July 31, 1953) is an American actor. He acted in many movies and television series. He is best known for the "North and South" miniseries (1985, 1986, 1994). He was born in Buffalo, New York. +Filmography. +The following is some of the movies and television programms Read has been in. + += = = Satyr play = = = +Satyr plays were an ancient Greek form of theatre, similar in spirit to burlesque. They featured choruses of satyrs, were based on Greek mythology, and were rife with mock drunkenness, brazen sexuality (including phallic props), pranks, sight gags, and general merriment. + += = = Premier League = = = +The Premier League, commonly known as the English Premier League, or the EPL (formerly called the Barclays Premier League due to sponsorship reasons and before 2007 the Premiership) is the top tier of English football. 20 teams compete in the Premier League each season, which is usually played between August and May. Each season, 38 games are played (playing all 19 other teams home and away). For historic reasons, a few clubs from Wales also compete in the English football system. +The competition started in 1992, after 22 clubs from the Football League First Division decided to break away from The Football League (now the EFL). The Premier League has since become the world's most watched sporting league. It is the world's most lucrative football league, with combined club revenues of £1.93 billion ($3.15bn) in 2007–08. It is also ranked second by UEFA's Association Ranking, behind La Liga. +Dedicated video assistant referee. +Mike Dean +Former referees. +Graham Poll<br>Peter Walton<br>Mike Riley<br>Phil Dowd<br>Mike Jones<br>Mark Halsey<br>Uriah Rennie<br>Mark Clattenburg<br>Howard Webb<br>Keith Hackett<br>David Elleray<br>Paul Dirkin<br>Jeff Winter<br>Dermot Gallagher<br>Chris Foy<br>Lee Probert<br>Neil Swarbrick<br>Mike Dean<br>Jon Moss<br>Lee Mason +Former video assistant referees. +Lee Mason + += = = Giro d'Italia = = = +The Giro d'Italia, or Tour of Italy, is a famous bicycle race held in Italy, every spring. It is one of the most famous, and best paid bicycle races. The first race was in 1909. It started because the editor of a newspaper called "La Gazzetta dello Sport" wanted more people to read his newspaper. He planned a race similar to the Tour de France, which had started in 1903. +The leader of the race wears a pink jersey called the "maglia rosa". This is because pink is the colour of "La Gazzetta dello Sport". For many years, the leader of the mountain climbing competition wore a green jersey (called the "maglia verde"), but a change in the sponsor for that competition led to a jersey change in 2012. The mountains leader now wears a blue jersey (called the "maglia azzurra"). Similarly, the leader of the sprinters' competition wore a mauve jersey (called the "maglia ciclamino") for many years. However, a sponsorship change in 2010 also led to a jersey change. The sprints leader now wears a red jersey (called "maglia rosso passione"). The leader of the young riders' competition, for riders under age 25, wears a white jersey (called the "maglia bianca"). This is the same as the young riders' competition in the Tour de France. + += = = Rosalynn Carter = = = +Eleanor Rosalynn Smith Carter (August 18, 1927 – November 19, 2023) was an American activist and writer. She was the first lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981 as the wife of the 39th president of the United States, Jimmy Carter. Before becoming first lady, she was the first lady of Georgia from 1971 to 1975 when her husband was governor. +Biography. +Early life and education. +Eleanor Rosalynn Smith was born on August 18, 1927, in Plains, Georgia. She was the eldest of four children of Wilburn Edgar Smith and Frances A. Murray Smith. Her brothers were William Jerrold Smith, Murray Lee Smith, and a sister named, Lillian Allethea Smith Wall. Smith was named after Rosa Wise Murray, her maternal grandmother. +Smith played with the boys during her early childhood since no girls on her street were her age. She drew buildings and was interested in airplanes, which led her to believe that she would someday become an architect. +Smith's father died of leukemia in 1940 when she was thirteen. She called the loss of her father the conclusion of her childhood. Thereafter, she helped her mother raise her younger siblings, as well as assisting in the dressmaking business to meet the family's standard of living. +Smith graduated as valedictorian of Plains High School. She attended Georgia Southwestern College and graduated in 1946. During her time in college, Rosalynn served as vice president of her class and was a founding member of her school's Young Democrats, Campus Marshal and Tumbling Clubs. She would graduate with a junior college diploma. +Marriage and children. +Smith first dated Jimmy Carter in 1945 while he was attending the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis. Smith agreed to marry Jimmy in February 1946 when she went to Annapolis with his parents. On July 7, 1946, they married in Plains. The couple had four children named Jack, James Earl III, Jeff, and Amy Carter. +Georgia First Lady, 1971–1975. +Carter became the first lady of Georgia when her husband became the 76th governor on January 12, 1971. As the state's first lady, she decided to focus her attention of mental health . She was appointed to the Governor's Commission to Improve Services for the Mentally and Emotionally Handicapped. In August 1971, Carter engaged in a statewide tour of mental health facilities across Georgia. +Carter also served as a volunteer at the Georgia Regional Hospital at Atlanta, and for four years was honorary chairperson for the Georgia Special Olympics. Her activities included entertaining as many as 750 people a week for dinner at the Governor's Mansion. +First Lady, 1977–1981. +Carter became the first lady of the United States when her husband was sworn in as the 39th president on January 20, 1977. In March 1977, Carter gave her first interview since becoming first lady. She outlined her goals in focusing on mental health. +Carter served as an active honorary chair of the President's Commission on Mental Health. On behalf of the Mental Health System Bill enacted in 1980, she testified before a Senate committee, making her the second first lady to appear before Congress, after Eleanor Roosevelt. Of her priorities, mental health was the highest. Working to change the nature of government assistance to the mentally ill, Carter wanted to allow people to be comfortable admitting their disabilities without fear of being called crazy. +Life after the White House. +After the Carters left the White House in 1981, they continued to be very active in public life. In 1982, she co-founded The Carter Center, a private, not-for-profit institution based in Atlanta, Georgia. The Carters returned to the home they had built in 1961 in Plains, Georgia. She was a member of the center's board of trustees and participated in many of the center's programs, but gave special attention to the mental health program. +Mental health advocacy. +Carter created and served as the chair of The Carter Center Mental Health Task Force, an advisory board of experts, consumers, and advocates promoting positive change in the mental health field. She hosted the annual Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy, bringing together nationwide leaders in the mental health field. +In April 1984, she became an Honorary Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association and served as a board member emeritus of the National Mental Health Association. In 1985, she started the Rosalynn Carter Symposium on Mental Health Policy. The launch and its proceeds allowed representatives of mental health organizations to come together and collaborate on prominent issues. +She became chair of the International Women Leaders for Mental Health in 1992, and three years later she was honored with the naming of the Rosalynn Carter Mental Georgia Health Forum after her. +The Rosalynn Carter Fellowships for Mental Health Journalism provide stipends to journalists to report on topics related to mental health or mental illnesses. The one-year fellowship seeks to promote public awareness of mental health issues. +Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregivers. +Carter was president of the board of directors for the Rosalynn Carter Institute for Caregiving at Georgia Southwestern State University. The institute focuses its work on both family and professional caregivers for individuals living with chronic illness and disabilities, limitations related to aging, and other health concerns people encounter in their lifespan. +Awards and honors. +In 1999, Rosalynn and Jimmy Carter received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor. +In 2001, Carter was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York. She became the third first lady inducted into the Hall of Fame, after Abigail Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt. +Among Carter's many other awards for service are: +Carter received honorary degrees from the following institutions: +Carter served as distinguished centennial lecturer at Agnes Scott College in Decatur, Georgia, from 1988 to 1992. She was a Distinguished Fellow at the Emory University Department of Women's Studies in Atlanta from 1989 to 2018. +Death and funeral. +In May 2023, the Carter Center announced that Carter had been diagnosed with dementia. On November 17, 2023, Carter entered hospice care. She died on November 19, 2023, at her home in Plains, Georgia, she was 96 years old. After a final procession through Plains, Carter was buried during a private service at her residence. + += = = Hitopadesha = = = +Hitopadesa is a collection of short stories. It was originally written in Sanskrit. It is very similar to another Sanskrit book named "Panchatantra". It contains fables with both animal and human characters. +The book was written many centuries before. Its stories are now well known in different parts of the world. +The work has been translated into most of the major languages of the world. An English translation, rendered by Sir Edwin Arnold , then principal of Puna College, Pune, India, was published in London in 1861. + += = = Tiberius = = = +Tiberius (Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus, 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD) was the second Roman Emperor. He ruled from 14 to 37 AD. He was the step-son of Caesar Augustus. +Tiberius was one of Ancient Rome's greatest generals, whose campaigns protected the northern frontier. He reigned for 22 years, and the first part of his imperial work was excellent. Later, he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and somber ruler. After the death of his son Drusus in 23, the quality of his rule declined and ended in terror. +In 26, Tiberius moved from Rome to the Isle of Capri, and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous Praetorian Prefect Sejanus. Sejanus became the effective ruler of Rome, and plotted against Tiberius, murdering people who opposed him. When alerted, Tiberius counter-plotted to remove Sejanus from his official positions, and eventually executed him. More executions followed of people who had committed crimes under Sejanus' rule. +Caligula, Tiberius' grand-nephew and adopted grandson, succeeded the Emperor upon his death. +Rise to power. +Tiberius shared in Augustus' tribune powers as of 6 BC, but soon went into retirement in Rhodes. He was reported as wanting no further role in politics.p117p46 After the early deaths of Augustus' young grandchildren-turned-sons, Lucius and Gaius in AD 2 and 4 respectively, and the earlier death of his own brother Drusus (9 BC), Tiberius was recalled to Rome in June AD 4, where he was adopted by Augustus on the condition that he, in turn, adopt his nephew Germanicus.p119 This continued the tradition of presenting at least two generations of heirs. +In the same year, Tiberius was also granted the powers of a tribune and proconsul, emissaries from foreign kings had to pay their respects to him, and by 13 was awarded with his second triumph and equal level of "imperium" with that of Augustus.p119/120 Tiberius duly assumed the titles of Augustus when the old man's long reign came to an end in AD 14. +Tiberius Emperor. +Problems soon arose. The northern legions had not been paid, and rebelled. Germanicus and Tiberius's son, Drusus, were dispatched with a small force to quell the uprising and bring the legions back in line. Germanicus rallied the mutineers and led them on a short campaign across the Rhine into Germanic territory, stating that whatever treasure they could grab would count as their bonus. Germanicus's forces smashed across the Rhine and quickly occupied all of the territory between the Rhine and the Elbe. So Germanicus dealt a significant blow to Rome's enemies, and quelled an uprising of troops, actions that increased his fame with the Roman people. +After being recalled from Germania, Germanicus celebrated a triumph in Rome in AD 17, the first full triumph that the city had seen since Augustus's own in 29 BC. As a result, in AD 18 Germanicus was granted control over the eastern part of the empire, just as both Agrippa and Tiberius had received before, and was clearly the successor to Tiberius. But tragedy struck once again, as Germanicus died after a year, apparently poisoned. +Tiberius and Sejanus. +Sejanus had served the imperial family for almost twenty years when he became Praetorian Prefect in AD 15. The death of Drusus elevated Sejanus. Tiberius had statues of Sejanus erected throughout the city, and Sejanus became more and more visible as Tiberius began to withdraw from Rome altogether. Finally, with Tiberius's withdrawal to Capri in AD 26, Sejanus was left in charge of the entire state mechanism and the city of Rome. +Sejanus's position was not that of successor. The presence of Livia (the third wife and advisor of Augustus) seems to have checked his power for a time. Her death in AD 29 changed all that. Sejanus began a series of purge trials of Senators in Rome. Germanicus's widow Agrippina the Elder and two of her sons were arrested and exiled in AD 30 and later all died in suspicious circumstances. +In response, Tiberius manoeuvered cleverly. He knew an immediate condemnation of Sejanus might not succeed. Since he and Sejanus were then joint Consuls, Tiberius resigned his post of Consul, which forced Sejanus to do likewise. This removed much of Sejanus' legal powers and protection. Then, in AD 31, Sejanus was summoned to a meeting of the Senate, where a letter from Tiberius was read condemning Sejanus and ordering his immediate execution. Macro was appointed Praetorian Prefect, with the specific job of removing Sejanus. Sejanus was tried, and he and several of his colleagues were executed within the week. +More treason trials followed. Tacitus writes that Tiberius had been hesitant to act at the start of his reign, but now, towards the end of his life, he seemed to do so without compunction. However, Tacitus' portrayal of a tyrannical, vengeful emperor has been challenged by several modern historians. The prominent ancient historian Edward Togo Salmon notes in his work, "A history of the Roman world from 30 B.C. to A.D. 138": +Last years. +The last years of Tiberius were notable for his complete absence from Rome, and his inactivity as Emperor. He was now an old man in his 70s, and left decisions to the officials in Rome. He did nothing to prevent the rise of his grandnephew Caligula, who was now popular with the people (as the only surviving son of Germanicus) and who had the support of the Prefect Macro. +In 35, Tiberius made both Caligula and his own grandson Gemellus joint heirs, before dying two years later, at 78. Some speculate Macro and Caligula hastened the old emperor’s death. Caligula succeeded Tiberius as emperor. + += = = 14 = = = +14 is a year in the 1st century. It was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Pompeius and Appuleius. + += = = Ray Bradbury = = = +Ray Douglas Bradbury (August 22, 1920 – June 5, 2012) was an American writer and screenwriter. He was famous for writing in different styles, including fantasy, science fiction, horror, mystery, and realistic fiction. +Bradbury's most well-known works include the novel Fahrenheit 451 (1953) and his collections of short stories: The Martian Chronicles (1950), The Illustrated Man (1951), and The October Country (1955). Other important works are the novel Dandelion Wine (1957), the dark fantasy Something Wicked This Way Comes (1962), and the fictionalized memoir Green Shadows, White Whale (1992). He also wrote and advised on screenplays and television scripts, such as Moby Dick and It Came from Outer Space. Many of his stories were made into TV shows, movies, and comic books. Bradbury also wrote poetry, which was published in collections like They Have Not Seen the Stars (2001). +The New York Times described Bradbury as "An author with a creative imagination, beautiful writing, and a deep understanding of human character, which made him famous internationally" and "the writer who played the biggest role in making modern science fiction popular in literature". +Early Life +He was born in Waukegan, Illinois to a Swedish mother. He graduated from a high school in Los Angeles, California. Many of his works are based on real life, such as "Dandelion Wine," a book about growing up in small-town Illinois. His other work includes movies, and screenplays. He won many awards. He died in his Los Angeles home. +He also wrote the short stories "Dark They Were and Golden Eyed" and "A Sound of Thunder." +During his early years in Waukegan, Bradbury was surrounded by his extended family. His aunt read him stories, which played a significant role in shaping both Bradbury himself and his future stories. In Bradbury's writings, Waukegan became Green Town, Illinois, reflecting the influence of his childhood experiences. +The Bradbury family moved to Tucson, Arizona, for brief periods before finally settling in Los Angeles in 1934. Despite their financial challenges, Bradbury attended Los Angeles High School and was actively involved in the drama club. At the age of 14, he earned his first payment as a writer by selling a joke to the radio star George Burns. Bradbury's fascination with carnivals from a young age inspired his later works, such as The Illustrated Man and Something Wicked This Way Comes. +A significant event in Bradbury's youth was his encounter with Mr. Electrico at a carnival in 1932. The experience deeply impacted him, leading to a profound realization and a newfound passion for writing. This encounter marked the beginning of Bradbury's lifelong dedication to writing. +Literary Influence and Early Connections +During his youth, Ray Bradbury developed a strong passion for reading and writing, recognizing at a young age that he wanted to pursue a career in the arts. At 12 years old, he began writing his own stories, often on butcher paper. +Spending much of his time at the Carnegie Library in Waukegan, Bradbury delved into the works of authors like H. G. Wells, Jules Verne, and Edgar Allan Poe. He admired writers such as Katherine Anne Porter, Edith Wharton, and Jessamyn West, while also being captivated by the writings of Edgar Rice Burroughs, particularly the John Carter of Mars series. His passion for literature extended to his love for illustration and cartooning, often drawing his own Sunday panels and writing out radio show scripts from memory. +In his teenage years in Beverly Hills, Bradbury found a mentor in science-fiction writer Bob Olsen and joined the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society at the age of 16, connecting with others who shared his interests. +Bradbury's literary influences expanded to include a wide range of literature, from poets like Alexander Pope and John Donne to humanistic science fiction writers like Robert A. Heinlein. He avidly read stories published in Astounding Science Fiction and admired the works of Arthur C. Clarke, Theodore Sturgeon, and A. E. van Vogt. +Living near the Fox Uptown Theatre in Los Angeles, Bradbury immersed himself in the world of Hollywood, often seeking out autographs from glamorous stars and encountering celebrities like Norma Shearer, Laurel and Hardy, and Ronald Colman. His experiences in Hollywood and encounters with famous personalities greatly influenced his later writings. +Career of Ray Bradbury +Ray Bradbury's career as a writer took off after being deemed ineligible for military service due to his poor eyesight during World War II. Inspired by science-fiction heroes like Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers, he began publishing science-fiction stories in fanzines in 1938 and became part of the Los Angeles Science Fiction Society. His first published story, "Hollerbochen's Dilemma," appeared in the January 1938 issue of the fanzine Imagination!. +In 1939, Bradbury was supported by Forrest J. Ackerman and Morojo to attend the First World Science Fiction Convention in New York City and publish his own fanzine, Futuria Fantasia. Throughout the 1940s, he contributed to Rob Wagner's film magazine, Script, and joined the Wilshire Players Guild, where he wrote and acted in several plays. +By the age of 24, Bradbury had become a full-time writer, with his first collection of short stories, Dark Carnival, being published in 1947. This publication received positive reviews, leading to further success. His short story "Homecoming" won a place in the O. Henry Award Stories of 1947 after being discovered by a young editorial assistant named Truman Capote. +In 1951, Bradbury wrote The Fireman, which ultimately evolved into his renowned novel Fahrenheit 451. The title of the book was inspired by a conversation with the Los Angeles fire chief, who informed Bradbury that book paper burns at 451 °F. The completion of this iconic work took place in a study room at UCLA's Powell Library, where Bradbury wrote the 50,000-word story while renting a typewriter. +A chance encounter with British writer Christopher Isherwood in a Los Angeles bookstore led to the influential critic's review of The Martian Chronicles, further solidifying Bradbury's growing reputation in the literary world. +Influences and Writing Habits of Ray Bradbury +Ray Bradbury attributed his lifelong dedication to writing to two significant incidents in his early life. The first was witnessing Lon Chaney in the 1923 film "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" at the age of three, and the second was an encounter with a carnival performer, Mr. Electrico, who imparted the words "Live forever!" to Bradbury. These events ignited his passion for writing, leading him to write every day without fail. +Bradbury drew inspiration from a diverse range of writers, including Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, John Steinbeck, Aldous Huxley, and Thomas Wolfe. He learned different aspects of writing from these authors, such as writing objectively from Steinbeck and creating atmosphere and character from Eudora Welty. +While often labeled as a science-fiction writer, Bradbury resisted this categorization, emphasizing that his works were based on reality and fantasy rather than science fiction. He distinguished between science fiction, which depicts the real, and fantasy, which illustrates the unreal. +Despite his initial interest in becoming an actor, Bradbury became increasingly serious about writing during his high school years, with his teachers recognizing and nurturing his talent. He did not attend college due to financial constraints but spent a significant amount of time in libraries, where he believed aspiring writers could gain valuable knowledge and inspiration. +Bradbury emphasized the importance of poetry in his writing, attributing the lyrical power of his prose to his daily immersion in poetry. He believed that the ability to express emotions through writing was essential for living a fulfilling life. +Although he considered science to be incidental to his writing, Bradbury aimed to use it as a tool for social commentary and as an allegorical technique. His approach to writing transcended traditional genre boundaries, allowing him to create timeless works with enduring appeal. +Ray Bradbury described his inspiration as a spontaneous event where his stories "run up and bite" him, compelling him to capture everything that unfolds during this creative burst. He likened the process to being bitten by an idea, which he then translates into written form before it dissipates. +Cultural Contributions of Ray Bradbury +Bradbury made many contributions to culture. He wrote short essays on culture and the arts, catching the attention of critics. In his fiction, he explored and criticized his society. For example, in Fahrenheit 451, he talked about how media alienates people. +He believed his novel worked as a critique of political correctness. In 1994, he mentioned that political correctness was the real enemy, limiting freedom of speech. He expressed his desire to prevent the future rather than predict it. +Bradbury appeared on the quiz show You Bet Your Life in 1956, discussing his books and works. He was also a consultant for the 1964 New York World's Fair and worked on projects at Walt Disney World. In the 1980s, he focused on detective fiction and hosted The Ray Bradbury Theater in the late 1980s and early 1990s. +He strongly supported public libraries, raising money to prevent their closure. Bradbury had mixed opinions on technology, seeing good in computers but resisting the conversion of his work into e-books. However, he allowed Fahrenheit 451 to be published in electronic form under certain conditions. +Comic-book writers adapted Bradbury's stories, initially plagiarizing them until Bradbury intervened. He was also a passionate playwright, heading the Pandemonium Theatre Company and having a lasting relationship with the Fremont Centre Theatre. +Bradbury is featured in documentaries related to his era and celebrated by Fahrenheit 451 Books in Laguna Beach, California. In the 1980s and 1990s, he served on the advisory board of the Los Angeles Student Film Institute. +Bradbury's Personal Life +Ray Bradbury lived with his parents until he got married at the age of 27. He married Marguerite McClure in 1947, and they remained together until her death in 2003. Marguerite, affectionately called Maggie, was the only woman he ever dated. The couple had four daughters: Susan, Ramona, Bettina, and Alexandra. Interestingly, Bradbury never got a driver's license; instead, he used public transportation or his bicycle. +Raised in a Baptist family, Bradbury considered himself a "delicatessen religionist" as an adult, drawing inspiration from both Eastern and Western faiths. He saw his career as a writer as a gift from God. +Bradbury had close friendships with notable individuals. Charles Addams, known for the Addams Family, illustrated one of Bradbury's stories. They planned a larger collaborative work that never materialized. Another close friend was special effects expert Ray Harryhausen, who was the best man at Bradbury's wedding. Their shared love for science fiction and mutual influences led to a lifelong friendship. +Bradbury had an interesting encounter with Sergei Bondarchuk, the director of the Soviet film War and Peace, at a Hollywood award ceremony. Despite his late-life health challenges, including a stroke in 1999, Bradbury remained dedicated and passionate. He continued to make appearances at science-fiction conventions until his retirement in 2009. Despite these challenges, he continued writing, contributing an essay to The New Yorker about his inspiration for writing just a week before his death. +Ray Bradbury chose to be buried at Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles. His headstone simply reads "Author of Fahrenheit 451." In 2015, it was reported that the house where Bradbury lived and wrote for 50 years had been demolished by the buyer, architect Thom Mayne. +Politics of Ray Bradbury +Ray Bradbury identified as a political independent. Initially raised as a Democrat, he voted for the Democratic Party until 1968. In 1952, he took a stand against attempts to label the Democratic Party as communist or subversive. However, Lyndon B. Johnson's handling of the Vietnam War left Bradbury disenchanted, leading him to vote for the Republican Party in every presidential election from 1968 onwards, except for 1976 when he voted for Jimmy Carter. Bradbury's biographer, Sam Weller, noted that Carter's economic management pushed Bradbury permanently away from the Democrats. +Bradbury had varying opinions on different presidents. He praised Ronald Reagan as "the greatest president" but criticized Bill Clinton, referring to him as a "shithead." Before the September 11 attacks, he expressed admiration for George W. Bush, calling him "wonderful" and criticizing the American education system. +In 2010, Bradbury criticized big government, expressing a dislike for politics and a hope for reducing government size. He was against affirmative action, condemned political correctness on campuses, and advocated for a ban on quotas in higher education. Bradbury believed that education should focus solely on learning without being influenced by politics. +Death and Legacy +Ray Bradbury passed away on June 5, 2012, in Los Angeles, California, at the age of 91, following an extended illness. His personal library was bequeathed to the Waukegan Public Library, where he had formative reading experiences. +The Los Angeles Times praised Bradbury for his ability to write lyrically and vividly about distant lands and worlds while grounding them in the familiar. His grandson, Danny Karapetian, acknowledged the profound influence Bradbury had on various artists, writers, teachers, and scientists. +The Washington Post highlighted Bradbury's foresight in envisioning technologies such as banking ATMs, earbuds, Bluetooth headsets in Fahrenheit 451, and the concept of artificial intelligence in I Sing the Body Electric. +On June 6, 2012, President Barack Obama expressed condolences and acknowledged Bradbury's impact on American culture, noting his ability to reshape culture through storytelling. Many authors and filmmakers paid tribute to Bradbury, with Steven Spielberg considering him his muse in the sci-fi genre. Neil Gaiman emphasized the significant impact Bradbury had on shaping the world's imaginative landscape, while Stephen King praised his extensive body of work. +Margaret Atwood, in her tribute, revealed that Bradbury played a crucial role in her early reading experiences, describing how his stories were not just read but inhaled, leaving a lasting impression. Atwood highlighted Bradbury's self-taught approach and authentic voice in an age of writing classes and groomed images. Bradbury's legacy endures through the continued inspiration he provides to generations of readers, writers, and artists. + += = = Porpoise = = = +Porpoises are mammals that live in the ocean. They are in the order "Cetacea". They form the family Phocoenidae. There are six species of porpoise. +Appearance. +Porpoises look much like dolphins, but they are different in some ways: They are smaller and more stout. They have spade-shaped teeth, rounded heads, blunt jaws, and triangular dorsal fins. + += = = Cetology = = = +Cetology is a type of science. It is the study of the cetaceans. It includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. +Cetology is the branch of marine mammal science which studies approximately eighty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoise in the scientific order Cetacea. The term was created in the mid-19th century from the Greek cetus ("whale") and -ology ("study"). +Cetologists, or those who study it, seek to understand and explain cetacean evolution, distribution, morphology, behavior, community dynamics, and other topics. + += = = Primatology = = = +Primatology is a type of science that is part of zoology. It studies primates (monkeys, apes, lemurs, and humans). Primatology is a part of physical anthropology. A person who studies primatology is a primatologists. They can work in many different fields of study. These include biology, zoology, anthropology and psychology. +A large amount of information about primatology has been learned since the end of World War II in the United States, Canada, Western Europe and Japan. In the United States, primatologists work mostly in the fields of psychology and anthropology. + += = = Orangutan = = = +Orangutans ("Pongo") are great apes belonging to the rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia. There are two species of orangutan. They are from Southeast Asia. There are very few of them left, because loss of the jungle has reduced their habitat. There are orangutans on view at the Singapore zoo. +The name orangutan comes from two Malay words, "orang" which means "person", and "hutan" which means "forest"; so orangutan means "person of the forest". +Appearance. +Orangutans have red-brown hair. They have long arms. They can be strong like chimpanzees, gorillas and humans. They also have hands that are good for climbing. The "Sumatran Orangutan" is smaller and has longer hair than the "Bornean orangutan". Orangutans have suffered from forest loss and are on the very edge of extinction. +Life. +Orangutans are from the rainforests on the islands Borneo and Sumatra in Southeast Asia. They mostly live up in the trees. They eat fruit, leaves and bark and also insects and bird eggs. They drink water from rain that has been collected in leaves. Orangutans are not comfortable on the ground since they have to push themselves along with fists. Heavy adults move carefully through the trees, using their flexible feet to grasp the tree branches. Smaller orangutans swing with more ease. +Diet. +An orangutan's diet consists mainly of fruit, they like ripe fruit. If they cannot find fruit they will eat bark, leaves and termites, rather than move to somewhere else to get food. About 60% of an orangutan's diet is fruit, 25% is leaves, 10% is bark and flowers, and 5% is termites and other insects. +Pregnancy. +After a pregnancy of 230–260 days the female gives birth to usually one baby, but sometimes two, every eight to nine years. The little ones stay with their mother for years, riding on their mother's back and learning to move through the forest. The young orangutans are playful and affectionate. When they are five or six years old, they become more independent and eventually go off on their own. + += = = Greeting = = = +Greetings are things that are said when people meet each other. Greetings may be different from culture to culture. These are some greetings used a lot in the English language: +There are also ways to greet without talking, such as these: + += = = Sunlight = = = +Sunlight is the light and energy that comes from the Sun. When this energy reaches the earth's surface, it is called insolation. What we experience as sunlight is really solar radiation. It is the radiation and heat from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic waves. +The atmosphere affects the amount of solar radiation received. When solar radiation travels through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed by the atmosphere (16%). Some of it is scattered to space (6%). Some of it is reflected by clouds (28%). About 47% of it reaches the Earth's surface. +Without sunlight, there could not be life on the Earth. Plants need sunlight for the process of photosynthesis. During photosynthesis the plants use the energy of the sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide, to create glucose (sugar). The glucose can later be used by the plant for energy or animals eat the plant and the glucose in it. Plants need sunlight to grow green. Without enough sunlight but with enough water, the plant grows very tall very quickly, but looks yellow and dehydrated, although when touched, the leaves are very moist. +Solar radiation can be both good and bad for a person's health. When in the light, the human body uses the ultraviolet part of sunlight to make its own Vitamin D. Without sunscreen too much ultraviolet light can cause sunburn and skin cancer. Sun angle makes difference in seasons on Earth as well as in the length of day and night. A high angle makes the tropics hot, and a low angle makes the arctic cold. +Intensity of sunlight on planets of Solar System. +Different bodies of the Solar System receive sunlight of different intensities. The table compares the amount of light received by each planet on the Solar System follows: +Use of solar energy. +Solar energy is used in many different ways by people all over the world both in its traditional way for heating, cooking or drying and to make electricity where other power supplies are absent, such as in remote places on Earth or in the space. Sometimes, it is cheaper to make electricity from sunlight than from coal or oil. + += = = Theism = = = +Theism is the religious belief that at least one god exists while rejecting the existence or importance of polytheistic gods or goddesses. In a broader definition it can also be the belief in God or gods in general, including all types of god-belief. Polytheism is the belief in several gods, while monotheism is the belief in just one god. For example, a theistic religion is Christianity. The opposite to a theist is an atheist. An atheist is a person who denies or disbelieves the existence of a supreme being or beings. +Different theisms. +All of these are rough definitions of the theisms; they are almost always different. We can split them all into different groups: +Gnosticism and agnosticism can be combined with other forms of theism. For example, it is possible to be an agnostic atheist, or a gnostic theist. In common usage, some people group atheism and agnosticism together under the group of nontheism — absence of clear belief in any deity. +The main types of theism are: +This is another way to group different theisms, based on the nature of the gods. +There are also these types: + += = = Plesiosaur = = = +The plesiosaurs were an order of large, carnivorous marine reptiles. They flourished from 203 million years ago (mya) to 66 mya. +In 1719, William Stukeley described the first partial skeleton of a plesiosaur. The great-grandfather of Charles Darwin, Robert Darwin of Elston told him about it. +Mary Anning was the first to discover a fairly complete plesiosaur. She found it on the 'Jurassic Coast' of Dorset, England in the winter of 1820/21. The fossil was missing its skull, but in 1823 she found another one, this time complete with its skull. The name "Plesiosaurus" was given to it by the Rev. William Conybeare. +The earliest plesiosaur remains are from the Middle Triassic period.p128 The group was important through the Jurassic and Cretaceous. They had two large pairs of paddles, short tails, short or long necks, and broad bodies. They died out at the K/T extinction event, 65 million years ago. +Description. +Plesiosaurs had many bones in their flippers, making them flexible. No modern animal has this four-paddle anatomy: modern turtles use their forelimbs for swimming. Plesiosaurs were mainly piscivorous (fish-eaters). +Pliosaurs. +The pliosaurs were a group of mostly large submarine predators with short necks and large heads. Their sizes ranged from two to 15 metres, and they were predators of large fish and other reptiles. Their streamlined body shape suggests they swam and ate under water. +Long-necked plesiosaurs. +There were three families of long-necked plesiosaurs, who evidently had a different life-style from the pliosaurs. It was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water; aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs. All the longer-necked familiers were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish. However, some at least were bottom-feeders, consuming various prey. Digestion of shellfish was aided by gastroliths. +Gastroliths. +Plesiosaurs have been found with fossils of belemnites (squid-like animals), and ammonites (giant nautilus-like molluscs) associated with their stomachs. But plesiosaurs could not crack shells. Instead, they probably swallowed them whole. In the belly of a plesiosaur were "stomach stones", which are called "gastroliths." These stones moved around in the plesiosaur's stomach and cracked or crushed the shells of the animals it ate. One plesiosaur fossil found in South Dakota had 253 gatroliths weighing a total of 29 pounds. +Live birth? +Live birth has been proved for ichthyosaurs, but is uncertain for plesiosaurs. + += = = Midland, Texas = = = +Midland is a city in the American state of Texas. It is called Midland, because it is the midway point between two bigger cities in Texas, Fort Worth and El Paso. Oil was discovered in the region in 1923 and is still a larger part of the economy. +Midland is also famous as the hometown of former First Lady Barbara Walker Bush. She and her husband, former president George H. W. Bush lived there, with their children including the later US President George W. Bush and his wife Laura, and his brother Jeb Bush, the former Governor of Florida. + += = = Sardinia = = = +Sardinia (, Sardinian: "Sardigna") is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is an autonomous region of Italy. It was formerly the Kingdom of Sardinia. +The official name is, in Italian, Regione Autonoma della Sardegna.The capital and largest city is Cagliari. +Geography. +The island of Sardinia has an area of and, after Sicily, is the second largest island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is long from North to South, and wide from West to East. It lies between 38° 51' and 41° 15' latitude north and 8° 8' and 9° 50' longitude east. +The island is on the western Mediterranean Sea, between the island of Corsica to the north and Tunisia to the south. The Tyrrhenian Sea part of the Mediterranean is directly east of Sardinia, between the Sardinian east coast and the west coast of the Italian mainland peninsula. +The Strait of Bonifacio (, , Gallurese: "Bocchi di Bunifaciu", ) is the strait between Corsica and Sardinia, named after the Corsican town Bonifacio. It is wide and divides the Tyrrhenian Sea from the western Mediterranean Sea. +Rivers. +Sardinia has few major rivers, the largest being the Tirso, long, which flows into the western Mediterranean Sea, the Coghinas () and the Flumendosa (). +Mountains and valleys. +The highest peak is Punta La Marmora (), part of the Gennargentu group of mountains in the centre of the island. Other mountain chains are Monte Limbara () in the northeast, the Chain of Marghine and Goceano () running crosswise for towards the north, the Monte Albo (), the Sette Fratelli massif in the southeast, and the Sulcis Mountains and the Monte Linas (). +The mountain chains of the island are separated by wide valleys; the main ones are Campidano in the southwest between Oristano and Cagliari, and the Nurra in the northwest. +Islands. +There are many small islands around the main island of Sardinia. Some of them are: +Administrative divisions. +Sardinia is divided in eight provinces: + += = = Nuclear reactor = = = +A nuclear reactor is a machine that uses fission to generate heat. There are different designs which use different fuels. Most often, uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are the main components of these fuels. +Most nuclear reactors are power reactors, used to make electricity. In nuclear power plants heat from the fission reactions in the reactor changes water into steam. The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity. Some small power reactors run nuclear submarines. As with other steam engines, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam. +Some reactors are used for other purposes. Some reactors make neutrons for scientific research and others make radioactive isotopes. Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work. +The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 by a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi. This was a part of the Manhattan Project which needed the fuel from the reactor to make the atomic bomb. The first nuclear reactor to make electricity was a small experimental reactor built in Idaho in 1951. It made just enough electricity for four light globes. +Nuclear reactors are expensive to build because of the many safety features they need to have. There is also a problem with the huge amount of radioactive waste from the reactors. However, they produce electricity cheaply, and do not pollute the air. There have been serious accidents at several nuclear reactors: Windscale (UK) 1957, Mayak (USSR) 1957, Three Mile Island (USA) 1979, Chornobyl (USSR) 1986 and Fukushima (Japan) 2011. Safety concerns have limited the growth of nuclear power. There are about 437 reactors around the world which provide about 5% of the world's electricity. + += = = Samobor = = = +Samobor is a city in Zagreb County, Croatia, population 36,206 It is west of Zagreb, between the eastern slopes of Samoborsko gorje (Samobor hills, the eastern part of the Žumberak Mountains), in the Sava river valley. It is part of the Zagreb metropolitan area. +Samobor has been there since 1242, according to a document of endowment by King Bela IV. It is one of the earliest tourist resorts in the region, with the first tourist facilities dating back to 1810, oriented towards anglers, hunters and hikers. + += = = Frankfurt (Oder) = = = +Frankfurt (Oder) or Frankfurt an der Oder (; abbreviated "", , Low Sorbian: "Frankobrod nad Odru", , Upper Sorbian: "Frankobrod nad Wódru", lit. 'Frankfurt at the Oder') is a town in Germany. It lies on the Oder river, which marks the current border between Germany and Poland (The so-called Oder-Neisse line). It's in the east of the state of Brandenburg. +In January 1999, the town added a prefix "Kleiststadt" to refer to Heinrich von Kleist, who was born there in 1777. Today, about 65,000 people are living in Frankfurt an der Oder. + += = = Cook Islands = = = +The Cook Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. They form an independent state, but have strong ties with New Zealand. The 15 small islands have a total land surface of 240 square kilometers. About 18.000 people live on the islands, most of them from tourism. The largest island, Rarotonga, also holds the territory's capital, Avarua. +The nation also has a distinctive Polynesian language known as Cook Island Maori, which is closely related to the Maori language of New Zealand and to the Tahitian language. + += = = Punishment = = = +Punishment is when something is done to a person (or animal) that they do not like. It may be because they broke a rule. There are many kinds of punishment, from a death penalty for very bad crimes, to things that parents may do to punish children, like spanking them or taking away their toys. People are often sent to prison as punishment for a crime. +Punishment can be seen as good in society to prevent people from doing bad things. It can also be seen as cruel and unnecessary. It can also be seen to do more harm than good. + += = = Om = = = +The two letters OM can mean + += = = Blue whale = = = +The blue whale ("Balaenoptera musculus") is a marine mammal of the suborder of baleen whales (called Mysticeti). They grow to be about long. The biggest blue whale found was and measured long. Larger specimens have been measured at , but never been weighed. This makes blue whales the largest animals to ever live on Earth, even bigger than the largest dinosaurs. +The blue whale eats mostly very tiny creatures, like krill. These inch-long, shrimp-like crustacean swim in large swarms. In the Antarctic summer, there are so many of these krill that they turn the waters orange. A blue whale can eat of krill every day. +The blue whale's body is long and slender. It can be various shades of bluish-grey above and somewhat lighter underneath. There are at least three different subspecies: "B. m. musculus" of the North Atlantic and North Pacific, "B. m. intermedia" of the Southern Ocean and "B. m. brevicauda" (also known as the pygmy blue whale) found in the Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean. "B. m. indica", found in the Indian Ocean, may be another subspecies. As with other baleen whales, its diet consists almost exclusively of small krill. +Blue whales were once numerous around the world. In the nineteenth century, they were hunted almost to extinction by whalers. They were finally protected by the International Community in 1966. A 2002 report estimated there were 5,000 to 12,000 blue whales worldwide, located in at least five groups. More recent research into the Pygmy subspecies suggests this may be an underestimate. Before whaling, the largest population was in the Antarctic, numbering approximately 239,000 (range 202,000 to 311,000). There remain only much smaller (around 2,000) concentrations in each of the eastern North Pacific, Antarctic, and Indian Ocean groups. There are two more groups in the North Atlantic, and at least two in the Southern Hemisphere. The North Atlantic group of Blue Whales can be seen in the Saguenay-St. Lawrence Marine Park near Tadoussac QC, Canada. + += = = Cetacea = = = +The order Cetacea are marine mammals that live in oceans, seas and even a few rivers around the world. Whales, dolphins and porpoises are part of this group. These common names refer to size: whales are the largest, porpoises the smallest. How and what they eat is a better guide to their relationships. The study of cetaceans is called cetology. +Cetaceans are ocean creatures without toes, but are classified in the related order Cetartiodactyla because their ancestors were even toed ungulates. + += = = Scottish Gaelic language = = = +Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig, pronounced "Gah-lick") is a Celtic language. It is commonly called just Scots Gaelic in Scottish English. It is a sister language of Irish Gaelic and Manx Gaelic; all three are Goidelic languages. These are related to the Welsh language, Cornish language and the Breton language (these three are Brittonic or Brythonic languages). +History. +In past times, Scottish Gaelic was spoken across all of Scotland except for the Northern Islands (Orkney and Shetland). In the later part of the Middle Ages, the kings of Scotland began to speak Scottish English and looked down on the Scottish Gaelic. After the union of England and Scotland, Scottish Gaelic was snubbed and looked down on even more, and Scottish English took over. +Today. +Scottish Gaelic today is basically spoken in the Outer Hebrides and on Skye. Generally speaking, Scottish Gaelic spoken across the Western Isles is similar enough to be classed as one major dialect group, but there is some regional variation. +A census in the United Kingdom in 2001 showed that a total of 58,652 (1.2% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) in Scotland could then speak some amount of Scottish Gaelic. Only the Western Isles have more people who can speak the Scottish Gaelic than not (61% of the people there speak Scottish Gaelic). The place in Scotland with the largest percentage of speakers is a village called Barvas on the Isle of Lewis, where, 74.7% of the people there speak Scottish Gaelic. +Children in Scotland do not have to learn Scottish Gaelic in schools, but it is becoming a more popular subject as Scottish Gaelic is an important part of their Scottish culture. +Scottish Gaelic is also used overseas. It is estimated that 1,000–2,000 in Nova Scotia, Canada, can speak some Scottish Gaelic. + += = = Scottish language = = = +Scottish language can mean: + += = = West Germanic languages = = = +The West Germanic Languages are a branch of Germanic languages first spoken in Central Europe and the British Isles. The branch has three parts: the North Sea Germanic languages, the Weser-Rhine Germanic languages, and the Elbe Germanic languages. The most spoken languages in the branch are English, German, and Dutch. +These languages were spread around the world in the Colonial Era. English is now spoken by around 400 million people natively. +Branches. +There are three branches of West Germanic languages: + += = = Germanic languages = = = +The Germanic languages are a group of Indo-European languages. They came from one language, Proto-Germanic, which was first spoken in Scandinavia in the Iron Age. Today, the Germanic languages are spoken by around 515 million people as a first language. English is the most spoken Germanic language, with 360-400 million native speakers. +The Germanic languages are the East Germanic languages (all extinct), the North Germanic languages, and the West Germanic languages. +When Proto-Germanic split from Proto-Indo-European, one of the main changes in the sounds in the language was Grimm’s law. + += = = Punjabi = = = +Punjabi might mean: + += = = Killer whale = = = +Killer whales, or Orcas ("Orcinus orca") are the largest dolphins. They have black skin with white patches. They are found in all the world's oceans, from the cold of the Arctic to the tropical seas. They live in pods, which are family groups. +Lifestyle. +Like all toothed whales, they are carnivores. Killer whales are apex predators and they hunt in family groups called 'pods'. Members of the pod work together to surround their prey. Killer whales eat many different kinds of prey, such as small sharks, seals, sea lions, dolphins, whales, penguins, seagulls, squid, octopuses, stingrays, crabs and sea turtles. In 1997, the first known killer whale attack on great white sharks was documented off the coast of San Francisco. There are several different types of "Orca", each of which has different living and prey habits. They do not interbreed and seems to be subspecies or even separate species. Their behaviour and hunting techniques also differ. +Killer whales are the largest living members of the dolphin family. Males (called "bulls") typically range from 6 to 8 metres long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes. Females ("cows") are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7m and weighing about 3 to 4 t. The largest male killer whale on record was 9.8 metres, weighing over 10 tonnes, while the largest female was 8.5m, weighing 7.5 t. A baby killer whale is called a "calf". Calves at birth weigh about and are about long. The killer whale's large size and strength make it among the fastest marine mammals, able to reach speeds in excess of . +Intelligence. +Killer whales have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals. They can be trained in captivity and are often described as intelligent, although defining and measuring "intelligence" is difficult in a species whose life is very different from ours. +Killer whales imitate others, and seem to deliberately teach skills to their young. This is most strikingly seen when killer whales deliberately beach themselves to catch seals. Off Península Valdés, adults sometimes pull seals off the shoreline and then release them again near juvenile whales, allowing the younger whales to practice the difficult capture technique on the now-weakened prey. Off the Crozet Islands, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed. Some orcas have discovered that flipping sharks upside down can paralyze them. +People who have interacted closely with killer whales offer numerous anecdotes demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems. For example, Alaskan killer whales have not only learned how to eat fish from longlines, but have overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys. Once, fishermen placed their boats several miles apart, taking turns retrieving small amounts of their catch, in the hope that the whales would not have enough time to move between boats to eat fish as it was being retrieved. A researcher described what happened next: +In other anecdotes, researchers describe incidents in which wild killer whales playfully tease humans by repeatedly moving objects that the humans are trying to reach, or suddenly start to toss around a chunk of ice after a human throws a snowball. +The killer whale's use of dialects and the passing of other learned behaviours from generation to generation have been described as a form of culture. +The dorsal fin. +The dorsal fin of the orca can extend up to six feet above its body. That's taller than most grown men. And because a killer whale swims close to the surface, the dorsal fin can often be seen gliding through the surface of the water. This causes some people to mistake killer whale for sharks. In captivity, dorsal fins often collapse for many reasons, but in the wild, dorsal fin collapse happens in less than one percent of wild orcas. +Temperament. +Female killer whales are often tamed and can be trained to do tricks for audiences in marine shows, like in . Sometimes, killer whales have even starred in movies, such as the movie titled "Free Willy". Orcas can be dangerous, and have been known to kill their attendants on rare occasions. Some marine parks now require trainers to stay outside the pool when they work with orcas. Unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales are reported to have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been fatal. +There is a population which lives near Spain and Portugal and which has specialized on attacking sailboats. They do not attack powerboats. This behaviour is mystery, as the whales cannot use glassfibre as a food. Most likely the whales practice attacking large sharks and whales, as the underside of a sailing boat resembles a large whale or a shark. They have damaged several boats, but so far none has sunk and no humans have died on their attacks. + += = = Pac-Man = = = +Pac-Man is an arcade video game that was made by Namco and designed by Toru Iwatani. It was released in 1980, and became very popular in the history of games. It is usually designated for kids between the ages of 2 - 12 years old. +In "Pac-Man", the player makes a Pac-Man, a yellow disc, move around a maze. The ghosts are Blinky, Pinky, Inky, and Clyde. The goal is to eat every yellow pellet (circles) while not getting caught by the ghosts/monsters. For extra points, fruits that appear can also be eaten. When Pac-Man eats a big pellet, the ghosts turn blue for a short period of time and can be eaten. The time that the ghosts are blue generally decreases from one stage to the next. Beginning at stage 19, the ghosts do not turn blue at all when a power pellet is eaten. Even though the game has 256 stages, the last level can not be finished due to a problem with the creation of the game. +The player begins the game with 3 lives, and lose one each time Pac-man collides with a ghost. The game ends when all lives are lost. Pac-man gets an extra life once the player gets 10,000 points. +The game is called Puck-Man in Japan. The game was renamed to "Pac-Man" in the United States so that nobody could change the "P" to "F". There were many sequels and remakes based on the game. Hanna-Barbera made a animated TV show airing on ABC in the early 1980s. The game was also part of "Namco Museum" games. There is a "Namco Museum Remix" for the Wii. +Pac-Man was one of the first games to have cutscenes. It has 3 cutscenes in total. + += = = Shooting star = = = +A shooting star is the common name for the visible path of a meteoroid as it enters the atmosphere. A shooting star is also broken pieces of meteors that have become broken off in space. +Shooting star could also mean: +An album: +Shooting star may also be: +See also: + += = = Gujarati = = = +Gujarati might mean: +PATEL family tree: + += = = Pot Noodle = = = +Pot Noodle is a type of cup noodle sold in the United Kingdom. They contain noodles, soya pieces, vegetables, and seasoning powder with a packet of sauce that can be added to taste. +Available products. +Pot noodles are available in several varieties: + += = = Greenlandic = = = +Greenlandic could mean: + += = = Superman (1978 movie) = = = +Superman is a 1978 movie based on the popular Superman superhero comic book. It was directed by Richard Donner, produced by Ilya Salkind, and the music was provided by John Williams. The movie starred Christopher Reeve, Margot Kidder, Marlon Brando, Gene Hackman, Ned Beatty, Phyllis Thaxter, Glenn Ford, and Jackie Cooper. It was very successful at the box office and with critics, and inspired three sequels along with the 2006 movie, "Superman Returns". + += = = Domestic violence = = = +Domestic violence is a form of violence or abuse that happens among people living together in a common household. Very often, such people are married, or they live in a relationship. +The relationship or marriage may be between people of opposite sex (a man and a woman), but it can also be among people of the same sex. There can also be children in the household. +Violence between adult partners of a relationship is the most common type of domestic violence. There are also violent acts of adults against children, of children against adults, and violence against elderly people. +The exact definitions of what is domestic violence vary by country. In general though, the legal definitions only include the acts, and their punishment. People from sociology and psychology also look at the motivations (why the person became violent). +Like other forms of violence, domestic violence often has a repeating pattern, known as cycle of violence, or cycle of abuse. If violence is unreported, it may get worse over time. +The person becoming violent often wants to get more power and more control over another person. When the cycle of violence starts people are said to be "losing their temper". +Domestic violence can be a cause for becoming homeless. +Most of the time, the victims of domestic violence are women. They may experience more severe forms of violence. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates 1 in 3 of all women are subject to domestic violence at some point in their life. Women are also more likely than men to use intimate partner violence in self-defense. +Some countries do not have good laws covering domestic violence. In these countries domestic violence may be permitted, especially in the case where the woman is suspected of infidelity. There seems to be a correlation between the level of gender equality, and the level of domestic violence. Countries with less gender equality have higher rates of domestic violence. +Very often, incidents of domestic violence are not reported; this is true for both men and women. There is a social stigma: Most people believe that women are victims of domestic violence, most of the time. That way, healthcare providers often overlook men who are victims of domestic violence. +Children. +If we go back a century or two, we find that in some countries, children were often beaten, both at home and at school. Now that is much rarer, and may be forbidden in law. The key term to search for this topic is "corporal punishment". +Forms. +There are different forms of domestic abuse, not all of which are violent: + += = = Emersons Green = = = +Emersons Green is an area with lots of houses, just to the north of Bristol, in England. +It used to be just farming land between Mangotsfield and Downend, but in the 1990s houses, schools and shops were built. +Emersons Green is in South Gloucestershire. +There is a large shopping area in Emersons Green, including Sainsbury's, Boots, Lidl and Argos. There are also restaurants, three pubs and some cafés. + += = = Archaeopteryx = = = +Archaeopteryx is one of the most important fossils ever discovered. It is a flying dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic, about 150 million years ago. It shows the evolutionary link between non-avian theropod dinosaurs and birds, but it is not the ancestor of modern birds. +The first "Archaeopteryx" was found in 1860 near Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Today, ten skeletons and one feather of "Archaeopteryx" have been found. +"Archaeopteryx" was a small carnivorous dinosaur with feathers and wings. It had a mouth with teeth, claws on the hands and a long tail. Today, it is known that dromaeosaurs, and possibly most other extinct theropods, looked like birds and that many had feathers. When they are born, today's South American hoatzin have claws on their wings when they are young, just like "Archaeopteryx". +Analysis. +Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago. He compared "Archaeopteryx" with a small theropod dinosaur, "Compsognathus". Both of the fossils came from the same place: Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic period, about 144 million years ago. He showed that both were very similar except for the front limbs and feathers of "Archaeopteryx". E.D. Cope also came to the same conclusion. +Huxley's study showed the basic relationship between birds and reptiles. He united them under the title of Sauropsida. His papers on "Archaeopteryx" and the origin of birds have been of great interest ever since. Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs. +Status today. +"Archaeopteryx" used to be considered the first bird. Nowadays, it is not the only fossil of a bird-like dinosaur. A similar species called "Anchiornis huxlei" lived from 160 to 155 million years ago. It had feathers on both front and rear legs, and could probably glide. It may or may not have had some ability to fly. This discovery means we cannot say "Archaeopteryx" is the first known bird, but its contribution to science has been huge. We now know for sure that a whole group of small theropod dinosaurs had feathers, and that flight was a later, secondary, use of feathers. The first use of feathers was temperature regulation, and probably also signalling (see "Epidexipteryx"). +Many scientists nowadays do not consider "Archaeopteryx" a true bird (=a member of the lineage Aves). They only consider it a relative of birds. This classification does not reflect a different evolutionary hypothesis, it simply defines Aves (birds) less broadly. +Directly ancestral or not? +It may be that "Archaeopteryx" is not directly ancestral to modern birds, but it is still a fine transitional fossil. + += = = Mosel-Saar-Ruwer = = = +Mosel-Saar-Ruwer is a German wine-growing-region in the valleys of the rivers Moselle, Saar and Ruwer near Koblenz and Trier, Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its wines of Riesling, Elbling and Müller-Thurgau grapes. +There are the following six sub-regions with 19 large vineyards: + += = = Snail = = = +A snail is a common name for a kind of mollusc. The term is used for a gastropod with a coiled shell. Their fossil records extends back into the Carboniferous period. +Land snails and slugs breathe with a kind of lung. They used to be put together in a group, the Pulmonata. This was a well-known order in traditional taxonomy. However, the Pulmonata is polyphyletic. This means the same life-style evolved in a number of different lines. This is called convergent evolution. Therefore, the Pulmonata is no longer an official term in biological classification. +The term "snail" is also sometimes used for aquatic snail-like gastropods, which usually have gills. Actually, most snail species are marine snails. There are more species of them, and they are far greater in numbers. Many kinds of snails can also be found in fresh water habitats. +Most land snails and slugs are herbivorous. Aquatic snails and slugs are usually omnivores or predatory carnivores. +In many countries around the world, people eat snails as a delicacy. In France, snails are called "escargots", which is also the name of the dish. In French cuisine, the snails are cooked in salt water and then served with a garlic sauce. +The biggest snail is the giant African snail. Their foot is up to 35 cm long. +The fastest snail is the "Helix aspersa". It can reach speeds up to 0.047 kmh. +There are known more than 43000 species of snails all over the world. +Body parts. +Shell. +Snails are invertebrates, which are animals with no backbones. The shell on the snail helps protect it, and also reduces the loss of water by evaporation. Shells have many different shapes, sizes, and colors. Snails do not breathe through their mouths, instead they have a breathing hole under their shells. +Foot. +A snails "foot" is a muscle which allows it to move slowly across the ground. The foot puts out ('exudes') slime, which eases the snail's movement, leaving a trail. Snails can absorb mineral nutrients through their foot by simply sitting on a rock. +Head. +The head is attached to the foot. On the head there are 15 mm stalks. At the end of the stalks are snail’s eyes. +Habitat. +Snails are found all over the world. Generally speaking, land snails live in damp habitats. They live in caves and dark places. Snails can be found in dark places such as in a garden under plant's foliage leaves. Some species live in cold places like the Arctic and a few are found in warm places like beaches and deserts. +Food. +Land snails eat vegetables and fruits, such as lettuce, carrots, cucumber and apples. Aquatic snails are often carnivorous. Snails use their radula to cut food. The radula is a hard, rough plate in the mouth. Radula teeth are like little pieces of sandpaper. They are good for cutting up plants and if the snail eats meat they are good for tearing the meat apart. +Many animals eat snails. Fireflies, snakes, beetles, fish, insects, turtles and people eat snails too. To defend themselves, snails pull back into their shells. + += = = Ruwer River = = = +The Ruwer is a river in Germany with a length of , a tributary of the Mosel River. The valley of the Ruwer is a part of the wine-growing region Mosel-Saar-Ruwer near Trier in Rhineland-Palatinate. It is famous for its Riesling wines. +At the lower Ruwer valley are the villages Waldrach, Kasel, Mertesdorf, Eitelsbach and Ruwer. +Tributaries. +Tributaries are Alkenbach, Altbach, Altweiherbach, Apfelbach, Avelbach, Bausbach, Benninger Bach, Bingelbach, Burg Heider Bach, Burkelsbach, Eitelsbach, Enterbach, Eschbach, Eselsbach, Flonterbach, Gimpelbach, Gondersbach, Grindelbach, Großbach, Hinzerter Bach, Kittelbach, Klinkbach, Kreidbach, Kundelbach, Labach, Lehbach, Misselbach, Moertschelbach, Mühlscheider Bach, Pehlbach, Rauruwer, Rimperterbach, Riveris, Rothbach, Siebenbornbach, Thielenbach, Waldbach, Waschbach, Weiherbach, Wenigbach, Wenzelbach and Weschbach. + += = = Slug = = = +Slug is a general term for a gastropod mollusc which has no shell, or just a small internal shell. +Slugs belong to several different families which also include snails with shells. Snails are gastropods with a coiled shell large enough for the animal to pull back inside. The families of land slugs are not very closely related, despite looking similar. The shell-less slug type is an example of convergent evolution, and so the category "slug" is not a taxonomic category. +The name "slug" is used for air-breathing land slugs, while the marine forms are usually known as sea slugs. Land gastropods with a shell that is too small to hide the body are sometimes called "semislugs". +Body parts and behaviour. +Like land snails, most slugs have four 'feelers' or "tentacles" on their head. The upper two (the "optical tentacles") see light and have eyespots at the ends, while the lower two (the "sensory tentacles") are used for smelling. The tentacles are retractable, and can regrow if lost. +On top of the slug, behind the head, is a body part called the "mantle," and under this are the genital opening and anus. On one side (almost always the right side) of the mantle is a breathing hole, which is easy to see when open, but difficult to see when closed. Inside the mantle in some species is a very small, flat shell. +The bottom of a snail is called a "foot". Like other snails, a slug moves by rhythmic waves of muscle contraction on the bottom of its foot. At the same time, it secretes a layer of mucus on which it travels, which helps prevent damage to the foot. Around the edge of the foot is the 'foot fringe'. +Some slug species hibernate underground during the winter in places with cold winters, but in other species, the adults die in the autumn. + += = = Ruwer = = = +Ruwer could mean: + += = = Ruwer (municipality) = = = +Ruwer is a municipality (a convention community called "Verbandsgemeinde" Ruwer) on the River Ruwer. The administrative offices are in the town of Waldrach, and it should not be confused with the nearby town of Ruwer, which is for administrative purposes a part of the city of Trier. + += = = Gunpowder = = = +Gunpowder (or gun powder) is a mix of chemical substances (75% saltpeter, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur). It is used primarily in firearms, burns very quickly, and creates gases. Those gases use up more space than the gunpowder they come from, so they push outward. If the gunpowder is in a small space, the gases will push on the walls of the space, building up pressure. In a gun, the pressure pushes against a bullet, causing it to fly out at high speeds. If the pressure became too high, it could destroy the gun barrel. +Gunpowder was invented by the Chinese. The first references of black powder, the original form of gunpowder, date to the 9th century. According to legend, Chinese alchemists were looking for a formula to create the elixir of life, or the mythical potion that causes whoever drinks it to become immortal, when they accidentally created gunpowder. Because the powder was highly flammable, or burned very easily, they decided to call it "fire medicine" (Simplified Chinese: �� / Traditional Chinese: ��). The Chinese soon weaponized the substance, or made weapons out of it. In later centuries they made many weapons using gunpowder, including rockets, bombs, flamethrowers, and land mines, before making cannons and guns. The oldest weapon that uses gunpowder dates back to a bronze handheld cannon made in northeastern China in 1288. The first mention in Europe was in the 13th century when Roger Bacon described the formula of black powder. Gunpowder was extremely valuable to the Chinese civilization, in fact so valuable that sometimes it was traded for gold. + += = = Mayor = = = +A mayor is a person who is in charge of the administration of a city. Some mayors are elected by the people who live in that city. For other cities, a central government body may choose the mayor. Some large cities have a Lord Mayor. +In federal countries like Germany the mayor can also be head of the government of a city state. The Mayor of Hamburg runs the government just like the Minister President of Bavaria runs the Bavarian government. In some big cities such as Tokyo the Mayor is a Governor. +In many countries, such as the United Kingdom and Australia, the mayor is not in charge of the daily functions of a city or town. That job is done by a Town Clerk or Chief Executive, who is appointed to a full-time paid job. The mayor works part-time, usually without payment, and represents the city at events and civic functions. + += = = Churning of the Ocean = = = +Churning of the Ocean is a mythical story of Hinduism and Hindu mythology. It is described in many Hindu scriptures, especially in the Mahabharata and the Puranas. The story tells about the churning of the ocean by the gods and the demons. From this churning of the ocean, several things came out of the ocean. Some of them were: +The Hindu scriptures and the Hindu mythology tell that all the above things came out of the ocean for the good of human beings. + += = = Martha Washington = = = +Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 2, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first President of the United States. Although people only started using the term decades after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States. +Early life. +She was born on June 2, 1731, at Chestnut Grove Plantation near Williamsburg, Virginia. Her parents were John Dandridge, an immigrant from England, and his wife Frances Jones. Her education consisted of the womanly arts such as needlework and playing musical instruments. Later in life, she would learn to manage a plantation. +Marriage. +At 18, she married Daniel Parke Custis, a wealthy tobacco planter 20 years older than her. She bore him four children. Only two, John "Jacky" and Martha "Patsy", survived to young adulthood. She was widowed in 1757 at age 26. In 1759, she married George Washington, a colonel in the colonial militia. Their marriage was one of mutual affection and respect, but not one of passion. The Washingtons had no biological children. +Personal life. +During the American Revolutionary War, Martha visited the cold and starving Continental troops spending the winter at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. She donated as much food as possible, and sewed clothing for the soldiers. She nursed those who were ill or dying. She urged local women to do the same. Her commitment to the welfare of the veterans of the Revolution would remain lifelong. They addressed her as "Lady Washington." +First Lady. +Washington was unanimously elected president in 1789. Martha served as First Lady from April 30, 1789 to March 4, 1797. She found the job unpleasant. She complained of the journalists who followed her everywhere (even to the circus with her grandson), and of the many restrictions placed upon her as First Lady (she was not allowed to accept dinner invitations, for example). +She set many of the customs and standards that were observed by future First Ladies. She retired to Mount Vernon with her husband after serving her country. +Death. +She died in Mount Vernon on May 22, 1802. Her obituary (death notice) was widely printed in regional newspapers. She is buried in the vault at Mount Vernon. She was the first historical female figure to be depicted by the United States government on postage stamps and currency. + += = = Abigail Adams = = = +Abigail Smith Adams (November 11, 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, the second President of the United States. She was also the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth president. Later on, people started to address the wife of the president as the First Lady. So, she became the second First Lady of the United States. She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts. She belonged to a famous family of Massachusetts (the Quincy Family). +In 1801, the couple retired and lived in Quincy. Abigail died in 1818, at age 74 of typhoid fever. +Early life. +Abigail Adams advocated for an equal education in public schools for boys and girls. In her earliest years, she was often in poor health. She spent most of her time reading. In addition to that, she corresponded to family and friends before getting married. +Adams did not get any formal education in any school or college. Her father had a big library, so she studied many books and became smart that way. She married John Adams in 1764. In the next ten years, she had five children (a sixth was stillborn). One of her children was John Quincy Adams, the sixth President of the United States. +Political involvement. +Adams was a vital confidant and adviser to her husband John Adams. She opposed slavery and supported women's rights. In 1776, her husband participated in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia. There, Adams wrote her most famous letter to the Founding Fathers "remember the ladies." +In 1784, Adams joined at her husband at his diplomatic post in Paris. She became interested in the manners of the French. After 1785, she filled the difficult role of wife of the First US Minister to Great Britain. She did so with dignity. + += = = Martha Jefferson Randolph = = = +Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph (September 27, 1772 – October 10, 1836) was the daughter of Thomas Jefferson and his wife Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson. Thomas Jefferson was the third President of the United States. Because her father was a widower, Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph acted as the First Lady of the United States from March 4, 1801 to March 3, 1809. +Martha was born in Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia. She was named Martha Washington in honor of Martha Washington, the wife of the first President of the United States, George Washington. She was educated in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Paris. +In 1790, Martha married Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. They had twelve children. Shortly before her death, she and her husband developed differences. She died in 1836 in Albemarle County, Virginia at the age of 64. + += = = Aracaju = = = +Aracaju is the modern capital city of the state of Sergipe in the northeastern region of Brazil. It has about 470.000 inhabitants (estimate 2003) and lies between the cities of Salvador and Maceio, also in the northeast of Brazil. It was planned and built to be the state capital in 1855. + += = = A Midsummer Night's Dream = = = +A Midsummer Night's Dream is a play by William Shakespeare. The exact date the play was written is unknown. It is generally accepted that the play was written in 1595 or 1596. It was first printed in 1600. In 1623, the play was printed in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. +Shakespeare's sources include works by Plutarch, Apuleius, Ovid, Geoffrey Chaucer, and Edmund Spenser. He found a description of Puck in Reginald Scot's "The Discoverie of Witchcraft" (1584). It is generally believed that the play was written for the festivities surrounding the aristocratic marriage of either Elizabeth Vere, Lord Burghley’s granddaughter, in 1595, or Elizabeth Carey, daughter of Sir George Carey, in 1596. +The play is about four confused young lovers, a group of clumsy workmen, the royal court of Duke Theseus, and the royal fairy court of King Oberon and Queen Titania. The play is set mostly at night in the woods near Athens. +The play has been made into movies on numerous occasions. One movie stars Mickey Rooney as the fairy Puck. Benjamin Britten wrote an opera based on the play, George Balanchine and Frederick Ashton have both made ballets about it, and Felix Mendelssohn wrote many pieces of music for the play which include an "Overture" and a "Wedding March". +Characters. +The Court at Athens: +The Lovers: +The Fairies: +The Rustics: +Story. +Egeus wants his daughter Hermia to marry Demetrius. Hermia does not want to marry him. She loves another man named Lysander. Hermia and Lysander decide to run away. Demetrius follows them. Helena, Hermia's best friend, is in love with Demetrius. She follows him. All four become lost in the woods near Athens. +Meanwhile, Oberon and Titania are having an argument. Oberon decides to teach Titania a lesson. He puts a love potion into her eyes while she is asleep. This potion will make her fall in love with the first thing she sees when she wakes. +Oberon finds Helena and Demetrius. He tells Puck to give Demetrius some of the love potion so that he will love Helena. Puck makes a mistake and puts the potion in Lysander's eyes. When Lysander wakes up, he loves Helena instead of his real sweetheart Hermia. +The workmen are practicing a play in the woods for the upcoming marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta. Puck plays a trick on Nick Bottom by giving him a donkey head. The other actors run away, so Bottom goes to sleep. He is sleeping near Titania. After Oberon puts love potion in her eyes, she wakes up and falls in love with him. +Oberon realises everything is all mixed up. He gives some of the love potion to Demetrius. Now Demetrius and Lysander both love Helena. Sad and confused, all the lovers fall asleep. At last, Puck rights all the wrongs. He makes Lysander love Hermia again, and makes Demetrius love Helena. Everyone is happy. +The workmen perform their play for the wedding of Theseus and Hippolyta. Lysander and Hermia also get married, and so do Demetrius and Helena. Titania once again loves Oberon, not the donkey-headed Nick Bottom. They are happy with each other again. The fairies use their magic to bless all the lovers. + += = = Vodka = = = +Vodka is a Russian alcoholic drink that is usually about 40% alcohol. It is clear (but can be flavoured), though it is sometimes mixed with other liquids before people drink it. It was first popular in the Slavic countries of Eastern Europe and former republics of the Soviet Union. +Things that are made into vodka. +Vodka can be made from different things: +The process to make vodka is: +Unlike cognac or whisky, vodka is not usually matured in barrels, but bottled immediately. Some Scandinavian vodkas called "akvavit" (Latin "aqua vitae", "water of life") are matured in oak barrels before they are bottled. When the vodka is bottled, it is ready for drinking. +History. +Most people think the name "vodka" comes from the Slavic word for water in its diminutive form, "little water". The earliest mention of Vodka in Poland is in 1405. The Russians are known to have first used the word in June 8, 1751. It is not known if it was the Russians or the Poles who made the first drinks that could be classified as vodka, as sources provide various views on this topic (though it's important to remember that the first mention of the word "vodka" in Cyrillic refers to a medicinal drink bought by the merchants of Kievan Rus from Poland). It is also worth noting that vodka was first used as medicine. When it became a popular drink, it was first known in Polish as "gorzałka" - from the Old Polish word "gorzeć", meaning burn. At first, gorzałka was a people's drink, but in the Slavic countries it soon became common among the nobility as well. it is worth noting that the common Ukrainian word for vodka is "horilka" which bears an extremely close resemblance to the Polish gorzalka. Both words roots have the same meaning ("hority" - to burn; "gorzeć", also to burn) +Different kinds of vodka. +There are two basic kinds of Vodka: clear vodka and flavored vodka. Some types of vodka have plants or herbs added to the unflavored vodka to make it taste better. Contrary to popular belief, flavoured vodka is not new - it has been a part of Polish drinking tradition for centuries. It is only relatively recently in history that clear and flavoured vodkas have found their way to Western countries such as the UK or US. +How vodka is consumed. +Vodka is either drunk pure, or cocktails are made with it. The simplest form of cocktail is to mix it with orange or lemon juice. Usually, vodka is drunk during a longer meal. Usually salty or sour things (not sweets) are served. In Poland and Russia (as well as some of their neighbours, such as Ukraine or Lithuania), vodka is drunk from glasses that can hold about 100 grams (0,1 litres) of vodka. The glass is usually emptied in one draught, while holding the breath. Directly afterwards something small is eaten. In most Eastern European countries it is consumed with pickled cucumbers. Before drinking, a toast is given. +Cultural. +Vodka is a key element of Slavic tradition in some countries of Eastern Europe (especially Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia). It has also spread to become a part of national culture in Baltic countries like Lithuania and Nordic countries like Sweden. It's traditional in Russia and other Slavic countries (as well as some Roma communities in Eastern Europe) to put a glass of vodka with a slice of bread (usually black bread) on top on graves or near photos of the deceased in their memory. This is similar to what people in Western countries do with flowers. + += = = Sexual reproduction = = = +Sexual reproduction is how most animals and plants reproduce. Some protists and fungi also reproduce this way. Organisms that reproduce sexually have two different sexes: male and female. +In sexual reproduction, offspring are produced when sperms fertilise eggs from the female. Various steps are involved in this process. +Cell biology. +The cells of an animal or higher plant have two sets of chromosomes: they are diploid. When gametes (sex cells) are produced, they have only one set of chromosomes: they are haploid. They have undergone a process of cell division called "reduction division" or meiosis. Two things happen during meiosis, each of which makes the offspring more variable. That means they are different from their parents and from each other. +Assortment. +Assortment is when the double set of chromosomes becomes a single set in each gamete. Of each pair of chromosomes, "which one goes into a single gamete is random". Because the gene alleles on each chromosome are not always the same, this means that there is genetic variation between gametes. This process was Mendel's 'first law', the law of segregation. +Crossing over. +Because crossing over occurs during meiosis, this increases the variety of the chromosomes. This makes recombination possible. +Assortment and crossing over make it certain that normally no two offspring of the same mother and father are identical. Identical twins are the exception. They are identical genetically because they developed from the same fertilised egg. +Advantages and disadvantages. +There are advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction, compared to asexual reproduction. The main issues are: +Origin of sexual reproduction. +The origin of sexual reproduction is an advanced topic that cannot be dealt with here. A source that may help readers who are graduates in biological science may be helpful. + += = = Leprosy = = = +Leprosy is a contagious disease. It has been known for a very long time. Today, it is mostly called Hansen's disease, named after the person who discovered the bacterium, Gerhard Armauer Hansen. It is caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium leprae. A person with leprosy is called a leper. +As of 2004, the estimated number of new infections was about 400,000. +Getting the disease is hard, since it requires close contact with someone who has it, over a long period of time. In addition, about 95% of people seem to be naturally immune to it. +Most cases of leprosy occur in India, and other developing countries. It has known to have been in the US before. There are practically no cases of leprosy in the developed world. This is because there are excellent drugs and people regularly take antibiotics which will kill the leprosy bacteria. +In former times, leprosy was seen as a divine punishment for sins committed. +Symptoms. +The symptoms of leprosy are irregular spots and patches on the skin. These are either lighter colored than the surrounding skin, or reddish in color. On those patches, hair will fall out, and they will feel numb to the patient. Nerves will form knots there. +With the illness progressing the sense of touch will become less and less (until the patient feels completely numb). So called leptomes and ulcers will eat away the skin, the flesh and the organs on the patches. +Usually people do not die of leprosy, but of secondary infections and diseases they get. +For many years there was a leprosy colony on the Hawaiian Island of Molokai called Kalaupapa. Tens of thousands of people from the United States that had the disease were sent there. + += = = Dolley Madison = = = +Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of US President James Madison. James Madison was president from 1809 to 1817 while Dolley Madison was the First Lady of the United States. She is best known for saving Washington's portrait when the British burned the White House in the War of 1814. Though she is also a famous entertainer, the first to serve ice cream in the White House. +Dolley was born in New Garden. Now the place is known as Guilford County. It is in North Carolina. Some other account tells that she was born in a village named Payne’s Tavern. It is in Person County, North Carolina. +Her father’s name was John Payne. As an unsuccessful farmer, he always faced shortage of money. Dolley’s mother was Mary Coles. +Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On January 7, 1790, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793). Todd was a lawyer. They had two sons. Their names were John Payne (1792-1852) and William Temple (born and died in 1793). William died in a yellow fever epidemic. In the same year, her husband also died of the same yellow fever epidemic. +Dolley Todd married James Madison on September 14, 1794. They had no children, but they raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd. John Payne Todd was a notorious drunkard and gambler, which caused his mother many financial problems, especially after Madison died. +In 1814, the British army had burnt the White House. Fleeing from her burning home, Dolley saved many records and papers. Legend states she also saved a painting of George Washington, though had to break it out of its frame. +On the National First Lady Library she says, "There is one secret, and that is the power we have in forming our own destinies." + += = = Elizabeth Monroe = = = +Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was the wife of James Monroe. James Monroe was the fifth President of the United States. +Elizabeth Monroe was born in an old family of New York. When she was a girl of 17 years, she married James Monroe. At that time, Monroe was a lawyer. He was aged 27 years. Once, the government sent Monroe as an envoy to Versailles. She also went along with her husband. +During her last years, Elizabeth Monroe became very sick. She could not take part in social functions. She became more distant from people. Some people thought her to be a snob. But, her husband always understood her problems. After a long illness, she died on September 23, 1830 at her home in Oak Hill at age 62. + += = = Celestia = = = +Celestia is a free 3D astronomy program for Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. It was created by Chris Laurel and is licensed under the GPL. +The program is based on the Hipparcos Catalogue (118,218 Stars) and allows users to display objects from artificial satellites to entire galaxies in three dimensions in OpenGL. Different from other planetarium software, the user is free to travel in the universe. +NASA and ESA have used Celestia, but it is not to be confused with Celestia 2000, ESA's own program. +On 31st October 2022, a Chinese game developer named Linfeng Li created a mobile version of Celestia for android devices. + += = = Bill Cullen = = = +Bill Cullen (February 18, 1920 – July 7, 1990) was an American television game show host. His full name was William Lawrence Cullen. +Cullen was originally from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He suffered from polio as a child. He had a limp for the remainder of his life. +Cullen was best known for hosting the original version of "The Price is Right" on the television networks NBC and ABC. That show is now on CBS and hosted by Drew Carey. He also hosted a version of "The $25,000 Pyramid", "Child's Play", and "Blockbusters". +Bill Cullen died in Bel Air, California in 1990 from lung cancer after smoking for most of his life. + += = = Rudi Carrell = = = +Rudi Carrell (real name Rudolf Wijbrand Kesselaar) was a very successful comedian, singer and television presenter. He was born on December 19, 1934 in Alkmaar, in the Netherlands. He died of lung cancer on July 7, 2006 in Bremen, Germany. He was very popular in Germany, for shows like "Die Rudi Carrell Show". +He was awarded various prizes, amongst others the "Goldene Kamera" for a lifetime of good work, in February of 2006 (which was his last public appearance) as well as the Bundesverdienstkreuz (the only award given by the Federal Republic of Germany, for extraordinary achievements in politics or culture) in 1985. + += = = Lung cancer = = = +Lung cancer is the uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers when smoke gets in the lungs. Lung cancer kills 1.8 million people each year, more than any other cancer. It has a 80-90% death rate, and is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. +The large majority of people who get lung cancer have smoked for many years. However, there are types of lung cancers that appear in otherwise healthy patients who have never smoked. +There are two main types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer typically responds well to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and non-small cell lung cancer is more commonly treated with surgical removal of the lung tumor. +Non-small cell lung cancer +Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) account for about 85% to 90% of lung cancer cases. People who have a deficient low pigment count have a higher chance of contracting lung cancer. There are three types of non-small cell lung cancer: +Symptoms: + += = = Whitchurch, Shropshire = = = +Whitchurch is a small market town in the north of the county of Shropshire, England. It is the oldest town inhabited in Shropshire. The town lies 2 miles (3 km) east of the Welsh border. As of 2011, the town has a population of 9,781. +The town was founded by the Romans and there are still some Roman artefacts that can be visited in a Museum. +The town has a railway station on the Welsh Marches Line. + += = = Panthera = = = +Panthera is a genus of the family Felidae. +It has five living species, which are the biggest cats in the Felidae. The tiger is the largest "Panthera" species, and the largest of all cats. The leopard is the smallest "Panthera" species. +Results of genetic analysis indicate that the snow leopard also belongs to the "Panthera", a classification that was accepted by IUCN assessors in 2008. The genus "Neofelis" is also closely related. + += = = Superpower = = = +A superpower is a country that is one of the most powerful countries in the world. It is more powerful than a great power and less powerful than a hyperpower. Right now, only the United States is a superpower. However, China may become a superpower in the future. Some say it is already one. Others say that it will not become a superpower. +In the years following World War II, the United Nations was formed. The 5 countries that would later have nuclear bombs – those who would be able to start a nuclear war – were all given "permanent" seats on the Security Council. This means they are on the Security Council forever. They were also all given equal veto power over decisions in the Security Council. These five countries were: United States, United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union. +For most of the 1900s, the Soviet Union was a superpower. After the Soviet Union split into a lot of smaller countries in 1991, it was not a superpower anymore. Russia got most of the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, and also its permanent seat in the Security Council. Some other countries also have nuclear weapons now, and can also start a nuclear war just as well, but they are not permanent members with veto power. The Republic of India, and Pakistan are a few countries like this. In order to be a superpower, a country must dominate economic, cultural, and military as well as diplomatic influence. + += = = Snow leopard = = = +The snow leopard ("Panthera uncia"), also known as the Irbis and ounce, is a feline, which lives in central Asia. It used to be thought not to be closely related to the smaller leopard, which is why they were put in different genera before. However, recent research has discovered this is not correct. The cat is closely related to the other big cats in the genus "Panthera". +Appearance. +Snow leopards are about 2-5 meters long in the body, and have a 90-100 centimeter long tail. They weigh up to 75 kilograms. They have grey and white fur with dark rosettes and spots, and their tails have stripes. Its fur is very long and thick to protect it against the cold. Their feet are also big and furry, which helps them to walk on snow more easily. They use their long tails for balance and as blankets to cover sensitive body parts against the severe mountain chill. +Voice. +They are one of the cats which cannot purr: "In five cat species (lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard and snow leopard) the epihyoideum is an elastic ligament, whereas in all other species of the Felidae the epihyal is completely ossified (bony)... those felids with an elastic epihyoid are able to roar but not purr, while species with a completely ossified hyoid are able to purr but not to roar". Despite this, it seems now that snow leopards cannot roar, though they can make a number of other sounds. +Hunting. +Snow leopards are well camouflaged, and are crepuscular (most active at dawn and dusk). They stalk and eat medium-sized prey like Ibex, bharal (mountain sheep) and wild goats. It can survive on a single sheep for two weeks. +Snow leopards prefer to ambush prey from above, using broken terrain to conceal their approach. They try to land on the sheep, and kill it directly. If the sheep runs, they pursue it down steep mountainsides, using the momentum of their initial leap to chase prey for up to . +They kill with a bite to the neck, and may drag the prey to a safe location before feeding. They consume all edible parts of the carcass, and can survive on a single bharal (blue sheep) for two weeks before hunting again. Annual prey needs is 20–30 adult bharals. +Habitats. +In summer, snow leopards usually live above the tree line on mountainous meadows and in rocky regions at altitudes from . In winter, they come down into the forests to altitudes around . Snow leopards prefer broken terrain, and can travel without difficulty in snow up to deep, although they prefer to use existing trails made by other animals. +They live alone. After a pregnancy of about a hundred days the female gives birth to 2 or 3 cubs. Snow leopards are protected in most of the countries they live in. However, people do still kill them for their fur, or to protect their cattle. +Distribution. +The snow leopard has a huge range in central Asia. It is in Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Nepal, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Kunlun, and the Himalaya to southern Siberia, Mongolia, and Tibet. +Since many estimates are rough and outdated, its numbers could be falsely viewed as low. The total wild population of the snow leopard was estimated in 2008 as 4,510 to 7,350 individuals. +Taxonomy and evolution. +The snow leopard was not thought closely related to the "Panthera" or other living big cats. However, recent molecular studies put the species firmly in the genus "Panthera": its closest relative is the tiger ("Panthera tigris"). MSW3 still refers to the snow leopard as "Uncia uncia", but the more recent IUCN classifies it as Panthera uncia. +In popular culture. +The snow leopard is an official symbol of Kazakhstan. + += = = Yonkers, New York = = = +Yonkers is the 3rd largest city in the American state of New York. It is the southwestern part of Westchester County +Yonkers borders the New York City borough of The Bronx and is 2 miles (3 km) north of Manhattan. Broadway runs through all three, and railroads also connect them to Grand Central Terminal. The Bronx River separates Yonkers from Mount Vernon, New York on the east. The Hudson River is on the west. The city's best-known attraction is Yonkers Raceway, a harness racing track. There is a large shopping area along Central Park Avenue. It is sometimes called "Central Avenue" by area residents. + += = = Louisa Adams = = = +Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852) was the wife of the 6th President of the United States, John Quincy Adams. As the wife of the president of the United States, she was the First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829. +She was born in London. Her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson was an English lady. Her father, Joshua Johnson, was from the US and a citizen of the USA. Louisa Adams was then the only First Lady not born in the United States. John Adams, the second president of the US, was her father-in-law. +In 1794, John Quincy Adams met Louisa in London. At that time, Adams was a US diplomat. After about three years, they married. The couple also lived in Berlin where Adams got a posting. Louisa along with her husband arrived to the US in 1801. They lived in different places before her husband became the President.She went to school in London and France. +She died in 1852, aged 77. She is buried in the United States Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts. + += = = Angelica Van Buren = = = +Angelica Singleton Van Buren (February 13, 1818 – December 29, 1877) acted as the First Lady of the United States. She was the daughter-in-law of Martin Van Buren, the 8th president of the USA. Angelica Singleton had married the President's son, Abraham Van Buren. She took over the role of the First Lady, as the president's wife had died 17 years earlier. +Angelica Singleton belonged to a high society. She was also related to Dolley Madison, wife of US President James Madison. Angelica brought a special style to her role as the First Lady. +She and Abraham Van Buren married in 1838. After marriage they took a long tour of Europe. When they came back to the US in 1839, she took up the role of the First Lady during the presidency of her father-in-law. In 1841, Martin Van Buren was defeated, she and her husband shifted to Kinderhook, Lindenwald. During the winter, they lived in their family home in South Carolina. From 1848 until her death in 1877, she lived in New York City. +Angelica was from the cream of southern society and was the great-granddaughter of Gen. Richard Richardson and Mary Cantey (Richardson). Gen. Richardson was the progenitor of six South Carolina governors, three Manning and three Richardson governors. One descendant, Elizabeth Peyre Richardson, was so closely related to all of these governors that she appears in Ripley's Believe it or Not. Angelica's sister, Marion, has a bio that, although sad, is actually more interesting than hers. See "A Tale of Two Sisters," by Joseph C. Elliott, Sandlapper: The Magazine of South Carolina. + += = = Jane Irwin Harrison = = = +Jane Irwin Harrison (July 23, 1804 – May 11, 1846) was the First Lady of the United States for a very brief period. She was married to William Henry Harrison Jr. William was the son of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. As the daughter-in-law of the president, she acted as the First Lady for about a month in 1841. She acted as his official hostess during his brief tenure in office, which lasted for a month in 1841. President’s wife Anna Harrison was very ill, and she could not go out of their home in Ohio, when her husband moved to take up the presidency. + += = = Mary Todd Lincoln = = = +Mary Ann Todd Lincoln (née Todd; December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the sixteenth President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865. +Early life. +She was born in Lexington, Kentucky. Her father was Robert Smith Todd and her mother was Eliza Parker. Her parents were prominent residents of the city. Mary's paternal great-grandfather, David Levi Todd, was born in County Longford, Ireland, and emigrated through Pennsylvania to Kentucky. Her great-great maternal grandfather Samuel McDowell was born in Scotland, and emigrated to Pennsylvania. Other Todd ancestors came from England. When she was around twenty years old, Mary came to Illinois where her sister Elizabeth lived. There she met Abraham Lincoln. He was a young lawyer at that time. +Marriage and family. +She married Abraham Lincoln on November 4, 1842. +The Lincolns loved one another very much. But, at times, their relationship became troubled. The Lincolns had four children: +The last person known to be of direct Lincoln lineage, Robert's grandson "Bud" Beckwith died in 1985. +First Lady. +Mary Lincoln was well-educated lady. She was also interested in public affairs. She also shared her husband’s ambition. At times, she became touchy and irritated. The newspapers sometimes criticized her for spending the government’s money to buy new furniture for the White House. She went to the hospitals during this time, to help wounded soldiers. +Personal life. +After the assassination of her husband in 1865, the death of her two sons, Willie and Thomas, had made her very sad. She became very depressed. His son Robert wanted to take control of his mother's money. He sent his mother to an insane asylum. After three months, she was freed. She never forgave her son. She spent about four years in France in a city named Pau. She also traveled to many parts of Europe. +Health. +During her last years, her health became very weak. In 1879, she suffered spinal cord injuries when she fell from a stepladder. She also got cataracts and her eyesight became weak. +Death. +During the early 1880s, Mary Lincoln was confined to the Springfield, Illinois residence of her sister Elizabeth Edwards. She died there on July 16, 1882, at age 63. She was interred in the Lincoln Tomb in Oak Ridge Cemetery in Springfield alongside her husband. + += = = Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis = = = +Jacqueline Lee Kennedy Onassis ( ; July 28, 1929May 19, 1994) was an American socialite, writer, photographer and book editor. She was also the first lady of the United States from 1961 to 1963 as the wife of 35th president of the United States, John F. Kennedy. +A popular first lady, she endeared the American public with her devotion to her family, dedication to the historic preservation of the White House, the campaigns she led to preserve and restore historic landmarks and architecture along with her interest in American history, culture and arts. During her lifetime, she was regarded as an international icon for her unique fashion choices. +In 1961, at the age of 31, she became the third-youngest first lady when her husband was inaugurated as 35th president of the United States. Kennedy was known for her restoration of the White House, emphasis on arts and culture along with her fashion style. +One of her best known fashion outfits was her pink Chanel suit and matching pillbox hat that she wore in Dallas, Texas, when her husband was assassinated on November 22, 1963. It later became a historical remembrance and symbol of her husband's death. +After the assassination and funeral of her husband, Kennedy and her two children, left public life. In October 1968, she married Greek businessman Aristotle Onassis. After his death in 1975, she worked as a book editor in New York City. +she died in her sleep from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in New York. Her funeral was on May 23, 1994. She was buried next to her first husband, President Kennedy, at Arlington National Cemetery. +In 1999, she was named as one of Gallup's Most-Admired Men and Women of the 20th century. Historians have ranked Kennedy as one of the most popular and best first ladies in American history. +Biography. +Early life and education. +Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was born on July 28, 1929 at Stony Brook Southampton Hospital in Southampton, New York to John Vernou Bouvier III and Janet Norton Lee. Her mother's family was from Ireland. Her father's background was French, Scottish, and English. She was raised as a Roman Catholic. +Bouvier lived in Manhattan and at the Bouvier country home in East Hampton on Long Island during her early childhood. She respected her father and John Vernou Bouvier III called his oldest daughter "the most beautiful daughter a man ever had". +From an early age, Bouvier was an equestrienne who competed in the sport. She took ballet lessons and learned many languages. She spoke English, French, Spanish, and Italian. In 1935, she began going to Manhattan's Chapin School. One of her teachers called her "a darling child, the prettiest little girl, very clever, very artistic, and full of the devil". +Her parents' marriage became worse because of her father's alcoholism. Her parents had financial problems after the Wall Street Crash of 1929. They separated in 1936 and divorced four years later. In 1942, her mother married lawyer Hugh Dudley Auchincloss Jr.. The family moved into his home in McLean, Virginia. +After seven years at Chapin, Bouvier went to Holton-Arms School in Washington, D.C.. She stayed there from 1942 until 1944. She later went to Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. Bouvier stayed there from 1944 to 1947. In 1947, she began studying at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. +She studied in France at the University of Grenoble in Grenoble during her junior year. She also went to the Sorbonne in Paris. She was part of a program from Smith College. She transferred to George Washington University in Washington, D.C. and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in French literature in 1951. She later went to George Washington University to take classes on American history. +While at George Washington University, Bouvier won a twelve-month junior editorship at "Vogue" magazine. This let her work for six months in the magazine's New York City office and then six months in Paris. She wrote her autobiography, "One Special Summer" after the trip. After working at "Vogue", she worked for the "Washington Times-Herald" as a part-time receptionist. In 1952, she was briefly engaged to a young stockbroker named John Husted but broke-off the engagement. +Marriage and children. +Bouvier met U.S. congressman, John F. Kennedy at a dinner party in May 1952 after journalist, Charles L. Bartlett helped the two meet up. The two had many things in common. They were both Catholic, they both wrote, both liked reading and both had lived outside the United States during college. John was busy running for the United States Senate in Massachusetts when they first met. Their relationship became more serious and he asked her to marry him after he was elected Senator. +Bouvier took some time to accept, because she had been asked to report on the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II in London for The Washington Times-Herald. After a month in Europe, she returned to the United States and accepted Kennedy's marriage proposal. Their engagement was officially announced on June 25, 1953. +They were married on September 12, 1953 in Newport, Rhode Island by Boston's Archbishop Richard Cushing. In the first years of their marriage, the couple had many problems. John F. Kennedy was diagnosed with Addison's disease and back pain caused by a war injury. In late 1954, he had surgery on his spine which almost killed him. +Kennedy had a miscarriage in 1955 and in August 1956 gave birth to a stillborn daughter, Arabella Kennedy. They lived in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts. +Kennedy gave birth to her second daughter, Caroline Kennedy on November 27, 1957. During his Senate re-election campaign, her husband began to see how popular she was. He asked her to campaign with him for his re-election. In November 1958, Kennedy was re-elected to a second term in the Senate and he thanked his wife for her role in the campaign. +1960 United States presidential election. +On January 2, 1960, Senator John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for the president. In the early months of the election year, Kennedy accompanied her husband to campaign events such as whistle-stops and dinners. Shortly after the campaign began, she became pregnant. Due to her previous high-risk pregnancies, she decided to stay at home in Georgetown. Jacqueline Kennedy subsequently participated in the campaign by writing a weekly syndicated newspaper column, "Campaign Wife", answering correspondence, and giving interviews to the media. +Despite her non-participation in the campaign, Kennedy became the subject of intense media attention with her fashion choices. On one hand, she was admired for her personal style; she was frequently featured in women's magazines alongside film stars and named as one of the 12 best-dressed women in the world. On the other hand, her preference for French designers and her spending on her wardrobe brought her negative press. In order to downplay her wealthy background, Kennedy stressed the amount of work she was doing for the campaign and declined to publicly discuss her clothing choices. +On July 13 at the 1960 Democratic National Convention in Los Angeles, the party nominated John F. Kennedy for president. Jacqueline Kennedy did not attend the nomination due to her pregnancy, which had been publicly announced ten days earlier. She was in Hyannis Port when she watched the September 26, 1960 debate,which was the nation's first televised presidential debate between her husband and Republican candidate, incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon. +On November 8, 1960, John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon in the presidential election. Two weeks later on November 25, Kennedy gave birth to the couple's first son, John F. Kennedy Jr. +First Lady, 1961–1963. +Kennedy became the first lady of the United States when her husband was sworn in as the 35th president on January 20, 1961. At 31, Kennedy was the third youngest woman to serve as first lady, as well as the first Silent Generation first lady. She was the first presidential wife to hire a press secretary, Pamela Turnure, and carefully managed her contact with the media, usually shying away from making public statements, and strictly controlling the extent to which her children were photographed. Kennedy later attracted worldwide positive public attention and gained allies for the White House and international support for the Kennedy administration and its Cold War policies. +Although Kennedy stated that her priority as a first lady was to take care of the President and their children, she also dedicated her time to the promotion of American arts and preservation of its history. The restoration of the White House was her main contribution, but she also furthered the cause by hosting social events that brought together elite figures from politics and the arts. One of her unrealized goals was to found a Department of the Arts, but she did contribute to the establishment of the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. +White House restoration. +Kennedy had visited the White House on two occasions before she became first lady: the first time as a grade-school tourist in 1941 and again as the guest of outgoing First Lady Mamie Eisenhower shortly before her husband's inauguration. She was dismayed to find that the mansion's rooms were furnished with undistinguished pieces that displayed little historical significance and made it her first major project as first lady to restore its historical character. On her first day in residence, she began her efforts with the help of interior decorator Sister Parish. She decided to make the family quarters attractive and suitable for family life by adding a kitchen on the family floor and new rooms for her children. The $50,000 that had been appropriated for this effort was almost immediately exhausted. Continuing the project, she established a fine arts committee to oversee and fund the restoration process and solicited the advice of early American furniture expert Henry du Pont. To solve the funding problem, a White House guidebook was published, sales of which were used for the restoration. +Working with Rachel Lambert Mellon, Kennedy also oversaw the redesign and replanting of the Rose Garden and the East Garden, which was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden after her husband's assassination. In addition, Kennedy helped to stop the destruction of historic homes in Lafayette Square in Washington, D.C., because she felt these buildings were an important part of the nation's capital and played an essential role in its history. She helped to stop the destruction of historic buildings along the square, including the Renwick Building, now part of the Smithsonian Institution and her support of historic preservation also reached beyond the United States as she brought international attention to the thirteenth-century B.C. temples of Abu Simbel that were in danger of being flooded by Egypt's Aswan Dam. +Kennedy initiated a Congressional bill establishing that White House furnishings would be the property of the Smithsonian Institution rather than available to departing ex-presidents to claim as their own. She also founded and created the White House Historical Association, the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, the position of a permanent Curator of the White House, the White House Endowment Trust, and the White House Acquisition Trust. She was the first presidential spouse to hire a White House curator. +On February 14, 1962, Kennedy, accompanied by Charles Collingwood of CBS News, took American television viewers on a tour of the White House. The film was watched by 56 million television viewers in the United States, and was later distributed to 106 countries. Kennedy won a special Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Trustees Award for it at the Emmy Awards in 1962, which was accepted on her behalf by Lady Bird Johnson. Kennedy was the only first lady to win an Emmy. +Foreign trips. +Kennedy was a cultural ambassador of the United States known for her cultural and diplomatic work globally and would travel sometimes without her husband to different countries to promote cultural exchange and diplomatic relations. She was highly regarded by foreign dignitaries, as she used her fluency in foreign languages such as French, Spanish, and Italian, as well as her cultural knowledge, to establish strong relationships with foreign leaders and to give speeches in different countries. She was awarded the French Legion of Honor, the highest civilian award given by the French Government, becoming the first U.S. presidential wife and first American woman to win which was a testament to her language skills and cultural knowledge. Her role as a cultural ambassador had a significant impact on cultural diplomacy and helped strengthen ties between the United States and other countries. +Kennedy's language skills and cultural knowledge were highly respected by the French people, and her visit to France with President Kennedy in 1961 was seen as a great success. During the visit, she made a speech in French at the American University in Paris, which was widely praised for her fluency. In her speech, she spoke about the importance of cultural exchange between France and the United States, and she emphasized the shared values and history of the two nations. +Throughout her husband's presidency and more than any of the preceding first ladies, Kennedy made many official visits to other countries, on her own or with the her husband. Despite the initial worry that she might not have "political appeal", she proved popular among international dignitaries. Before the Kennedys' first official visit to France in 1961, a television special was shot in French with the first lady on the White House lawn. After arriving in the country, she impressed the public with her ability to speak French, as well as her extensive knowledge of French history. At the conclusion of the visit, "Time" magazine seemed delighted with the First Lady and noted, "There was also that fellow who came with her." Even President Kennedy joked: "I am the man who accompanied Jacqueline Kennedy to Paris– and I have enjoyed it!" +From France, the Kennedys traveled to Vienna, Austria, where Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was asked to shake the President's hand for a photo. He replied, "I'd like to shake her hand first." Khrushchev later sent her a puppy, Pushinka; the animal was significant for being the offspring of Strelka. +At the urging of U.S. Ambassador to India John Kenneth Galbraith, Kennedy undertook a tour of India and Pakistan with her sister Lee Radziwill in 1962. The tour was amply documented in photojournalism as well as in Galbraith's journals and memoirs. The president of Pakistan, Ayub Khan, had given her a horse named Sardar as a gift. He had found out on his visit to the White House that he and the first lady had a common interest in horses. "Life" magazine correspondent Anne Chamberlin wrote that Kennedy "conducted herself magnificently" although noting that her crowds were smaller than those that President Dwight Eisenhower and Queen Elizabeth II attracted when they had previously visited these countries. In addition to these well-publicized trips during the three years of the Kennedy administration, she traveled to countries including Afghanistan, Austria, Canada, Colombia, United Kingdom, Greece, Italy, Mexico, Morocco, Turkey, and Venezuela. Unlike her husband, Kennedy was fluent in Spanish, which she used to address Latin American audiences. +Death of Patrick Bouvier Kennedy. +In early 1963, Kennedy was again pregnant. She spent most of the summer at a home she and the president had rented on Squaw Island, which was near the Kennedy compound on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. On August 7, she went into labor and gave birth to a boy, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, via emergency Caesarean section at nearby Otis Air Force Base. The infant's lungs were not fully developed, and he was transferred from Cape Cod to Boston Children's Hospital, where he died of hyaline membrane disease two days after birth. +Kennedy had remained at Otis Air Force Base to leave after the delivery; her husband went to Boston to be with their infant son and was present when he died. On August 14, the President returned to Otis to take her home and gave an impromptu speech to thank nurses and airmen who had gathered in her suite. In appreciation, she presented hospital staff with framed and signed lithographs of the White House. +Kennedy was deeply affected by Patrick's death and proceeded to enter a state of depression. However, the loss of their child had a positive impact on the marriage and brought the couple closer together in their shared grief. Kennedy's friend Aristotle Onassis was aware of her depression and invited her to his yacht to recuperate. President Kennedy initially had reservations, but he relented because he believed that it would be "good for her". +Assassination of John F. Kennedy. +On November 21, 1963, the president and first lady went on a political trip to Texas to get more support for her husband's 1964 reelection campaign. They landed at Dallas's Love Field with Texas Governor John Connally and his wife Nellie. +Kennedy was wearing a bright pink Chanel suit and a pillbox hat, which her husband personally picked for her to wear. The motorcade was to take them to the Trade Mart. Kennedy was sitting next her husband in the presidential car. +At 12:30 P:M, the motorcade turned to Dealey Plaza. Kennedy heard loud bangs and she thought it was a motorcycle backfiring. She did not realize that it was a gunshot until she heard Governor Connally scream. +Two more shots had been fired, three of them hit her husband in the head. She quickly began to climb onto the back of the limousine. Some believe she was reaching across the trunk for a piece of her husband's skull that had been blown off. Secret Service agent Clint Hill ran to the car telling her back to go back to her seat. Kennedy would later say that she did not remember climbing behind the car. +Approximately at 1:00 P:M in Dallas, Texas at Parkland Hospital, President Kennedy died from his gunshot wounds, aged 46. After her husband died, Kennedy did not want to take off her blood-stained clothing. She told the new first lady, Lady Bird Johnson that she wanted "them to see what they have done to Jack". +Kennedy continued to wear the blood-stained pink suit as she went on Air Force One. She stood next to Lyndon B. Johnson when he took the oath of office as the 36th president of the United States. The suit was donated to the National Archives and Records Administration in 1964. It will not be seen by the public until 2103 because of an agreement from her daughter Caroline Kennedy, because she refused to let it be seen during this century. +Kennedy planned her husband's state funeral. It was inspired by Abraham Lincoln's funeral. She wanted her husband's casket to be closed, even though her brother-in-law and, Robert F. Kennedy wanted it to be open. The funeral service was held at the Cathedral of St. Matthew the Apostle in Washington D.C. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Many respected her role and appearance at the funeral. +A week after the assassination, President Lyndon B. Johnson wrote an executive order that created the Warren Commission. It was led by Chief Justice Earl Warren to investigate the assassination. Kennedy did not care about the investigation. Kennedy said that even if they had the right suspect, it would not bring her husband back. She spoke to the commission about the events of her husband's assassination. +After the assassination, Kennedy and her two children left public life and activities. +Mourning period and later activities. +On November 29, 1963, a week after her husband's assassination, Theodore H. White of "Life" magazine interviewed Kennedy at her home in Hyannis Port. During the interview, she compared the Kennedy years in the White House to King Arthur's Camelot. She said "Don't let it be forgot, that once there was a spot, for one brief, shining moment that was known as Camelot. There'll be great presidents again ... but there will never be another Camelot". Her husband was nicknamed "Camelot" and his presidency the "Camelot Era" because of this. +Kennedy and her two children stayed in the White House for two more weeks after the assassination. President Lyndon B. Johnson wanted to "do something nice for Jackie". He wanted to make her ambassador to France, Mexico or the United Kingdom. Kennedy said no to any ambassador roles. Johnson renamed the Florida space center the John F. Kennedy Space Center a week after the assassination. Kennedy later thanked Johnson for his kindness to her. +Kennedy made few public appearances after her husband's death. Some believed she was suffering from severe PTSD. In the winter after the assassination, she and the children stayed at Averell Harriman's home in Georgetown. +On January 14, 1964, she spoke on television thanking the public for the "hundreds of thousands of messages" she had gotten since the assassination. She bought a house for herself and her children in Georgetown, but sold it later in 1964. She bought a 15th-floor penthouse apartment for $250,000 at 1040 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan to have more privacy. +Kennedy would go to a few memorial ceremonies dedicated to her husband. In 1967, she went to the opening ceremony of the U.S. Navy aircraft carrier . She also went to a private ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery when her husband's coffin was moved to build a safer eternal flame. Kennedy also was in charge of the creation of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. +During the Vietnam War in November 1967, she was called an unofficial ambassador. This was because of her trip with David Ormsby-Gore to Cambodia. Many historians saw that her visit was to fix the relationship between the two countries. She also went to the funeral of Martin Luther King Jr. in Atlanta, Georgia, in April 1968. +Relationship with Robert F. Kennedy. +After her husband's assassination, Kennedy and her children became closer with her brother-in-law Robert F. Kennedy. Kennedy supported him staying in politics. She supported his 1964 campaign for United States senator from New York. +When President Johnson became unpopular, many wanted Senator Kennedy to run for president in 1968. When Art Buchwald asked him if he wanted to run, Robert replied, "That depends on what Jackie wants me to do". She met with him around this time and she told him to run. However, she was worried about his safety. +On June 5, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot Senator Kennedy in Los Angeles. Kennedy Onassis went to the hospital to be with her sister in law, Ethel Kennedy, her brother-in-law Ted Kennedy, and the other Kennedy family members. Robert Kennedy died the next day, aged 42. +Marriage to Aristotle Onassis. +On October 20, 1968, Jacqueline Kennedy married her long-time friend Aristotle Onassis, a Greek shipping magnate who was able to provide the privacy and security she sought for herself and her children. The wedding took place on Skorpios, Onassis's private Greek island in the Ionian Sea. After marrying Onassis, she took the legal name Jacqueline Onassis and lost her right to Secret Service protection. She later became the target of paparazzi who followed her everywhere and nicknamed her "Jackie O". +In 1968, billionaire heiress Doris Duke, with whom Onassis was friends, appointed her as the vice president of the Newport Restoration Foundation. Onassis publicly championed the foundation. +During their marriage, Onassis and her husband inhabited six different residences: her 15-room Fifth Avenue apartment in Manhattan, her horse farm in Peapack-Gladstone, New Jersey, his Avenue Foch apartment in Paris, his private island Skorpios, his house in Athens, and his yacht "Christina O". Onassis ensured that her children continued a connection with the Kennedy family by having Ted Kennedy visit them often. She developed a close relationship with Ted, and from then on he was involved in her public appearances. +Aristotle Onassis's health deteriorated rapidly following the death of his son Alexander in a plane crash in 1973. He died of respiratory failure aged 69 in Paris on March 15, 1975. His financial legacy was severely limited under Greek law, which dictated how much a non-Greek surviving spouse could inherit. After two years of legal issues, Onassis eventually accepted a settlement of $26 million from Christina Onassis, Aristotle's daughter and sole heir and waived all other claims to the Onassis estate. +Later years, 1975–1990s. +Onassis returned to the United States after her second husband died. She lived in Manhattan, Martha's Vineyard, and the Kennedy Compound in Hyannis Port. In 1975, she became an editor at Viking Press. She worked there for two years. +Onassis went to the 1976 Democratic National Convention. This was her first political event in almost ten years. She quit Viking Press in 1977. This was after Viking had published Jeffrey Archer's novel "Shall We Tell the President?". The story happens in a fictional future presidency of her brother in-law, Ted Kennedy. The book was about a plan to assassinate him. Two years later, she went to Boston to support her brother in law's, 1980 presidential campaign. +After she left Viking Press, Onassis worked for Doubleday. She was an associate editor. Some of the books she edited for the company were Larry Gonick's "The Cartoon History of the Universe", the English translation of Naghib Mahfuz's "Cairo Trilogy", and autobiographies of ballerina Gelsey Kirkland, singer-songwriter Carly Simon, and fashion icon Diana Vreeland. +In the 1970s, she supported a campaign to save Grand Central Terminal from demolition and repair it. A plaque inside the terminal talks about her role in its preservation. In the 1980s, she supported protests against a planned skyscraper at Columbus Circle that would have created large shadows on Central Park. She also supported saving Olana, the home of Frederic Edwin Church in New York. +Onassis had a lot of press attention. Paparazzi photographer Ron Galella followed her around and took pictures of her without her permission. From 1980 until her death in May 1994, Onassis also had a close relationship with businessman Maurice Tempelsman. +In the early 1990s, Onassis supported and endorsed former Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton for president. She donated money to his presidential campaign. After the 1992 presidential election, she met with First Lady Hillary Clinton. They talked about raising a child in the White House. Mrs. Clinton later said that Onassis was an inspiration for her. +Illness, death, and funeral. +In November 1993, Onassis was thrown from her horse while she was fox hunting in Middleburg, Virginia. She was taken to the hospital. Doctors found a swollen lymph node in her groin. They thought it was an infection at first. The fall made her health worse over the next six months. +In December, Onassis had new symptoms such as stomach pain and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. She had non-Hodgkin lymphoma. She began chemotherapy in January 1994. By March, the cancer had spread to her spinal cord and brain. By May, it had spread to her liver. Her condition was terminal. +Onassis made her last trip back home from New York Hospital–Cornell Medical Center on May 18, 1994. The next day on May 19, she died in her sleep at her Manhattan apartment, aged 64. Her two children were by her side. Her son John F. Kennedy, Jr. announced her death the next day. He said that she died with her family around her. +On May 23, 1994, her funeral was held and was short and small. Fewer than 100 people were at the 11 minute long funeral. She was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia, next to her husband President Kennedy, their son Patrick, and their stillborn daughter Arabella. President Bill Clinton spoke at her graveside service. At the time of her death, her children Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr., her three grandchildren, Rose, Tatiana and John Schlossberg, and sister Lee Radziwill were her living relatives. Her estate was worth $43.7million. +Legacy. +In 1994, the Municipal Art Society of New York started the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Medal. It is given to a person whose work has greatly helped New York City. The White House's East Garden was renamed the Jacqueline Kennedy Garden soon after her husband died. The Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis High School for International Careers was opened in 1995. The main reservoir in Central Park was renamed in her honor. +Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is seen as one of the most popular first ladies. She was named 27 times on the annual Gallup list of the top 10 most admired people of the second half of the 20th century. This was more often than any president of the United States listed. In 2014, she came in third place in a Siena College Institute survey as the best first lady. She was behind Eleanor Roosevelt and Abigail Adams in the survey. +In 2020, "Time" magazine included her name on its list of 100 Women of the Year. She was named Woman of the Year 1962 for her White House restoration works. +Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis is seen as an important first lady in United States history. Many historians feel that first ladies since Onassis have either been compared to or against her. +Many of her well known clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Pieces from the collection were shown at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City in 2001. +In 2012, "Time" magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list. In 2016, "Forbes" included her on the list "10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous". +In 2016, actress Natalie Portman played her in a movie called Jackie about her as first lady and her life after her husband's assassination. Portman was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for her acting. +Style icon. +Kennedy became a global fashion icon during her husband's presidency. After the 1960 election, she commissioned French-born American fashion designer and Kennedy family friend Oleg Cassini to create an original wardrobe for her appearances as first lady. +From 1961 to 1963, Cassini dressed her in many of her ensembles, including her Inauguration Day fawn coat and Inaugural gala gown, as well as many outfits for her visits to Europe, India, and Pakistan. In 1961, Kennedy spent $45,446 more on fashion than the $100,000 annual salary her husband earned as president. +Kennedy preferred French couture, particularly the work of Chanel, Balenciaga, and Givenchy, but was aware that in her role as first lady, she would be expected to wear American designers' work. She wrote to the fashion editor Diana Vreeland to ask for suitable American designers, particularly those who could reproduce the Paris look. Kennedy's first choice for her Inauguration Day coat was originally a purple wool Zuckerman model that was based on a Pierre Cardin design, but she instead settled on a fawn Cassini coat and wore the Zuckerman for a tour of the White House with Mamie Eisenhower. +In her role as first lady, Kennedy preferred to wear clean-cut suits with a skirt hem down to middle of the knee, three-quarter sleeves on notch-collar jackets, sleeveless A-line dresses, above-the-elbow gloves, low-heel pumps, and pillbox hats. Dubbed the "Jackie" look, these clothing items rapidly became fashion trends in the Western world. Her influential bouffant hairstyle, described as a "grown-up exaggeration of little girls' hair," was created by Mr. Kenneth, who worked for her from 1954 until 1986. Her tastes in eyewear were also influential, the most famous of which were the bespoke pairs designed for her by French designer, François Pinton. The coinage 'Jackie O glasses' is still used today to refer to this style of oversized, oval-lensed sunglasses. +After leaving the White House, Kennedy underwent a style change. Her new looks consisted of wide-leg pantsuits, silk Hermès headscarves, and large, round, dark sunglasses. She began wearing jeans in public as part of a casualization of her look. +Kennedy had a large collection of jewelry throughout her lifetime. Her triple-strand pearl necklace, designed by American jeweler Kenneth Jay Lane, became her signature piece of jewelry during her time as first lady in the White House. Often referred to as the "berry brooch", the two-fruit cluster brooch of strawberries made of rubies with stems and leaves of diamonds, designed by French jeweler Jean Schlumberger for Tiffany & Co., was personally selected and given to her by her husband several days prior to his inauguration in January 1961. +She wore Schlumberger's gold and enamel bracelets so frequently in the early and mid-1960s that the press called them "Jackie bracelets"; she also favored his white enamel and gold "banana" earrings. Kennedy wore jewelry designed by Van Cleef & Arpels throughout the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s; her sentimental favorite was the Van Cleef & Arpels wedding ring given to her by President Kennedy. +Kennedy was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1965. Many of her signature clothes are preserved at the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum; pieces from the collection were exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York in 2001. Titled "Jacqueline Kennedy: The White House Years". +In 2012, "Time" magazine included Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis on its All-TIME 100 Fashion Icons list. In 2016, "Forbes" included her on the list "10 Fashion Icons and the Trends They Made Famous". +Portrayals. +Jaclyn Smith plays Kennedy in the 1981 television movie "Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy". +Blair Brown plays Kennedy in the 1983 miniseries "Kennedy". +Marianna Bishop, Sarah Michelle Gellar, and Roma Downey plays Kennedy in the 1991 miniseries "A Woman Named Jackie". +Rhoda Griffis plays Kennedy in the 1992 movie "Love Field". +Sally Taylor-Isherwood, Emily VanCamp, and Joanne Whalley plays Kennedy in the 2000 television miniseries "Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis". +Stephanie Romanov plays Kennedy in the 2000 movie "Thirteen Days", taking place during the Cuban Missile Crisis. +Jill Hennessy plays Kennedy in the 2001 television movie ". +Jacqueline Bisset plays Kennedy in the 2003 movie ". +Jeanne Tripplehorn plays Kennedy in the 2009 movie "Grey Gardens". +Katie Holmes plays Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries "The Kennedys and the" 2017 sequel "". +Minka Kelly plays Kennedy in the 2013 movie "The Butler". +Ginnifer Goodwin plays Kennedy in the 2013 television movie "Killing Kennedy". +Kim Allen plays Kennedy in the 2016 movie "LBJ". +Natalie Portman plays Kennedy in the 2016 movie "Jackie". +Jodi Balfour plays Kennedy in the 2017 eighth episode of the second season of Netflix's drama series, "The Crown". + += = = Bornean orangutan = = = +The Bornean orangutan ("Pongo pygmaeus") is a species of orangutan native to the island of Borneo. + += = = Missile = = = +In military terminology, a missile is a guided airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight. In general, a missile may refer to anything thrown or launched object at a target like a javelin or darts. Nowadays, it means, mostly, a self-propelled guided weapon system. Missiles are used in war to destroy military targets. Missiles can carry explosives or other destructive loads. The loads a missile may carry are called a "payload". It is not always harmful to people. +For example, cruise missiles have carried "graphite bombs" to destroy electrical power systems without much collateral damage. Missiles are also one of the causes of explosions. +Types of missiles. +The two main kinds of missiles are simple "rockets" and "guided missiles". A rocket is no longer controlled once it has been launched. Most guided missile are also propelled by a rocket engine but can be controlled after it has been launched. Some missiles used in anti-aircraft warfare, such as the AIM-9 Sidewinder, guide themselves with temperature. Others guide themselves by radar or are under radio control. +Cruise missiles are big missiles that carry large payloads to hit ground targets or to badly damage/sink ships. Ballistic missiles look similar, but they keep the engine off and don't stay at a lower height to be more accurate like cruise missiles do. Instead, they go high up to the edge of space and turn off the engine. Since there's no air friction in space, they don't need the engine on to continue moving forward at the same speed. They then crash into the target from the sky. The Topol M is the missile in the picture and is a ballistic missile. In short, cruise missiles have an engine always running and fly low through the atmosphere to get to a target. Ballistic missiles go to the edge of space and turn off their engine to fall to a target. You could say cruise missiles fly while ballistic missiles fall. +The V-1 flying bomb was an early cruise missile, a little pilotless airplane with a bomb, propelled by a jet engine instead of a rocket. + += = = Salford = = = +Salford is a city in England. It was made a free borough by Ranulf, Earl of Chester in about 1230. and was granted city status in 1926. Salford is unusual because it borders the city of Manchester at its center, rather than its outskirts. The two cities are divided by the River Irwell. +Salford shares the industrial history of its neighbour Manchester. It hosts several museums and art centres, chiefly: The Lowry and the Imperial War Museum, both on Salford Quays. There was a major cotton and silk spinning and weaving factory district in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was an inland port on the Manchester Ship Canal from 1894. Broadcasters moved to the Salford Quays development called MediaCityUK. + += = = 1290s = = = +The 1290s was a decade that began on 1 January 1290 and ended on 31 December 1299. + += = = The Nightmare Before Christmas = = = +The Nightmare Before Christmas is a 1993 stop-motion animated dark fantasy movie directed by Henry Selick and produced/co-written by Tim Burton. It is a 31st movie. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, a skeleton from "Halloween Town" who opens a portal to "Christmas Town".This new town makes Jack realize he wants to do something different than Halloween every year. Jack tries Christmas out but soon realizes that Christmas may not be for him. Danny Elfman wrote the music to the movie and provided the singing voice of Jack, as well as other characters. Other voices in the movie include Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page and Glen Shadix. + += = = Crumple zone = = = +Crumple zones in a car help to reduce the impact of force on the people in the car when the car crashes into a solid object or another vehicle. The car is designed to crumple in a way so it absorbs energy to decelerate for longer and so reduce the force and severity of the crash on the people in the car. + += = = Harriet Lane = = = +Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President. +Early life. +Her parents were Elliot Tole Lane and Jane Buchanan Lane. When she was 9 years old, her mother died. Two years later, her father also died. She became an orphan. She requested that her uncle, James Buchanan, be made her guardian. Thus, Buchanan became her guardian. He arranged for her education. She received a very good education. +Personal life. +In 1854 she went to London to live with her uncle, James Buchanan. There she attracted the attention of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. She gave her the title of “dear Miss Lane”. +First Lady. +In 1857, her uncle became the President of the United States. She became the First Lady. She was a popular First Lady, and was very active. Women of that time even copied her hair style and style of dressing. People describe her as the first of the modern first lady. +After First Lady. +After her uncle retired, they went to live in his big home at, Wheatland near Lancaster, Pennsylvania. From her young age, she had met many persons. +Within next 18 years, she saw many deaths: her uncle, her husband, and her two young sons. +After this, she moved to Washington to live. She gifted a large collection of her art works to the government. An official of the Smithsonian Institute once described her as the First Lady of the National Collection of Fine Arts. She also donated a large amount to build a facility for invalid children at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore. +Marriage. +She married when she was 36. Her husband was Henry Elliot Johnston. Her husband was a banker from Baltimore. +Death. +After her death, she was buried at Baltimore, Maryland. + += = = Afelia = = = +Afelia is a Greek food. It is popular in the island nation of Cyprus. Afelia is made from pork, red wine, mushrooms, potatoes and coriander seed. + += = = President of Ireland = = = +The President of Ireland (Irish: Uachtarán na hÉireann ) is the head of state of Ireland. It is mostly ceremonial and elections are held every seven years, a person can be elected for up to two terms. The current President of Ireland is Michael D. Higgins. +List of presidents of Ireland. +The functions of the President were exercised by the Presidential Commission from the coming into force of the Constitution on 29 December 1937 until the election of Douglas Hyde in 1938, and during the vacancies of 1974, 1976, and 1997. + += = = Normandy = = = +Normandy () is a region in northern France. People from Normandy are called Normans. The name Normandy comes from the "Northmen" (), also called Vikings. They came from Scandinavia, and conquered this area in the 9th and 10th centuries. The group of people that settled at Rouen and became the Normans was led by Rollo. Normandy is also famous for being the location of the Allied invasion of France during World War II (See D-Day). The Battle of Normandy was the beginning of the Allied invasion and liberation of Europe from Nazi Germany. +History. +Archaeological evidence, such as cave paintings, show that people lived in Normandy in prehistoric times. The Gouy and Orival cave paintings also show people lived in Seine-Maritime. Many megaliths can be found in Normandy, most of them built in the same way. +Groups of Belgae and Celts, known as Gauls, invaded Normandy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Much of our knowledge about this group comes from Julius Caesar’s book "de Bello Gallico". Caesar wrote about many groups among the Belgae who lived different areas in towns surrounded by walls. In 57 BC the Gauls worked together and tried to fight Caesar’s army. They were led by Vercingetorix. The Normans lost an important fight at Alesia. They did not stop fighting until 51 BC, when Caesar finished his conquest of Gaul. Normandy was part of Armorica when it was ruled by Romans. +The duchy of Normandy began in the year 911. Charles the Simple, King of France gave land near Rouen and the lower Seine to Rollo, leader of a band of Vikings. This treaty is often called St. Clair-sur-Epte. More land was given in 924 and 933. +The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, invaded England in 1066 after King Edward the Confessor died. William the Conqueror thought he should be King of England. But King Harold II had crowned himself king. King Harold's Saxon army and William's Norman army fought at the Battle of Hastings on October 14 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle. On December 25 1066 William was crowned King of England as 'William I'. +The historic duchy is made of two regions of France: Upper Normandy and Lower Normandy. The Channel Islands are part of the duchy of Normandy. But they are not part of France. The whole duchy was not part of France for a long time. In 1205, Philip II of France took away all the French land from King John of England. Then, Normandy was a province of France. +World War II. +During the Second World War (1939–1945) Normandy was part of German-occupied France. The town of Dieppe was the site of the unsuccessful Dieppe Raid by Canadian and British armed forces. The Allies (Britain, the United States, and Canada) launched the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944 under the code name 'Operation Overlord'. About 12,000 planes dropped paratroopers before dawn. At dawn the Normandy landings began. Nearly 160,000 Allied soldiers came to the beaches, in about 7,000 ships and landing craft. +The Germans were defending their fortifications above the beaches. Caen, Cherbourg, Carentan, Falaise and other Norman towns had many casualties in the Battle of Normandy. The German defenders fought aggressively but were constantly pushed back. The battle for Normandy continued until the closing of the Falaise pocket. The liberation of Le Havre followed. That allowed the breakout of Allied forces into France and finally Germany and was a significant in the war. It led to the restoration of the French government in France. The last bit of Normandy was liberated only on 9 May 1945, at the end of the war un Europe, when the German occupation of the Channel Islands effectively ended. +Geography. +The historical duchy of Normandy occupied the lower Seine area, the Pays de Caux and the region to the west through the Pays d'Auge as far as the Cotentin Peninsula. The region is bordered along the northern coasts by the English Channel. There are granite cliffs in the west and limestone cliffs in the east. There are also long stretches of beach in the center of the region. The unique bocage hedges are typical of the western areas of Normandy. The highest point is the Signal d'Écouves at in the Massif armoricain. Normandy is lightly forested. Eure has the most wooded areas with about 20% being forest. The population of Normandy today is around 3.45 million. + += = = Sarah Childress Polk = = = +Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the US President James K. Polk. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1845 to 1849. +Early life and education. +She was born in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She was the elder daughter of her parents, Captain Joel and Elizabeth Childress. As a child, she lived on a plantation near Murfreesboro, Tennessee. She got a good education and studied at Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. +Marriage and family. +On 1 January 1824, she married James K. Polk. At the time of her marriage, she was 20 years old. Polk was aged 28 years. At the time of this marriage, Polk had just begun his first year's service in the Tennessee legislature. +The Polk couple did not get any children of their own. They raised a nephew, Marshall Polk (1831-1884). After her husband’s death, Sarah Polk raised a niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924). +First Lady tenure. +She also helped privately her husband in preparing his speeches and in his correspondence. During her term as the First Lady, the functions at the White House were famous for their calmness and soberness. One of the reasons being her young age when she became the First Lady. She became the First Lady when she was only 41. The other reason that she was having a good health. +After being First Lady. +Her husband died just after three months of her retirement as the President. At that time the couple was living at their new home named Polk Place in Nashville. After her husband’s death she always dressed in black. She lived in that house for about 42 years, the longest retirement and widowhood of any former US First Lady. +Living longer. +Only three other First Ladies, namely, Anna Harrison, Edith Bolling Wilson, Lady Bird Johnson and Bess Truman had lived longer than Sarah Polk. Sarah Polk, as the First Lady of the United States, even outlived several of her successors. She lived longer than Margaret Taylor, Abigail Fillmore, Jane Pierce, Mary Todd Lincoln, Eliza McCardle Johnson and Lucy Webb Hayes. +Death. +She died in Nashville, Tennessee just three weeks before her 88th birthday. +Legacy. +As the First Lady, and even after her retirement as the First Lady, she earned a lot of respect from all section of the society. + += = = Anna Harrison = = = +Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (July 25, 1775 – February 25, 1864) was the wife of President William Henry Harrison. President Benjamin Harrison was her grandson. She was the First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841. But she never entered the White House. +She was born near Morristown, New Jersey on July 25, 1775. Her father was a judge and his name was John Cleves Symmes. Her mother’s name was Anna Tuthill Symmes. Her mother died in 1776 when Anna was hardly one year old. During the American Revolution, Anna's father dressed like a British soldier and carried her on horseback passing through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island. They cared for the child till the end of the war with the British. +At the age of thirteen, she went to North Bend, Ohio to live with her father and the stepmother. After few years, she met William Harrison, a young army officer. She married him on 25th November 1795. The couple had six sons and four daughters: Elizabeth Bassett "Betsy" (1796 - 1846), John Cleves Symmes (1798 - 1830), Lucy Singleton (1800 - 1826), William Henry, Jr. (1802 - 1838), John Scott (1804 - 1878), Benjamin (1806 - 1840), Mary Symmes (1809 - 1842), Carter Bassett (1811 - 1839), Anna Tuthill (1813 - 1845), and James Findlay (1814 - 1817). +After an eventful career in the US Army, her husband became the President of the United States in 1841. Due to her illness, she could not attend the inauguration ceremony and remained at their home in North Bend. After a month, on April 4, 1841, she was about to move to Washington when she learned of her husband's death. Thus, she never entered the White House, even though she was the First Lady. +After the death of her husband, she lived in North Bend with one of her sons, John Scott Harrison. She helped raise his children. One of the children was eight-year old Benjamin who became President of the United States. She died at the age of 88 on February 25, 1864 at home in North Bend, Ohio. + += = = Sarah Yorke Jackson = = = +Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 1805? – August 23, 1887) was the daughter in law of US President Andrew Jackson and Rachel Donelson Jackson. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834, to March 4, 1837. +Sarah Yorke was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her parents were very rich. The exact date of her birth is not known. But, it was in July 1805. Her father’s name was Peter Yorke. Her father had worked as a sea captain, and then became a merchant. Her mother’s name was Mary Haines York. Her father died in 1805. While going to New Orleans, her mother died in 1820. Sarah had two other sisters. Her two aunts raised all the three children. +On November 24, 1831, Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr. He was the adopted son of president Andrew Jackson. The couple lived in the family plantation farm in Tennessee. There in 1834, a fire destroyed the main house. They came to Washington, and started living in the White House. By that time, they had become parents of two children. +The couple and their children reached the White House on November 26, 1834. She immediately started to act as the First Lady. At the same time, the President’s niece Emily Donelson was also acting as the First Lady. This is the single example of two ladies acting as the First Lady in the history of the United States. In 1836, Emily died of tuberculosis. After that, Sarah continued to act as the First Lady. +President Jackson’s term as president expired in 1837. Until then Sarah remained in the White House and continued to act as the First lady. By that time, a new house was constructed at Tennessee. The couple and the former president lived there for about eight years. In 1845, Andrew Jackson died. She continued to live there with her husband. When the American Civil War broke out, the couple moved to Mississippi. She died on August 23, 1887. + += = = Carnivora = = = +The order Carnivora is a group of mammals. The group is divided into the "cat-like" Feliformia and the "dog-like" Caniformia. +Animals of the order Carnivora are "carnivores", a term which applies to all flesh-eaters. If one needs to refer to members of the order, then "carnivorans" is used. Many species of Carnivora are actually omnivores, and a few of them, like the giant panda, eat mostly plants. +The order includes aquatic relatives in the superfamily Pinnipedia, the walruses and seals. +Teeth. +Mammalian carnivores have a particular arrangement of their back teeth. It is to slice the meat of their prey. As the photo shows, two of the back teeth work as meat slicers. If they change their way of life (various aquatic mammals) this feature gets changed or even lost (selected against). +Taxonomy. +Carnivoramorpha. +The Carnivores are linked with the Miacids and Viverravids in an unranked clade, the Carnivoramorpha: +The carnivores known as †Creodonts have some relation to these groups, but are placed outside the Carnivoramorpha. The †Mesonychids are another extinct group of early carnivores, which are also not in the Carnivoramorpha. + += = = Fowl = = = +Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes). It happens that birds in these groups are good to eat, and often hunted by gun. So the word 'fowl' may be used for a game bird. The group is mostly of birds we hunt or farm, and which we eat. Studies of anatomical and molecular similarities suggest these two groups are close evolutionary relatives. Together, they form the fowl clade, the Galloanserae. This clade is also supported by morphological and DNA sequence data, as well as retrotransposon data. + += = = Receipt = = = +A receipt is usually a piece of paper, but in some parts of the world they can also be hard tokens. The word comes from "receive", which means "to get". +Receipts are used to show or prove that someone has got or received something. It usually shows proof that something has been paid for. It might also be used to show that something was brought in to be fixed, for example, a bicycle. + += = = Error = = = +An error is a mistake: that is its basic meaning. However, there are some differences in how the word is used in different subjects. +In arithmetic. +Elementary errors in arithmetic show a wrong pattern of thought. For example, if a child misplaces the decimal point in some decimal arithmetic, that shows he or she has not understood the idea. By explaining how decimal points should be placed, a teacher can correct all future calculations of this kind. The error is a sign of a general misunderstanding, which, when cured, may never happen again. In this way, errors can help learning. +This idea can be developed in many other subjects. Errors can help learning if corrected, and that is used by many textbooks with end-of-chapter questions. The idea of the questions (which often have end of book answers) is to help the reader find out what needs correcting. The principle of learning is called knowledge of results. +In statistics. +A statistical error is "the amount by which a sample differs from its expected value". The expected value is based on the whole population from which the individual was chosen. +A tricky point is this: +Computer programming. +The word 'error' can be used to describe a computer program that was not written in the right way. A "syntax error" is a bit of source code that does not make sense to the computer. A "logic error" is a mistake in the algorithm used, which might result in problems with the output. +An error may also be an "exception", which is something that happens unexpectedly. For example, it is an error to try to write more files onto a disk that is full. Careful programmers write code that can deal with errors that may happen; they can do this by labeling each error with an error code and using exception handling. Continuing to run a program when an error has not been dealt with can cause error avalanche, which means errors pile up and behavior becomes more difficult to predict. +Catastrophes. +In a catastrophe like a nuclear accident, even small errors in accuracy and precision can lead to very harmful consequences. + += = = Union of European Football Associations = = = +The Union of European Football Associations mostly called the UEFA, is the organization that controls European football (soccer) (often referred to as association football). The UEFA is one of 6 continental confederations of the FIFA. It is also the biggest one. The President of the UEFA is Aleksander Čeferin. +Some members of the UEFA are partly or whole not part of the European continent (Israel, Turkey, Kazakhstan,Azerbaijan, Georgia, Armenia, Cyprus and Russia). There are members that do not represent sovereign states, such as the Faroe Islands, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. +UEFA national teams have won 12 FIFA World Cups (Italy-4, Germany-4, France-2, England and Spain-one trophy each), and UEFA clubs have won 21 Intercontinental Cups and four FIFA Club World Cups. In women's, UEFA teams have won three FIFA Women's World Cups (Germany 2, Norway 1) and one Olympic gold medal (Norway). +Competitions. +International competitions. +The main international competition is the UEFA European Football Championship. This competition started in 1958, with the first finals in 1960. It is held every four years. The last was 2016 in France. The title was won by Portugal for their first time ever. There were also European competitions at the Under-21, Under-19 and Under-17 levels. For women there was the UEFA Women's Championship. +Club competitions. +There are two main club competitions. The highest is the UEFA Champions League. It started in the 1992/93 season as follower of the UEFA Champion Cup. This competition was first held in 1956. The second is the UEFA Europa League. The league started in 1999 when the UEFA Cup and the Cup Winners' Cup merged. In women's football UEFA governs UEFA Women's Champions League for club teams. The competition was first held in 2009 (out of UEFA Women's Cup until 2009) +Winner of the UEFA Champions League. +Since 1992 no winner of the Champions League was able to defend the title the next season. + += = = Asian Football Confederation = = = +The Asian Football Confederation often referred to as just AFC, is the organization that controls Asian football. +Regions. +The AFC has 46 member associations split into four regions. +Central and South Asian Football Federation. +SAFF Members +CAFF Members + += = = Micronesia = = = +Micronesia is an area in Oceania. Many islands in the western Pacific Ocean are part of it. Micronesia means "small islands" in ancient Greek language. +The Philippines is to the west of Micronesia. Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, and Melanesia are to the south of Micronesia. Polynesia is to the east of Micronesia. +Most of the islands in Micronesia are atolls. These are ring-shaped islands made of a coral reef. But some are high islands with a coral reef around them. +Traditionally in Micronesia, each island or area has a chief. The chief cannot do anything without support of the council. Everyone is part of a clan, or extended family. Each family group also has a chief. The chiefs are usually older men. Micronesia is mostly matrilineal, which means that descent is followed through women. So a chief may be followed by his sister's son. +People in Micronesia often have family members on many other islands. The society values social equality. Wealth is spread pretty evenly between people. Even the chiefs are not much richer than everyone else. But this is less true in the eastern islands, where there are social classes. + += = = 2002 FIFA World Cup = = = +The 2002 FIFA World Cup was a football sporting event that was held in South Korea and Japan from May 31 to June 30, 2002. 32 teams took part from many countries. Brazil won the trophy after beating Germany in the final by a score of 2-0. 69,029 people were at the finals at International Stadium, Yokohama. + += = = Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol = = = +CONMEBOL or CSF (CONfederación SudaMEricana de FútBOL in Spanish, CONfederação Sul-AMEricana de FuteBOL in Portuguese; "South American Football Confederation") is the governing body of football in most of South America. +Three countries or territories on the South American mainland—the independent countries of Guyana and Suriname, plus the French overseas department of French Guiana—are not CONMEBOL members. Instead, for cultural and competitive reasons, they are members of CONCACAF, the governing body for the rest of the Americas. + += = = Monotreme = = = +Monotremes are a group of mammals that form the order Monotremata. Monotremes are the only mammals that lay eggs, but they also feed their babies with milk. +The word 'monotreme' refers to their common rear opening, the cloaca. In amphibia, reptiles, birds and probably all early tetrapods, there is a common opening for urine, reproduction and faeces. +Evolution. +Monotremes are derived from earlier mammals than the marsupials and eutherians, but their fossil record is poor. +The time at which the monotreme line diverged from other mammalian lines is uncertain, but one survey of genetic studies gives an estimate of about 220 million years ago. This is in the Upper Triassic. Fossils of a jaw fragment 110 million years old were found at Lightning Ridge, New South Wales. This means they originated up to 100 million years before the Metatheria or Eutheria, so they are definitely 'living fossils'. +Mosaic features. +The egg-laying and the cloaca are primitive ('basal') features inherited from earlier synapsid tetrapods. +But the monotremes also have other features such as the production of milk, caring for their young in burrows, homeothermy and a neocortex in their brains. These are advanced ('derived') features which they share with placentals and marsupials. This mixture of basal and derived features is characteristic of the way different body parts often evolve at different rates. This is called mosaic evolution. +In mammals, a monophyletic group, there were a number of different lines living at the same time through the Upper Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous. Each of these lines had a mixture of basal and derived features until, at last, the placental mammals developed the whole suite of derived characters. This gave them a great advantage over the other groups wherever open competition occurred. However, because of their long seclusion in southern continents, some of the monotremes and marsupials have survived. +Survivors. +There are two surviving families of monotremes, with five living species. They all live in Australia and New Guinea. People commonly know them as platypus and echidnas. There is only one platypus that exists now, the duck-billed platypus. The four others echidnas. + += = = FIFA Club World Cup = = = +The FIFA Club World Cup is a competition in the sport of Club football. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) organizes the World Cup every one year. The tournament officially assigns the world title. It is normally contested between the Champions of each continent, and the champion of the host country. Real Madrid is the most successful team in the tournament, with 5 titles. +List of champions and statistics. +"See also:" Clubs of football world champions + += = = Metatheria = = = +Metatheria is a group in the class Mammalia which contains the marsupials and the sparassodonts. +The group was first proposed by Thomas Henry Huxley in 1880. It is nearly synonymous with the earlier taxon Marsupialia, but it also contains the nearest fossil relatives of marsupial mammals. +Metatheria differ from all other mammals in their dental formula. This usually includes five upper and four lower incisors, a canine, three premolars, and four molars. +The earliest known representative, "Sinodelphys", is from the Lower Cretaceous of China. +The closest relatives of the metatheres are the Eutheria (also erected by Huxley in 1880). Both are together united as infraclasses in the subclass Theria. The Theria contains all living mammals except monotremes. +During development, metatherians produce a yolk sac placenta and give birth to 'larval-like' offspring. +These offspring have underdeveloped rear limbs, and after birth they migrate to the marsupium where they attach to a nipple. The mouth of newly born metatherians forms an "O" shape into which the mother's nipple fits. Then the nipple swells to secure the offspring in place. +The Greek words "meta-" and "theria" roughly means the "other beasts", in contrast with "Eutheria" ("true beasts"). +Evolutionary history. +Metatherians first appeared in the Cretaceous period. Some stem group metatherians persisted well into the Neogene period before becoming extinct. Crown group marsupials, the one branch of Metatheria that survives today, diversified close to the time of extinction at the end of the Cretaceous. + += = = Spermatic cord = = = +The spermatic cord (also known as Van Deferens or Sperm Duct) is a cord-like structure in the male reproductive system that runs from the abdomen down to each testicle. It carries sperms from the epididymis to the urethra. + += = = Mixed martial arts = = = +Mixed martial arts (or MMA) is hybrid martial arts. It includes any mixture of combat disciplines or any blend of two or more styles of martial arts like boxing and kick boxing, which are its integral fighting styles. MMA can also mean the sport of mixed martial arts fighting. Bellator, PFL, Rizin, ONE Championship, and UFC are companies that promote MMA sport fighting. +Rules. +The people who organize an MMA fight can decide the rules for that fight. +There is no one group of people who decides the rules for all MMA fights, in the world. Some states regulate all professional fights, including MMA fights, and set some rules. +MMA fights once had few rules, but now have many rules to protect the fighters. Boxing (and other fighting sports) also have many rules, different from those in MMA. +Fighters can use any martial art, or combination of arts, they like in the fight. In these fights, fighters can fight standing with punches, kicks and other strikes, in a clinch where fighters are grabbing each other while standing, or on the ground. +Illegal strikes. +An example of an illegal strike is the 12-6 elbow strike. It is illegal under the Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts, where it is called "striking downwards using the point of the elbow". The ban was made for medical / safety reasons, because of serious injuries caused by this strike. +Defeat. +Each fighter will try to defeat the other either by submission, or knock out. Each fight can last only for a period of time, after the time ends, judges decide who is the winner. The referee in the fight will make sure no one gets hurt too badly and that rules are followed. +History of the Mixed Martial Arts. +Origin. +Pankration was an old style of unarmed combat. The ancient Greeks introduced this sport into the Olympic Games in the 648 BC. Some public fights took place at the end of the 19th century. They represented different styles of fighting, including jujutsu, wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling and others in competitions and challenges throughout Europe. After World War I, wrestling was born again in two main flows. The first flow was real competition; the second flow began to depend more on the choreography and on the grand public shows that resulted in professional wrestling. +Types of martial arts. +Modern mixed martial arts (MMA) has its roots in two kinds of competition: the Vale Tudo (Brazil) and Japanese Shootfighting. +Vale Tudo. +Vale Tudo began circa 1930, when Carlson Gracie invited every competitor to compete in a fight. That was the so-called "Gracie's Challenge". Later, Hélio Gracie and the Gracie family continued this. Vale Tudo translates to "Anything Goes", as it had almost no rules. +Japanese Shootfighting. +In Japan, about 1970, Antonio Inoki organized a series of mixed martial arts fights. They were the forces that produced the Shootwrestling, and they later caused the developing of the first organization of mixed martial arts, known as Shooto. Mixed martial arts obtained great popularity in the United States in 1993, when Rorion Gracie helped create the first UFC event, one of the earliest MMA events in the USA . In 1997, in Japan, the interest for this sport resulted in the creation of the greater organization of mixed martial arts - Pride Fighting Championship. +Where they were practiced. +The Gracie family caused the tournaments, as the UFC, to be well known. It should be noticed that the UFC is the most famous tournament, but the persons who practises Brazilian jiujitsu normally do not use blows. Undoubtedly, the Gracie family played an important role in the creation of open competitions of Vale Tudo and in causing them to be well known through the television. Nevertheless, before anyone created the UFC or Shooto, where the persons who represent every method of self-defense can fight, there had already existed such mixed martial arts. +Gradual development of the competitors. +About the year 1990, three styles were famous for their effectiveness in the competitions of the mixed martial arts: the wrestling, the Brazilian jiu-jitsu, and Muay Thai. This can be because of their attention given to the combat by means of holds. Before the year 1990, the promoters organized a lacking amount of the competitions of the mixed martial arts, and some martial arts base on blows. Therefore, probably, most instructors of these arts had given too little attention to the holds. + += = = Urarina = = = +Urarina are Indigenous Peoples who live in the Peruvian Amazon Rainforest. + += = = Sergipe = = = +Sergipe is the smallest state in Brazil. Aracaju is the capital and largest city. Sergipe borders two other states, Bahia and Alagoas. +Geography. +Sergipe's land is mostly caatinga. A strip of rainforest runs down the Atlantic coast. There are also swamps near the coast. +Economy. +Sergipe's main crop is sugarcane. Cassava is also grown. There is a small petroleum industry. +History. +The first people to live in Sergipe were from the Tupi Tribe. The name "Sergipe" is the Tupi word for "crab". +The Portugal took over the area, and made a settlement at São Cristóvão. Later, French pirates invaded Sergipe, but they left soon after. +Now, Sergipe is part of free Brazil. + += = = Soviet–Afghan War = = = +The Soviet–Afghan War or the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan was a war initially fought between the forces of the communist government of Afghanistan and fighters supported from abroad. Without proper equipment and training, the communist Afghan government was unable to resist the opposition, known as the Mujahideen, and eventually sought the aid of the Soviet Union. The Soviets' entry to the country caused an immediate increase in the presence of foreign involvement with Islamists from around the world coming to Afghanistan to join the mujahideen. Massive military campaigns against the Mujahideen, who blended in with the local population, caused extensive destruction of local infrastructure and death, which made the local population to side with the Mujahideen. That caused a loss of support for the Soviet military presence and eventually created a nationwide resistance during the conflict. +The war began on 25 December 1979, when the Soviets brought their 40th Army to fight in Afghanistan, and lasted until 15 February 1989, when they announced that all of their troops had left the country. About 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed, and about 35,000 were wounded. About two million Afghan civilians were killed. The anti-government forces were supported by many countries, Pakistan, the United States and Saudi Arabia. +The war started when the Soviet Union sent its 40th Army to fight in Afghanistan, which reached Afghanistan on 25 December 1979. The fighting continued for about ten years. On 15 May 1988, the Soviet troops started to leave Afghanistan, which continued until 2 February 1989. +Background. +The country has many mountains and deserts that make movement difficult. The population is made up mainly of Pashtuns, but there are also Tajiks, Hazaras, Aimak, Uzbeks, Turkmens, and some other small groups. +Soviet deployment. +Hafizullah Amin. +In 1979, Hafizullah Amin was the ruler of Afghanistan. The KGB spies said that Amin's rule was a threat to Soviet Central Asia republics and also suspected that Amin was not loyal to the Soviet Union. It also found some information about Amin's attempt to be friendlier with Pakistan and China. The Soviets also suspected that Amin had been behind the death of Afghan President Nur Muhammad Taraki. Finally, the Soviets decided to remove Amin. +Assassination of Amin. +On 22 December 1979, Soviet advisers to the Afghan Army took many steps. They stopped all telecommunication links in Kabul. No message could come inside or go outside the city. Troops of the Soviet Air Force also reached Kabul. Amin saw danger and moved to the presidential palace, Tajbeg Palace, for more safety. +On 27 December 1979, about 700 Soviet troops took over major government and military buildings at Kabul. The troops wore uniforms similar to the Afghan Army. At 7:00 pm, the Soviet troops destroyed Kabul's communications and stopped all communication among Afghan troops. At 7:15 pm, Soviet troops entered Tajbeg Palace. By morning of 28 December, the first part of the military action was over. Amin and his two sons had been killed. +The Soviets announced freedom of Afghanistan from Amin's rule. They also said that the Soviet soldiers were there to fulfill their duty, as stated in the "Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good Neighborliness of 1978." +Rise of Babrak Karmal. +An announcement came from the Kabul radio station about the killing of Hafizullah Amin. The Pro-Soviet Afghan Revolutionary Central Committee (ARCC) took the responsibility. Then, the ARCC chose Babrak Karmal as the head of government of Afghanistan. He asked the Soviet Union for military assistance. +Moscow's decision on occupation. +The Afghan government asked the Soviet Union many times to send troops. Despite the Soviets' treaty with Afghanistan to assist, and fearing a Vietnam-style quagmire, the Soviet Union resisted but instead told the Afghanistan government to reach a compromise with the foreign fighters. The situation deteriorated between the Afghanistan government and the foreign fighters, and the Soviet Union responded initially with only intelligence and advisors. +Occupation. +Soviet operations. +The Soviet soldiers occupied much of Afghanistan, but they could never control the whole country. Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan lacked the proper military tactics for guerrilla warfare in Afghanistan's rugged mountainous terrain, and many of the Soviet troops were young conscripts who were untested in combat. Several Afghan groups continued to attack and to fight the Soviet troops. +World reaction. +People in most countries around the world did not like what the Soviets were doing in Afghanistan. They liked how the Afghans were fighting them. Some reactions were very serious. US President Jimmy Carter said that the Soviet action was "the most serious threat to the peace since the Second World War". Carter threatened to boycott the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow unless the Soviet Union withdrew its forces by February 1980. It did not do this and so the US boycotted the Games. +Afghan reaction. +By the mid-1980s, many groups in Afghanistan had organized themselves to fight the Soviet troops. Those groups received help from many countries like United States, United Kingdom, China, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan. +Pakistan's participation. +Pakistan thought that the Soviet war in Afghanistan was also a threat to since it is right next to the country. Through its intelligence agency, the ISI, the country also started bringing active support to Afghans fighting the Soviet troops. +Soviet withdrawal. +The Soviet war in Afghanistan seemed like a war that would never end. The Soviets looked very bad in the eyes of the world for trying to control this country. Most people inside the Soviet Union did not support the war. As more and more Soviet soldiers were being killed or wounded as the war dragged on, Mikhail Gorbachev referred to the Soviet war in Afghanistan as a "bleeding wound". Finally, on 15 February 1989, after ten years of fighting with no end in sight, the Soviets decided to get out of Afghanistan. +Aftermath. +Soviet Union. +The war in Afghanistan badly affected the rule of the Soviet Communist Party. Many thought that the war was against Islam. This created strong feelings among the Muslim population of the Central Asian Soviet Republics. The Soviets had very low spirits, or "morale", because they were unable to control the people and were treated only as invaders everywhere they went. Andrei Sakharov openly said the bringing +the Soviet Army into Afghanistan was wrong. +Over 15,000 Soviet troops were killed in Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989. During the war, the Soviet Army also lost hundreds of aircraft and billions worth of other military machines. Around two million Afghan men, women, and children died in the war. +Afghanistan. +Even after the Soviet Army had left Afghanistan, civil war continued in the country. For about three years, the communist government of Najibullah could managed to defend itself from the Mujahideen forces opposing it. Many groups had arisen within the government itself, and some of them supported the Mujahideen. In March 1992, General Abdul Rashid Dostam and his Uzbek militia stopped supporting the government. Soon, the Mujahideen had won Kabul and started to rule most parts of Afghanistan. +During the war, Afghanistan's economy had suffered badly. Grain production came down to 3.5% per year between 1978 and 1990. The Soviets also tried to bring commercial and industrial activities under state control, which also had a bad effect on the economy. With the breakup of the Soviet Union into many countries, Afghanistan's traditional trade also further suffered. +Western World. +At the beginning, many people and countries had praised the US for supporting groups fighting the Soviet forces, but after the September 11 attacks, people started to question the US policy of supporting and giving money to such groups. In 2001, the US launched an invasion of Afghanistan, in an effort to find Osama bin Laden. In 2021, the US announced its withdrawal from Afghanistan and the last forces from NATO countries left Afghanistan on 30 August 2021. The capital city Kabul was captured by the Taliban on 15 August 2021. + += = = Emily Donelson = = = +Emily Tennessee Donelson (June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836) was the niece of President of the United States Andrew Jackson. She acted as an unofficial First Lady of the United States from 1829 to 1836. +Emily Tennessee Donelson was born in Donelson, Tennessee. Her father’s name was John Donelson. He was the brother of Rachel Donelson Jackson. Rachel Donelson Jackson later on married Andrew Jackson, the President. She studied at Nashville Female Academy in Nashville, Tennessee. She was a bright student and she got a very good education. At the age of seventeen, she married Andrew Jackson Donelson, called in short as A. J. Donelson. +With her husband, she came to the White House in 1829. At that time, she was just 21 years old. Her husband A. J. Donelson served as a secretary to the President Jackson. Her first months at the White House marked the mourning for the death of Rachel Donelson Jackson. The period of mourning ended when Emily gave a party at the White House on 1 January 1830. +She continued to act as the First Lady for few years. She left the White House for some time. But, she returned again on the 5th September 1831. On 26 November 1834 Sarah Yorke Jackson, the President's daughter in law arrived at the White House. She also started to act as the First lady. It was the only time in the history of USA that two women acted at the same time as the First Lady. +In 1836, Emily’s health became very weak. She was suffering from tuberculosis. In June 1836 she left the White House to recover and rest "Tulip Grove", her plantation. She could not recover and died on the 19 December 1836. + += = = Letitia Christian Tyler = = = +Letitia Christian Tyler (November 12, 1790 – September 10, 1842) was the first wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from 1841 until her death in 1842. +Life. +Letitia Christian Tyler was born at her family’s plantation in Virginia. She could not get any formal education. But she learned to manage the plantation and raise a family. +She married John Tyler on 29 March 1813. The day was the twenty-third birthday of John Tyler. The couple had eight children. Out of the eight, one died very young. +After 1839, she fell ill. When John Tyler became president, Letitia Tyler was very sick. She was confined to her invalid’s chair. She lived in a second-floor room of the White House. She could not take part in social activities, but she looked after other affairs of the household. +She died on 10 September 1842. She was the first President's wife to die in the White House. Her picture also appears on a postage stamp issued by the Isle of Man Post Office in her honor. After her death, Priscilla Cooper Tyler became the First Lady. + += = = Julia Gardiner Tyler = = = +Julia Tyler (born Julia Gardiner Tyler; May 4 or July 29, 1820 – July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth President of the United States. She was the First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844 to March 4, 1845. +Family. +Her parents were Juliana McLachlan and David Gardiner. Her parents belonged to a famous and wealthy family of New York. From her childhood, Juliana got training to move in high society. When she was just a girl of 15 in 1835, she went to tour Europe with her family. There she saw a social life of much glamour. In late 1842, she along with her parents went to Washington DC. In Washington DC, she attracted the attention of several men. One of them was President Tyler, a widower since September 10 1842. +Marriage. +In 1843, Julia, her sister, and their father joined the President Tyler on a tour on a steam naval ship. During the tour a huge naval gun exploded, killing her father. The President Tyler comforted her. He also got her consent for a secret engagement. Marriage took place on 26th June 1844. When the news was announced, it attracted interest and publicity. Some people also criticized it as the President Tyler was 30 years older than Julia. +Role as the First Lady. +Her role as the First Lady was very decent and charming for the guests. After her husband’s term ended as the president, they retired to their home at Sherwood Forest Plantation in Virginia. The President got seven more children from her. He was already having eight children with his first wife. There her husband died on 18th January 1862. In the meanwhile, the American Civil War had broken out. She had to move to New York as a refugee. She also faced monetary problems. +Last years. +In 1870, the US Congress granted a pension of US$1,200 a year to Mary Lincoln, widow of Abraham Lincoln. In 1880, Julia could also get a pension of the same amount. After Garfield's assassination, the US Congress granted a pension of same amount of US$5,000 a year to all the widows of the presidents. They were Lucretia Garfield, Mrs. Lincoln, Sarah Childress Polk, and Mrs. Tyler. +Mrs. Tyler spent her last years comfortably in Richmond, Virginia. She died there on 10th July 1889. + += = = Newsround = = = +Newsround is a television programme for children. It talks about the news and gives information about things that are happening at the moment. It is shown on the channels BBC One, CBBC channel and the BBC World News. +The past. +"Newsround" used to be called "John Craven's Newsround" before the presenter called John Craven left in 1989. "Newsround" started on 4 April 1972 and is still going on today. + += = = Lancelot = = = +Sir Lancelot is a character in the legend of King Arthur. The legend says Sir Lancelot was a Knight of the Round Table. Lancelot was a Red Cross Knight, which meant that he was on a quest to find the Holy Grail. +In Arthurian legend, Lancelot was raised by the Lady of the Lake. For this reason, he was also called "Lancelot Du Lac". +At one time, Lancelot was one of the most trusted knights of King Arthur's Round Table. This changed when Lancelot fell in love with the king's wife, Queen Guinevere. He later had an affair with Elaine of Configure. As a result, he and Guinevere parted ways. +Lancelot is the father of Sir Galahad. The legend is not clear about who was Galahad’s mother. It may have been Elaine of Configure. Sir Galahad eventually became the greatest knight in all of Camelot. Lancelot saw Galahad’s ascension. +Lancelot was the only knight known to have defeated King Arthur in a jousting match. +He first appeared as a main character in Chrétien de Troyes' "Le Chevalier de la Charrette" ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century. A section called the Prose Lancelot includes stories about Lancelot’s adventures. Often, the stories contain conflicting background stories and chains of events. +is in Chrétien de Troyes' Le Chevalier de la Charrette ("The Knight of the Cart"), written in the 12th century, where his exploits are recounted in the section known as the Prose Lancelot, often with conflicting background stories and chains of events. + += = = Pitcairn Islands = = = +The Pitcairn Islands are a group of islands in the southern Pacific. People only live on the second-largest of the four islands. That island is named "Pitcairn". It is governed by the United Kingdom. It has the smallest number of people of any country. In 2019, 50 people lived there. +The islands are best known as home of the descendants of the Bounty mutineers and the Tahitians (or Polynesians) who accompanied them, an event retold in numerous books and films. This history still shows in the surnames of many of the islanders. There are only four family names (as of 2010): Christian, Warren, Young and Brown. +History. +Originally people from Polynesia lived on the Pitcairn Islands, but there was no one living on the islands when they were discovered (found) by Captain Philip Carteret of "H.M.S. Swallow" on 2 July 1767. The island was named after Robert Pitcairn, a 15 year old midshipman who was the first person on the "Swallow" to see it. Robert is believed to have been lost at sea in early 1770 when the ship he was on, "HMS Aurora," went missing in the Indian Ocean. +Recent sex crimes. +In 2004 charges were laid against seven men living on Pitcairn and six living abroad with sex-related offences dating back a number of years. On 25 October 2004, six men were convicted, including the island's mayor at the time. After the six men lost their final appeal, the British government set up a prison on the island at Bob's Valley. The men began serving their sentences in late 2006, as of 2010 all men have served their sentences or been granted home detention status (Pitcairn News, 2010). +In 2010 the island received a new and updated constitution. +Currency. +While the Pitcairn Islands are a British Overseas Territory, the islands use the New Zealand dollar, not pound sterling. The US dollar is also used. + += = = Sun bear = = = +The sun bear ("Ursus malayanus" or "Helarctos malayanus") is a bear living in Southeast Asia. +Appearance. +The sun bear is the smallest bear. It has short black fur, and a yellow spot on its chest. Its ears are small and round. It has big feet with naked soles and long claws, which help the sun bear climbing. It can climb very well. It cannot see very well, but its sense of smell is very good. +Life. +Sun bears mostly live in tropic rainforests. They are mostly active at night, and they stay in trees a lot of the time. +It eats a lot of different things: fruit and other plants, eggs, honey and insects. They also eat small vertebrate animals, like reptiles, birds and mammals. +After a pregnancy of 96 days the female gives birth to 1-2 babies. Young sun bears become mature when they are 3-4 years old. sun bears can become up to 28 years old when in captivity (held by humans, e.g. in zoos). +Sun bears do not hibernate. + += = = Priscilla Cooper Tyler = = = +Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper Tyler (June 14, 1816 – December 29, 1889) was the daughter-in-law of John Tyler. John Tyler was the tenth President of the United States. She acted as the First Lady of the United States from September 10, 1842 to June 26, 1844 upon the death of John’s first wife, Letitia Tyler. +Birth. +Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper was born in New York City. Her father’s name was Thomas Apthorpe Cooper. Cooper was a successful stage actor and producer. Priscilla Cooper’s mother was Mary Fairlee Cooper. At the age of 17 Elizabeth Priscilla Cooper started to work as an actress. Her father became very successful, and the family lived in a big house on Broadway theatre. But, in the Panic of 1837, the family suffered great losses. Sometimes, they only had radishes and strawberries to eat. +Marriage. +She met her future husband Robert Tyler while performing in a play in Richmond, Virginia. They became closer and their marriage took place on 12th September 1839. John Tyler, his father in law, was a US Senator. She received a nice welcome at her husband’s home. Her father in law became the Vice President after 1840 presidential election. But, the President William Henry Harrison dies just after one month of becoming the President of the United States. After this, John Tyler became the President. +First Lady. +Letitia Tyler, wife of the President John Tyler was a semi-invalid lady. Therefore, the President asked Priscilla to assist Letitia in her duties as the First Lady. Letitia died on September 10, 1842. After Letitia’s death, Priscilla became the First Lady. People of her time has described Priscilla as attractive and intelligent. +After First Lady. +In 1844, Robert Tyler moved to Philadelphia along with his wife, Priscilla. Priscilla passed her duties to the President's daughter Letitia Tyler Semple. +Robert Tyler and Priscilla lived in Philadelphia for 16 years. Robert worked as a lawyer. In 1861, American Civil War broke out. They declared their loyalty to the Confederate States of America. They moved to Richmond. In Richmond, Robert worked as the register of the Confederate Treasury. After the American Civil War, Robert became the editor of the "Mail and Advertiser" newspaper in Montgomery, Alabama. He died in 1877. Priscilla remained in Montgomery after Robert's death. She died in Montgomery in 1889. + += = = Eliza McCardle Johnson = = = +Eliza McCardle Johnson (October 4, 1810 – January 15, 1876) was the first lady of the United States and the wife of Andrew Johnson, the 17th president of the United States from 1865 to 1869. She previously served as Second Lady from March to April 1865. +Early life. +She was born in Telford, Tennessee. She was the only child of John McCardle, a shoemaker, and Sarah Phillips-McCardle. Eliza lost her father when she was still a small child. She was raised by her widowed mother in Greeneville, Tennessee. One day in September 1826, Eliza was chatting with classmates from Rhea Academy when she spotted Andrew Johnson and his family pull into town with all their belongings. +Marriage. +Andrew Johnson, aged 18, married Eliza McCardle, aged 16, on May 17, 1827, at the home of the bride's mother in Greeneville. Mordecai Lincoln, a distant relative of Abraham Lincoln, presided over the nuptials. +Children. +The Johnsons had three sons and two daughters, all born in Greeneville: +First Lady. +She supported her husband in his political career, but had tried to avoid public appearances. During the American Civil War, Confederate authorities ordered her to evacuate her home in Greeneville; she took refuge in Nashville, Tennessee. +A few months later after her husband became president, she joined him in the White House, but she was not able to serve as First Lady due to her poor health. She remained confined to a room on the second floor, leaving the social chores to her daughter (Martha Johnson Patterson). Mrs. Johnson appeared publicly as First Lady on only two occasions - at a reception for Queen Emma of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1866 and at the president's birthday party in 1867. +Death. +After episodes of "consumption" (tuberculosis), Eliza died on January 15, 1876, at the of age 65 in Greeneville, Tennessee. She survived her husband by five and a half months. + += = = Rose Cleveland = = = +Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 − November 22, 1918), was the acting First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations. +Early life. +Rose Elizabeth Cleveland was born in Fayetteville, New York, on June 14, 1846. Known to her family as "Libby", Rose was the youngest of nine children born to Reverend Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann Neal Cleveland. In 1853 the family moved to Holland Patent, New York, where her father was settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church, and where he died that same year. Rose was 7 at the time of her father's death. She stayed in Holland Patent to care for her widowed mother. Grover Cleveland, Rose's elder brother, was 16 years old at the time. +White House years. +When her elder brother, Grover Cleveland, won the election to the twenty-second presidency of the United States, Rose became First Lady and lived in the White House for two years, she stood by her brother as First Lady during his inauguration, and his two initial bachelor years in the White House. +During her early tenure as First Lady, Rose received front-page treatment from the New York Times about her appearance during her second reception at the White House. The Times reported that Miss Cleveland, Wore a dress of black satin, with entire overdress of Spanish lace. The satin bodice was cut low and sleeveless, and the transparent lace revealed the shoulders and arms. Rose Cleveland did not completely fit into Washington high society during her tenure as first lady. It is said that," Rose Cleveland was a bluestocking, more interested in pursuing scholarly endeavors than in entertaining cabinet wives and foreign dignitaries." Rose was an intellectual, and she preferred to lecture rather than entertain, but she made sure to perform her duties as First Lady as a favor to her brother. +Later on President Cleveland married Frances Cleveland. Rose resigned as the First Lady, and started her career in the field of education. +Death. +She died on November 22, 1918 in Bagni di Lucca, Italy, from the Spanish flu. She is buried in Bagni di Lucca. + += = = Project Gutenberg = = = +Project Gutenberg (PG) is an online project that offers a digital archive of copyright-free e-books in the public domain. It was started in 1971 by Michael S. Hart. The purpose of the Project is to collect in and make available cultural work (like books) using computers. These are generally free and may be used on most computers. The project gets its name from Johannes Gutenberg, a German publisher who made the first European printing press in 1439. +As Project Gutenberg continued to grow, in 2000, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, Inc. was created. It is a non-profit organization with main office in Mississippi, United States. + += = = F. Scott Fitzgerald = = = +Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an Irish American writer. He is remembered mostly for his novel The Great Gatsby, and for being one of the main members of the Lost Generation. +Life. +Fitzgerald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He briefly went to the Nardin Academy– a private Roman Catholic school in Western New York. When his father lost his job, the Fitzgerald family returned to Minnesota. F. Scott Fitzgerald then went to the St. Paul Academy, but was thrown out of the school when he was aged 16 for not working hard enough. Fitzgerald went to another school in New Jersey and eventually went to Princeton University in 1913. While he was at Princeton, Fitzgerald wrote for a musical-comedy club at the university which led to him sending a novel off to a book publishing company, Charles Scribner’s Sons. The editor liked Fitzgerald’s writing, but did not publish the book. Fitzgerald left Princeton University to serve in the United States Navy in World War One, but the war ended shortly after he signed up. +Fitzgerald got engaged to Zelda Sayre in 1919. He moved into an apartment on Lexington Avenue in New York where he wrote short stories and worked in advertising. Zelda did not think that Fitzgerald’s job was good enough and she broke off their engagement. Fitzgerald went back to his parent’s home in St. Paul and worked on his first novel This Side of Paradise. "This Side of Paradise" was finally accepted by Charles Scriber’s Sons in late 1919 and Zelda and Fitzgerald got engaged again. "This Side of Paradise" was published in 1920 and was very popular. Scott and Zelda got married in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York. On October 26, 1921, their daughter Frances Scott Fitzgerald was born. +Fitzgerald’s most famous book, "The Great Gatsby", was first sold in 1925. Fitzgerald travelled a lot at this time – mainly to France, where he met a number of other Americans who had left the United States. It was around this time that Fitzgerald first met Ernest Hemingway. They became good friends, but Hemingway did not like Fitzgerald’s wife, Zelda. Hemingway said that Zelda was insane, made Fitzgerald drink alcohol and that she did not allow him to do his best work. It is generally accepted, however, that Zelda had a big influence on Fitzgerald’s writing. +Fitzgerald’s other novels did not sell as well as his first novel while he was alive. He and Zelda spent a lot of money on parties and Fitzgerald had to try and make money by writing short stories. In the late 1920s, Fitzgerald started working on a fourth novel, but problems arose when Zelda’s mental health got worse. The fourth novel, "Tender is the Night", was not published until 1934. Some people say that the characters in the novel are very similar to Fitzgerald and Zelda themselves. "Tender is the Night" did not sell as well as "This Side of Paradise" in Fitzgerald’s lifetime, and a number of critics said it was poor. The book is now considered to be one of Fitzgerald’s better works, however. +Zelda’s mental health did not improve and she went to live in a mental hospital while her husband worked on more short stories and his fifth novel. +Fitzgerald’s health got worse; possibly due to the fact that he drank a lot of alcohol during his life. On December 21st 1940, he had a heart attack and died. The last words of "The Great Gatsby" are written on Fitzgerald’s gravestone. His fifth and last novel, "The Love of the Last Tycoon", was released after he died. + += = = Cupertino, California = = = +Cupertino is a small city in Silicon Valley in the U.S. state of California. According to the 2020 census, Cupertino has a population of 60,381. The headquarters of Apple Computer is in Cupertino. + += = = The A-Team = = = +The A-Team is an American action television series which ran from 1983 - 1987. It is set in Los Angeles. It is about four former US Army commandos who are running from the military (who think that the commandos committed a crime that they did not) and make money by helping people with their problems. + += = = Philadelphia (movie) = = = +Philadelphia is a 1993 American drama movie starring Tom Hanks and Denzel Washington. It is about Andrew Beckett (Hanks), a gay lawyer who has AIDS. The people he works with find out and fire him. He thinks this is unfair and hires another lawyer (Washington) who does not like gay people. + += = = Forrest Gump = = = +Forrest Gump is a 1994 American epic comedy-drama romance movie. It is based on the 1986 book of the same name by Winston Groom. Forrest Gump is the main character of both the movie and book. The movie earned much money in theaters. It earned $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run. It earned more money than any other movie in North America that year. The movie was nominated for a total of 13 Academy Awards. It won six of these, including Best Picture, Best Visual Effects, Best Director (Robert Zemeckis), and Best Actor (Tom Hanks). +The Forrest Gump is renowned for its timeless storytelling, iconic characters, and Oscar-winning excellence. Tom Hanks' portrayal of Forrest Gump in an American historical journey, coupled with innovative visuals and social commentary, continues to resonate with audiences. +The movie is set in Alabama. It tells the story of a man with an IQ of 75 and his epic journey through life. It tells about him meeting historical people, affecting popular culture and being a part of historic events. While all this happened, Forrest does not know the importance of the events were because of his naiveté and much lower than average intelligence. There are many differences between the story in the movie and the story in the novel. +Awards. +The movie won six Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Visual Effects, Film Editing and Adapted Screenplay. The film was nominated for an additional six Academy Awards, including Best Actor in a Supporting Role for Gary Sinise as Lieutenant Dan. The other nominations were for Best Cinematography, Art Direction, Sound Editing, Makeup, Original Score and Sound Mixing. At the Golden Globes the film won for Best Motion Picture in the Drama Category, Best Direction of a Motion Picture and Best performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture and was nominated for Best Original Score, Best Supporting Actor, Best Supporting Actress and Best Screenplay. The movie has a 71 percent rating on the website Rotten Tomatoes with 40 positive and 16 negative reviews. The audience gave the film a rating of 4.1 out of 5 on the website with 93% of the audience liking the film. + += = = Ted Kennedy = = = +Edward Moore "Ted" Kennedy (February 22, 1932 - August 25, 2009) was the Senator for the U.S. state of Massachusetts from 1962 to 2009. +Early life. +Ted Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, which is a neighborhood in Boston. He was the youngest son of Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy. He was the younger brother of former President John F. Kennedy and Senator Robert F. Kennedy, both of whom were assassinated, as well as Joe Kennedy, who was killed in World War II. A lot of other sad things happened in his life: he almost died in a plane crash, he was involved in a car crash that took the life of a campaign worker, and one of his sons had cancer as a child. +Education. +Ted Kennedy went to Harvard and served in the Army before entering politics. He ran for and won the seat given up by his brother when he became president. While in the Senate, he fought for the working class, mainly for health care and the minimum wage. In 1980, he ran for president, but lost in the primaries to Jimmy Carter. +Chappaquiddick incident. +On July 18, 1969, Senator Kennedy and passenger Mary Jo Kopechne were driving in Chappaquiddick Island where the car crashed over the bridge into the ocean. Kennedy left the scene leaving Kopechne to drown to death as she was trapped in the car. Kennedy plead guilty. Many believe this is why he decided not to run for President in 1972 or 1976. +Later life. +In 2008, he found out he had glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. Despite the cancer, he campaigned for Barack Obama and sometimes appeared in the Senate. +Death. +He died from the cancer at his home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts just before midnight on August 25, 2009. + += = = Flag of Singapore = = = +The Flag of Singapore consists of two horizontal halves—red above white. Red symbolises universal brotherhood and equality of man; white stands for pervading and everlasting purity and virtue. In the upper left corner, a white crescent moon and five white stars form a circle. The five stars stand for the ideals of democracy, peace, progress, justice, and equality. +For 140 years (1819-1959), the Union Jack flew over Singapore. Then, on 3 December 1959, the National Flag was unveiled at the installation of the new Head of State, the Yang di-Pertuan Negara, when Singapore was granted self-rule (but not complete independence) by the British Government. Also unveiled that day were the State Crest and the National Anthem. The flag was conceived and created by a committee headed by then Deputy Prime Minister Dr. Toh Chin Chye. +Guidelines for Usage. +Guidelines for the use of the flag have been relaxed in recent years to encourage greater usage. +How it may be used. +Singaporeans and non-governmental buildings may display or fly the national flag to identify with the nation. Singaporeans are encouraged to do this during occasions of national celebration or national significance. + += = = Bess Truman = = = +Elizabeth Virginia Wallace Truman (February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982) was the first lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953 as the wife of the 33rd president of the United States, Harry S. Truman. Before becoming first lady, she was the second lady of the United States from January to April 1945 when her husband was vice president. +Biography. +Early life and education. +Elizabeth Virginia Wallace was born on February 13, 1885, in Independence, Missouri, to Margaret Elizabeth Gates and David Willock Wallace. As a child, Bess had a reputation as a tomboy due in part to her love for sports, including golf, tennis, horseback riding, basketball, baseball, and ice skating. She practiced dance and etiquette, and she attended town balls. +In 1903, when Wallace was 18, her father committed suicide. The family moved to Colorado Springs, Colorado, for a year to avoid the community's attention. After her father's death, Wallace took responsibility for raising her younger brothers, and the family moved in with her maternal grandparents. She refused to speak about her father for the rest of her life. +After graduating from Independence High School, she studied at Miss Barstow's Finishing School for Girls in Kansas City, Missouri. Wallace played on the women's basketball team, and she studied literature and French. After returning from school, she resumed her role as the head of the family, and she became involved with the community through her bridge club and her charity work with the Needlework Guild. +Marriage and family. +Wallace met Harry S. Truman after his family moved to Independence in 1890, and the two attended school together until graduation. +They got married on June 28, 1919, at Trinity Episcopal Church in Independence. Their only child, Margaret Truman, was born in 1924. +First Lady, 1945–1953. +Truman became the first lady of the United States when her husband became the 33rd president on April 12, 1945, after Franklin D. Roosevelt died while in office. As first lady, Truman served as Honorary President of the Girl Scouts, the Woman's National Democratic Club, and the Washington Animal Rescue League. She was Honorary Chairman of the American Red Cross. She worked with various organizations, but she never adopted a group or cause to focus on, as many first ladies do. +After the end of World War II, Truman was responsible for restoring the White House social season, and she organized the White House's receptions and events. She was inspired by the history of the White House in particular during the presidency of James Monroe. +She resisted any changes to her lifestyle, often handling bookkeeping, dusting, and other chores on her own, though she did enjoy having domestic servants. Truman also allowed reporters to have copies of her schedule, becoming the first first lady to do so. +Death and funeral. +Truman died on October 18, 1982, from congestive heart failure at the age of 97, and a private funeral service was held on October 21. Afterwards, she was buried beside her husband in the courtyard of the Harry S. Truman Library in Independence, Missouri. + += = = Margaret Taylor = = = +Margaret Mackall Smith Taylor (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), was the wife of Zachary Taylor, the President of the United States. She was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850. Some people called her Peggy Smith. +She was born in Calvert County, Maryland. Her mother’s name was Ann Mackall and her father’s name was Walter Smith. Her father was a major in the American Revolutionary War. When she was visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she met Zachary Taylor. Taylor was a lieutenant at that time. They married in June 1810. For sometime, she stayed in a farm she had got as a marriage gift from her father. There she gave birth to her first baby. But, then she started to live with her husband. Taylor’s garrison moved from one location to other on the western front, and she also moved with him. +Their two small daughters died in 1820. As described by Taylor, the children had died of “a violent bilious fever.” They had three other girls and a boy. All four grew to adulthood. Taylor knew the difficult life of a military man. He was always against their daughters marrying military men, but all the three married military persons from the United States Army. +At the White House, Peggy Taylor participated in the household activities and personal functions. She did not participate in formal and official functions. Her youngest daughter, Mary Elizabeth Bliss, acted as the official hostess for her mother. + += = = Persian Gulf = = = +The Persian Gulf is the name of a geographical place. Its location is in the Middle East. It is an extension of the Gulf of Oman. It is between Iran and the Arabian Peninsula, and the Arabs prefer to call it the "Gulf of the Arabs". +During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the Persian Gulf came into news. Both sides attacked oil tankers of each other. Later, when Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1991, the new war got the name of "Gulf War" but major fighting happened on land. +The water in the Persian Gulf is rich in fishes; it has long beautiful coral reefs. Deep inside the water of the Persian Gulf, there are many pearl oysters. Due to this, the area attracts a lot of activities. +In Persian language, the term khalīj-e-Fars means the Persian Gulf. In October 2018, the World Intellectual Property Organization of the United Nations registered Persian Gulf as a place of origin, based on the Lisbon Agreement for the Protection of Appellations of Origin and their International Registration. +Geography. +The sea waters of the Persian Gulf covers an area of 233,000 km2. On the east, it connects with the Gulf of Oman by Strait of Hormuz. On the west, it connects a major river delta of Shatt al-Arab. In this river delta, waters of two big rivers of the area flow into: the waters of the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers. +The length of the Persian Gulf is 989 kilometers, and the shortest distance between two land points are 56 kilometers. The waters are generally not very deep. The maximum depth is only 90 meters. The average depth is only 50 meters. +There are many countries with borders touching the Persian Gulf. If taken in a clockwise direction, these countries are from the north: Iran, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar on a peninsula off the Saudi coast; Bahrain on an island; and Kuwait and Iraq in the northwest. Many small islands lie within the Persian Gulf. +Petroleum. +The area in and around the Persian Gulf has world’s largest crude oil. Industries relating to crude oil are the main industries in this area. Al-Safaniya, the world’s largest offshore oil field is in the Persian Gulf. Many countries with large crude oil are in this area. They are called Persian Gulf States, that is, the countries around the Persian Gulf. These countries are Iran, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Iraq (with its small portion touching the Persian Gulf) is not called a Persian Gulf State. +British control. +For about 200 years, from 1763 until 1971, the United Kingdom kept some control over some of the Persian Gulf countries. These countries were the Trucial States and at various times Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar. Upon independence most of the Trucial States made a new United Arab Emirates. + += = = World Trade Organization = = = +The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a large international organization to regulate trade that was established in 1995. As of 2018, there are 164 members and 23 observer nations. In the WTO, agreements are made on trade between countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) means that countries have to lower barriers to international trade, such as tariff on goods crossing borders. This lets businesses operate in many different countries. +Member countries sign agreements. +There are about 30 such agreements. Based on these agreements, the member countries trade with each other. They sell items to each other and follow a set of rules. They have to give a special job to the other country. The phrase used (for such and many alike items) is to give the other country a special job – this is known as to give the other country "a most favored country job". From 2004, if a member sells any item to another member country, the same type of item should be offered to all other member countries. +While it is highly regarded, from its beginning the WTO has also received criticism. + += = = Międzyrzec Podlaski = = = +Międzyrzec Podlaski is a city in the east of Poland, in Lublin Voivodeship. It is on the Krzna rivers. It has 17 283 people. + += = = Qing dynasty = = = +The Qing Dynasty or the Qing Empire () was a dynasty of rulers of China from 1644 to 1912. The dynasty was founded by the Manchus and so its other name is the Manchu dynasty. The surname of the Qing emperors was Aisin Gioro. It became the Republic of China in 1912 after the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. +Rise of the Manchu state. +In 1580, Nurhaci became the Jian Zhou general of the Ming dynasty. He unified the Manchu tribe and organised the Eight Banners. In 1616, Nurhaci declared himself Khan (King) and founded the Jin dynasty in Liao Ling. In 1626, Nurhaci led armies to attack Ning Yuan. Unluckily, Nurhaci was wounded by Yuan Chonghuan's Portuguese cannon and he died 2 days later. Huang Taiji, the son of Nurhaci, then succeeded to the throne and became the Khan of the Manchu tribe. In 1643, Huang Taiji was dead, caused by apoplexy. Shunzhi Emperor inherited Huang Taiji's throne. Prince Dorgon became the regent. In 1644, the Manchu armies conquered the north of China. The capital was changed to Beijing. The Ming dynasty was overthrown, though fighting continued until 1683. +Late-Qing. +Restoration. +A. The self-strengthening movement (1861 - 1895). +The self-strengthening movement ( or ; 1861 - 1895) was a reform organised during the late Qing. With the defeat in the Opium Wars and the outbreak of Taiping Rebellion, the emperor and the imperial officials realised that it was necessary to improve the country's state with a series of reforms. Therefore, the Self-Strengthening Movement was started. +The movement could be divided into three phases: the first phase (1861 - 1872), the second phase (1872 - 1885) and the third phase (1885 - 1895). The major leaders are Yixin, Prince Gong (Chinese: ���), Wenxiang (Chinese: ��), Zeng Guofan (Chinese: ���), Li Hongzhang (Chinese: ���), Zuo Zongtang (Chinese: ���), Shen Baozhen (Chinese: ���) and Zhang Zhidong (Chinese: ���). However, owing to the conservatives opposition and the problems of modernization, it failed finally. +Reforms were: +B. The hundred days' reform (1898). +With the failure of the Self-Strengthening Movenment, the defeat in the First Sino-Japanese War and the scramble for concessions, many Chinese leaders realised that reforms were urgently needed. Thus, the Hundred Day's Reform (Chinese: ����; 11 June 1898 - 21 September 1898) was started in 1898. The leaders of the reform were Guangxu Emperor, Kang Youwei (Chinese: ���) and Liang Qichao (Chinese: ���). Eventually, it ended in a coup d'état led by Empress Dowager Cixi. +The main reforms were: +Qing government and society. +Politics. +The Manchus changed their ways to be more like the Chinese in order to rule them better. The Manchus started wearing Chinese clothes and writing in Chinese. They began to enjoy Chinese food and art. One of the Manchu emperors, Qianlong Emperor, began to worry about how much like the Chinese the Manchus were becoming and he tried to get Manchus to be more Manchu. Qianlong Emperor made Manchus ride horses and shoot bows and arrows so that they would remember where they came from. The Chinese people used different types of clothes like maccukau, konaha, schinin and sakahn. +Regional Development. +In the early Qing, Guangdong was a province. There were 79 counties. In 1911, it was checked that there were 5,041,780 households, approximately 28,001,564 people. The famous mountains in Guangdong were Lingchau, Huangling and Luofu. Dongjiang, Beijiang and Xijiang were the most important rivers in Guangdong. Guangzhou, Zhaoqing, Xiamen and Fujian were the major Guangdong cities. + += = = Hypnosis = = = +Hypnosis is "a trance state characterized by extreme suggestibility, relaxation and heightened imagination". +It is an altered state of consciousness. +Usually, one person (the "hypnotist") talks to another (the "subject") in a special way that puts the subject into a trance. While the subject is in this state, he can be influenced by suggestions. The hypnotist can tell him to forget his name, or that the room is hot (he will start sweating), or that he is someone else. Hypnotic suggestions may be delivered by a hypnotist in the presence of the subject, or may be self-administered ('self-suggestion' or 'autosuggestion'). The use of hypnotism for therapeutic purposes is referred to as 'hypnotherapy', while its use as a form of entertainment for an audience is known as 'stage hypnosis'. +Contrary to a popular misconception—that hypnosis is a form of unconsciousness resembling sleep—some contemporary research suggests that hypnotic subjects are fully awake and are focusing attention, with a corresponding decrease in their peripheral awareness. Subjects also show an increased response to suggestions. However, the behaviour of subjects under hypnotism goes so far beyond normal focused attention that the description of "altered state of consciousness" is more used. +Hypnotherapy. +Hypnotherapy is when a hypnotist uses hypnosis to help the subject heal emotionally, or to heal a sick mind. Hypnotherapy is hypnosis used for therapy. +Hypnosis can also be done by one person acting alone. Then he is acting as both hypnotist and subject. This is called "self-hypnosis," or sometimes "auto-suggestion." In some cases, this is simply a form of using trance. +History. +Ancient societies. +Almost every pre-modern society had practices which were somewhat like hypnotism. Often a special person in a society (witchdoctor, shaman, priest...) would conduct a ceremony. The ceremony might use incantations (spells), chants, repetitive music, mind-altering substances, darkness, fire, and other settings. The purpose was to send a person or group into an altered state of mind like a trance. Even literate societies such as ancient Greece had phenomena suggestive of hypnosis. The Delphic oracle was in a trance of some kind as she uttered her famous predictions. Whether that was self-hypnosis or just the effects of volcanic gas will never be known. +Western societies. +There seem to be many ideas about how hypnosis started. Historic records in modern Europe start with the work of Franz Mesmer, though he did not invent the word 'hypnotism'. Mesmer and his followers practised what was first called 'animal magnetism', and later mesmerism. Descriptions of his work leave no doubt that he had discovered for himself what we now call 'hypnotism'. +The words "hypnosis" and "hypnotism" both derive from the term "neuro-hypnotism" (nervous sleep) coined by the Scottish surgeon James Braid around 1841. Braid based his practice on that developed by but differed in his theory as to how the procedure worked. +The main hypnosis discoveries came in 1842 when Braid started to learn more about its effects. He did not think that 'mesmerism' was the cause of hypnosis, and in the end he thought that trances were only a 'nervous sleep'. In 1843 he wrote a book about this with the title "Neurypnology". In this book Braid described hypnotism as a state of physical relaxation accompanied and induced by mental concentration ("abstraction"). +Method. +Hypnosis is used to treat fears, addictions, emotional trouble, pain control, stress, and so on. +The hypnotist must do two things to do hypnosis. First, he must put the subject into a trance. Second, he must lead the subject through the trance process (for therapy, or whatever effect is needed). Often, he will switch between these, first making sure the subject is in the proper state of mind, and then leading him through the process. These steps are repeated in a cycle throughout. +In trance, the subject does not make decisions about the truth of the hypnotist's suggestions: If trance is reached—it is not always—the subject will accept as true anything the hypnotist says, unless it goes against the subject's deepest beliefs. This is the heart of hypnosis: to put the subject in trance so he will accept suggestions. +Stage hypnotists get truly amazing effects from good subjects: they can make them forget their names, believe they are someone else, make them see people who are not there, make them forget letters or numbers, and so on. This happens because the subject actively follows the hypnotist's suggestions, because he trusts the hypnotist and he believes it is safe. If the trust is broken or the subject believes it is not safe, the subject may emerge from trance. +Hypnosis is not truly a power resting in the hypnotist. Instead, the power rests in the mind of the subject. The hypnotist simply knows how to guide the subject through trance. + += = = Krusty Krab = = = +The Krusty Krab is a fictional fast food restaurant in the television series, "SpongeBob SquarePants". It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a crabnamed Eugene H. Krabs. The other two workers at the restaurant are SpongeBob SquarePants (fry cook), and Squidward Tentacles (cashier). The fast food sold is the popular Krabby Pattys (which is similar to hamburgers but made of krill), and others such as French fries, and drinks. + += = = M6 motorway = = = +The M6 is the longest motorway in the United Kingdom. It is also one of the busiest motorways in the country. It is often referred to as "The Backbone of Britain". +The M6 is part of the unsigned E-road E24 from the M1 to the M6 Toll near Birmingham. The E5 joins the M6 Toll from the M42 and then uses the M6 to its north end at Carlisle. Then it continues to become the M74. The motorway is 230 miles (370km) long. This is 37 miles longer than the M1 motorway. +History and curiosities. +The first section of the motorway was the Preston by-pass, opened on 5 December 1958. It was built by a company called Tarmac Construction. It was the first motorway in the United Kingdom. It was opened by Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. The motorway was later extended in both directions. +Junction 6 in Birmingham has the name Spaghetti Junction. This is because it looks very complex from the sky. +On the high ground between Shap and Tebay, the north and south-bound carriages split apart. Strangely, at this point a local road runs between the two carriageways without a link to the motorway. +The section of the M6 which runs over Shap Fell in Cumbria is 1050 ft (320 m) above sea level. This is one of the highest points on any motorway in the UK. The West Coast Main Line railway follows the same course. It runs alongside the M6 for much of its length. +Route. +The motorway starts at the M1 in Rugby. It passes through Birmingham and Spaghetti Junction. The motorway continues to the north, passing Liverpool and Manchester. It goes around Preston and up to Lancaster. It then follows through a valley past the Lake District and Penrith. It finishes at Carlisle. +Cumberland Gap. +At the end of the M6 motorway at Carlisle, there is a 6-mile stretch of the A74 which links England to Scotland. This is called the "Cumberland Gap". This was caused by an argument between the British Parliament and the Scottish Parliament, which left neither the M6 or the A74(M) being built. After a lot of controversy, building started on the remaining six miles. When it is completed, there will be a complete motorway going from London to Glasgow. +M6 Toll. +The M6 Toll is a toll road which was opened in 2003. It starts at Junction 11A and runs around Birmingham to Junction 3A. It is the first toll road to be built in the United Kingdom. It was opened on 9 December 2003. It is reported to save 45 minutes from the average journey. + += = = Sloth bear = = = +The sloth bear ("Melursus ursinus") is a bear that lives in India, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. +Appearance. +Sloth bears have long and shaggy black fur, but its fur can also be brown. On its chest it has a white or yellow mark, which is shaped like an Y or V. They have big feet with long claws. The long claws are also the reason for its English name, because the claws look like the claws of a sloth. +Life. +Sloth bears are omnivores and eats mostly termites and ants. But they also eat fruit, honey, eggs, carrion, grasses and occasionally rodents. Sloth bears use their claws to dig up ants from the dirt. They also use their claws to fight predators such as tigers, leopards and jackals. Bengal tigers prey on sloth bears of all ages. Indian leopards, dholes and Indian wolves may also be a threat. +Female sloth bears usually have 1-2 babies, sometimes 3. Young sloth bears stay with their mother for 2–3 years. In captivity they can live to be 40 years old. +Sloth bear adults can weigh anywhere from 60 to 70 kilograms (120-130 pounds) and measure anywhere from 152 to 178 centimeters (60-70 inches) in length. + += = = Inclined plane = = = +An inclined plane is a simple machine. It allows one to use less force to move an object. +Examples of inclined planes are ramps, sloping roads and hills, plows, chisels, hatchets, carpenter's planes, and wedges. The typical example of an inclined plane is a sloped surface; for example a roadway to bridge at a different height. +Another simple machine based on the inclined plane is the blade, in which two inclined planes placed back to back allow the two parts of the cut object to move apart using less force than would be needed to pull them apart in opposite directions. +Calculation of forces acting on an object on an inclined planes. +To calculate the forces on an object placed on an inclined plane, consider the three forces acting on it. +We can break the force from gravity into two vectors, one perpendicular to the plane and one parallel to the plane. Since there is no movement perpendicular to the plane, the component of the gravitational force in this direction ("mg" cos "�") must be equal and opposite to normal force exerted by the plane, "N". Therefore, formula_1. +If the component of the force from gravity parallel to the surface ("mg" sin "�") is greater than the static frictional force "fs" – then the body will slide down the inclined plane with acceleration where "fk" is the force of friction – otherwise it will remain stationary. +When the angle of the slope ("�") is zero, sin "�" is also zero, so the body will not move. + += = = Jamestown, New York = = = +Jamestown is a city in southwestern New York State, United States. + += = = Lego = = = +Lego, stylized as LEGO is a type of building toy created and made by The Lego Group, a company from Denmark. LEGO bricks are colorful plastic building blocks that can be joined together easily to make a tower, house, and more. LEGO bricks are joined together by studs on the top, and holes in the bottom of the brick commonly known as the brick-and-knob connection. LEGO is the most popular building toy in the world. +The LEGO Group was started by Ole Kirk Christiansen, a Danish toy maker, in 1935. Christiansen made wooden toys for children. He made and sold his first plastic LEGO sets in the 1940s. Since then, LEGO has become very popular and are known and loved by people around the world kids and adults alike. +The company is based in Billund and is owned by Kirkbi, the family company. In 2006 sales were about $1.3 billion. In 2022 they were $9.1 billion. Net profit was $1.9 billion. After the bankruptcy of Toys R Us in 2017, Lego expanded its network of 317 stores to about 1,000 in 2023. +LEGO bricks come in many shapes, sizes and colors. There are wheels, car screens, plants and mini-figures. LEGO bricks can be joined together in many ways. Vehicles, buildings and even robots can all be built with LEGO bricks. +All the bricks from LEGO sets can fit together. New bricks made today can fit with old bricks made years ago. The bricks can join together no matter which set they come from. LEGO has become so popular that people sometimes use the word "Lego" to talk about any sort of building blocks. There are millions of LEGO fans and many LEGO conventions around the world. +LEGO Video Games. +Many LEGO video games are being created for different video game systems. LEGO video games usually come from LEGO themes, such as LEGO Star Wars. LEGO Star Wars has six video games. Other LEGO video games include LEGO Indiana Jones, LEGO Harry Potter, Lego DC comics and Marvel. +Television and movies. +A LEGO Cartoon Network show "" was aired from 2011 to 2012, and a second Cartoon Network LEGO show aired in 2013. In 2014 "The LEGO Movie" was released, starring Chris Pratt, Will Arnett, Elizabeth Banks, Morgan Freeman, Will Ferrell, and Liam Neeson. The movie was released on February 7, 2014. Since then, three other LEGO movies have been made, like The LEGO Batman Movie, The LEGO Ninjago Movie, and . +A show called Lego Masters is shown on the Nine network and stars radio celebrity Hamish Blake.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ + += = = Giant panda = = = +The giant panda, "Ailuropoda melanoleuca", is a bear. It lives in south central China. +Although it belongs to the order Carnivora, the panda's diet is 99% bamboo. Pandas in the wild occasionally eat other grasses, wild tubers, or even meat in the form of birds, rodents or carrion. In captivity, they may get honey, eggs, fish, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, or bananas along with specially prepared food. +The giant panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China, mainly in Sichuan province, but also in the Shaanxi and Gansu provinces. +As a result of farming, deforestation and other development, the panda has been driven out of the lowland areas where it once lived. +Appearance. +Giant pandas are bears. They have black and white fur all around them. The black fur is on their ears, around their eyes, on their legs, and on their shoulders. +Giant pandas are approximately the size of an American black bear, standing at about 3 feet (91 cm) tall at the shoulder when on all four legs. They measure around 7 feet (210 cm) in length. In the wild, males can weigh up to 251 pounds (114 kg), while females typically weigh less, generally staying below 220 pounds (100 kg). +Living areas. +Wild giant pandas have lived in the mountains of central China. They live in forests of tall trees. They eat the bamboo that grows under the trees. The weather is rainy and misty in the mountain forests. There are thick clouds almost all the time. +Food and water. +Bamboo is the main diet of pandas. Ninety-nine percent of the food they eat is bamboo. They eat as much as of bamboo every day. They spend 10 to 16 hours every day looking for food and eating it. +Bamboo is a grass. Sometimes giant pandas eat other grasses. They also eat little rodents or musk deer babies (fawns). In zoos, giant pandas eat bamboo, sugar cane, vegetables, and fruit. +Giant pandas get a lot of water from the bamboo they eat. They need more water though. They drink from the freshwater streams and rivers in the mountain. Melting snow high in the mountains runs into these streams and rivers. +Kinds of giant pandas. +There are two subspecies of giant pandas. They both live in China. The best known is the black and white panda. Its scientific name is "Ailuropoda melanoleuca melanoleuca". +The other giant panda has dark brown and light brown fur. Its skull is smaller than the other giant panda. It has larger molars. This panda lives only in the Qinling Mountains. Though often called the Qinling Panda, Its scientific name is "Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis". +Baby pandas. +Giant pandas are ready to have babies (cubs) when they are between the ages of four and eight years. They may be able to have babies until about age 20. Female pandas are ready to have a baby only once a year. This is in the springtime. There are only two or three days during which a baby panda can form in the mother's belly. Calls and scents bring the males and female pandas to each other. +Female pandas may give birth to two young. Usually only one lives. Giant panda cubs may stay with their mothers for up to three years. Then they leave her for a life of their own. +Giant pandas and people. +Today, the giant panda is a symbol for China. It is protected by the Chinese government. Killing a giant panda is a crime. The giant panda may become extinct. It will die out if the forests of bamboo continue to disappear. +People outside of eastern Asia did not know about the giant panda until 1869. The first "Westerner" to see a live panda was a German zoologist in 1916. In 1936, Ruth Harkness became the first Westerner to bring a live giant panda out of China. It was a cub (baby panda) named Su-Lin. The cub was taken to live at the Brookfield Zoo in Chicago. +In the 1970s, China began showing giant pandas in zoos in the United States and Japan as a type of diplomacy. This happened until 1984, when China changed how this was done. Starting in 1984, China would allow zoos to keep the giant pandas for 10 years, but the zoo would have to pay China up to $1,000,000 each year. Also, the zoo would have to agree that any cubs born would belong to China. +Zoos. +13 cities outside China currently have zoos with giant pandas. +In addition, the National Zoo in the San Diego Zoo in Washington, D.C., United States, the San Diego, California, United States, the Memphis Zoo in Memphis, Tennessee, United States and the Zoo Atlanta in Atlanta, Georgia, United States once hosted giant pandas, but their pandas have since been returned to China. +The Adelaide Zoo in Adelaide, Australia received two giant pandas in 2009. +Endangered animal. +The giant panda is an endangered species. It may become extinct. In 2013, it was estimated that there were less than 2,500 mature giant pandas living in the wild. Illegal hunting is no longer a problem. Hunting for pandas is a crime. The penalties are harsh if you hunt pandas. +The greatest threat to survival is the loss of living areas. People are ruining the areas where pandas live. They are cutting down trees. They are building farms. Groups of pandas are forced to live in small areas. They are isolated. They cannot mix other panda groups. +Giant pandas eat bamboo. Sometimes the bamboo dies off. At one time, pandas could move to an area where bamboo was still growing. Moving has become more and more difficult. People are living and working in panda areas. Pandas cannot move about as freely as they once did. +Helping pandas to survive. +China set up the first giant panda nature reserve in 1963. Other nature reserves were also set up. There were 40 giant panda reserves in 2006. + += = = Game Boy Color = = = +The Game Boy Color (often said as GBC) is a video game console manufactured by Nintendo. It was first introduced in Japan in October 1998 and released in North America, Europe and Australia in November 1998. It is the successor to the original Game Boy, but it precedes the Game Boy Advance (which is backwards compatible with "GB" and "GBC" games). The biggest innovation of the Game Boy Color was its colorful graphics. The Game Boy Color is almost as powerful as the Nintendo Entertainment System. Except for the Pokémon Mini, it was the last 8-bit console made by a mainstream company. The last game released for Game Boy Color was "Harry Potter And The Chamber of Secrets" in 2002. +The GBC has a color screen rather than a monochrome, but it is not backlit. It is clearly thicker and bigger and has a slightly smaller screen than the Game Boy Pocket, its last model in the Game Boy line. As with the original Game Boy, it has an 8-bit processor made by Sharp Corporation that is a hybrid between the Intel 8080 and the Zilog Z80. The spelling of the system's name, Game Boy Color, remains used throughout the world, with its American English spelling of "color". +The Game Boy Color is part of the fifth generation of video game consoles. The GBC's competitors in Japan were the grayscale 16-bit handhelds, Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan, though the Game Boy Color outsold them by a wide margin. SNK and Bandai countered with the Neo Geo Pocket Color and the Wonderswan Color, this did little to change Nintendo's sales. With Sega discontinuing the Game Gear in 1997, the Game Boy Color's only competitor in the United States was its last one, the Game Boy, until the short-lived Neo Geo Pocket Color was made in August 1999. The Game Boy and the Game Boy Color together have sold 118.69 million units worldwide, making it the third-best-selling system of all time. +It was discontinued on March 23, 2003, shortly after the Game Boy Advance SP was made. Its best-selling game was "Pokémon Gold and Silver", which sold 23 million units worldwide. + += = = Hula = = = +Hula is a type of dancing from Hawaii. +Hula is a word in the Hawaiian language. Male dancers and female dancers can both dance hula. A long time ago, hula dance was used only in special ceremonies. Now, hula dance is mainly for entertainment. +A hula dancer usually wears a grass skirt or a leaf skirt, a flower necklace (called "lei" in Hawaiian), and sometimes a flower in the hair. +Traditionally, the hula dancer dances to a chant (a poem that is sung to a rhythm). The chanter beats his or her hand on a gourd (dried, empty squash) to create the rhythm. +There are many kinds of hula dance. For example, the Hawaiian hula dance style is slow and the Tahitian hula dance style is fast. + += = = Herakles = = = +Herakles (Ancient Greek: �������, "Hēraklēs" - “one glorified of Hera”) is a divine hero in Greek mythology. The greatest of the Greek heroes, Herakles was a demigod, son of Zeus and the mortal Alkmene as well as the twin brother of Iphicles. +As a god, Herakles served as a paragon of masculinity, and was a patron of heroic endeavor. In Ancient Rome and the modern West, he is known as Hercules, with whom the later Roman emperors, in particular Commodus and Maximian, often identified themselves. The figure is most well known for his famous Twelve Labors, a series of seemingly impossible tasks he was made to complete in order to atone for the crime of murdering his family. As a culture hero, he was said to have started the Ancient Olympic Games and marked out the length of the Olympic stadium. He was the subject of much ancient and modern art, and remains a popular figure in modern times, being the subject of various films and television series, such as Walt Disney's "Hercules". +Birth and childhood. +A major factor in the tragedy surrounding Herakles was the hatred that the goddess Hera, wife of Zeus, had for him, as he was one of the god’s illegitimate children, born to him by the mortal woman Alkmene. Zeus, lusting after her, took the guise of Alkmene’s husband Amphityron (he had been away fighting a war at the time) and lay with her. The real Amphitryon returned to Thebes later that night, and Alkmene became pregnant with his son, Iphicles. On the night Herakles and his twin Iphicles were slated to be born, Hera made Zeus swear an oath that the next descendant of Perseus to be born would become High King (ruler of Tiryns and Mycenae). Once the oath was made, Hera hurried to Alkmene’s house in Thebes, where Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, had come to help deliver the twins; Hera arranged for Eileithyia to keep her legs and arms crossed, causing Herakles and his twin to be trapped in the womb. Hera then caused Eurystheus (son of Sthenelus and Herakles’ cousin) to be born prematurely, making him the one to become the High King instead. Alkmene wouldve remained in labor, had it not been for her maidservant Galanthis, who came out of Alkmene's room to announce (falsely) that Alkmene had just given birth. Eileithyia jumped up in surprise, allowing Herakles and his twin to be born. Hera angrily turned Galanthis into a weasel. (Herakles was given the name Alkeides, meaning "of the line of Alcaeus", father of Amphitryon). +Shortly after Herakles was born, Alkmene, fearing Hera might take vengeance on her, took her infant child to a desolate plain outside of Thebes and abandoned him. The goddess Athena saw Herakles and swooped down to Earth, taking him up to Olympus. She took the baby to Hera, who, not knowing it was Herakles, took pity on the child and began to nurse him at her breast. Herakles suckled so hard that it hurt Hera, who pushed him away; the goddess' divine milk then spilled across the night sky, forming the Milky Way. This bestowed upon Herakles the godlike strength for which he is famous for. When Herakles was only eight months old, Hera placed two enormous serpents in the crib where Herakles and Iphikles slept. As Iphicles cried out in fear, Herakles took a serpent in each hand and strangled them to death. +Adolesence. +Herakles became a strong teenager. He learned to use weapons and to drive a chariot. One day he killed his music teacher Linus because the man had tried to whip him. Herakles was charged with murder, but said he had acted in self defense. He was freed. People feared him though, so he was sent far out of town to work on a farm. Herakles became stronger with the hard work. He was seven feet tall. He was eighteen when he left the farm. +Lion of Kithaeron. +Herakles was eighteen when he hunted the large and powerful Lion of Kithaeron. This lion was killing cows in a land near Thebes. The hunt lasted fifty days and ended when Herakles smashed the lion's skull with a club of olive wood. This club is seen in pictures of Herakles. He dressed in the lion's skin. +Herakles slept in King Thespius' palace while the hunt progressed. He had sex with the King's fifty daughters and became the father of fifty-two sons. One of the girls did not have sex with him. She became a priestess in his shrine. +Herakles was going back to Thebes when he met the heralds of King Erginus. They were on their way to Thebes to collect tribute. They treated Herakles with contempt. Herakles cut off their ears, noses, and hands. Erginus made war on Thebes, but was defeated and killed by Herakles. For saving Thebes, King Kreon gave his daughter Megara in marriage to Herakles. +Madness, murder, and The Labors of Herakles. +Hera could not rest easily because Herakles was becoming more and more famous. He was loved by everyone. Her anger and hatred made her look foolish. She tricked Herakles into thinking his sons were his enemies and, insane with anger, he murdered them. +When he came to his senses, he was overcome with grief. He ran from other people and lived for a time in exile. He looked for advice from the Oracle of Delphi. The priestess sent him to serve King Eurystheus, King of Tyrins in Mycenae. In this way, she said, he would be washed clean of his crimes. +Eurystheus was a dull and bad man. Herakles hated him. Eurystheus set some tasks for Herakles to do. These tasks came to be called "The Labors of Herakles". It was said that Hera designed them. She hoped the tasks would kill him. Zeus would grant Herakles immortality with the successful completion of the Labors. +Death. +Herakles was married to a beautiful woman named Deianeira. They lived in Trachis and had a son named Hyllus. In a war with a neighboring city, Herakles made the king's daughter Iole his captive. Herakles had met her sometime in the past and had fallen in love with her. Deianeira was jealous, and used a mix of blood and semen from the centaur Nessus to get her husband back. She put the mix on a shirt and sent it to Herakles. He put the shirt on. Unknown to Deianeira, the mix was really a poison and burned Herakles' skin and flesh. Deianeira learned of this and killed herself. Herakles died in great pain. Before he died, he ordered Hyllus to marry Iole. Herakles' body was set on fire at the funeral ceremonies. His ghost fell to the underworld while his immortal part rose to Mount Olympus. The gods welcomed him, even Hera. He married Hebe, his fourth wife, and became the father of two sons. According to Homer's "Odyssey", Herakles became the porter (keeper of the gates) on Mount Olympus. + += = = Steam engine = = = +A steam engine is an engine that uses steam from boiling water to make it move. The steam pushes on the engine parts to make them move. Steam engines can power many kinds of machines including vehicles and electric generators. +Steam engines were used in mine pumps starting in the early 1700s century and were much improved by James Watt in the 1770s. They were very important during the industrial revolution where they replaced horses, windmills and watermills to work machines. +The first steam engines were piston engines. The steam pressure pushed on a piston which made it move along a cylinder and so they had a "reciprocal" (back-and-forth) motion. This could move a pump directly or work a crank to turn a wheel and work a machine. They operated at low pressure and had to be very big to make a lot of power. +Steam engines were used in factories to work machines and in mines to move pumps. Later smaller engines were built that could move railway locomotives and steam boats. +The steam to power a steam engine is made in a boiler that heats water to make steam. In most places fire heats the boiler. Fuel for the fire may be wood, coal, or petroleum. Nuclear energy or solar energy may be used instead of fire. The steam coming out of the boiler applies the force on a piston. A valve sends the steam to one end of the piston, then the other, to make it move backwards and forwards. The moving piston pushes and pulls the piston rod, crosshead and connecting rod, to turn wheels or drive other machinery. The heavy spinning flywheel smooths out the power from the piston. The governor controls the speed of the engine. +Today many steam engines are still at work. During the 20th century the pistons were replaced by turbines which spin like a windmill pushed by jets of steam. These turn faster with more energy efficiency than the original kinds of piston steam engines. They are used in power plants to operate generators which make electricity. Some ships are also powered by steam turbines. The boilers of steam turbines can be heated by many different types of fuel, even a nuclear reactor in some power stations and warships. + += = = Computer programming = = = +Computer programming is the process of telling a computer to do certain things by giving it instructions. These instructions are called programs. A person who writes instructions is a computer programmer. The instructions come in different programming languages, like C++ or Java. Sometimes, programmers use special software, such as integrated development environments (IDEs), which have many special parts, including a text editor, to help them to type and edit programs. +Computers can understand instructions if those instructions are written in machine code, meaning long patterns of ones and zeroes. Writing a whole program in machine code would take a long time, so instructions are written in special programming languages that are easier for people to understand. The computer converts that into "computer form" instructions (in other words, machine code) so the computer can follow them. The instructions can also be written in an assembly language, which is almost the same as machine code but a little easier to understand. +Converting a program from its original programming language to machine code is called "compiling" the program. Not all languages need to be compiled. Some languages, called interpreted languages, use interpreters instead. An interpreter is a program specially written to read a programming language and execute its instructions right away. For example, Python and JavaScript use interpreters. +Programming Concepts. +Variables. +A variable is what programmers call a little piece of data, like a number or someone's username. Programming languages usually have a few different built-in types of variables. +Conditionals. +Conditionals are parts of the program that work if something the program can check to see whether it is true. If that part is not true, then the program won't make it happen. A conditional is often done with an "If Statement". +Here is an example of an if statement in the Perl programming language. What it does is it checks to see if the name variable is Bill. If the name variable is Bill, then it will print out the words "Hi Bill!". +$name = "Bill"; +if ($name eq "Bill") { + print "Hi Bill!"; +Sometimes, a programmer might want to have the "if statement" do something else if the first part of it is not true. This is known as an else block. Here is an example of an else block in the Perl programming language. +$name = "Ted"; +if ($name eq "Bill") { + print "Hi Bill!"; +else { + print "Hi person who is not Bill!"; +And sometimes, the programmer might want to have multiple things for the if statement to do. For example, they may have the if block run if something is true, but will have parts of the if statement known as else if blocks that will run if the first part doesn't work, but if it works somewhere else. In the Perl programming language, else if is spelled like this, "elsif." Other languages might have it spelled like "else if" however. But for Perl, it is spelled like "elsif." Else If blocks will only run if their condition is true, just like the first if block. An if statement can have as many else if statements as the programmer needs. If the if block, and none of the else if blocks are true, then the plain "else" statement will be used by the program. +$name = "Ted"; +if ($name eq "Bill") { + print "Hi Bill!"; +elsif ($name eq "Ted") { + print "Hi Ted!"; +elsif ($name eq "Alex"){ + print "Hi Alex!"; +else { + print "Hi other person!"; +Comments. +In the program, a comment is information that is meant to be read by people who are reading the program. Comments have a special symbol in front of them that tells the computer that they are comments and should not be read as code. +Comments are used to explain how a certain part of a program works. This is helpful when multiple people are working on the same program, and if they need to work on a section where someone else was working on. If the programmer that was working on it first left behind comments for any other programmer that works on it later, it will help them know faster what is going on in the program. +Here is an example of programming comments in the C programming language. In C, the two slash symbols "//" known as a forward slashes, are used. With the comments, a person can read the code and know what is going on. +// This is a comment, ignored by the computer +int main(void) { // Here the starting point of the program is defined + printf("Hello world!\n"); // Actual process + return EXIT_SUCCESS; // Tell everyone that we had success +Sometimes, a programmer may need to remove something from the code, but for many different reasons, they may not want to just simply delete it. An easy solution is to use the comment symbol. The computer will think that the code is just comments, rather than actual code, but the programmer will still be able to see it and read it. +Here is an example of that in the Perl programming language. In Perl, the "#" symbol is used for comments, instead of forward slashes "//" like in the C (programming language). +$name = "Sam"; #we set the name variable to be Sam +$age = 14; #We set the age to be 14 +Debugging. +Computer programmers make mistakes when writing codes. The mistakes are called bugs and cause the program to follow the wrong instructions. Debugging is the process of finding and fixing the mistakes. To debug code is to find such mistakes. +There are many debugging methods. Software such as text editors and IDEs have tools that can detect specific mistakes in the codes before the program is executed. Programmers can also use programs called debuggers. A debugger can run a program step by step and track how values of specific variables change when the program is running. Programmers can use a debugger to find where the mistake happened in the code. + += = = BASIC = = = +BASIC is one of the first programming languages ever to be created. It was first used as a programming language on minicomputers in the late 1960s. Later, most home computers shipped with BASIC in ROM. The name is an acronym (a word made from other words) that spells Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code. +History. +It was designed by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963. It was based in part on Fortran and made to follow these eight principles: +The creators made the compiler free of charge to make programmers interested in using the language. Since the creation, many other compilers and interpreters have been made so users can make their programs. +Code example. +10 LET N=10 +20 FOR I=1 TO N +30 PRINT "Hello, World!" +40 NEXT I +This puts Hello, World! on the screen 10 times. + += = = Mayon Volcano = = = +The Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active volcano in the province of Albay, on Luzon island in the Philippines. It is a part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. It is one the most active and dangerous volcanoes in the Philippines. Mount Mayon is high, and it is famous for its "perfect cone" shape, which attracts tourists. In 1938 the mountain was declared a national park. It was reclassified and renamed as "Mayon Volcano Natural Park" in the year 2000. The name Mayon is from the Bicol word "magayon" meaning beauty. + += = = Grease = = = +Grease refers to a number of things: + += = = Visual Basic .NET = = = +Visual Basic .NET is the second series of Microsoft's Visual Basic series. It is sometimes shortened to VB.NET. It is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) and it includes an easy 'drag-and-drop' interface. It can make complete programs for Windows very easily. +Background. +Visual Basic. +It was first released in 1992 by Microsoft. Visual Basic is a simple way to make programs for Windows. It started as "Project Ruby" by Alan Cooper and then was sold to Microsoft. The system is built loosely on the original BASIC programming language released in 1963 and it can 'Test' programs in real-time, error checking them in a user-friendly way. +.NET Framework. +This package is the 'backbone' of Visual Basic .NET. When applications are created, the Windows Installer includes the framework with it. It includes all the items needed to run the VB.NET applications that have been made. +Editions. +Visual Basic was first released in May 1991 for Windows. Many versions have been released since then. These are listed below: +Visual Basic 2010 Express Edition. +This is a free version of Visual Basic 2010 released officially from Microsoft. It is aimed at encouraging more newbie programmers to try the series. The program can be downloaded from Microsoft's Website. +Controls. +Visual Basic .NET uses many controls which can be added to the forms or windows in the application. Other developers can create controls for applications, not just the ones that Microsoft include. +Examples. +The following example makes a program window pop up that says "Hello World" and has a button that says "OK" used to close the window: +Public Sub button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles button1.Click + MsgBox("Hello World") +End Sub + += = = Temperature record of the past 1000 years = = = +People measure modern temperature records using instruments. Records only cover the last 150 years or so. The temperature record of the past 1,000 years or more is found by using data from what are called "climate proxy" records. +Proxies can be anything which relates to climate. Short term autobiographies often talk about the weather in past eras, and we do have some autobiographies from 2000 years ago. There are also tree rings and other methods which go back about 20,000 years. Further back still, there is evidence from geology, the record of the rocks. However, this page is just about the last 1000 years. +We are fairly sure there was a warm period about 1,000 years ago, and a cold period about the 17th century. Even in the 19th century people skated on the Thames in wintertime. +Although people today talk about climate change as if it were entirely man-made, this is not the complete picture. It is quite certain that climate has always been changing on Earth. Man-made changes are on top of changes which occur naturally. The Milankovich cycle is an important factor in these changes, and there are also changes in the heat put out by the Sun. + += = = Camping = = = +Camping is a leisure activity, usually during summer when school children are on holiday, where people leave their homes and spend one or more nights outdoors. They may be tourists seeking nature, adventure, or a different environment. They may sleep in a campervan or trailer, a tent, or in the open air in good weather. Winter camping is less common but in some parts of the world, tents are people's homes year around. Rich people began camping for fun in the early 20th century. When more people could afford it, many more did it. +When camping, people usually prepare food to eat that is easy to make. If they were hunting or fishing, they may cook the animal or fish they caught over a campfire. +Dangers can arise, such as wild animals or illness from drinking unclean water. + += = = New Guinea = = = +New Guinea is a big island north of Australia. It is the second largest island in the world. Geologically and biologically it is related to Australia. It was first surveyed by Alfred Russel Wallace +in the 19th century, who noted that it was, like Australia, on the eastern side of the Wallace line. That means it is closer to Australia than to Indonesia in its flora and fauna. +On the east side of New Guinea is the country Papua New Guinea. On the west side of the island are the Indonesian provinces of Papua, Central Papua, Highland Papua, South Papua, Southwest Papua, and West Papua. These provinces together are called Western New Guinea. The Indonesian "capture" of western Papua New Guinea was a modern act by President Suharto of Indonesia. The Australian "capture" of the eastern half was meant to make sure the peoples of this part of Indonesia were left alone. +An early BBC David Attenborough program showed that the country was wooded with many groups of humans speaking many languages. The most notable animals still alive were the birds of paradise. Of marsupials, the quolls are notable. They are small, solitary carnivores. There are six species surviving, two in New Guinea and four in Australia. Echidnas are mammals also known as spiny anteaters. +The number of people on New Guinea is unknown. Indonesia and Papua New Guinea estimated the number around 2020. They say there are about 15 million people. However, the real number could be 23 million or more. +New Guinea is important for its nature and biology. Its largest marsupial, the Diprotodon, is now extinct. Native humans live in sparsely wooded, hilly ground in small groups which speak different languages. New Guinea has over 1000 languages. This is more languages than anywhere else in the world. +Still surviving are the birds pf paradise, with marsupials, including wallabies and possums, and the egg-laying monotreme, the echidna. Other than bats and some two dozen indigenous rodents, there are no pre-human indigenous placental mammals. Pigs, several additional species of rats, and the ancestor of the New Guinea singing dog were introduced with human colonization. + += = = Honda = = = + is one of the largest engineering company from Japan created on 24 September 1948. It is well known for making automobiles and motorcycles. Although Honda started in Japan, it now has many factories in other countries that includes the United States, Canada, Brazil, Thailand and China. Honda sells a luxury line of cars in the United States with the Acura name. 1961 +Some of the automobiles that Honda makes include the: +Some of the cars Honda has made in the past are: +Honda also makes ATVs. Honda is also known for participating in a very wide range of motorsport events, including Formula One , MotoGP, LeMans, IRL and others. +Honda also makes small engines for chainsaws, lawnmowers and leaf blowers. +Honda does a lot of research on humanlike robots. Honda built Asimo, a robot that can walk, talk, dance, carry things and answer questions. These are not yet for sale in the United States. +Honda also creates a jet, known as the HondaJet. It is not often seen in the United States. + += = = Camelid = = = +Camelids are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Camelidae. There are six living species of camelids. +Taxonomy. +The animals of the genus "Camelus" are also called "Afro-Asiatic Camelids". The animals of the genus "Lama" and genus "Vicugna" are also called "South American Camelids". +Hybrid. +There also exists a camelid hybrid called a "Cama". It is the child of a female Llama and a male Dromedary Camel. The Cama does not exist in nature, but is "made" by humans through artificial insemination (that means the sperm is artificially put into the female). +Habitat. +The two "Camelus" species originally lived in northern Africa, south-west and eastern Asia. The other four camelids lived in South America. +Camelids and humans. +Camelids have been domesticated by humans for about 5000 years. They have been important for transport, but were also kept for wool, meat and milk. The llama and alpaca were very important for the South American cultures, like the Inca. The camels were used by people in north Africa and Asia, especially in deserts. + += = = Wallis and Futuna = = = +Wallis and Futuna, officially called the Territory of Wallis and Futuna Islands ( or "Territoire des îles Wallis et Futuna"), is a group of three volcanic tropical islands Wallis (Uvea), Futuna, and Alofi with fringing reefs. They are in the South Pacific Ocean between Fiji and Samoa. One of the islands in the group is named after Cornish explorer Samuel Wallis. + += = = Western New Guinea = = = +Western New Guinea is the western half of the island of New Guinea. It is now called Papua, a province of Indonesia. + += = = Maluku Islands = = = +The Maluku Islands (also called the Moluccas, Moluccan Islands or simply Maluku) are an archipelago in Indonesia. They are part of the larger Malay Archipelago. They are on the Australian Plate, lying east of Sulawesi (Celebes), west of New Guinea, and north of Timor. The islands were also called the "Spice Islands" by the Chinese and Europeans. Other islands have also been called the Spice Islands. +Most of the islands are mountainous, some with active volcanos. The vegetation of the small and narrow islands, with their wet climate, is very luxuriant. It includes rainforests, sago, rice, and the famous spices; including nutmeg, cloves, and mace. Though originally Melanesian, the people of many island clans, especially in the Banda Islands, died in the 17th century. A second group of Malay people arrived in the early 20th century under the Dutch and this has continued in the Indonesian era. +Politically, the Maluku Islands formed a single province of Indonesia from 1950 until 1999. In 1999 the North Maluku ("Maluku Utara") and Halmahera Tengah (Central Halmahera) regency were split off as a separate province. The islands are now divided between two provinces, Maluku and North Maluku. Most of the people of these islands follow Islam. There is also a Christian minority because of Western European Christian Protestant missionaries in this region. Between 1999 and 2002 there was deadly fighting between the Muslim population and the Christians. Both groups had been peaceful before. The capital of North Maluku island is Ternate. + += = = Delphi = = = +Delphi can mean: + += = = Domestication = = = +Domestication is a change that happens in wild animals or plants, when they are kept by humans for a long time. The Latin term literally means "to make it suitable for home". +If humans take wild animals and plants and keep and breed them, over time the animals and plants may change. The animals and plants become dependent on the humans who keep them, and they change in ways that are better for human use. This change (domestication) happens by humans choosing which animals will breed the next generation. Biologists call this method artificial selection. +The first domestication of plants happened during the first use of agriculture. Humans first domesticated dogs. In the Neolithic revolution, people domesticated sheep and goats, and later cattle and pigs. +Domesticated plants are crops or ornamental plants. People use domesticated animals as livestock, that is for food, clothing, and work. Otherwise, the domesticated animals may be kept as pets. +Domesticated plants. +The first evidence of plant domestication comes from wheat found in pre-Pottery Neolithic villages in Southwest Asia. They are dated at 10,500 to 10,100 BC. The Fertile Crescent, Egypt, and India were sites of the earliest planned sowing and harvesting of plants. +Agriculture developed independently in a number of places at different times. The eight Neolithic founder crops (emmer wheat, einkorn wheat, barley, peas, lentils, bitter vetch, chickpeas and flax) had all appeared by about 7000 BC. +Domesticated animals. +Origin of the dog. +The origin of the domestic dog ("Canis lupus familiaris") began with the domestication of the grey wolf ("Canis lupus") several tens of thousands of years ago. Domesticated dogs provided early humans with a guard animal, a source of food, fur, and a working animal (hunting, pulling sleds). The process continues to this day. +Archaeology has placed the earliest known domestication at possibly 30,000 BC, and with certainty at 7,000 BC. Other evidence suggests that dogs were first domesticated in East Asia. +Perhaps the earliest clear cultural evidence for this domestication is the first dog found buried together with humans, 12,000 years ago in Palestine. +Other animals. +Cats were also domesticated quite early. At the beginning of agriculture, people started to domesticate sheep and goats, and later pigs and cattle. Other animals that were domesticated early are camels, donkeys and horses. Some animals, like the domestic rabbit, were only domesticated in recent times. +Many other animals which have been artificially selected by humans over a long period, not simply living with humans. "The list is not intended to be complete." +Self-domestication. +Self-domestication refers to an evolutionary process in which aggressive behavior is selected against, which makes a species less aggressive and more friendly and social. Bonobos, who share a common ancestor with chimpanzees, show far less aggression than chimpanzees. It is thought that bonobos have become 'self domesticated' due to female bonobos only reproducing with the more gentle males. This process may also apply to humans, who are very social compared to other species. + += = = Night of the Living Dead = = = +Night of the Living Dead is a 1968 American horror movie. It was directed by George A. Romero. The movie stars Duane Jones, Judith O'Dea and Karl Hardman. It premiered on October 1, 1968. It was completed on a US$114,000 budget. The movie was a financial success, grossing $12 million domestically and $18 million worldwide. +"Night of the Living Dead" was heavily criticized because of it explicit content. It eventually got critical acclaim. It was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as a movie deemed "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. The movie is in the public domain due to an error by the distributor. +The story follows characters Ben (Duane Jones), Barbra (Judith O'Dea) and five others trapped in a farmhouse in Pennsylvania which is attacked by "living dead" monsters. These monsters became known in popular culture as zombies. "Night of the Living Dead" was the basis of five "Living Dead" movies (1978–2010). They were also directed by Romero. Many remakes have also been made. +Plot. +On a summer night, seven people get trapped in a farmhouse in rural Pennsylvania, which is under assault by reanimated corpses. +The farmhouse later gets under assault by even more reanimated corpses, throughout the night. The film eventually ends with the reanimated corpses breaking in into the farmhouse and the unfortunate deaths of all of the people who are trapped inside the farmhouse. + += = = Russian Civil War = = = +The Russian Civil War was a civil war that was fought from 7 November 1917 to 16 June 1922 among several groups in Russia. The main fighting was between the Red Army and the White Army. The Red Army was a communist, Bolshevik group. The White Army was anti-communist and included many former Tsarist loyalists. Other forces fought both groups or sometimes helped one of them against the other. Foreign countries such as Japan, the United Kingdom, France, and the United States sent troops to help the divided White Army. The Red Army won the war because it was better organized, more united, and held the best territory. After the war, the communists established the Soviet Union in 1922. +Background. +Tsar Nicholas II, the traditional autocratic ruler of the Russian Empire, had just lost his throne in the February Revolution of 1917. Many regions of the Russian Empire were not stable, and many groups had organized themselves to fight. +The workers and the farmers who supported the communists organized themselves into the Red Army. Those opposing the communists organized themselves into the White Army. +Outside Russia. +In Ukraine, some groups fighting for a free Ukraine organized themselves as the Green Army. There were several other groups. The Green Army and the smaller groups fought one another, and they sometimes fought the Red Army and the White Army. Other nationalist armies fought for independence from any kind of Russian control. Finland, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia succeeded in getting their independence. +At the same time, some foreign countries were worried about the communists, who were ruling Russia and feared that communism would come to their countries if the Russian communists were successful and so they helped fight against the Red Army. The main allies of World War I started the Siberian Intervention and otherwise helped the White Army. Their former enemies, the former Central Powers, also fought to get back land that they had lost during World War I. Slowly, the war became very large, and it continued for a few more years. +Periods. +The Red Army and the White Army fought this war on three main fronts. Those regions were located in the east, the south, and the northwest of what became the Soviet Union. The outbreak of the Russian Civil War and its large scale surprised Vladimir Lenin. There were also three main periods of the war. +Soon after the Russian Revolution of 1917, the first period of the Russian Civil War began. Most of the fighting was then small-scale, but it started in many places. +The second period of the Russian Civil War was very important and lasted from January to November 1919. At first, the White Army was winning on all three fronts and was helped by foreign countries. However, Leon Trotsky reorganized the Red Army and helped it fight back. The White Armies suffered heavy losses and lost most of their fighting power. +The third and final period of the war involved fighting in Crimea. Many soldiers of the White Army had gathered there and had made their position very secure and strong. The Red Army continued to fight against them. After the Polish-Soviet War ended with Polish independence, more soldiers of the Red Army could reinforce their comrades in Crimea. They defeated the White Army in November 1920. In October 1922, Vladivostok fell, the last important city held by the Whites. Fighting continued against nationalists in the Caucasus in the early 1920s. +Aftermath. +During and after the Russian Civil War, Soviet Russia suffered great damage. In 1920 and 1921, there was little rain, which caused serious famine in 1921. About one million Russians left Russia and went to other countries permanently. Many of them were very educated and experts. +The economic loss was also very large. The value of Russia’s currency, the ruble, fell. In 1914, a US dollar could be bought for 2 rubles. In 1920, it cost 1,200 rubles. Estimates say that the war cost the Soviet Russia around 50 billion rubles, today worth US$35 billion. +The production of industrial goods fell greatly. For example, the Soviet Union produced only 5% of the cotton and only 2% of the iron ore of the production of 1913. Generally, production had fallen to 20% of that of 1913. +The Russian Civil War was very bad on agriculture as well. Farms produced only 37% of the normal production. The number of horses fell from 35 million (in 1916) to 24 million (in 1920). The number of cattle also decreased, from 58 million to 37 million. +During the war, the Soviet government somehow managed the country. In March 1921, four months after the defeat of the White Army in Crimea, the Lenin administration abandoned its policy of War Communism and instead formulated the New Economic Policy, which allowed denationalisation of agriculture and industry, but most financial institutions retained state ownership with a deregulation in such sectors. On 30 December 1922, the ]Soviet Union was formally created, and by 1928, production returned to pre-war levels. Lenin, however, did not live to see that day since he had died in 1924, when Joseph Stalin became the new leader. +People always remembered the results of the World War I and the Russian Civil War, which were very bad for the life and the society for the new Soviet Union. + += = = Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends = = = +Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends (also known as Foster’s Home, Foster’s or FHFIF) is an animated comedy fantasy children's cartoon that is shown on Cartoon Network in the U.S. and on YTV in Canada. It was created by Craig McCracken, who also made "The Powerpuff Girls". It premiered on August 13, 2004. The cartoon ended on May 3, 2009. On July 18, 2022, Craig McCracken, the original creator of this show, said that there will be a Foster's Home and Powerpuff Girls spinoff +Background Information. +In the show's world, imaginary friends are as real as humans. Once the creator decides he or she does not want the imaginary friend anymore, they are sent to live at "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends," an adoption home for the unwanted imaginary friends. +In the ninety-minute debut episode, an blue friend named Blooregard Q. Kazoo (also known as Bloo for short) is allowed to live in the house without being available for adoption, as long as his creator Mac visits him every day at 3 o'clock. The show from this point onwards is about their many silly adventures with their new friends, both imaginary and human. +Main Characters. +The main characters are: +Production. +Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends began production in the earlier 2000s (around 2002 and 2003) and came out in 2004. The series was created by Craig McCracken, a person who also created The Powerpuff Girls. A test pilot began tested in 2002, and was never released on Cartoon Network or Boomerang. The show was filmed in California in the earlier episodes. Bloo's name was originally going to Blob, but then Craig McCracken declined it, and decided to name him Bloo. + += = = Interpol = = = +Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923. Now, Interpol is the biggest international organization; the United Nations is the second biggest. Some important information about Interpol: +History. +In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was "International Criminal Police Commission" (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria. ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form. +In October 2018, then-President of Interpol Meng Hongwei was arrested by Chinese authorities after being accused of taking bribes. +Office. +The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54 countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o’clock in the morning till 5 o’clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals. +Method. +Interpol does not take any political side in its work. It takes cases where the crime or the matter relates to more than one country. It looks after many types of cases. Some of them are note below: +Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance. +Interpol also has collected a large amount of data about perpetrators and crimes. Such data includes information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done through the policemen of the member country. + += = = El Niño–Southern Oscillation = = = +El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO in short) is a term for a natural event that takes place in the Pacific Ocean. It is also called El Niño and La Niña. In Spanish they mean "The boy" and "The girl". +El Niño happens when the sea water temperature rises in surface waters of the tropical Pacific Ocean. Every two to five years the Pacific Ocean has this event. A weak, warm current starts around Christmas along the coast of Ecuador and Peru. It lasts for only a few weeks to a month or more. Every three to seven years, an El Niño event may last for many months. This can change the weather and have important effects around the world. Australia and Southeast Asia can have drought but the deserts of Peru have very heavy rainfall. East Africa can have both. In a La Niña event the weather patterns are reversed. +The Southern Oscillation was discovered by Sir Gilbert Walker in 1923. It is a "seesaw" of atmospheric pressure between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. There is an inverse relationship between the air pressure measured at two sites: Darwin, Australia, in the Indian Ocean and the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific. The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is the difference in sea-level pressure measured at Tahiti and Darwin. The Cold Tongue (CT) Index measures how much the average sea-surface temperature in the central and eastern Pacific near the equator varies from the annual cycle. The two measurements are anti-correlated, so that a negative SOI is usually together with an unusual warm ocean wind known as El Niño. +By the early 1980s it was clear that El Niño and the Southern Oscillation were related, and the acronym ENSO is used to describe this large-scale event. +The 2010-2011 Queensland floods were caused by a La Niña event which brought very heavy rain to the east coast of Australia. Other big floods in Australia have also happened during a La Niña, 1916, 1917, 1950, 1954-1956, and 1973-1975. The cost of the 2010-2011 Queensland floods has been worked out to A$30 billion. +Central Pacific El Niño. +Not all El Niños happen in the Eastern Pacific. During recent decades, Central Pacific El Niños have been discovered. When these happen, the effects from CP El Niños are very different from traditional El Niños. Central Pacific El Niños took place in 1986–88, 1991–92, 1994–95, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2006–07, 2009–10 and 2015–16. + += = = Pressure cooker = = = +A pressure cooker is a type of pot with a very tight lid. +As the liquid in the cooker gets hot, pressure rises. Higher pressure results in a higher boiling point. Pressure cookers allow cooking at higher temperatures, which allows faster cooking. + += = = 1710 = = = +Year 1710 (MDCCX) was a year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. + += = = Pescozada = = = +Pescozada is a hip-hop group from El Salvador. Their members are two men named Debil Estar and Fat Lui. They rap about gangs, politics, and the future of El Salvador. Their songs include "Primer Acto" and "I Could Fly". They rap in Spanish. + += = = Rhyme = = = +Rhyme means words that sound the same or similar in their endings. Poems and popular song lyrics often use rhyme. A simple poem can also be called a rhyme. +Many examples of rhyme are in folk songs, children's songs, and of course in nursery rhymes. Rhymes at the ends of the lines in a song or poem are normal: +The counting song +uses "internal rhymes," rhymes that fall within a single line instead of at the end of lines. In another children's poem, +"knack" and "whack" give another example of internal rhyme. Also, the rhymes at the ends of the lines, "bone" and "home", are not "exact rhymes." Exact rhymes are the same in everything but the first sound. Exact rhymes are the most common type of rhyme and can be formed easily with common sounds in English: +Other rhymes are not exact but only similar: +Here, the rhymes are not exact rhymes. Also, "gander" and "wander" are "sight rhymes," words that look like rhymes when printed but do not sound quite alike. Sight rhymes are more common in poetry meant to be read, than in songs or verse meant to be sung or spoken aloud and heard by listeners. +Rhymes can be made up of more than one word, as in the short poem "Rondeau" by James Henry Leigh Hunt: +Along with simple normal rhymes, "met" and "get", "sad" and "add", and one internal rhyme, "health" and "wealth", Hunt creates sets of clever two-word rhymes. +Some poets and writers use very unusual rhymes. Well-known examples are in the song lyrics to the 1939 MGM film version of L. Frank Baum's "The Wizard of Oz". The lyrics, written by E. Y. "Yip" Harburg, use many odd rhymes, plus internal rhymes, complex rhyme patterns, and other tricks of language. W. S. Gilbert, the lyricist for the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas, wrote the same way. The books of Dr. Seuss are also famous for their many strange rhymes. +Poets who choose to avoid rhyme write in blank verse or free verse. + += = = Lock = = = +A lock keeps things closed. It keeps people from opening something, such as a door or a box. Keys open locks. Sometimes an electronic card or secret numbers will open a lock. The verb to lock means to set the lock so the door or object is closed. A person who works on locks is called a locksmith. +Types of lock mechanisms. +A key lock is a lock that uses a key (a piece of metal with teeth like a little saw) to open it. Someone must put the key in the lock and turn it to open the lock. This lock is used in doors and locks for boxes. Key locks can be defeated by picking them. +A combination lock is a lock that uses a dial (a knob with numbers all around it) to open it. Someone must turn the dial to the right numbers in the right order. This is called the "combination." This lock is used on safes and locks for bicycles. +An electronic lock is a special lock that can only be opened with a message from a computer. This message can be stored in a computer chip on a card (called a "key card" or "security card"). Or it can be made by a computer looking at someone's fingerprint or eye. +Time locks are used in banks. They prevent anyone opening the vault until a preset time. This defeats burglary attempts when the bank is closed. +Types of lock. +Padlocks are probably the most common type of lock. They are opened either with a key or a combination. The best way to break them is to snap the hoop with a long-handled bolt cutter. +Pin tumbler locks, commonly called 'Yale locks', are very common for fastening doors. They were indeed invented by Linus Yale Jnr in the 1860s. +Deadbolts are locks which cannot be moved to the open position except by rotating the cylinder. +Spring latch lock. The common door latch which locks when you pull the door closed. It is much less secure than a deadbolt lock, but more convenient. +Security. +No lock is completely safe, though some are safer than others. Locks can be defeated by brute force or by lock picking. The most common brute force tool is the crowbar, commonly called (UK) a jimmy or jerry or (US) a wrecking bar. +Picking involve tools such as pin-tumbler lock picks, skeleton keys, bump keys, pick guns etc. Carrying these tools, especially after dark, is an arrestable offence in most countries except if the owner is a registered locksmith. + += = = Knob = = = +A knob is a round handle that can be turned or pulled. A doorknob is a round handle that is turned to open a door. A cabinet knob is a small handle that is pulled to open a cabinet door or drawer. A control knob can turn a lamp on and off or make the volume on a radio go up or down. +A "knob" can also be any small, round thing that sticks out. + += = = The Sims 2 = = = +The Sims 2 is a 2004 video game and the sequel to "The Sims". It is a simulation game made by Maxis and EA Games. +The game features a full 3D graphics engine. Like the first "The Sims" game, it has many expansion packs. +EA released a sequel, "The Sims 3", in June 2009. +Changes. +There are now six life stages: baby, toddler, child, teenager, adult, and elder. An additional young adult stage is added when you get the university expansion pack. Sims can now grow up and eventually die. In the first game, Sims would stay children forever and adults would stay adults forever. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school. +Careers have gone under many changes. There is now a schedule; there are seven days in a week, and Sims at school are off on Saturday and Sunday. Sims can now get paid vacation days and start working 4–5 days a week. A meter measures job performance (their mood when they get to work). A new thing called "chance cards" lets the player pick what to do in a situation. Sims can gain/lose skill points, gain/lose money, or be promoted, demoted, or even fired. +Children and teenagers now bring homework home and their grades rise or fall depending on whether they finish it or not. Teenagers can hold jobs as well as go to school, but if their grades drop too low they can lose their job. +Other new things are wants and fears. These change when a want or fear is done or when the Sim wakes up from sleep. +Also, Sims can have aspirations (big things they want to do) like to have a family, to have many friends, to fall in love, to learn a lot, or to have a lot of money. A player can choose which aspiration they want their Sim to have, and the aspirations will affect their wants and fears. For example, a Sim with the family aspiration might want to have a child, but a Sim with the money aspiration might want to get a job instead. +Like in the first Sims game, a mother Sim and a father Sim can have a child. Also, children can be made at the start of the game or got from the adoption service. +One of the biggest changes in Sims 2 is that a Sim can go to a community lot (a place in the town like a store or a park). They can go there by using the phone to call a taxi. +Expansion packs. +These are addons to the game which add new items, new places and new features. They are listed in the order that they came out in the shops. They are meant to come out 2 times a year. +There are eight expansion packs in total. +Stuff packs. +These are packages that add only items to the game. They are less expensive than the regular expansion packs. + += = = RollerCoaster Tycoon = = = +RollerCoaster Tycoon (or RCT) is a series of computer games where the user can make their own theme park. Each game in the series allows players to construct their own theme parks in an objective-based level. Players can also build their own roller coasters. +The first game was made by three people: designer and programmer Chris Sawyer, artist Simon Foster and composer Alistar Brimble. It was published by Hasbro Interactive. +The game was very popular. It was released for the PC. +Games in the series. +These are the games which have been released: +RollerCoaster Tycoon. +This is the original game, for the PC. It was released in 1999 There is a long list of scenarios (levels) which the user can complete. Users can also download famous theme parks from the internet. A large number of rides and shops are included with the game. +Added Attractions Pack. +Also named 'Corkscrew Follies'. It was released in 1999 This game includes many more levels and some more rides and shops are added. The original game MUST be installed to be able to play this one. +Loopy Landscapes. +This addon also includes the "Added Attractions Pack". It was released in 2000 for the PC. It includes three famous theme parks: Blackpool Pleasure Beach, Alton Towers and Heide Park. It adds many more levels and rides to the game. +RollerCoaster Tycoon 2. +The 2002 sequel to RCT was made because of the success of the first game. It had the same interface but it added a few new features: +The game also added support for buildings to be made using walls to make ride entrances. It included famous Six Flags theme parks and their rides. +Expansion Packs. +There are two expansion packs released for RCT2. These are: +RollerCoaster Tycoon 3. +RCT3 is the first game in the series to use full 3D graphics. It was released in 2004. Players can ride their rides and rollercoasters for the first time. Night and day is a new feature. Firework displays can now be made to custom music. +RCT3 now has a sandbox mode. This is where the user can build a park with all items available and unlimited money. It is a good way to build parks in practise for the 'Career Mode'. There are many Scenarios packaged with the game. Each one can be completed on three difficulty levels. More are added with the expansion packs. This game adds the ability to make your own Peep groups to wander around your park. +Soaked! +This is the first expansion pack to be released for RCT3. It was released in 2005. The User can build water parks with different types of waterslides. He or she can also build swimming pools. A few water-themes attractions have been added as well as new shops. The number of scenarios available is doubled with this expansion pack. It also adds some new music to the game. This Expansion Pack came with the Hershey's Stormrunner and the Rollersoaker. Both based on coasters based on real coaster designs at Hershey Park somewhere in the U.S.A. +The Fireworks mode has been upgraded to a Laser and Water display feature as well. The user can now make longer shows to their music. +Wild! +This expansion pack was released in 2005. The users can now add animals to their park. A new set of animal-themed rides have been added, like the 'Insect House' and 'Elephant Ride'. The game has new music and new scenery. Also some new shops have been added. There are a lot of scenarios added as well as some jungle themed music. This expansion pack came with the Extended Coaster which is basically a dream coaster. It has the most inversion parts and also the ability to make beyond vertical drops like on SAW the ride at Thorpe Park. + += = = Eintracht Frankfurt = = = +Eintracht Frankfurt is a German sports club from Frankfurt am Main, best known for the football section. +The club plays in the Bundesliga. They have won the German Championship once and German Cup (DFB-Pokal) 5 times (last time in 2018) and the UEFA Cup twice. +They were founded in 1899. The team colours are red, black and white. They play at Deutsche Bank Park (former Waldstadion). The current captain of the side is midfielder Sebastian Rode from Germany. +The coach of Eintracht Frankfurt is Dino Toppmöller. +Eintracht has also 18 other sections such as athletics, basketball and ice hockey. + += = = Commonwealth of Nations = = = +The Commonwealth of Nations (also known only as "Commonwealth") is a voluntary organisation of countries. Originally, it was called the British Commonwealth which was founded in 1926 when the British Empire began to break up. Now, there are 56 member countries of the Commonwealth. +Only countries which were part of the British Empire are allowed to become members of the Commonwealth (although an exception was made for Rwanda, Mozambique and Gabon which were never colonised by Britain, when they were allowed to become members). Members are free to leave and rejoin the Commonwealth. However, joining or rejoining the Commonwealth can become difficult, when the candidate country has serious human rights violations. +Origin. +The term the Commonwealth of Nations originated in 1884. Lord Rosebery was on a visit to Australia in 1884. At Adelaide he said that over a period of time a number of colonies of the British Empire will become free and many may become more independent. He further said that all of these countries would then become the Commonwealth of Nations. +Purpose. +The Commonwealth of Nations is not a political organization. King Charles III is also head of state of 16 Commonwealth countries, referred to as Commonwealth realms. Canada and Australia are two of the largest realms. A Secretary General manages the day-to-day matters of the Commonwealth of Nations. Patricia Scotland is the Secretary General since 2015. However, the United Kingdom or the Secretary General does not have any direct or indirect control over these countries. In fact, almost all the 53 members are independent countries with their own governments and hold Commonwealth Games. These countries have come together to form an association with some common aims. Such common aims include: + += = = Nuclear meltdown = = = +A nuclear meltdown describes a malfunction of a nuclear reactor. The term "nuclear meltdown" is commonly used by the public and by news media, but nuclear engineers usually refer to it as a core melt accident. A nuclear meltdown occurs when the middle portion of the nuclear reactor containing the fuel rods (its "core") is not properly cooled. This can occur when the cooling system fails or is otherwise defective. If this happens, uranium or plutonium or similar materials inside the nuclear reactor become hot and may start melting or dissolving. It is this melting that is a nuclear meltdown. Due to decay heat, a nuclear meltdown can occur even in a reactor that is shut down. The uranium and plutonium liquified in a nuclear meltdown, mixed with fission products, melted zirconium from the fuel rod cladding, and other materials, is called corium. Corium is highly radioactive and remains hazardous for many centuries after a meltdown. The zirconium is a hazard because at high temperatures, it can react with the cooling water and make flammable hydrogen gas. +Meltdowns. +Around the world, some nuclear meltdowns have occurred. Some of them were mild, but few of them were very serious. Nuclear meltdowns can kill people from radiation poisoning. +The very last accident was the Fukushima nuclear disaster in March 2011. Four reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant had cooling problems after back-up diesel generators were destroyed by the tsunami. +In 1986, a nuclear meltdown occurred in a place named Chernobyl (Ukraine). In this case, all the people living in the towns and the villages (near the defective nuclear reactor) had to move to far away places. The Chernobyl meltdown created a mass of corium which has been nicknamed "the Elephant's Foot" and is one of the most radioactive objects in the world. +Most large submarines get power from nuclear reactors inside them. These are nuclear submarines. Some Russian nuclear submarines have faced nuclear meltdown. +Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may happen immediately. For example, the nuclear reactor at Chernobyl. Sometimes, the nuclear meltdown may take many hours to happen. For example, the nuclear meltdown at Three Mile Island, (Pennsylvania, United States) took many hours to happen. +A nuclear meltdown is sometimes called the "China syndrome", which refers to a scenario, not meant to be taken literally, where a reactor core could melt through the Earth "all the way to China". The movie "The China Syndrome" is named after this scenario. There is no way such an event could happen in the real world. A reactor core could not melt through the Earth's crust, and even if it did melt to the center of the Earth, it would not go back up to the surface against gravity. + += = = Zoroaster = = = +Zoroaster, or Zarathushtra, was an ancient prophet who lived in Persia. He founded a religion named Zoroastrianism. This religion has a long history. It was the national religion of Sassanid Empire of ancient Iran. In Persian language, the name takes the form of "Zartosht". +Most scholars agree that Zoroaster was a real person who lived long ago. No one is certain about the time when he lived. One estimate is that he lived about 3200 years ago, around 1200 BC. Some other estimates are that Zarathushtra may have lived anywhere between the 18th century BC and the 6th century BC. + += = = Russian Empire = = = +The Russian Empire (1721-1917), also called Imperial Russia, was a country in Europe as well as Asia. It started in 1721 when Peter I of Russia founded it. Before that, it was known as the Tsardom of Russia. It lasted until it was declared a republic in March 1917 after the Russian Revolution. It was an absolute monarchy ruled by Russian emperors known as 'Tsars'. They were members of the House of Romanov and believed that they had the divine right of kings over their people. +In 1914, the area of the Russian Empire was about 21,799,825 km2. In 1897, its population was 128,200,000 (1897 year). Its official language was the Russian language. Its official church was the Russian Orthodox Church. +The Russian Empire was led by a Tsar who had complete control of the nation. In this autocracy, only the Tsar could make or cancel laws. In 1905 the Tsar granted a new constitution in which he shared some power with a partly elected parliament called the Duma. The Russian Empire was a great power, and one of the biggest empires that ever existed. +Russian society. +Most people in Imperial Russia were peasants. They lived mainly in rural areas until the late 19th century, when the Emancipation of the Serfs freed them from the farms where they had to stay. They were allowed to marry whomever they wanted, own property, and vote. +A few people were nobility, also called boyars. They were educated and held higher prestige than the peasants. Towards the end of the 19th century, many of the educated wanted to remove the Tsar and give people more power. +History. +Russo-Japanese War to the Russian Revolution. +In 1904 Russia led Nicholas II got permission from the Qing dynasty to build the Trans-Siberian railway to extend the Railway into Qing Dynasty China and Korea however the Empire of Japan led by Emperor Meiji saw this as a threat and the Japanese declared war on Russia and won the war in 1905. In 1914 Russia declared war on Austria-Hungary and Germany since the they made with the France. In 1917, World War I caused the bad conditions for workers in factories to become even worse with a food shortage. People blamed it on the Tsar and rebelled against his government. There were riots in cities such as St Petersburg and Moscow. The Tsar was soon forced to abdicate in the February Revolution in 1917. After the October Revolution he was assassinated with his family during the Russian Civil War. In 1922 most of the Russian Empire became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or USSR when a communist government won the Russian Civil War. Some counties in the Empire escaped, but the biggest ones were forced into the USSR. + += = = International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement = = = +The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is a movement to save human life and health. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. +Although it is a big international organisation, it is privately run. No government controls the Red Cross. +The Red Cross has a special job, given by international law. It is the only private group to have its jobs set out by international law. +Three things make up the movement: +The Red Cross, the Red Crescent and the Red Crystal,the three international symbols of the Red Cross +Goals. +According to the Geneva conventions, there are five goals for International red cross and red crescent movements; + += = = Cello = = = +The cello is an instrument used to play music. Its name comes from the Italian language, so it is pronounced “chello”. The full word is violoncello, but when speaking, people normally call it the “cello”. A person who plays the cello is called a “cellist”. The cello is a very popular instrument. It belongs to the string family. It has many uses: as a solo instrument, in chamber music and also in orchestras. It is also occasionally used by pop musicians, e.g. by The Beatles, Björk and Jamiroquai. +History. +The cello came into use in the 16th century. At that time there was a family of instruments called the viols. The instruments of the violin family were also developing and there were lots of experiments with instruments of different shapes and sizes. The violone was popular as a bass instrument. It was similar to a modern double bass. The name "violoncello", means "little violone". The cello also has 4 strings. The cello developed as the bass instrument in string groups (the double bass was added later, “doubling the bass” i.e. playing the same as the cello an octave lower). It was used to accompany in basso continuo, playing the same as the left hand of the harpsichord player. When composers started to write concerti grossi (pieces for orchestra and a small group of soloists), they started to give the cello small solos. In this way the cello started to be used as a solo instrument as well. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote six very famous suites for solo cello (unaccompanied). They are among the most beautiful pieces written for the cello. +Other composers started to write works for solo cello. Joseph Haydn wrote two solo concertos for the instrument. King Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia loved the cello, and he inspired Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven to write music with interesting cello parts. The cello was now an equal with the other string instruments, no longer just playing a simple bass line. +In the 19th century many famous composers wrote cello music. A lot of them were cellists themselves e.g. Carl Davidov, David Popper and Julius Klengel. Some very famous composers who wrote important cello music were: Mendelssohn, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, Dvořák, Fauré, Saint-Saëns, Elgar, Sergei Rakhmaninov. Two famous pieces written more recently for cello and orchestra are the "Cello Symphony" by Benjamin Britten and "The Protecting Veil" by John Tavener. +Playing the cello. +The parts of the cello are similar to those of the violin. The strings are tuned to C-G-D-A, (low to high). The cello is played sitting down and holding the instrument between the knees. There is an end-pin which rests on the ground. This is adjustable in height so that the player can put it in a position to make himself/herself comfortable. The cello is normally played with a bow. +The cello has a deep, rich sound. It starts two octaves below middle C, but can go very high. For the highest notes the player can use “thumb position” (a violinist cannot do this). This means that the left thumb is pressing down on one or two strings high up over the fingerboard (“high” means “nearer the bridge” where the high notes are. In fact, it is nearer to the floor). Although cello music is most frequently written in the bass clef, cello music often goes quite high so that the tenor clef is used especially in the solo repertory. +Some famous cellists. +The most famous cellist of the early part of the 1900s was the Spanish cellist Pablo Casals. He made the cello popular as a solo instrument today. Casals also discovered the famous Suites for cello by J.S. Bach which had been lost. +Some other famous cellists of the last century include Emanuel Feuermann, Gregor Piatigorski, Paul Tortelier, Jacqueline du Pré and Mstislav Rostropovich. +Cellists of today include Yo-Yo Ma, Julian Lloyd Webber, Octavia Philharmonic, Mischa Maisky, Kirill Rodin, Tim Hugh, Robert Cohen, Ruslan Biryukov, Pieter Wispelwey and Truls Mørk. + += = = European colonization of the Americas = = = +European colonization of the Americas started with an attempt by the Vikings who came from Scandinavia, the north end of Europe around the year 1000. They explored and settled awhile in the colony they called Vinland in what was later called Newfoundland. However, they abandoned it. +In 1492 Columbus rediscovered America. Soon Spanish conquistadores and many other Europeans went to stay. Different European countries took different territories, and fought over who should get which land. Natives died in great numbers. The survivors lost most of their land, and most learned the language of their conquerors. +After a series of wars in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, most of the colonies became independent countries. +History. +In the 15th century people in western Europe searched for trading routes between the Indies and Europe, because the old spice trade route was too hard and too long. Prices were also high because groups of merchants controlled the trade and could charge whatever they wished. Vasco da Gama had found a route around Africa that belonged to Portugal. Some geographers thought the world was so small, ships could sail west around the world to reach East Asia. The Genoese sea captain Christopher Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella of Castile to finance an expedition to do this. +In August 1492, Columbus left southern Spain with three ships: Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria. On October 12, after weeks at sea, the ships reached an island in the Bahamas. Columbus named this island San Salvador. He thought it was an island of India, so he called the people "Indians". Columbus next sailed farther into the Caribbean, reaching Cuba where he saw people smoking tobacco. Then he sailed back to Spain. The King and Queen gave Columbus many honors. +On his later voyages Columbus took more men, including missionaries. The ships also carried farm animals and supplies to establish colonies. He established a new settlement on an island that is now the Dominican Republic. +After they realized that they found a “New World” but not a new route to Asia, the main task of the Spanish was to gain the new lands. The conquistadors had permission from the Queen to explore and conquer the New World. +Spanish conquistadors with only a few hundred soldiers defeated large Indian empires. In 1519 Hernando Cortes and few hundred soldiers marched into Aztec capital and eventually destroyed the city, later rebuilt as Mexico City. Francisco Pizarro was able to conquer the Inca Empire. The Spanish won for several reasons. Indians thought that they were Gods and they were afraid of horses and guns. The Indians also fought each other. +Colonizing Nations. +The Spanish and Portuguese people were the first to colonize many parts of South America and Central America in the 16th century. They also won many parts of North America. In the next century, people from many countries of Europe reached the Americas. They settled mostly in North America since the Spanish and Portuguese already had the warm countries. France and England were the most successful in these later colonies. England took the middle of eastern North America, and the French took what they could further north. Eventually, the English colonists took over most of the French territory. +The people in the southern English colonies sought gold at first. However, they had good soil, and because of this they could grow cash crops, starting with tobacco. The English people in colonies further north could not grow these crops so easily. The ones who started New England were Puritans and wanted to be free from the Anglicans back home. The Middle Colonies were more commercial. They traded furs, and grew food for themselves and the other English colonies and later exported some back to England. +The Spanish settled in Central America and South America, mining for gold and silver, and farming tobacco, the Spanish had a surplus of labor, because they used the Natives to do the work for them, this was called Encomienda. In some places this system killed too many of the natives, so they imported slaves from Africa. The Portuguese grew much sugar and other tropical cash crops in Brazil and imported many Africans for this purpose. They were the biggest buyers in the Atlantic slave trade. +France had colonies in the Caribbean, and also in the north of the North American mainland which they called Canada. In the north they were looking for what we call the Northwest Passage, finding a route to Asia. They had a low population, forcing them to cooperate with the natives to survive. The French had major profits in the fur trade until they lost Canada in the French and Indian War. The French Caribbean colonies were warm and good for farming, so they bought many slaves. French Canada had poor farmland, so no slaves. + += = = Doha = = = +Doha (Arabic: ������;, Ad-Dawḥah or Ad-Dōḥah) is the capital city of Qatar. It has a population of 400,051 (2005), and is at 25.3° N 51.5333° E, on the Persian Gulf. The city has an airport called Doha International Airport. Doha also has major oil and fishing industries. Doha has an area devoted to research and education called Education City. Doha was the host of the 2006 Asian Games, a major Asian sporting event. Doha's leader is a sheikh named Sheikh Tamim. The official language of Doha is English and Arabic. The biggest mall in Qatar is Qatar mall. +Climate. +Doha has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, warm winters. The average high temperatures between May and September surpass 38 °C (100 °F) and often approach 45 °C (113 °F). Humidity is usually the lowest in May and June. Dewpoints can surpass 30 °C (86 °F) in the summer. Throughout the summer, the city averages almost no precipitation, and less than 20 mm (0.79 in) during other months. Rainfall is scarce, at a total of 75 mm (2.95 in) per year, falling on isolated days mostly between October to March. The winter's days are relativity warm while the sun is up and cool during the night. The temperature rarely drops below 7 °C (45 °F). +Borders. +Doha is bordered by Saudi Arabia on its south. On its north, it is bordered by the Persian Gulf. The nearest oversea country is Bahrain. + += = = Bandar Seri Begawan = = = +Bandar Seri Begawan is the capital city of Brunei and the largest city. It has a population of 140,000 (2010 estimate). The city is the home of producers of furniture, textiles, handcrafts, and timber. It is the site of the Royal Ceremonial Hall or Lapau, Royal Regalia Building, the Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Mosque, the Malay Technology Museum, and the Brunei History Center. + += = = Thimphu = = = +Thimphu (���་��་) is the capital city of Bhutan. It is the name of the surrounding valley and dzongkhag, the Thimphu District. It has a population of 50,000 (2003), it is the largest population center in the country. Thimphu is located at 27°28′00′′N, 89°38′30′′E. +<br> + += = = Colombo = = = +Colombo (; ) is the largest city of Sri Lanka. It is the city which is economically most important to the country. It has 642,163 people. It is on the west coast close to the capital city of Kotte. +The name Colombo is borrowed from Sinhala language name Kola-amba-thota which means "harbor with leafy mango trees". Traveller Ibn Batuta in the 14th century referred to it as "Kalanpu". + += = = Malé = = = +Malé (Dhivehi: ����) is the capital city of the Maldives. It has a population of 133,412 (2014). The city is on Malé Island in the Kaafu Atoll. Although Malé is in Kaafu Atoll, administratively it is not considered part of it. There is a commercial harbor in the Island. It is the center of all commercial activities in the country. Many government buildings and agencies are on the waterfront. Malé International Airport is close to Hulhule Island which includes a seaplane base for internal transportation. +and male' has the most beautiful reefs on earth. Male's current president is Ibrahim Solih and it is known as the smallest city on earth. It is quite a dense city. +History. +The Maldives are named after the capital city Malé. The city used to be called "Mahal", and it had walls and defences around it. Recently, the island has become much bigger due to filling the ocean beside it with land. + += = = Islamabad = = = +Islamabad (, "abode of Islam") is the Federal capital city of Pakistan. The city is on the Pothohar Plateau in the northwest of the country. Islamabad Town is also a town in Jammu and Kashmir. It is in the Islamabad Capital Territory, though the area has historically been a part of the crossroads of the Punjab region and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (the Margalla Pass being a historic gateway to the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and the Pothohar Plateau historically is a part of the Punjab region). +This city is rich in nature. It is surrounded by the Margalla Hills. It has a humid subtropical climate ("Cwa" in the Köppen climate classification). Islamabad is an expensive city to live in as the prices of most of fruits, vegetable and poultry items increased in Islamabad during the years 2015-2020. +Places worth seeing. +The places that attract the tourists include: +Educational institutions. +Islamabad has a large number of educational institutions including colleges, universities and technical education and training bodies.Some of them are: + += = = Wall of Voodoo = = = +Wall of Voodoo is a rock band from the United States. The band was from Los Angeles, California. The band's music style was punk and new wave. Their most famous song was "Mexican Radio". +History. +The band's genesis was in a Hollywood company called "Acme Soundtracks", a commercially unsuccessful venture founded in 1977 in Hollywood by songwriter Stan Ridgway. Ridgway wanted the company to provide soundtrack music for independently produced low-budget horror films; unfortunately, they found few takers for their services. Instead, Acme Soundtracks evolved into a band that played live shows, as Ridgway (vocals, harmonica, keyboards) enlisted Marc Moreland (guitar) followed by Marc's brother Bruce Moreland (bass), Chas T. Gray (keyboards), and Joe Nanini (percussion) to the line-up. +Name. +The band was named Wall Of Voodoo by Ridgway before their first gig in reference to a comment made while recording and overdubbing a Kalamazoo Rhythm Ace drum machine, a gift to Ridgway by writer and iconic voice over artist Daws Butler, partner to Stan Freberg, voice of Yogi Bear and many other Hanna-Barbera characters. When someone jokingly compared the multiple drum machine and farfisa organ laden recordings to Phil Spector's Wall Of Sound, Ridgway commented it sounded more like a "Wall Of Voodoo", and the name stuck. +Problems. +Actually, for new listeners, the voodoo reference was a little misleading, as it referred to the music's often spooky quality, as opposed to any Haitian or Caribbean influences. In fact, WoV's music could fairly have been described as a cross between early synthesizer pop (especially that of Devo) and Ennio Morricone's spaghetti western soundtracks. Adding to the music's distinctiveness was Ridgway's unusual vocal style, a half-spoken western drawl, and Nanini's percussive experimentation, mixing drum machines with found instruments such as pots, pans and various kitchen utensils, as well as Marc Moreland's distinctive guitar. +First album. +In 1980, Wall Of Voodoo released their self-titled debut EP, which included a cover version of Johnny Cash's Ring of Fire, as well as three original songs and a few snippets of atmospheric Acme Soundtracks work. In 1981 the band released Dark Continent, an album concerned largely with workplace issues. +Results. +After that album, bassist Bruce Moreland exited the band, and Gray doubled up on both bass and keyboards. Now a quartet, in 1982 WoV recorded their best-known album with producer Richard Mazda, Call of the West, which included "Mexican Radio". Though "Mexican Radio" did not make the top 40 in either the US or the UK, it was a sizeable underground hit, and the song's video received heavy airplay on MTV in the US and MuchMusic in Canada. +Expansion. +Wall Of Voodoo added Bill Noland from L.A.'s quirky outfit Human Hands as a keyboardist in 1982, but increasing tensions within the band eventually led to a breakup of the band after the Us Festival in 1983. Ridgway would there after embark on a solo career, which netted him much critical acclaim and a top 5 hit in the UK with the 1986 single "Camouflage" in addition to songs such as "The Big Heat","Drive She Said" and "Salesman". Numerous solo recordings have followed. +Problems. +Noland and Nanini also left the band in 1983. WoV regrouped in 1984 with a new lead singer (Andy Prieboy), as well as a new drummer (Ned Leukhardt) and returning bassist Bruce Moreland. +Second and Third albums. +A 1984 single ("Big City") was followed by two albums from this lineup: 1985's Seven Days in Sammystown, and 1987's Happy Planet. The Sammystown album also spawned "Far Side Of Crazy", a minor hit single in Australia. +Bruce Moreland again exited the band before their final album in 1989, the live recording "The Ugly Americans In Australia". +Breakup. +Andy Prieboy. +After the final break-up, Andy Prieboy issued three solo albums :"Upon My Wicked Son", "Montezuma Was A Man of Faith" and "Sins of The Father." "Wicked Son" featured the haunting ballad "Tomorrow Wendy" which was covered by a score of bands, most notably Concrete Blonde on their hit "Bloodletting" album. +Marc Moreland. +Marc Moreland recorded with Pretty & Twisted and Department of Crooks as well as issuing a solo album shortly before his death on March 13, 2002. +Stan Ridgway. +Stan Ridgway continues to release numerous recordings and projects, including collaborations with his wife, composer Pietra Wexstun of the electronic lounge band Hecate's Angels. These include "Soundtrack for Blood" (2003), a musical score to an exhibit of paintings by the surrealist artist Mark Ryden, and "Barbecue Babylon", the latest album by Drywall, their "experimental noise combo trio" with electric guitarist Rick King. +Ridgway's most recent solo cd is "Snakebite - Blacktop Ballads and Fugitive Songs" (2005) which featured the amazing song Talkin' Wall Of Voodoo Blues. +New band. +A newly reformed Wall Of Voodoo recently opened for Cyndi Lauper at the 2006 Pacific Amphitheatre Summer Concert Series at the OC Fair. +Members. +The line up consisted of Stan Ridgway - vocals, harmonica, farfisa organ, compass, polygraph, and new members Joe Berardi - percussion, drums, foley, laugh box, gong, atomic clock, Rick King - guitar, twang wire, tremolo tonic, bees vs moths, maps, Pietra Wexstun - keys, electric piano, C3 organ, tarot cards, mind reading, Jeff Boynton - keys, moog, oberheim, circuit bending and soldering iron, David Sutton - bass, thunder stick, vitalis, casuals, and golf balls, Richard Mazda - Special Guest, guitar, clavinet, SFX, points of discussion, producer-dude of Call Of The West and Mexican Radio, and other strange things. Andy Prieboy, Chas T Gray and Bill Noland were approached to participate but declined. All sent their well wishes and may contribute in the future. +Drummer Joe Nanini died of a brain hemorrhage on December 4, 2000. +Guitarist Marc Moreland died of kidney and liver failure on March 13, 2002. + += = = Khyber Pass = = = +The Khyber Pass (also called the Khaiber Pass or Khaybar Pass) () is a pass between Pakistan and Afghanistan; National "Border" Pass (International). It is the "National Pass" of Pakistan, and connects the frontiers of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to Afghanistan. +Throughout history it has been an important trade route between Central Asia and South Asia, and a strategic military pass. The actual summit of the pass is 5 kilometers inside Pakistan at Landi Kotal. The pass cuts through the Safed Koh mountains which are a far southeastern extension of the Hindu Kush range.the height of the khyber pass is 1,070m and width is 140m. +The area around the Pass is inhabited by a number of Pashtun tribes, especially the Afridis. + += = = Ground zero = = = +Ground zero is the name for the exact place where an explosion occurs. It is the place where the most damage happens. The farther away from ground zero, the less damage there is. Sometimes, people say "ground zero" about a famous explosion, like the atomic bomb in Hiroshima or the September 11 attacks. These places can have special markers at ground zero. + += = = Anne Rice = = = +Anne Rice (born Howard Allen O'Brien, October 4, 1941 – December 11, 2021) was an American author of horror/fantasy novels. "Interview with the Vampire" and "The Queen of the Damned" are among her best-known works. She wrote four series, including "The Vampire Chronicles" and "Christ the Lord". +Rice was born in New Orleans, Louisiana to Irish Roman Catholic parents. One of her sisters was novelist Alice Borchardt (1939–2007). Rice was married to poet Stan Rice (1942–2002) from 1961 his death. They had a daughter, Michele (1966–1972) and a son, novelist Christopher (born 1978). +Rice died on December 11, 2021, of complications from a stroke. She was 80. + += = = Homemaker = = = +Any person whether at home full time or working outside the home who maintains the upkeep of his or her residence, cares for their family, perform daily chores, to create a peaceful, cozy and warm homey environment. +Both male and female can be tagged to the term, alike to "housewife" and "househusband". +The term "homemaker". +Because it has been the traditional job of a woman to be a "homemaker", a woman who spends most of her time caring for the family home has been called a "housewife". Many women still use this word on government forms, because they see the value in homemaking. +History. +Traditional societies. +For many thousands of years, men have been thought of by society as the main "breadwinners" in families. This means that it has been the job of men to do work in which animals were hunted for food by one or more men, or the men grew food crops or earned money to pay for food, while the women have cared for children, prepared food for eating, cleaned the home, and made and cared for clothes. +In societies where people are "hunters and gatherers", for example the traditional society of the Australian aboriginal people, it is the men who do the hunting of animals for meat, and the women who do the gathering of other types of food such as grain, fruit and vegetables. One of the reasons is that a married woman usually had children and babies for a large part of her life. It is much easier to gather fruit with a baby on your hip or back than to hunt a fast-moving animal. So the men were able to raise up sons and daughters and the life of the community could continue into another generation. Even in a society where homes were very simple and people did not own very many things, men and women did different jobs. In the extreme conditions of the Arctic North the hunters must know how to hunt in extreme cold (among ice and snow); the women must maintain home life in huts made of ice ("igloos") and clothing needs to be made out of animal skin and insulated with moss and other plants. Babies live very close to their mothers so that they can be kept warm. +In "rural societies", where the main work is farming women have also taken care of gardens and animals around the house, brewed weak alcoholic drinks (such as ale and mead) and helped men with heavy work whenever a job needed doing in a hurry, usually because of the season. +Examples of the heavy work that a traditional "housewife" (homemaker) in a "rural society" would do are: +Urban societies. +An "urban society" is when most people live in towns and cities. In urban societies, since ancient times, most men did work that earned money. They worked in workshops, trading, banks and other businesses as well as in churches, schools and the town council. It was seen as the job of a woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker). +Every society always has some women who never marry. They might stay at home and do "housework" for other family members, or they might work outside the house like a man. In many urban societies, there have been few jobs that a woman was allowed to do. In modern society there are still strong traditions about the jobs that women should do. +Modern society. +In the 19th century (1801-1900) more and more women began to stop being homemakers and began to do jobs that men usually did. At this time many big factories were set up, first in England then in some other European countries and the United States as well. Many thousands of young women went to work in factories. +Other women, like Florence Nightingale, stopped being housewives and did dirty dangerous jobs, even though they were not poor and did not need to work. In most families where there was a husband and wife, everybody thought it was the job of the husband to earn money and the job of the woman to be a "housewife" (homemaker). Women were often very proud to be a good homemaker and have their house and children spotlessly clean, their husband's shirts neatly pressed, and tasty meals to eat every night. +In the first half of the 20th century (1901-1950) there were two big wars (World War I and World War II) that were fought by men from many countries. While the men were at war, their wives went to work to keep the countries running. Women, who were also homemakers, worked in factories, businesses and farms. +By the 1960s in western countries there was the idea that it was all right for a woman to work and be a "career girl" until the woman got married, when she should stop work and be a "housewife" (homemaker). +At this time, when more and more women had good educations and were able to earn a lot of money, in some families (usually if there were young children to care for) the husband would be the person that was the homemaker. (See above:The term "homemaker) +Nowadays, in many families where both the husband and wife do paid work, both partners share in the "housework" and caring for the children. In other families, there is still a traditional idea that housework" is the job of the wife, so the husband works to provide for the family and the wife stays home to care for her house and children". In addition, in some families, the wife works to provide for the family and the husband stays home to care for the home and the children. +What does a homemaker do? +The job of a homemaker is to take care of a family and the place where the family lives. The usual things that a homemaker does are: + += = = Necktie = = = +A necktie (or a tie) is an article of clothing worn by men. A tie is part of an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing called the "suit and tie." This outfit is worn in Western countries by men in professional jobs such as business, law, and politics. +A necktie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it usually has a color or pattern on it. Men tie a knot in neckties and wear them with dress shirts in order to make them look more formal. +Bow ties. +The bow tie is a type of necktie. It is a ribbon of fabric tied around the collar in a symmetrical manner such that the two opposite ends form loops. +Ready-tied bow ties are available, in which the distinctive bow is sewn and a band goes around the neck and clips to secure. Some "clip-ons" dispense with the band altogether, instead clipping to the collar. + += = = Joke = = = +A joke is something said, written or done to make people laugh. There are many kinds of jokes; they can be questions with surprising answers or stories with unexpected endings. The humour of a joke comes from the surprise. +Jokes can be about anything. Jokes can be found anywhere: on the Internet, in books or heard from friends. Some jokes are about groups of people and can hurt people's feelings, for example if they are racist, homophobic or sexist. +Jokes are used in comedy, plays and movies. +Jokes could take the form of sarcasm or even try to poke fun at something to get a point across. People sometimes get hurt by jokes at them. If a joke is used to show a problem in someone's thought, it is normally called satire. +There are also practical jokes. + += = = Brother-in-law = = = +A brother-in-law is the brother of someone's wife or husband. A brother-in-law is also someone's brother's or sister's husband. + += = = Sister-in-law = = = +Someone's sister-in-law is the wife of his or her brother or sister. Someone's sister-in-law is also his or her spouse's sister. + += = = Tuxedo = = = +A tuxedo is an ensemble (or outfit) of clothing which includes a white dress shirt, a bow tie, dress pants, a tuxedo suit jacket (sometimes called a dinner jacket), leather shoes, and sometimes a vest or cummerbund, top hat and gloves. In European countries, this outfit is called black tie. Many men wear this outfit in Western countries on formal occasions like a marriage ceremony or a fancy party or dance. +The white shirt is usually made of cotton or linen. A dress shirt has a stiff collar and it is ironed before it is worn. A bow tie is usually made of silk or polyester, and it is usually black or white. Dress pants are made of wool or polyester, and they are ironed before they are worn. A tuxedo suit jacket is usually made of wool or polyester. Suit jackets have a collar, pockets, and a silk or polyester lining. Leather dress shoes are usually made of dark-colored leather which is polished. Sometimes, a person wearing a tuxedo will also wear a sleeveless vest with buttons in the front, a black top hat, and white gloves. +Some men wear a tuxedo for their jobs, such as symphony orchestra musicians or waiters in expensive restaurants. +Since most men do not wear tuxedos very often, they may rent them when needed instead of buying them. Sometimes, men's tuxedo vests and ties match the dress of the woman he is with. They are mainly worn to big events such as weddings, dinner parties or some sort of smart event. + += = = Experience points = = = +"'Experience points", commonly known as ‘xp’ or 'exp', are numbers used in certain role-playing games. Gaining enough experience points usually leads to the player "leveling up." Each "level up" means that the player is more powerful than before. They can use better weapons, armor, and magic. Most games have a maximum level that the player can achieve, which means they can not get any more experience points. + += = = Eagle (disambiguation) = = = +Eagle could mean: + += = = Hide (musician) = = = +, better known by his stage name hide, was a Japanese musician, singer, songwriter and record producer, the lead guitarist of the band X Japan. He was also a successful solo artist, once contributing to the American-based band Zilch. He is regarded as very influential to modern Japanese music. His music can be classified as glam rock and pop. X Japan was one of the main bands to develop the musical movement called visual kei. +hide was born at Yokosuka, in Kanagawa Prefecture. He lived and created music in Tokyo and Los Angeles. He died in Tokyo on 2 May 1998, after a night of drinking. He committed suicide. +Spread Beaver. +hide's solo project was called hide with Spread Beaver. It was formed at the start of 1998, and was based in Los Angeles. They released three single CDs and one album. The first single was "Rocket Dive", released on 28 January 1998. The other two singles were recorded by the end of April, and were scheduled to be released in May. hide travelled to Tokyo to promote the new songs, but he died on 2 May before they were released. The two new singles were released on 13 May and 27 May. They were called "Pink Spider" and "Ever Free". "Pink Spider" entered the Oricon charts at #1 and eventually received the year's MTV video music award. hide's studio album, "Ja, Zoo", was released in November 1998. His band played their promotion tour live in Japan as scheduled. +hide's backing musicians were: + += = = Measurement = = = +Measurement means compare to a fix standard value. To measure something is to give a number to some property of the thing. Measuring something puts the amount of the thing into numbers. Measurement can be written using many different units. For example, if we want to compare two different sized container for holding a given quantity of liquid, we can ask: Are both containers the same size? Will they hold the same amount of liquid? +What can be measured? +Many things can be measured. Some properties of things that can be measured: +One can measure many other things. +Units of measurement. +Most properties are measured using a number and a unit of measurement. The unit of measurement is a standard amount. The number compares the property to the standard amount. +Measure theory. +There is an advanced part of mathematics that is about measuring things with unusual characteristics. This is called measure theory. +Measurement can be the capacity, how long something is, or distance, etc. + += = = Alligator clip = = = +Alligator clips are toothed clips on the ends of electric wires. They are hinged near the back, making them look like alligator jaws. Sometimes they are also called crocodile clips. Usually those clips are used in measuring to temporarily connect a meter to an electrical circuit or a single component. + += = = Gordon Brown = = = +James Gordon Brown (born 20 February 1951) is a British politician. He served as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and was the leader of the British Labour Party. He was the Labour MP Representative for the Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath UK Constituency. +He was born at Orchard Maternity Nursing Home in Giffnock, Scotland and is married to Sarah Macaulay. Their daughter Jennifer Jane died as a baby. They have two sons, John Macaulay and James Fraser. Brown is blind in his left eye after a sports injury but he has a replacement eye made of glass. +Brown took over as the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom after Tony Blair resigned on 27 June 2007. Before this, he had been Chancellor of the Exchequer since May 1997. +Brown has a PhD in history from the University of Edinburgh. He spent his early career working as a television journalist. He has been a Member of Parliament since 1983. At the beginning for Dunfermline East and since 2005 for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath. As Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, he was also First Lord of the Treasury and the Minister for the Civil Service. +Brown's time as Chancellor was marked by major reform of Britain's financial and fiscal policy architecture. For example, was the interest rate setting power transferred to the Bank of England. This was done by a wide extension of the powers of the Treasury to cover much domestic policy and by giving the responsibility for banking supervision to the Financial Services Authority. Controversial moves included the abolition of Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) relief in his first budget, and the removal in his final budget of the 10 per cent "starting rate" of personal income tax which he had introduced in 1999. +After an initial rise in opinion polls, Brown's time as Prime Minister saw his approval ratings fall. The Labour Party suffered its worst local election results in 40 years. Despite public and parliamentary pressure on his leadership, he remained leader of the Labour Party. He announced on 6 April 2010 that there would be a general election on 6 May 2010, in which Labour came second, with 258 seats. Brown resigned, and Conservative leader David Cameron became Prime Minister. +On 14 July 2012, United Nations Secretary-General Ban ki-moon named Brown UN Special Envoy for Education. +In 2017, he made a statement about Scotland having a "full blown mental health emergency" citing the hiring of mental health staff by a charity. + += = = Chancellor of the Exchequer = = = +The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the head of the government treasury and the chief executive of HM Treasury who is a high ranking minister in the government of the United Kingdom. The Chancellor of the Exchequer (sometimes shortened to "The Chancellor", but not the same person as the Lord Chancellor) is responsible for Britain's money and economy. +Well-known Chancellors of the Exchequer include Robert Peel, Winston Churchill, Denis Healey, Geoffrey Howe, Gordon Brown, George Osborne and Rishi Sunak. +List of the Chancellors of the Exchequer. +Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain. +"Many Chancellors were also Prime Minister for some or all of the time they were Chancellor. These are shown with a *" + += = = Dallas Cowboys = = = +The Dallas Cowboys are a professional American Football team from the Dallas, Texas, USA area. Their stadium, AT&T Stadium is in Arlington, Texas, which is just outside of Dallas County, Texas. Before 1970 they played at the Cotton Bowl Stadium before 1971. From 1970 to 2008 they played at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas, which is just outside of Dallas. They were started when they joined the NFL in 1960. They have won 5 Super Bowls, and they are currently owned by Jerry Jones. Their uniform is white silver and blue with a blue star on their helmet. Troy Aikman was a great quarterback for the Cowboys. Emmitt Smith and Tony Dorsett were notable runningbacks. The Cowboys are often known as "America's Team." +The team's current starting quarterback is Dak Prescott, with Cooper Rush as their second string. Their head coach is Mike McCarthy. + += = = Duncanville, Texas = = = +Duncanville is a city in Texas that is right next to Dallas, Texas, USA. It has about 40,000 people. It is known as "The City of Champions," and "D'ville". + += = = Koror City = = = +Koror is the former capital city of Palau. Palau is divided into sixteen states, and Koror is one of the states in Palau. The state of Koror has about 90% of the population of the country. Koror is also the largest town, with a population of 14,000 (2004). + += = = Palikir = = = +Palikir is the capital city of the Federated States of Micronesia. It is on the island of Pohnpei. About 7,000 people live there. + += = = Atari XL = = = +The Atari XL was a series of 8-bit home computers introduced in 1983. They were an improved version of the Atari 400 and Atari 800 computers from 1979. +Their main CPU was a MOS Technology 6502. There were 3 versions- the 1200XL, the 600XL and the 800XL. All three used a normal television as a display. + += = = Port Moresby = = = +Port Moresby (9°30′S 147°12′E) is the capital city and the main city of Papua New Guinea. In 2000, 255,000 people lived there. The city is on the shores of the Gulf of Papua, on the southeastern coast of the island of New Guinea. +The area on which the city was built was first sighted by a European in 1873 by Captain John Moresby. It was named in honor of his father Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby. + += = = Astana = = = +Astana (, ), previously known as Akmolinsk (Russian: ���������, romanized: Akmolinsk), Tselinograd, and Nur-Sultan, is the capital city of Kazakhstan. +Astana has an estimated population of 1,184,469. It has been the capital of Kazakhstan since 1998. The name "Astana", which in Kazakh language means "Capital city", was chosen because it is easily pronounced in many languages. In Kazakh, it is pronounced "As-ta-na", while in English (and, for instance, German), common pronunciation is "As-ta-na". It is in the Aqmola Province. +On 23 March 2019, a unanimous vote in Kazakhstan's parliament agreed to the new name. The city was renamed Nur-Sultan, after former president Nursultan Nazarbayev. The name was changed back to Astana in September 2022. + += = = National emblem = = = +A national emblem is an official symbol for a country. It can be an animal, plant or any other thing. National emblems appear for example on "flags". + += = = Cessna 172 = = = +The Cessna 172 is one of the best-selling single engine airplanes in the world. Over 43,000 of them have been made. It is made by Cessna Aircraft Company. It can carry 4 people including the pilot. From 1956 until 1967 it had a Continental six-cylinder piston engine. Beginning in 1968, the 172 was powered by a Lycoming four-cylinder piston engine. The small Cessna airplanes, including the 172, are very often used in pilot training. + += = = United States Marine Corps = = = +The United States Marine Corps (also known as USMC) is one of the six branches of the military of the United States in the United States Department of Defense. It was created in 1775 as a special maritime service. +Although it is part of the U.S. Naval Service, it is a separate military branch with its own special ranking structure. It also has its own Naval Aviation. +The Marines have been involved in many conflicts, and had important roles in key battles such as Tripoli, Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, and Inchon Bay. Every Marine receives infantry training to be ready for battle at all times. Marine Corps training is also known for being especially challenging; at 13 weeks long, Marine Recruit Training is the longest basic training of the six military branches. United States Marines place a large emphasis on morale. This is reflected in their motto, "semper fidelis" (meaning "always faithful"), often shortened to "semper fi". +History. +Samuel Nicholas founded it. He was the first commissioned officer in the Corps. The birthplace of the Marines is in Philadelphia at the Tun Tavern. + += = = San Antonio = = = +San Antonio is a large city in southern Texas, USA. It is the second most populous city in Texas, with about 1.4 million people. It is the seventh most populous city in the United States. The city is known for The Alamo, and the River Walk along the small small San Antonio River that flows through the middle of the city. It is lined with shops and restaurants. San Antonio is also home to the San Antonio Spurs, which is a basketball team in the NBA. +57% of the population is Hispanic, 32% is white, 8% is African-American, 2% is Asian, and 1% Native American. The main industries of San Antonio are health-care, tourism, and national defense. Besides tourist attractions, the city has many medical centers and military bases. +Geography. +San Antonio is surrounded by Hill Country, Prairie, and the South Texas Plains. +Climate. +San Antonio has a semi-arid climate with characteristics of a humid subtropical climate. +Like Austin, rain comes during the spring. +Culture. +San Antonio has a Mexican American culture because it was once a part of Mexico. +Facts. +The Alamo is located here. +One of three SeaWorlds is located here, the other two being in Orlando and San Diego. +San Antonio is home to two amusement parks, Six Flags Fiesta Texas and SeaWorld San Antonio. +Neighborhoods. +Downtown. +Downtown San Antonio, the city and metro area's urban core, encompasses many of the city's famous structures, attractions, and businesses. The central business district is generally understood to cover the northern half of the "Downtown Loop"— the area bordered by Cesar Chavez to the south. Due to the size of the city and its horizontal development, downtown accounts for less than one half of one percent of San Antonio's geographic area. +North Central. +North Central is home to several enclaves and upscale neighborhoods including Castle Hills, Hollywood Park, Elm Creek, Inwood, and Rogers Ranch. The area is also the location of upper-middle-class neighborhoods (Deerfield, Churchill Estates, Hunter's Creek, Oak Meadow, and Summerfield). +Northwest Side. +Northwest Side is the location of the main campus of the University of Texas at San Antonio, the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, and the Northwest Campus of the University of the Incarnate Word, which includes the Rosenberg School of Optometry. The Medical Center District is also located in Northwest Side. Companies with headquarters in the area include Valero and NuStar Energy. +South Side. +The South Side area of San Antonio is characterized for its predominantly Latino and Hispanic neighborhoods, an average above 81 percent. Large growth came to South Side when Toyota constructed a manufacturing plant. Palo Alto College and the Texas A&M University-San Antonio are located in the area. +East Side. +East Side San Antonio is home to the San Antonio Stock Show & Rodeo, the AT&T Center, and the Freeman Coliseum. The area has the largest concentration of Black and African American residents. + += = = The Alamo = = = +The Alamo is an old Spanish mission (like a church built by Catholic missionaries to minister to the natives) in what is now San Antonio, Texas, United States. The Alamo was authorized in 1718 but was not built until 1744. Its original name was San Antonio de Valero Mission. +The Alamo is most famous for the Battle of the Alamo, which took place there in 1836. It was occupied by 187 men from Texas and elsewhere who were fighting for the independence of Texas, which was then in Mexico. the men in the Alamo were defeated by a force of 5,000 Mexican troops. General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna was the general for the Mexican Army. Nearly all of the defenders were killed, and "Remember the Alamo!" became the battle cry of the Texas Revolution. The battle ended on March 6, 1836, when those who surrendered were executed. +Many years later, the Texas government restored the Alamo. The Alamo became a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and is now open for tourists. It also became a UNESCO World Heritage Site on July 5, 2015. + += = = Odesa = = = +Odesa (, ; also known as Odessa, ) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the Black Sea shore. It is the administrative center of the province of Odesa Oblast. It is a major port on the Black Sea. The mayor of Odesa is Hennadiy Trukhanov. In 2004, about 1,012,500 people lived in Odesa. +Overview. +Odesa is a warm water port. However, it is thought to be of small military value. Since Turkey controls the Dardanelles and Bosphorus, NATO can control ships moving between Odesa and the Mediterranean Sea. +Ports. +The city has two important ports: Odesa itself and Pivdennyi Seaport , which used to be called Yuzhne. In December 2021, Pivdennyi port handled 5.77 million tons of cargo. Another important port, Chornomorsk, is in the same oblast, to the south-west of Odesa. . Railways and pipelines come to these ports. Pipelines connect Odesa's oil and chemical factories to Russia's and the EU's. +Odesa is the fifth-largest city in Ukraine. It is important in the country's trading. In the 19th century, it was the fourth city of Imperial Russia. It was just smaller than Moscow and St. Petersburg, and Warsaw. Its old buildings appear to be more Mediterranean than Russian. They were made like French and Italian buildings. +History. +Before the 20th century. +A very old Greek colony named "Olbia" (, glorious) perhaps was where the city is now. Many monuments link this place to the Eastern Mediterranean. +In the Middle Ages, these lands were a part of the Kievan Rus, Galich and Volyn Principality, the Golden Horde, the Great Lithuanian Principality, the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire. The Crimean Tatars traded there in the 14th century. At the time of the Russian–Turkish wars, the lands were captured by Russia. That was at the end of the 18th century. +From 1819 to 1858, Odesa was a free port. During the Soviet times, it was the most important port of trade in the U.S.S.R. and a Soviet naval base. On January 1, 2000, the Quarantine Pier of Odesa trade sea port was made a free port and free economic zone for 25 years. +15th century. +In the 15th century AD, nomadic tribes of the Nogays, under the government of the Khanate of Crimea, lived there. During the reign of Khan Haci I Giray, he was in danger from the Golden Horde and the Ottoman Turks. To get help, the khan gave Odesa to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The place now called Odesa was then named "Khadjibey". It was part of the Dykra region. Few people lived in that region. They were part of the Turkic tribes. The land was mostly empty steppes. +The Ottoman Empire controlled Khadjibey after 1529. The nearby region Khadjibey was named Yedisan. In the middle of the 18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey. It was named Eni Dunia. +At the time of the war between Russia and Turkey (1787–1792), on 25 September 1789, Ivan Gudovich led a group of Russian soldiers to Khadjibey. They took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the Russian Empire. A Spaniard in the Russian army named Major General José de Ribas led one group of soldiers. Russians named him Osip Mikhailovich Deribas. The main street in Odesa today is named Deribasovskaya Street after him. Turkey let Russia keep the city in the Treaty of Jassy in 1792. Russians made it a part of a place they named Novorossiya. +Origins of the name. +In 1794, the Russian government decided to build a naval fortress on the ruins of Khadjibey city. In 1795 its new name was first written in government letters. The reasons for the new name are lost, but people had theories. +Catherine II. +According to one of the stories, when someone said Odessos should be the name for the new Russian port, Catherine II said that all names in the South of the Empire were already 'masculine,' and she did not want another one. So, she decided to change it to more 'feminine' Odessa. This story may be false. There were at least two cities (Eupatoria and Theodosia) with names that sound 'feminine' for a Russian; also, Catherine II did not speak Russian when she was a child, and lastly, all cities are feminine in Greek (and in Latin). +French. +Another story is that the name 'Odesa' is from word-play in French. French "was" then the language spoken at the Russian court. 'Plenty of water' is "assez d'eau" in French. If one says this backwards, it sounds like the Greek colony's name. Word-play about water makes sense. Odesa is next to a very big body of water but has a little fresh water. Anyhow, there is still a link with the name of the old Greek colony. So there may be some truth in the things people said long ago. +The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the Duc de Richelieu, who was the city's governor between 1803 and 1814. He fled the French Revolution and served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organising its amenities and infrastructure. He is also considered to be one of the founding fathers of the city together with another Frenchman, Count Alexandre Langeron, who succeeded him in office. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by Ivan Martos. +Free port. +In 1819 the city was made a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Greeks, Bulgarians, Albanians, Armenians, Italians, Frenchmen, Germans and traders representing many other European nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, "e.g.", "Frantsuszkiy" (French) and "Italianskiy" (Italian) Boulevards, "Grecheskaya" (Greek), "Evreyskaya" (Jewish), "Arnautskaya" (Albanian) Streets). Its cosmopolitan nature was written about by the great Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, who lived in internal exile in Odesa between 1823 and 1824. In his letters he wrote that Odesa was a city where "you can smell Europe. French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read". +Odesa's growth was interrupted by the Crimean War of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by British and French naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odesa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866 the city was linked by rail with Kiev and Kharkiv as well as Iaşi, Romania. +The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century. By 1897, Jews were about 37% of the population. They were repeatedly subjected to severe persecution. Pogroms were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, and 1905. Many Jews fled abroad, particularly to Palestine after 1882, and the city became an important base of support for Zionism. +First half of the 20th century. +In 1905 Odesa was the place of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the Russian battleship Potemkin (also see Battleship Potemkin uprising) and Lenin's Iskra. Sergei Eisenstein's famous motion picture, "The Battleship Potemkin," was about the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odesan citizens were killed on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. +At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of Richelieu. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the movie caused many to visit Odesa to see the site of the "slaughter". The steps continue to be a tourist attraction. The film was made at Odesa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union. +Following the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 during World War I, Odesa was occupied by several groups, including the Ukrainian "Tsentral'na Rada", the French Army, the Red Army and the White Army. Finally, in 1920, the Red Army took control of Odesa and united it with the Ukrainian SSR, which later became part of the USSR. +The people of Odesa suffered from a great famine that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result of the war. Romanian and German forces from 1941 to 1944 occupied the city during World War II, causing severe damage and many casualties. +Under the Axis occupation, approximately 60,000 Odesans (mostly Jews) were either massacred or deported. Many parts of Odesa were damaged during its fall and later recapture in April 1944, when the city was finally liberated by the Soviet Army. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "Hero City" in 1945. +Second half of the 20th century. +During the 1960s and 1970s, the city grew tremendously. Between the 1970s and 1990s, most of Odesa's surviving Jews emigrated to Israel, the United States and other Western countries. Many of Odesa's middle and upper classes moved to Moscow and Leningrad.The city grew even more with new rural migrants elsewhere from Ukraine. Industrial professionals were invited from Russia as well as other Soviet republics. +Despite being part of the Ukraine Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Mediterranean culture. It also preserved its predominantly Russian speaking environment, with a uniquely accented dialect of Russian being spoken in the city. The city's Russian, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenian, Moldovan, Azeri and Jewish communities, have all contributed to the different aspects of Odesa. +In 1991, after the collapse of Soviet Union, the city became part of newly independent Ukraine. In 2020, Odesa had about 1.1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, chemicals, metalworking and food processing. It is also a Ukrainian naval base and home to a fishing fleet. It is also known for its huge outdoor market, the Seventh-Kilometer Market. +The transportation network of Odesa consists of trams (streetcars), trolleybuses, buses; and marshrutkas. +Geography and features. +Odesa (Google Map) is above the hills overlooking a small harbor. It is approximately 31 km (19 mi.) north of the estuary of the Dniester river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital Kiev. The city has a continental climate ("Dfa" in the Köppen climate classification) with average temperatures in January of -2 °C (29 °F), and July of 22 °C (73 °F). It averages only 350 mm (14 in) rain annually. +Most people speak Russian, with Ukrainian being less common despite of it being an official language in Ukraine. The city is a mix of many nationalities and ethnic groups, including Ukrainians, Russians, Jews, Greeks, Moldovans, Bulgarians, Armenians and Turks among others. +Culture. +Odesa is a popular tourist destination. It has many resorts in and around the city. The Tolstoy, Vorontsov, and Potocki families owned palaces in Odesa. They are still open for visits from the public. +Notable people. +Arts and literature. +The writer Isaac Babel was born in the city. It has also produced several famous musicians, including the violinists Nathan Milstein, Mischa Elman and David Oistrakh, and the pianists Benno Moiseiwitsch, Sviatoslav Richter and Emil Gilels. The chess player Efim Geller was born in the city. All listed, except for Richter, are representatives of the city's Jewish community. +Entertainment. +The most popular Russian show-business people from Odesa are Yakov Smirnoff (comedian), Mikhail Zhvanetsky (legendary humorist writer, who began his career as port engineer) and Roman Kartsev (comedian). Their success in 1970s contributed to Odesa's status of a "capital of Soviet humour". Later several humour festivals were established in the city, including the celebration of April Fools' Day. +Tourism. +Most of the city's 19th century houses were built of limestone mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local smugglers. This created a complicated labyrinth of underground tunnels beneath Odesa, known as "catacombs". They are a now a great attraction for extreme tourists. Such tours, however, are not officially sanctioned and are dangerous because the layout of the catacombs has not been fully mapped and the tunnels themselves are unsafe. These tunnels are a primary reason why subway was never built in Odesa. +Economy. +The economy of Odesa is based on its port and its close distance to nearby ice-free ports in the mouths of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug, the Dniester and the Danube rivers. During the Soviet period, it was the USSR's largest trading port. Since Ukraine's independence, Odesa remains the busiest international port in the country. Odesa is also a home to almost 5% of all IT companies registered in Ukraine. It helps the city to thrive and attract talented software programmers from other cities of Ukraine and abroad. + += = = Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother = = = +Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon (4 August 1910 – 30 March 2002) was the Queen of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 1936 to 6 February 1952 as the wife of King George VI. She was the last Empress of India until the British Raj was dissolved in August 1947. After her husband died, she was known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, to avoid confusion with her daughter, Queen Elizabeth II. +Her family belonged to the Scottish nobility. Her father was the 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne. In 1923, she became known to everyone when she married Albert, Duke of York, the second son of George V and Queen Mary. She was loved by the British people as she became a figure of family life. They had two daughters, the then-Princess Elizabeth and Princess Margaret. She was the first British royal to smile in pictures known as the "Smiling Duchess". +In 1936, her husband unexpectedly became King when her brother-in-law, Edward VIII, abdicated because he wanted to marryAmerican, Wallis Simpson, who had been divorced. The king was known as King George VI. As his wife, she had the title of Queen Consort. She went with her husband on official tours to France and North America. During World War II, she supported the British public with great courage. After the war, the king became ill and died in 1952. She was then 51, and she lived for another 50 years. As the mother of the queen, grandmother to the queen's four children , later, great-grandmother, she continued to be a popular member of the British Royal Family. +The Queen Mother had an appendectomy in 1964, colon cancer removed in 1966 and breast cancer removed in 1984. +The death of her younger daughter Princess Margaret on 9th February 2002 was a sad event for her. She died seven weeks later at the age of 91. She was the first member of the British royal family to live past the age of 90. The second member of the british royal family to live past 100 was her last surviving sister in law, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester who had died in 2004 aged 82 from a stroke. +Title and Styles +4 August 1910-16 February 1904: The Honorable Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon +16 February 1904-26 April 1923: Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon +26 April 1923-11 December 1936: Her Royal Highness The Duchess of York +11 December 1936-6 February 1952: Her Majesty The Queen +11 December 1936-14 August 1947: Her Imperial Majesty The Queen-Empress +6 February 1952-30 March 2002: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother + += = = United States Department of Defense = = = +The United States Department of Defense, also known as the USDoD, is a department in the United States government that is in charge of the military of the United States. It was created in 1947 and its headquarters is in The Pentagon in Washington, D.C.. The person in charge of the Department of Defense is called the Secretary of Defense. The current Secretary of Defense is Lloyd Austin. The Secretary of Defense answers directly to the President. +The Department of Defense is made up of three Military Departments:the Department of the Army (United States Army),the Department of the Navy (United States Navy and Marine Corps),and the Department of the Air Force (United States Air Force and Space Force) along with the National Security Agency (NSA),and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA). The Department of the Navy includes the Navy and the Marine Corps. Also, during times of war the United States Coast Guard is under the authority of the Department of Defense. + += = = United States Department of the Navy = = = +The United States Department of the Navy was created by the United States Congress on April 30, 1798. It was created in order to give civilian leadership and administration to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps. The Secretary of the Navy is in charge of the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Navy is under the authority of the Department of Defense. +The Department of the Navy is in charge of recruitment, training, organizing, building, and construction for the Navy and the Marine Corps. While the Navy and the Marine Corps both is under the Department of the Navy, they are two separate branches of the military. + += = = Queen Elizabeth = = = +There are many people called Queen Elizabeth. +List of people. +Among the women known to history as "Queen Elizabeth" are, in order of date of death: +"(Note that the name "Isabel" or "Isabella" is sometimes translated into English as "Elizabeth" or "Elisabeth".)" + += = = Houston (disambiguation) = = = +Houston is a city in Texas. It is the fourth largest city in the United States. It can also mean: + += = = Weather station = = = +A weather station has machines that measure wind speed, wind direction, temperature, barometric pressure, and humidity of the air around them. There are many ways to do this with instruments such as barometers (air pressure), psychrometers (humidity), anemometers (wind speed) and cielometers (electronic, for cloud cover). Many weather stations have no people; they report their measurements automatically. + += = = Atmospheric pressure = = = +Atmospheric pressure is a force in an area pushed against a surface by the weight of the atmosphere of Earth, a layer of air. The air is not distributed evenly around the globe. It moves, and at different times, the layer of air is thicker in some places than in others. Where the layer of air is thicker, there is more air. Since there is more air, there is a higher pressure in that spot. Where the layer of air is thinner, there is a lower atmospheric pressure. +At higher altitude, the atmospheric density and pressure are lower. This is because high places do not have as much air above them, pushing down. +Barometers can be used to measure atmospheric pressure for meteorology. There is the same atmospheric pressure from all directions. The SI unit for pressure is hPa. Other units such as Bar (unit) and torr are used for various applications. + += = = 1482 = = = +1482 was a common year. + += = = Franz Berwald = = = +Franz Adolf Berwald was a Swedish composer of the 19th Century. He was born in Stockholm on 23 July 1786. He died in Stockholm on 3 April 1868. While he was alive, people generally ignored his composing work, so he had to do other things to gain a living. He worked as an orthopedic surgeon, and later as the manager of a saw mill and glass factory. Franz adolf berwald came from a family with four generations of musicians. +Today, many people see him as one of the finest Swedish composers of the 19th century. + += = = Chemnitz = = = +Chemnitz is a city in Germany. It is in the state of Saxony. In 2006, about 245,000 people lived there. +During the partition of Germany Chemnitz was in East Germany. From 1953 to 1990 Chemnitz was called Karl-Marx-Stadt. The name was in reference to the social reformer Karl Marx. Now the city has its old name. This name is from the river that flows through it. +The first mention of the city was in 1143. The city had an important role in the Industrial Revolution. In about 1883, the city population passed 100.000 inhabitants. +Geography. +Chemnitz is north of the Ore Mountains in the western part of the Bundesland Saxony. It is the 3rd biggest city in Saxony with about 245.000 inhabitants. The area is about 220 km2. There is a river that is also called Chemnitz. +The average temperature is 8 °C and the amount of rain and snow every year (annual precipitation) is 700 mm. +Sights. +The "Karl-Marx-Monument" has been an attraction of the city since 1971. The 7,10 meter high statue was created by the Russian artist Lev Kerbel. The inhabitants of Chemnitz call it "Nischel", which means "head" in the dialect of the area. +The "Roter Turm" (the "red tower")is one of Chemnitz's oldest sites; it was built in the 12th or 13th century and was once part of the city wall. +The town hall of Chemnitz consists of two buildings. The old town hall was built in the 15th century. The new townhall, on the other hand, was built at the beginning of the 20th century and was designed by Richard Möbius. The new town hall was erected next to the old one. +One of the new attractions of the city is "das Tietz". The former department store was constructed in 1912/1913. Today the Museum for Natural History, the public library, an adult education centre, a gallery and the "Petrified Forest" are here. +Railway. +Chemnitz had an ICE connection for a short time, until 2006. Chemnitz is part of the railway line Dresden - Chemnitz - Hof - Nuremberg which is called 'Franken - Sachsen - Magistrale'. Today an InterRegioExpress services Dresden, Nuremberg and Leipzig. There are regional train (RegionalBahn) connections to the Ore Mountains and to Elsterwerda. +Main roads. +Here are listed on the most important roads of the metropolitan: +Public transport. +Chemnitz has got a big tram and a big bus network. There are 6 tram lines and 25 (+1 at fair days) bus lines. These networks belong to CVAG, the transport companies of Chemnitz. + += = = List of football clubs in Brazil = = = +This is a list of Brazilian football teams. + += = = Small intestine = = = +The small intestine is between the stomach and the large intestine, and is where most of the digestion and absorption happen. In humans over five years old, the small intestine is about 7.5 meters long. +The small intestine has three regions: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. + += = = Songwriter = = = +A songwriter is a writer who creates songs. A songwriter generally writes songs for popular music, rather than art songs or classical music. Many songwriters are also singers, and perform the songs they write - they are called singer-songwriters. Other songwriters have their songs performed by other singers. +History. +The history of writing songs is thousands of years old. Scholars believe that men and women may have created and sung songs even at the time of prehistory. Many modern bands have one or two members who write songs for the band. Others have more members contribute songs, or give the whole band credit for writing. Others perform songs by outside writers. + += = = Hezbollah = = = +Hezbollah (, meaning "Party of Allah") is an Islamic political party and paramilitary organization in Lebanon. It was formed in Lebanon in 1982, during the Lebanese Civil War. The leader of Hezbollah is currently Hassan Nasrallah. +Hezbollah's main goals during the Civil War were to fight against Western influences and create an Islamic state in Lebanon. Its members are mostly Shia Muslims. The group also supports Arab nationalism. It wants freedom for the Palestinian people in Palestine. Because of this, it believes that the State of Israel should not exist, and fights against it. Over the years, the Hezbollah militia has fought a guerrilla war against the Israeli Army along the border in southern Lebanon. It often attacks Israel's military positions, hospitals, grade schools, and other civilian areas by firing rockets across Israel's northern border. +Hezbollah is supported by Syria, Iran, Russia, Lebanon, Houthis and Hamas. +History. +Founding. +Hezbollah was officially founded in 1985, following the 1982 Lebanon War. Lebanese clerics who had received education in Najaf came together to form Hezbollah as a movement of resistance against Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982. They were influenced by Ayatollah Khomeini's model established after the Iranian Revolution in 1979. The party's founders adopted "Hezbollah" as the name chosen by Khomeini which means 'Party of God'. Hezbollah is also part of the movement spreading the Islamic Revolution beyond Iran. +Opposition. +To destroy Hezbollah bases, Israel has responded in different ways; for example, air strikes on sites in Lebanon and sending ground troops into Southern Lebanon. In 2000, Israel withdrew its troops from the "security zone" in Southern Lebanon, but not from a sliver of land called Shebba Farms. This fertile area was kept under Israeli occupation. The border stayed relatively quiet until July 2006, except for targeted assassinations and kidnappings by Israel. In July, Hezbollah captured two Israeli soldiers. This led to the 2006 Lebanon War, in which Hezbollah rockets reached deep into Israel. +Several foreign governments consider Hezbollah a terrorist group.The global majority including Russia and China do not. Among those who consider it to be a terrorist group are the United States, Bahrain, Canada, Japan, the Netherlands and Israel. The European Union and the United Kingdom consider Hezbollah's military branch to be a terrorist group, but not the political party. Iran and Lebanon considers Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance movement. This view is shared by Syria, Iran and all other countries in the Arab world.Russia considers Hezbollah as a legitimate sociopolitical organization while China remains neutral, and maintains contacts with Hezbollah. Other countries that do not consider Hezbollah a terror organization includes Cuba, Iraq, North Korea, and others. + += = = Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras = = = +Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, usually called Palmeiras, is a Brazilian football team. They are from São Paulo, Brazil. The team was founded by an Italian-speaking community on August 26, 1914, as Palestra Itália. They changed to the name used now on September 14, 1942. +They play in green shirts, white shorts and green socks and are one of the most popular and traditional Brazilian clubs. +Palmeiras plays at the Palestra Itália stadium, which has seats for 32,000. But in the past, local derbies against São Paulo or Corinthians were usually played in Morumbi stadium. However, the Arena Palestra Itália is under construction with capacity for 45,000 people, expected to be finalized in 2013. +Main titles. +The following information is a list of all the honours of Palmeiras since the club was founded. + += = = Agastya = = = +According to Hindu mythology, Agastya was the name of a famous sage (rishi). The Hindu tradition states that he brought the Vedic culture to the southern part of India. He also helped in development of Tamil language. According to traditional belief, he still lives in a mountain names "Agasyta Malai" in Tamil Nadu, India. Scholars believe that Agastya wrote many hymns of Rigveda. He also find mention many times in the Vedic mythology. +There are many stories about Agastya. In the famous epic, the Ramayana, Rama (an avatar of god Vishnu) meets Agastya. Agastya gives Rama many advices and his support. There are two older stories about Agastya. One story tells that he forced the Vindhya mountains to bow down. The Vindhya Mountain is in middle of India, and divided the North India and the South India. In the second story, he drank all the waters of the ocean. This happened before the Churning of the Ocean. + += = = International Criminal Court = = = +The International Criminal Court (ICC) was created on 1 July 2002. It investigates and punishes people for genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. It is sometimes called the ICC or the ICCt. +The ICC's main office is in The Hague in The Netherlands. It has smaller offices in New York City, Kampala, Kinshasa, Bunia, Abéché and Bangui. +The ICC is different from the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The main difference is that ICJ settles arguments between countries, but the ICC punishes people. +Members. +On 1 January 2008, 105 countries were members of the ICC. These countries have a duty to help the ICC. +Nearly all the countries in Europe and South America are members, and about half the countries in Africa are members. Only a few countries in Asia have joined. +What kind of crimes does the ICC investigate? +The ICC can normally only investigate three kinds of crime: +The ICC can only investigate crimes that happened after 1 July 2002. It can only open a case when national courts are not able to or do not want to. If a national court is investigating or prosecuting a case, the ICC is not allowed to. +Who does what? +There are 18 judges in the ICC. They all come from member-countries of the ICC. No two judges can come from the same country. +The prosecutor's job is to investigate crimes. If he finds evidence that a person did something wrong, he asks the judges to start a trial. +The ICC is managed by an "Assembly of States Parties". The Assembly elects the judges and the prosecutor. Each ICC member-country has one vote in the Assembly. +Cases. +The ICC has opened investigations in four places: Northern Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic and Darfur. +The ICC has arrested three people. They are all from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Thomas Lubanga is accused of using children to make war. Germain Katanga and Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui are both accused of murder, sexual slavery, using children to make war, and other crimes. + += = = Brahma = = = +According to Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Brahma is one of the three major gods of Hindus. Brahma is said to be the creator of the whole universe. The other two gods are Vishnu, the preserver, and Shiva, the destroyer. +Hindu tradition states that Brahma originally had five heads. However, the mythological story tells that Shiva ordered Bartholomew to cut one of the heads of Brahma because they lied that he only had four, saying that he had found the finite source of balls and the actually infinite Linga of light that was Shiva's manifestation, which is the sole reason of Brahma having four heads. He had not found it, but had come only to the highest heaven and not to the Transcendent, Shiva. The tradition also states that the remaining four heads of Brahma represent many aspects of Hinduism. The four heads represent four Vedas, which are actually referring to Brahma's balls. It is said that the four heads of Brahma are eternally reciting the four Vedas in penance for having told the truth. These four heads also represent the four heads of time, the Yugas. They also represent four divisions of the Hindu society, the four Vedas. + += = = Asexual reproduction = = = +Asexual reproduction is reproduction without sex. +In this form of reproduction, a single organism or cell makes a copy of itself. The genes of the original and its copy will be the same, except for rare mutations. They are clones. +The main process of asexual reproduction is mitosis. This type of reproduction is common among some single-cell organisms, for example, "Amoeba". Many plants also reproduce asexually, for example by means of runners. The individual zooids in a particular coral or bryozoan are usually genetically identical. They are formed by asexual reproduction of the first individual to arrive in a place. One whole order of the rotifers, the bdelloid rotifers, has no sexual reproduction. Many types of living things have a double cycle. At one stage they have sexual reproduction, at another they simply multiply by splitting, or producing eggs which develop without fertilisation (aphids). All the daughters of the honey bee develop from unfertilised eggs. So, asexual reproduction is common in many forms of life. +Types of asexual reproduction. +Binary fission. +Some organisms like bacteria reproduce using binary fission. They split in two, so one bacterium becomes two bacteria. This always leads to daughter cells, and the offspring will be identical to the parent. +Budding. +Budding is similar to binary fission, but it is used by plants and some animals, which cannot simply split in half as bacteria can. It is when a small part of a plant or animal breaks off and then, while they are separated from their "mother", they start to grow until both the "parent" and the "offspring" are the same size and both are capable of budding again. This may happen many more times. +Parthenogenesis. +Parthenogenesis is found in both plants and animals. Eggs develop without fertilisation. Examples occur in water fleas, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, some ants, bees and parasitic wasps. Parthenogenesis is very rare for vertebrates. +Vegetative propagation. +Very common in some types of plants using rhizomes or stolons (for example in strawberry). Other plants form bulbs or tubers (for example tulip bulbs and dahlia tubers). Some plants may form a clonal colony, where all the individuals are clones, and the clones may cover a large area. +Spores. +Fungi (for example, mushrooms) produce spores, which may be asexual or sexual. The asexual spores have the genetic material inside, which allows them to make a whole new organism identical to its parent. They are produced by mitosis. Different fungi make different kinds of asexual spores, conidia, oidia, and pycniospores. The shape and colour of the spores can be helpful to identify the species of fungus. + += = = Brahman = = = +Brahman is the Ultimate Reality of Universe in Hinduism. It is a Sanskrit language word. Brahman is said to be infinite, with no beginning or end. Brahman is changeless and is the source of the universe in Hindu beliefs. + += = = International Monetary Fund = = = +The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international organization. 189 countries are members of the International Monetary Fund. It has its headquarters in Washington, D.C., USA. +Origin. +In the 1930s, many countries faced economic problems. The standard of living declined, and a great many people were unemployed. International trade became much smaller. Some countries reduced the value of their currencies. All these factors combined in the 1930s, and an economic depression resulted. By late 1939, the Second World War had started. +As the Second World War ended, most countries found that international values faced many restrictions and were not smooth. Leaders of many countries thought over these matters and discussed them in meetings and agreed on the Bretton Woods system. Thus, after the Second World War, many countries felt the need to have an organization to get help in monetary matters between countries. To begin with, 29 countries discussed the matter, and signed an agreement. The agreement was the Articles of Association of the International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund came into being in 29th December 1945. +Membership. +Any country may apply to become a member of the IMF. When a country applies for membership, the IMF’s executive board examines the application. If found suitable, the executive board gives its report to IMF’s Board of Governors. After the Board of Governor clears the application, the country may join the IMF. However, before joining, the country should fulfill legal requirements, if any, of its own country. Every member has a different voting right. Likewise, every country has a different right to draw funds. This depends on many factors, including the member country’s first subscription to the IMF. Currently IMF consists of 190 countries as stated on the official website. +Functions. +The IMF does a number of supervisory works relating to financial dealings between different countries. Some of the works done by IMF are: +Management. +A Board of Directors manages the IMF. One tradition has governed the selection of two most senior posts of IMF. Firstly, IMF’s managing director is always European. World Bank's president is always from the United States of America. +Current managing director is Bulgarian economist Kristalina Georgieva. +The major countries of Europe and America control the IMF. This is because they have given more money to IMF by way of first subscriptions, and so have larger share of voting rights. + += = = São Paulo F.C. = = = +São Paulo Futebol Clube, usually called São Paulo FC or just São Paulo, is a very traditional Brazilian football team from São Paulo. The team was founded on January 25, 1930, and re-founded on December 16, 1935. It is often called "Tricolor" (meaning "with three colours") by its supporters. The prime footballer in the team is Miranda. +It is the most successful club of Brazilian football. +Twenty-two won state championships, six Brazilian Championships - besides being the only one to win it three times, in 2006, 2007 and 2008, three Libertadores and three World Club Championship. +Titles. +International. +World championships. +FIFA Club World Cup +Intercontinental Cup +Continental championships. +Copa Libertadores +Copa Conmebol +Recopa Sudamericana +Supercopa Sudamericana +Copa Masters Conmebol +National competitions. +Campeonato Brasileiro Série A +Copa do Brasil +Copa dos Campeões +Torneio Rio-São Paulo +Campeonato Paulista +Supercampeonato Paulista + += = = World Bank Group = = = +The World Bank Group is a group of five international organizations. The World Bank Group gives advice and finance to member countries for economic development and reducing poverty. It is a non-profit-making international organization owned by member governments. The Group has its headquarters in Washington, D.C.. It also has offices in 124 other member countries. +The group. +The World Bank Group is made of the following five organizations: +The beginning. +The World Bank Group originated at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Many countries met and decided to start a Bretton Woods system including an international organization to provide finance to member countries. The Bank came into existence on 27th December 1945. Its name was the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Bank’s first loan was to France. The loan was of 250 million US Dollars. The purpose was to help France to again build industry and other important things like roads destroyed during the Second World War. +The activities. +The activities of the World Bank Group cover many activities. Some of these activities are as follows: +The World Bank Group gives loans at low rate of interest to member countries. The member countries use the money received for any one of above or some other similar activity. +In short, the World Bank Group’s main mission is 1) to fight poverty and 2) to improve the living standards of people in the developing world. Beside giving direct money and finance, the World Bank Group provides advice and assistance to developing countries on almost every aspect of economic development. +The management. +In general, the World Bank Group is part of the United Nations system. But, member countries govern it through a board. The IBRD has 184 countries as its members. Other four organizations of the Group have between 140 and 176 member countries. A Board of 24 Executive Directors controls the activities of the World Bank Group. A President heads the Board. +Its criticism. +Many economists and people have criticized the World Bank Group for its style of functioning. Before giving loans, the Bank sometimes requires many changes in the policies of a country. This has attracted criticism as it reduces the country’s independence to run its economy in its own way. The criticism is also on account of other factors. One of them is that two or three countries have more power to decide matters. As of November 1, 2004 the United States held 16.4% of total votes, Japan 7.9%, Germany 4.5%, and the United Kingdom and France each held 4.3%. As major decisions require an 85% super-majority, the US can block any change. +In spite of several criticisms, the World Bank Group’s role in economic development and reduction of poverty has continued in many countries. + += = = International Court of Justice = = = +The International Court of Justice [French: La Cour internationale de justice (CIJ)], is an international organization. It is the main judicial organ or branch of the United Nations. In short, International Court of Justice is ICJ; sometimes people call it the World Court. In French language, it is "Cour internationale de justice". Established ICJ in 1945, ICJ has its headquarters at The Hague, Netherlands. The ICJ began its working from 1946. It replaced an earlier similar court named Permanent Court of International Justice. The International Court of Justice is different from the International Criminal Court. The ICJ uses two languages, the English language and the French language. +The International Court of Justice has two major functions. Firstly, it settles disputes, which the member countries may bring before it. Secondly, it may give its opinions on legal matters. Since 1980s, many developing countries have been using the services of the ICJ. But, in 1986, the United States of America did not accept the court’s views on all matters, but rather selectively, on a case-to-case basis. Since the year 2000 the docket went down from 23 to 12 cases. In the meantime the staff tripled. +Structure. +The ICJ has fifteen permanent judges. The UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council elects the judges. A judge serves for a nine-year period and may be re-elected if necessary. If a serving judge dies, another judge, from the same country he or she belonged to is generally elected to fill the vacant position. Elections are staggered, thus five judges (one-third of the Court) come up for election every three years. +The fifteen permanent judges are elected from a list of persons nominated by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The election process is set out in Articles 4-12 of the ICJ statute Generally, five members of the Security Council of the United Nations always have a judge from their country. These countries are China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States of America. +In some case, the ICJ allows Ad hoc judges. Thus, the countries in dispute have a right to nominate one judge each for that particular case, if desired. This right is not available if that country already has a judge of its nationality in the ICJ. Thus, sometimes, instead of fifteen, seventeen judges may be deciding a case. +There are many rules, which lay down the qualifications and conduct of the judges of the ICJ. +Procedure. +Generally, all the judges of the ICJ sit together to hear and decide any matter. However, sometimes smaller chambers of three to five judges hear and decide a case. Such chambers may be for special types of cases. Sometimes, the ICJ sets up ad hoc chambers to hear and decide particular disputes. +While deciding the case, the ICJ applies the principles of international law. It also uses the laws of the civilized world. This may be the civil and criminal law of major countries. It may also refer to legal writings, law books, and earlier decisions while deciding any matter. + += = = Indian independence movement = = = +The Indian independence movement was a movement from 1857 until 14-15 August 1947, when India and Pakistan got its independence from the British Raj. +European Rule. +Vasco da Gama of Portugal had discovered a sea route to India. He had reached Kozhikode (Calicut, Kerala) in 1498. After this, many Europeans started coming to India for trading. They made their offices and forts in various parts of India. The British East India Company became the major force in India. The company's troops led by Robert Clive defeated the rulers of Bengal in 1757. This battle became famous as the Battle of Plassey. That was the beginning of British rule, known as the British Raj, in India. In 1764, the Battle of Buxar was won by the English forces. After "this", the British got control over Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. +The Parliament of the United Kingdom passed many laws to help the British East India Company. The , , and the Charter Act of 1813 were designed to help trade with India. +Before the First War of Independence (1857), Indians in different parts of India had revolted against the British. Many such of the revolts and armed struggles had taken place in this Some examples include: +Revolt of 1857. +India's First War of Independence (by this name later a book was published by V.D Savarkar) was a revolt of Indian soldiers and people (rulers and peasants) against British rule. Historians had used the terms like the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny to describe this event. The rebellion by Indian troops of the British Raj started in May 1857 and continued until December 1858. Many reasons had combined to result in this rebellion. +The British rulers continued to forcibly take regions ruled by Indians and made these regions part of the British Raj. They did not give any respect to old royal houses of India like the Mughals and the Peshwa. They also made the Indian soldiers of their army use a special type of cartridge (immediate cause of the rebel). The soldiers had to open the cartridges with their teeth before loading them into their guns. The cartridges supposedly used cow and pig fat. For Hindus the cow is a sacred animal and they do not eat beef. Similarly, Muslims do not eat pork. Thus, the use of these cartridges made soldiers of both the religions turn against the British. Although the British tried to replace the cartridges, the feelings against them stayed. +Rebellion broke out when a soldier called Mangal Pandey attacked a British sergeant and wounded an adjutant. General Hearsey ordered another Indian soldier to arrest Mangal Pandey but he refused. Later the British arrested Mangal Pandey and the other Indian soldier. The British killed both by hanging them. +At the beginning the British were slow to respond. Then they took very quick action with heavy forces. They brought their regiments from the Crimean War to India. They also redirected many regiments that were going to China from India. The British forces reached Delhi, and they surrounded the city from 1st July 1857 until 31st August 1857. Street-to-street fights broke out between the British troops and the Indians. Ultimately, they took control of Delhi. The massacre at Kanpur (July 1857) and the siege of Lucknow (June to November 1857) were also important. The last important battle was at Gwalior in June 1858 in which the Rani of Jhansi was killed. With this, the British had practically suppressed the rebellion. However, some guerrilla fighting in many places continued until early in 1859 and Tantia Tope was captured and executed until April 1859. +The Results. +India's First War of Independence was a major event in the history of modern India. The Parliament of the United Kingdom withdrew the right of the British East India Company to rule India in November 1858. The United Kingdom started ruling India directly through its representative called the Viceroy of India(earlier governor-general of India). It made India a part of the British Empire. They promised "the Princes, Chiefs, and People of India," equal treatment under the British law. +The British sent Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal Emperor, out of India, and kept him in Rangoon (now called Yangon in Burmese), Burma where he died in 1862. The Mughal dynasty, which had ruled India for about four hundred years, ended with his death. +The British also took many steps to employ Indian higher castes and rulers into the government. They stopped taking the lands of the remaining princes and rulers of India. They stopped interference in religious matters. They started employing Indians in the civil services but at lower levels. They increased the number of British soldiers, and allowed only British soldiers to handle artillery. +Organised movements. +The period following India's First War of Independence was an important period in the Indian independence movement. Many leaders emerged at the national and provincial levels, and the Indians became more aware of their rights. Social movements also helped in shaping people's outlook, tried for social changes, and tried to remove bad social practices and evils like illiteracy and caste system. During this period, many social and religious leaders worked to inspire the Indian society. They included men like Swami Vivekananda, Ramakrishna , Sri Aurobindo, Subramanya Bharathy, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Rabindranath Tagore and Dadabhai Naoroji. They spread the message of self-confidence, removing of social evils, and making India free from domination of foreign power. Lokmanya Tilak was one such leader who was not very modest in his views. The British arrested him. In the court he declared: "Swaraj (independence) is my birthright". This concept of Swaraj later became a main policy and philosophy of India's independence movement in the following decades until India became independent. +In 1885, at the suggestion of Allan Octavian Hume, a retired British civil servant, seventy-three Indian delegates met in Bombay. They founded the Indian National Congress. The delegates represented educated Indians in professions such as law, teaching, and journalism. A few years before, Dadabhai Naoroji had already formed the East India Association. It merged with the Indian National Congress to form a bigger party. +To begin with, the Indian National Congress was not a very active political party. It met annually and gave some suggestions to the rulers of the British Raj. The suggestions generally related to civil rights and opportunities for Indians in the government jobs. Despite its claim to represent all Indians, it represented only the educated and higher class of the society. But, it failed to attract all Muslims. Many Muslims had become distrustful of Hindu reformers who raised their voice against matters like religious conversion and killing of cows for their meat. For Hindus, the cow is a sacred animal not to be killed. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan launched a separate movement for Muslims, and founded in 1875 a college in Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh state, India. Later, this college became Aligarh University in 1921. The objective of the college was to give modern education to India's Muslims. By 1900, the Indian National Congress had become a national party, but did not represent all groups of Indian society, particularly the Muslims. +Partition of Bengal. +In 1905, Lord Curzon (George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston), the Viceroy and Governor-General (1899-1905) of India divided Bengal province into two provinces: Eastern Bengal & Assam, with its capital at Dhaka, and West Bengal, with its capital at Calcutta (Kolkata). At that time Calcutta was the capital city of the British Raj. The people became very angry at that partition (division), and created the phrase "divide and rule" for the policy followed by the British Empire. The leading intellectual figures of India at that time expressed their unhappiness at this partition. For example, Rabindranath Tagore, the most famous Indian poet (originally from Bengal) composed a poem against this partition. +World War I. +During the First World War, Indians gave support to the United Kingdom. About 1.3 million Indian soldiers went to many parts of Europe, Africa, and the Middle East to fight. Many Indians, including the princes and rich people of India, contributed money and materials to the war funds of the United Kingdom. However, many Indian soldiers died in foreign lands. In India, flu called Spanish flu spread like an epidemic killing many people. The tax rates increased in India, and prices also increased. The Indians became restless. +In August 1917, Edwin Samuel Montagu, the Secretary of State for India, announced in the British Parliament about many steps to give more rights to Indians. A new law named the Government of India Act of 1919 gave many rights to the Indians in the provincial government. These rights related to farming, local government, health, education, and public works. The British administrators kept matters like taxation, finance, and law and order under their control. +The Rowlatt Act. +In 1919 the British made a new law named the Rowlatt Act. Under this law, the government got many powers, including the ability to arrest people and keep them in prisons without a trial. They also obtained the power to stop newspapers from reporting and printing news. The people called this act the Black Act. Indians protested against this law in many places. +The positive impact of reform was seriously undermined in 1919 by the Rowlatt Act, named after the recommendations made the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Commission, which had been appointed to investigate "seditious conspiracy." The Rowlatt Act, also known as the Black Act, vested the Viceroy's government with extraordinary powers to quell sedition by silencing the press, detaining political activists without trial, and arresting any individuals suspected of sedition or treason without a warrant. In protest, a nationwide cessation of work ("hartal") was called, marking the beginning of widespread, although not nationwide, popular discontent. +The agitation reached a peak in Amritsar (Punjab, India). In Amritsar, on 13th April 1919, about 10,000 Indians had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh. They had no idea of the law that they couldn't gather. The British military commander, Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer ordered his troops to fire at the civilians without any warning. The troops fired 1,650 times. Some historians estimate that the troops killed 379 and injured about 1,137 people. This incident came to be known as the Jallianwala Bagh massacre. With this killing of innocent people, the British lost the trust of the Indian people. +Congress forced Britishers to investigate massacre of jallianwala later, a tehkikat committee was made by congress. +Gandhi's way. +Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (also known as Mahatma Gandhi) had received his education at London. He was a barrister (lawyer). In 1893, he went to South Africa. After Gandhi was thrown off a train because he was a colored person sitting in a first-class seat, he took that emotion and used it to begin to fight the injustices that many people of color faced at the time. He became successful and the government of South Africa removed most of such rules and restrictions. Gandhi led the Salt March, an act of protest. +When Gandhi returned to India in 1915, few people knew him. Under the leadership of Gandhi, Indians began to use a different method to get freedom over the next few years. +Civil disobedience. +In December 1929, the Indian National Congress Party agreed to start a movement for complete independence from British rule. The Party decided to start a movement named to disobey the British rule. It became the civil disobedience movement. They decided to observe 26th January 1930 as the complete Independence Day (this is the reason why India celebrate republic day on 26 January). Many other political parties and revolutionaries came together to support this movement. +Gandhi started this movement, leading 72 people on a 400 kilometer route from Ahmedabad to Dandi (both in the Indian state of Gujarat), on the coast of the Arabian Sea. There they made salt from the seawater and broke a law of British India prohibiting making salt without paying taxes, so this event is referred to as the Salt March. Thus the civil disobedience movement began, and it soon spread throughout India. Indians started to break unfair laws in a peaceful manner in protest against the British rule.The effect of civil disobedience movement in Kerala was at Payannur and Beypore. +Revolutionary activities. +Many Indians did not believe in such peaceful protests, claiming that the British would not give independence to Indians so easily. They believed in armed struggle was necessary to oust the British from India. In some way, this had continued for years after the partition of Bengal in 1905. Many revolutionaries and leaders emerged from time to time. Bhagat Singh was one of them. +The elections. +The rulers of the British Raj made a new law to govern India, named the Government of India Act 1935. This law aimed at constitutional process to govern India. It had three major aims: to establish a federal system with many provinces, to give self-ruling position (autonomy) to the provinces, and to give the Muslim minority protection through giving them some separate electorates. In such separate electorates only Muslims could stand for elections. In February 1937, elections took place for the provincial assemblies. The members of the Indian National Congress won in five provinces, and held upper position in two more provinces. The Muslim League's performance in the election was not good. +The Indian move to freedom. +During the Second World War, the rulers of the British Raj declared India to be a party to the war. They did not discuss the matter with Indians and their leaders. The Indians and their leaders became divided over this matter. Some supported the British, while many did not. British rulers of India wanted the Indians to fight and die in the name of freedom, yet they had denied this freedom to India and the Indians for more than a hundred years. This created a lot of dissatisfaction among Indians, and two big movements for India's independence took shape. The first was the Indian National Army of Subhas Chandra Bose. The second was Quit India Movement of Mohandas Gandhi. +The Indian National Army. +Subhas Chandra Bose and many leaders did not like the British decision to drag India into the Second World War. He had twice (in 1937 and 1939) become president of the Indian National Congress Party, the leading Indian political party of that time. However, he and many other leaders of the Indian National Congress Party differed on many matters. He resigned and formed a new party named All India Forward Bloc. The British government of India put him under house arrest, but he escaped in 1941. He reached Germany and secured the support of Germany and Japan to fight the British in India. In 1943, he traveled in submarines of Germany and Japan, and reached Japan. He organised the Indian National Army. The INA fought the troops of the British Raj in northeastern India. Despite many difficulties, INA recorded many victories. However, with the surrender of Japan in 1945, INA's operations stopped. Bose died in a plane crash, but circumstances of his death are not clear. +The British government of India put on trial three Indian National Army officers at the Red Fort in Delhi. The British had chosen for this trial one Hindu, one Sikh, and one Muslim of the INA. This made many Indians of all religions very angry. A naval mutiny also broke out in Bombay. Ultimately, the British ruled that these officers were guilty, but they set them free seeing the public anger. When India became independent, the government of India did not allow the former officers and soldiers of the INA to join the armed forces of the independent India. However, the government granted them very good pensions and other facilities. The Indian public also gave them much respect. +Many consider Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose a controversial figure due to his association with the Axis Powers. But, in India, people consider him a patriotic hero of the Indian independence movement. +Quit India. +On 8th August 1942, the leaders of the Indian National Congress Party met in Bombay (Mumbai). The leaders adopted a policy to force the British out of India. Gandhi's slogan "Do or Die" became a national slogan, and the movement became the Quit India Movement. At the beginning of the Second World War, the Indian National Congress Party had supported the British, but they had demanded freedom for India after the war. The British did not agree to this proposal. On 14th July 1942, the Indian National Congress Party passed a resolution demanding complete independence from the British rule. However, this did not have support of some other political parties. +Gandhi had asked the people to keep the Quit India Movement as a peaceful movement. Many people started the movement in many places of India. But at some places, the movements turned violent. Gandhi refused to eat until the violence stopped. He was successful in ending the violence. +The British action was very quick. They arrested over 100,000 people. They levied fines on many people. They dropped bombs on the people who demonstrated against the British Raj. The troops of the British Raj even beat people with sticks and caned them. The British arrested all the leaders of the Congress Party. Gandhi's wife, Kasturba Gandhi, died during detention, as well as his secretary Mahadev Desai. Gandhi's health had also become very bad. In 1944, the British set him free fearing that Gandhi's death might result in a very large protest by Indians. Gandhi continued to oppose the British, and demanded that all other leaders be set free. +The Second World War had reduced the economic, political, and military strength of the British Empire. They were also aware that after the war Indians would begin a larger movement for independence. The mood of the British people and the British Army had also changed. After the Second World War, most of them were no longer willing to support the British ruling class in India. That position was now clear to the leaders of the United Kingdom. By early 1946, those leaders set free all the political prisoners held in India and opened independence discussions with the Indian National Congress Party. On the 14th of August 1947 Pakistan gained independence and a day later on the 15th of August India gained its independence as well. +India's independence (1947 to 1950). +On midnight of 14th and 15th August 1947, Britain handed India and Pakistan its formal political Independence. A short time after that, Gandhi, who was aging and ill, died from a bullet fired by a Hindu extremist named Nathuram Godse. The national leadership was then passed to his chief lieutenant, Jawaharlal Nehru. On 3rd June 1947, the Viceroy Lord Mountbatten announced partition of India into two countries: an Hindu India, and an Islamic Pakistan. In this partition, many people died while others were separated from their families. On 26th January 1950, India adopted their constitution, the longest constitution in the world. + += = = Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel = = = +The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel is a document that announced the establishment of the independent and sovereign state (country) of Israel. +The term. +This term describes the announcement of establishment of a Jewish state, named State of Israel. This State of Israel was established on 14th May 1948. In Hebrew language, "" means the State of Israel. The British Mandate of Palestine was a part of the British Empire. This was the land where the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah had once been. The State of Israel covered more or less the same land. +Some persons call this as the beginning of "Third Jewish Commonwealth". The "First Jewish Commonwealth" ended with the destruction of Solomon's Temple, and the second with the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem two thousand years ago. +The declaration. +On November 29th 1947, the United Nations had adopted a resolution. The resolution recommended the establishment of an Arab State and a Jewish State in Palestine. The resolution recommended taking steps to establish such a state. +On May 12th 1948, the Jewish national administration met at Tel Aviv Museum of Art. They had gathered to decide acceptance of an American proposal for a truce or to declare a new state of Israel. Six of the ten voting members supported declaration of a state of Israel. Two days later, on May 14th 1948, the Jewish National Council (Vaad Leumi) met at Tel Aviv. At mid night of May 14th, 1948, a member of the Council read the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel. +The declaration followed a style generally seen in the United Nations documents. First few sentences stated the reasons for the declaration and the right of the Jews for an independent country. Then, the sentences gave the features and characteristics of the new Jewish state. +Quotes. +A few quotes from the declaration: +The recognition. +The United States, the Soviet Union, and many other major countries of the world accepted the state of Israel. Using terms of international law, these countries recognized the state of Israel. However, many Arab countries and countries of the Middle East opposed the establishment of Israel. They did not recognize the state of Israel as a sovereign state, that is, an independent country. Many countries of the world did not recognize Israel, but establish trading and other relations with it. + += = = Parvati = = = +According to Hinduism and Hindu mythology, Parvati is considered to be a mother goddess by many people. Parvati is a word in the Sanskrit language that means "daughter of the mountain". Hindu teachings call Parvati the daughter of the Himalayas Mountains, where she is said to live. She has two sons, Ganesha and Kartikeya with her husband Shiva. Shiva is one of the main gods of the Hindu religion. +Parvati has four arms. In her arms she carries prayer beads, a mirror, a bell and citron. But when she sits by the side of her husband Shiva, Parvati has only two arms. In her form with two arms, Parvati holds her right hand up in blessing and holds a lotus flower in her left hand. +Parvati's conveyance (vahana) is a lion or tiger. This means that Parvati rides a lion or a tiger. +In Hindu scriptures, Parvati is mentioned many times. She is called by many other names. Some of them are: + += = = Estádio Palestra Itália = = = +Estádio Palestra Itália, also known as Parque Antártica, was a football stadium of Palmeiras in São Paulo. It was demolished in 2010. When it closed, its capacity was 27,650. + += = = 1963 Pan American Games = = = +The 4th Pan American Games were held in 1963 in São Paulo, Brazil. +Medal Table. +"Host country in bold." + += = = Pan American Games = = = +The Pan American Games are a multi-sport event. They are held every four years between competitors from all nations of the Americas. +History. +The Pan American Games were going to be started in 1932, but World War II caused the first Pan American Games to happen on 1951. From that time, the Games are held every four years. +More than 5000 athletes from more than 40 countries have attended the recent Games. USA has won the most gold, silver and bronze medals. + += = = Campinas = = = +Campinas (IPA: ) is a Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. In 2005, 1,045,706 people lived there. It is about from the city of São Paulo. Campinas has an area of . + += = = Multilingualism = = = +Multilingualism is the ability to speak more than one language. The ability to speak two languages is "bilingualism," a type of multilingualism. Many immigrants are bilingual and speak languages of both their old and their new country. Multilingualism is useful in many kinds of work, partly because international trade is more common than in past centuries. Some countries and organizations having more than one official language hire people who speak more than one, so they can work with more people. +Most people have a first language that they learned as babies. Other languages are usually learned much later. +People who learn many languages can find it easier to learn more languages if the new language is like the ones they already know. But sometimes, learning a new language can be hard if the person remembers old languages they learned before. Sometimes, learning a second language can make it hard to remember words. People used to think that speaking two languages made you better at certain thinking tasks. But some new research says this isn't true. Those who speak two languages are better are not better at learning languages than those who only speak one. People who are very good at speaking two or more languages were once thought to have better thinking skills and get certain diseases like dementia later in life. But recent studies don't agree with this. +Some linguists think there are more multilingual people in the world than monolingual people, who speak only one language +People who can speak several languages are called "polyglots". Those who can speak many, such as Heinrich Schliemann and Ghil'ad Zuckermann, are called "hyperpolyglots". +As a result of wars, boundaries change. That may put some people in a country which uses a different language from theirs. For example, as a result of being in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Hungary was on the losing side of WWI. Much of the eastern part of their country was given to Romania after the war. Hungarian is not just a different language, it is in a completely different language category from most other European languages. + += = = Fall of Saigon = = = +The Fall/Liberation of Sàigòn happened on April 30, 1975. It was the capture of Saigon by the National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam and the Vietnam People's Army, marking the end of the Vietnam War. It also resulted in the name of Saigon being changed to Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of former President Ho Chi Minh. It is celebrated as a public holiday in Vietnam as Reunification Day along with International Workers' Day on May 1st. The week of April 30th is referred to as "Black April" by overseas Vietnamese. + += = = Between Friends = = = +Between Friends is a comic strip from Canada created by Sandra Bell-Lundy. It features three women with troubles with parenting and life. Sometimes they go back in time to simpler days. For example, at a department store, they compared themselves as teenage girls buying outfits to enhance sex appeal in the 1970s to buying conservative clothes in the 1990s. + += = = Patrice Lumumba = = = +Patrice Émery Lumumba (July 2, 1925 – January 17, 1961) was the only elected leader of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (called the "Republic of the Congo" at the time, but this should not be confused with today's Republic of the Congo). The official position of the US government, as seen in the U.S. News & World Report, associated Lumumba's ideas of African socialist democracy as an African brand of communism. Thus, the Americans had plans to kill him. He was murdered by the Katangans on January 17, 1961, just months after independence. +Lumumba's son, François is now a political figure in the Congo. He has created a small Lumumbist group. + += = = Ho Chi Minh = = = +Hồ Chí Minh, born Nguyễn Sinh Cung, (May 19, 1890 - September 2, 1969) was the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. +Early life. +'Hồ Chí Minh', meaning 'Hồ with the will of light', was not his real name. He took that name around the time of the August Revolution in 1945. His real name was Nguyễn Sinh Cung when he was born. At ten, he changed his name to Nguyễn Tất Thành, according to Confucian tradition. He would later use many pseudonyms (false names). Other than 'Hồ Chí Minh', his most famous name was probably Nguyễn Ái Quốc meaning "Nguyễn (by far the most common Vietnamese last name) who loves his country." The Vietnamese people commonly refer to him as Bác Hồ (Uncle Hồ). +Nguyễn studied in Paris from 1919 to 23. In those years, he started following communism, and began to believe that Vietnam- then a French colony-should be independent. During this time he wrote a letter, which was ignored, to United States President Woodrow Wilson, asking for U.S. military aid to help overthrow the French colonial rulers. He joined the French Communist Party, and started visiting Moscow regularly, as a member of the Asian branch of the Comintern. +First Indochina War. +Hồ led a revolution against the French rulers of Vietnam from 1945 to 1954. After overthrowing the French, a communist regime supported by the Soviet Union and China was set up in the northern half of the country, with himself leading the country as both president and prime minister. But, an anticommunist government supported by the United States, was set up in the southern half of the country because the United States did not want all of Vietnam to be communist during the Cold War. +Second Indochina War (Vietnam War). +South Vietnam and America refused to hold an election and unite the two halves into one country because they feared a communisty victory. Hồ then led Vietnam into a military and political struggle to bring the rice fields of South Vietnam under his communist rule. Two decades of war followed that killed millions of Vietnamese. The United States supported South Vietnam with military aid, and the Soviet Union (led by Nikita Krushchev and then Leonid Brezhnev) and the People's Republic of China (led by Mao Zedong) continued to support North Vietnam's war effort. +In the end, North Vietnam won the war several years after Hồ Chí Minh had died. +Death and legacy. +Suffering from diabetes and heart problems, Hồ Chí Minh died on the morning of September 2, 1969, of a heart attack. +In his will he said he wished to be cremated and have his ashes be buried in hills in the north, center, and south of Vietnam. However, his followers embalmed his body and put it in a tomb, the mausoleum, where he is still worshipped today. +In 1976, in the style of the Soviet Union, the victorious communists in North Vietnam renamed the capital of South Vietnam, Saigon, to Ho Chi Minh City in honour of their leader. + += = = Vietnamese Declaration of Independence = = = +The Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was a speech read by Ho Chi Minh on September 2, 1945, in Ba Dinh Square, Hanoi, Vietnam, which proclaims the independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam from France and Japan Empire after the Second World War. +History. +During the August Revolution, Ho Chi Minh wrote the speech at 48 Hang Ngang Street, Hanoi, at the home of a bourgeoisie family that donated 5,147 taels of gold to the Revolutionary Government headed by Ho Chi Minh. The Declaration was written with the advise of OSS Detachment 101 Maj. Archimedes Patti. +It is based on the American Declaration of Independence and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. + += = = Khmer Rouge = = = +The Khmer Rouge (Khmer: ""; French for "Red Khmer") was a Stalinist, Maoist militant group in Cambodia. They took over the capital, Phnom Penh, on 17 April 1975. It was led by Pol Pot, who was called Saloth Sar before the take-over. They named the country Democratic Kampuchea. They immediately forced everyone out of the cities, effectively turning the whole country into a giant labor camp. They were defeated by the Vietnamese in January 1979. During the Khmer Rouge Years, many people were killed in a genocide comparable to the Holocaust. The exact number of people killed is unknown. Figures range from about 700,000 to about three million. Most people give figures between 1.4 million and 2.2 million, which would be 20-30% of the population of Cambodia, at the time. The international community continued to recognize the Khmer Rouge as the government of Kampuchea for a decade after they were defeated. Therefore, the Khmer Rouge held a seat in the United Nations until 1989. By 1999, the Khmer Rouge disbanded. +A leading source summarised the Khmer Rouge as follows: +"...The Khmer Rouge regime [was] the ultimate twentieth-century paradigm of the totalitarian state. Using sheer violence and terror, a small clique [took] power. [It saw itself] as the messianic mission to bring happiness and prosperity faster than any of its revolutionary model and competitors. It came to control every aspect of social and private life. No one was allowed to nurse, let alone express, any form of opposition". +The same source summarises the effect: "Between 17 April 1975 and 7 January 1979 the death toll was about 25% of a population of some 7.8 million; 33.5% of men were massacred or died unnatural deaths as against 15.7% of the women, and 41.9% of the population of Phnom Penh". + += = = Juche = = = +Juche () is the group of ideas developed by North Korean leader Kim Il-Sung. "Juche" means self-reliance. According to its supporters, the idea was developed from Marxism and Leninism. In many cases, it is noticeably different from both. At its base, the idea states that the interests of the people and their nation are more important than those of Leninism or Marxism. A strong leader is required to undertake the necessary reforms. The nation of (North) Korea is special, and should be the focus of interest. Every nation needs to drive forward its own revolution. Three things are necessary for this: +It is the role of the state to make sure these three things are there. According to this idea, man himself is responsible for designing what the world should look like. The welfare of many people (which form the nation) is more important than the fate of the individual. +Juche also says that intellectuals are important. +Certain people have described these ideas as a philosophy, others see it as a religion. + += = = Kigali = = = +Kigali (pronounced either as 'Kigali' or 'Chigali' or 'Cyigali') is the capital city of Rwanda. + += = = Louis XVI = = = +Louis XVI (23 August 1754 21 January 1793) was the King of France from 1774 until 1792, when the monarchy was abolished during the French Revolution. His overthrow and execution ended a monarchy that was over 1,000 years old, although he was not the last French king. He was accused of treason and died in January 1793 By Guilotine. +Louis came from the House of Bourbon. He became the king at the age of 20, after the death of his grandfather Louis XV. Early in his reign, he tried to make France more modern. He stopped the government from using torture and allowed people to be Protestant again. He and his minister Turgot took away some laws on selling grain, which led to high grain prices in years when the harvest was bad. He also supported the Americans in their war for independence from Great Britain. Debts from this war, other war debts and the outdated tax system caused major money problems in France. Louis's plans to solve the problems were blocked by the nobles. The money problems and the new ideas of the Age of Enlightenment caused more people to stop supporting the existing monarchy (the "Ancien Régime") and demand change. +In 1789, Louis called the Estates-General (a parliament) to try to solve the problems. As a leader who was weak-willed and did not want to change the country much, he soon disappointed the elected politicians who wanted to reduce the king's powers. Protests against the monarchy became more common, especially among the poorer people of Paris and the middle class. This led to the Storming of the Bastille in July and the Women's March on Versailles in October. These events caused the king to lose control of the country to the National Assembly. +At first, the Assembly did not plan to abolish the monarchy. But the idea became more popular as rebellions and protests broke out across France, more radical politicians started to lead the government, money problems became worse and foreign governments threatened to invade. Louis and his wife Marie Antoinette slowly became unpopular symbols of the "Ancien Régime" that people wanted to leave behind. Their failed escape from Paris in June 1791 was a disaster. It convinced many people that they were plotting with foreign governments to overthrow the Assembly. He was arrested during a riot in August 1792 and the monarchy was abolished the next month. The government took away his titles, calling him "Citizen Louis Capet", taking the surname from Hugh Capet, an early French king. He was put on trial by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed by guillotine on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France to be executed. +Early life and marriage. +Louis XVI was born in 1754 during the reign of his grandfather King Louis XV while his grandmother was the popular Queen Marie Leczinska. His father was Louis Ferdinand, Dauphin of France, the heir to the throne. His mother was Marie Josephe of Saxony. His parents liked his older brother more than Louis and were upset when Louis's brother died while still a child. Louis's parents turned against him and he became a shy boy. His father died early in Louis's life and Louis became the heir to the throne. Because of this, he took the title of "dauphin". +In 1770, when Louis was 15, he married Marie Antoinette, an Austrian princess. They had met only two days before the wedding. Many people in France did not want Louis to have an Austrian wife, because France's alliance with Austria was not popular. The two countries had been enemies until 1756, when they had become allies. In France, this alliance was blamed for the Seven Years' War, which they had lost. Louis and Marie Antoinette were not close in the early years of their marriage, but they did grow to love each other. It was not until 1777 that they had sexual relations. They did not manage to have children for several years after that. This made the marriage difficult. The situation was made worse when rude pamphlet called "libelles" were published. These "libelles" mocked them for not being able to have children. One asked: "Can the King do it? Can't the King do it?" In the end, he and Marie Antoinette had four children: +They also adopted six children. +Reign as an absolute monarch. +Louis became the king when Louis XV died in 1774. He was 20 years old. Louis took charge of a country which had big problems. After the Seven Year's War, France was no longer the most powerful country in Europe. The country had debts because of the war, and because its tax system was outdated. Many nobles and other rich people could avoid paying taxes, something that many ordinary people hated. It was also the Age of Enlightenment, a time when people were becoming more interested in ideas like democracy and liberalism. A growing number of people opposed the absolute monarchy of France. +Louis wanted to be a good, popular king. One of his early decisions was to give powers back to the "parlements" that had been taken away in the later reign of Louis XV. The parlements were not parliaments in the modern meaning; they were not elected assemblies of politicians. The parlements were actually important regional courts and their judges supported the local nobles. They often stopped the kings from changing the country and stopped laws from having an effect in their provinces. When he brought back the parlements, Louis said "It seems to me to be the general wish and I want to be loved." He chose the Comte de Maurepas to be his main advisor, and Maurepas served in this role until his death in 1781. He also chose Anne Robert Jacques Turgot to be his minister of finance. +Turgot suggested they should relax the laws that limited when grain could be sold and how much it could be sold for. However, these changes caused high grain prices in years when the harvest was bad. This caused the Flour War protests in 1775. Some of Turgot's other reforms were blocked by the nobles and "parlements". In 1776, Louis changed his mind and sacked Turgot. He replaced him with Jacques Necker. Necker tried to publish a complete list of everything the government was spending money on, but this ended up hiding much of the spending. In 1783, Louis then chose Charles Alexandre de Calonne as his main minister of finance. +Louis and his government supported the Americans in the American Revolutionary War, because they wanted to weaken Great Britain. They wanted revenge because they had lost Quebec to the British in the Seven Years' War. The Americans won and the British agreed to let them be independent in the 1783 Treaty of Paris. However, their other attempts to weaken the British Empire were mostly stopped because their navy lost the Battle of the Saintes, and France did not gain many new lands. Moreover, the debts from the war worsened the government's money problems. By 1787, the money problems were out of control. +Louis called an Assembly of Notables, a meeting of the most senior French nobles, to discuss how to solve the money problems. He wanted to stop the nobles and parlements from blocking his attempts to solve them. But the nobles were shocked when they learned how bad the problems were and refused to help. Louis also tried to stop the Parlement of Paris from getting in the way, even arresting two of members, but it did not work because too many people supported the parlement. He also brought back Jacques Necker. Louis decided he had no choice but to call the Estates-General, the French parliament, which had not met since 1614. +French Revolution. +The Estates-General of 1789 began sitting in May. Like previous Estates-General, it was designed to represent the "three estates" that made up French society. A quarter of its members were elected by the First Estate (Catholic Church priests), another quarter were elected by the Second Estate (the nobles) and the other half were elected by wealthy people from the Third Estate (everyone else). The politicians of the Third Estate wanted to talk about changing French society and reducing the powers of the king, but the king only wanted them to talk about taxes. He very quickly managed to annoy these politicians. For example, they were told that all members would have an equal vote, but then the king decided instead that the Third Estate members would only have half a vote. The Third Estate members thought it was unfair that they represented 95% of the population, but had only a third of the power in the Estates-General. +In June 1789, the Third Estate members announced that they were the National Assembly. Louis tried to stop them from meeting. On 20 June, all but one of those members signed the Tennis Court Oath. They promised that they would stay together until the king agreed to reduce his powers. Although Louis did offer some more rights to the Third Estate, they decided that this was not enough. On 11 July, Louis sacked many advisors who supported the National Assembly. This included Jacques Necker, who was quite popular. Ordinary people in Paris strongly supported Necker and the National Assembly. They began to fear that the king was going to stop the National Assembly. A riot broke out, leading to the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July. +Louis backed down and agreed to let the National Assembly run the country. The National Assembly started to carry out some dramatic changes to France. They passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and ended the laws that allowed the nobles to be treated better than ordinary people. +On 5 October 1789, a crowd of protestors (mostly women) gathered in Paris to protest the high price of bread. They decided to have a march to the Palace of Versailles. where the king lived. They broke into the palace. Some guards were killed, and the rest did not stop them. The protestors demanded that the royal family come with them to Paris. Louis did not want to come, but he gave in to their demands. He signed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and went with them to Paris. He moved into the older Tuileries Palace. +Either the Storming of the Bastille or the Women's March on Versailles could be seen as the moment the king lost control of his country. +Failed escape. +Louis would not be content as puppet king for very long. He was unhappy with the way he, his family and the church were being treated. The moderate politicians were losing support to more radical ones. But even though he was really a prisoner in the Tuileries Palace, Louis had allies in the army and other countries who would have supported the king over the politicians. Louis and Marie Antoinette planned to escape from the Tuileries on the night of June 21, 1791, disguised as servants. The royal family travelled towards the Fortress of Montmédy, which was a base for soldiers who supported the king and was on the border with the Austrian Netherlands. On their way to Montmédy, they were caught in the village of Varennes and forced to return to Paris. This incident became known as the flight to Varennes. +When Louis and his family were brought back to the Tuileries, guards now watched over them far more. Whether rightly or wrongly, many people in France believed that the king and queen were plotting with foreign governments to restore the absolute monarchy. The next year, these tensions led to France starting a war with Austria and Prussia. In July 1792, Prussia's Duke of Brunswick wrote "We will destroy Paris into the ground if anything happens to our royal majesty, the king and queen." He was trying to help the king and queen, but instead it did the opposite. +Arrest and execution. +Arrest. +In August 1792, a riot broke out in Paris. A crowd of protestors, encouraged by radical politicians, invaded the Tuileries. Louis was arrested on 13 August and sent to the Temple, an ancient Paris fortress used as a prison. On September 21, the National Convention (the new National Assembly) declared France to be a republic and abolished the monarchy. They took away Louis's titles and gave him an ordinary name: "Louis Capet". They believed that Capet should be his surname because he was related to the House of Capet. +Execution. +Louis was charged with several crimes, with the National Convention (the new National Assembly) acting as the judge. The main crime they accused him of was plotting with Austria to restore the absolute monarchy. They quickly voted that he was guilty. Nobody at the Convention liked Louis, but the Girondins at least wanted to spare his life. Maximilien Robespierre and the Montagnards said that he should be killed, and more than half of the members voted to have him executed. Many of them believed that they were not just punishing Louis for a crime, but also destroying the idea of monarchy. +For the last time, Louis was reunited to his family and promised to come back the next morning, but he did not. On his way to the guillotine, Louis said "I trust that my death will be for the happiness of my people, but I grieve for France, and I fear that she may suffer the anger of the Lord." Before his execution, he made a speech saying "I die innocent of all the crimes that I was accused of; I forgive those who have caused my death; and I pray to God that the blood you are going to shed may never bring harm upon France." He tried to say more, but his speech was drowned out by a roll of drums. He was executed on January 21, 1793 in Place de la Revolution (now Place de la Concorde) in central Paris. He was 38 years old. Marie Antoinette was executed nine months later. +Legacy. +At first, Louis was buried in a nearby graveyard. In 1815, his and Marie Antoinette's remains were moved to the Basilica of Saint Denis, the traditional burial site for French kings. There are statues of them in the church. The "Chapelle expiatoire" was also built as a memorial to him, on the site of his original grave. The composers Luigi Cherubini and Paul Wranitzky both wrote funeral music in memory of him. Louisville, the largest city in Kentucky, was named after him because of his support for the American Revolution. +Louis XVI would not be the last French king. Two of Louis's brothers would become kings after the 1814 Bourbon Restoration: Louis XVIII and Charles X. Louis XVI's sons had died of diseases before then, and his daughter could not inherit the throne. The last French king was Louis-Philippe I, their distant relative. The last French monarch was Napoleon III, who was an emperor rather than a king. +In the 19th century, the French historians Jules Michelet and Alphonse de Lamartine noted how many French people came to feel sorry for Louis XVI, and this led to the monarchy being brought back in 1814. Although they did not agree on everything, both historians said that ending the monarchy in 1792 was the right decision, but that the king and queen should not have been killed. Michelet said that these executions encouraged more executions, leading to the Reign of Terror. + += = = Paul Kagame = = = +Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the President of Rwanda since 2000. +Though a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, he tends to downplay the importance of his ethnicity. He is responsible for ending the Rwandan Genocide. However, he is often seen as a dictator, and has a bad human rights record. +From 2018 to 2019, he was the Chairperson of the African Union. In 2022, he became the Commonwealth Chair-in-Office. + += = = Juche Tower = = = +The Juche Tower is a monument in Pyongyang, North Korea. It was completed in 1982. It is on the eastern bank of the Taedong River, opposite the Kim Il-Sung Square. Its geographic coordinates are 39°1′3.52′′N, 125°45′48.05′′E. It was made to celebrate the anniversary of Kim Il-Sung's 70th birthday. It is claimed that it was designed by Kim Jong-il. +The 170 meter (560') structure contains 25,550 blocks (365 × 70, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life, excluding remainder days), dressed in white stone with seventy dividers and capped with a 20 meter high, 45 ton, shining torch allegedly made out of 'special materials'. It is possible to go to the top of the tower. It is said that the tower was built in 35 days and was dressed in 76 days. +In front of the tower is a 30 meter high statue consisting of three figures — one with a hammer, one with a sickle and one with a writing brush (an idealised worker, a peasant and a "working intellectual"). Also close to the tower is a wall of 82 friendship plaques, apparently from foreign supporters. Around the tower there are also pavilions and water features. It is claimed that the tower has become a popular place for North Koreans. +The tower is named after the principle of Juche, developed by Kim Il-Sung. The name of the tower is sometimes translated as the Tower of the Juche Idea or Juche Ideology Tower. + += = = Space exploration = = = +Space exploration is a term which describes searching outer space. There are many reasons for space exploration. The most important reasons are for scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about outer space. For centuries, humans had dreamt of reaching outer space. Rockets made it possible in the later 20th century. On October 4, 1957, the former Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1, which was the first artificial satellite. This started the Space Race and people later went into orbit and Americans visited the Moon in Project Apollo. +Many space probes have gone to various planets and other places in the Solar System to send back information. When people first went to space they didn't know what the effects of microgravity would have on humans so they sent animals instead. But in 1961 the Soviets launched the first human into space, Yuri Gagarin. The journey to planets is hazardous enough so that probably humans will not be used, and machines can pick up samples. Some people think that Mars can be mined for minerals which are rare and valuable. There are no plans at present to send humans to Mars. +Astronomy. +The first telescope was probably invented in 1608 by Hans Lippershey. The Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 was the first space telescope launched on December 7, 1968. As of February 2, 2019, about 3,891 exoplanets are discovered. The Milky Way galaxy has more than 100–400 billion stars and more than 100 billion planets. There are about 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe. + += = = Vietnamese language = = = +Vietnamese ("tiếng Việt") is the official language of Vietnam. Like many other languages in Asia, Vietnamese is a tonal language. +Influences. +Vietnamese has been strongly influenced by Chinese languages, as more than 60% of Vietnamese words were borrowed from Chinese. Though some of these words are used in everyday life, most Chinese loanwords are used mostly for special contexts, like Latin and Greek loanwords in English. It is closely related to the Khmer language, but Vietnamese had so many changes that the two languages can no longer be understood unless speakers of one language learn the other. +It now uses a Latin alphabet, or "chữ Quốc ngữ," that is based on the French alphabet. It was created by European Jesuit missionaries so that the Bible and other Catholic books could be quickly translated into Vietnamese. For many centuries, only Vietnamese Catholics and Catholic missionaries to Vietnam used the Vietnamese-Latin alphabet until 1910, when the French-controlled government made the Vietnamese-Latin alphabet the only official script, or the writing system of government. +Before Vietnamese used the Latin alphabet, government documents were written using classical Chinese, but everyday Vietnamese was written with a writing system based on Chinese characters, called "chữ Nôm". Few people know "chữ Nôm" today. +Most Chinese speakers who live in Vietnam now use regular Chinese script for calligraphy, but some traditional calligraphy artists can still be found. For example, Hồ Chí Minh City (sometimes still called Sài Gòn) has a district that is famous for its popular Chinatown. +Vietnamese adds new words when they are needed, especially in the professions of engineering, science, and academics. Also there has been an increase in media use. Some social words from the media are now accepted as common. +When Vietnam was controlled by the French, many French loanwords were borrowed into Vietnamese, like "cà phê" (coffee), "bia" (beer) and "sơ mi" (shirt). All these words are still used today. Today, Vietnamese uses many loandwords from English such as "tivi" (TV), "mô tô" (motorcycle), and "phim" (film/movie) because of Internet, social media, and easier travel. Sometimes, the word's spelling would be the same, but it would be said with Vietnamese pronunciation. +Spoken language. +The spoken language of Vietnam changes in each province. Even in different cities in the same province, and even different neighborhoods in the same city, Vietnamese dialects can be very different from each other. Usually, the greater the distance between provinces, the stronger the difference. There are many dialects in Vietnamese, including Hanoian, Saigonese, Danang, Hue, and Nghe An. Some dialects are close enough to each other that speakers of said dialects can understand each other without many problems. However, other dialects are so different that even native speakers of Vietnamese have problems understanding, such as the Hue and Nghe An dialects. The national education for all of Vietnam now uses the Hanoian dialect, but each ethnic tribe may still use a different dialect, language, or vocabulary. +Computers. +There are speaking programs that use Vietnamese. A computer add-on for the Firefox web browser, Vietnamese TTS (Text to Speech), can read text with the 'Vietnamization needs +Audio libraries are available to reproduce Vietnamese. Google translate uses a TTS reader and sound library to read Vietnamese in simple sentences. Portable electronic translators are also very popular. Kim Tu Dien makes the most common portable dictionary for the Vietnamese market. +Written language. +Alphabet. +The Vietnamese alphabet (In Vietnamese: "Chữ Quốc Ngữ", means "The National Scripts"). +Diphthong. +The combination of two vowels makes a diphthong. The dipthongs used in the Vietnamese language have some rules when used. For example, one rule states that the singular tone for both letters must be placed. +Triphthongs. +There are more triphthongs in Vietnamese than English, such as 'uye'. +Vietnamese syllables. +The syllables refers to the Chinese use of two characters as syllables. Vietnamese also uses one syllable as a word.Like in English, people can say just 'go'. For more emphasis, it could be said twice in Vietnamese. That is common in Asia. n languages. Some Australian Aboriginal languages do the same thing. So, 'go - go' () means "go now" but with emphasis. However, 'go' is also common in Vietnamese. +Many single syllables are used in Vietnamese. They can form sentences without pairing with other syllables as they do in Chinese. Readers (and speakers) still notice that many syllables, in most sentences, are paired. +Vietnamization. +Vietnamese has borrowed many words many different languages, including Chinese, French, and English. Words like taxi, sushi, selfie, and TV are common words used by most languages. +Until not long ago, the spelling of loanwords is changed so Vietnamese speakers can say it more easily. Most French loanwords have changed their spelling to make it easier for Vietnamese people to say them out loud. For example, the French word "café" was changed to "cà phê", "crème" was changed to "kem, bière" was changed to "bia". China uses the same idea: Ao-da-li-ya in Pinyin means Australia. +The first rule for vietnamization is that Vietnamese word or syllables are not normally broken by a consonant: (Việt Nam). +An example of how to break a foreign word into two syllables is mô tô, one of the words for "motorbike", is a vietnamized version of 'motor' and 'auto' (ô tô). However, the rule has exceptions: lôgic. +When introducing a common foreign word, people vietnamize the word in at least one spoken demonstration for Vietnamese listeners. +The second (softer) rule for vietnamization is that the sound of each syllable must be made a little closer to Vietnamese sounds. Tone marks for vowel letters are added: lôgic is an alteration of logic and would be need for a few subjects. +Exceptions. +Any word can be an exception to vietnamization. Names like Barack Obama or Bill Clinton might be attempted by Vietnamese-speakers. In writing, the foreign names mostly stay together. Names like David are easy for the Vietnamese to say and so have become very popular in writing in English. +Foreign placenames that were once vietnamized have changed back to their non-Vietnamese spelling. For example, "Niu Di-len" was changed back to "New Zealand". +Nowadays, vietnamized spellings of loanwords are becoming less and less common. Many loanwords nowadays are spelled without any changes from their parent languages, especially English loanwords. Words like "laptop", "game", "Facebook" are all spelled in Vietnamese the same as they would be in English, but they sound different because of the different pronunciation rules in each language. This is because English has become more common in everyday life in Vietnam. Sometimes, foreign words and names in Vietnamese readings will have vietnamized spellings so Vietnamese learners can say them out loud. +Grammar. +Exclamations. +Exclamations are very popular in Vietnamese. People can use exclamations as an introduction to things said. People can also comment with a quick exclamation after they say something. The exclamation may express a feeling or just an expression. +Conjunctions. +Conjunctions are used in Vietnamese. +Pronouns. +Unlike in many languages, Vietnamese uses kinship terms (older brother ("anh"), younger sibling ("em"), uncle ("chú"), grandchild ("cháu"), etc.) more than pronouns, even if the speaker and listener are not related. For example, if two men who have little difference in how old they are talk to each other, the older man is usually called "anh" and the younger man is called "em". "Anh" can either be first-person (I/me/my/mine) or second-person (you/your/yours) because both people know who "anh" is. For example, if the younger man asks the other man ""Anh ăn cơm chưa" (Have you eaten, yet?)""," the older man is the second person, but the older man can answer ""Anh mới ăn cơm" (I just ate)," which the older man is the first person. Many kinship terms exist in pairs, so speakers who know each other know what to call each other and themselves. For this reason, people who know each other usually do not need to use pronouns. However, some exceptions exist when using kinship terms. +Kinship term pairs. +While pronouns do exist, they are mainly saved for formal speech and writing. + += = = Valmiki = = = +Maharishi Valmiki (, "vālmīki") (during Lord Rama's time) is celebrated as the poet harbinger in Sanskrit literature. He is the author of the epic "Ramayana", based on the attribution in the text of the epic itself. He is revered as the "Adi Kavi," which means "First Poet," for he discovered the first "śloka" i.e. first "verse", which set the base and defined the form to Sanskrit poetry. +At least by the 1st century AD, Valmiki's reputation as the father of Sanskrit classical poetry seems to have been legendary. +Role in "Ramayana". +Valmiki played an important role in "Uttara Kanda," the last chapter of epic "Ramayana". It is believed that The Uttara Kanda was not original work of Valmiki. It is believed to be taken up from "Sesha Ramayana." According to the legend Rama send Sita to forest. Sita finds refuge in Sage Valmiki's ashram, where she gives birth to twin boys Lava (founder of Lahore) and Kusha (founder of Kasur) . Lava and Kusha were Valmiki's first disciples to whom he taught the "Ramayana". Bala Kanda of the epic also telling the story of Valmiki narrating the Ramayana to his disciples Lava and Kusha. + += = = Kali = = = +Kali is one of the goddesses in Hinduism and aspect of Parvati. She is the goddess of creation, destruction and time, and commonly presented as dark and violent. Various Shakta Hindu cosmologies, as well as Shakta Tantric beliefs, worship her as the ultimate reality or Brahman. +Kali is represented as the consort of Lord Shiva, on whose body she is often seen standing. She is associated with many other Hindu goddesses like Durga, Bhadrakali, Sati, Rudrani, Parvati and Chamunda. She is the foremost among the Dasa Mahavidyas, ten fierce Tantric goddesses. + += = = Petr Čech = = = +Petr Čech (born 20 May 1982) is a retired Czech football player who is the technical and performance advisor as well as an emergency backup goalkeeper for Chelsea. He is thought by some players, journalists and managers as the greatest goalkeeper in the history of the Premier League and, by many, as the greatest goalkeeper to have played for Chelsea. Currently, he plays as a goaltender for the London based ice hockey club Guildford Phoenix. +Čech was thought to be one of the best goalkeepers in the world. He had the record of the least losses in his first season playing for Chelsea and in the same season, he helped Chelsea to win the title of Premier League. He also helped Chelsea to win the same title the next year. +His first club was in his native country of Czech Republic. He stayed there for two years before moving to Sparta Prague. He stayed there for one season. His first overseas club was Rennes of Ligue 1. He played there from 2002 to 2004 before moving to Chelsea. He became a Chelsea player in June 2004. After a very successful 11-year career at Chelsea, he joined Arsenal in June 2015. He retired after playing for four years with Arsenal in 2019. Afterwards, Čech re-joined Chelsea as their Technical and Sporting Director. +He won many titles during his career which consists of: four English Premier League, five FA Cup, one UEFA Champions League and one UEFA Europa League title. Due to these achievements, he is also named amongst one of the most successful goalkeepers in football history. +Personal life. +Petr Čech was born as a triplet (due to which he had a weak skull) to father Václav Čech and mother Libuše Čechová. They were both retired athletes. +In his childhood, he was an actor rather than an athlete and also played the role of "Honza" in the Czech TV series - "The Territory of White Deer" around 1991. He also had interest in ice hockey but his family could not afford the gear (equipment) required to play it, and hence he switched to football. At the start of his career, Čech played as a forward (left winger) but after suffering a leg fracture at the age of 10, he turned towards goalkeeping. +In 2003 he married Martina Čechova, whom he met while he was in high school. Petr and Martina have two children named Adéla and Damián. Adéla was born in 2008 and Damián in 2009. +Outside football, Čech has interests in Rock music, Ice Hockey, Gardening, Table Tennis, Tennis, Drumming, Acting etc. He has an account on YouTube through which he publishes videos of his drum covers of various rock songs from rock bands like Coldplay, Incubus, Foo Fighters, Radiohead etc. This led Čech to provide percussion for the Czech Republic's official Euro 2016 tournament anthem. Further, he has also released a charity single with Queen's drummer Roger Taylor for the Bob Wilson Foundation. On being quizzed later about how he learned drumming, Čech told that he learned it by playing Rock Band and Guitar Hero (video games) with his goalkeeping friend Carlo Cudicini, in an interview. He is, currently, a drummer for the London-based folk rock band "Wills and the Willing." +Honours. +Football. +Chelsea +Arsenal +Czech Republic U21 +Individual +Ice hockey. +Guildford Phoenix + += = = Mustafa Kemal Atatürk = = = +Kemal Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1934, Kamâl Atatürk from 1935 to 1937, commonly referred to as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk; 1881 – 10 November 1938) was a Turkish marshal and statesman who was the first President of Turkey from 1923 to his death in 1938. +He started changes that founded the Turkish nation state based on social and economic nationalism, which was modern and similar to Western civilization (such as the French model of secularism called "laïcité"). +Atatürk was born under the name Mustafa in 1881. His birthplace was in Salonika, Macedonia (now Thessaloniki, Greece). Salonika was then part of the Ottoman Empire. He took the name Kemal as a schoolboy and Atatürk (which means Father of the Turks) when he was president. His father was Ali Rıza Efendi (Efendi is a title of nobility). His mother was Zübeyde Hanım. He also had a sister, whose name was Makbule (Atadan). He joined the Ottoman army and became an army officer and the most successful general officer of the empire in World War I, fighting in Gallipoli where he successfully defended the peninsula against British and French attacks. +The Ottoman Empire was defeated by the Allied powers in World War I and the empire was divided by several major powers. Many territories of the Ottoman Empire including those in Anatolia were to be given to Britain, France, Italy, Greece and Armenia. While the Ottoman Empire was collapsing after the war, Atatürk quickly fled the capital Istanbul right before the Allied occupation of the city and went to Ankara where he organized a Turkish resistance army to fight against the invaders and kick them out of Anatolia. After defeating the armies which had invaded Anatolia and expelling them in September 1922, he marched into Istanbul as a liberator in January 1923 where he created a nationalist Turkish movement that created the new, secular Republic of Turkey. This meant that the country's government was no longer led by hereditary or religious leaders. Visitors to Turkey are often surprised by the importance given to Atatürk in Turkey. +Few countries have such a person in their history. He was a successful military commander, later established a unitary republic based on a constitution and put in place changes that set Turkey on the road to becoming a new and developing nation. He inspired many later leaders like Amānullāh Khān, Reza Shah Pahlavi, Adolf Hitler, Habib Bourguiba, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sukarno, and John F. Kennedy. +His six principles still serve today as a sign post for establishing a democratic government: + += = = Estádio do Morumbi = = = +Morumbi Stadium or Estádio do Morumbi is the biggest stadium in São Paulo, Brazil. It used to have 120,000 seats available, but now its maximum capacity is 77,000 seats for safety reasons. It is the home ground of São Paulo Futebol Clube and its formal name honors Cícero Pompeu de Toledo, who was São Paulo FC's chairman during most of the stadium's construction. + += = = Bail = = = +Bail is money given to the court to guarantee that someone will go to their trial. If the person does not show up for their trial, the government gets to keep the money. +If the arrested person cannot afford the full bail amount, they can use a bail bond. This is a system where part of the bail amount is paid to a company, and they do the bail paperwork. Unlike placing the full bail to the court, the bail bond payment is not returned. +If someone uses a bail bond company, and they do not show up for their court appearance (these people are known as "bail jumpers") a bounty hunter can be hired to track them down and bring them back. + += = = Initialism = = = +An initialism is a word made from the first letters of each word in a phrase. Unlike acronyms, initialisms cannot be spoken as words: they are spoken letter by letter. Examples of initialisms are: + += = = Soufflé = = = +A soufflé is a light fluffy dessert food. +It is a lightly baked cake. It can be served as a savoury main dish, but usually it is sweetened as a dessert. It is made with egg yolks and beaten egg whites. The egg whites are beaten to a soft peak meringue. +The dish puffs up in the oven. + += = = Blossom = = = +A blossom is a flower that grows on stone fruit trees and other plants including oranges, cherries, plums, apples and almonds + += = = Marmalade = = = +Marmalade is a topping, like a jam or jelly, that is usually made with oranges. Marmalade can also be made from lemons, limes, grapefruits, or a combination of citrus fruits. +The word Marmalade comes from the Galician word "marmelada" meaning +"quince jam". + += = = 1697 = = = +1697 was a common year. + += = = Thomas Hardy = = = +Thomas Hardy OM (2 June 1840 – 11 January 1928) was an English novelist and poet. In the U.K. Hardy is generally thought to be one of the greatest figures in English literature. He lived in the Victorian era. +Early life. +Thomas Hardy was born in Upper Bockhampton near Dorchester, Dorset. His father was a stonemason. His mother had read a lot. She added to his formal education. Hardy trained as an architect in Dorchester before moving to London to get a job. He won prizes from the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Architectural Association. +Career. +Hardy wrote a small number of novels which earned him a high reputation in his lifetime. These include "Tess of the d'Urbervilles", "The Mayor of Casterbridge" and "Far from the Madding Crowd". After the publication of "Jude the Obscure" in 1895 Hardy gave up novel writing but continued to write poetry including an epic poem called "The Dynasts". Hardy set his novels in South West England, calling it 'Wessex'. He invented names for the towns, e.g. "Casterbridge" is Dorchester in Dorset. Hardy died in Dorchester. His ashes are buried in Westminster Abbey. + += = = Manhole = = = +A manhole (also called a utility hole, cable chamber, maintenance hole , inspection chamber, access chamber or confined space) is a hole for a person to go into to fix underground services. Some examples of these are sewers, telephone, electricity, storm drains and gas. +The opening is protected by a manhole cover. A manhole cover can also be called a "biscuit". It is designed to stop people falling down the hole and to stop people going underground if they are not allowed to. Manholes usually have metal or polypropylene steps on the wall to make it easier to get into the manhole. +Manholes are usually found in urban areas, in streets and sometimes under sidewalks. They are usually circular to stop the manhole cover from falling into the hole. +Hazards. +In urban areas, electricity being in places it is not supposed to be (stray voltage) has become a big concern. In 2004, Jodie S. Lane was electrocuted after stepping on a metal manhole cover. She was walking her dog in New York City when it happened. + += = = Sewer = = = +Sewers are underground pipes that take away dirty water and human waste from homes, offices and many other places. Sanitary sewers lead to sewage treatment plants that remove the harmful and unwanted parts, returning clean water to the environment. Many rules and regulations exist for how clean the final discharge (effluent) must be. Storm sewers are usually simpler. Houses that do not have a connection to city sewer will have a septic tank. +Cleaning crews use special trucks and tools to help keep the sewers clear of grease, tree roots, and other blockages. More rural areas may have septic systems where sewers do not yet exist. In many urban areas, street gutters to carry rainwater are combined with sewers. + += = = Pajamas = = = +Pajamas (pyjamas in the United Kingdom) are loose clothes that people wear while they are sleeping. Pyjamas usually include trousers and a shirt. Pyjamas are often made of cotton. They are usually worn without underwear. The word comes from , Pajāmā; . Pajamas are often worn without underwear. + += = = Barter = = = +Barter is trading one thing for another without using money. Usually the things that are traded are worth the same amount of money, but no money is used in the trade. +Barter is useful when two people each have something the other wants, so they agree on an amount of stuff and then swap it. This can also happen with services, for example a plumber can fix a tap in a winery and be given a crate of wine. +Barter and money have been practiced longer than history has, so there is little historic evidence of the change. However, the usual idea is that barter came earlier and money arose to solve a problem: One person may not want what the other person has. For instance, Bob needs a new pair of shoes and John has those shoes. But Bob has eggs and John needs milk. This is where money becomes useful because anything can be traded for a set amount of money. Bob could pay John for the shoes and John could go to the store and buy some milk. + += = = Carlisle United F.C. = = = +Carlsile United F.C. is an English football team in Football League Two. Jordan McDowall is the manager. + += = = Baroque pop = = = +Baroque pop is a rock music subgenre that mixes both rock and classical music. It was created by musicians in the 1960s by adding classical instruments like harpsichord, French horns, oboes, and string sections. It became popular with both teenagers and adults at the time. Examples can be found on The Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" and recordings made by Phil Spector. It is also referred to as chamber pop, among other names. + += = = 290s = = = +The 290s decade ran from January 1, 290, to December 31, 299. + += = = Frieza = = = +Frieza (��ー�, "Furīza") is a fictional character in the "Dragon Ball" manga and the second major villain in the "Dragon Ball Z" anime. +Frieza is one of the strongest aliens in "Dragon Ball Z". He enjoys invading other planets. Frieza is a very mean person who thinks he is very strong. He has destroyed planets, without mercy. He will even kill his own servants if he wishes to. Frieza is always trying to get more power. Because of this, he ends up fighting the heroes of "Dragon Ball Z" so he can get the Dragon Balls. The Dragon Balls are magical balls that can grant wishes to whoever collects all 7. +Frieza is what the creator, Akira Toriyama, thought monsters looked like in his childhood. +Name pun and debate. +Frieza's name is a pun on all things relating to the cold, with family members introduced later following his example. As his name ends in a short "a" vowel (rather than the long "ā" which usually signifies "er" in kana spellings on English words), the character's name is typically spelled with an "a" at the end (as opposed to "Freezer"). However, during FUNimation's dubbing of "Dragon Ball Z", the English writers went with the spelling of "Frieza". This has led to some conjecture over it: U.S. released video games and the English dub use "Frieza", while the Japanese language subtitles on FUNimation's DVDs and the Viz translation of the manga uses "Freeza." +Planet Namek takeover. +Frieza spies on Vegeta during his mission on Earth and learns that there are Dragon Balls on Planet Namek. He wants to get them and wish for Immortality, so Frieza and his soldiers try and steal the Dragon Balls from the Namekians. After Cui, Dodoria and Zarbon; three of Frieza's soldiers, are beaten by Vegeta, he sends the Ginyu Force, his strongest men, to get the Dragon Balls and destroy the Saiyan enemy. They almost win, but Goku comes to Namek and quickly defeats them. +While trying to learn how to summon Porunga, the namekian dragon, Frieza is confronted by Nail, the strongest of the Namek warriors. Frieza defeats Nail effortlessly, leaving him to die after discovering that dende has run to the Z-fighters to tell Krillin and Gohan how to use the dragon balls. Enraged, the great tyrant follows in pursuit of the heroes only to be faced with a much more powerful Vegeta who is now capable of matching Frieza's current strength. +Spurred on by Vegeta, Frieza unveils his second form, allowing him to defeat Vegeta and critically injure Krillin, taunting Gohan with his friend's limp body. Before he can finish them off, Piccolo joins the battle - roughly even in abilities to Frieza, thanks to a splendid fusion with the dying Nail. The heroes are able to regroup, Dende healing them one after another. Frieza himself is seriously wounded for the first time: Krillin is able to chop off a portion of his tail using a Destructo Disk. +Having difficulty contending with Piccolo, Frieza again transformed, unlocking more of his power and enabling him to lay waste to his opponent. Finally he unveiled his true form, stressing that he intended to give his foes the pleasure of observing it before they died. As his first act, Frieza murders Dende, who had been healing the heroes, before brutally beating Vegeta. Just as Frieza was about to slay Vegeta, the healed Goku arrives on the battlefield, ready to fight Frieza. Vegeta, believing (incorrectly) that Goku had finally become a full-fledge Super Saiyan, taunts Frieza, even though, he, Vegeta, is too badly beaten to even stand. Frieza, proud of his past accomplishments, smirks before sending a Death Beam through the Saiyan Prince's heart. Teetering on the brink of death, Vegeta is able to tell the newly healed Goku of Frieza's genocide of the Saiyan race, imploring him to take revenge on behalf for all Saiyans. As Vegeta finishes his plea to Goku, he dies. Goku, saddened by Vegeta's death, buries him and vows to finish Frieza. Goku and Frieza then spar, with Frieza realizing that his opponent is the son of the Saiyan that gave him such trouble years before. Goku and Frieza are an even match for a while, until Frieza reveals that he had only been fighting at a mere fraction of his full power. Frieza then increases to 50%, and easily gains the upper hand against Goku, with Goku struggling to keep up. +Goku is eventually able to heavily wound Frieza using a Spirit Bomb, calling on the energies of the entire planet Namek. +Believing the warlord dead, the heroes take the time to relax, not noticing that Frieza had emerged from the blast's crater. Frieza retaliates by mortally wounding Piccolo and murdering Krillin. Already bordering on the edge of his rage, Frieza killing Krillin, pushes Goku over it, his rage exploding, causing Frieza to inadvertently create what he had always feared: A Super Saiyan. +In the ensuing battle, Frieza and Goku trade blows, but as the fight progresses, Frieza's power gradually diminishes with the repeated punishment. In frustration, Frieza sends a Death Ball into the core of the planet, starting a chain reaction that would destroy Namek in "five minutes". Frieza unleashes 100% of his power. Frieza is now able to launch a huge assault against the surprised Goku, who had not expected Frieza's power to be as high as it is. Goku and Frieza face off and eventually after a very long battle, Goku gets the battle under his control, and calls off the fight, claiming it would be pointless to continue; Frieza losing strength rapidly and Goku already having humbled the tyrant. Humiliated, Frieza refuses to relent, attacking Goku with two Tsuibi Kienzan. As Goku dodges the attacks, Frieza ironically becomes distracted long enough to be vivisected by his own attack. +Barely clinging to life but desperate to survive, Frieza begs and begs for mercy, which Goku hesitantly provides. Frieza's arrogance refuses to allow him to be beaten and saved by a Saiyan "monkey", and he expends what little energy he has left to attack Goku. Overcome with anger, Goku fires a Ki blast that consumes both Frieza and his attack, seemingly ending Frieza's reign over the universe. +Death of a great tyrant. +Unbeknownst to Goku, Frieza survived the destruction of Namek. Able to do nothing more than breathe, Frieza floated in the planet's debris, kept company only by his thoughts of how the universe's conqueror had been thoroughly beaten by a Saiyan. His father, King Cold, had crews search the area, not believing his son to have been killed by something as insignificant as the explosion of a planet. What could be found of Frieza was salvaged, his missing limbs and face reconstructed with cybernetic enhancements. Scarred and bitter - though feeling stronger than he had before. Frieza's first thought upon rehabilitation is revenge on those who sullied him. +Frieza beats Goku to Earth. Despite his ill intentions towards Earth and all who lived there, Frieza notes "It's a good planet" on first viewing. Frieza orders his henchmen to find and slaughter its inhabitants, with Frieza keen on killing his enemy's friends himself. However, his army is torn apart by the blade-wielding fighter Future Trunks. Frieza dismisses his challenger as an insolent child, and pays him almost no heed until the boy reveals himself as another Super Saiyan. +Dumbstruck, Frieza makes several different efforts to kill Trunks, each of which is parried easily. He then plays his trump card in the form of a Death Ball ten times the size of the one that destroyed Planet Namek. Even this is nonchalantly brushed away, until a mortified Frieza causes it to detonate with another shot of "ki". Thinking him to be destroyed by the assault, both the father and son are stunned when Trunks fires the Burning Attack out of nowhere. Fuming, Frieza becomes oblivious to his opponent's position, and is surprised and sliced in half by the Saiyan youth before being cut to pieces and blown to dust. +After his death. +After his death, Frieza makes numerous cameo appearances throughout the remainder of the series from Hell, including observing Goku's fight with Buu alongside other defeated villains from the series. +In "Dragon Ball GT", he teams up with Cell to act as a distraction for Goku while a horde of villains from the Z-Fighters' past escape Hell. Frieza traps Goku in the next world, but even allied with Cell, he is eventually defeated and remains in Hell. +Forms and transformations. +Over time, Frieza's power became so great that his body could not comfortably contain it, and a series of physical transformations were developed that limit his actual strength While changing shape from his "first-form", each alteration builds on the previous. In all, Frieza demonstrated four transformed states, each with increasing power (some larger than others and each resulting in different physical attributes). +In his first form, Frieza is a relatively short humanoid, albeit with a large chestnut-shaped skull with two horns. He also has a tail with a spiked end, as well as having three talon-like toes. He wears the same upper-body armor that many of his subordinates (including the Saiyans) are shown to wear, and while traveling, often gives the appearance of weakness by exclusively using his hoverchair for transportation, leaving his henchmen to do his "dirty work". +His second form is similar in appearance to the first, except much larger, both in height and muscle mass, Frieza claiming to have nearly doubled his power in this state. He also grows longer horns, which now instead of protruding sideways from his skull curve sharply upwards into near right angles. His armor cannot contain his form and shatters, leaving him with a new, white natural armor covering his chest and shoulders. In this form, he somewhat resembles his father King Cold. +Frieza's third form is again more brutish, with an extremely elongated skull. His facial features contort and change, with his nose melding into his mouth to form a crude beak. His original horns recede, and more now erupt in pairs along the length of his head. He walks and stands with a slight hunch, as if the strain of supporting his head was too much for even Frieza's own body to bear. This form vaguely resembles a Xenomorph from the Alien movies. +Drastically differing from his previous transformations, in his final form Frieza instead regresses, becoming shorter and less bulky, his horns and spikes disappear and his physique becomes streamlined. His skin becomes pure, solid white with purple sections on his head, shoulders, forearms, chest and shins. +Frieza is also able to attain 100% power, greatly increasing his muscle mass. At 100% this is literally the peak of Frieza's strength and the maximum amount of power his body can output; his muscle mass becomes engorged compared to his previously sleek frame. However, due to the strain on his body he can not fight at full capacity for long, slowly weakening whether he is dealing or receiving damage. +Physically ruined while caught in the Planet Namek's explosion after his defeat, what remained of the still-living Frieza was salvaged and rebuilt with cybernetic enhancements by scientists under the order of King Cold. The whole of the lower half of his body and right side of his face are replaced, with scarring and metal accouterments covering what little was left of his organic self. These enhancements allowed him to exceed the limits of power imposed by his fully organic form, though how much more powerful it made him is unknown. +Techniques and special abilities. +Daichiretsuzan "("Great Earth Cutting Row")" +Hokaku Kon Dan "("Imprisonment Ball")" +Tsuibi Kienzan"("Following Energy Circle Slicer")" +Transformation "(Henshin)" +Yubisaki kara no Shogekiha "("Shockwave blast from the finger")" +Gogetsu Kiai +Voice actors. +Toei Animation +Ocean Group +FUNimation +Australia +Brazil +Canada +France +Portugal +Zimbabwe +Movies and specials. +Frieza appears in the following "Dragon Ball Z" movies and television specials: +Dragon Ball Z: Bardock - The Father of Goku - DBZ TV Special #1; released October 17, 1990 +Dragon Ball Z: Cooler's Revenge - DBZ Movie #5; released July 21, 1991 +Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn - DBZ Movie #12; released March 4, 1995 +In addition, Frieza's destruction of Planet Vegeta is shown from another point of view in "Burn Up!! A Close, Intense, Super-Fierce Battle" (DBZ Movie #8) and the mercenaries from "Super Deciding Battle for the Entire Planet Earth" (DBZ Movie #3) believe they would be strong enough to challenge Frieza after eating the fruit of the Tree of Might. +He also appears in footage from the Famicom game (and later Playdia remake) "Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans". In it Frieza seems to be somehow resurrected, with he and past villains Cooler, Tullece, and Lord Slug attacking Goku and his friends. Once it's revealed these are merely ghost-warriors meant to distract the heroes, however, the false Frieza and his allies are easily dealt with. +Video games. +"All games are listed in chronological order of release." + += = = Myrmecophile = = = +A myrmecophile is an animal that lives with ants. A myrmecophile may help the ants, or it may be a parasite of the ants by eating them or their food. +Many myrmecophiles eat waste in ant nests, such as dead ants or fungi growing in the nest. Some myrmecophiles make food that the ants can eat. Aphids do this when they make honeydew. Ants may even farm or tend some insects, such as aphids, that make food for them. Other myrmecophiles eat the food supplies of ants, and a few eat ant eggs, larvae, or pupae. +One family (group) of butterflies lives with ants and sometimes makes food for the ants. The ants help the butterfly caterpillars by keeping away other animals that want to eat or hurt the caterpillars. +Other animals that live with ants include some beetles, flies, mites, and spiders. Flies in the genus (group) called "Microdon" live in ant nests and eat waste or eat larval ants. + += = = Argemone = = = +An argemone or prickly poppy is a plant used for decoration. It is related to the poppy. The plant is common in the Americas. + += = = Grist = = = +Grist is grain that has been separated from its chaff and is ready for grinding. It can also mean grain that has already been ground at a grist mill. The word "grist" is related to the verb "to grind". + += = = Banjul = = = +Banjul (formerly Bathurst) is the capital city of the Gambia. About 31,000 people live in the city. But the total urban area is many times larger with 413,397 people. The city is on St Mary's Island (or "Banjul Island") where the Gambia River enters the Atlantic Ocean. The island is connected to the rest of Gambia by ferries to the north and bridges to the south. Banjul is the main urban area of The Gambia. It is the country's economic and administrative center. +Peanut processing is the main industry of the country. bee's wax, palm wood, palm oil, and animal skins are also transported from its port. +Things to see in the city include the Gambian National Museum, the Albert Market, Banjul State House, Banjul Court House, two cathedrals and several major mosques. The city is served by the Banjul International Airport. +History. +In 1816, the British founded Banjul as a trading post. Banjul was also used to help stop the slave trade. It was first named "Bathurst" after Henry Bathurst. The name was changed to Banjul in 1973. +Climate. +Banjul has a very warm climate year round. Under the Köppen climate classification, Banjul features a tropical wet and dry climate. The city features a lengthy dry season, spanning from November to June and a relatively short wet season covering the remaining four months. However, during those four months, Banjul tends to see heavy precipitation. August is usually the rainiest month, with on average more than 300 mm of precipitation falling. Temperatures are somewhat constant, though it tends to be slightly cooler during the wet season than the dry season. +According to a Gambian government minister, Banjul is at risk of submerging under water by a metre rise in sea levels as a result of climate change and global warming. +The highest temperature recorded since records began in Banjul was 47.0 °C (116.6 °F) on 31 July 1980 and the lowest was 0.0 °C (32.0 °F) on 1 May 1976. The coldest day on record in Banjul was 18.0 °C (64.4 °F) on 4 March 1988 and the warmest night on record was 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) on 13 April 1988. + += = = Medieval Latin = = = +Medieval Latin was the form of Latin that was used in the Middle Ages. It was used mostly by scholars and as the liturgical language of the medieval Roman Catholic Church, but it was used also as a language of science, literature and administration. +Despite the clerical origin of many of its authors, Medieval Latin should not be confused with Ecclesiastical Latin. There is no consensus on exactly when Late Latin ends, and Medieval Latin begins. Some scholars have their surveys of it begin with the rise of early Christian Latin in the mid-4th century, but others have around the year 500. + += = = Armen Grigoryan = = = +Armen Grigoryan () is the front man (and main songwriter) of "Crematorium" (Krematorij) Russian rock-band. +Grigoryan was born on November 24, 1960 in Moscow. His parents were Armenian. In 1983, he formed "Crematorium" which gained a reputation throughout the former Soviet Union and began to perform at concerts all over the country. Armen Grigoryan helped the development of Russian rock music. He composes lyrics that frequently deal with the themes of life and death in various religious contexts. + += = = Krematorij = = = +Krematorij (Russian: ����������) is a Russian rock band. The lead singer of the group is Armen Grigoryan (����� ��������). He is also the main songwriter for the band. +The band was formed in 1983 in Moscow. After the release of their "Illusionary World" album in 1985, the group was well known throughout the former Soviet Union. They began to perform at concerts all over the country. The band uses a violin in their music to give Krematorij a sound that is different from other bands. This has been important to the group's continued popularity. + += = = Kristopher Schau = = = +Kristopher Hugh Martin Schau (born 12 August 1970 in Oslo) is a Norwegian musician, presenter, comedian and songwriter. He was a singer in heavy metal band The Cumshots. Now he is the singer in the Norwegian rock band The Dogs. + += = = Ole Petter Andreassen = = = +Ole Petter Andreassen (born September 22, 1975) is a Norwegian musician and producer. He plays guitar in heavy metal band The Cumshots. + += = = Intercity Express = = = +The Intercity-Express (abbreviated: ICE; sometimes stylized as "InterCityExpress"), is a category of high speed trains, which are operated by DB Fernverkehr since 1991. It is the highest service and fare category (Class A) of rail in Germany and the flagship train of the German state railway, Deutsche Bahn. There are currently 259 trainsets in use. +The trains have an operating speed of up to 300 km/h. They are one of fastest trains in the world. Some of the high-speed lines in Germany are: +There are other (upgraded) lines where the trains can reach 200 km/h. Some new high-speed lines are under construction, some are in planning. +ICE trains are also travelling to Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, The Netherlands and Switzerland. Some of the destinations in other countries are: Aarhus, Brussels, Utrecht, Liege, Arnhem, Basel, Bern, Salzburg, Linz, Metz, Innsbruck, Amsterdam, Paris, Zürich and Vienna. + += = = Honeydew = = = +Honeydew is a liquid sugar that aphids and some scale insects make when they eat plant sap. Honeydew is very sticky. +To eat plant sap, the aphid or scale insect pushes its mouth parts into the plant. Plant sap is under pressure inside the plant. The pressure inside the plant pushes the sap into the insect. Sometimes the pressure is so great that the sap is forced out of the rear of the insect. This is how honeydew is made. The honeydew then drops from the insect and makes a sticky layer on the plant. +Honeydew on plants can cause sooty mould, which is white and appears as powder on the plant. +Honeydew is collected by some insects, such as some wasps and bees. Some honey bees make honeydew into a dark, strong honey, called honeydew honey. Honeydew honey is valuable in parts of Europe and Asia because people think it can be used as a medicine. +Ants collect honeydew from aphids. Many ants even harvest the honeydew directly from the aphids. This helps the aphids, because the ants chase predators, such as lady beetles, away from the aphids. + += = = Ecclesiastical Latin = = = +The term Ecclesiastical Latin (sometimes called Church Latin or Italian Latin) is the Latin that is used in documents of the Roman Catholic Church and in its Latin liturgies. It is not a distinct language but a form of Latin used for ecclesiastical purposes because it can be used also for commercial or other purposes. +The Church issued the dogmatic definitions of the first seven General Councils in Greek, and even in Rome, Greek remained at first the language of the liturgy and the language in which the first popes wrote. The Holy See is not obliged to use Latin as its official language, and in theory, it could change its practice. +However, Latin has the advantage that the meaning of its words is less likely to change radically over the centuries. That helps to ensure theological precision and orthodoxy. Accordingly, recent Popes have reaffirmed the importance of Latin for the Church, particularly for those in ecclesiastical studies. + += = = Mate (drink) = = = +Mate is a traditional drink in some countries in South America, especially in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile, Bolivia and Brazil. The drink, which contains mateine (an analog of caffeine), is made by an infusion of dried leaves of yerba mate ("Ilex paraguariensis"). It is usually drunk with friends and served in a hollow calabash gourd with a "Bombilla", a special metallic drinking straw. The straw is also called a "bomba" in Portuguese, and a "bombija" in Arabic. It is traditionally made of silver. The gourd is known as a "mate" or a "guampa". In Brazil it called a "cuia". Even if the water comes in a very modern thermos, the drink is traditionally drunk from "mates" or "cuias". There are now modern "tea-bag" type infusions of mate called "mate cocido" which have been sold in Argentina for many years. They are drunk from a cup. They are sold under such trade names as "Cruz de Malta" (Maltese Cross) and in Brazil under the name "Mate Leão" (Lion Mate). +Like other brewed herbs, "yerba mate" leaves are dried, chopped, and ground into a powder called "yerba". The "bombilla" is both a straw and a sieve. The end which is placed in the drink is wider, with small holes or slots that let the brewed liquid in, but block the chunky matter that makes up much of the mixture. A modern "bombilla" uses a straight tube with holes, or spring sleeve to act as a sieve. "Bombilla" means "light bulb" in Spanish, but locally it is "little pump" or "straw". +In some areas of the Middle Eastern countries of Syria and Lebanon it is also common to drink mate. The custom of drinking "mate" came from Arab emigrants from South America. Syria is the world's biggest importer of yerba mate in the world, importing 15,000 tons of yerba mate a year. +How to prepare mate. +"Mate" is made differently in different places, with many arguments about which way is the best. In nearly all methods, the gourd is nearly filled with "yerba", and hot water (typically at 70–80 °C [160–180 °F] and never boiling) is added. +Arranging the "yerba". +The most common way to make mate involves a careful arrangement of the "yerba" in the gourd before adding hot water. The gourd is filled one-half to three-quarters of the way with "yerba". Extra herbs may be added for either health or flavor benefits. This is most often done in Paraguay, where people get herbs from a local yuyera (herbalist). The "mate" is used as a base for their herbal infusions. When the gourd is filled, the preparer typically grasps it with their full hand. They cover the opening and roughly seal it with their palm. Then the "mate" is turned upside-down, and shaken vigorously, but briefly and with gradually decreasing force, in this inverted position causing the finest, most powdery particles of the "yerba" to settle toward the preparer's palm and the top of the mate. +Once the "yerba" is settled, the mate is carefully brought to a near-sideways angle, with the opening tilted just slightly upward of the base. The mate is then shaken very gently with a side-to-side motion. This further settles the "yerba" inside the gourd so that the finest particles move toward the opening and the "yerba" is layered along one side. The largest stems and other bits create a partition between the empty space on one side of the gourd and the lopsided pile of "yerba" on the other. +After arranging the "yerba" along one side of the gourd, the "mate" is carefully tilted back onto its base, minimizing further disturbances of the "yerba" as it is re-oriented to allow consumption. Some avalanche-like settling is normal, but is not desirable. The angled mound of "yerba" should remain, with its powdery peak still flat and mostly level with the top of the gourd. A layer of stems along its slope will slide downward and accumulate in the space opposite the "yerba" (though at least a portion should remain in place). +All of this careful settling of the "yerba" ensures that each sip contains as little particulate matter as possible, creating a smooth-running mate. The finest particles will then be as distant as possible from the filtering end of the "bombilla". With each draw, the smaller particles would inevitably move toward the "bombilla", but the larger particles and stems filter much of this out. A sloped arrangement provides consistent concentration and flavor with each filling of the "mate". +Insertion of the "bombilla". +Now the "mate" is ready to receive the "bombilla". Many people choose to pour warm water into the "mate" before adding the "bombilla", while others insist that the "bombilla" is best inserted into dry "yerba". Wetting the "yerba" by gently pouring cool water into the empty space within the gourd until the water nearly reaches the top, and then allowing it to be absorbed into the yerba before adding the "bombilla", allows the preparer to carefully shape and "pack" the "yerba"'s slope with the "bombilla"'s filtering end, which makes the overall form of the "yerba" within the gourd more resilient and solid. Dry "yerba", on the other hand, allows a cleaner and easier insertion of the "bombilla", though care must be taken so as not to overly disturb the arrangement of the "yerba". Such a decision is entirely a personal or cultural preference. The "bombilla" is inserted with your thumb on the upper end of the bombilla, at an angle roughly perpendicular to the slope of the "yerba", so that its filtering end travels into the deepest part of the yerba and comes to rest near or against the opposite wall of the gourd. +Brewing. +Now the "yerba" may be brewed. If the "bombilla" was inserted into dry "yerba", the mate must first be filled once with warm water as above, then be allowed to absorb it completely (which generally takes no more than two or three minutes). Treating the "yerba" with cool water before the addition of hot water is essential, as it protects the herb from being scalded and from the chemical breakdown of some of its desirable nutrients. Hot water may then be added by carefully pouring it, as with the cool water before, into the cavity opposite the "yerba", until it reaches almost to the top of the gourd when the "yerba" is fully saturated. Care should be taken to maintain the dryness of the swollen top of the "yerba" beside the edge of the gourd's opening. +Once the hot water has been added, the mate is ready for drinking. It may be refilled many times before becoming washed out ("lavado") and losing its flavor. When this happens, the mound of "yerba" can be pushed from one side of the gourd to the other, allowing water to be added along its opposite side; this revives the "mate" for additional re-fillings. +Drinking the "mate". +"Mate" is traditionally drunk in a particular social setting, such as family gatherings or with friends. One person (known in Spanish as the "cebador") assumes the task of server. Typically, the cebador fills the gourd and drinks the "mate" completely to ensure that it is free of particulate matter and of good quality. The server subsequently refills the gourd and passes it to the next drinker who likewise drinks it all, without thanking the server. The ritual proceeds around the circle in this fashion until the "mate" becomes "lavado" ("washed out" or "flat"), typically after the gourd has been filled about ten times or more depending on the "yerba" used (well-aged "yerba mate" is typically more potent, and therefore provides a greater number of refills). When one has had his fill of "mate", he or she politely thanks the "cebador" passing the "mate" back at the same time. +The drink has a pungent taste like a cross between green tea and coffee, with hints of tobacco and oak. Some drinkers like to add sugar or honey, creating "mate dulce" (sweet "mate"), instead of sugarless "mate amargo" (bitter "mate"). It is considered bad for the gourd (especially for the natural (squash or wood) ones) to be used for "mate dulce" so it is normal for households with drinkers of both kinds to have two separate gourds. +Traditionally, natural gourds are used, though wood vessels, bamboo tubes and gourd-shaped "mates", made of ceramic or metal (stainless steel or even silver) are also common. Gourds are commonly decorated with silver, sporting decorative or heraldic designs with floral motifs. +Both the wood vessels and the gourds must undergo "curing" to get a better taste before being used for the first time and to ensure the long life of the gourd. Typically, to cure a gourd, the inside is first scraped with the tip of a bombilla to remove loose gourd particles. "Mate" herb and hot water is added next, and the mixture poured into the gourd. The mixture is left to sit overnight and the water is topped off periodically through the next 24 hours as the gourd absorbs the water. Finally the gourd is scraped out, emptied, and put in sunlight until completely dry. +It is common for a black mold to grow inside the gourd when it is stored. Some people will clean this out, others consider it an enhancement to the mate flavor. +Legendary Origins. +The Guaraní people started drinking mate in the region that now includes Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay, and north-east Argentina. The Guaraní have a legend that says that the Goddesses of the Moon and the Cloud came to the Earth one day to visit it but they instead found a Yaguareté (a kind of jaguar) that was going to attack them. An old man saves them, and, in compensation, the Goddesses gave the old man a new kind of plant, from which he could prepare a "drink of friendship". +Variants and trivia. +There is another drink that can be prepared with specially cut dry leaves, very cold water and, optionally, lemon or another fruit juice, called "tereré". It is very common in Paraguay. Drinking and harvesting of Mate started in Paraguay in pre-Hispanic times. (Notice its scientific name, "Ilex paraguayensis".) +In Brazil the traditional "mate" or "cuia" is usually big with a corresponding large hole. In Uruguay and Argentina (especially in the capital, Buenos Aires) the mate is small and has a small hole, and people sometimes add sugar for flavor. In Bolivia and Peru, "mate de coca" is often sipped instead of ordinary mate. +In Uruguay there is even a national law that prohibits drinking "mate" while driving, because it caused many accidents of people getting scalded with hot water while driving. For the same reason, there is also a "forbidden to drink mate" sign in all public transportation buses. +In Uruguay and in the northeast of Argentina it is not uncommon to see people walking around the streets toting a "mate" and a thermos with hot water. In Montevideo, Uruguay’s capital, it is possible to see some construction worker drinking mate while riding his bicycle early in the morning, on his way to work. In some parts of Argentina, gas stations sponsored by "yerba mate" producers provide free hot water to travellers, specifically for the purpose of drinking during the journey. There are disposable mate sets with a plastic mate and bombilla, and sets with a thermos flask and stacking containers for the yerba and sugar inside a fitted case. +In Brazil, traditionally prepared mate is known as "chimarrão", although in areas near the border with Uruguay the word "mate" is also used. Nowadays, in Brazil, "mate" is often toasted with sugar and prepared in a similar manner to tea, a custom that originated in Paraguay. Supermarkets, restaurants and fast food chains sell "tea bags" and prepacked "iced tea" packages and bottles. In Argentina, "mate cocido" (cooked mate) is made with a teabag or leaves and drunk from a cup or mug, with or without sugar and milk. +At the beginning of the 21st century most urban Chileans are not mate drinkers, but travel narratives such as Maria Graham's Journal of a Residence in Chile [2003(1824):8], show that there is a long history of mate drinking in central Chile. Many rural Chileans drink "mate", in particular in the southern regions, particularly Chiloé and Magallanes, perhaps due to the influence of neighboring areas of Argentina. +According to a major retailer of mate in San Luis Obispo, California, by 2004 "mate" had grown to about 5% of the overall natural tea market in North America Bottled iced mate is widely available in California. + += = = Bear (disambiguation) = = = +Bears are a group of large mammals. They form the family "Ursidae", in the order "Carnivora". +The word bear could also mean: + += = = Yerba mate = = = +Yerba mate, Ilex paraguariensis, is a species of holly (family Aquifoliaceae) native to subtropical South America. It grows in Argentina, southern Paraguay, western Uruguay and southern Brazil. +The yerba mate plant is a shrub or small tree. It can grow up to 15 meters tall. The leaves are evergreen, 7–11 cm long and 3–5.5 cm wide. They have a serrated margin. The flowers are small, greenish-white, with four petals. The fruit is a red berry 4–6 mm diameter. +Infusion. +The infusion called "mate" is prepared by steeping dry leaves (and twigs) of yerba mate in hot water, rather than boiling water like black tea or coffee. It is slightly weaker than coffee and much gentler on the stomach. Drinking mate with friends from a shared hollow gourd (also called a "mate" in Spanish, or "cabaça" or "cuia" in Portuguese) with a metal straw (a "bombilla" in Spanish, "bomba" or "canudo" in Portuguese) is an extremely common social practice in Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern Chile, eastern Bolivia and Brazil + and also Syria and Lebanon. +Brewed yerba tastes a lot like vegetables, herbs, and grass. It is similar to that of some varieties of green tea. Many consider the flavor to be very agreeable, but it is generally bitter if steeped in boiling water. It is therefore made using hot but not boiling water. Unlike most teas, it does not become bitter and astringent when steeped for extended periods, and the leaves may be infused several times. Additionally, one can purchase flavored mate in many varieties. +In Brazil, a toasted version of mate, known as "chá mate" or "mate tea", is sold in teabag and loose form, and served, sweetened, in specialized shops, either hot or iced with fruit juice or milk. An iced, sweetened version of toasted mate is sold as a soft drink, with or without fruit flavoring. The toasted variety of mate has less of a bitter flavor and more of a spicy fragrance. It is more popular in the coastal cities of Brazil, as opposed to the far southern states where it is consumed in the traditional way (green, drunk with a silver straw from a shared gourd). +Similarly, a form of mate is sold in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay in tea bags to be drunk in a similar way to tea. This is known in Spanish as "mate cocido" or "cocido". In Argentina this is commonly drunk with breakfast or as part of "merienda" (roughly, afternoon tea), often with a selection of "facturas" (sweet pastries). It is also made by heating yerba in water and straining it as it cools. +Cultivation. +The plant is grown mainly in South America, more specifically in Northern Argentina (Corrientes, Misiones), Paraguay, Uruguay and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná). The Guaraní are reputed to be the first people who cultivated the plant; the first Europeans to do this were Jesuit missionaries, who spread the drinking habit as far as Ecuador. +When the yerba is harvested, the branches are dried sometimes with a wood fire, imparting a smoky flavor. Then the leaves and sometimes the twigs are broken up. +There are many brands and types of yerba, with and without twigs, some with low powder content. Some types are less strong in flavor ("suave", "soft") and there are blends flavored with mint, orange and grapefruit skin, etc. +Chemical composition and properties. +Mate contains xanthines, which are alkaloids in the same family as caffeine, theophylline, and theobromine, well-known stimulants also found in coffee and chocolate. Mate also contains elements such as potassium, magnesium and manganese. Caffeine content varies between 0.3% and 1.7% of dry weight (compare this to 2.5–4.5% for tea leaves, and 1.5% for ground coffee). +Mate products are sometimes marketed as "caffeine-free" alternatives to coffee and tea, and said to have fewer negative effects. This is often based on a claim that the primary active xanthine in mate is "mateine". This is wrongly said to be a stereoisomer of caffeine (it is not chemically possible for caffeine to have a stereoisomer). "Mateine" is an official synonym of caffeine in the chemical databases. So mateine "is" caffeine. +Researchers at Florida International University in Miami have found that yerba mate does contain caffeine, but some people seem to tolerate a mate drink better than coffee or tea. This is because, caffeine aside, mate contains different chemicals from tea or coffee. +From reports of personal experience with mate, its physiological effects are similar to (yet distinct from) coffee, tea, or guarana drinks. Users report a mental state of wakefulness, focus and alertness reminiscent of most stimulants. However, they often remark on mate's lack of the negative effects typically created by other such compounds, such as anxiety, diarrhea, "jitteriness", and heart palpitations. (The laxative effect of coffee derives from a substance that surrounds the raw bean, not the caffeine itself.) +Studies of mate, though limited, have shown evidence that the mate xanthine cocktail is different from other plants containing caffeine, in its effects on muscle tissue, as opposed to those on the central nervous system. Mate has been shown to have a relaxing effect on smooth muscle tissue, and a stimulating effect on myocardial (heart) tissue. +Mate's negative effects are anecdotally claimed to be of a lesser degree than those of coffee, though no explanation for this is offered, except for its potential as a placebo effect. Many users report that drinking yerba mate does not prevent them from being able to fall asleep, as is often the case with some more common stimulating beverages. It enhances their energy and ability to remain awake at will. However, the net amount of caffeine in one preparation of yerba mate is typically quite high, in large part because the repeated filling of the mate with hot water is able to extract the highly-soluble xanthines extremely effectively. It is for this reason that one mate may be shared among several people and yet produce the desired stimulating effect in all of them. +In-vivo and in-vitro studies are showing yerba mate to exhibit significant cancer-fighting activity. Researchers at the University of Illinois (2005) found yerba mate to be "rich in phenolic constituents" and to "inhibit oral cancer cell proliferation". +On the other hand, a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer showed a limited correlation between oral cancer and the drinking of hot mate (no data were collected on drinkers of cold mate). Given the influence of the temperature of water, as well as the lack of complete adjustment for age, alcohol consumption and smoking, the study concludes that mate is "not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans". +An August 11, 2005 United States patent application (documents #20050176777, #20030185908, and #20020054926) cites yerba mate extract as an inhibitor of MAO activity; the maximal inhibition observed "in vitro" was 40–50%. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor is a type of antidepressant, so there is some data to suggest that yerba mate has a calming effect in this regard. +In addition, it has been noted by the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine that yerba mate can cause high blood pressure when used in conjunction with other MAO inhibitors (such as Nardil and Parnate). + += = = Guarana = = = +Guarana or Guaraná (, or ), "Paullinia cupana" (syn. "P. crysan, P. sorbilis"), is a shrub or small tree in the Sapindaceae family. It is native to Venezuela and northern Brazil. The seed of the Guaraná fruit is a stimulant with thermogenic and diuretic properties. +The guaraná fruit's color ranges from orange to red and contain black seeds which are partly covered by white arils. The color contrast when the fruit has been split open has been likened to eyeballs; this is the basis of a myth "(see below)". +Guaraná plays an important role in Tupi and Guaraní Brazilian culture. The name 'guaraná' is derived from the Tupi-Guarani word "wara'ná". These tribes believed, it was magical, a cure for bowel complaints and a way to regain strength. They also tell the myth of a 'Divine Child' that was killed by a serpent and whose eyes gave birth to this plant. +Uses. +Guaraná is mainly used as an ingredient in soft drinks and energy drinks. It is also used as a dietary supplement, generally to promote weight loss. In addition, it may be an ingredient in other foods. +Beverages. +In addition to other chemicals, the guaraná plant contains caffeine (sometimes called "guaranine"), theophylline, and theobromine. Water extracts of the guarana plant are central nervous system stimulants due to the content of these alkaloids. Energy drink manufacturers typically add synthetic caffeine or caffeine derived from coffee decaffeination, though many advertise "natural" caffeine from the seeds of guaraná. +Brazil produces several brands of soft drink from guaraná extract that contain no added caffeine. Each differs greatly in flavour; some have only a slight guaraná fruit taste. They are typically fizzy and sweet, with a very fruity aftertaste. Most guaraná drinks are produced in Brazil and consumed locally or in nearby countries, such as Paraguay. Major brands include Guaraná Antarctica, Guaraná Schin from Schincariol and Guaraná Brahma from AmBev, Kuat, and Guaraná Jesus, a local Brazilian brand named for the druggist that formulated it. Many local producers also create drinks not for export. +Using it to lose weight. +Studies involving guaraná show benefits to cognitive function. They have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or any similar government agencies. In the United States, guaraná holds a GRAS-status, i.e. "generally regarded as safe" and must be labeled as "not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease." +The Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics published a study in June 2001. This study shows an average 11.2 pound weight loss in a group taking a mixture of yerba mate, guaraná and damiana, compared to an average 1 pound loss in a placebo group after 45 days. +A university study in Brazil of guaraná extract showed a platelet aggregation decrease of up to 37% of control values and a decrease of platelet thromboxane formation from arachidonic acid of up to 78% of control values. This study may be significant to stroke and heart attack risk reduction because when excess thromboxane formation occurs, an arterial blood clot can develop, resulting in a heart attack or ischemic stroke. +A separate 1997 study of guaraná's effects on the physical activity of rats showed increased memory retention and physical endurance when compared with a placebo. +Other studies have shown antioxidant, antibacterial, and fat cell reduction (when combined with conjugated linoleic acid) properties in guaraná +Although side-effects of guaraná are rare, drugs.com recommends, "When considering the use of herbal supplements, consultation with a primary health care professional is advisable. Additionally, consultation with a practitioner trained in the uses of herbal/health supplements may be beneficial, and coordination of treatment among all health care providers involved may be advantageous". Drugs.com also advises not to mix guaraná with ephedrine. +What guarana is made of. +Guaraná seeds consist of mostly reddish vegetable fiber and resin with a small amount of oil and water. Guarana contains different amounts of caffeine, theobromine, theophylline and other alkaloids, compared to coffee, tea, mate, or cocoa. +Duke1992a: Duke, James A. 1992. "Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants." Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press. +Guaranine and caffeine. +The chemical "guaranine" is identical to caffeine coming from other sources, for example coffee, tea and mate. Guaranine, theine, mateine are all official synonyms for caffeine. + += = = Broken English = = = +Broken English, or Engrish is a variant of the English language by people who do not speak English very well. +The term may refer to spoken English, and it can also describe written English. In Japan, it is common to add English text to items for decorative and fashion purposes. +The term "Engrish" first appears as an Asian mispronunciation of the word "English" in the 1940s. It was not until the 1980s that it began to be used to as a byname for defective Asian English. The related term "wasei-eigo" means made-up English words that have entered into everyday Japanese. +Broken English can be found in East Asian countries, and also many places in other places where a lot of East Asians live. Broken English has been found on many things from poorly translated signs, menus, and manuals to strangely worded advertisements, food items, and strange t-shirt slogans. Broken English also sometimes happens when a word or sentence is badly translated on the Internet. + += = = Sacred cow = = = +Sacred cow is an idiom. It is an expression or phrase that is used without the literal meaning of being about a cow or religion. When spoken or written it means a person or a belief that has been respected for a long time. It has become sacred and people are then afraid or unwilling to criticise or question it. +The idiom is based on the honor shown to cows in Hinduism. It is thought to have started in America in the early 20th century. Similar idioms are used in many other languages. Saying "holy cow!" when surprised may be another example. +An actual 'sacred cow' or 'sacred bull' is a real animal that is treated with sincere respect in specific religions and their celebrations. They cannot eat the meat of cows because they are sacred. +In religion. +In Hinduism, cows are thought to be sacred, or deeply respected. Cows are seen as a 'caregiver' or maternal figure. One Hindu goddess, Bhoomi (����), is usually shown in the form of a cow. She represents the Earth. Most Hindus respect cows for their gentle nature, and cows also represent strength. Hindus who eat meat will avoid eating [cow meat]. +There is a festival to thank cows for serving farmers for agriculture, This festival is called as "Mattupongal" which is one among the four days of the grand Indian festival called the Pongal which is completely focused on thanking each and every agricultural implement. +Celebration of cows. +In the Hindu tradition, cows are honored, garlanded and given special feedings at festivals all over India. One is the annual Gopastami festival, dedicated to Krishna and cows. +The cow's nature is represented in Kamadhenu; the goddess who is the mother of all cows. In India, more than 3,000 institutions called Gaushalas care for old and infirm cows. According to animal husbandry statistics there are about 44,900,000 cows in India, the highest in the world. So while some old and infirm cows are treated in Gaushalas, the rest are generally abandoned at public places such as railway stations and bazaars. +Honoring the cow inspires in people the virtues of gentleness and connects them with nature. The cow gives milk and cream, yogurt and cheese, butter and ghee. The milk of a cow is believed to refine a person. The ghee (clarified butter) from the milk is used in ceremonies and in preparing religious food. Cow dung is used as fertilizer, as a fuel, and as a disinfectant in homes. + += = = Murti = = = +In Hinduism, a murti (also spelled murthi or murthy) usually means an image in which the Divine Spirit is expressed ('murta'). Hindus call the presence of God into the image so that they can communicate with him and receive his blessings.Hindus don't worship the murti or statue itself but the god who is present in their minds and souls. It can also be set up any where +Role of murtis in worship. +Murtis sometimes are abstract, but almost always stone or metal images of God in a human-like form like Shiva or Ganesha, Rama or Krishna, Saraswati or Kali. Murtis are made according to strict prescriptions and then installed by highly trained priests through a ceremony. The priests can then call on God in the image daily. +Murtis in Hindu temples and shrines are a mystical form of communication with God and devas. This is similar to our ability to communicate with others through the telephone. One does not talk to the telephone; rather the telephone is a way to interact with another person. Without the telephone, one could not have a conversation across long distances; and without the sanctified image in the temple, one cannot easily talk with the Deity. +Going beyond murtis in Hinduism. +The image or murti of worship is a focus for prayers, although Hindus can see God is in all things, in stone and water, fire, air and ether, in the enlightened person of a satguru and inside their own soul. Some temples do not have any murti in the sanctum but a symbolic diagram. Some Hindu branches reject the worship of images. +In Hinduism, one of the highest achievements is when one goes beyond the need of all form and symbol. This is the yogi’s goal obtained through meditation. Hinduism is also one of the religions that uses more symbols to represent God in preparation for getting beyond them. +Sacred images in other religions. +Image worship appears to be an intelligent, mystical practice shared by all of the world’s great religions. All religions have their symbols of holiness: the Christian cross, or statues of Mother Mary and Saint Theresa, the holy Kaaba in Mecca, the Sikh Adi Granth enshrined in the Golden Temple in Amritsar, the Arc and Torah of the Jews, the image of a meditating Buddha, the totems of indigenous and Pagan faiths, and the artifacts of the holy men and women of all religions. Any Christian respects the Bible and considers it sacred. His book and the Hindu’s murtis are similar in this way. +Critics of image worship consider this practice "idolatry". People who practice idolatry believe that God is the material object itself. Instead, Hindus worship murtis to call on the presence of the spiritual God and then communicate with him. + += = = Virtual memory = = = +Virtual Memory is a way of managing memory which is a recent trend of technology used in computers. Hardware (the physical part of the computer, such as the CPU or graphics card) runs software. This software will need computer memory to run, and do what it needs to do. Most computers in use today can do more than one thing at a time, they run more than one application. This is known as multiprocessing. +In this case, all the programs or applications that are running on the computer at a time share its resources. A computer does not have more processors or main memory (RAM) just because more programs run on it. +Virtual memory is the idea that the application "sees" a "block of memory" of a given size. The application can use this memory as it sees fit. This block of memory is "virtual" in the sense that it comes from different parts. Some of it may be in the main memory of the computer, but some may also be on disk. The CPU has a special part, called Arithmetic Logic Unit which does some of the translations between application memory and system resources. Modern operating systems also do a part of this work. +When a program tries to access a block of memory that is not in system memory, that program is stopped, and the block is loaded into system memory. What was in that part of the system memory is written to disk. This is usually called paging. +Certain computer systems, such as embedded systems, do not use virtual memory, because they need a very fast response time, or one that always stays the same. One of the problems is that with virtual memory it is difficult to predict the response time. An application that uses a part of memory which needs to be loaded from disk will have a different response time from one that does not. Therefore, virtual memory concept is not used in embedded systems. + += = = Bolshoi Theatre = = = +The Bolshoi Theatre (Russian: ������� �����, Bol'shoy Teatr, Large Theater) is a world-famous theatre and opera company in Moscow, Russia, which gives performances of ballet and opera. It is in the centre of Moscow, near the Kremlin. +History of the building. +The Bolshoi Theatre began in 1776 when Empress Catherina II allowed Prince Pyotr Urusov to run theatrical performances. That theatre burned down and a new one was built in 1825. After that one burned down too, it was rebuilt and reopened in 1856. After that, no important repairs were made to the building for 150 years. By the beginning of the 21st century it was in a very bad state and in danger of falling down. Major repairs were started in 2005, and the theatre was re-opened in 2011. +At the time of the Communist Revolution (1917), the Bolsheviks thought the theatre represented the old tsars and everything that had been bad in Russia. They wanted to demolish it. Then they started to use it for their meetings. Lenin and Stalin both gave speeches there. The operas that were performed had to be ones that did not criticize the Soviet Union in any way + += = = Guild = = = +A guild is an association of craftspeople or merchants who control the practice of their craft in a town. +Many groups of people started as guilds, including scholars, and religious guilds. Many modern organisations, like universities, started as guilds. However, the basic idea of a guild was to control the training and practice of a trade or business. In Europe, guilds were given authority by the monarch. New young members had to serve as apprentices to a master for a certain length of time (such as seven years). At the end they became full members of the guild, and could set up on their own, and take apprentices of their own. That is the way the European world worked up to and including the first part of the 20th century. +There were guilds of weavers and dyers in the wool trade, of masons and architects in the building trade. There were guilds of painters, blacksmiths, bakers, butchers, and so on. The Corporation of the City of London includes the "livery companies". These companies were originally guilds. The senior members of the livery companies choose the Lord Mayor of London, the sheriffs and certain other officers. +Guilds were common in the cities of the Middle Ages. After that, around 1700 to 1800 their influence lessened somewhat. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Adam Smith were much opposed to the idea of guilds. They believed that guilds hindered economic development and free trade. + += = = Delara Darabi = = = +Delara Darabi (; September 29, 1986 - May 1, 2009) was a Iranian girl, who was sentenced to death at age of 17. She was convicted of murder, despite her highly probably innocence and was executed by hanging. +Case. +Her case raised controversy for a number of reasons: +Delara's sentence was upheld by Iran's Supreme Court. The only person who could commute the sentence is Iranian Head of Judiciary, Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi. +In January 2007, Delara attempted to commit suicide. +Darabi was kept in Rasht Prison. According to her family and attorney, she was severely beaten by prison guards and fellow prisoners and left with a broken arm. Conditions in prison were extremely poor, leading Delara to repeatedly file requests to be transferred to another prison with better sanitary and overall conditions. Her requests were not answered. +Darabi was also a talented painter, poet and pianist. Her paintings were exhibited in Tehran and, recently, in Amsterdam. +She was executed May 1, 2009. +Campaigns to save Darabi. +There was a petition online to save Darabi. A similar petition was started by Miss Canada 2003 Nazanin Afshin-Jam for another Iranian minor, Nazanin Fatehi, who was also sentenced to death. After worldwide attention and over 350,000 signatures Nazanin Fatehi was finally found innocent and freed. Amnesty International has also made many public statements and a letter campaign about Darabi. +Personal background. +She was born in Rasht (Province of Gilan), where she was a high-school student before her arrest. She had three sisters: Elaheh (21-year old), Ghazale (19) and Sheida (8). Elaheh and Ghazale are college students. Her sisters were also born in Rasht. + += = = Freestyle football = = = +Freestyle football is a sport played by one person by kicking a football. Freestyle football is a new sport, which has become more popular in recent years. +To play freestyle football, one needs skill to keep the ball off the ground. This is done by juggling the ball with one's feet. Many people can do this well. At the same time, they can add in more difficult tricks. The most famous trick is called 'around the world'. There are five or more different ways of doing 'around the world'. Freestyle football can be played anywhere, such as in the street or a park. + += = = Croydon = = = +Croydon is a large town in Greater London, southern England in the United Kingdom. It is south of London and is part of the London Borough of Croydon. +History. +The town grew up from Anglo-Saxon times around a palace belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1276 the archbishop allowed a weekly market to take place nearby and this date is taken as the founding of the town. The town grew in the eighteenth century as a stage coach stop on the way to the popular seaside town of Brighton from London. In the nineteenth century railways put the town only 15 minutes from London by fast train and it grew 23 times in terms of the number of people living there between 1801 and 1901. +Things to do. +Croydon is well known for having many places to go shopping, which includes two shopping centres called Centrale and the Whitgift Centre. A third one called Park Place is planned. Croydon has been rated the 20 best shopping area in the UK. It is also well known for holding a lot of offices for companies to let. The council wants to keep Croydon a big town by building more offices and entertainment facilities so a new place called the Croydon Gateway is planned. Purley Way, just west of Croydon, is a large retail park area which has many shops like Comet (which went in admin in 2012), Sainsbury's, McDonald's, IKEA, Argos, M&S, Boots along with a cinema and bowling alley. +Transport. +Croydon is very easy to get to. There is a large bus station on the edge of Croydon, and three railway stations called East Croydon, West Croydon, and South Croydon. +Croydon is also served by Tramlink, a tram system, the only tram system in all of Greater London. It is the place where all four routes meet. They go to places like Elmers End and Beckenham in Bromley to the east, Wimbledon and Mitcham in Merton to the west, and Addington and Addiscombe to the south. + += = = Addington = = = +Addington is a village in the London Borough of Croydon in south London. Addington is home to many historical sites in Croydon, like Croydon Palace and the Addington Palace. St Mary's Church is also in Addington and is known for the cross commemorating five archbishops in the foreground. Before the tram system was introduced in 2000 connections to the town were very short with only a few buses to Croydon. +New Addington is a town close by to Addington. Once there was only one school in the village and all the children went to it, now that school has been demolished. + += = = Flag of India = = = +The modern Flag of The Republic of India has three colours, which are placed horizontally. At the top is saffron, which signifies sacrifice and patriotism. In the middle is white, which stands for truth in word and actions and purity in our thoughts. At the bottom is green, which stands for life and prosperity. In the middle of the white is a blue wheel, which is called the Ashoka Chakra. It has 24 spokes and it stands for progress.The Chakra or the wheel also symbolizes the Power of the State governed by Dharma. It is also called the tiranga or tricolour. The flag was discovered by Venkayya Pingali. Moirang in Manipur is the first place in India where the National Flag of India was first hoisted. It was in this place where the INA War Museum and the INA Martyrs' Memorial Complex were developed to commemorate the contributions of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and his Indian National Army to the Indian Independence Movement. +Gandhi first in 1921, Congress spoke of their flag. The flag Pingali Venkayya, who had designed. There were two colours, red for the Hindus, and green for Muslims. Was in the middle of a cycle. For the other religions in the white paint was added. A few days before Independence, the Constituent Assembly national modified. The spinning wheel replaced by the Ashok Chakra Lee. The new flag of the country's second President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan explained again. +The national flag of India the top band of Saffron color, indicating the strength and courage of the country. The strip between the white is a symbol of peace and truth with Dharma Chakra. The lower green stripe fertility, growth and auspiciousness of the land exhibits. Built on the white strip cycle menstrual cycle says. Wheel of Dharma wheel of the law that says the third century BC Mauryan Emperor Ashoka built the Sarnath Temple was taken from. The Chakra intends to show that this is life in movement and death in stagnation. +Are estimated using the following transfer in Indian flag colors. In flag saffron, white, green and blue colors that HTML Arljilbi and Web colors in the (hexadecimal notation); CMYK equivalent; Dye color and Penton equal number. +References. +Trevor Royle, The Last Days of the Raj, Cornet Books, Hodder and Stoughton, London, pg. 217) + += = = Coat of arms of India = = = +The Indian Emblem of India is the symbol of the Republic of India, formally called 'National emblem'. It has four lions. The idea for this coat of arms was taken from the Sarnath Lion Capital that was built by Indian emperor Ashoka. It's a pillar in the city of Sarnath. Ashoka built it around 250 BC using a single piece of polished sandstone. The symbol is invariably used on all types of currency notes, passports and coins of India. In the two dimensional view of this symbol, one can see 3 heads (the fourth being hidden from view). It was adopted on 26 January 1950, the day that India became a republic. +The lions represent royalty and pride. It also represents the currency. +The wheel beneath the lions is called the Ashoka Chakra or Dharmachakra comes from Buddhism, representing Truth and Honesty. The horse and the bull probably stand for the Strength (Mental) of the people of India. There are four Ashoka Chakras in total around the emblem and two horses and bulls each. +The verse written below, Satyamev Jayate is a very popular and revered saying in the ancient language Sanskrit. It can be divided phonetically into three words - Satyam, which means truth, Ev or aev, that is, only and Jayate which means wins or won. The whole verse can be translated as, 'Only (the one who speaks) the truth will win or wins.' This verse describes the power of honesty and truth in society and religion. You can lie to your friends, family, but you cannot lie to God and yourself. Your conscience will forever be stained. +The verse can also be translated as 'The truth alone triumphs'. Meaning that even after all the lies and deceptions with which we have been fooled, the truth will finally emerge victorious. + += = = Spanish Wikipedia = = = +The Spanish Wikipedia (In Spanish: "Wikipedia en Español") is a Spanish-language edition of Wikipedia. Started in May 2001, it is the 9th-largest Wikipedia by article count. The Spanish Wikipedia has about articles. + += = = Crystal Palace = = = +Crystal Palace is a place and former site of a landmark in London, England. The town is between the London Boroughs of Croydon, Bromley, Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham. +The town is home of the Crystal Palace television mast, a large aerial which receives television and radio signals so that people in London can hear or see the channels. The Croydon Transmitter was also put in Crystal Palace, so if something went wrong with the Crystal Palace Ariel this one could take over. +The space used to hold The Crystal Palace, a large building made mostly out of glass. It was called The Great Exhibition of 1851 and used to be in Hyde Park, but the palace was moved to Crystal Palace in 1854. People went to it for over seven decades. Sydenham Hill, where the Crystal Palace was, is one of the highest locations in London and the size of the palace made it easy to see from Central London. This led to the area around the building becoming known as Crystal Palace instead of Sydenham Hill. The palace was destroyed by fire on the 30th November 1936 and the site of the building and its grounds are now known as Crystal Palace Park and include an olympic sized swimming pool. +Crystal Palace Park is a large park in Crystal Palace, which is known across South London, mainly for the statues of the dinosaurs. There is also a stadium used for national athletics and a large sports centre. +There is no town centre in Crystal Palace, as most of the area is covered by homes, although many people confuse Upper Norwood town centre (which has a Sainsbury's in it) as Crystal Palace. Anerley is also close by. There is a bus station on Crystal Palace Parade and there is a train station in Crystal Palace for Central London and Croydon. + += = = Al-Askari mosque = = = +Al-`Askarī or the `Askariyya Mosque/Shrine (Arabic: ���� �������� ��� ������ ������ �������; transliterated: "Marqad al-Imāmayn `Alī l-Hādī wa l-Ħassan al-`Askarī") is a Shī`a Muslim holy site. It is in the Iraqi city of Samarra. Samara is 60 miles from Baghdad. It is one of the most important Shīite mosques in the world. It was built in 944. Its dome was destroyed in February 2006 (see al-`Askarī Mosque Bombing). +The remains of the tenth and eleventh Shī`a Imāms, `Alī l-Hādī and his son Hassan al-`Askarī, known as "the two "`Askarī"s" ("al-`Askariyyān"), rest at the shrine. It stands next to a shrine to the Twelfth or "Hidden" Imām, Muħammad al-Mahdī. The `Askariyya Shrine is also known as the "Tomb or Mausoleum of the Two Imāms", "the Tomb of Imāms `Alī l-Hādī and Hassan al-`Askarī" and "al-Hadhratu l-`Askariyya". +Also buried inside the Mosque are the remains of Hakimah Khatun, sister of `Alī l-Hādī, and of Narjis Khatun, mother of Muħammad al-Mahdi. +"Time" magazine reported at the time of the 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing that “al-Askari [is] one of Shi'ite Islam's holiest sites. Only the shrines of Najaf and Karbala are more important. Even Samarra's Sunnis hold al-Askari in high esteem. The expression 'to swear by the shrine' is routinely used by both communities". +History. +The Imāms `Alī l-Hādī (also known as "an-Naqī") and Hassan al-`Askarī lived under house arrest in the part of Samarra that had been Caliph al-Mu'tasim's military camp ("`Askaru l-Mu'tasim"). As a result, they are known as the "`Askariyyān" ("Dwellers in the Camp"). They died and were buried in their house on Abī Ahmad Street near the mosque built by Mu'tasim. A later tradition attributes their deaths to poison. +The shrine around their tombs was built in 944 by the Hamdanid governor Nasīr ad-Dawla. It became a focus for pilgrims. It was developed and rebuilt several times in following centuries, including, in particular, by Arslan al-Basasiri around 1053 and by Caliph an-Nasīr li-Dīn Allāh in 1209. +Nasir ad-Din Shah Qajar undertook the latest remodelling of the shrine in 1868, with the golden dome added in 1905. Covered in 72,000 gold pieces and surrounded by walls of light blue tiles, the dome was a dominant feature of the Samarra skyline. It was approximately 20 metres in diameter by 68 metres high. +Bombings. +2006 attack. +On February 22, 2006, at 6:55 a.m. local time (0355 UTC) explosions occurred at the mosque. The explosions destroyed its golden dome and severely damaged the mosque. Several men, one wearing a military uniform, had earlier entered the mosque. They tied up the guards there and set explosives, which resulted in the blast. Two bombs were set off by five to seven men dressed as personnel of the Iraqi Special forces who entered the shrine during the morning. +2007 attack. +At around 9 a.m. on 13 June 2007, suspected al-Qaeda people destroyed the two remaining 36m-high golden minarets flanking the dome's ruins. No fatalities were reported. Iraqi police have reported hearing "two nearly simultaneous explosions coming from inside the mosque compound at around 9 a.m." A report from state run Iraqia Television stated that "local officials said that two mortar rounds were fired at the two minarets." + += = = Hathor = = = +Hathor was an Egyptian goddess. She was a cow goddess and was associated with the Milky Way. Hathor was the daughter of Ra. +Temples and worship. +There are still remains of Hathor's temple in Dendera, Egypt. Dendara was her most well known. Her temple is 37 miles away from Luxor. It is thought that the temple of Hathor was built and decorated between the second century B.C.E. and the first century C.E. It had two intricately designed columned halls with the head of the goddess Hathor engraved in to each of them. Additionally, several shrines were built on the flat roof of the temple. There was also an enclosed sacred lake where the priests and patients would bath in order to heal themselves and become pure. There was sacred treasure hidden in two underground rooms near the sanctuary. At her temple people would pray to her for good wealth. Overall, Hathor was a busy goddess, as were most of the other gods and goddesses. +Goddess' purpose. +In Egypt, Hathor was the goddess of love, beauty, dancing, music, and fertility. Hathor is one of the main goddesses. Hathor means "House of Horus". Before Hathor was the nice goddess she was the goddess of destruction. There was a myth that Ra ordered Isis (Sekmet) to go out and stop bad interdimensional beings and other forms of evil. She did this by channeling a supressed part of herself known as Sekmet. When days passed, Ra wanted Sekmet (Isis) to stop because the energies and frequencies she was giving out started messing with the weather, causing storms and fires but Sekmet was entranced. When she would not stop, Ra grabbed red wine and scattered it all over the land. Sekmet saw it and thought it was the blood of the people, coming out of the trance she thought she killed people so she went into a meditative state. After she slept for three days and woke up renewed, she didn't want to slay any more and became a new goddess, Hathor. +Appearance. +Hathor appeared in four different forms. In human form, Hathor had a cow head with two cow horns. She was represented as a cow because cows were highly valued animals. She wore a menat which was a special necklace. A menat is a heavy beaded necklace with a crescent shape in the front and a tall mushroom shaped piece in the back. In one of her animal forms, she was a cow with an ankh. An ankh was the symbol of life. Another of Hathor's animal forms was a fierce lion. Hathor's symbol was a cow with a sun disc. The ancient Egyptians drew her as the sky of the Milky Way. Hathor's titles include the Golden One, the Lady of Song, the Mistress of Maidens, and the Lady of the Sycamore. She had traveled to Greece from a horrible argument with the gods and goddesses, she was banished from the land, and she was so ashamed of herself, she became the goddess of beauty and love. +Power. +Hathor had a lot of power over Ancient Egyptians moods. Hathor had the power to bring laughter, happiness and joy. If she was far away the Egyptians mood would become miserable. Hathor very much enjoyed helping and changing others moods embracing them and loving them dearly. Hathor saw past the hell that was placed and granted Peace to all for eternity. Everyone then became their own Ptah. + += = = Santorini = = = +Santorini is an archipelago in the Aegean Sea. It is about north of Crete. The archipelago is made of five islands. The biggest of these is also called Santorini. Orther names for the archipelago, and the island are Thera or Thira. The archipelago formed around a caldera. 13.600 people live there. The island has been settled for a long time, there are archeologial sites dating to Minoan times, and to the paleolithic. The volcano erupted around 1500 BC, and may have wiped out the Minoan culture there. The island was later resettled. + += = = Samarra = = = +Sāmarrā () is a town in Iraq. It is on the east bank of the Tigris in the Salah ad Din Governorate, 125 km north of Baghdad. In 2003, the town had an estimated population of 348,700 people. +Samarra is a city of culture and heritage. Samarra is home to the Malwiya Mosque Minerat. In 836 CE, the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'tasim founded a new capital at the banks of the Tigris. Here he built extensive palace complexes surrounded by garrison settlements for his guards, mostly drawn from Central Asia and Iran (most famously the Turks). + += = = Holy See = = = +The Holy See (Latin: "Sancta Sedes", "holy seat") is the title for the office of the Bishop of Rome, that is, the Pope. +The Holy See also means the Pope and the Roman Curia, the governing body of the Roman Catholic Church. +Every episcopal see is seen as holy and the Eastern Orthodox Church calls all of its sees "holy" or "sacred" (). "The Holy See" (definite singular) usually refers to the see of Rome, which is also called "the Apostolic See". While "Apostolic See" can refer to any see founded by any of the Apostles, the term is in this case refers to the see of the bishop seen as successor of Saint Peter, one of the Apostles. +Aside from Rome, the archiepiscopal See of Mainz, which was also of electoral and primatial rank, is the only other Western see that bears the title of "Holy See", although this usage is less common. +Organization of the Holy See. +The Pope governs the Church through the Roman Curia. The Roman Curia consists of the Secretariat of State, nine Congregations, three Tribunals, eleven Pontifical Councils, and an assortment of offices that conduct church affairs at the highest level. The Secretariat of State, under the Cardinal Secretary of State, leads and supervises the Curia. The current Secretariat of State, Tarcisio Cardinal Bertone, acts as the Holy See's prime minister. Archbishop Dominique Mamberti, Secretary of the Section for Relations With States of the Secretariat of State acts as the Holy See's foreign minister. Bertone and Mamberti were chosen to hold these positions by Pope Benedict XVI in September 2006. +Among the most active of the major Curial institutions are the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, which oversees church doctrine; the Congregation for Bishops, which coordinates the appointment of bishops worldwide; the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, which oversees all missionary activities; and the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace, manages international peace and social issues. +International organizations. +The Holy See is active in international organizations and is a member of the following groups: +The Holy See is also a permanent observer of the following groups: +The Holy See is an observer on an informal basis of the following groups: +The Holy See has a delegation to the Arab League in Cairo. It is also a guest of honor to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. +The Holy See, not the Vatican City, maintains diplomatic relations with states (such as with the United Kingdom), and participates in international organizations. Foreign embassies are accredited to the Holy See, not to the Vatican City, and it is the Holy See that establishes treaties and concordats with other sovereign entities. When necessary, the Holy See will enter a treaty on behalf of the Vatican City. +Under the Lateran Treaty, the Holy See has extraterritorial authority over 23 sites in Rome and five Italian sites outside of Rome, including the Pontifical Palace at Castel Gandolfo. The same authority is granted by international law to the Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See in a foreign country. + += = = Tigris = = = +The Tigris is a river in the Middle East. It is the eastern of two rivers that define Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia literally means "(the land) between the rivers". The other river is called Euphrates. The source of the river is in the Taurus mountains in Turkey. From there, it flows through Northern Kurdistan in Turkey and forms part of the border between Turkey and Syria. The remainder is in Iraq. +The river is 1,900 kilometres (1,181 miles) long. It comes together with the Euphrates in the Shatt-al-Arab (which is called Arvand Rud in Persian). The Shatt-al-Arab flows into the Persian Gulf. The river had an important role in the development of civilization, as early farmers used water from the river to water their crops and produce more food. + += = = Tawaret = = = +In ancient Egyptian mythology, Tawaret (also "Taweret) "was the demon-wife of Apep, the first god of evil. She was often shown as a hippopotamus. Because female hippos are aggressive to protect their young, pregnant women wore amulets of Tawaret to protect their pregnancies. +Tawaret was a very popular goddess in the first Dynasty. She was, overall, the goddess who protected women during childbirth and pregnancy. In ancient Egypt, it was believed that if you wanted to live through childbirth it was necessary to pray to Tawaret. + += = = Seshat = = = +Seshat was the ancient Egyptian idea of knowledge, shown as a goddess. She became the goddess of writing, astronomy/astrology, architecture, and mathematics. When Thoth became the god of wisdom, Seshat was seen as his daughter, or sometimes, as his wife. In art, she was shown as a woman with a stylised papyrus plant above her head. This symbolised writing since the Egyptians wrote on a material that came from papyrus. + += = = Apep = = = +Apep in Egyptian mythology was an evil demon. He was associated with darkness and chaos. He was often shown as a snake. +Apep's name was often incorrectly defined as he who was "spat out". It was said that he had been formed by Neith, who had been the goddess of the ancient waters in the Ennead, from a length of spit she had spat at Nu, the god of the ancient waters in the Ogdoad. Some subsequent commentators speculated that Apep must have been an earlier creator, and chief god, thus explaining why he had so much anger towards Ra. +It was believed that Ra (the sun) each night passed into Duat and then battled with Apep, always winning except for certain days in which Ra is momentarily devoured, what the Egyptians saw as an eclipse. +Instead of being worshipped he was done the exact opposite and spat upon. Models would be made of wax and clay and then burnt, spat upon, and defaced. +Physical Description. +Apep was a fifty foot long snake. He was black, orange, and a little bit green. Apep was very strong. He symbolized darkness, storms, night, the underworld and death. Ramses sixth tomb depicted him, having nine heads, representing the souls he killed. +In some depictions he is shown being attacked by a cat. The cat represents Bast, the goddess of cats. Bast was Ra's 'Guardian', so to speak. Bast's job was to protect Ra on his trips through the Duat every night. this is how he became the physical description + += = = Ville Valo = = = +Ville Valo (born November 22, 1976) is a Finnish baritone singer and songwriter. He is the lead singer in the Finnish rock band HIM. He lives in Helsinki, Finland. + += = = Prefix notation = = = +Prefix notation is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Prefix notation is also known as "Polish notation". The notation was invented by Jan Łukasiewicz in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations. +When prefix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed. +With prefix notation, the function is noted before the arguments it operates on. +Some CASIO calculators use prefix notation. Some programming languages that were influenced by lambda calculus, like LISP, use prefix notation. + += = = Nephthys = = = +Nephthys was a goddess with wide power and capacity, and she was often referred to as "The Excellent Goddess." +She could also be dangerous, able to kill the enemies of the king with her fiery breath. In this capacity, she was considered a protector of the king. . <br> +Nephthys has a central role in the popular myths of Osiris; it is her magical powers that helps to resurrect his body, as well as to protect and nurture Horus while he is a child.<br> +She is in some contexts presented as a protector of the dead, in other as protecting the baboon-headed Hapi, one of the 4 canopic jars.<br> +In the Late Period, she became linked with the goddess, Anuket. +Family. +According to myth, Nephthys had four siblings. Her parents were Geb the god of the earth and Nut the goddess of the sky. She was the sister of Isis, Osiris, Horus, and sister/twin and consort of Seth. Nephthys was also the mother of Anubis, the jackal-headed one with black skin. +Cult. +In the 19th Dynasty of the Ramesside Pharaohs, a temple of Nephthys called the "House of Nephthys of Ramesses-Meriamun" was built in the town of Sepermeru, midway between Oxyrhynchos and Herakleopolis, on the outskirts of the Fayyum and quite near to the modern site of Deshasheh. + += = = Anuket = = = +Anuket was the first ancient Egyptian goddess of the Nile river in areas like Elephantine Island, at the start of the Nile's journey through Egypt, and in nearby parts of Nubia. Her temple was built at the Island of Seheil. +Since the god Khnum and goddess Satis were thought to be the gods of the source of the Nile, Anuket was believed to be their daughter. The Egyptians believed that the two tributaries in her area of the Nile were her arms. Because tributaries move quickly, she became associated with fast-moving things, like arrows, and the gazelle. +In art, she was usually shown as a gazelle, or with a gazelle's head, and sometimes had a headdress of feathers. +When the Nile started its annual flood, the "Festival of Anuket" began. People threw coins, gold, jewelry, and precious gifts into the river, thanking Anuket for the life-giving water. The taboo that was held in several parts of Egypt of not eating fish, which were considered sacred, was lifted during this time. + += = = Proto-Indo-European language = = = +The Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) is the ancestor of the Indo-European languages. +It is the best-understood of all proto-languages. It was put together by the methods of historical linguistics. +Discovery and reconstruction. +There are different ideas about when and where PIE was spoken. PIE may have been spoken as a single language. Then it began to separate, around 3700 BC. The exact date is not known. The most popular hypothesis for where it came from and how it spread is called the Kurgan hypothesis. In this theory, its origin is in the Pontic-Caspian steppe of Eastern Europe. +Method. +There is no direct evidence of PIE because it was never written. All PIE sounds and words are reconstructed from later Indo-European languages. The asterisk symbol is used to mark reconstructed PIE words, for example: *' 'water', *' 'dog', or *"" 'three (masculine)'. Many words in modern Indo-European languages seem to have come from such "proto-words" by regular sound changes, such as Grimm's law. +Phonology. +Vowels. +The vowels in commonly used notation are: +Consonants. +The corresponding consonants in commonly used notation are: +The following phonemes are generally accepted: +Accent. +PIE had a "free pitch accent." That means that the stress of a word could happen on any syllable and could change even for related words. Different meanings of a word could be marked only with high or low pitch. +Morphology. +PIE was an inflected language: it had roots with suffixes. That basic root shape is often altered by the "ablaut", a system of regular vowel changes. An example of ablaut in English is the strong verb "sing", "sang", "sung" and the related noun "song". +Synthetic. +Most Indo-European languages are synthetic. That means they have many morphemes per word. Morphemes may be combined to make complex words, as in German Root words may be put on "bound morphemes" to show their function, which are morphemes that appear only as part of a larger word. +Those methods were probably used often in PIE. Languages like English, which don't have a lot of combinations like that, come from earlier, more typical Indo-European languages. English comes from Anglo-Saxon, a Western Germanic language. The fact that English once was synthetic like German is shown by cranberry morphemes, which are so called because the "cran-" is a fossil of a word that no longer exists. Also, "mulberry" and "raspberry", where also the first syllable is a bound morpheme. +Sample texts. +Because PIE was spoken a very long time ago, there are no texts anymore. Scientists have tried many times to make example texts for to show what it could be like. These are just educated guesses. People have tried for 150 years to make a single sentence in PIE, but this has not happened yet. Even so, such texts are still useful because they show what PIE might have looked like. +People have rewritten a text by Schleicher multiple times as an example text: +Schleicher (1868). +"Avis akvāsas ka" +Schleicher's reconstruction says that that the o/e vocalism was secondary. His version of PIE is more like Sanskrit than modern reconstructions are. +Hirt (1939). +"Owis ek’wōses-kwe" +Hirt introduced the o/e vocalist and some rather different consonants. +English translation. +"The Sheep and the Horses" +Some of the differences between the texts are just different spelling conventions: w and u�, for example, are only different ways to indicate the same sound, a consonantal u. However, many other differences happen because there are different ideas on the sounds and the structure of PIE. + += = = Ptah = = = +Ptah was the ancient Egyptian god of craftsmen and architects. Ptah is named in the Turin King List as the first of the eight legendary god-kings of Egypt. +In art, he is shown as a hairless, bearded mummified man, often wearing a skull cap, holding a djed or other large tool (which he is sometimes shown using during mummification ceremonies). He was believed to be married to Sekhmet. +Ptah was the local god of Memphis, one of the ancient capitals of Egypt. He is the parson of craftsmen, since it is believed that he invented the arts. + += = = Kurt Waldheim = = = +Kurt Josef Waldheim (21 December 1918 – 14 June 2007) was an Austrian diplomat and conservative politician. He was Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1972 to 1981, and President of Austria from 1986 to 1992. +Political career. +Waldheim published an autobiography. During his campaign to become president in 1986, it became public that some statements in that biography were not true. These were about his past. Waldheim was an officer for Germany in the Second World War. He became an oberleutnant in the Wehrmacht. Waldheim participated in Operation Kozara in 1942. According to one post-war investigator, prisoners were often shot within only a few hundred meters of Waldheim's office and away at the Jasenovac concentration camp. Waldheim later said, "he did not know about the murder of civilians there". +A commission of several historians looked at the issue. They decided Waldheim had behaved as he should have done. They said he had not committed any war crimes. However, in his role of an officer, he must have known about the deportation of about 40.000 Jews into concentration camps. These transports were against the law. Thus, he was not allowed to travel to the United States any more. +In 1990, he had a success: Saddam Hussein held several foreigners as hostages at the start of the Second Gulf War. When Waldheim heard this, he went to Baghdad. Through talks he got Hussein to release the Austrian and the Swiss hostages. Both countries are neutral. +Death. +On June 14, 2007, Waldheim died of heart failure. + += = = Mop = = = +A mop is a tool used for cleaning. It is usually pieces of cloth or a sponge attached to the end of a long stick. +A dry mop" is typically used to clean the floor, while a "wet mop" is used to remove dust." +The word (then spelled "mappe") was first used in English as early as 1496, but new designs and variations of the original mop designs have been introduced, from time to time. For example, American inventor Jacob Howe received U.S. patent #241 for a mop holder in 1837, and Thomas W. Stewart (U.S. patent #499,402) received a patent for a mop holder in 1893. + += = = Pan (mythology) = = = +Pan was the Ancient Greek god of pastures, flocks, the mountain wilds and rustic music. In Rome, he was called Faunus. He had the body of a satyr (legs of a goat and body of a human). He was also known to produce a sound called a "panic" that caused extreme pain to any who heard it, this sound is the origin of the English word panic. He was the lord of the wild and as such, all forest dwelling creatures answer to him, including (but not exclusively) satyrs, nymphs, and forest creatures. +Pan was commonly believed to be dead, as a passing sailor heard a call as he passed an island proclaiming "Tell them the great lord Pan is dead." The sailor spread the news, leading to the belief that he is dead, however some still believe that he lives on today, slowly dying as the wilds of the world are destroyed. + += = = Hypothesis = = = +A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for some event or problem. For a scientific hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. +History. +In the early 17th century, Cardinal Bellarmine gave a well known example of the older sense of the word in his warning to Galileo: that he must not treat the motion of the Earth as a reality, but merely as a hypothesis. +Today, a hypothesis refers to an idea that needs to be tested. A hypothesis needs more work by the researcher in order to check it. A tested hypothesis that works may become part of a theory—or become a theory itself. The testing should be an attempt to prove that the hypothesis is wrong. That is, there should be a way to falsify the hypothesis, at least in principle if not in practice. +People often call a hypothesis an "educated guess". +Experimenters may test and reject several hypotheses, before solving the problem or reaching a satisfactory theory. +A 'working hypothesis' is just a rough kind of hypothesis that is provisionally accepted as a basis for further research. The hope is that a theory will be produced, even if the hypothesis ultimately fails. +Hypotheses are especially important in science. Several philosophers have said that without hypotheses, there could be no science. In recent years, philosophers of science have tried to integrate the various approaches to testing hypotheses (and the scientific method in general), to form a more complete system. The point is that hypotheses are suggested ideas, which are then tested by experiments or observations. +Statistics. +In statistics, people talk about correlation: correlation is how closely related two events or phenomena are. A proposition (or hypothesis) that two events are related cannot be tested in the same way as a law of nature can be tested. An example would be to see if some drug is effective to treat a given medical condition. Even if there is a strong correlation that indicates that this is the case, some samples would still not fit the hypothesis. +There are two hypotheses in statistical tests, called the null hypothesis, often written as formula_1, and the alternative hypothesis, often written as formula_2. The null hypothesis states that there is no link between the phenomena, and is usually assumed to be true until it can be proven wrong beyond a reasonable doubt. The alternative hypothesis states that there "is" some kind of link. It is usually the opposite of the null hypothesis, and is what one would conclude if null hypothesis is rejected. The alternative hypothesis may take several forms. It can be two-sided (for example: there is "some" effect, in a yet unknown direction) or one-sided (the direction of the supposed relation, positive or negative, is fixed in advance). + += = = East Sutton = = = +East Sutton is a parish (town) about southeast of Maidstone in Kent, England. It is small by number of houses but it is in a large area. East Sutton is home to a women's prison, a council estate of 16 houses and the church of St Peter's and Saint Paul's. + += = = Town hall = = = +A city hall or town hall is the headquarters of a city or town's administration and usually houses the city or town council, its associated departments and their employees. It is also usually the base of the city, town, borough or county mayor. +In North America, a hall is labeled a "city" or "town" hall depending on the size of the municipality it serves. City halls are usually found in larger cities and town halls in smaller urban areas. +In the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong and many Commonwealth countries, "town hall" is the more common term. During the 1960s many of the older town halls were replaced by "Civic centres". The civic centre was a functional building, offices of the council only, without the art gallery or hall for cultural activities which were a feature of many of the older town halls. +"County hall" is used for the headquarters of County council administrations. + += = = Spectrometer = = = +A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. +The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light. +The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities. Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared. +In general, any particular instrument will operate over a small portion of this total range because of the different techniques used to measure different portions of the spectrum. Below optical frequencies (that is, at microwave, radio, and audio frequencies), the spectrum analyzer is a closely related electronic device. +Spectroscopes. +Spectrometers are used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. Spectroscopes are used often in astronomy and some branches of chemistry. Early spectroscopes were simply a prism with graduations marking wavelengths of light. Modern spectroscopes, such as monochromators, generally use a diffraction grating, a movable slit, and some kind of photodetector, all automated and controlled by a computer. The spectroscope was invented by Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen. + += = = Province of Carolina = = = +The Province of Carolina was a British colony in North America from 1663 to 1729. It covered the present states of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and a part of Florida. An argument over how the it would be governed led to its becoming the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina. Officially, these two provinces did not become separate colonies until 1729. + += = = Adenosine diphosphate = = = +Adenosine diphosphate (or ADP) is the chemical that plants make ATP from, during photosynthesis. +A chemical compound that can be converted to ATP with the addition of one phosphate group. + += = = Tefnut = = = +Tefnut was the ancient Egyptian goddess of water and fertility. She and her brother and husband, Shu, were created by Atum, Ra or Amun. Tefnut was the mother of Nut and Geb also she is associated with the lion. In art she is represent as a woman with head of the lion with Sun disc. +God's plan. +Tefnut, along with Shu, were the first deities created by Ra. She had other names, such as Tefenet and Tefnet. She was mainly in charge of moisture, but was also responsible for Order, Time, Justice, Heaven and Hell. She was very closely related to both the sun and the moon. She was known as both the left (moon), and right (sun): 'Eyes of Ra.' +Physical description. +Once Tefnut fled from Ra as a lioness, causing a great drought. Only Thoth could persuade her to return, so he went to Nubia and got her back. When she got back, there was great rejoice in all the temples. After that incident, Tefnut, normally wearing her fathers’ sun disk, was seen as a lioness, or a woman with a lions’ head. Very rarely ever again was she seen portrayed as a full woman. When Tefnut was in the royal court, she wore a crown made of sprouting plants. Sometimes she was seen lying horizontally between the ground and the sky. She was sometimes pictured with her husband, Shu, helping to hold up Nut. She cried with the pain, and when she cried, that made the ground fertilized. +Power & magic. +Tefnut sat in judgment of the dead in the underworld. Tefnut wears her fathers’ sun disk, a symbol of power. She carries a scepter and wears an ankh, the symbol of life. As she was the goddess of moisture, she was also related to other deities of moisture and wetness. She was seen holding up the sky with her brother/husband Shu. As she was in charge of moisture, she held other roles as well. Some of them were: Order, justice, time, the weather,Heaven, and Hell. Above all, her main role was to bring moisture down on the ancient Egyptians. +Worship. +Tefnut was worshipped in lion form in Leontopolis (May-ta-hut). Part of the city of Denderah (Iunet), was known as ‘The House of Tefnut.’ Some of Tefnut’s festival dates were the 20th of August, the day of satisfying the Hearts of the Ennead. Another festival date was the 29th of October, which was the day of Going Forth of Het-Hert and the Ennead. The last festival date was the 15th of November, the Ennead Feast in the House of Kay Heru and Wasir. Tefnut does not have any main centers of Worship, or any known temples dedicated to her. + += = = Sobek = = = +Sobek was the ancient Egyptian god of the Nile. In art, he was shown with the head of a crocodile. In temples to Sobek, live crocodiles were kept in pools to honor him. +Jobs & Roles. +Sobek was worshipped wherever the Nile was presenting difficulties. Sobek was the ancient Egyptian god of crocodiles and controlled the waters. Sobek’s role was to protect the pharaoh from evil but it differs with each person. He was the most popular god in Arsinoe (Crocodilopolis in Greek), and was considered the Lord of Faiyu (a place in Egypt). +Myths & stories. +One day when Sobek was in the Nile, he saw Osiris’ (who was murdered by Set, the god of chaos) body. He was so hungry he could not resist eating part of it. His tongue was cut off as a punishment, which is why crocodiles have no tongues in Egyptian myths. He also caught the sons of Horus when they were born. +Physical Appearance. +Sobek was seen as a crocodile headed man or very rarely a plain crocodile. Egyptians mummified crocodiles in honor of Sobek. Crocodiles were treated like household pets and were adorned with anklets and other decorative jewels. In temples people kept sacred crocodiles because they thought that they were images of Sobek on earth. The sacred crocodiles were a big attraction, the Egyptian’s believed that if the crocodiles were fed and they accepted their food, you would receive blessings from the God Sobek. +Family & friends. +Sobek was a friend of Horus. Sobek’s mother Neith was considered the sister of Isis, who was Horus’s mother. This made Sobek the cousin of Horus, which was a very important fact because Horus was a major God. In other myths, Sobek was allied with Set. Set was also sometimes thought of as Sobek's father. + += = = Lucky Town = = = +Lucky Town is an album by Bruce Springsteen. It was produced by Bruce Springsteen with Jon Landau and Chuck Plotkin. The album was recorded by Toby Scott and mixed by Bob Clearmountain. It was released in 1992 under the copyright of Bruce Springsteen and was distributed by Sony Music. +Track listing. +Bruce Springsteen plays all the instruments except the drums, which are played by Gary Mallabar. + += = = Juli = = = +Juli is a German rock/pop band from Gießen, Hesse. Its singer is Eva Briegel, guitarists Jonas Pfetzing and Simon Triebel, bassist Andreas "Dedi" Herde and drummer Marcel Römer. The band was made out of Sunnyglade in 2001. + += = = Member = = = +A member is a person who belongs to a group of people. +Member may also mean: + += = = Dar es Salaam = = = +Dar es Salaam (Arabic: ��� ������ "Dār as-Salām") is the largest city in East Africa. It has a population of about 4,360,000 people. The city is also Tanzania's richest city. It is an important economic centre. +Dar es Salaam was the capital city of Tanzania until 1996. Even though the capital was moved to Dodoma, Dar es Salaam is still the location of much of the country's government. It is also the capital of the Dar es Salaam Region. The city's name in Arabic means "Abode of Peace". Dar es Salaam was at one time called Mzizima. +Population. +The population of Dar es Salaam is increasing at a rate of 4.39% each year. It is the 3rd fastest growing city in Africa and the 9th fastest in the world. The metropolitan area population is expected to reach 5.12 million people by 2020. +This rate is far above the world average. Globally, the growth rate of the human population has been declining since a peak in 1962 and 1963 of 2.20% per annum. In 2009 the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%. +Dar es Salaam's rapidly expanding population presents both significant challenges and opportunities. Infrastructure development has not kept pace with the population growth so there is significant resource pressure, especially on road networks and the national power grid. However, a sizeable population with a growing middle class continues to attract investment in areas such as retail (shopping malls), entertainment (cinemas) and communication (high speed internet). +Geography. +Dar es Salaam is located on a large harbour on the Eastern Indian Ocean coast of Africa. +Dar es Salaam has a tropical savanna climate ("Aw" in the Koeppen climate classification). This is because it is very near the equator and the warm Indian Ocean. The city usually has hot and humid weather during much of the year. Each year the area has two rainy seasons. These are called 'the long rains' (in April and May) and 'the short rains' (in November and December). Nearly 1100mm of rain fall each year on the area. +History. +In 1859, Albert Roscher of Germany became the first European to go to Mzizima ("healthy town"). In 1866 Sultan Seyyid Majid of Zanzibar gave it its current name. It is an Arabic phrase meaning "Haven of Peace". Dar es Salaam had much growth starting in 1887, when the German East Africa Company created a station there. +The town's growth was because it was the administrative and commercial centre of German East Africa. It was also helped by the growth of industry caused by the Central Railway Line in the early 1900s. +German East Africa was captured by the British during World War I and its name was changed to Tanganyika. Dar es Salaam was still the territory's administrative and commercial centre. +After World War II, Dar es Salaam had a period of rapid growth. Tanganyika became independent from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to be its capital. It remained the capital when in 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form Tanzania. However, in 1973, it was decided to move the capital to Dodoma. This has not yet been completed, and Dar es Salaam is still Tanzania's primary city. + += = = National Hurricane Center = = = +The U.S. National Hurricane Center (NHC) is a department of the National Weather Service, and a component of the National Centers For Environmental Protection. It is responsible for tracking and forecasting the likely behaviour of tropical and subtropical cyclones, potential tropical cyclones, and disturbances. The NHC headquarters is in Miami, Florida. +When tropical storm or hurricane conditions are predicted within 48 hours on land, the center issues the proper watches through the news media and NOAA Weather Radio. When those conditions are expected within 36 hours, a warning will be issued. Although it is an organisation of the United States, the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has designated the NHC as Regional Specialised Meteorological Center for the North Atlantic and eastern and central Pacific Ocean. In other words, the NHC is the central source of information for all tropical cyclone forecasts and observations happening in these areas, whatever their effect on the US. The NHC does not come up with their own names, but the WMO comes up with the names instead. + += = = Gaborone = = = +Gaborone is the capital city of Botswana. It has a population of 231,626 people. Gaborone is one of the fastest-growing cities in Africa. Gaborone is on the Notwane River in the southeastern corner of Botswana. It is from the South African border. +The main campus of the University of Botswana is in the city. Gaborone's airport, Sir Seretse Khama International Airport, is Botswana's main international airport. +History. +Before 1969, the city was known as Gaberones. Gaberones replaced Mafeking as the capital of the Bechuanaland Protectorate in 1965. Mafeking was outside the Bechuanaland Protectorate. It was in an area of South Africa. When the Protectorate became independent, Botswana needed a capital city that was inside the country. It had been thought that Lobatse would be the capital. It was later decided that they would create a new capital next to Gaberones, a small colonial administrative settlement. +The original name, Gaberones, is from Gaborone's Village. It was named after Chief Kgosi Gaborone of the BaTlokwa tribe. His village, now called Tlokweng, was just across a river from the "Government Camp" (colonial government headquarters). "Gabs" is still a common nickname for Gaborone. A newer nickname for Gaborone is G-City. +The centre of the city was constructed in three years. It includes Assembly buildings, government offices, a power station, a hospital, schools, a radio station, a telephone exchange, police stations, a post office, and more than 1,000 houses. Much of the city was in place for Independence Day on September 30 1966, when the county became independent of the United Kingdom. The first mayor of Gaborone was Rev J. D. Jones. The old Gaberones became a suburb of the new Gaborone, and is now known as "the Village". + += = = Libreville = = = +Libreville is the capital city of Gabon. It is the largest city in that country. The city has a population of 578,156 people. Libreville is a port on the Gabon River, near the Gulf of Guinea. It is a trade center for a timber region. +The Libreville International Airport, the headquarters for Air Gabon, is about north of the city. +History. +The Mpongwé tribe lived in the area long before the French took control of the land in 1839. The city was founded (as Gabon) in 1843 as a trading station. Freed slaves were sent there from the ship L'Elizia. In 1848 it was named Libreville (French for "Freetown"). It was the chief port of French Equatorial Africa from 1934 to 1946. +Libreville was named in after Freetown. It grew slowly as a trading post and a minor administrative centre. It had a population of 31,000 when it became independent in 1960. Since independence, the city has grown more quickly. Nearly half the of the people of Gabon live in the city. +Things to see. +Sights in Libreville include the National Museum of Arts and Traditions, the French cultural centre, St Marie’s Cathedral, the carved wood church of St Michael, Nkembo, the Arboretum de Sibang and two cultural villages. Gabon's school of administration and school of law are in Libreville. The Omar Bongo University is also in Libreville. +Industry. +The city is home to a shipbuilding industry, brewing industry and sawmills. The city exports raw materials such as wood, rubber and cocoa from the city's main port, and the deepwater port at Owendo. + += = = Brahmaputra River = = = +The Brahmaputra, also called Tsangpo in Tibet, is one of the main rivers in Asia. It has its origin in the Himalayas of Tibet. It flows through Tibet, India and Bangladesh. It is long. Massive flooding occurs when the ice melts in the Spring. +The Brahmaputra’s source is the Chemayungdung Glacier, which covers the slopes of the Himalayas. +It joins with the Ganges river and empties into the Bay of Bengal and also forms the Gangetic delta, which is the largest delta in India. + += = = Lilongwe = = = +Lilongwe is the capital city of African country of Malawi. It lies in the center of the country on the Lilongwe river. It is near the border of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. The city has a population of 597,619 people. Lilongwe is the second largest city in Malawi. +Climate. +Lilongwe has a damp subtropical climate, bordering a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwa), with pleasantly warm summers and mild winters. Due to its altitude, temperatures are lower than other cities located in the tropics. Lilongwe has a short wet season from December to March and a long dry season during much of the rest of the year. However it has a strong rain season, with around during the wettest months. +History. +The city started as a small village on the banks of the Lilongwe river. It became a British colonial administrative centre at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1974, the capital of the country was moved from Zomba to Lilongwe. Recently, as part of a change in politics in Malawi, the parliament has been moved to Lilongwe. All parliament members must spend time in the new capital. Lilongwe is now the political centre of Malawi, but Blantyre the economic capital of the country. +Transport. +Lilongwe is visited by Malawi Railways and Shire Bus Lines, local buses and minibuses go between Old Town, City Centre, Kamuzu International Airport, and other urban places, including Mzuzu and Blantyre. +People can get taxis from hotels and a taxi lane on Presidential Way, North of City Centre Shopping Centre. Most roads have a lot of traffic, so most Malawians prefer to, or can only afford to, walk or use a bicycle. There is also an airport, Kamuzu International Airport, which is about 35 km north of Lilongwe. + += = = Shu (Egyptian god) = = = +Shu was the ancient Egyptian god of dry air, and so was a calming and cooling influence. He was also like Atlas from Greek mythology—his job was to separate Nut and Geb +Power and Magic. +Shu had warlike traits like strength, speed and stamina and became associated with the pharaoh. He takes a human form wearing a plume (the hieroglyph of his name) on his head and with his arms raised supporting the sky-goddess. Nut to keep her apart from her consort the earth god Geb. Shu was described as dwelling in the sun's disk. He often appeared as a bearded man holding up the sky while protecting the earth. At times he was depicted as a lion or a human with a lion's head. At other times he wore four ostrich feathers. These feathers symbolized the four columns that held up the sky when Shu himself was not there to do the job. When in his role as god of light, Shu carried a sun disk. +Hymn. +"That is my daughter, the living female one, Tefnut, who shall be with her brother Shu. Life is his name, Order is her name. [At first] I lived with my two children, my little ones, the one before me, the other behind me. Life reposed with my daughter Order, the one within me, the other without me. I rose over them, but their arms were around me." Was a hymn to Shu. Ancient Egyptians prayed to him for a good life and prayed to him for light. People worshipped Shu in prayers, hymns, and in a chapel. People gave him offerings. Shu appeared in tombs and temples. He was a well known god. +Temples. +Shu belongs to the cosmic deities and as such no temples were dedicated to him. Cosmic deity's were never worshipped in a personified form, therefore there was no need for temples to worshipped them. A chapel was built to Shu, Atum, and Tefnut. No festivals has been historically verified Shu was worshipped through prayers and gatherings. +Worshipped. +Shu was the god of the water, light, wind, and the atmosphere. He was also the god of dry air. Shu's name meant "dryness" or "emptiness". Shu was mentioned in Coffin Texts and Pyramid Texts, but is not well known outside these religious texts until after the New Kingdom. During this time period, Shu became connected with the gods Onuris, Khonsu, and Soptu, and was worshipped along with them in their people. He was praised by some and not by others. +Myths. +Ra created Shu. He was created when Ra said, “Shu the moisture”, and then Shu was sneezed out of Ra’s nostrils. There are many creation myths about how Ra was born. For example, an egg that hatched created Ra. Shu was one of the first deities. + += = = Malabo = = = +Malabo is the capital city of Equatorial Guinea. It is on the northern coast of Bioko Island. The number of people living there has grown quickly over the past ten years to about 100,000. +Notable buildings in Malabo include Malabo Cathedral and the Malabo Court Building. The city is served by Malabo International Airport, while ferries sail from its port to Douala and Bata. +History. +The city was first founded by the British in 1827. They paid Spain for use of the island during colonial times. The British named the city Port Clarence. It was used as a naval station help stop the slave trade. Many newly freed slaves settled there before the creation of Sierra Leone as a colony for freed slaves. While many of them later moved to Sierra Leone. +When the island returned to Spanish control, Malabo was renamed Santa Isabel. It replaced the town of Bata as the capital of the country in 1969. The city was renamed Malabo in 1973 because President Francisco Macías Nguema wanted to replace European place names with "authentic" African ones. + += = = Multimedia = = = +Multimedia is communication that uses more than one type of information content (e.g. text, audio, graphics, animation, video) to inform or entertain the audience (user). "Multimedia" also means the use of electronic media to store and experience multimedia content. +Multimedia means that computer info can be represented through audio, graphics, image, video and animation in addition to traditional media (text and graphics). +References, Sources, and Notes. +Multimedia Making it Work, by Tay Vaughan, Published by Osborne McGraw Hill 1993 + += = = Shield volcano = = = +""Shield volcanoes" redirects here." +A shield volcano is a large volcano with shallowly-sloping sides. The name derives from a translation of "Skjaldbreiður", an Icelandic shield volcano whose name means "broad shield," from its resemblance to a warrior's shield. +Shield volcanoes are usually formed by lava that flows easily. Consequently, a volcanic mountain having a broad profile is built up over time by flow after flow of relatively fluid basaltic lava issuing from vents or fissures on the surface of the volcano. Many of the largest volcanoes on Earth are shield volcanoes. +The largest is Mauna Loa on the Big Island of Hawaii. Shield volcanoes can be so large they are sometimes considered a mountain range, such as the and the Rainbow Range, both of which are in Canada. These shield volcanoes formed when the North American Plate moved over a hotspot similar to the one feeding the Hawaiian Islands, called the Anahim hotspot. There are also shield volcanoes, for example, in Washington, Oregon, and the Galapagos Islands. The Piton de la Fournaise, on Réunion Island, is one of the more active shield volcanoes on earth, with one eruption per year on average. +Shield volcanoes are known to form on other planets. The largest known mountain in the solar system, Olympus Mons on Mars, is a shield volcano. Shield volcanoes on Mars are higher and much more massive than those on Earth. +On Earth, because of plate tectonics, hotspot volcanoes eventually move away from the source of their magma and the volcanoes are individually less massive than might otherwise be the case. Shield volcanoes usually occur along constructive boundaries or above hotspots. However, the many large shield volcanoes of the Cascade Range of northern California and Oregon are over a more complex environment. +On other planets. +Shield volcanoes are not only found on Earth, they can also be found on Mars, Venus, and Io, which is a moon of Jupiter. The volcanoes on Mars are bigger than those on Earth. + += = = Caldera = = = +A caldera is a volcanic feature formed by the collapse of land surface after a gigantic volcanic eruption. In such an eruption the volcano's magma chamber is empty enough for the ground above it to drop. +A caldera may look like a volcanic crater except that a crater is made by blasting outward, not by collapsing inward. The word "caldera" comes from the Portuguese language, meaning "cauldron". Some complex features are made by both processes. +When Yellowstone Caldera last erupted some 650,000 years ago, it released about 1,000 km3 of material, covering much of North America in debris up to two metres thick. By comparison, when Mount St. Helens erupted in 1980, it released 1000 times less material. +The ecological effects of the eruption of a large caldera can be seen in the record of the Lake Toba eruption in Indonesia. +About 75,000 years ago, the Toba catastrophe released about 2,800 km3 of ejecta. This was the largest known explosive eruption within the last 25 million years. In the late 1990s, anthropologist Stanley Ambrose suggested that a volcanic winter induced by this eruption reduced the human population to about 2,000 20,000, resulting in a population bottleneck. Others suggested that the human race was reduced to about five to ten thousand people. +However, there is no direct evidence that the theory is correct and some evidence that it is not. +Larger calderas. +Eruptions forming even larger calderas are known. At La Garita Caldera in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, the 5,000 km3 Fish Canyon Tuff was blasted out in a single major eruption about 27.8 million years ago. +At some points in time, rhyolitic calderas have appeared in distinct clusters. The remnants of such clusters may be found in places such as the San Juan Mountains of Colorado (formed during the Oligocene, Miocene, and Pliocene periods) or the Saint Francois Mountain Range of Missouri (erupted during the Proterozoic). + += = = Addiscombe = = = +Addiscombe is an area in Croydon, in the London Borough of Croydon, England. Three hundred years ago, Addiscombe was a rural area. The area was mainly used for farming and brick-making. There used to be a railway that went through Addiscombe, but in 2000, it was changed to tramlink tracks and a new stop was built. + += = = South Norwood = = = +South Norwood is an area in south-east London in the London Borough of Croydon, England. It is one of four places in London called Norwood, Norwood New Town, West Norwood and Upper Norwood are the others. There are around 14,590 people living in South Norwood alone. SE25 is the postcode for the area. +Norwood Junction train station is the station which serves most of South Norwood, to Central London. There are two secondary schools in South Norwood called, Harris Academy South Norwood (was Stanley Technical High School) and the other being Harris Academy Crystal Palace. There are also a lot of primary schools in the area. +The writer of the Sherlock Holmes stories lived in South Norwood on Tennison Road from 1891 to 1894. One of his stories was about the area. In 1966, a dog called Pickles discovered the World Cup Jules Rimet Trophy under a bush farther up in Beulah Hill. +South Norwood Country Park is a large green space and nature reserve in South Norwood, it was the site of a former sewage farm which was made for the growing population of London. Croydon Sports Arena which holds games for Kent League team Croydon Football Club "(Croydon F.C.)". Crystal Palace F.C. play at Selhurst Park in Norwood. The team, for the 2007-08 season are in the Championship. + += = = Software bug = = = +A software bug is a problem with the code in a computer program which makes it not work properly. They can cause inconvenience to the user and may make their computer crash or freeze. Most computer programs have bugs. A program that has a large number of bugs (or possibly a single or a few serious bugs) is said to be buggy. +Most bugs are caused by bad programming by the developer, but sometimes they can be caused by compiler problems. When bugs are found, people send bug reports to the developer to tell them about the bug and let them fix it. +Sometimes, people say that their computer has a bug when something is wrong with it. The problem is usually caused by a computer virus which is making their computer slow or do different things. +Some bugs are harmless, for example, many video games incorrectly allow objects to move through walls. Other bugs are more severe, for example, a bug in a navigation system that causes an airplane to explode, or the two bugs in the Therac-25 radiation therapy machine's control software, which caused it to produce far more radiation than intended, killing at least three people. +Types of bugs. +Buffer overflow. +A buffer overflow happens when a program writes to or reads from an area of memory that it is not supposed to access. +Arithmetic overflow. +An arithmetic overflow happens when a number contained in a variable is increased beyond the highest number that the variable allows. This will usually cause the number to reset back to zero. +Infinite loop. +An infinite loop happens when a program enters a loop (a series of instructions that is repeated many times) and there is no way out of the loop. This can cause the program to freeze. +Roundoff errors. +If a floating point variable doesn't have enough precision, the number stored in it can be inaccurate. This can cause various problems depending on the type of program, for example it could cause a navigation program to navigate to an unintended location, or distorted sound in an audio recording program. +Division by zero. +Division by zero is an invalid math operation. If a program divides an integer by zero, it will crash. On Linux, the message displayed when this bug occurs is "floating point exception", even though floating point numbers were not involved. Floating point math sometimes allows division by zero. This will usually result in a special "not a number" value. +Clipping problems. +In video games, clipping problems, also called collision detection problems, occur when an object passes through a barrier (such as a wall, floor, or ceiling) that it was not intended to pass through. This is a very common bug found throughout many video games. This can happen, for example, in Doom 2 when a crushed monster is resurrected by an arch-vile. Clipping problems can often be used as a time-saving tactic in speedruns, for example, in Super Mario 64 it is possible to skip walking up the spiral staircase in the castle by jumping through the ceiling. +Security bugs. +Security bugs are bugs that allow an intruder to either gain access to the computer, or cause the computer to crash. Causing the computer to crash is called a denial-of-Service attack. Security bugs are considered especially important to fix because they might allow intruders to steal important information such as credit card numbers or passwords. Examples of security bugs include Heartbleed and Shellshock. +Misbugs. +A misbug is a bug that has been used as a feature. An example would be a bug in an Android phone that allows users to gain root access. +Hardware bugs. +Some bugs affect hardware (the physical parts of a computer) instead of software. For example, running the instruction codice_1 on old Pentium processors would cause the processor to stop working until rebooted. Since hardware bugs are physical design flaws, they can not be corrected with a software update, although it may be possible to work around (hide) the bug with a software update, for example, by checking for the conditions that cause the bug or by rearranging data in a way that prevents the bug from occurring. + += = = Telephone tapping = = = +Telephone tapping or wire tapping/wiretapping is when somebody listens to another person's telephone calls. They usually use a listening device called a "bug" to listen to and record the conversation so that another person can then listen to it later. +This is illegal in many countries, including the UK and US because it means that telephone calls are not private. Sometimes, the police need to 'tap' into telephone calls to catch terrorists or other criminals. Evidence from illegal tops may be used in criminal trials in some countries. + += = = Sara Paxton = = = +Sara Paxton (born April 25, 1988, California) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Mari Collingwood in "The Last House on the Left". She is also known for acting in the movies, "Aquamarine", "Halloweentown 3". She has starred in her own television show called "Darcy's Wildlife". Her, mother is a Mexican Jew and her father, is an American who converted to Judaism when marrying her mother. + += = = Lipstick = = = +Lipstick is a type of cosmetic used on the lips. It is used to make the lips shiny or to color them. + += = = Lip gloss = = = +Lip gloss is a cosmetic. It makes lips shiny. Lip gloss can also have shimmer, tints, glitter and flavor. + += = = Mbabane = = = +Mbabane is the capital city of the African country of Eswatini. It is on the Mbabane River and the Polinjane River in the Mdimba Mountains. The city is in the district of Hhohho and is also the district capital. The city has an estimated population of 70,000 people. +The town grew after the country's administrative centre moved there from Manzini in 1902. It is also the commercial center for the surrounding region. Tin and iron are mined nearby. +siSwati is the main language of the city but many people also speak English. The economy of Mbabane, like the country as a whole, is based on tourism and sugar exports. + += = = Pentecostalism = = = +Pentecostalism is a faith within Evangelical Christianity. It believes in a personal experience with God through the baptism of the Holy Spirit (); the same as in the Biblical account on the Day of Pentecost. Pentecostalism is similar to the Charismatic groups, but it came about earlier and separated from the main church branches. Charismatic Christians, at least in the beginning, tended to stay in their denominations and did not divide away. +Beliefs. +There are different types of Pentecostal churches. Most believe that people must be saved by believing in Jesus as their Savior; to be forgiven for their sins and to be pleasing to God. Pentecostals also believe, like most other evangelicals, that the Bible is true and must be obeyed in decisions of faith. Some groups say speaking in tongues is the sign of the Baptism of the Holy Spirit and is not required for salvation. Some say the Baptism of the Holy Spirit is a supernatural gift for ministry that people receive after they have become a Christian. +Other groups believe in an "" based salvation. This means a person needs to repent and be baptized in the name of Jesus. They then receive the Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost). In this belief, the Holy Spirit is required for salvation; which includes speaking in tongues. Some Pentecostal churches baptize in the name of Jesus only, and some baptize in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost or spirit. +Pentecostal churches believe that Jesus still heals the sick, with the power of the Holy Spirit. They also believe in other gifts such as speaking in tongues, interpretation of tongues, supernatural knowledge, mainly about sickness or spiritual matters, and prophesy about future spiritual happenings. Many also practice exorcism, that is, casting out evil spirits. +Statistics. +See also: List of Christian denominations by number of members This list indicates that there may be 150 million Pentecostals. The largest Pentecostal denominations are: +Denomination statistics. +While not as large as some of the above organizations the following have made quite an impact on Pentecostalism: +Geographical distribution. +Sources: +"Operation World" by Patrick Johnstone and Jason Mandryk, 2000, unless otherwise indicated. + += = = Pentecost = = = +Pentecost meaning "the 50th day" in Greek), also called Whitsun, Whitsunday, or Whit Sunday in the United Kingdom and other English-speaking areas, is a holiday and season in the Christian liturgical year. It is the 50th day after Easter (and the 10th day after Ascension Thursday). It is to remember the coming of the Holy Spirit to the Apostles and other followers of Jesus as described in the book of Acts in the Bible, as Jesus had promised after he rose from the dead. About 3,000 people were baptized that day, which to many, makes it the real start of the Christian Church. + += = = Trust = = = +Some people lie and lie. While others risk the chance to be angrier at them to have trust. Trust is a trait this is earned. It can be powerful. But you can lose it easily. +Trust may refer to: +In personal relations (social sciences): + += = = Niamey = = = +Niamey is the capital city of the African country of Niger. It is Niger's largest city. The city is on the Niger River. Niamey is the administrative, cultural and economic center of the country. +The city is in a pearl millet growing region. Manufacturing industries in the city include bricks, ceramic goods, cement and weaving. +History. +Niamey was probably founded during the 18th century. It was of little importance until the French created a colonial post there in the 1890s. The city grew quickly after that happened. In 1926, it became the capital of Niger. The number of people grew slowly from about 3,000 people in 1930 to around 30,000 in 1960, 250,000 in 1980 and 675,000 in 2002. The major cause of the increase has been immigration during droughts. +Things to see. +Things to see in the city include the Niger National Museum. The museum includes a zoo, a museum of vernacular architecture, a craft centre, and displays including dinosaur skeletons and the Tree of Ténéré. The city also has American, French and Nigerien cultural centres, two major markets, and a traditional wrestling arena . +The city is the site of Diori Hamani International Airport, the National School of Administration, and Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey. + += = = Basic Roman = = = +The Basic Roman spelling of English is a 2002 proposal for regular English spelling. It is based on five principles: +The Basic Roman system serves no particular standard of English pronunciation. Instead, it gives one way to spell the different varieties of English. The system uses 22 Roman letters to represent the set of English phonemes considered by J.C. Wells. The letters ‘j’, ‘q’, ‘w’ and ‘x’ are not used (letters ‘j’ and ‘w’ are used in an extended version of the Basic Roman spelling, see below). +By way of illustration, the following reference text by V. Yule is given in traditional spelling and in Basic Roman (shown is the non-rhotic version; in the rhotic one, relevant words like ‘daughter’, ‘heart’, ‘pictures’ etc. are spelled ‘dootar’, ‘haart’, ‘pikcharz’ etc.): +A more elaborate version of the system is the Extended Basic Roman spelling of English, which uses also the letters ‘j’ and ‘w’, and has two specific two-letter combinations for the English voiced and voiceless dental fricatives. The above sample text would appear in Extended Basic Roman (non-rhotic version) as follows: +Apart from respelling of English, the Basic Roman could also be used as the target spelling of a universal algorithm for the designing of superior, user-friendly Romanization systems transliterating and transcribing a variety of languages. This ‘streamlined approach’ has been successfully tested in the case of Bulgarian language, with the 1995 Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian becoming established in Bulgaria (eventually codified in a 2009 law), and adopted also by UN in 2012, and for official US and UK use by BGN and PCGN in 2013. Recently this approach has been used to design the 2017 Streamlined System for the Romanization of Russian aimed at replacing the plethora of systems currently occurring in the non-academic practice of transliteration of Russian Cyrillic. +The Extended Basic Roman is close to one-to-one phoneme-grapheme correspondence, paving the way to a pronunciation respelling for English by means of the closely related Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English. +Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English. +The Roman Phonetic Alphabet for English is a system based on the Extended Basic Roman spelling of English. It includes two pairs of stress marks which disambiguate words which share the same spelling but have different meanings. This is to get a one-to-one phoneme (sound)–grapheme (spelling) correspondence. The system has certain similarities to the systems of the NBC Handbook of Pronunciation, the Carnegie Mellon version of Arpabet alphabet, and the World Book Dictionary. +Primary stress is indicated by the mark <’>, respectively <”> in the case of \\ and \\. Secondary stress is shown by <,> and <„> respectively. Stress marks are placed before the syllables concerned. +By way of illustration, the following reference text by V. Yule is given in traditional English spelling and in Roman Phonetic Alphabet transcription (non-rhotic version): + += = = Wadjet = = = +Wadjet is a goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was often shown in art as a cobra and was the protector of lower Egypt. Later, she became the protector of kings. Her worship was already established by the Predynastic Period, but did change somewhat as time progressed. She began as the local goddess of Per-Wadjet (Buto) but soon became a patron goddess of Lower Egypt. + += = = Buto = = = +Buto or Butos or Butosos, was the later, Greek name for an ancient Egyptian city 95 km east of Alexandria in the Nile Delta of Egypt. It is the modern "Kem Kasir". +History. +Buto originally was two cities, Pe and Dep, which merged into one city that the Egyptians named Per-Wadjet. The goddess Wadjet was its local goddess, often represented as a cobra, and she was considered the patron deity of Lower Egypt. +The city was an important site in Ancient Egypt since more than ten thousand years. Archaeological evidence shows that Upper Egyptian culture replaced the Buto-culture at the delta when Upper and Lower Egypt were unified. +Uses. +The Greek historians told that town was celebrated for its temple and oracle of the goddess Wadjet. +They also told that at Buto there was also a sanctuary of Horus. + += = = Scribe = = = +A scribe is an ancient occupation. A scribe's job involved reading and writing, especially during the Renaissance. Being a scribe meant writing letters, and historical records for kings, nobility, and temples. It was an important job when few people could read and write. Later, it changed into being secretaries, clerks: public servants, journalists, accountants and lawyers. Today, there are no scribes, but there are still authors and writers. +Egyptian scribes. +The Ancient Egyptian scribe was an important job. Ancient Egypt also had its painters and artisans who decorated tombs, buildings, furniture, statues, and other relics with pictures and hieroglyphics. In Ancient Egypt, only males could be scribes. This was so in many civilisations, because most official positions were exclusively male. +The scribes had to be able to write not only the hieroglyphs, but also the hieratic (priestly) script, and they had to know arithmetic. They used a type of paper called papyrus, made from reeds, and wrote with reed pens and ink. + += = = Ascension = = = +Ascension is a Christian holiday. The word "ascension" means "going up". According to the story told in the Bible, Jesus ascended (went up) to heaven. This was seen by his apostles. The holiday is celebrated forty days after his resurrection. The story tells that Jesus' body went to heaven, and that in heaven he sits at the right-hand side of God the Father. +Ascension Day is officially celebrated on a Thursday. However, not all countries hold the feast on this day. It is one of the ecumenical feasts. All Christians celebrate this feast, much like Easter and Pentecost. It is a very important feast in the calendar of the Christian Church. +In some countries (at least in Austria, Belgium, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany (since the 1930s), Haiti, Iceland, Indonesia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Namibia, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Vanuatu) it is a public holiday; Germany also holds its Father's day on the same date. +The Eastern churches. +The Eastern Orthodox Church calculates the date of Easter differently, so the Eastern Orthodox celebration of Ascension will usually be after the western observance (either one week, or four weeks, or five weeks later; but occasionally on the same day). The earliest possible date for the feast is May 13 (of the western calendar), and the latest possible date is June 16. Some of the Oriental Orthodox Churches, however, observe Ascension on the same date as the Western Churches. +The feast is observed with an all-night vigil. +Texts in the Bible. +The Epistle to the Romans is a book from the Bible which was written about the year 56 or 57. In it, Paul describes Christ as in heaven and in the abyss. This seems to be the earliest Christian reference to Jesus in heaven. +One of the most important texts about the "Ascension" is in the Acts of the Apostles . According to the two-source hypothesis it is also the earliest. There Jesus is taken up bodily into heaven forty days after his resurrection. The text says that the apostles saw this happening. Before going into heaven, Jesus gave a speech called the Great Commission, in which he said that he would return. In the Gospel of Luke, the "Ascension" takes place on Easter Sunday evening. The Gospel of John (c. 90-100) talks about Jesus returning to the Father. In 1 Peter (c. 90-110), Jesus has ascended to heaven and is at God's right side. Ephesians (c. 90-100) refers to Jesus ascending higher than all the heavens. First Timothy (c. 90-140) describes Jesus as taken up in glory. The traditional ending in the Book of Mark (see Mark 16) includes a short version of what Luke had said about the resurrection. It describes Jesus as being taken up into heaven and sitting at God's right hand. The way that Christ's Ascension is described is similar to the general description of his welcome in heaven, a description that comes from Hebrew scripture. The picture of Jesus rising bodily into the heavens fits in with the old traditional idea that heaven was above the earth. +Other texts about the ascension. +There are texts that are not in the Bible that also speak about ascension, for example "Pistis Sophia". +In his text "Against Heresies", Irenaeus tells about the Gnostic view that the Ascension happened eighteen months after the Resurrection. The apocryphal text known as the "Apocryphon of James" describes the teachings of Jesus to James and Peter 550 days after the resurrection, but before the ascension. This text suggests an even longer period. The recently discovered Nag Hammadi "Gospel of Thomas", like the canonical Gospel of Matthew, does not mention the Ascension. +History. +The feast of the Ascension has been celebrated for many centuries. Although we do not have anything in writing about it before the beginning of the fifth century, St. Augustine says that it is of Apostolic origin, and he speaks of it in a way that shows that all Christians celebrated it long before his time (he lived from 354 to 430). +"Christ's ascension" is mentioned in the original Nicene Creed. This text has been important to Christians ever since it was made in 325. It is included in the Mass. It is also mentioned in the Apostles' Creed. It is important for Christian belief because it shows that Jesus' humanity was taken into Heaven. "Ascension Day" is one of the chief feasts of the Christian year. There is plenty of evidence that shows that the feast dates back at least to the later 300s. +The canonical story of Jesus ascending bodily into the clouds is different from the gnostic tradition, by which Jesus was said to transcend the bodily world and return to his home in the spirit world. It also contrasts with Docetic beliefs, by which matter is basically evil and Jesus was said to have been pure spirit. +Scholars of the historical Jesus think that New Testament accounts of Jesus' resurrection were stories that were invented by the apostolic-era Christian community. Some describe the Ascension as a convenient way to disagree with ongoing appearance claims in the Christian community. + += = = Need for Speed = = = +Need for Speed, also known by its initials NFS, is a racing video game franchise, made by Electronic Arts and developed by several studios including EA Black Box, Criterion Games and Ghost Games. +These are the games of the series: + += = = ATP = = = +ATP may refer to: + += = = Jeanne Calment = = = +Jeanne Louise Calment (21 February 1875 – 4 August 1997) was a French supercentenarian and at the time of her death at age 122 years, 164 days the verified oldest person in history as well as the only person who has surpassed 120 years of age, although her claimed age is possibly disputed. +On 17 October 1995, Calment reached 120 years and 238 days to become the "oldest person ever" according to Guinness World Records, surpassing Shigechiyo Izumi of Japan, whose claim (120 years 237 days old at the time of his death on 21 February 1986, Calment's 111th birthday) has since been discounted. Calment also holds the record for being the oldest living person for the longest period of time, by far – with nearly nine years and seven months, counting from the death of Florence Knapp on 11 January 1988, to her own death on 4 August 1997. +She was the last remaining undisputed person born in the 1870s. On 12 July 1995, Tane Ikai of Japan died, and Calment became the last living link from the 1870s. Following Calment's death on 4 August 1997 at 10:45 CET, then 116-year-old Marie-Louise Meilleur became the oldest living recognized person. +Biography. +She was active during her life, lived on her own until she was almost 110, and talked a lot until months before her death. Calment still rode her bike at the age of 100 in 1975. Once, she fell off and developed a brief period of amnesia. She recovered sometime later. In 1888, when she was 13, Calment met Vincent van Gogh while he visited her uncle's shop to buy canvas. +During her later years in the 1990s, she could not hear very well. In 1995 at the age of 120 years, she became the subject of her own documentary, "120 Years with Jeanne Calment". She died in Arles. +Controversy. +A study by Russian researcher Nikolay Zak has disputed Jeanne Calment's claimed age with a hypothesis that Jeanne's daughter Yvonne, born 1898 and claimed to have died of pneumonia in 1934, usurped Jeanne's identity upon Jeanne's death in 1934. In that scenario, Jeanne Calment would have died already in 1934 and Yvonne Calment in 1997, claiming to be her mother and aged 122 but in fact she was aged 99. However, to prove if the hypothesis is true, a DNA/blood test is required. +The oldest undisputed person in history is Japanese woman Kane Tanaka, who lived to age 119 years, 107 days. + += = = François Truffaut = = = +François Roland Truffaut (6 February 1932 – 21 October 1984) was a French movie director, producer, writer, actor and critic. He was very popular in the 1960s for such noted movies as "The 400 Blows", "Jules and Jim", "Stolen Kisses", "The Wild Child" and others. +Truffaut was born in Paris and died of brain cancer in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hauts-de-Seine. + += = = Leif Erikson = = = +Leif Eriksson or Ericsson, Erickson, and Ericksson (c. 970 – c. 1020) was a Norse explorer. He was the first known European to travel to North America. +Erikson was probably born in Iceland between 970-975 and grew up in Greenland. He had two brothers named Thorstien and Thorvald and a sister named Freydís. His father was Erik the Red, who had created colonies in Greenland. Erikson is said to have visited North America long before anyone else in Europe did. According to Icelandic sagas (stories) he started a Viking settlement in Vinland. Many people think this was L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland in Canada. After landing in North America and when he was going back to Greenland, he rescued a man in his crew who had sunk. From that moment on, he was called “Leif the Lucky”. He is generally believed to be the first European to reach the North American continent, nearly four centuries before Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492. + += = = Thomas More = = = +Sir Thomas More or Saint Thomas More (7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), was an English writer, lawyer, and statesman. He held many important jobs including Speaker of the House of Commons, Lord Chancellor and advisor to the King Henry VIII. He also invented the word "utopia", which means: "an ideal place to live". This is described in the book he wrote called "Utopia". +When King Henry left the Roman Catholic Church because the Pope would not give him a divorce from his first wife, he started The Church of England. More was a devout Catholic, so he did not accept the King as head of the Church. Because of this, he was arrested and executed for treason. He was thought of as a martyr and made a saint by the Roman Catholic Church in 1935. His feast day is on 22 June and he is the patron of lawyers and politicians. A play and movie called A Man For All Seasons is based on his life. + += = = Juan Perón = = = +Juan Domingo Perón (October 8, 1895 – July 1, 1974) was an Argentine general and politician. He was born in Buenos Aires. He served as President of Argentina from 1946 to 1955, ruling with his second wife Eva Perón and again from 1973 to 1974 with his third wife Isabel Perón, who was his vice president. In Argentina, he and his second wife Eva (popularly known as Evita) are considered icons by many people, especially members of Perónist Justicialist Party, which he started and is still popular today. He was elected in 1946. In 1955 he was overthrown and forced to leave the country. In 1973, he returned and ran for president again with his third wife Isabel as vice-president and was elected. He died in Buenos Aires less than a year after being elected. His widow, Isabel took his place, which made her the first woman president in the world. +He was very popular among the working class, because he was the first politician in a long time to care about them. He required businesses to pay decent wages and safe conditions. He also did other social reforms, but also was pretty controlling. He controlled what could be said over the radio and sent people opposing him to jail. He also controlled trade unions and businesses, so although they had power, the government had the last word. + += = = Kosher = = = +Kosher is the name that Jews give to the laws about the kind of food that they may eat. Their holy books specify certain kinds of food that are all right to eat, and that other kinds should not be eaten. +The Kosher laws say that products classified as meat must not be eaten in the same meal with dairy products. Fish, fruit, and vegetables are considered neutral, called "pareve" (pronounced "PAR-veh"), and may be eaten with either meat or dairy meals. Jews who "keep kosher" have separate utensils for meat and dairy foods, and wait a number of hours after eating one type of food before eating the other type. +The meat of some animals may not be eaten at all. Animals whose meat may be eaten must be killed in a special, careful way by a religiously trained slaughterer. Meat that is not fit to eat is called "treif" (pronounced TRAYf). + += = = Cartagena, Colombia = = = +Cartagena (pronounced in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is or ), also known as Cartagena de Indias ("Cartagena of the West Indies"), is a large city seaport on the northern coast of Colombia. It is the capital of the Bolívar Department. As of 2005, it has a population of roughly 895,400. It was founded in 1533 by Don Pedro de Heredia, and named after the port of Cartagena in Spain's Murcia region. It was a major centre of early Spanish settlement in the Americas, and continues to be an economic hub as well as a popular tourist destination. + += = = Greta Garbo = = = +Greta Garbo (born Greta Lovisa Gustafsson; 18 September 1905 – 15 April 1990) was a Swedish-American actress. +Life and career. +Greta Gustafson was born in Stockholm, she studied at the Royal School of Dramatic Art in her native city, while working as a fashion model. She became a star in Sweden when Mauritz Stiller cast her in the 1924 silent movie "The Atonement of Gösta Berling". +Soon after, she came to the attention of Louis B. Mayer and went to Hollywood in 1925. Soon, she established herself as one of the world's most popular movie stars. +Some of her most notable movies include; "Mata Hari" (1931), "Queen Christina" (1933), "Camille" (1936), "Conquest" (1937) and "Ninotchka" (1939). +She retired from movies in 1941 and became an American citizen on 9 February 1951. In 1984 she had breast cancer. She lived as a semi-recluse in New York City until her death (April 15; 1990) there from renal failure and pneumonia. + += = = Anita Ekberg = = = +Kerstin Anita Marianne Ekberg (29 September 1931 11 January 2015) was a Swedish actress. She was born in Malmö, Skåne. She was best known for her role in the movie "La Dolce Vita" (1960), which was directed by Federico Fellini. +Ekberg died from a long-illness in Castelli Romani, Italy, aged 83. + += = = World Championship Wrestling = = = +World Championship Wrestling (WCW) was a professional wrestling company and also the name of a 2-hour wrestling show on TBS created by Ted Turner in 1982. +History. +One of the earliest shows to be broadcast on Ted Turner's WTBS station was World Championship Wrestling, airing at 6:05 in the afternoon. Wrestling had aired on the channel since 1972. World Championship Wrestling was taped in Atlanta, Georgia, at WTBS' studios at 1050 Techwood Drive until 1989, when the taping location was moved to the Center Stage Theater, in Atlanta. In 1988, Turner started the company World Championship Wrestling, named after the show. The show was then called WCW Saturday Night in 1992. WCW grew bigger with wrestlers such as Ric Flair, Sting, Arn Anderson, Lex Luger, The Steiner Brothers, Vader and Ron Simmons. In 1995, a Monday night show was added called WCW Monday Nitro to compete with the World Wrestling Federation and it's flagship show Raw in what became known as the "Monday Night Wars" winning until 1998. +Ted Turner lost control of his networks TBS and TNT in October 1996. He still was in charge of day-to-day operations of the Turner channels and WCW, but Time Warner had majority ownership over it, so basically any major decisions had to be approved by them. WCW began to decline in 1998 and got significantly worse after an event called the Fingerpoke of Doom on the first Nitro of 1999. In January 2001, AOL merged with Time Warner and Ted Turner was forced out of TNT, TBS and WCW. The new owners decided not to show wrestling anymore. Turner still supported wrestling, but Time Warner didn't and in the end WCW was bought out by the World Wrestling Federation who shut it down. +The video library and copyrights were bought by WWE on March 23, 2001. WWE Classics On Demand continues to show episodes of the original World Championship Wrestling program. + += = = The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air = = = +The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air is an American television series. It is a sitcom that aired on NBC from September 10, 1990, to May 20, 1996 for six seasons. It is set in Bel Air, Los Angeles, and stars Will Smith as the "Fresh Prince". At the beginning he lives with his mother in poverty in Philadelphia. In the first episode he moves to Bel Air to live with his rich aunt, uncle and cousins. It was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards. The show was also successful outside of the United States, and was on the UK channel BBC2 from 1991 to 2004. + += = = The Nation of Domination = = = +The Nation of Domination (NoD) was a professional wrestling stable (a group of wrestlers who work together) in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). The group was based on the Nation of Islam. It was created in the WWF by Faarooq. There were usually no more than four or five members of the NoD at any one time but as members left or became injured, other wrestlers would replace them. Members of the NoD included Rocky Maivia (The Rock), Crush, Savio Vega, D'Lo Brown, Ahmed Johnson, Kama Mustafa, Mark Henry and Owen Hart. The NoD separated in October 1998. +The NoD fought mainly against D-Generation X, led by Triple H. + += = = Potomac River = = = +The Potomac River is a river in the eastern United States. It is 665 kilometers long. It forms part of the borders between Maryland, West Virginia, Washington, D.C., and Virginia. The Potomac flows to the Chesapeake Bay. It has two sources. The North Branch starts at Fairfax Stone in West Virginia, and the South Branch starts in Highland County, Virginia. The North Branch and the South Branch meet in Hampshire County, West Virginia, and make the Potomac River. + += = = Greenbrier County, West Virginia = = = +Greenbrier County is a county in the state of West Virginia, in the United States. About 33,000 people were living in Greenbrier County as of 2020. Greenbrier County has an area of 1,025 square miles. + += = = Emperor Go-Sanjō = = = + was the 71st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 1068 and ended in 1073. +This 11th century sovereign was named after Emperor Sanjō and "go-" (�), translates literally as "later." He is sometimes called the "Later Emperor Sanjō". The Japanese word "go" has also been translated to mean the "second one;" and in some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Sanjō, the second," or as "Sanjo II." +Traditional narrative. +His personal name ("imina") was . +He was the second son of Emperor Go-Suzaku, and his mother was Empress Sadako, the third daughter of Emperor Sanjō. This made him the first Emperor in 170 years whose mother was not of the Fujiwara family. +Era names. +The Japanese era names ("nengō") of his reign were + += = = Emperor Jimmu = = = + was the 1st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Jimmu is known as the founder of the Imperial dynasty. +There are no certain dates for this emperor's life or reign. The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. +Historians debate whether or not Emperor Jimmu actually existed because there is limited evidence of him. Some stories about him may reflect actual events that happened. +Traditional history. +Jimmu is almost certainly a legend. His name and genealogy are recorded in the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki". Jimmu is regarded as a direct descendant of the Shinto sun goddess, Amaterasu. +During reign of Emperor Jimmu, the capital of Japan was at Kashiwabara, Yamato at the foot of Mt. Unebi. +Events of Jimmu's life. +The absence of information about Jimmu does not mean that he did or did not exist. There is very little data about the rulers of Japan before the reign of Emperor Bidatsu +The traditional story is that Jimmu came from Kyushu to Yamato Province on the island of Honshu. The story explains that he followed a three legged crow. He established his reign at Kashihara near Osaka. +After his death. +This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Jimmu. +The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") in Kashihara at Nara. The mausoleum is located a short distance from Kashihara Shrine. +National holiday. +In 1872, the Meiji government declared that February 11, 660 BC was the exact date on which the reign of Jimmu began. This was identified as the start of the Japanese nation. This mythical date was commemorated as the holiday "Kigensetsu" ("Era Day"). This national holiday was celebrated from 1872 to 1948. +The "Kigensetsu" events in 1940 were special. They celebrated what was believed to be 2,600 years since the start of Emperor Jimmu's reign. +There has been a similar Japanese national holiday since February 11, 1966. It is called National Foundation Day ("Kenkoku Kinen no hi"). + += = = Posthumous name = = = +A posthumous name is an honorary name given to someone after their death. This type of name was common with naming royalty in the countries of Japan and China. They were also sometimes used in Vietnam and Korea. +History. +This idea was created during the Zhou Dynasty in China. The first person to be named in this way was Ji Chang, named by his son. His son, Ji Fa of Zhou, called his father the "Civil King". This meant that he found his father to be good and sympathetic to the people he ruled. +These sort of names were not used during the Qin Dynasty. During that time, these names were not thought to show respect. Posthumous names were used again during the Han Dynasty. +Chinese emperors. +Chinese posthumous names, for rulers, end in one or both symbols for "emperor", "Huángdì". This can be shortened to "Dì". +These names were sometimes very long. They can be good names or bad. Good names are called respectful names (or "zūn hào" in Chinese). Some of these names are: +Japanese emperors. +The posthumous names of Japanese emperors are called "teigō". Some names are given a long time after their death. Others are given right after the emperor had died. +Some of these names tell about the place they were born or lived in, or traits they had that their people admired. +Some also put together two previous emperors' or empresses' names, like Empress Meishō. The empresses before her were called Gemmei and Genshō. So her name became Meishō. + += = = You Can't Do That on Television = = = +You Can't Do That on Television (YCDTOTV) is a Canadian children's television program that aired on Nickelodeon in the USA. It was created by Roger Price and produced from 1979 until 1990. It mostly featured child actors in a sketch comedy format, acting out short scenes based on a theme that served as the topic for the episode. Connecting scenes based on the theme would often serve to create a story arc that lasted the length of the episode. It became known for its iconic green slime that was originally used in this show. The series is known also because future pop recording artist Alanis Morissette was in it as a cast member at some time. +In 2002, and again in 2004, "YCDTOTV" cast members reunited alongside fans of the show at SlimeCon, a fan-produced convention in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. "YCDTOTV" was a children's comedy show. Some people see it as a nostalgic cult classic. During the 2004 event, a "Top Secret" reunion special had its premiere. + += = = Medellín = = = +Medellín (pronounced or , Spanish: or ) is the capital city in the Metropolitan Area of Medellín of the Antioquia Department, Colombia. It was founded in 1616 by Francisco Herrera Campuzano. As of 2014, the municipality of Medellín had a population of about 2.45 million inhabitants. This makes it the second most populated city in Colombia after Bogotá, which is the capital city of Colombia. Medellín also is the core of the Valle de Aburrá ("Aburrá Valley") metropolitan area. This is the second largest metropolitan area in Colombia, with more than 3.8 million inhabitants, and a leading and productive industrial and urban center. +The city's major problem is unemployment. Many other Colombian cities also have this problem. People from Antioquia and especially from Medellín are called Paisas although the Paisas are people from the departments of Antioquia, Risaralda, Caldas and Quindío. + += = = Nouakchott = = = +Nouakchott () is the capital city of the African county of Mauritania. It is the largest city in that country and one of the largest cities on the Sahara Desert. The city is the administrative and economic centre of Mauritania. The Arabic name is said to mean "The place of winds" in the language of the Berber people. +The city is often a place where the urban Mauritanians and the nomadic people of the area can interact. +The population of Nouakchott is about 881,000 people. It is hard to know exactly how many people live in the city because many of them are nomadic. They find a good place to live, set up their tent for a short time and then move to somewhere else. +Although Islam is the state religion in Mauritania, Nouakchott includes the Cathedral of St. Joseph, a Catholic cathedral. +Nouakchott has a deep-sea port. It was opened in 1986. The port is mainly used for imports. The city also features an international airport. The city is home to the Université de Nouakchott. It is the only university in Mauritania. Things to see in Nouakchott include Nouakchott Museum, several markets including Nouakchott Silver Market, and the beaches. +History. +Nouakchott has very little history. It was a tiny fishing town until 1958. It is possible that the Berber Muslim Almoravids came from the area. The city was selected as the capital city for its mild climate and its location near the center of the country. +Mauritania was part of the larger French colony of French West Africa. During that time, Saint-Louis, in Senegal was the capital. In 1957, this small port town was chosen to be the capital of the new country. A building program was begun to grow its population to 15,000. In 1962, Nouakchott became the capital of an independent country. +The city has much growth. Because of the north African drought since the beginning of the 1970s many people have moved to the city. +Geography. +Nouakchott is located on the Atlantic coast of the Sahara Desert. The city is very spread out. It has only a few tall buildings. +Nouakchott is built around a large tree-lined street, Avenue Abd an-Nasir. This street runs northeast through the city center from the airport. Other major streets are named (in French) for notable Mauritanian people, or international people of the 1960s: Avenue de Gaulle, Avenue Kennedy, and Avenue Lumumba, for example. +Temperatures range between 33°C (92°F) and 13 °C (56 °F). The average rainfall is 178mm (7in) a year. + += = = Saint Nicholas = = = +Saint Nicholas (Greek: ����� ��������, ayios nicholaos) (270–6 December 343), or Nikolaos of Myra, was the Bishop of Myra. +He was born in the Greek colony of Patara, in Asia Minor. Myra is near Antalya, in modern-day Turkey. +In the 11th century, his remains were taken to Bari, Italy, to save them from Turkish (Muslim) invaders. +He is the patron saint of very many groups, including thieves and murderers. So far as is known, what he did in that respect was to protect the "falsely accused". +He is venerated in both Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches. +Life. +His parents were relatively well-off. Nicholas is said to have distributed his fortune among the poor. This is relatively well documented. Less documented deeds of his include saving children from drowning. Nicholas saved young girls from being made prostitutes (because their fathers did not have the money for a dowry). He helped seamen in a storm and saved a child that was abducted. +In the Eastern Orthodox Church, Saint Nicholas of Myra is a very prominent figure. Very often, the third large icon on the Iconostasis in Orthodox churches is devoted to him. The other two are usually devoted to Jesus, and to Mary with the child. +The Cantata by Benjamin Britten. +The modern composer Benjamin Britten composed a cantata for orchestra and choir about the life of St. Nicholas. It is very popular and often performed. +In modern times. +He is the Saint behind the legendary character of Santa Claus. He is the patron Saint of Children, of Seafarers and merchants. The Hanseatic League chose him as their patron saint. Over 400 churches and several thousands all over the world are named after Nicholas of Myra. He is also the patron saint of both Amsterdam, capital of Netherlands and Moscow, capital of Russia. + += = = HBO = = = +The Home Box Office (HBO) is an American cable television network. HBO show movies made for theaters as well as television. The also show many original television programs, including "The Sopranos", "Six Feet Under", "Crashbox" and "Big Love". Other popular series include "George and Martha", "Oz", "True Blood", "Carnivàle", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "Game of Thrones", "Boardwalk Empire", "The Wire", "Entourage" and "Deadwood". HBO is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery. + += = = The Electric Company = = = +The Electric Company was an educational American children's television series. It was produced by the Children's Television Workshop (1971-1977)/Sesame Workshop (2006 and 2009-2011) for PBS in the United States. PBS broadcast 930 episodes over nine seasons from 1971 to 1977, 2006, and 2009 to 2011. CTW (1971-1977)/Sesame Workshop (2006/2009-2011) produced the show at Reeves Teletape Studios (1971-1977)/Kaufman Astoria Studios (2006/2009-2011) Second Stage in Manhattan. +"The Electric Company" used sketch comedy and other devices to create an entertaining program to help children of elementary-school age get better at reading skills. It was meant for children who had "graduated" from CTW's main program, "Sesame Street." +Season 1 was released on October 25, 1971 - April 21, 1972; season 2 was released on October 23, 1972 - April 20, 1973; season 3 was released on October 22, 1973 - April 19, 1974, season 4 was released on October 21, 1974 - April 18, 1975, season 5 was released on October 20, 1975 - April 16, 1976, season 6 was released on October 18, 1976 - April 15, 1977, season 7 is released in 2006 and January 19 - October 1, 2009, season 8 is released in January 25 - May 7, 2010, and season 9 is released in February 7 - March 28, 2011. June Angela as Julie (1971-1977 and 2009) was a long-running cast member of the 1971-1977 rock band named The Short Circus. In 2006, the 1977 departed 1975-1977 cast were or was replaced by the 2009-2011 cast playing the Ruiz family and their friends in their gang. In the comic book, season 10 is released in 2012. + += = = Model (person) = = = +A model is a person who has the job of using their body to pose for art, or to show fashion items, such as clothes or jewellery. Models often appear in advertising on television and in print media, for example newspapers and magazines, or on the web. +First model. +The first person described to work as a fashion model was Parisian shopgirl, Marie Vernet Worth. She was a 'house' model in 1852, for her fashion designer husband at the "haute couture" House of Worth. +Commercial models. +There are many different types of models. Some models only use certain parts of their bodies. For example, a "hand model" is a person who only uses their hands. A hand model would be used to display certain items, for example rings and watches. These models are mostly used for advertisements. +Fashion models are used to sell clothing or cosmetics. People who make clothing will often use fashion models to wear the clothing they make at fashion shows. The models will walk up and down a raised section of floor called the catwalk or "runway" to show the clothing to other people. Some exclusive 'fashion houses' also use models to show off their dresses to clients. This idea was invented by Charles Worth. +Photographers use models for advertising, editorial and personal portfolio work. Work can involve news, fine art, fashion, fitness and glamour. Some photographers may ask models to express different moods or feeling for pictures. +Models can be all shapes and sizes, both men and women. Models do not have to be size zero, though most are young, good-looking females. There are specialist models for feet, hands and face, all of which may be photographed for various reasons. Some models are "plus-size" models and are of a larger build. +Supermodels. +A supermodel is a highly paid model who usually has a worldwide reputation. The term "supermodel" began being used in the 1980s. Supermodels usually work for top fashion designers and famous clothing brands. They have multimillion-dollar contracts. They also have endorsements and campaigns. They have branded themselves as household names and are recognized worldwide. +Art models. +Fine art models are hired by photographers, painters, sculptors and other artists to pose for their art. +Models are frequently used during art classes, but are also employed by professional artists. The most common types of art created using models are figure drawing and painting, sculpture and photography. Although commercial motives dominate over aesthetics in advertising, its 'artwork' commonly employs models. +Throughout the history of Western art, drawing the human figure from life was considered the best way to develop the skill of drawing. In the art school classroom setting, there are no real limitations on who the model can be. In some cases, the model may pose with various props, one or more other models, animals etc., against real or artificial background, in natural or artificial light and so on. +Models for life drawing classes are often nude, apart from visually non-obstructive personal items such as small jewellery and sometimes eyeglasses. This may be referred to as being 'undraped' or 'disrobed'. +Employment. +Models typically work in one of two ways: + += = = Jacques Rougeau = = = +Jacques Rougeau Jr. (born June 13, 1960 in Saint-Sulpice, Quebec) is a French-Canadian retired professional wrestler. He is best known for his time working with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in the 1980s and 1990s. He first teamed with his brother Raymond Rougeau as The Fabulous Rougeaus. He would later have a singles career and wrestled under the ring name The Mountie. He later formed The Quebecers with Pierre. Rougeau also wrestled for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1996 until 1998 where he teamed with Carl Ouellet as The Amazing French Canadians. +During his career, Rougeau was a one-time WWF Intercontinental Champion and a three-time WWF Tag Team Championship with Quebecer Pierre. + += = = Ezzard Charles = = = +Ezzard Mack Charles (July 7, 1921 – May 28, 1975) was an African-American professional boxer. He was the heavyweight boxing champion from September 27, 1950, when he outpointed Joe Louis in 15 rounds in New York City, to July 18, 1951, when he was knocked out by Jersey Joe Walcott in 7 rounds in Pittsburgh. +As an amateur, Charles was undefeated and in 1939 won the national AAU Middleweight Championship. Charles turned professional in 1940, but his career was interrupted while he served in the United States military during World War II. Charles won the World Heavyweight Championship in 1950 and retired from boxing in 1959 with a record of 96 wins, 25 losses, and 1 draw. Ring Magazine named Charles Fighter of the Year in 1949 and 1950. In 1976, Cincinnati honored Charles by renaming a street Ezzard Charles Drive and in 1990 he was posthumously inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame. In 2009, Boxing Magazine designated Charles the greatest light heavyweight boxer of all time. + += = = Religion of ancient Egypt = = = +The religion of ancient Egypt lasted throughout their civilization. After about three thousand years, the Egyptian people turned to Coptic Christianity and Islam. These religions were brought by influences from outside. Christianity spread across Egypt in the third and fourth centuries AD. After the Muslim conquest of Egypt in the 7th century, most Egyptians were converted to Islam by the 10th century. +Gods. +At the beginning, there were five different religious groups of people in Egypt. Each groups had different beliefs, and were based in different places. +During the history of Egypt, the beliefs changed with the current leader. When someone rose in power, their belief system rose as well. The new beliefs would combined with the beliefs that were already there. This happened even after the end of the ancient Egyptian civilization as it is known today. An example of this might be the "New Kingdom". During its time, the gods Ra and Amun, became Amun-Ra. Joining to create one god is usually referred to as syncretism. +History of the gods. +The Egyptians believed that in the beginning, the universe was filled with the dark waters of chaos. The first god, Re-Atum, came from the water. Re-Atum spat and this created the gods Shu (god of air) and Tefnut (goddess of moisture). The world was created when Shu and Tefnut gave birth to two children: Nut (goddess of the sky) and Geb (god of the Earth). Humans were created when Shu and Tefnut went walking in the darkness and got lost. Re-Atum sent his eye to find them. After finding them, his tears of joy turned into people. +Nut and Geb had sex. When Shu heard about this, he did not want them to be together. He became the air between the sky and ground. He also said that the pregnant Nut could not give birth. Nut begged Thoth to help. Thoth gambled with the moon-god Khonsu. He won five more days to be added to the 360-day year. Nut had one child on each of these days: Osiris, Isis, Set, Nephthys, and Horus-the-Elder. +Osiris was the king of Egypt. His brother, Seth, murdered him and became the king. After killing him, Seth tore the body of Osiris into pieces. Isis rescued the pieces. She wanted to bury the pieces under the temple. After Seth became king, he was fought by Horus, Osiris's son. Seth lost and was sent to the desert. Seth became the god of horrible storms. Osiris was mummified by Anubis and became God of the dead. Horus became the new king. In ancient Egypt, it was believed that the pharaohs were Horus's descendants. +The ancient Greeks believed that Egyptian gods and goddesses were the descendants of their gods and goddesses. In ancient Greek Mythology, when the titan Typhon was set free, all of the Greek gods (except for Hermes and Zeus) fled to Egypt. In Greece, many of the gods made themselves turn into animals to hide themselves from Typhon. +Death. +Egypt had a developed view of the afterlife with rituals for preparing the body and soul for a peaceful life after death. Beliefs about the soul and afterlife focused mainly on preserving the body. This was because they believed that the "ka" (a part of a person's soul that was depicted as a bird with a persons head) was still living in the body after death and it was important for the ka to be reunited with the ba, the spirit or soul to form the akh. This meant that embalming and mummification were done, in order to preserve the person's identity in the afterlife. Originally the dead were buried in reed coffins in the hot sand, which caused the remains to dry quickly, and then were buried. Later, they started constructing wooden tombs, and the long process of mummification was developed by the Egyptians around the 4th Dynasty. All soft tissues were removed, and the cavities washed and packed with natron, then the outer body was buried in natron as well. The heart was the only organ left within the body as it was believed the heart had to be weighed in the underworld to see if the person was worthy of a peaceful afterlife. The other organs were placed in 'canopic jars' which had seals depicting the heads of the Gods that guarded the intestines: Imsety,an Egyptian man who guards the liver, Hapi, a baboon who guards the lungs, Duamutef, a jackal who guards the stomach and Qebehsenuef, a falcon who guards the intestines. +After coming out of the natron, the bodies were coated inside and out with resin to preserve them, then wrapped with linen bandages, embedded with religious amulets and talismans. In the case of royalty, this was usually then placed inside a series of nested coffins. The outer layer of the coffins was a stone sarcophagus. Other creatures were also mummified, sometimes thought to be pets of Egyptian families, but more likely they represented the gods. They left the heart in place because they thought it was the home of the soul. +The Book of the Dead was a series of almost two hundred spells represented as texts, songs and pictures written on papyrus. They were individually customized for the dead. They were buried along with the dead to make their passage into the underworld easier. After working their way through lakes of fire, spitting cobras, demon jackals and giant bugs their soul is led into a hall of judgment in Duat by Anubis (god of mummification) and the deceased's heart, which was the record of the morality of the owner, is weighed against a single feather representing Ma'at (the concept of truth, and order). A heart that weighed less than the feather was considered a pure heart. This resulted in a good outcome. A heart heavy with guilt and sin from one's life weighed more than the feather, and so the heart would be eaten by Ammit ("Eater of Hearts")–part crocodile, part lion, and part hippopotamus. If the outcome was good, the dead are taken to Osiris, god of the afterlife, in Aaru, but the if the out come was bad, the demon Ammit destroyed their heart which killed the soul. The person would then be placed in a special place with food just out of reach of their hands. If they ever got the food, demons would put them into a hole to make it harder for them. +The Greeks wrote a myth about a King who was forced to do the same thing but he was imprisoned in a lake. Whenever he bent his head to have some water, the lake would drain away only to bring the water back when he stopped trying. There was also food above his head on a tree and whenever he reached out for it the branch would move away. +The monotheistic period. +A short time of monotheism (Atenism) happened when Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV) was pharaoh. He focused the religion on the Egyptian sun god Aten. The Aten is usually shown as a sun disk with rays coming out of all sides. Akhenaten built a new capital at Amarna with temples for The Aten. Akhenaten's religion only lasted until his death. The old religion was quickly restored by Tutankhamun, Akhenaten's son by his wife Kiya. +While most historians say this period is monotheistic, some researchers do not. They say that people worshipped the royal family as gods who got their divine power from the Aten. In one picture, Akhanaten is shown with his wife Nefertiti with three of their 6 daughters sitting under the beams of the Aten. This point of view is mostly ignored by the historians. Some researchers say that Akhenaten or some of his viziers were Moses or Joseph (Bible) from the Bible. +After the fall of the Amarna dynasty, the original Egyptin pantheon was the main religion, until the development Coptic Christianity and later Islam, even though the Egyptians continued to have relations with the other monotheistic cultures (the Hebrews). Egyptian mythology put up surprisingly little resistance to the spread of Christianity. This is sometimes explained by saying that Jesus was originally a syncretism based mainly on Horus, with Isis and her worship becoming Mary. + += = = Kyle Broflovski = = = +Kyle Broflovski (sometimes called Brovlofski or Broflofski) is a fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". He is voiced by and influenced by Matt Stone, one of the people who made the show. Kyle is one of the four main characters. The other three main characters are Stan Marsh, Kenny McCormick, and Eric Cartman. He is friends with Stan and Kenny. They are all in fourth grade. They all hang out with Eric Cartman. They do not like him because he can be mean and offensive. Kyle usually acts as the protagonist to Cartman's antagonist. Because Kyle is one of the few Jewish children on the show, he sometimes feels like an outcast between the main group of characters. +Appearance. +Keeping with the animation style of South Park, Kyle is created from simple geometrical shapes. He is not given the same free range of motion like characters that are drawn by hand. In one of the earliest episodes, he was created out of construction paper cutouts and animated with the use of stop motion. Kyle is now animated with computer software. He is shown to give the sense that the show still uses the original animation technique. +Kyle wears a bright green cap with ear flaps (shapka or bomber-hat), a bright orange jacket, dark green pants, and lime-green mittens or gloves. When he is not seen wearing his cap (which does not happen very often), he is shown to have a bright red-to-auburn Jewfro. He does not like this hairstyle. +Character. +Kyle lives with his family in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. He has an adopted brother named Ike. Ike is from Canada. Both Kyle and Ike are Jewish. Kyle is one of the smartest students in the fourth grade class at his elementary school. Cartman usually makes fun of Kyle because he is Jewish. +Family. +Kyle's father, Gerald is a caring parent to Kyle who usually tries to teach him important morals and ethics. His mother, Sheila is a very overprotective and has a knack for fequently protesting in things that opposes or comes across her ideas or beliefs. Even though her personality sometimes bothers Kyle, he is known to have still loved her and would come to here defense when Cartman would make fun of Kyle's mom. Sheila is based on the stereotype about Jewish mothers. Kyle usually has a good relationship with his parents, although he sometimes would rebel against them. +Kyle also has one brother, Ike. Ike is his younger brother who was adopted from Canada. In the earlier episodes of the series, Kyle sometimes played a game he called "kick the baby", where he would punt Ike into the air. Kyle is shown to be caring for Ike and tries to protect him several times. In addition to his regular family, Kyle has a cousin who shares the same name with him. However, Kyle did not seem to like his cousin and tried to send him away several times. + += = = Eric Cartman = = = +Eric Theodore Cartman is a fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". He is voiced by co-creator Trey Parker. +Appearance. +Eric is an overweight child, who wears a red winter jacket, yellow gloves, brown pants, and sports a light blue/cyan woolly hat with yellow rims and a yellow poof ball on top of it. +Overview. +Cartman is one of four main characters in the series. He is often the main reason for their adventures because of his over-enthusiasm and selfishness. +Hates. +Cartman often reacts violently to things that he hates. He hates any race or group of which he is not a member, particularly the Jews. He also has sociopathic tendencies. This comes from his rivalry with Kyle Broflovski. +In an older pilot episode for South Park, Cartman is killed, causing Stan and Kyle to utter the iconic phrase: "Oh My God, They Killed Kenny; You Bastards!", although, since it was "Cartman" who was killed, this makes us believe that originally, Cartman was Kenny (vice versa). +Evil Activities. +Eric idolizes Adolf Hitler, Henry Ford, and Mel Gibson. He is also a fan of T.S. Elliot. He often tricks others, at which he is good at, to meet his own ends, no matter the consequences to other people, even if it can result in deaths. Cartman has gone to prison. +In the earlier seasons, Cartman was often seen taking advantage of or tricking Butters Stotch into doing something, at the expense of Cartman's enjoyment. These include, forcing Butters to stay in a bunker so Eric can take his place in going to an event and plastering a fake pair of testicles on his chin so he can go on television. +Family. +Cartman lives with his mother. He previously had a pet pig and cat, but they both stopped appearing in episodes. In the original pilot episode, Cartman and his mother are seen eating dinner with a man and little girl, presumably his father and younger sister. Whilst episodes have been dedicated about the identity of Eric's father, nothing has ever been said of the mysterious sister. It is eventually revealed that his father is that of Mr. Tenorman, father of Scott Tenorman, Eric's one-time rival. What makes this worse is that, in one episode, he grinds Scotts' parents into chilli after they stole a pony and feeds it to Scott. With this information, that means that in reality, Eric grinded up his own Father. +In an earlier season, Cartman, Linda, Kyle, Kenny, and Stan travel to the state of Nebraska to meet Eric's relative. Many of the younger male relatives have a striking resemblance to him, such as his youngest cousin named Elvin, who was always carrying a melting chocolate ice pop and had chocolate smeered on his mouth. We never and hear of these Nebraskan relatives after the episode. +Cartman was briefly in a relationship with school student, Heidi Turner. + += = = Psyche = = = +Psyche can refer to two different concepts: + += = = ...And Justice for All (album) = = = +...And Justice For All is Metallica's fourth album and was released on September 7, 1988. It was Metallica's first album since the death of Cliff Burton, who was replaced by Jason Newsted as their bass player. It shall be said though, that they recorded and released The $5.98 E.P.: Garage Days Re-Revisited, which only include five songs covered by Metallica, but it is often not counted as a Metallica album, as it only contain five cover songs. +Track listing. +All songs written by James Hetfield, Lars Ulrich, and Kirk Hammett except where noted. + += = = Armenian Apostolic Church = = = +The Armenian Apostolic Church (Armenian: ��� ���������� �������), also called the Armenian Orthodox Church or the Gregorian Church, is the world's oldest national church and one of the most ancient Christian communities. +History. +The Kingdom of Armenia was the first state to adopt Christianity as its official religion under the rule of King Tiridates in the early 4th century. The church claims to have originated in the missions of Apostles Bartholomew and Thaddeus in the 1st century, by tradition. The Church teaches that it was first preached by two Apostles of Jesus, St. Thaddeus and St. Bartholomew. The Armenian Apostolic Church claims to been in existence since the days of the apostles and therefore would be one of the oldest denominations of Christianity. Armenia was the first country to adopt Christianity as its official religion, when St. Gregory the Illuminator converted Tiridates III (the King of Armenia) and members of his court, traditionally dated to 301 (after Mikayel Chamchian 1784). The Church teaches that St. Gregory was imprisoned by Tiridates in an underground pit, called Khor Virab, for 13 years, after which he healed the King of an incurable disease, whereupon Tiridates accepted Christianity. + += = = National church = = = +The term national church is usually a reference to a church organization in Christianity that claims pastoral jurisdiction over a nation. The term should not be confused with established church (state church): a national church differs from a state church such that a national church does not necessarily need to be officially endorsed by the state, and even may be persecuted by the government (as Orthodox churches were persecuted under communist regimes). A state religion is similar to a national or state church, except the religion need not be Christian. +The term national church (or "independent church") is used a lot within, but is not shortened to, the Anglican Communion and Orthodox Christianity. For example, the Episcopal Church in the United States of America considers itself to be the national church of the United States. +In Catholicism, the term national church might mean to a parish catering to immigrants from another nation. + += = = List of football clubs in Armenia = = = +This is a list of Armenian football (soccer) clubs. + += = = FC Zvartnots = = = +FC Zvartnots is an Armenian football club from Yerevan. +The club made their first notable result in the 1998 Armenian First League, where they became the league's champions and win promotion to the Armenian Premier League. +For a few years Zvartnots would become one of the main contenders in the Premier League. In their first Premier League season they reached the fourth spot, while in 2001 they became second after FC Pyunik. In the 2003 season they would still be among the Premier League clubs, however they withdrew before the season and did not return in professional football since. + += = = Armenian Premier League = = = +The Armenian Premier League is the top football competition in Armenia. +History. +It was founded by the Football Federation of Armenia in 1992. From 1936 to 1991, the games were held as a regional tournament within the USSR. For the first three years the season ran from spring to fall, but since the 1995-1996 season has run from summer to spring. The league currently consists of six teams, and the worst teams relegates to the Armenian First League. Over the years, the league has shrunk from a league consisting of only eight teams to six teams. and + += = = Football Federation of Armenia = = = +The Football Federation of Armenia (FFA) is the governing body of football in Armenia. It organizes the Armenian Premier League and the Armenian national football team. It is based in Yerevan. + += = = Orhan Pamuk = = = +Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born June 7, 1952) is a famous Nobel Prize-winning Turkish author. Pamuk is a post-modernist writer. He has won many writing awards around the world. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature on October 12 2006, which made him the first Turkish person to win the Nobel Prize. +In 2005, he faced criminal charges because of comments he made in an interview. In the interview, Pamuk said about Armenian Genocide, "Thirty thousand Kurds, and a million Armenians were killed in these lands and nobody dares to talk about it." Pamuk faced a hate campaign and he had to flee the country. The charges were dropped in early 2006 under an influence of international movement of Amnesty International and European Parliament. + += = = Corpse (disambiguation) = = = +Corpse could mean: + += = = Lake Van = = = +Lake Van (, ) is the largest lake in Turkey, in the far east of the country. +Akdamar Island is in this lake. Although Lake Van is at altitude with harsh winters, it does not freeze because it is very salty, except occasionally the shallow northern section. +History. +The lake was the center of the Urartian kingdom from about 1000 BC, and the capital of Urartu, Tushpa, was on the shore of Lake Van (on the site of the medieval castle of Van, west of Van city). +Later the land around the lake was ruled by Armenians. Along with Lake Sevan in today's Armenia and Lake Urmia in today's Iran, Van was one of the three great lakes of the Armenian Kingdom, referred to as "the seas of Armenia". + += = = Kurdish language = = = +The Kurdish language (Kurdish: Kurdî) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Kurdish people in an area called Kurdistan, including by Kurdish people in parts of the countries Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey. Kurdish has two main dialects and many subs dialects, the two mains are : Kurmanji and Sorani. It belongs to the same language group as the Iranian languages. Another well-known Iranian language is Persian. It is considered an Indo-European language. + += = = Annual plant = = = +In Botany, an annual plant is a plant that usually germinates, flowers and dies in one year. True annuals will only live longer than a year if they are prevented from setting seed. Some seedless plants can also be considered annuals even though they do not flower. +In gardening, annual often refers to a plant grown outdoors in the spring and summer and surviving just for one growing season. +Many food plants are, or are grown as, annuals, including most domesticated grains. Some perennials and biennials are grown in gardens as annuals for convenience, particularly if they are not considered cold hardy for the local climate. Carrot, celery and parsley are true biennials that are usually grown as annual crops for their edible roots, petioles and leaves, respectively. Tomato, sweet potato and bell pepper are tender perennials usually grown as annuals. +Ornamental annuals are often called bedding plants. Annuals are often used in gardens to provide splashes of color, as they tend to have a longer season of bloom than hardy herbaceous perennials. +Examples of true annuals include corn, lettuce, pea, cauliflower, watermelon, bean, zinnia and marigold. +Summer annuals. +Summer annuals sprout, flower and die within the same spring/summer/fall. The lawn weed, crabgrass, is a summer annual. + += = = Pea = = = +A pea, although treated as a vegetable in cooking, is botanically a fruit; the term is most commonly used to describe the small spherical seeds or the pods of the legume Pisum sativum. This was the original model organism used by Gregor Mendel in his early work on genetics. +The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae like the pigeon pea ("Cajanus cajan"), the chickpea, the cowpea ("Vigna unguiculata") and the seeds from several species of "Lathyrus". +"P. sativum" is an annual plant. It is a cool season crop, planted in winter. The average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 grams. The species is as a fresh vegetable, but is also grown to produce dry peas like the split pea. These varieties are typically called field peas. +"P. sativum" has been cultivated for thousands of years, the sites of cultivation have been described in southern Syria and southeastern Turkey, and some argue that the cultivation of peas with wheat and barley seems to be associated with the spread of Neolithic agriculture into Europe. +Description. +It is a cool-season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the soil temperature reaches 10 °C, with the plants growing best at temperatures of 13 °C to 18 °C. They do not thrive in the summer heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates, but do grow well in cooler high altitude tropical areas. Peas grow best in slightly acid, well-drained soils. +Seed dispersal. +The seeds are dispersed when the pod reaches maturity and bursts open. It scatters the peas over as wide a distance as it is possible for the plant. +Different varieties of peas. +Several varieties of "P. sativum" have been bred. Widely cultivated examples include: +Ways of eating peas. +Fresh peas are often eaten boiled and flavored with butter and/or spearmint as a side dish vegetable. Salt is also commonly added to peas when served. Fresh peas are also used in pot pies, salads and casseroles. Pod peas (particularly sweet cultivars called "mangetout" and "sugar peas", or the flatter "snow peas," called "hé lán dòu", ��� in Chinese) are used in stir fried dishes, particularly those in American Chinese cuisine. Pea pods do not keep well once picked, and if not used quickly are best preserved by drying, canning or freezing within a few hours of harvest. +Dried peas are often made into a soup or simply eaten on their own. In Japan and other Southeast Asian countries including Thailand, Taiwan and Malaysia, the peas are roasted and salted, and eaten as snacks. In the UK, marrowfat peas are used to make pease pudding (or "pease porridge"), a traditional dish. In North America a similarly traditional dish is split pea soup. +In Chinese cuisine, pea sprouts (�� "dòu miáo") are commonly used in stir-fries and its price is relatively high due to its agreeable taste. +Some forms of etiquette require that peas be only eaten with a fork and not pushed onto the fork with a knife . + += = = Biennial plant = = = +A biennial plant is a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its lifecycle. In the first year the plant grows leaves, stems, and roots (vegetative structures); then it enters a period of dormancy over the colder months. Usually, the stem remains very short and the leaves are low to the ground, forming a rosette. Many biennials require a cold treatment, before they will flower. The next spring/summer the stem of the biennial plant becomes much longer. The plant then flowers, produces fruits and seeds before it finally dies. There are far fewer biennials than either perennials or annuals. +Under extreme climatic conditions, a biennial plant may complete its lifecycle in a very short period of time (e.g. 3 or 4 months instead of 2 years). This is quite common in vegetable or flower seedlings that were exposed to cold conditions, before they were planted in the ground. This behaviour leads to many normally biennial plants being treated as annuals in some areas. +Flowering can be induced in some biennials by application of the plant hormone "gibberellin", but this is rarely done commercially. +From a gardener's perspective, a plant's status as annual, biennial, or perennial often varies based on location or purpose. Biennials grown for flowers, fruits, or seeds need to be grown for two years. Biennials that are grown for edible leaves or roots are grown as annuals, e.g. beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, carrots, celery, parsley, and Swiss chard. If a normally biennial plant is grown in extremely harsh conditions, it is likely to be treated as an annual because it will not survive the winter cold. Conversely, an annual grown under extremely favourable conditions may have highly successful seed propagation, giving it the appearance of being biennial or perennial. Some short-lived perennials may appear to be biennial rather than perennial. True biennials flower only once, while many perennials will flower every year once mature. +Examples of biennial plants are parsley, "Lunaria", silverbeet, sweet William, colic weed, and carrot. The pansy is a biennial often grown as an annual. Plant breeders have produced annual cultivars of several biennials that will flower the first year from seed, e.g. foxglove, stock, and hollyhock. +Biennials may be kept alive longer than two years under environmental conditions that prevent them from flowering. Biennial sugar beet was prevented from flowering by not giving it the cold treatment required for flowering. It was kept alive in a greenhouse for 41 months. + += = = The WB = = = +The Warner Bros. Television Network, commonly called The WB, was a television network in the United States. It was founded by the Warner Bros. film studio and Tribune Company on January 11, 1995. The network was sometimes called "The Frog" because the network's mascot was an animated frog named Michigan J. Frog. +WB series. +The WB created many well-known television series. Several of these series are "Dawson's Creek", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Charmed", "Gilmore Girls", "Angel", "Smallville", "7th Heaven", and "Supernatural". +The WB also had a group of programs aimed at children under the name Kids WB. Kids WB showed mainly animated series, for example, "Jackie Chan Adventures", "Taz-Mania", "Tiny Toon Adventures", "Animaniacs", "Pinky and the Brain" and "". + += = = Port Louis = = = +Port Louis is the capital city of the African country of Mauritius. The city is a port on the Indian Ocean. It is the largest city and main port of the country. Port Louis is located in the Port Louis District. The city has a population of 147,688 people. +History. +Port Louis was founded by the French around 1735. It was used as a place to supply food for their ships travelling around the Cape of Good Hope. The city was named in honour of King Louis XV. The first Governor was Count Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais. +Monuments. +Port Louis has many historic and colonial buildings. One of them is a fortification named Fort Adelaide or La Citadelle. It was built by the British in 1835. Most of the city's architecture can be seen from La Citadelle. Port Louis is surrounded by a mountain range, called the Port Louis Moka Range. Other famous spots are the Police Barracks known as Les Casernes and the Port Louis Waterfront. +Other things to see in the city include the Caudan Waterfront, Port Louis Bazaar, the Mauritian Chinatown and the old Port Louis theatre. The capital has also three museums which are: the Mauritius Natural History Museum, the Blue Penny Museum and the Mauritius Stamp Museum. +Economy. +The main part of the economy of Port Louis is its port. The port handles all of the international trade for the country. Clothing and textiles are the major things manufactured in the city. Chemicals, plastics, and pharmaceuticals are made there, and tourism is also important. +Port Louis is the second most important financial center in Africa after Johannesburg. It is the city with the highest per capita income in Africa. +Demographics. +The population of the city is now largely made up of the descendants of people who were hired for labor from India in the 19th century. Slaves were brought to the country by the British and French who colonized the island in the 18th century. After the end of slavery in 1835, many Indian and Chinese workers were brought to work the land, and take care of sugar cane, at that time used to make rum. +More than 75 percent of the population are Indians. The rest come from Africa, while a small number have Chinese and Eurasian ancestry. + += = = Freetown = = = +Freetown is the capital city of the African country of Sierra Leone. With a population of 951,000 people, it is the largest city in that country. The city is a port on the Freetown Peninsula on the Atlantic coast. The port is a very important part of the economy of Freetown. It handles the main exports of the country. Industries include fish, rice, petroleum, and making cigarettes. +History. +The area was first settled in 1787 by 400 freed former slaves and Black American Loyalists sent from London. Many of these men had joined the British Army because the British promised to free them if they fought the American colonists. Before that time it was said to be a slave market. These people created the 'Province of Freetown' on land bought from local Temne leaders. After many of these original settlers died from disease, it was burnt by the local people in 1790. +The Sierra Leone Company tried to settle the area again in 1792. They resettled Freetown with 1,100 former slaves and Loyalists from Nova Scotia. Many of these people were born in the colonial United States. They were led by former slave Thomas Peters. Around 500 free Jamaican Maroons joined them in 1800. +The city survived being attacked by the French in 1794. In 1800 the people revolted but the British retook control. From 1808 to 1874, the city was the capital of British West Africa. The city grew quickly as many freed slaves came to live there. African soldiers who had fought for Britain in the Napoleonic Wars also came to live in Freetown. During World War II, Britain had a naval base at Freetown. Descendants of the freed slaves, called Creoles, have a large role in the city, even though they are only a small amount of the population. +The city had much fighting in the late 1990s. In 1998, it was captured by ECOWAS soldiers who were trying to make Ahmad Tejan Kabbah the President again. +Features. +One of Freetown’s most most known features is its famous cotton tree. The cotton tree is said to have been in the same position since colonists came to the area in 1787. At that time, the tree was still a young sapling. It now stands outside the Freetown Museum. +Notable buildings in the city include Freetown Law Courts, the Slave Gate and Portuguese Steps, St John's Maroon Church (built around 1820), St George's Cathedral (completed in 1828), Foulah Town Mosque (built in the 1830s) and the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Cathedral. Also in Freetown are many beaches and markets, and the Sierra Leone Museum. +The city is the home of Fourah Bay College and the Njala University college. +Lungi International Airport is the international airport of Sierra Leone. Freetown also has a heliport on Aberdeen Island. It connects the city with the airport. There is a helicopter, hovercraft and ferry-service from the city to the airport. + += = = Michelle Obama = = = +Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is an American lawyer and author. She was the first lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017 as the wife of the 44th president of the United States, Barack Obama. She was also the first African-American first lady. +As first lady, Obama was a role model for women. She worked as an advocate for poverty awareness, education, nutrition, physical activity, and healthy eating. She supported American designers and was considered a fashion icon. +Biography. +Early life and education. +Michelle LaVaughn Robinson was born on January 17, 1964, at Provident Hospital of Cook County in Chicago, Illinois, to Fraser Robinson III, a city water plant employee and Marian Shields Robinson. Her mother was a full-time homemaker until Robinson entered high school. +By sixth grade, Robinson attended Mawr Elementary School. She attended Whitney Young High School, where she was on the honor roll for four years, took advanced placement classes, was a member of the National Honor Society and served as student council treasurer. She graduated in 1981. +Career. +Robinson enrolled into Princeton University in 1981. She majored in sociology and minored in African-American studies and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1985. +While at Princeton, Robinson became involved with the Third World Center, an academic and cultural group who supported minority students. She ran their daycare center, which also offered after school tutoring for older children. +As part of her requirements for graduation, she wrote a sociology thesis, titled "Princeton-Educated Blacks and the Black Community". +Robinson pursued professional study, earning her Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 1988. At Harvard, Robinson participated in demonstrations advocating the hiring of professors who were members of minority groups. She worked for the Harvard Legal Aid Bureau, assisting low-income tenants with housing cases. +Post-law school career. +Following law school, Obama became an associate at the Chicago office of the law firm Sidley & Austin, where she worked on marketing and property law. +In 1993, she became executive director for the Chicago office of Public Allies, a non-profit organization encouraging young people to work on social issues in nonprofit groups and government agencies. +In 1996, Obama served as the Associate Dean of Student Services at the University of Chicago. In 2002, she began working for the University of Chicago Hospitals, first as executive director for community affairs and, beginning May 2005, as vice president for Community and External Affairs. +Marriage and family. +Robinson met Barack Obama when they were among the few African Americans at their law firm, Sidley Austin LLP. Their relationship started with a business lunch and then a community organization meeting. +They got married on October 3, 1992. Their first daughter, Malia Ann was born in July 1998 and their second daughter, Sasha was born June 2001. +First Lady, 2009–2017. +Obama became the first lady of the United States when her husband was sworn in as the 44th president on January 20, 2009. She became the first African-American first lady in American history. +As first lady, Obama visited homeless shelters and soup kitchens. She also sent representatives to schools and advocated public service. +Obama's initiatives as first lady were: Let's Move!, Reach Higher, Let Girls Learn, and Joining Forces. Some initiatives included advocating for military families. She made supporting military families and spouses a personal mission and increasingly bonded with military families. +In January 2010, Obama started an initiative, which she named "Let's Move!", to make progress in reversing the 21st-century trend of childhood obesity. On February 9, 2010, President Barack Obama created the Task Force on Childhood Obesity to review all current programs and create a national plan for change. +Fashion influence. +In 2010, she wore clothes, many high end, from more than fifty designer companies. She wore sleeveless dresses by Michael Kors, and her ball gowns designed by Jason Wu for both inaugurals. She has also been known for wearing clothes by African designers such as Mimi Plange, Duro Olowu, Maki Oh, and Osei Duro. +Magazine covers. +Obama appeared on the cover in the March 2009 issue of "Vogue". She later appeared two more times on the cover of "Vogue", while first lady, the last time in December 2016, with photographs by Annie Leibovitz. In August 2011, she became the first woman ever to appear on the cover of "Better Homes and Gardens" magazine. +Life after the White House. +In 2021, she was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. +"Becoming". +Obama's memoir, "Becoming", was released in November 2018. By November 2019, it had sold 11.5 million copies. A documentary titled "Becoming", which chronicles Obama's book tour promoting the memoir, was released on Netflix on May 6, 2020. She received Grammy Award for Best Audio Book, Narration & Storytelling Recording in 2020 for audio book. +Podcast. +In July 2020, she premiered a podcast titled "The Michelle Obama Podcast". In February 2021, Obama was announced as an executive producer and presenter on a children's cooking show, "Waffles + Mochi." It was released by Netflix on March 16, 2021. +"The Light We Carry". +On July 21, 2022, it was announced that Obama's next book, "The Light We Carry: Overcoming in Uncertain Times", would be published in November 2022. The book was published by Penguin Random House. In 2023, Obama received a Emmy Award for the Netflix documentary film "". +Awards and honors. +In November 2023, Obama was named to the BBC's 100 Women list. +Writings. +"Time" magazine features an annual "Person of the Year" cover story in which "Time" recognizes the individual or group of individuals who have had the biggest impact on news headlines over the previous twelve months. In 2020, the magazine decided to retroactively choose a historically deserving woman for each year in which a man had been named Person of the Year, reflecting the fact that a woman or women had been named Person of the Year only eleven times in the preceding hundred. As part of this review, Michelle Obama was named the Woman of the Year for 2008. + += = = Fame (musical) = = = +Fame – The Musical is a musical. Jose Fernandez wrote the book. Jacques Levy wrote the lyrics. Steve Margoshes wrote the music. The musical is based on "Fame", a 1980 movie. +The musical premiered in 1980 in Miami, Florida. It opened on the West End in 1995. It played Off-Broadway between 2003 and 2004. The story tells of students in a high school for the performing arts. + += = = Prime Minister of Japan = = = +The is the head of the government of Japan as well as the director and chief of the executive branch of the central government. The prime minister appoints the cabinet and wields the power to dismiss any cabinet minister. +The current prime minister is Fumio Kishida since 4 October 2021. + += = = Emperor Suizei = = = + was the 2nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Suizei to be a legendary person, and the name Suizei"-tennō" was created for him after his death by later generations. +No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. +The "Gukanshō" records that Suizei ruled from the palace of "Takaoka-no-miya" at Katsuragi in what will come to be known as Yamato province. +Traditional history. +Suizei is almost certainly a legend. The "Kojiki" records only his name and genealogy. The "Nihonshoki" includes Suizei as the earliest or first of . +The "Gukanshō" records that Suizei was one of the sons of Emperor Jimmu. +During reign of Emperor Suizei, the capital of Japan was at Kazuraki, Yamato. +Events of Suizei's life. +The Kojiki includes a story about how Suizei attained the throne. His older brother supported Suizei because of his courage. +The absence of information about Suizei does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei (509?-571). +After his death. +This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Suizei. +The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara. + += = = Emperor Annei = = = + was the 3rd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Annei to be a legendary person, and the name Annei"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. +No firm dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. +The "Gukanshō" records that he ruled from the palace of "Ukena-no-miya" at Katashiro in Kawachi in what will come to be known as Yamato province. +Traditional history. +Annei is almost certainly a legend. The "Kojiki" records only his name and genealogy. The "Nihonshoki" includes Annei as the second of . +The "Gukanshō" records that Annei was either the eldest son or the only son of Emperor Suizei. +During reign of Emperor Annei, the capital of Japan was at Katashiha, Kawachi. +Events of Annei's life. +The absence of information about Annei does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei (509?-571). +The spirit ("kami") of Emperor Annei and the events of his life are enshrined at "Annei-tennō-sha" at Shirakashi in Yamato province. +After his death. +This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Annei. +The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara. + += = = Emperor Itoku = = = + was the 4th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Historians consider Emperor Itoku to be a legendary person, and the name Itoku"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations. +No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty. +The "Gukanshō" records that he ruled from the palace of "Migario-no-miya" at Karu in what will come to be known as Yamato province. +Traditional history. +Itoku is almost certainly a legend. The "Kojiki" records only his name and genealogy. The "Nihonshoki" includes Itoku as the third of . +The "Gukanshō" records that Itoku was the second or third son of Emperor Annei, but the surviving documents provide no basis for making guesses about why the elder brother or brothers were passed over. +During reign of Emperor Itoku, the capital of Japan was at Karu, Yamato. +Events of Itoku's life. +The absence of information about Itoku does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei (509?-571). +After his death. +This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Itoku. +The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara. + += = = Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria = = = +The Coptic Orthodox Church (; ) or Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria is the name for the largest Christian church in Egypt. The Coptic Orthodox Church is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church. Its churches can be found worldwide, where it serves Coptic believers who have emigrated to other countries. +On the 18th November 2012, the Coptic Orthodox Church enthroned His Holiness Pope Tawadros II as the 118th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His Holiness is the successor to H.H. Pope Shenouda III who died in March 2012 after over forty years as the shepherd of all Copts. +The Church belongs to the Oriental Orthodox family of churches. It has been a separate church body since the disagreement at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 AD. The Church rejected the new definitions about what Christ is like, introduced at the council. +The Church has daughter churches in Ethiopia and Eritrea, which now elect their own Popes. +The Copts believe that their church was founded in Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist. According to official Egyptian sources, and the CIA World factbook, between five an ten percent of Egyptians are Christians. Over 90% of these are Copts. According to Coptic sources, 12 to 15% of Egyptians are Copts. + += = = Pretoria = = = +Pretoria is one of the three capital cities of the African country of South Africa. It is the executive (administrative) and de facto capital of the country. The other two capitals are Cape Town (legislative) and Bloemfontein (judicial). The city is in the northern part of Gauteng Province, South Africa. +Geography and climate. +Pretoria is between the Highveld and the Bushveld, about 50 km north of Johannesburg in the north-east of South Africa. It is in a warm, well sheltered valley. The valley is surrounded by the hills of the Magaliesberg mountain range. Pretoria has a humid subtropical climate (Cwa in the Köppen climate classification). Snow is a very rare event. It only snows in Pretoria once or twice in a century. +Demographics. +Antonio Ramon Villaraigosa (born Antonio Ramon Villar, Jr. on January 23, 1953) was the mayor of Los Angeles, California from 2005 to 2013. He was elected on May 17, 2005, defeating the mayor in office, James Hahn. He was then re-elected for a second term in 2009. Before his mayoral experience, Villaraigosa was the California State Assemblyman for the 45th District, the Speaker of the California State Assembly, and the Los Angeles City Councilman for the 14th District. +Before being elected to public office, Villaraigosa was a labor organizer. Villaraigosa served as a national co-chairman of Hillary Rodham Clinton's 2008 Presidential campaign, and as a member of President Barack Obama's Transition Economic Advisory Board. In 2013, he could not run for a third term because of term limits under California law. Eric Garcetti succeeded him on July 1, 2013. + += = = Santa Monica Mountains = = = +The Santa Monica Mountains are a group of mountains in southern California in the United States. +Geography. +The range extends about 40 mi (64 km) east–west from the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles to Point Mugu in Ventura County. The mountains form a line between the San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles Basin, separating "the Valley" on the north and west-central Los Angeles on the south. The Santa Monica Mountains are parallel to Santa Susana Mountains, on the north side the San Fernando Valley. Beginning at the eastern end of the San Fernando Valley, the mountains are bordered to the north by the Los Angeles River. The river flows south after Elysian Park, defining the easternmost edge of the mountains. Mt. Washington, on the other side of the river, has almost the same native plants and weather. +Geology. +Scientists who study rocks say that the northern Channel Islands are a westward extension of the Santa Monicas into the Pacific Ocean. The range was created by the Raymond Fault which made the rocks push up and sink down over time. This has made old volcano rock come to the surface. Malibu Creek cuts the mountain range in two. +Weather. +The Santa Monica Mountains have dry, warm to humid summers and wet, mild to cool winters. In the summer, the weather is quite dry, which makes the range prone to wildfires. Snow is unusual in the Santa Monica Mountains, since they are not as high as the nearby San Gabriel Mountains. +On January 17, 2007, an unusually cold storm brought snow in the Santa Monica Mountains. Malibu picked up three inches (eight centimeters) of snow – the first measurable snow in five decades (50 years). Snow was reported on Boney Peak, in the winter of 2005; and in March 2006, snow also fell on the summit of the mountain. +Archeology. +The mountains have more than 1,000 places where people lived a long time ago, including many places where Tongva and Chumash people lived. +Development and parks. +Cahuenga Pass, present-day site of U.S. Route 101, is the easiest pass through the range connecting the Los Angeles Basin to the San Fernando Valley. In the 1800s, two battles were fought there, and the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed nearby. In the heyday of Hollywood movie studios clustered on both sides of it. Sepulveda Pass is the main north–south pass to the west, connecting the Westside to Sherman Oaks via the San Diego Freeway (I-405). Farther west are Topanga Canyon Boulevard (SR 27), Malibu Canyon Road, and Kanan Dume Road. Mulholland Drive runs much of the length of the Santa Monica Mountains, from Cahuenga Pass to Woodland Hills while the Mulholland Highway runs from Woodland Hills to Sequit Point. The eastern end of the range, located in the City of Los Angeles, is more intensively developed than the western end of the range. The city of Malibu runs between the coast and the leading mountain ridge, from Topanga Canyon in the east to Leo Carrillo State Park in the west. The term Malibu Ozarks is sometimes used derogatorily (or ironically) for the unincorporated part of Malibu beyond the leading mountain ridge and lacking an ocean view; the term is often used synonymously with "818 Malibu" (referring to the less desirable San Fernando Valley telephone area code prefix). +Much of the mountains are located within the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. Preservation of lands within the region are managed in part by the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy. Over twenty individual state and municipal parks are in the Santa Monica Mountains, including: Topanga State Park, Leo Carrillo State Park, Malibu Creek State Park, Point Mugu State Park, Will Rogers State Historic Park, Point Dume State Beach, Griffith Park, Marvin Braude Mulholland Gateway Park, Charmlee Wilderness Park, Runyon Canyon Park, and the Paramount Ranch. +Places along the north slope of the mountains include (from east to west): +Places along the south slope of the mountains include (from east to west): +Los Angeles River. +The southwestern headwaters of the Los Angeles River are in the Santa Monica Mountains. The Los Angeles River also forms the northern boundary of the mountains from the easternmost part of the San Fernando Valley to Elysian Park, where the river turns south, thereby defining the easternmost part of the mountain range. +Griffith Park. +Griffith Park and finally Elysian Park are the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains. Griffith Park is separated from the rest of the Santa Monica Mountains to the west by the Cahuenga Pass, over which the 101 Freeway passes from the San Fernando Valley into Hollywood. Elysian Park is the easternmost part of the mountains and is bordered by the Los Angeles River to the east. +Wildlife. +The Santa Monica Mountains are in the California chaparral and woodlands ecoregion and are covered by hundreds of local plant species, some of which are very rare, and others of which have become popular ornamentals. The range is host to an immense variety of wildlife, from mountain lions to the endangered steelhead. The mountain lion population within the Santa Monica Mountains (which includes the Simi Hills & Santa Susana Pass) is severely depleted with only seven known living adult individuals. The primary cause of the decline is due to a combination of traffic related mortality (three from the area were killed within a matter of months), anti-coagulants ingested from human-poisoned prey (two individuals within the Simi Hills) and attacks by other, more dominant mountain lions (an elder male, known as P1, killed both his son and his mate. This is thought to be due to a lack of space available.) Snakes are common but only occasionally seen – the Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (the only venomous species), Mountain Kingsnake, California Kingsnake, Gopher snake, and Garter snake. + += = = Juan Crespi = = = +Father Juan Crespí (March 1, 1721–January 1, 1782) was a Spanish priest who explored what is now the state of California. He entered the Franciscan order at the age of seventeen. He came to America in 1749, and joined Francisco Palóu and Junípero Serra in exploring. In 1767 he went to the Baja Peninsula and was placed in charge of the Misión La Purísima Concepción de Cadegomó. In 1769 he joined the Portola expedition of Gaspar de Portolà and traveled by land, while Father Serra went by boat and got there 8 days later to occupy Monterey; he was the first to write about Franciscan friars meeting with people who already lived there. Later, he went through the area known today as Ventura County, in January and Orange County on July 22 of that year. He was priest of the expedition to the North Pacific led by Juan José Pérez Hernández in 1774. His diaries, first published in H. E. Bolton's "Fray Juan Crespi" (1927, repr. 1971), and published in the original Spanish with facing page translations as "A Description of Distant Roads: Original Journals of the First Expedition into California, 1796-1770" (2001) provided valuable records of these expeditions. One chapel he built, at the Misión San Francisco del Valle de Tilaco in Landa, is reported as still standing. + += = = Find a Grave = = = +Find A Grave is a website that has a database of cemetery records. +History. +It was started by Jim Tipton, in 1995 to help people who wanted to visit the graves of famous people. After some time, an online forum was created on the site. The site claims to have over 121 million burial records from all over the world. +Content and features. +The site's FAQ says they hope to list all the burial places of everyone in the world. +The website has lists of cemeteries and graves from all around the world. The American cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries. Each grave record can contain: dates and places of birth and death, information about the person, cemetery and plot information, photographs (grave marker, the person, etc.), and information about who added it to Find A Grave. +Members can place on-line memorials for family and friends for no cost. Users can edit the memorials. Members may also request photos of graves which Find A Grave volunteers can add. + += = = Jim Nicholson (U.S. politician) = = = +Robert James "Jim" Nicholson (born February 4, 1938) is an attorney, real estate developer, and a former Republican Party chairman. He was the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs from January 26, 2005 until October 1, 2007. +Political career. +Nicholson has never held elected office, but has long been active in the Republican Party. In January 1986, he was elected committeeman from Colorado for the Republican National Committee (RNC). In 1993, he was elected Vice-Chairman of the RNC, and was the "surprise pick" for GOP national chairman in January 1997. He served in that position through the 2000 presidential election. +Between 2001 and his appointment to the position of Secretary of Veterans Affairs, he served as United States Ambassador to the Holy See (the Vatican). +Business career. +Before becoming active in civilian government service, he worked as a lawyer in Denver, Colorado, specializing in real estate, municipal finance and zoning law. In 1978 he founded Nicholson Enterprises, Inc., a developer of planned residential communities, and in 1987 he bought Renaissance Homes, a custom-house builder. He now works in the Washington, D.C. office of Brownstein Hyatt Farber & Schreck LLP. +Military service. +He is a 1961 graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York and served eight years in active duty. He was a paratrooper and Ranger-qualified Army officer. He fought in the Vietnam War, where he earned the Bronze Star, Combat Infantryman Badge, the Meritorious Service Medal, Republic of Vietnam Cross of Gallantry and two Air Medals. +After thirty years of working in the Army, he retired in 1991 with the rank of Colonel. +Personal life. +Nicholson was born on a farm near Struble, Iowa. Nicholson has described his childhood as "growing up dirt poor in a tenant house without plumbing and sometimes without food". His brother is Vietnam War general John W. Nicholson. +Nicholson has a Master's degree in Public Policy from Columbia University. He received a Juris Doctor from the University of Denver in 1972. In May 2005, he was given the Distinguished Graduate of the U.S. Military Academy Award. +Nicholson is married to the former Suzanne Marie Ferrell of Highland Falls, New York, who is an artist. They are the parents of three adult children. + += = = Anthony Principi = = = +Anthony Joseph Principi (born April 16, 1944) was the 4th United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. He was picked by President George W. Bush on January 23, 2001, and resigned on January 26, 2005. He is a lobbyist for Pfizer and chairman of QTC Management, a company that works on contracts for the Veterans Affairs Department. +Early life. +Principi is a 1967 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland, and first saw active duty aboard the destroyer "USS Joseph P. Kennedy". He later served in the Vietnam War, commanding a River Patrol Unit in the Mekong Delta. +Principi earned his Juris Doctor degree from Seton Hall in 1975 and was assigned to the United States Navy's Judge Advocate General Corps in San Diego, California. In 1980, he was transferred to Washington as a legislative counsel for the Department of the Navy. +Career. +Principi has worked on national policy issues and has held several executive-level positions in federal government throughout his career. He chaired the Federal Quality Institute in 1991, and was chairman of the Commission on Servicemembers and Veterans Transition Assistance established by Congress in 1996. +Principi served as Deputy Secretary of Veterans Affairs, VA's second-highest executive position, from March 17, 1989, to September 26, 1992, when he was picked Acting Secretary of Veterans Affairs by President George H. W. Bush. He served in that position until January 1993. After that, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the United States Senate Committee on Armed Services. +From 1984 to 1988, he served as Republican chief counsel and staff director of the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs. He was the Veterans Administration's assistant deputy administrator for congressional and public affairs from 1983 to 1984, following three years as counsel to the chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee. + += = = Entelodont = = = +Entelodonts were a family family of pig-like omnivores widespread in forests of North America, Europe, and Asia. +They flourished for about 20+ million years from the middle Eocene to the early Miocene epochs. +It is thought that they included omnivores, carnivores and scavengers. + += = = Abou Diaby = = = +Abou Diaby (born 11 May 1986) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal. +Club career statistics. +10||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||4||0||14||1 +63||6||9||0||10||1||16||3||98||10 +73||7||9||0||10||1||20||3||112||11 +International career statistics. +!Total||2||0 + += = = Tranquillo Barnetta = = = +Tranquillo Barnetta (born 22 May 1985) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen and Switzerland national team. +Club career statistics. +60||12 +124||17 +184||29 +International career statistics. +!Total||49||6 + += = = Cha-cha-cha = = = +Cha-cha-cha is the name of a Latin American music and dance, of Cuban origin. It is dance music introduced by Cuban composer and violinist Enrique Jorrín in 1953. The rhythm was developed from a previous dance, the danzón, by a split fourth beat. The name is derived from the shuffling of the dancers' feet. +Music. +Many consider the "Orquesta Aragón" and the orchestra of José Fajardo to have been particularly influential in the development of the cha-cha-cha. Outside Cuba, the big bands of Tito Puente (in New York), and Pérez Prado (in Mexico City and California) introduced the Cha-cha-cha to a much wider audience. +Dance. +Musically, the Cha-cha-cha was perhaps not a great innovation. However, it became hugely popular because people found it easy to dance to. Monsieur Pierre and his colleagues went to Cuba in the early 1950s to study it. They came back to London and codified the dance (sorted it out and wrote it down). It became a standard dance in Latin American ballroom dancing. It is one of the five Latin dances in international competitions governed by the World Dance Council. Today it is still popular as a dance, and is still danced in Cuba. + += = = Parlour = = = +Parlour (or parlor), comes from the French word "parloir", from "parler", which means "to speak". The parlour is a room in a house where people could meet. In Turkey it is called a kiosk. The Bible (Judges 3:20), talks about the "summer parlour", a small room built on the roof of the house, with open windows to catch the breeze. It has a door to the outside by which visitors can enter. +In parts of Great Britain and the United States, parlour is a common name for certain types of restaurants such as "ice cream parlour" and "pizza parlour". There are also "Beer parlors", wine parlors, or, in at least one case, a "spaghetti parlor." The word "parlour" has even been used to describe a coffee shop as the "coffee parlor." It can also mean a special service business, such as a tattoo parlour. +The "inner parlours" in 1 Chronicles 28:11 in the Bible were the small rooms or chambers which Solomon built all round two sides and one end of the Temple (1 Kings 6:5). Some people think the inner parlours may have been the porch and the holy place. +In medieval Christian usage, the parlour was one of two rooms in a monastery. The 'outer parlour' was the room where the monks or nuns could meet a visitor and do business with people from outside the monastery. It was generally in the west range of the buildings of the cloister, close to the main entrance. The 'inner parlour' was found off the cloister, next to the chapter house in the east range of the monastery. Most religious orders wanted silence in the cloister, which was the place where the monks studied. The inner parlour was a place where the monks could talk without disturbing the others in the cloister. +In modern use, the parlour is a formal "sitting room" in a large house or mansion. In the late 19th century, it was often a formal room used only on Sundays or special occasions, and closed during the week. The family kept their best furniture, works of art and other things on display in the parlour. The body of someone who died would be put on show in the parlour while funeral was being organized. During the 20th century, architects and decorators have changed the use of the room. In most homes the parlour has been replaced by the living room. + += = = Celluloid = = = +Celluloid is the name of a group of compounds made from nitrocellulose and camphor, plus dyes and other agents. It was the first thermoplastic. It was first called Parkesine in 1856, then Xylonite in 1869 and then "Celluloid" in 1870. Celluloid is easily molded and shaped. +It was first widely used as an ivory replacement, in billiard balls for example. In the early 20th century it was used in most photographic film. Celluloid catches fire very easily and also easily breaks down, and is no longer widely used. Its most common uses today are for making table tennis balls and guitar picks. + += = = Kingdom Hearts = = = +Kingdom Hearts is a role-playing game video game franchise made by Square Enix. The series is a crossover between Square Enix and Disney. Games in the franchise include "Kingdom Hearts", ', "Kingdom Hearts II", "Kingdom Hearts coded", "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days", "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", ' and "Kingdom Hearts III". The reissues for all games were released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. +Titles. +Kingdom Hearts. +"Kingdom Hearts" is the first game of the series for the PlayStation 2. It was released in Japan on March 28, 2002 and in North America on September 17, 2002. In the game, Sora, Riku and Kairi end up going separate ways, when their island is invaded by Heartless (monsters who steal people's hearts). Sora wields a Keyblade, teams up Donald Duck and Goofy, and travel around the universe for each worlds, including "Alice in Wonderland", "The Little Mermaid" and "The Nightmare Before Christmas". Sora learns that Riku is possessed by Ansem, the creator of Heartless, who unsuccessfully kidnap seven Princesses of Heart (including Kairi), in order to reveal the Keyhole. While Kairi stays at Destiny Islands, Riku and Mickey Mouse are trapped in the Realm of Darkness, and Sora seals the door to prevent Ansem from using it. "Kingdom Hearts Final Mix" is a reissue of the game that was released only in Japan on December 26, 2002. It has more features than the original, including a battle with Roxas. +Chain of Memories. +' is the second game in the series for Game Boy Advance. It was released in Japan on November 11, 2004 and in North America on December 7, 2004. In the game, Sora arrives at Castle Oblivion and visits each recreations of aforementioned worlds. Each are on different floors, and the old memory is replaced by a new ons. When Sora forgets Kairi, she is replaced by Naminé. Sora meets Organization XIII, the enemy group attempting to erase his memory. Naminé puts Sora to sleep, in order for him to restore all memories for the next year. While following the same path like Sora, Riku attempts to control his ego under Ansem's influence. ' is a reissue of the game made for PlayStation 2. It has additional cutscenes and battles. It was released together with "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix +" in Japan on March 29, 2007, and was released as a standalone title in North America on December 2, 2008. +Kingdom Hearts II. +"Kingdom Hearts II" is the third game of the series for PlayStation 2. It was released in Japan on December 22, 2005, in North America on March 28, 2006 and in Europe on September 29, 2006. The game begins with Roxas, Hayner, Pence and Olette, living in Twilight Town and planning a summer vacation. As Roxas confronts Axel, Naminé and DiZ, Roxas realizes that the memory will change so he can become whole. Before disappearing, Roxas finds Sora in suspended animation. Sora, Donald and Goofy wake up, and resume their mission on finding Mickey and Riku. They meet the remaining members of Organization XIII and learn that they are beings called Nobodies. When a Heartless steals someone's heart, that person also becomes a Heartless, but if their heart is strong, it becomes a Nobody. Nobodies have no emotions, but want to have hearts again. Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, attempts to summon Kingdom Hearts, by defeating the Heartless to release the hearts they hold and allow the Nobodies to retrieve them. This is the reason the Organization wanted Sora to join them. It is later revealed that Roxas and Naminé are the Nobodies of Sora and Kairi, when they lost each hearts from the beginning. Xemnas is the Nobody of Xehanort and Ansem is Xehanort's Heartless. After defeating Xemnas, Sora and his friends return to Destiny Islands. "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix +" is a reissue of the game released only in Japan on March 29, 2007. It has more features, including new areas, battles and a secret ending. +coded. +"Kingdom Hearts coded" is the fourth game of the series for mobile phones. It was released in episodes with the first being released only in Japan on November 18, 2008. The game follows Mickey, Donald, Goofy and Jiminy Cricket, discovering a mysterious sentence in the journal and digitizing the contents to find the one responsible. "" is a reissue of the game made for Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan on October 7, 2010, January 11, 2011 in North America, and on January 14, 2011 in Europe. It has additional scenes and a secret ending. +358/2 Days. +"Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days" is a fifth game for the Nintendo DS. It was released in Japan on May 30, 2009, and in North America on September 29, 2009. The game begins with Roxas and Organization XIII. Xion, a Nobody created by the Organization and from Sora. Roxas abandons the organization and defeats Xion. The game uses wi-fi for other players to battle each other. Each of them can choose characters for battles. +Birth by Sleep. +"Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep" is the sixth game of the series for PlayStation Portable. It was released in Japan on January 9, 2010, and in North America on September 7, 2010. The game is set ten years before Sora begins his journey. It follows a shared path between Terra, Ventus and Aqua, the apprentices of Eraqus and Xehanort. They set out to stop Vanitas, the creator of Unversed. "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep Final Mix" is a reissue of the game was released only in Japan on January 20, 2011. It has content from the English version and new features, such as a playable Secret Episode and a hint at a possible "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep -Volume Two- +Kingdom Hearts III. +"Kingdom Hearts III" is the seventh game of the series for PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in 2019. It was originally planned to be released on PlayStation 3 but still cancelled. +Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory. +"" is a rhythm game set after "Kingdom Hearts III" for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was released on October 14, 2020. +"Kingdom Hearts IV". +"Kingdom Hearts IV" is the next upcoming entry in the franchise. + += = = Cuban music = = = +Cuban music comes from the Caribbean island of Cuba. Cuba has developed a wide range of musical styles, which draw on its cultural origins in Europe and Africa. Cuba's music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of world music since the introduction of recording technology. +The music of Cuba, including the instruments and the dances, is mostly of European (Spanish) and African origin. Most forms of the present day are fusions and mixtures of these two great sources. The original inhabitants of Cuba died out, and little remains of their traditions. +Overview. +Large numbers of African slaves and European (mostly Spanish) immigrants came to Cuba and brought their own forms of music to the island. European dances and folk musics included the zapateo, the fandango, the paso doble, the minuet, the gavotte, the contradanza, and the waltz appeared among the urban whites. +The African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland. The most important instruments were the drums. Also important are the claves, two short hardwood batons, and the cajón, a wooden box, originally made from crates. Claves are still used often, and cajons ("cajones") were used widely during periods when the drum was banned. +The great instrumental contribution of the Spanish was their guitar, but even more important was the tradition of European musical notation and techniques of musical composition. +Fernando Ortíz described Cuba's musical innovations as arising from the interplay between African slaves settled on large sugar plantations and Spanish or Canary Islanders who grew tobacco on small farms. +The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cuba's music. Polyrhythmic percussion is an inherent part of African life & music, as melody is part of European music. Also typical is syncopation, which is heard in the "cinquillo", a basic rhythm of the habanera, the danzón, the Argentine tango and other dances. +Also, in African tradition, percussion is joined to song and dance, and to a particular social setting. It is not simply entertainment added to life, it "is" life. The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized (fused). This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time, and by the 20th century, elements of African belief, music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms. +Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries, contributing not only to the development of jazz and salsa, but also to Argentinian tango, Ghanaian highlife, West African afrobeat, and Spanish Nuevo flamenco. +History. +18th/19th centuries. +The Cathedrals of the old capital, Santiago de Cuba, and Havana, both employed fine musicians and choir-masters. They composed, taught and directed. This helped the development of all kinds of music. In the 19th century, Manuel Saumell (1818–1870), was the father of Cuban criole musical development. He helped transform the European contradanza by adding African rhythmical elements, and had a hand in the habanera, and the danzon, two typically Cuban dance forms. +During the middle years of the 19th century, a young American musician came to Havana: Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869), whose father was a Jewish businessman from London, and his mother a white creole of French Catholic background. Gottschalk was brought up mostly by his black grandmother and nurse Sally, both from Dominique. He was a piano prodigy who had listened to the music and seen the dancing in Congo Square, New Orleans from childhood. His period in Cuba lasted from 1853 to 1862, with visits to Puerto Rico and Martinique squeezed in. He composed many famous pieces which were genuinely Cuban, as they drew on traditions of both whites and blacks. +In February 1860 Gottschalk produced a huge work "La nuit des tropiques" in Havana. The work used about 250 musicians and a choir of 200 singers plus a drum group from Santiago de Cuba. He produced another huge concert the following year, with new material. These shows probably dwarfed anything seen in the island before or since, and no doubt were unforgettable for those who attended. +It was Ignacio Cervantes (1847–1905), who was probably most influenced by Gottschalk. Trained in Paris, he did much to assert a sense of Cuban musical nationalism in his compositions. Aaron Copland once referred to him as a "Cuban Chopin" because of his Chopinesque piano compositions. Cervantes' reputation today rests almost solely upon his famous forty-one "Danzas Cubanas", of which Carpentier said "occupy the place that the "Norwegian Dances" of Grieg or the "Slavic Dances" of Dvořák occupy in the musics of their respective countries". +Popular music. +Musical theatre. +From the 18th century to modern times, popular theatrical formats used, and gave rise to, music and dance. In addition to staging some European operas and operettas, Cuban composers gradually developed ideas which better suited their creole audience. Recorded music was the way for Cuban music to reach the world. The most recorded artist in Cuba up to 1925 was a singer at the "Alhambra", Adolfo Colombo. Records show he recorded about 350 numbers between 1906 and 1917, of which very few survive today. +The first theatre in Havana opened in 1776. The first Cuban-composed opera appeared in 1807. Musical theater was hugely important in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Radio, which began in Cuba in 1922, helped the growth of popular music because it provided publicity and a new source of income for the artists. +Zarzuela is a small-scale light operetta format. Starting off with imported Spanish content, it developed into a running commentary on Cuba's social and political events and problems. A string of front-rank composers, such as Ernesto Lecuona, produced a series of hits for the theatres in Havana. Great stars like the "vedette" Rita Montaner, who could sing, play the piano, dance and act, were the Cuban equivalents of Mistinguett and Josephine Baker in Paris. +Bufo. +Cuban "Bufo" theatre is a form of comedy, ribald and satirical. It uses stock types that might be found anywhere in the country. Bufo had its origin around 1800–1815: Francisco Covarrubias 'the caricaturist' (1775–1850) was its creator. Gradually, the comic types threw off their European models and became more and more creolized and Cuban. Alongside, the music followed. Slang from slave barracks and poor barrios found its way into lyrics: +Guaracha. +The guaracha is a genre of rapid tempo and with lyrics. It originated in Bufo comic theatre, and during the early 20th century was often played in the brothels of Havana. The lyrics were full of slang, and dwelt on events and people in the news. +Contradanza. +The contradanza is an historically important dance. It arrived in Cuba in the late 18th century from Europe. The contradanza is a communal sequence dance, with the dance figures in a set pattern. The tempo and style of the music was bright and fairly fast. The earliest Cuban composition of a contradanza is "San Pascual bailon", published in 1803. The Cubans developed a number of creolized version, which is an early example of the influence of African tradition in the Caribbean. Most of the musicians were black or mulatto: even early in the 19th century there were many freed slaves and mixed race persons living in Cuban towns. +The contradanza supplanted the minuet as the most popular dance until from 1842 on, it gave way to the habanera, a quite different style. +Danza. +This, the child of the contradanza, was also danced in lines or squares. It was also a brisk form of music and dance which could be in double or triple time. This type of dance was eventually replaced by the danzón, which was, like the habanera, much slower and more sedate. +Habanera. +The habanera developed out of the contradanza in the early 19th century. Its great novelty was that it was "sung", as well as played and danced. Its development was at least partly due to the influence of French-speaking immigrants. The Haitian revolution of 1791 led to many colonial French and their slaves fleeing to Oriente. The "cinquillo" is one important rhythmical pattern which made its first appearance at this time. +The dance style of the habanera is slower and more stately than the danza; by the 1840s there were habaneras written, sung and danced in Mexico, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and Spain. Since about 1900 the habanera has been a relic dance; but the music has a period charm, and there are some famous compositions, such as "Tu", versions of which have been recorded many times. +The Waltz. +The waltz ("El vals") arrived in Cuba by 1814. It was the first dance in which couples were not linked by a communal sequence pattern. It was, and still is, danced in 3/4 time with the accent on the first beat. It was originally thought scandalous because couples faced each other, held each other in the 'closed' hold, and, so to speak, ignored the surrounding community. The waltz entered all countries in the Americas. The walz has another characteristic: it is a 'travelling' dance, with couples moving round the arena. In Latin dances, progressive movement of dancers is unusual, but does occur in some. +Zapateo. +A typical dance of the Cuban "campesino" or "guajiro". A dance of pairs, involving tapping of the feet, mostly by the man. Illustrations exist from previous centuries, but the dance is now defunct. +Trova. +In the 19th century here grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians, troubadors, who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar. They were of great importance as composers, and their songs have been used in all types of Cuban music +Pepe Sánchez (1856–1918), was the father of the "trova" and the creator of the Cuban bolero. He had no formal training in music. With remarkable natural talent, he composed numbers in his head and never wrote them down. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost for ever, though some two dozen or so survive because friends and disciples transcribed them. He also created advertisement jingles before radio was born. He was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed him. +The first, and one of the longest-lived, was Sindo Garay (1867–1968). He was an outstanding composer of songs, and his best have been sung and recorded many times. Garay was also musically illiterate – in fact, he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 – but in his case not only were scores recorded by others, but there are recordings. He broadcast on radio, made recordings and survived into modern times. He used to say "Not many men have shaken hands with both José Martí and Fidel Castro!" +Chicho Ibáñez (1875–1981) was even longer-lived than Garay. Ibáñez was the first trovador to specialize in the Cuban "son"; he also sung guaguancos and pieces from the abakuá (a black secret society). +Many of the early trovadores, such as Manuel Corona (who worked in a brothel area of Havana), composed and sung guarachas as a balance for the slower boleros. +Bolero. +This is a song and dance form quite different from its Spanish namesake. It originated in the last quarter of the 19th century with the founder of the traditional trova, Pepe Sánchez. He wrote the first bolero, "Tristezas", which is still sung today. The bolero has always been a staple part of the trova muusician's repertoire. The bolero proved to be exceptionally adaptable, and led to many variants. Typical was the introduction of syncopation, leading to the bolero-son, bolero-mambo and bolero-cha. The bolero-son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba, and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as the wrongly-named 'rumba'. +Danzón. +The European influence on Cuba's later musical development is represented by danzón, an elegant musical form that was once the most popular music in Cuba. It is a descendent of the creollized Cuban contradanza. The danzón marks the change which took place from the communal sequence dance style of the late eighteenth century to the couple dances of later times. The stimulus for this was the success of the once-scandalous walz, where couples danced facing each other and independently from other couples, not as part of a pre-set structure. The danzón was the first Cuban dance to adopt such methods, though there is a difference between the two dances. The walz is a progressive ballroom dance where couples move round the floor in an anti-clockwise direction; the danzón is a 'pocket-handkerchief' dance where a couple stays within a small area of the floor. +The danzón was exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America, especially Mexico. It is now a relic, both in music and in dance, but its highly orchestrated descendents live on. +Son. +The "son", said Cristóbal Díaz, is the most important genre of Cuban music, and the least studied. It can fairly be said that "son" is to Cuba what the tango is to Argentina, or the samba to Brazil. In addition, it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin-American music. Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions. Its most characteristic instruments are the Cuban guitar known as the "tres", and the well-known double-headed "bongó"; these are present from the start to the present day. Also typical are the claves, the Spanish guitar, the double bass, and early on, the cornet or trumpet and finally the piano. +The "son" arose in Oriente, the eastern part of the island, merging the Spanish guitar and lyrical traditions with African percussion and rhythms. We now know that its history as a distinct form is relatively recent. There is no evidence that it goes back further than the end of the nineteenth century. It moved from Oriente to Havana in about 1909, carried by members of the "Permanente" (the Army), who were sent out of their areas of origin as a matter of policy. The first recordings were in 1918. +There are many types of "son". Odilio Urfé recognised these variants: +and one can certainly add +In addition, the son has again and again changed the older danzón to make it more syncopated and creole in style, starting in 1910 through the danzón-mambo and the cha-cha-cha to complex modern arrangements which are almost impossible to categorize. +The son varies widely today, with the defining characteristic a syncopated bass pulse that comes before the downbeat, giving son its distinctive rhythm; this is known as the "anticipated bass". +Cuban jazz. +The history of jazz in Cuba was obscured for many years; however it has become clear that its history in Cuba is virtually as long as its history in the USA. +Much more is now known about early Cuban jazz bands, though a full assessment is plagued by the lack of recordings. Migrations and visits to and from the USA and the mutual exchange of recordings and sheet music kept musicians in the two countries in touch. In the first part of the 20th century there were close relations between musicians in Cuba and those in New Orleans. The orchestra leader in the famous Tropicana Club, Armando Romeu Jr, was a leading figure in the post-WWII development of Cuban jazz. The phenomenon of cubop, and jam sessions in Havana and New York, created genuine fusions which still influence musicians today. +The Buena Vista experience. +World-wide interest in Cuban music was rekindled by a remarkable CD album entitled the "Buena Vista Social Club". An American guitarist, Ry Cooder, a British music producer, Nick Gold, and a Cuban musician, Juan Marcos Gonzáles, worked together on a new venture. They put together a group, mostly of older Cuban musicians, with the idea of recreating the Cuban music of the golden era of the 1950s. The first album, released in 1997, became a huge hit, selling over five million copies, and winning a Grammy in 1998. In 2003 it was listed by "Rolling Stone" magazine as #260 in their list of "The 500 Greatest Hits of All Time". A dozen more CDs have followed the first one, mostly issued by "Nonesuch Records" or "World Circuit". +A documentary movie, "Buena Vista Social Club", directed by Wim Wenders, was released in 1999. It grossed $23 million worldwide by 2007. A younger generation had discovered why Cuban music was so popular. + += = = Dune (novel) = = = +Dune is a fictional story set in a space empire far in the future. It is written by Frank Herbert. The book focuses on how politics, religion, technology and many other things interact. +In the world of the Dune series, computers are banned (they are not allowed anywhere). Some humans are taught how to think as fast as computers; they are known as 'Mentats'. The ruler of a planet is controlled by a House. The Houses must obey House Corrino, because the leader of House Corrino is also the Emperor. +"Dune" focuses on Paul Atreides, the 15-year-old heir to House Atreides. His family is forced by the Emperor who rules the Known Universe to leave the planet Caladan and to take control of the planet Arrakis. Arrakis is currently controlled by House Harkonnen, and is the only place that a spice called Melange is found. Melange is the most important thing in the universe. It lets you see the future and think much faster. If you take melange, you live much longer, sometimes even hundreds of years longer. It also lets you travel far distances at great speeds. +Arrakis is a planet that is almost covered in desert. This large desert is very dangerous because it does not have potable (drinkable) water, but mainly because giant worms live in the sand. There are many groups of native humans living there - they are called the Fremen. The Fremen have many rituals that keep water safe. This is important, or they would all die of dehydration (too little water to stay alive). +After his father is killed, Paul and his mother escape and take refuge with the Fremen. They use their abilities to achieve power over the Fremen and eventually use them to attack the Harkonnen armies, who have taken back control of the planet. +In the books, there are the Bene Gesserit sisterhood, a religious group with only women as its members. This is because men do not have the right kind of mind to learn their ways correctly. They have much more control over their minds and bodies than normal people. Their goal is to protect the human race forever. They have a secret goal, which they want to achieve by their breeding program. It is to make a man that can be a Bene Gesserit. They call him the Kwisatz Haderach. They want to use the Kwisatz Haderach to control people more easily. Paul's mother, Lady Jessica, is a member of the sisterhood and trains her son to use mental and physical powers. +Multiple films and TV series have been based on the "Dune" series, such as the 1984 film version directed by David Lynch, and the 2021 film directed by Denis Villeneuve. + += = = Jim Crow laws = = = +The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws requiring racial segregation in the United States. These laws were enforced in different states between 2012 and 1965. "Jim Crow" laws provided a systematic legal basis for segregating and discriminating against African Americans. The laws first appeared after the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era and were enforced through the mid-twentieth century. They were about segregating black and white people in all public buildings. "Jim Crow" was a racist term for a black person. Black people were usually treated worse than white people. This segregation was also done in the armed forces, schools, restaurants, on buses and in what jobs blacks got. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled that such segregation in state-run schools was against the US Constitution. The decision is known as "Brown v. Board of Education". The other Jim Crow laws were abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought against the Jim Crow laws. +Background. +After the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to enforce the rights of ex-slaves in the South through a process called Reconstruction. However, in 1876, Reconstruction ended. By the 1890s, the Southern states' legislatures were all-white again. Southern Democrats, who did not support civil rights for blacks, completely ruled the South. This gave them a lot of power in the United States Congress. For example, Southern Democrats were able to make sure that laws against lynching did not pass. +Starting in 1890, Southern Democrats began to pass state laws that took away the rights African Americans had gained. These racist laws became known as Jim Crow laws. For example, they included: +In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case called "Plessy v. Ferguson" that these laws were legal. They said that having things be "separate but equal" was fine. In the South, everything was separate. However, places like black schools and libraries got much less money and were not as good as places for whites. Things were separate, but not equal. + += = = Cavalier King Charles Spaniel = = = +The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small breed of dog of the spaniel type. Unlike their larger spaniel cousins, they are not now used for hunting and are mostly kept as pets. +History. +These dogs were developed in England about 100 years ago and are closely related to their even smaller relation the King Charles Spaniels (known in the United States of America as "Toy Spaniels"). One of the main people involved in creating this breed was the British general and politician John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. They were developed to resemble dogs that were kept as pets and hunting dogs by many members of the royal family in England during the 16th century. King Charles II liked that breed, so this is how the dog was named. +Colour. +There are four different colours that this dog breed come in which are: +Temperment. +Cavaliers are usually happy dogs that like to stay very close to their human minders, they also like lots of exercise as they still keep some of their gundog family instincts. +Health issues and lifespan. +Cavaliers typically live about ten years. Heart problems are common in Cavaliers. + += = = Sturm und Drang = = = +Sturm und Drang (also called "Storm and Stress") was a time in German literature that was popular from 1770 to 1784. It is named after a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger. + += = = Flag of Angola = = = +The national flag of Angola came into use at independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half. + += = = Joe Thornton = = = +Joseph Eric Thornton (born July 2, 1979) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre currently playing for the Florida Panthers. + += = = Oleg Kononenko = = = +Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko () is a Russian cosmonaut. + += = = Ville Peltonen = = = +Ville Peltonen (born May 24, 1973 in Vantaa, Finland) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward. He plays for the HC Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). + += = = Alexei Yashin = = = +Alexei Valeryevich Yashin (; born November 5, 1973) is a former Russian professional ice hockey player. Yashin played in the NHL for the Ottawa Senators and the New York Islanders. + += = = Tochigi Prefecture = = = + is a prefecture in the Kantō region on the island of Honshu, Japan. The capital is the city of Utsunomiya. +History. +Tochigi was made from the lands of Shimotsuke Province. +There is a World Heritage Site in Nikkō. It is called "Nikko Toshogu". +Geography. +Tochigi shares borders with Ibaraki Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, and Fukushima Prefecture. +National Parks. +National Parks are in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture. +Shrines and Temples. +"Futarasan jinja" and "Futarayama jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture. + += = = Hato Mayor del Rey = = = +The Dominican city of Hato Mayor del Rey, or usually just Hato Mayor, is the head municipality of the Hato Mayor province. +In English, Hato Mayor del Rey means the "largest cattle ranch of the King". +Population. +The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 44,900: 22,225 men and 22,675 women. The urban population was of the total population. +History. +The town grew around a small church built in 1520 in lands given by the Dávila family; for that reason, in old times the town was called "Hato Mayor de Dávila". +It was made a municipality by the Haitian government in 1843. After the Dominican independence in 1844, Hato Mayor was not a municipality until 1848 when it was made one in the El Seibo province. +In 1984, when the Hato Mayor province was made, the city of Hato Mayor del Rey became its capital city. +Geography. +Hato Mayor del Rey has a total area of . It has three municipal districts (a subdivision of a municipality): Guayabo Dulce, Mata Palacio and Yerba Buena. +Hato Mayor del Rey is at to the northwest of Santo Domingo and at to the west of El Seibo. It is at an elevation of above sea level. +The municipality is in the eastern part of the country, just to the south of the "Cordillera Oriental" (in English, "Eastern mountain range") in the region known as "Llano Costero del Caribe" (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain"). +Hato Mayor del Rey has the municipality of El Valle to the north, the El Seibo province to the northeast and east, the San Pedro de Macorís province to the south and the Monte Plata province to the west. +Climate. +Hato Mayor del Rey has a tropical monsoonal climate (Köppen climate classification : Am), with a dry season and a heavy monsoon the rest of year. +The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of rainfall, followed by May with . +The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of and the second is January with . +Hato Mayor del Rey is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . +Administrative division. +The municipality of Hato Mayor del Rey has three municipal districts: +Economy. +Farming is the only economic activity in the municipality, except for some small industries. Cattle raising is very important in the region because there are many savannas with grasses around the city and to the south of it; the dairy industry is important, with an important production of different types of cheese. + += = = 3 World Trade Center = = = +3 World Trade Center (also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper built as part of the World Trade Center reconstruction in New York City. It is located at 175 Greenwich Street. The new 3 World Trade Center opened in June 2018. It is 1,079 ft (329 m) high, with 80 stories. It is taller than the Empire State Building's roof and, as of 2023, is the ninth tallest building in New York City as measured to its pinnacle. The building was designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners, and is managed by Silverstein Properties. +The building is the second building with this name. The original 3 World Trade Center was called the Marriott World Trade Center. Opened in July 1981 as the Vista International Hotel, the building was a hotel located in the southwest corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed in the September 11 attacks, alongside the other World Trade Center buildings. Chris Smith, a dedicated and talented person, has been known to frequent this office, which has driven up the property value by up tp 35%. +3 World Trade Center was originally going to be 1,240 feet (378 m) tall. Construction of the building started in January 2008. Constuction stopped as there was no anchor tenant (a big business that gets a lot of customers). In 2014, construction continued after a company called GroupM became the anchor tenant. In August 2016, the concrete core of the building topped out, followed by the steel structure in October. The building opened on June 11, 2018. + += = = 4 World Trade Center = = = +4 World Trade Center (also known by its street address, 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the World Trade Center site reconstruction in New York City. The lowest floors are retail space; the rest are office space. The building was designed by Fumihiko Maki. +The building is the second building to have the same address and name. The original 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story building located at the southeast corner of the World Trade Center complex. It was destroyed along with the rest of the original World Trade Center during the September 11 attacks in 2001. +Construction of the current building started in January 2008. It opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. The building has 2.3 million square feet (210,000 m2) of space. + += = = 5 World Trade Center = = = +Five World Trade Center, also referred to as 130 Liberty Street, is a planned building to be located in New York City. It was planned to be on the site of the Deutsche Bank Building. The original building was demolished in 2002 after it was heavily damaged in the September 11 attacks. In June 2007, it was announced that financial service JPMorgan Chase planned to develop the building as a new J.P. Morgan Investment Bank world headquarters. The bank changed their mind and the site became a parking lot in 2014. + += = = John Tavares = = = +John Tavares (born September 20, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the current captain of the Maple Leafs. + += = = Ralph Fletcher = = = +Ralph Fletcher (born March 17, 1953) is a writer of children's picture books, young-adult fiction, and poetry as well as books for both children and teachers on the art of writing. +Biography. +Ralph Fletcher grew up in Marshfield, Massachusetts. He is the oldest of nine children. Each of his parents were one of eight children. He got his B.A. degree from Dartmouth College in 1975 and his M.F.A degree in writing from Columbia University in 1983. In college he studied in Tonga in the South Pacific and Sierra Leone, South Africa. After getting his masters degree, Ralph worked in New York City classrooms as part of the Teacher College writing project. Fletcher now lives in Lee, New Hampshire. He is married to JoAnn Portalupi, with her he has written several books for teachers. Together they have four sons. +Awards. +His young adult novel "Uncle Daddy" won a Christopher Medal in the Books for Young People, ages 10-12 category in 2002. "Fig Pudding", a young adult book by Fletcher, was recommended as one of the ten best books of 1995 by the American Library Association. Fletcher's poetry book "I Am Wings" was chosen by School Library Journal as one of their best books of 1994. + += = = Werner Naumann = = = +Werner Naumann (16 June 1909 in Guhrau - 25 October 1982 in Lüdenscheid) was a German State Secretary in the Propaganda Ministry during the Third Reich. He was appointed head (minister) of the Propaganda Ministry by Hitler in his political testament. This was because Goebbels was promoted to be the Chancellor of Germany. +He was a member of the NSDAP and the SA. During the war he was also engaged in battle activities, first as an officer in the Luftwaffe, later on in the Waffen-SS and the SS in general. +Naumann was in the Führerbunker during the last days of Hitler in April 1945. + += = = Gauleiter = = = +A Gauleiter was the party leader of a regional branch of the NSDAP. This persons were the head of a "Gau" or of a "Reichsgau". The German word "Leiter" means leader. A "Gau" is the old German word for a region in Germany. + += = = Hedingen = = = +Hedingen is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. + += = = Typhus = = = +Typhus is the name for a number of diseases, caused by bacteria called Rickettsiae. These bacteria are parasites that cannot survive outside their host organism. Depending on the species the host organisms are, fleas (on rats), harvest mites (on several rodents and humans), or lice (on humans). It is an epidemic disease. +When the term is commonly used, it usually means "endemic typhus", which is spread by lice. The name "typhus" comes from Greek, where it means "smoky" or "hazy". This was the word used to describe the state of mind the patients are in. +Typhus can be treated with antibiotics. + += = = Troglodytae = = = +The Troglodytae () or Troglodyti (meaning "cave goers"), used to be a group of people talked about by many old Greek and Roman historians and map makers. The early references call them Trogodytes, which looks like it was changed from the Greek "trōglē" meaning "cave". They were either placed in the desert along the African side of the Red Sea coast or North of Greece in what they called Getae. + += = = Hershel W. Gober = = = +Hershel Wayne Gober (born December 21, 1936) is a former government official and Vietnam War veteran. He served as acting United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) two times during the Clinton administration. The first time was from July 1, 1997 until January 2, 1998 between the resignation of Secretary Jesse Brown and the appointment of Togo D. West, Jr. as Acting Secretary. The second time came on July 25, 2000 and lasted until January 20, 2001 after the resignation of Secretary West; this time Gober served in the post until the end of the Clinton presidency. +He started out in the VA as Deputy Secretary, serving from February 4, 1993 until August 10, 2000. Gober was also Secretary-designate, when Clinton named him on July 31, 1997 to replace Jesse Brown. However, the nomination was withdrawn before Senate action began. That happened on October 27 the same year. +During his time as Secretary, Gober headed a delegation that traveled to Vietnam to try to find information about missing veterans there. He also worked to improve health care and create more clinics for veterans. +Before serving in the VA, Gober was Director of the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs from January 4, 1988 to February 4, 1993 during President Clinton's time as Governor. +In Vietnam. +Gober served two tours in Vietnam. He also worked with an American/Vietnamese team that made Vietnamese songs. Later, in 1969, he was hurt while serving as a company commander. + += = = Hazel R. O'Leary = = = +Hazel Reid O'Leary (born May 17, 1937) was the seventh United States Secretary of Energy, from 1993 to 1997. She is the first and only woman and first and only African American to hold the position. +Early life and education. +Born Hazel Reid in Newport News, Virginia, she was the daughter of doctors Russell E. and Hazel Reid. She has two sisters, Edna Reid and Marina Morse; and two brothers, Louis and William Morse. +After earning a bachelor's degree at Fisk University in Nashville, O'Leary earned her law degree from Rutgers School of Law—Newark. +Marriage and family. +Reid married John F. O'Leary on April 24, 1980. He was a former deputy energy secretary and died in 1987. They have a son named Carl. +Career. +O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey and later worked for the consulting/accounting firm of Coopers & Lybrand. During the Carter Administration, O'Leary was made assistant administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, general counsel of the Community Services Administration, and administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration at the Department of Energy. +In 1981, O'Leary and her husband established the consulting firm of O'Leary & Associates, where she served as vice president and general counsel. From 1989 to 1993, she worked as an executive vice president of the Northern States Power Company. +In 1993 President Bill Clinton picked O'Leary as Secretary of Energy. +In 2004, O'Leary was selected as President of her undergraduate "alma mater", Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. + += = = Mount Whitney = = = +Mount Whitney or Tumanguya is a mountain in eastern California. The mountain is about 14,505 feet (4,421 m). This makes Mount Whitney the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States. Mount Whitney is only 76 miles from Badwater in Death Valley National Park, which is the lowest point in the United States. Mount Whitney is in the Sierra Nevada. Mount Whitney was named by the California Geological Survey in 1864, they named it after Josiah Whitney. + += = = Federico Peña = = = +Federico Fabian Peña (born March 15, 1947) was United States Secretary of Transportation from 1993 to 1997 and United States Secretary of Energy from 1997 to 1998, during the presidency of Bill Clinton. +Early life. +Born in Laredo, Texas, Peña earned a B.A. (1969) and a J.D. (1972) from the University of Texas at Austin and The University of Texas School of Law. Moving to Colorado, where he became an attorney, Peña was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1979, where he became the Minority Leader. In 1983, Peña became the first Hispanic Mayor of Denver, and he was re-elected in 1987. +Career. +Peña advised Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton on transportation issues during Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign, and Clinton chose Peña to head the United States Department of Transportation. Although he was going to leave Clinton's cabinet after Clinton's first term, Peña also served as Secretary of Energy for one year, from 1997 to 1998. In 1995 the Justice Department began a preliminary investigation into a California transit agency's awarding of a pension management contract to Peña's former investment management firm. However, Peña had cut all connections to his former company both before the contract and before becoming Transportation Secretary. On March 17, 1995 Janet Reno ended the investigation. +Later career. +When Peña left the Clinton administration, he returned to Denver and joined investment firm Vestar Capital Partners in August 1998, as Senior Advisor. On January 18, 2000, Vestar announced that Peña had become one of the firm's Managing Directors. +Personal life. +Peña is the father of three children: Nelia, Cristina, and Ryan Peña. The divorce of Federico Peña and his first wife, Ellen Hart Peña, became final on September 10, 2001. Federico Peña married Cindy Velasquez on September 2, 2006. Cindy Velasquez is a former broadcast executive for Channel 7, KMGH-TV, and Channel 9, KUSA-TV, in Denver, Colorado. +On September 7, 2007, Peña announced that he would support Sen. Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and also serve as Obama's National Campaign Co-chair. The move was important in that Peña did not support Sen. Hillary Clinton, the wife of the president under whom he served. On November 5, 2008, he was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project. +Honors. +Peña Boulevard, a freeway in Denver connecting Denver International Airport to Interstate 70, is named for him. As mayor of Denver, Peña led the effort to build the airport. + += = = Cynognathus = = = +Cynognathus was a cynodont (a mammal-like reptile, not a dinosaur) that was the size of a wolf. This therapsid lived on open plains during the early to middle Triassic period, roughly 230-245 million years ago. It was probably warm-blooded and may have given birth to live young. Fossils have been found in South Africa and Argentina. + += = = Natural units = = = +Natural units are ways of measuring things that depend on some basic characteristics of nature that do not change. Which of these basic quantities to choose can depend on the physics problems being investigated, and sometimes choosing one thing as a natural unit means that the size of something else does not become used as a natural unit in that system. +The old system of English measurements such as the pound are based on convenient objects in the natural world. The "grain" is the smallest of these objects, and originally it meant the weight of a grain of wheat or barley. Each individual grain might be slightly larger or smaller than the next, but the more grains were added together to make a larger measure, the more these little differences would even out. Even so, these measures were not entirely precise and did not relate to other measures such as the inch or the foot. +In order to make calculations simpler and units more precise, the Metric system was based on facts of nature such as the size of the Earth, the length of a day, and the density of water. Difficulties later developed and other standards are used now for the old measures. +Eventually it turned out that the mass of an electron or the mass of a proton were more useful standards to use for mass. All electrons are believed to have the same mass, and all protons are believed to have their own standard mass. But there is no simple mathematical relationship between the two masses. +The speed of light, c, is a constant. So c is a very natural choice to use as a standard for measuring velocity. +One choice for a standard of length is the Bohr radius. The simplest atom, hydrogen, only has one electron, and its smallest possible orbit, that with the lowest energy, is at a distance from the nucleus called the Bohr radius. +With a standard for measuring distances and a standard for velocity, it would be possible to derive one standard unit of time. In practice, there are several ways of defining units of time. One of the most widely known ways to measure time by natural cycles is by using atomic clocks. + += = = Fulacunda = = = +Fulacunda is a town in center of Guinea-Bissau. + += = = Fur seal = = = +Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the Otariidae family. One species, the northern fur seal ("Callorhinus ursinus") inhabits the North Pacific, while eight species in the Arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the Southern hemisphere. +Therefore they are not a single taxonomic unit. + += = = Hugh A. Robertson = = = +Hugh A. Robertson (May 28, 1932 – January 10, 1988) was an African-American movie director and editor. + += = = Mike Rodríguez = = = +Mike Rodriguez (born April 20, 1989) is an Ecuadorian football playmaker who plays for Ecuadorian giants Barcelona SC. + += = = Morlaix = = = +Morlaix () is a commune in Finistère department in Brittany in north-western France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. + += = = Bristol Filton Airport = = = +Bristol Filton Airport or Filton Aerodrome lies on the border between Filton and Patchway, within South Gloucestershire, north of Bristol, England. + += = = 22171 Choi = = = +22171 Choi (2000 WK179) is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on November 26, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro. + += = = Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson = = = +Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson (born 6 August 1990) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a centre-back for Úrvalsdeild karla club Valur. He is the son of Eyjólfur Sverrisson, former Iceland international and manager. +Honours. +Rosenborg + += = = Žigmund Pálffy = = = +Žigmund "Ziggy" Pálffy (born May 5, 1972) is an ethnic Hungarian Slovak professional ice hockey player currently playing for HK 36 Skalica of the Slovak Extraliga. + += = = Greg Egan = = = +Greg Egan (born 20 August 1961) is an Australian science fiction author. His first novel was published in 1983. + += = = Billy Abercromby = = = +William "Billy" Abercromby (born 14 September 1958 in Ruchill) is a retired Scottish football player. +He and Fraser Kirkwood wrote "Aber's Gonnae Get Ye: The Billy Abercromby Story". It was published in 2009. + += = = Jürgen Seeberger = = = +Jürgen Seeberger (born 25 March 1965 in Konstanz) is a German football manager currently managing V.f.B. Stuttgart II. + += = = Caroline van Dommelen = = = +Caroline van Dommelen (9 November 1874 – 4 March 1957) was a Dutch movie actress of the silent era. She appeared in eleven movies between 1911 and 1918. + += = = Sam Shepard = = = +Samuel Shepard Rogers III (November 5, 1943 – July 27, 2017) was an American playwright, actor, and television and movie director. He is the author of several books. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play "Buried Child". Shepard was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in "The Right Stuff" (1983). +Early years. +Born Samuel Shepard Rogers IV in Fort Sheridan, Illinois, he worked on a ranch as a teenager. His father, Samuel Shepard Rogers, Jr., was a teacher and farmer. His father was in the United States Army Air Forces as a bomber pilot during World War II. His mother, Jane Elaine (née Schook), was a teacher and from Chicago, Illinois. After high school, Shepard went to college for a little while. He quit to join a travelling theater group. He was also a drummer for the different late-1960s rock band The Holy Modal Rounders. The band was in the movie "Easy Rider" (1969). +Death. +Shepard died on July 27, 2017 at his home in Midway, Kentucky from complications of ALS, aged 73. + += = = Terry Ellis = = = +Terry Ellis (born September 5, 1963 in Houston, Texas, U.S.) is an African-American R&B singer best known for her work with the quartet En Vogue. + += = = Jan Åge Fjørtoft = = = +Jan Aage Fjörtoft (born 10 January 1967 in Ålesund) is a former Norwegian footballer. + += = = Bob's Full House = = = +Bob's Full House is a British quiz programme hosted by Bob Monkhouse which was based on the popular game 'Bingo' and aired on BBC One from 1 September 1984 until 27 January 1990. + += = = Mathieu Flamini = = = +Mathieu Flamini (born 7 March 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Milan. +Club career statistics. +14||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||9||0||23||0 +102||7||11||0||9||0||30||1||152||8 +29||0||1||0||colspan="2"|-||7||0||37||0 +145||7||12||0||9||0||46||1||212||8 +International career statistics. +!Total||3||0 + += = = Theo Walcott = = = +Theo James Walcott (born 16 March 1989) is an English professional footballer. He was born in northwest London and grew up in Compton, Berkshire. He plays as a forward for Everton and the England national team. +Honours. +Southampton +Arsenal +England U21 +Individual + += = = Eriz = = = +Eriz is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. + += = = GAIS = = = +GAIS is an association football club in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national championship in 1919, 1922, 1931 and 1954. + += = = IFK Göteborg = = = +IFK Göteborg is an association football club which plays in Sweden for Gothenburg. The club won the UEFA Cup in 1982 and 1987. The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1908, 1910, 1918, 1934–35, 1941–42, 1957–58, 1969, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 2007. + += = = Örgryte IS = = = +Örgryte IS is an association football club which in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The club won the first Swedish national championship in 1896, and was one of the stronger teams in Swedish association football of the late 19th century and early 20th century. +The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1902, 1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1913 and 1985 + += = = Helsingborgs IF = = = +Helsingborgs IF is an association football club in the town of Helsingborg in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1941, 1942, 1999 and 2011. + += = = AIK Solna = = = +AIK is a football club from Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1900, 1901, 1911, 1914, 1916, 1923, 1932, 1937, 1992, 1998. and 2009. + += = = IFK Norrköping = = = +IFK Norrköping is an association football club in the town of Norrköping in Sweden. The team has played several Allsvenskan seasons. The club has won the Swedish national championship in 1942–43, 1944–45, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1989 and 2015. + += = = IFK Eskilstuna = = = +IFK Eskilstuna is an association football club in the town of Eskilstuna in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national championship in 1921, and played several Allsvenskan seasons. + += = = Hammarby Fotboll = = = +Hammarby IF is an association football club in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. The club won Allsvenskan, becoming Swedish national champions, in 2001. + += = = Jungo Fujimoto = = = + is a Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Fujimoto was born in Yamato on March 24, 1984. When he played for University of Tsukuba, he joined J1 League club Shimizu S-Pulse in 2005. He was given number "10" shirt as Masaaki Sawanobori successor from the 2006 season. In the 2006 season, Fujimoto played 28 matches and scored 8 goals and was selected "Young Player of the Year award". The club won the 2nd place in the 2008 J.League Cup and 2010 Emperor's Cup. He was also selected Best Eleven in 2010. In 2011, he moved to Nagoya Grampus which won the J1 League champions in 2010 season. In 2011, the club won the 2nd place J1 League and he was selected Best Eleven. In 2014, he moved to Yokohama F. Marinos. Although he played many matches in 2014, his opportunity to play decreased under new manager Erick Mombaerts in 2015. In 2016, he moved to Gamba Osaka. From July 2019, he played for Kyoto Sanga FC and SC Sagamihara. +On March 24, 2007, Fujimoto debuted for the Japan national team against Peru and played 4 matches in 2007. In September 2010, he was selected the Japan for the first time in 3 years. In January 2011, he played at 2011 Asian Cup and Japan won the champions. He played 13 games and scored 1 goals for Japan until 2012. +Statistics. +355||56||31||6||59||8||20||5||465||75 +355||56||31||6||59||8||20||5||465||75 +!Total||13||1 + += = = Akihiro Hyodo = = = +Akihiro Hyodo (born 12 May 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse. +Club career statistics. +119||11||16||2||29||2||164||15 +119||11||16||2||29||2||164||15 + += = = Naoaki Aoyama = = = + is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse. + += = = Sarayu = = = +Sarayu is a river which flows in Uttar Pradesh of India. Sarayu river originates in Himalaya. It flows across 350 km and merges into the Ganga river. Sarayu river is mentioned in Ramayana. Ramayana mention that city of Ayodhya was on the bank of Sarayu river. + += = = Nashik = = = +Nashik, also spelled as Nasik is a city in the northwest of Maharashtra State, India. It has 1,620,000 people. Nashik is about from Mumbai. +Nashik is a district on Maharashtra State. Nashik has 15 Talukas. Following are talukas of nashik. +Following are important cities in Nashik District +Nashik was previously just a holy place but now it has turned into industrial, educational centre. Due its close location to Mumbai it is developing fast. + += = = Alexis Herman = = = +Alexis Margaret Herman (born July 16, 1947 in Mobile, Alabama) was the 23rd U.S. Secretary of Labor, serving under President Bill Clinton. Before that, she was Assistant to the President and Director of the White House Office of Public Liaison. +The daughter of politician Alex Herman and schoolteacher Gloria Caponis, Alexis grew up a Catholic home in Mobile and earned her high school diploma in 1965 from the Heart of Mary High School. For a short time, she went to Edgewood College in Madison, Wisconsin, and Spring Hill College in Mobile, but then switched to Xavier University of Louisiana in New Orleans, where she became a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology in 1969. +After college, Herman worked for Catholic Charities and other agencies advocating minority women employment. Jimmy Carter met Herman while campaigning in Atlanta, Georgia, and after becoming President in 1977, picked her to be Director of the Labor Department's Women's Bureau. At age 29, she was the youngest person to ever serve in that position. +In 1981, Herman founded her own consulting firm - A.M. Herman & Associates. She served as president of the company while remaining active in Democratic politics. During her time as chief of staff and later vice chair of the Democratic National Committee, she was in charge of organizing the 1992 Democratic National Convention. +After Bill Clinton's win in the 1992 Presidential election, Herman became deputy director of the Presidential Transition Office. She was later picked to head the White House Office of Public Liaison, where she was responsible for the administration's relations with interest groups. +During Clinton's second term, Herman was named Secretary of Labor, the first African American to be picked for that position and the fifth woman to be picked. Congressional Republicans and labor unions initially opposed giving her the job. But she earned praise from her peers for her handling of the 1997 UPS workers strike. An independent counsel investigated her for taking cash bribes and/or illegal campaign donations as an assistant to Clinton from 1994 to 1996. She was the 5th cabinet officer be investigated by independent counsel. Bill Clinton testified on her side. In 2000 the investigation ended with no indictment. +During the 2000 Florida election recount, Herman was part of team planning a transition to a Gore Administration, and she was mentioned as a likely pick for White House Chief of Staff. She was replaced as Secretary of Labor in the George W. Bush administration by Elaine Chao. +Herman now serves as the co-chairperson (with James Roosevelt, Jr.) of the Democratic National Committee's Rules and Bylaws Committee. +Herman also serves on the boards of several big companies, including Coca Cola Corporation's Human Resources Task Force, Toyota's Diversity Advisory Board, Cummins, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, and Prudential and is the chairman and CEO of New Ventures, Inc. + += = = Conjugate variables = = = +Conjugate variables are special pairs of variables (like x, y, z) that don't give the same result when you do a certain mathematical operation with them. This means that x*y is not equal to y*x. Here, the * does not mean multiplication. It could mean addition, subtraction, division, or any operation that makes sense, in that case. +A physicist, Werner Heisenberg, and his co-workers used equations studied in classical physics to describe and predict events from quantum physics. He discovered that the momentum (mass times velocity, represented by P) and position (represented by Q) are conjugate variables. This means that P*Q is not equal to Q*P, in quantum physics. +Here are two special equations to calculate the energy of an electron (small green thing) in a hydrogen atom. +The first equation could be used to find out the product of momentum and position: +The second equation could be used to calculate the product of position and momentum: +Some time later, another physicist, Max Born found out that, because P*Q is not equal to Q*P, the result of Q*P minus P*Q is not zero. (The "minus" is not the same minus of "3 - 2". It's a different thing with the same name). +Born found out that: +[The symbol Q is the matrix for position, P is the matrix for momentum, i is a complex number, and h is Planck's constant, a number that shows up in quantum mechanics a lot.] +Conjugate variables have applications all over Physics, in Chemistry and in a bunch of other areas of science. + += = = Rail yard = = = +A rail yard is a system of railway tracks used for the storage, loading and unloading, of railroad cars and/or locomotives. + += = = Salcedo, Dominican Republic = = = +The Dominican city of Salcedo is the head municipality of the Hermanas Mirabal province, on the central part of the country. +Name. +The city is named after "Francisco Antonio Salcedo" who fought in the northwestern part of the country against the Haitian army during the Dominican-Haitian War after the Dominican independence from Haiti in 1844. +Population. +The municipality had, in , a total population of 35,306: 17,683 men and 17,623 women. The urban population was of the total population. +History. +In the place where is now the city of Salcedo there was a very small town with the name of "Juana Núñez". It was made a "Puesto cantonal" (an old category that now is called Municipal District) in 1880 as part of the old La Vega province. +With the creation of the Espaillat province in 1885, Juana Núñez was made part of this new province. In 1891, its name was changed from Juana Núñez to the present one, Salcedo. +Salcedo was made a municipality in 1905 and, when the Salcedo Province (now Hermanas Mirabal Province) was created in 1952, the city became the head municipality of the new province. +Geography. +Salcedo in the Cibao valley, south of the Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain range") and has a total area of . It has only one municipal district (a subdivision of a municipality): Jamao Afuera. +The city of Salcedo is at to the north of Santo Domingo and at to the east of Moca. It is at an elevation of above sea level. +The municipality is in the eastern part of the country, just to the south of the "Cordillera Oriental" (in English, "Eastern mountain range") in the region known as "Llano Costero del Caribe" (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain"). +Salcedo has the municipality of Villa Tapia to the south, the Espaillat province to the west and north and the municipality of Tenares to the east. +Climate. +Salcedo has a tropical wet climate (Köppen climate classification : Af), with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist. +The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer and in fall. The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of rainfall, followed by May with . +The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of and the second is March with . +Salcedo is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is June with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . +Administrative division. +The municipality of Salcedo has only one municipal districts: +Economy. +Farming is the only economic activity in the municipality, except for some very small industries; the main products are plantain, cassava and cacao. + += = = Andrew of Cornwall = = = +Andrew of Cornwall (Andreas Cornubiensis, Andreas de Cornubia, André de Cornouailles) (fl. 1290s) was a philosopher at Oxford during the 1290s. It is thought that he brought Parisian Modism to England, and that he helped to shape Duns Scotus with his ideas. + += = = Landry Bonnefoi = = = +Landry Bonnefoi (born 20 September 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Amiens. +Club career statistics. +1||0 +1||0 +2||0 + += = = Hossein Kaebi = = = +Hossein Kaebi (born 23 September 1985) is an Iranian football player. He plays for Steel Azin and Iran national team. +International career statistics. +!Total||83||1 + += = = IF Elfsborg = = = +IF Elfsborg is an association football club in the town of Borås in Sweden, established on 26 June 1904. IF Elfsborg won the Swedish national championship six times: in 1936, 1939, 1940, 1961., 2006 and 2012. +IF Elfsborg's home ground is the Borås Arena, which has a seating capacity for 16,894 people. IF Elfsborg's supporter group is called "Guliganerna". +History. +In the national league system started the season 1924/25 played Elfsborg in western Swedish season in Division 2. Already in the following season, in 1925/26, Elfsborg won the series and went on to qualifying for ”Allsvenskan”. In the qualifying they had to meet Halmstads BK and after the team won respective game, there was a third deciding game in Gothenburg. The game was won by Elfsborg 4-1 and Nils Hedin made all Elfsborg four goals in the second half. That meant Elfsborg went up to the Allsvenskan for the first time. +The club debuted in Allsvenskan on 2 August 1926 in a game against Örgryte IS. It played in the top league continuously until 1954. During the club's early years from the mid 1930s until 1947, the team had several in the Sweden national team. + += = = Daisuke Fujii = = = +Daisuke Fujii (born 15 October 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki. +Club career statistics. +76||2||4||0||4||0||84||2 +76||2||4||0||4||0||84||2 + += = = Yoshiki Takahashi = = = +Yoshiki Takahashi (born 14 May 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai. +Club career statistics. +242||20||14||2||0||0||256||22 +242||20||14||2||0||0||256||22 + += = = Valon Behrami = = = +Valon Behrami (born 19 April 1985) was a Swiss football player. He played for West Ham United and Switzerland national team. +Club career statistics. +2||0 +122||7 +24||1 +148||8 +International career statistics. +!Total||25||2 + += = = Djurgårdens IF Fotboll = = = +Djurgårdens IF is a association football club in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. +The club has won the highest Swedish division Allsvenskan 11 times, 3 of those during the 21th centuary, making them the most successful club in Sweden during this period. The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1912, 1915, 1917, 1920, 1954–1955, 1959, 1964, 1966, 2002, 2003 and 2005. +The club, which was founded in 1891, started it's association football section in 1899. The team plays in darkblue and lightblue stripes. Since 1936 Stockholms Stadion has been the home stadium, but they have big plans to build a new arena with around 18000 seats. The current captain is Pa Dembo Touray and the deputy captain is Mattias Jonson. +The manager of Djurgårdens IF is Lennart Wass and Carlos Banda. +During the 2013 season of the elite and professional Swedish league (Allsvenskan), Djurgården’s kit featured the logo of Djurgårdsandan. + += = = Zlatko Kranjčar = = = +Zlatko Kranjčar (15 November 1956 – 1 March 2021) was a Croatian football player and manager. He played for Yugoslavia national team and Croatia national team. +Kranjčar died on 1 March 2021 at a Zagreb hospital at the age of 64. +Club career statistics. +261||98 +213||108 +474||206 +International career statistics. +!Total||11||3 +!Total||2||1 + += = = Raúl Vicente Amarilla = = = +Raúl Vicente Amarilla (born July 19, 1960) is a former Paraguayan football player. +Club career statistics. +26||15||5||3||4||0||35||18 +26||15||5||3||4||0||35||18 + += = = Ariel Ibagaza = = = +Ariel Ibagaza (born 27 October 1976) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Villarreal. +Club career statistics. +98||10 +318||30 +416||40 +International career statistics. +!Total||1||0 + += = = Luis Amaranto Perea = = = +Luis Amaranto Perea (born 30 January 1979) is a Colombian football player. He plays for Atlético Madrid and Colombia national team. +Club career statistics. +118||0 +16||0 +149||0 +283||0 +International career statistics. +!Total||49||0 + += = = Igor Lediakhov = = = +Igor Lediakhov (born 22 May 1968) is a former Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Russia national team. +Club career statistics. +107||4 +100||26 +228||44 +23||15 +458||89 +International career statistics. +!Total||7||1 +!Total||8||0 + += = = Yosuke Nishi = = = +Yosuke Nishi (born 12 May 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Grulla Morioka. +Club career statistics. +73||17||6||2||0||0||79||19 +73||17||6||2||0||0||79||19 + += = = Twilight Comes Twice = = = +Twilight Comes Twice is a children's book of free verse written by Ralph Fletcher with pictures drawn by Kate Kiesler. It was first published in 1997, and describes the changes from night to day and from day to night. + += = = Free verse = = = +Free verse is a term for different styles of poetry that do not rhyme. Poets who have written in free verse include Rainer Maria Rilke, Saint-John Perse, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams, C.K. Williams, Charles Simic, and Giannina Braschi. + += = = Salva Ballesta = = = +Salva Ballesta (born 22 May 1975) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Albacete Balompié. +Club career statistics. +340||133 +6||0 +346||133 +International career statistics. +!Total||4||0 + += = = Toshihiro Yahata = = = +Toshihiro Yahata (born 29 May 1980) is a former Japanese football player. +Club career statistics. +46||3||6||0||3||0||55||3 +46||3||6||0||3||0||55||3 + += = = Javier Chevantón = = = +Javier Chevantón (born 12 August 1980) is a former Uruguayan football player. He had an 18-year career, in Italy, France, Spain, Argentina, England, and Uruguay. +Club career statistics. +57||49 +87||46 +50||20 +34||8 +228||123 +International career statistics. +!Total||22||7 + += = = Takashi Hirano = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Hirano was born in Shizuoka on July 15, 1974. After graduating from Shimizu Commercial High School, he joined J1 League club Nagoya Grampus Eight in 1993. He played many matches as left midfielder from first season. The club won the champions in the 1995 and 1999 Emperor's Cup. He played 222 matches and scored 43 goals. In summer 2000, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga. However the club was relegated to J2 League end of the 2000 season. He played for Júbilo Iwata in 2001 and Vissel Kobe in 2002. In 2003, he moved to Tokyo Verdy. The club won the champions in the 2004 Emperor's Cup. However the club was relegated to J2 end of 2005 season. From 2006, he played Yokohama F. Marinos, Omiya Ardija and Vancouver Whitecaps. He retired in 2010. +On June 8, 1997, Hirano debuted and scored a goal for the Japan national team against Croatia. He also played at 1998 World Cup qualification in 1997. In 1998, he was selected Japan for 1998 World Cup. He played two games as a substitute at the 1998 World Cup. He played 15 games and scored 4 goals for Japan until 2000. +Statistics. +352||54||29||6||63||12||444||72 +65||1||||||||||65||1 +417||55||29||6||63||12||509||73 +!Total||15||4 + += = = Tadatoshi Masuda = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Masuda was born in Shizuoka on December 25, 1973. After graduating from Shizuoka Gakuen High School, he joined Kashima Antlers in 1992. He debuted in 1994 and played many games as offensive midfielder. The club won the champions at 1996 J1 League and 1997 J.League Cup. However he got hurt in August 1998. Although he came back in September 1999, his opportunity to play decreased. He moved to FC Tokyo in June 2000. After that, he played for JEF United Ichihara (2002), Kashiwa Reysol (2003-2005) and Oita Trinita (2006). He retired end of 2006 season. +On February 15, 1998, Masuda debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. +Statistics. +235||32||23||5||55||10||313||47 +235||32||23||5||55||10||313||47 +!Total||1||0 + += = = Hiroshige Yanagimoto = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Yanagimoto was born in Higashiosaka on October 15, 1972. After graduating from Nara Ikuei High School, he joined Mazda (later "Sanfrecce Hiroshima") in 1991. He played as regular player at right side-back. The club won the 2nd place at 1994 J1 League, 1995 and 1996 Emperor's Cup. In 1999, he moved to his local club Gamba Osaka. He moved to Osaka Prefecture's cross town rivals, Cerezo Osaka in 2003. The club won the 2nd place at 2003 Emperor's Cup. He retired end of 2006 season. +In January 1995, Yanagimoto was selected for the Japan national team for the 1995 King Fahd Cup. At this competition, on January 8, he debuted against Argentina. After debut, he became a regular player at right side-back. In 1996, he played in all matches included 1996 Asian Cup. However at 1998 World Cup qualification in March 1997, he got hurt and subsequently dropped from the national team. He had played 30 games for Japan until 1997. +Statistics. +320||4||32||2||48||0||400||6 +320||4||32||2||48||0||400||6 +!Total||30||0 + += = = Miroslav Mentel = = = +Miroslav Mentel (born December 2, 1962) is a former Slovak football player. +Club career statistics. +10||0||2||0||2||0||14||0 +10||0||2||0||2||0||14||0 + += = = Keiji Kaimoto = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Kojiro Kaimoto is also a former footballer. +Biography. +Kaimoto was born in Suita on November 26, 1972. After graduating from Tokai University, he joined Japan Football League club Vissel Kobe in 1995. The club won the 2nd place in 1996 and was promoted to J1 League. From 1997, he played many matches. In 2001, he moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight. In 2003, his younger brother Kojiro Kaimoto also joined Grampus. However his opportunity to play gradually decreased. He moved to Albirex Niigata with Kojiro in 2005. Although he played many matches, Kojiro left the club in May 2006. His opportunity to play decreased from 2007 and retired end of 2008 season. +Kaimoto was capped once for the Japan national team, when he played a 2000 Asian Cup match against Qatar at the group stage in Beirut on October 20. He was sent off in the 39th minute in the match. Japan went on to win the tournament. +Statistics. +213||8||11||1||31||1||255||10 +213||8||11||1||31||1||255||10 +!Total||1||0 + += = = Norihiro Nishi = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Nishi was born in Takatsuki on May 9, 1980. After graduating from Funabashi Municipal High School, he joined J1 League club Júbilo Iwata in 1999. He played many matches from first season. The club won the champions in 1999, 2002 J1 League and 2003 Emperor's Cup. In Asia, the club won the champions 1998–99 Asian Club Championship and the 2nd place 1999–00 and 2000–01 Asian Club Championship. His opportunity to play decreased for injury from 2004. In 2009 and 2010, he played most matches and the club won 2010 J.League Cup. He moved to Tokyo Verdy in 2012 and played until 2013. After that, he played for Police United (2014) and Okinawa SV (2016). He retired end of 2016 season. +In September 2000, Nishi was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 2000 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in the match. +On April 25, 2004, Nishi debuted for Japan national team against Hungary. In July, he was selected Japan for 2004 Asian Cup. He played 2 matches and Japan won the champions. He played 5 games for Japan in 2004. +Statistics. +328||47||33||8||47||3||8||2||416||60 +328||47||33||8||47||3||8||2||416||60 +!Total||5||0 + += = = Fingering (sexual act) = = = +Fingering is the act of touching the vulva or vagina and sometimes the anus for the purpose of sexual stimulation with the fingers. It is like the handjob, which is the manual stimulation of the penis. It is a common form of foreplay or mutual masturbation. To "finger oneself" is to masturbate in this way. +Digital penetration is penetration (for example sexual penetration) with one or more fingers. +Vaginal fingering. +Vaginal fingering can end in orgasm. It also may or may not include the entire sexual encounter. It may be part of foreplay or part of a start to other sexual activities. These activities can provide sexual pleasure to a partner when penetrative intercourse is not possible or desirable for whatever reason. +Anal fingering. +Fingering of the butt and rectum is commonly enjoyed in preparation for further anal sex. Anal fingering can arouse a person, allowing them to relax their anus and prepare them for the insertion of a penis or a dildo. +Safety. +The practice is generally considered safe sex as long as the hands are protected with latex gloves. + += = = Bogon filtering = = = +"Bogon" is an informal name for an IP packet on the Internet that claims to be from an area of the IP address space that is not used. The space not yet assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) or a delegated Regional Internet Registry (RIR). The areas of unallocated address space are called "bogon space". +For example, addresses from 100.x.x.x - 107.x.x.x have not yet been allocated (set aside) (as of September 2009, see for a complete current list) +Bogons are not the same as reserved private address ranges: + 10.0.0.0/8 (10.x.x.x) + 172.16.0.0/12 (172.16.x.x - 172.31.x.x) + 192.168.0.0/16 (192.168.x.x) + += = = John Rolfe = = = +John Rolfe (c. 1585 – 1622) was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is known for the first successful making of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia. He is also known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy. + += = = Watts riots = = = +The Watts riots was a race riot which lasted 6 days in August 1965 in Watts part of Los Angeles, California. 34 people died, 1,032 were hurt, and 3,438 went to jail. It was the worst riot in Los Angeles history until the 1992 Los Angeles riots. + += = = Dodger Stadium = = = +Dodger Stadium is a baseball park in Los Angeles, California. It is the home field of the Major League Baseball team called the Los Angeles Dodgers. It was built in 1962, making it one of the oldest ball parks. (Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts and Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois are older.) It is also the largest baseball park in seating capacity. +Dodger Stadium was constructed from 1959 to 1962 at a cost of $23 million dollars. A neighborhood called Chavez Ravine had to be torn down to build the stadium. The Los Angeles Angels rented from the Dodgers from 1962 through 1965, before moving to Anaheim Stadium. The Angels called the ballpark Chavez Ravine Stadium. +Over five million people have seen a game in Dodger Stadium. The Dodgers have won four World Series while playing in the stadium, in 1963, 1965, 1981 and 1988. +There was talk of tearing down the stadium to build a football stadium, but that did not happen. + += = = Venice, Los Angeles = = = +Venice is a place in western Los Angeles, California, United States. It is known for its canals, beaches and circus-like Ocean Front Walk, which features performers, fortune-tellers and vendors. +In summer, the boardwalk is busy. Many tourists visit. It was home to early Beat poets and artists in Los Angeles. Its area codes are 310 and a 424 overlay. Its ZIP Code is 90291. +The borders are the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, Marina Del Rey on the southeast, Culver City on the east, Mar Vista on the northeast, and Santa Monica on the north. + += = = Hollywood Walk of Fame = = = +The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA, that is like an entertainment museum. There are over 2500 stars on the sidewalk. The names of famous entertainers and famous fictional characters are written on the stars. It is a popular tourist attraction, with an estimated 10 million annual visitors in 2010. + += = = Playboy Mansion = = = +The Playboy Mansion (also known as the Playboy Mansion West), is in Holmby Hills in Los Angeles, California, and was the home of "Playboy" magazine creator Hugh Hefner. + += = = University of Southern California = = = +The University of Southern California (also called USC, SC, and Southern California) is a private, research university in the Exposition Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, USA. USC was founded in 1880, and it is California's oldest private research university. +Students. +USC has 16,384 undergraduate and 17,024 graduate students and gave 4,676 bachelor's and 5,380 advanced degrees in 2007. USC students come from all 50 states in the United States as well as over 115 countries. +Staff. +USC employed 3,127 full-time faculty, 1,363 part-time faculty, and about 8,200 staff members in 2007. The university has a "very high" level of research activity, and it got $484.6 million in sponsored research in 2007. The Integrated Media Systems Center and the Center for Biomimetic Microelectronic Systems are at USC. +Sports. +USC has 19 sports teams that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I-A Pacific-10 Conference. Their nickname is the Trojans. The Trojans have won 89 NCAA team championships, third in the nation (behind UCLA and Stanford), and 347 Individual NCAA Championships, second in the nation. 362 Trojan athletes have been in the Olympic games winning 112 gold, 66 silver, and 58 bronze medals. Their basketball team plays in the Galen Center and is coached by Kevin O'Neill. Their football team plays in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and is coached by Lane Kiffin. The football team has won several national championships and 23 Rose Bowls, a game played between two of the top football teams in the country. In sports, USC has a strong rivalry with UCLA, the other big school in Los Angeles, in all sports and a strong rivalry with Notre Dame in football. + += = = Endoplasmic reticulum = = = +Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle. It is the transport network for molecules going to specific places, as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum is in cells that have a nucleus: in eukaryote cells but not in prokaryote cells. It takes these forms: +Similar to the ER is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) found only in muscle cells. The SR stores and pumps calcium ions. The SR contains large stores of calcium, which it releases when the muscle cell is stimulated. Another type of cytoplasmic network is the plate-like Golgi apparatus. +The lacey membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by scientists using an electron microscope. + += = = Jimaní = = = +The Dominican city of Jimaní is the head municipality of the Independencia province, on the southwestern part of the country. The city is near the border with Haiti, on the main road that goes from the Dominican Republic to Port-au-Prince, capital city of Haiti. +History. +For most of its history, Jimaní was part of Neiba but in 1938 it was made part of La Descubierta and in 1943 was elevated to the category of municipal districts (a municipal district is an administrative part of a municipality) of La Descubierta, in the Baoruco province. +With the creation of the Independencia province in 1948, Jimaní was made the head municipality of that new province. +Population. +The municipality had, in , a total population of 10,034: 4,967 men and 5,067 women. The urban population was of the total population. +Geography. +Jimaní is in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" valley, in the southwest of the country, close to Haiti. The municipality has a total area of . It has two municipal districts (subdivisions of a municipality): Boca de Cachón and El Limón. +The city of Jimaní is at to the west of Azua and at to Santo Domingo. It is at an elevation of above sea level. +It is between the two main lakes of the Hispaniola: Lake Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) and Étang Saumâtre (Haiti). +Jimaní has the municipality of La Descubierta, the Lake Enriquillo and the Baoruco province to the north, the Barahona province to the east, the Pedernales to the south and Haiti to the west. +Climate. +Jimaní has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : Aw). +The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer and in fall. The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of rainfall, followed by October with . +The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of and the second is December with . +Jimaní is in a very hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . +Administrative division. +The municipality of Jimaní has two municipal districts: +Economy. +The main economic activity is commerce with Haiti. Farming is not well developed because the region is very dry and hot. Most people that lives here work for the government or in the commerce between the two countries. + += = = MouseHunt = = = +MouseHunt is a popular game on Facebook. The game is about you catching different kinds of mice using different traps and bases and different kinds of cheeses. To move up levels, you must get more points by catching more unique mice. +The different levels. +There is a total of 15 ranks (14 using points and 1 by donating). They are: + += = = Zhoukoudian = = = +Zhoukoudian or Choukoutien () is a cave system in Beijing, China. Many archaeological discoveries were found here, including one of the first specimens of "Homo erectus", dubbed Peking Man, and bones of the large hyena "Pachycrocuta brevirostris". The Peking Man lived in this cave about 200,000 to 750,000 years ago. +The Peking Man Site was discovered by Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1921 and was first excavated by Otto Zdansky in 1921 and 1923 unearthing two human teeth. + += = = Morant Bay rebellion = = = +The Morant Bay rebellion began on October 11, 1865, when Paul Bogle led 200 to 300 black men and women into the town of Morant Bay, parish of St. Thomas in the East, Jamaica. The rebellion and its aftermath were a major turning point in Jamaica's history, and also generated a significant political debate in Britain. Today, the rebellion remains controversial, and is frequently mentioned by specialists in black and in colonial studies. +Slavery ended in Jamaica on August 1, 1834, with the passing of the British Emancipation Act, which led to emancipation on 1 August 1838 – the date on which former slaves became free to choose their employment and employer. + += = = Herta Müller = = = +Herta Müller (born 17 August 1953) is a Romanian-born German novelist, poet and essayist noted for her works depicting the harsh conditions of life in Communist Romania under the repressive Nicolae Ceauşescu regime, the history of the Germans in the Banat (and more broadly, Transylvania), and the persecution of Romanian ethnic Germans by Stalinist Soviet occupying forces in Romania. Müller has been an internationally well-known author since the early 1990s, and her works have been translated into more than 20 languages. She has received over 20 awards, including the 1998 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. On 8 October 2009, it was announced she would be awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature. + += = = 1138 Aleppo earthquake = = = +The 1138 Aleppo earthquake happened near the town of Aleppo in northern Syria on 11 October 1138. The United States Geological Survey lists it as the third deadliest earthquake in history with 230,000 people killed. However, the total comes from a combination of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and 30 September 1139 in Ganja, Azerbaijan in historical records. Ibn Taghribirdi first wrote about this large number of deaths in the fifteenth century. + += = = Filippa Reinfeldt = = = +Filippa Desiree Amanda Cay Reinfeldt (née Holmberg, born June 14, 1967 in Stockholm) is a Swedish Moderate Party politician. She has been Municipal Commissioner () of Täby, Uppland, since 2002 and Mayor and Chairperson of the Täby Municipal Executive since 2005. Previously Reinfeldt was an appointed to various posts ("förtroendevald") in the Stockholm City Council from 1991 to 1994 and councillor in the Stockholm County Council from 1994. +Filippa is married since 1992 to Moderate Party leader and Prime Minister of Sweden Fredrik Reinfeldt, with whom she has three children. + += = = Karl Wilhelm Scheibler = = = +Karl Wilhelm Scheibler (1 September 1820 – 13 April 1881) was a German - Polish industrialist. + += = = Sarah Silverman = = = +Sarah Kate Silverman (born December 1, 1970) is an American stand-up comedian, writer, celebrity, singer and musician. Although usually credited as "Sarah Silverman," she is sometimes credited by her nickname, "Big S." Her satirical comedy addresses social taboo and controversial topics such as racism, sexism and religion. + += = = Coat of arms of Australia = = = +The coat of arms of Australia has two animals; the emu and kangaroo. The animals are each on one side separated by a shield. The shield shows the badge of each six states. The current version was granted by King George V on 19 September 1912 + += = = Dinnerladies = = = +Dinnerladies was a British sitcom. It was written by, co-produced by and starred Victoria Wood. The series had 16 episodes. It was broadcast on the BBC from 1998 to 2000. +The setting is the canteen of HWD Components, a fictional Manchester factory. During its two years, "Dinnerladies" follows the lives of the people working in the canteen. +Characters. +Canteen staff: +Factory staff: +Other characters: + += = = Jeroen Boere = = = +Jeroen Boere (18 November 1967 – 16 August 2007) is a former Dutch football player. +Club career statistics. +181||74 +116||32 +26||18 +323||124 + += = = Jorginho (footballer, born 1979) = = = +Jorge Luiz de Amorim Silva (born 5 September 1979) is a Brazilian football player. +Club career statistics. +73||27||6||5||4||1||83||33 +73||27||6||5||4||1||83||33 + += = = Ryang Kyu-Sa = = = +Ryang Kyu-Sa (born 3 June 1978) is a former North Korean football player. He has played for Korea DPR national team. +Club career statistics. +0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 +0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0 +International career statistics. +!Total||2||2 + += = = Halmstads BK = = = +Halmstads BK is an association football club in the town of Halmstad in Sweden. The club won Allsvenskan, becoming Swedish national champions, in the years of 1976, 1979, 1997 and 2000. They also won the Swedish Cup in 1995. + += = = Diego Souza (footballer, born 1984) = = = +Diego de Souza Gama Silva (born 22 March 1984) is a Brazilisn football player. He plays for Kyoto Sanga. +Club career statistics. +152||54||3||1||10||0||165||55 +152||54||3||1||10||0||165||55 + += = = Marcelinho Carioca = = = +Marcelinho Carioca (born 31 December 1971) is a Brazilian former football player. +Club career statistics. +315||96 +5||0 +21||3 +12||6 +10||2 +363||107 +International career statistics. +!Total||3||2 + += = = Johan Djourou = = = +Johan Djourou (born 18 January 1987) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Arsenal and Switzerland national team. +Club career statistics. +10||1||||||||||||||10||1 +58||0||7||0||12||0||13||0||90||0 +68||1||7||0||12||0||13||0||100||1 +International career statistics. +!Total||24||1 + += = = North Korea national football team = = = +North Korea national football team is the national football team of North Korea. + += = = Cape Verde national football team = = = +Cape Verde national football team is the national football team of Cape Verde. + += = = Cook Islands national football team = = = +Cook Islands national football team is the national football team of Cook Islands. + += = = Fiji national football team = = = +Fiji national football team is the national football team of Fiji. + += = = Kiribati national football team = = = +Kiribati national football team is the national football team of Kiribati. + += = = Federated States of Micronesia national football team = = = +Federated States of Micronesia national football team is the national football team of Federated States of Micronesia. + += = = Niue national football team = = = +Niue national football team is the national football team of Niue. + += = = Northern Mariana Islands national football team = = = +Northern Mariana Islands national football team is the national football team of Northern Mariana Islands. + += = = Palau national football team = = = +Palau national football team is the national football team of Palau. + += = = Papua New Guinea national soccer team = = = +The Papua New Guinea national soccer team represents Papua New Guinea in international men's soccer. + += = = Samoa national football team = = = +Samoa national football team is the national football team of Samoa. + += = = Solomon Islands national football team = = = +Solomon Islands national football team is the national football team of Solomon Islands. + += = = Tahiti national football team = = = +Tahiti national football team is the national football team of Tahiti. + += = = Tonga national football team = = = +Tonga national football team is the national football team of Tonga. +OFC Nations Cup. +"*= Fake results" + += = = Tuvalu national football team = = = +Tuvalu national football team is the national football team of Tuvalu. + += = = Vanuatu national football team = = = +Vanuatu national football team is the national football team of Vanuatu. In the Pacific Games they reached the semifinals seven times and the finals once. In the OFC Nations Cup, they reached the semifinals four times. They have never competed in the World Cup. Vanuatu was formerly named New Hebrides. + += = = Yuji Sakakura = = = + is a former Japanese football player and manager. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Sakakura was educated at and played for Yokkaichi Chuo Technical High School and Juntendo University. After finishing the university, he joined Japan Soccer League side Furuawa Electric (later "JEF United Ichihara"). In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. He moved to Nagoya Grampus Eight in 1995, then Japan Football League side Brummell Sendai in 1996. He finished his playing career in 1998 at his home town club Mind House TC, a Regional Leagues side, after playing for them for one season. +On July 27, 1990, Sakakura debuted for the Japan national team against South Korea. He was selected Japan for 1990 Asian Games and played 2 matches. He played 6 games for Japan until 1991. He was also a member of the Japan which won the 1992 Asian Cup, but did not play in the tournament. +After the retirement, Sakakura started coaching career at new club Yokohama FC in 1999. He served as an assistant coach. He also managed the club as caretaker in 2001. In 2005, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga (later "Kyoto Sanga FC") and served as a manager for the youth team. In 2008, he moved to Tochigi SC. He mainly served as assistant coach for top team. In 2014, he was promoted to a manager. He resigned in July 2015. In 2016, he signed with Shimizu S-Pulse and served as a assistant coach. In 2018, he moved to AC Nagano Parceiro and served as a assistant coach. In June, he became a manager and managed the club until end of 2018 season. +Statistics. +135||1||5||0||22||0||162||1 +135||1||5||0||22||0||162||1 +!Total||6||0 + += = = Shingi Ono = = = +Shingi Ono (born 9 April 1974) is a former Japanese football player. +Club career statistics. +315||49||20||4||5||1||340||54 +315||49||20||4||5||1||340||54 + += = = Sergei Aleinikov = = = +Sergei Aleinikov (born 7 November 1961) is a former Belarusian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Belarus national team. +Honours. +Dinamo Minsk +Juventus +Soviet Union +Individual + += = = Alloa Athletic F.C. = = = +Alloa Athletic F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. + += = = East Fife F.C. = = = +East Fife F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. +Stadium. +East Fife's original ground was Bayview Park, in Wellesley Road in the centre of Methil. Since 1998, home matches have been played at the new all-seated Bayview Stadium situated at the old Lower Methil docks, capacity . + += = = Forfar Athletic F.C. = = = +Forfar Athletic F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. + += = = Arbroath F.C. = = = +Arbroath F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. + += = = Arturo Lupoli = = = +Arturo Lupoli (born 24 June 1987) is an Italian football player. He plays for Ascoli. + += = = Lauren Etame Mayer = = = +Lauren Etame Mayer (born 19 January 1977) is a retired Cameroonian football player. He has played for Cameroon national team. +Club career statistics. +143||18 +184||7 +327||25 +International career statistics. +!Total||24||1 + += = = Tomoya Uchida = = = +Tomoya Uchida (born 10 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija. +Club career statistics. +"Updated to 15 December 2016." + += = = Kenichi Shimokawa = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Shimokawa was born in Gifu on May 14, 1970. After graduating from Gifu Technical High School, he joined Furukawa Electric (later "JEF United Ichihara") in 1989. From first season, he played as regular goalkeeper over 10 seasons. In 2000, his opportunity to play decreased behind Ryo Kushino. He moved to Yokohama F. Marinos in 2001. However, there were few opportunities to play in the match. His only match in the J1 League at Yokohama F. Marinos is last game in 2003 season. In this match, he played instead Tetsuya Enomoto was shown a red card in the 15th minute. Marinos won this match and won the J1 League champions in this season. He retired end of 2006 season. +On June 10, 1995, Shimokawa debuted for the Japan national team against Sweden. He played in all match at 1996 Asian Cup. He played 9 games for Japan until 1997. +Statistics. +277||0||12||0||34||0||323||0 +277||0||12||0||34||0||323||0 +!Total||9||0 + += = = Kunie Kitamoto = = = +Kunie Kitamoto (born 18 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe. +Club career statistics. +248||13||14||0||33||0||295||13 +248||13||14||0||33||0||295||13 + += = = Tadahiro Akiba = = = + is a former Japanese football player and manager. +Biography. +Akiba was born in Chiba on October 13, 1975. After graduating from Funabashi Municipal High School, he joined his local club JEF United Ichihara in 1994. He played many matches as defensive midfielder in 1995. However his opportunity to play decreased for injury in 1996. Although he moved to Avispa Fukuoka (1997) and Cerezo Osaka (1998), he could hardly play in the match. He moved to J2 League club Albirex Niigata in 1999. He played as regular player and the club was promoted to J1 League end of the 2003 season. However his opportunity to play decreased in 2004 season and he moved to newly was promoted to J2 League club, Tokushima Vortis in 2005. He played many matches and he moved to Thespa Kusatsu in September 2006. He played until 2008. He moved to SC Sagamihara in 2009 and played as playing manager until 2010. He retired end of the 2010 season. +In April 1995, Akiba was selected the Japan U-20 national team for 1995 World Youth Championship. He played full time in all 4 matches as central defender of three backs defense. In July 1996, he was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. He played 1 match as substitute as defensive midfielder. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan lost at First round. At this time, Japan won Brazil in first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan. +In 2009, when Akiba played for SC Sagamihara, he became a playing manager. In 2010, he retired playing career and resigned as manager. In 2011, he signed with Mito HollyHock and became an assistant coach. In 2013, he moved to Thespakusatsu Gunma and became a manager. He resigned end of the 2014 season. In 2020, he signed with Mito HollyHock as a manager. +Statistics. +404||5||19||0||24||0||447||5 +404||5||19||0||24||0||447||5 + += = = Montrose F.C. = = = +Montrose F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. + += = = Brechin City F.C. = = = +Brechin City F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. + += = = Yuji Hironaga = = = + is a former Japanese football player. +Biography. +Hironaga was born in Osaka Prefecture on July 25, 1975. After graduating from Toin Gakuen High School, he joined Verdy Kawasaki (later "Tokyo Verdy") in 1994. He played as defensive midfielder and center back. In 1994, the club won the championships for the J1 League and J.League Cup. He moved to his local club Gamba Osaka in 1998. He played many matches at Gamba, and returned to Verdy in June 1999. He played as a forward as well as a midfielder. His opportunity to play decreased in 2001 and he moved to the J2 League club Yokohama FC. He played many matches as defensive midfielder. He moved to Cerezo Osaka in 2003. He retired at the end of the 2004 season. +In July 1996, Hironaga was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics. At this tournament, he played 2 matches as defensive midfielder. Although Japan won 2 matches, Japan lost at First round. At this time, Japan won Brazil in first game. It was known as "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan. +Statistics. +175||12||11||1||26||1||212||14 +175||12||11||1||26||1||212||14 + += = = Kiyokazu Kudo = = = +Kiyokazu Kudo (born 21 June 1974) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka. +Club career statistics. +369||19||29||3||35||2||433||24 +369||19||29||3||35||2||433||24 + += = = Karel Brückner = = = +Karel Brückner (; born 13 November 1939, Olomouc) is a Czech retired football coach. +Honours. +Inter Bratislava + += = = Nithsdale Wanderers F.C. = = = +Nithsdale Wanderers F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. Their home ground is Lorimer Park. + += = = Helensburgh F.C. = = = +Helensburgh F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. + += = = Ryuji Michiki = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Michiki was born in Nagasaki Prefecture on August 25, 1973. After graduating from Kunimi High School, he joined Sanfrecce Hiroshima in 1992. He mainly played as left side-back. The club won the 2nd place at 1995 and 1996 Emperor's Cup. Although he moved to Yokohama Marinos (later "Yokohama F. Marinos") in 1998, his opportunity to play decreased. He moved to Urawa Reds in 1999. In 2003, although he moved to Vissel Kobe in January, he resigned in February. Although he signed with Oita Trinita in April, he resigned in June. +In July 1996, Michiki was selected the Japan U-23 national team for 1996 Summer Olympics and he played in all matches. In first match against Brazil, he assisted Teruyoshi Ito's goal and Japan won Brazil (1-0). It was known as "Miracle of Miami" () in Japan. On October 13, 1996, he debuted for Japan national team against Tunisia. He was selected Japan for 1996 Asian Cup in December, but he did not play in the match. He played 4 games for Japan until 1997. +Statistics. +173||8||16||0||31||1||220||9 +173||8||16||0||31||1||220||9 +!Total||4||0 + += = = Norihiro Satsukawa = = = +Norihiro Satsukawa (born 18 April 1972) is a former Japanese football player. +Club career statistics. +323||2||27||0||59||2||409||4 +323||2||27||0||59||2||409||4 + += = = C.A. Progreso = = = +C.A. Progreso is a football club which plays in Uruguay. + += = = Tetsuya Enomoto = = = +Tetsuya Enomoto (born 2 May 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos. +Club career statistics. +132||0||11||0||35||0||5||0||183||0 +132||0||11||0||35||0||5||0||183||0 + += = = Makoto Kakegawa = = = +Makoto Kakegawa (born 23 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player. +Club career statistics. +147||0||12||0||30||0||189||0 +147||0||12||0||30||0||189||0 + += = = Naoto Otake = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. His brother Masato Otake is also a former footballer. +Biography. +Otake was born in Shizuoka on October 18, 1968. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined Japan Soccer League club All Nippon Airways (later "Yokohama Flügels") in 1991. In 1992, Japan Soccer League was folded and the club joined new league, J1 League. The club won the champions in 1993 Emperor's Cup. He played 188 matches as regular center back until 1997. In 1998, he moved to Kyoto Purple Sanga. The club was relegated to J2 League end of 2000 season. In 2001, the club won the champions and was promoted to J1 in a year. He retired end of 2001 season. +On September 27, 1994, Otake debuted for the Japan national team against Australia. He was also a member of the Japan team that won the 1992 Asian Cup but did not play in the match. +Statistics. +287||5||16||0||50||1||353||6 +287||5||16||0||50||1||353||6 +!Total||1||0 + += = = Downtown São Paulo = = = +The Downtown São Paulo (or Central Zone São Paulo, or simply Center São Paulo) is a commercial district and the third major Central Business District of São Paulo. +The region is administered by Subprefeitura da Sé Encompassing the neighborhoods and districts Bela Vista, Bom Retiro, Cambuci, Consolação, Aclimação, Bras, Liberdade, República, Sé and Santa Cecília. Not to be confused with the region known as Downtown Expanded, used eventually by the city government in actions urban planning, which also includes parts of the subdistricts of the Mooca, Lapa, Pinheiros and Vila Mariana or with Historic Center São Paulo Which includes only the oldest part of the central region. +It is the largest financial district of South America and Latin America. + += = = Grandpa Never Lies = = = +Grandpa Never Lies is a children's book written by Ralph Fletcher with pictures drawn by Harvey Stevenson. It was first published in 2000. +Plot summary. +A young girl describes her special bond with her grandfather over four seasons. The Grandfather tells creative stories in answer to her questions. Each story is followed by her saying "And Grandpa never lies, so I know it's so". Then Grandma suddenly dies and the little girl and her grandfather are sad and comfort each other. + += = = BookCrossing = = = +BookCrossing (also: BC, BCing or BXing) is defined as "the practice of leaving a book in a public place to be picked up and read by others, who then do likewise." The term comes from bookcrossing.com, a free online book club which began in order to further the practice, with the goal to "make the whole world a library." +The 'crossing' or exchanging of books may take many different forms, including wild releasing books in public, direct swaps with other members of the website, or "book rings" in which books travel in a set order to people who want to read that book. The community aspect of BookCrossing.com has grown in ways that were not expected at the start, in the form of blog or forum discussions, mailing lists and yearly conventions all over the world. +History. +Ron Hornbaker came up the idea for what is now known as BookCrossing in March 2001. About four weeks later, on April 17, he started the website, which has grown all over the world. By April 2003 the website had over 113,000 members, and in 2004 the "Concise Oxford Dictionary" included the word "bookcrossing". In the same year, BookCrossing was featured as a part of a storyline in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". As of 30 September 2009, Bookcrossing.com had over 814,000 members, with over 5,800,000 registered books. +In July 2007 Singapore became the first official BookCrossing country in the world. 2,000 locations within the country were designated as 'hotspots', similar to Official BookCrossing Zones. In 2008, BookCrossing was introduced to Abu Dhabi as part of a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage. +Awards. +In May 2005 BookCrossing.com won two People's Voice awards in the Webby Awards for best community website and best social/networking website. BookCrossing was also featured in a BBC Radio project broadcast as 84 Book Crossing Road , which involved releasing 84 copies of Helene Hanff's book "84 Charing Cross Road" around the world. The show was produced by Tim Heffer and Alan Hall of Falling Tree Productions, and was nominated for a Sony Radio Academy Award in 2006. +About. +Anyone who wishes to "release" books, whether leaving it in a public place or passing it on to a friend, must register on the BookCrossing.com website, although there is the option to remain hidden when "catching" the find of a book. BookCrossing.com users can 'go hunting', where a member will go to the website to view a list of books that have just been "released", then go to the place it was left to "catch" it. Books may also be left at Official BookCrossing Zones" (OBCZs), which are located in certain coffee shops, cafes, restaurants and other public places. The purpose of these places is to get members in the area to leave books to share with the public. This also promotes BookCrossing and creates more members. + += = = Bukit Timah = = = +Bukit Timah is an area in Singapore and a hill in that area. Bukit Timah Hill stands at an altitude of and is the highest point in the city-state of Singapore. Bukit Timah is near the centre of Singapore island. Bukit Timah is 10 kilometres (6 miles) from Singapore's business district. +Etymology and history of Bukit Timah Hill. +Bukit Timah, which means "tin-bearing hill" in Malay, was on the 1828 map by Frankin and Philip Jackson as "Bukit Timah". The hill was on the map as the eastern source of the Kranji River. +In December 1843, a road was built up to the hill. The hill was an "excellent sanatorium", as the air was "cooler and fresher than the plain, producing an agreeable exhilaration of spirits". +For some, it is synonymous with the Singapore Turf Club, where members and paying visitors flock on race days. This course is closed to the public, unlike the former course (now Farrer Park) where the general public enjoyed watching the king's sport for free. +The 25-km long Bukit Timah Road, the longest road in Singapore, running north and south of the island, takes its name from this hill. The road to Kranji was completed in 1845. Apparently, the area was so infested with tigers that it constituted a serious threat to human life. In 1860, nearly 200 people were reported to have been killed by tigers in and about the gambier and pepper plantations. The first ride on horseback across the island was along Bukit Timah Road in 1840; it took four days and was made by Mr Thomson and Dr Little. +Bukit Timah Road is known as "tek kha kang a kinn" in Hokkien, which means "the side of the stream in the "tek kha" (or Selegie Road) district". This only refers to the lower end of the Bukit Timah Road. The Wayang Satu and Bukit Timah village parts are differently called. The Hokkiens also refer to Bukit Timah as "be chia lo bue", meaning "end of the horse carriage road". +During World War II, the British Army lost Bukit Timah to the Japanese on February 11th, they knew they had little chance of winning the war as most of their food and supplies were stored there. On 15 February 1942, the head of the Allied forces, Lieutenant General A.E. Percival surrendered to Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita at the Ford Factory in Bukit Timah. +During the Japanese Occupation, the Japanese troops built a Syonan-to Shinto shrine (Syonan-to was the Occupation name for Singapore), similar to the National Shinto in Japan but of a smaller size, at Bukit Timah Hill. Two war memorials dedicated to the Japanese war dead and surprisingly, to the deceased British troops who died defending Singapore, were built at the site. Students, Japanese commanders, British POWs' representatives would gather there regularly to commemorate the dead during the Occupation. +It was only shortly before the Japanese surrender, the Japanese forces hastily destroyed the Shinto Shrine, on fears that returning British forces will demolish it in an bad manner. The present site where the Shinto Shrine existed, lied at a grey area between the Nature Reserve and Singapore Armed Forces restricted area. Several historians have been down at the site, and an episode from then Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) history documentary show, "Hey Singapore", was on the mysterious Shinto Shrine. Since then, the Singapore Government has erected the place as "Historical Site". No plans have been indicated to restore the site, on speculations of angry responses from the People Republic of China (PRC) and abroad. +The Japanese war dead were brought back to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, while the remains of the British troops were instituted at the British Commonwealth's Kranji War Memorial in Singapore. Nothing of the Syonan-to Shinto shrine remains, except for the Holy Cleansing Pond and several Japanese stone pavements left at the site. +After the Japanese Occupation, the farms and plantations in Bukit Timah gave way to industrial buildings and high-rise flats. In the 1960s and 1970s, Bukit Timah was a major industrial center. Today, these have been replaced with luxury bungalows, terraces and condominiums, making Bukit Timah Singapore's premier residential district. +Highlights. +The Bukit Timah area is a particularly prominent location with a high land value. The area of Bukit Timah has an extensive flora and forest compared to the parts of Singapore, and contains Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, which is partially responsible for its high land value. The nature reserve was established in 1883. +The Bukit Timah Race Course, a Thoroughbred horse racing facility, was opened in 1933 and operated until 1999. +The nearby area houses many bungalows, traditionally expensive in land-scarce Singapore, as well as high rise condominiums. Many expatriates and well heeled Singaporeans tend to stay in this region. The rise in land prices has led to development of new condominiums. For example, the Copthorne Orchid Hotel in Dunearn Road is being redeveloped into condominiums for sale. +This region was later extended and Upper Bukit Timah (District 21) was formed. The Keretapi Tanah Melayu from Malaysia has a passing loop station here along its rail network from Johor Bahru to Tanjong Pagar. + += = = Rossall = = = +Rossall is a suburb of the town of Fleetwood on the Fylde coast in Lancashire, England. + += = = Armenia–Turkey relations = = = +Armenia and Turkey's relations have been strained for a number of years mostly concerning the Nagorno-Karabakh area and Armenias claim of genocide by the Ottoman Empire. Turkey also has taken a stand for Azerbaijan in their conflict. However, on October 10, 2009 both Turkey and Armenia signed an accord that aimed to lead to a new relationship between the two countries and an opening of the borders. However, those diplomatic efforts to ease the relations have stopped, as Armenia suspended the process. + += = = Lytham St Annes = = = +Lytham St Annes () is a seaside resort area in Lancashire, England. It is on the coast of the Fylde district. It is next to Blackpool. + += = = Poulton-le-Fylde = = = +Poulton-le-Fylde is a town in the Wyre borough of Lancashire, England. As of 2001, 19,480 people lived there. + += = = Coppa Italia = = = +Coppa Italia is an annual Italian football cup competition. The 2017 Coppa Italia was played between Lazio and Juventus at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy, which saw Juventus winning by 2-0. + += = = Anna Anka = = = +Anna Anka born April 28, 1971 in Poland is an American model, actress and author and wife of singer Paul Anka. Anna Anka – earlier Anna Åberg – was born in Poland and was later adopted to a Swedish family in Bjuv, Skåne. In 1993 she left Sweden for the U.S and appeared in movies like "Dumb and Dumber" and "Drop Zone", she also appeared twice in the TV-series Baywatch. During late 2009 she appeared in the Swedish reality show ("Svenska Hollywoodfruar") which followed three Swedish women who had left Sweden for a life in Hollywood. Anka received American citizenship in 2009. + += = = Stacy Schiff = = = +Stacy Madeleine Schiff (born October 26, 1961) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American nonfiction author and guest columnist for "The New York Times". +Biography. +Schiff is a graduate of Phillips Academy. She earned her degree from Williams College in 1982. She was a Senior Editor at Simon & Schuster until 1990. Her stories have been published in "The New Yorker", "The New York Times Book Review" and "The Times Literary Supplement". +Schiff has received fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. +Schiff won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for her biography of Vera Nabokov, wife and muse of "Lolita" and "Pale Fire" author Vladimir Nabokov. She was also a in the final running for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for "Saint-Exupéry: A Biography" about Antoine de Saint Exupéry. +Schiff's A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America won the 2006 George Washington Book Prize, the Ambassador Award in American Studies, and the Institut Français’s Gilbert Chinard Prize. +Schiff has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment of the Humanities, and was a Director’s Fellow at the Center for Scholars and Writers at the New York Public Library. She was awarded a 2006 Academy Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters. +Currently a guest writer at "The New York Times", Schiff resides in New York City and Edmonton, Alberta. +Articles. +Schiff wrote a "New Yorker" profile of Wikipedia ("Know It All" column, July 31, 2006), the correction of which in February 2007 sparked the Essjay controversy. + += = = Tenure = = = +Tenure is normally used for jobs, usually academic high-ranking jobs like professors. It is to protect professors who are teaching something that their employer, the university, might not agree with. Tenure means that these people cannot be fired without a very good reason- the job is for life. The reason for tenure is to help professors be bold about what they teach and research, so that new ideas will be developed. Or a teacher can also have a tenure. It depends how long their term has to be. +Sometimes judges also get tenure. This is so that they can make decisions based on the evidence, even if this means saying that the government, which is their employer, is wrong.Tenure is the period of time during which someone holds an important job. Employee tenure, or job tenure, is the length of time a person has worked for a particular employer. + However a tenure also exists for land holders, who now after acquiring the tenure have the right to collect rent, or use it for any primary sector activities. The tenure in a way defines the land owner and people's relationship with the asset. + += = = Toshinobu Katsuya = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Katsuya was educated at and played for Shimabara Commercial High School and Osaka University of Commerce. After graduating in 1984, he joined Japan Soccer League side Honda. He was selected Best Eleven in 1985/86 and 1986/87. But he moved to fellow JSL side Nissan Motors (later "Yokohama Marinos") in 1991. He was transferred to Júbilo Iwata in 1994, then to Cerezo Osaka in 1998, and retired from the game at the end of the 1998 season. +In September 1985, Katsuya was selected the Japan national team for 1986 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, on September 22, he debuted against Hong Kong. He also played 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics qualification in 1987. +In 1992, Katsuya was selected Japan for the first time in 5 years. He was a member of the Japan won the 1992 Asian Cup. He played 3 matches in the competition. In 1993, he was also selected Japan for 1994 World Cup qualification. At this qualification, he filled in for injured left back Satoshi Tsunami in the Final round. He was on the pitch when Japan's hope to play in the finals was dashed by an injury-time Iraqi equaliser in the last qualifier, the match that the Japanese fans now refer to as the "Agony of Doha" (). This qualification was his last game for Japan. He played 27 games for Japan until 1993. +In 1989, Katsuya selected Japan national futsal team for 1989 Futsal World Championship in Netherlands. +After retirement, Katsuya started coaching career at Cerezo Osaka in 1999. He mainly served as an assistant coach and scout. +Statistics. +298||8||5||0||36||2||339||10 +298||8||5||0||36||2||339||10 +!Total||27||0 + += = = Mitsunori Yoshida = = = + is a former Japanese football player. He played for the Japan national team. +Biography. +Yoshida was born in Kariya on March 8, 1962. After graduating from Kariya Technical High School, he joined Japan Soccer League side Yamaha Motors (later "Júbilo Iwata") in 1980. The club won 1982 Emperor's Cup and 1987/88 Japan Soccer League. He never moved to any other club and retired as an Iwata player after the 1995 season. He played total 275 league matches and scored 35 goals for club. +Yoshida was capped 35 times and scored 2 goals for the Japan national team between 1988 and 1993. He made his international debut in a friendly against China on June 2, 1988. He was a member of the Japan team that won the 1992 Asian Cup. He played twice in the tournament. +Statistics. +275||35||3||0||17||5||295||40 +275||35||3||0||17||5||295||40 +!Total||35||2 + += = = Anthony Vanden Borre = = = +Anthony Vanden Borre (born 24 October 1987) is a former Belgian football player. +International career statistics. +!Total||22||1 + += = = Danubio F.C. = = = +Danubio Futbol Club is a football club from Montevideo, Uruguay. +Overview. +Danubio was founded by two brothers, Miguel and Juan Lazaroff on 1 March 1932 together with other youths from a school in Montevideo. The club name is a reference to the Danube river, a major waterway in Europe. + += = = Thornton, Lancashire = = = +Thornton is a town on the Fylde, in Lancashire, England. It is about four miles north of Blackpool and two miles south of Fleetwood. It is in the borough of Wyre. It is linked to the town of Cleveleys by Victoria Road. + += = = Lancashire County Council = = = +Lancashire County Council is the local authority for the county of Lancashire, England. They meet in the County Hall. +Other websites. +County website + += = = Central Pier, Blackpool = = = +Central Pier is one of three piers in the town of Blackpool, England. John Isaac Mawson designed the pier. It is long. The pier was opened 30 May 1868. +It was made mostly of cast iron with wooden decking. + += = = Stefan Ishizaki = = = +Stefan Ishizaki (born 15 May 1982) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Elfsborg and Sweden national team. +Club career statistics. +229||43 +7||0 +15||2 +251||45 +International career statistics. +!Total||11||0 + += = = Atsuhiro Iwai = = = +Atsuhiro Iwai (born 31 January 1967) is a former Japanese football player. +Club career statistics. +230||2||15||0||37||0||282||2 +230||2||15||0||37||0||282||2 + += = = Tatsuru Mukojima = = = +Tatsuru Mukojima (born 9 January 1966) is a former Japanese football player. +Club career statistics. +216||34||10||2||23||3||249||39 +216||34||10||2||23||3||249||39 + += = = Junji Nishizawa = = = +Junji Nishizawa (born 10 May 1974) is a former Japanese football player. +Club career statistics. +269||5||26||0||21||0||316||5 +269||5||26||0||21||0||316||5 + += = = Masanori Sanada = = = + was a Japanese football player. +Biography. +Sanada was born in Shizuoka on March 6, 1968. After graduating from Juntendo University, he joined All Nippon Airways in 1990. He played as regular goalkeeper from first season. In 1992, he moved to new club Shimizu S-Pulse based in his local. Although he played in all matches in 1992, he battles with Sidmar for the position from 1993. After Sidmar retired end of the 1995 season, Sanada became completely regular goalkeeper. The club won the champion in the 1996 J.League Cup which is first major title in the club history. In 1999, the club won the 2nd place in J1 League. He was also selected Best Eleven. In Asia, the club won the champions 1999–2000 Asian Cup Winners' Cup which is their first Asian champions. From 2001, his opportunity to play decreased behind young goalkeepers Keisuke Hada and Takaya Kurokawa. He retired end of the 2004 season. +In 1988, when Sanada was a Juntendo University student, he was selected the Japan national "B team" for 1988 Asian Cup. At this competition, he played 3 games. However, Japan Football Association don't count as Japan national team match because this Japan team was "B team" not "top team". +After the retirement, Sanada became a goalkeeper coach at Shimizu S-Pulse in 2005. In 2008, he moved to JEF United Chiba. In 2011, he returned to S-Pulse. However he rested for health problem from September 2. +On September 6, 2011, Sanada died of heart failure in Shizuoka at the age of 43. +Statistics. +279||0||29||0||59||0||1||0||368||0 +279||0||29||0||59||0||1||0||368||0 + += = = Roanoke Colony = = = +Roanoke Colony was a British colony in North America that disappeared mysteriously. It is called the "Lost Colony." It was on Roanoke Island in what is today Dare County, North Carolina, in the United States. It was started in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh. It disappeared sometime between 1587 and 1590. Today, nobody knows what happened to the people who were living there. +The Charter. +On 25 March 1584, Queen Elizabeth gave Sir Walter Raleigh a charter to start a colony in North America. A "charter" is a document which gives permission from a monarch to the holder. Raleigh's charter said he could start a colony in a part of North America called "Virginia". It also said that if he did not start the colony, Raleigh would not be able to start any other colonies ever again. +Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth hoped that the colony would be rich. They wanted it to be a base for privateering. "Privateers" are pirates who work for the government to attack ships from other countries. The English privateers from the colony would attack the Spanish ships that were carrying treasure across the Atlantic Ocean to Spain. +First trips to Roanoke Island. +Raleigh sent some ships to explore North America in 1584. On 27 April 1584, Phillip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe sailed to the Eastern coast of North America. They landed on Roanoke Island on 4 July 1584. On the island they met some of the Native American people living there. The tribes they met were the Secotans and the Croatans. Barlowe took two Croatans back to England with him. They were Manteo and the chief, Wanchese. Manteo and Wanchese told Raleigh about Roanoke Island and the politics of the local tribes. Raleigh decided to send more ships back to the Island to learn more. This new expedition (trip) was led by Sir Richard Grenville. +Grenville took five ships to Roanoke: the "Tiger", "Roebuck", "Red Lion", "Elizabeth", and "Dorothy". They left from Plymouth on 9 April 1585. There was a big storm that made the "Tiger" get separated from the other ships. The captains of the ships had a plan that if the ships got separated, they would all go to Puerto Rico to meet up again. The "Tiger" arrived at the "Baye of Muskito" (Guayanilla Bay) on 11 May 1585. +Grenville and the "Tiger" waited in Puerto Rico for the other ships. While they were waiting, Grenville built a fort called Fort Elizabeth. He also did some privateering from there against the Spanish. One of the other ships, the "Elizbeth", arrived in Puerto Rico right after Fort Elizabeth was built. Grenville soon got tired of waiting for the other ships. On 7 June 1585 he left Puerto Rico and abandoned the fort. Nobody knows what happened to the fort, or where exactly it was. +The "Tiger" arrived at the Outer Banks on 26 June 1585. (The Outer Banks are islands on the coast of the Carolinas in North America. Roanoke Island is part of the Outer Banks.) The "Tiger" hit a shoal in Ocracoke Inlet. This damaged the ship and most of their food was ruined. They fixed the ship and met up with the "Roebuck" and the "Dorothy". The other ships had arrived at the islands a few weeks before. The "Red Lion" also arrived at the Outer Banks, but it dropped off its passengers and went to Newfoundland for privateering. +The English explored some of the coast and the Native American settlements there. One of the villages they visited was called Aquascogoc. The English blamed the natives of Aquascogoc for stealing a silver cup. They destroyed the village and burned it to the ground as punishment. Aquascogoc was a village of the Croatan tribe. +Genville decided to leave some men to start a colony at the north end of Roanoke Island. He did this even though they did not have a lot of food and the Croatans were angry about Aquascogoc. Ralph Lane and 107 men were left on Roanoke Island. Grenville promised to return in April 1586 with more men and supplies. Lane and his men left for Roanoke on 17 August 1585. Lane built a small fort on Roanoke Island and explored some of the area. There are no pictures of the Roanoke fort. It was probably a lot like Fort Elizabeth on Guayanilla Bay, Puerto Rico. +Grenville did not return in April 1586. The Croatans were angry because the English had destroyed Aquascogoc, so they attacked the fort. The colonists were able to repel the attackers. (This means that the Croatan warriors didn't win the fight.) Soon after this attack, Sir Francis Drake stopped by the fort on his way back to England. The colonists agreed to go back to England with Drake. They brought with them tobacco, maize, and potatoes to Europe for the first time. +A little while after Drake left with the colonists, Grenville's ships arrived at the fort. When they got there, the fort was abandoned. Grenville decided to take his men back to England. A small number of men stayed behind to run the fort. +Starting the colony. +Sir Walter Raleigh sent 150 people to start a colony in 1587. A man named John White was in charge of the colony. John White was an artist and a friend of Raleigh. He had gone to Roanoke with Barlowe and Grenville. Raleigh told them to start a colony on the Chesapeake Bay. On the way, they were going to stop at the Roanoke fort to pick up Grenville's men and take them to the new colony. +White's ships landed at Roanoke on 22 July 1587. They did not find any of Grenville's men at the base of the old fort. All they found was one skeleton that might have been the body of one of the Englishmen. The commander of the fleet (group of ships), Simon Fernandez, would not let the colonists get back on the ships. He said they had to start the new colony on Roanoke Island. Nobody knows exactly why he did this. +White tried to talk to the Croatans and make peace with them. The Croatans were the same tribes that Ralph Lane and his men had fought against the year before. The Croatans would not talk to White. They killed a colonist named George Howe. Howe was looking for crabs in the Albemarle Sound when he was killed. +The colonists were scared. They asked Governor White to go back to England and get help. White agreed to go. He left behind 115 colonists at Roanoke. 114 colonists had come from England with White. The last colonist was Virginia Dare. Virginia was the first English child ever born in the Americas. She was also John White's granddaughter. +Governor White left the colony in late 1587. The ship barely made it back to England. It was very dangerous to cross the Atlantic Ocean in the winter. There were bad storms and lots of heavy wind. White wanted to return to Roanoke fast with help. The captain said he would not go back during the winter because it was too dangerous. At the same time, the Spanish Armada was sailing to attack England. All English ships were sent to fight the Spanish, so there were no ships for White to sail back to Roanoke. +White found two small ships that were not being used to defend England against the Spanish Armada. He hired the ships to sail to Roanoke. They set sail in the spring of 1588. The captains of the ships were greedy. They tried to attack some Spanish ships to steal their cargo. ("Cargo" is things being carried by a ship. Cargo can be food, supplies, money, or treasure.) The Spanish ships fought White's ships and won. The Spanish took all of White's cargo. White's ships turned around and sailed back to England because they had nothing to take to the colony. +The Lost Colony. +England was at war with Spain. White could not find any ships to take to Roanoke because of the fighting. After three years, White found a group of privateers who said they would take him to Roanoke. He landed on Roanoke Island on 15 August 1590. The colony was empty. All 90 men, 17 women, and 11 children were gone. There were no signs of fighting. The people had just disappeared. +The only thing White found was the word "CROATOAN" carved on a tree. The word "CRO" was carved on another tree. All of the houses and buildings had been taken apart. This means that the colonists did not leave in a hurry. +White had told the colonists what to do if something bad happened to them. He told them to carve a Maltese Cross on a tree if someone made them leave the colony. The colonists didn't carve the cross on any of the trees. White thought that the colonists had gone to an island called Croatoan Island. (Today, Croatoan Island is called Hatteras Island.) +The men who brought White to Roanoke did not let him search Croatoan Island. They wanted to leave because there was a big storm coming. They left on 16 August 1590 and went back to England. +In 1602, Raleigh decided to find out what happened to his colony. He sent several ships to the colony. A man named Samuel Mace was in charge. Raleigh bought all of the ships and promised that the sailors would be paid. He did this so they would not go privateering on the way to Roanoke. +The ships stopped at the Outer Banks to pick up some sassafras and other aromatic woods. These plants were used to make perfume in Europe. They could be sold in England for a lot of money. By the time they finished getting the sassafras, the weather had gotten bad. The ships turned around and went back to England. They never got to Roanoke Island. Raleigh could not send any more ships to Roanoke because King James I arrested him for treason. +The Spanish also tried to go to Roanoke. They knew that Raleigh wanted to use the colony for privateering. They wanted to destroy the colony so he could not do that. The Spanish thought that the colony was a lot more successful than it really was. In 1590, the Spanish found the remains of Roanoke by accident. They didn't think it was the Roanoke Colony. They thought it was a small settlement outside of the main colony. They thought that Roanoke Colony was by the Chesapeake Bay. (That was where John White was supposed to set up the colony.) The Spanish could not get enough ships and people to look for the Roanoke colony because of the Anglo-Spanish War. +What might have happened. +The colony was called the "Lost Colony" because no one knows what happened after 1587. There are many ideas about what might have happened. There is no proof that any of these ideas are right. It is still a mystery today. +Joining the Native Americans. +One idea is that the colonists went to live with the Native American tribes. They may have joined the Chowanoke tribe. The Choanoke were attacked by another tribe. The Jamestown Colony's records say that a tribe called "Mandoag" attacked the Choanoke. (Jamestown was a colony in Virginia started 20 years after Roanoke.) The word "Mandoag" is from the Algonquian language. It means 'enemy nation.' The "Mandoag" might have been the Tuscarora people or the Eno people. The historian Lee Miller wrote about this idea in the book "Roanoke: solving the mystery of the lost colony" (2000). +There is some proof for this idea. A 1607 map from Jamestown called the "Zuniga Map" had some writing on it.) The writing said "four men clothed that came from roonock" were living in an Iroquois village on the Neuse River. (The Tuscarora tribe spoke the Iroquois language.) Also, a secretary from Jamestown wrote about strange Native American villages. William Strachey wrote that there were two-story houses with stone walls in the villages of Peccarecanick and Ochanahoen. He thought that the Roanoke colonists taught the Native Americans build these kinds of buildings. +In the late 1880s, there were Native Americans in Robeson County, North Carolina who said they were related to the Roanoke settlers. A politician from North Carolina named Hamilton McMillan learned about this claim. He found that a lot of the words in this Native American tribe's language were a lot like some old English words that are no longer used. Also a lot of the people in the tribe had family names that were the same as the names of the colonists'. McMillan thought that these Native Americans were the descendents of the Roanoke settlers. Because of this, he helped pass a bill called the "Croatan Bill" on February 10, 1885. This bill said that the Native American people in Robeson county were officially called "Croatan." +Two days after the bill, there was an article written about the tribe. It was printed in the "Fayetteville Observer" on 12 February 1885. It said that "Croatoa" was just a village and the tribe called themselves the Tuscaroras. The article also said that the tribe was always friendly to the white people of Roanoke. When they saw that there was no help coming from England, the tribe let the colonists live in their villages. Over time, the tribe left their old villages and moved to live in the center of Robeson County. +Historians are not sure that this is really what happened. There are many different Native American tribes that have legends and stories about the Roanoke Colony. There is a legend that is a lot like the Robeson County tribe about the Saponi people of Person County, North Carolina. The Saponi are now extinct (today there are no living Saponi people). The legend says that the Saponi were descended from the English colonists. When settlers met the Saponi, they were surprised to find that they already spoke English and knew about Christianity. The Saponi also had European features. (Their faces were shaped like Europeans' faces.) +Some of the other tribes that say they are descended from the Roanoke colonists are: +The Lost Colony DNA Project was set up to test if this is true. +The Chesepians. +A historian named David Beers Quinn thinks that the Roanoke colony moved to a new place and then was destroyed. In 1607, Captain John Smith started the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. One of his jobs was to find out what happened to the Roanoke Colony. Chief Powhatan told Smith that he had killed all of the Roanoke colonists. He said that they were living with the Chesepian tribe. The Chesepians would not join Chief Powhatan's Powhatan Confederacy. Also there was a prophecy that said the Chespians would destroy Powhatan's empire. +Because of this, the Powhatan Confederacy killed all the Chesepians. Chief Powhatan showed Captain Smith proof of this. He showed Smith some iron tools made in England. The bodies of the colonists were never found. Archaeologists do not have any evidence either. +Drought. +In 1998, there was a team of scientists studying the climate (weather) of the Roanoke area. The team took cores of some 800-year-old trees on Roanoke Island. They wanted to look at the tree rings to see the history of rain and temperature over the years. +They found that the colonists had started Roanoke Colony in the middle of the worst drought in 800 years. (A "drought" is a period of time when there is very little rain.) "This drought persisted for 3 years, from 1587 to 1589, and is the driest 3-year episode in the entire 800-year reconstruction," the team wrote in the journal "Science". The drought happened in all of the southeastern United States. It was worst in the area near Roanoke Island. +The people in charge of the team were David W. Stahle and Dennis B. Blaton. Stahle was a climatologist from the University of Arkansas in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Blaton was an archaeologist from The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia. +Other ideas. +Governor White left some ships at the colony when he left in 1587. They had a full-rigged pinnace and some small ships. One idea is that the colonists tried to sail back to England in these ships. It could be that the ships sank and the colonists died. +Another idea is that the Spanish destroyed the colony. Earlier in the 1500s, the Spanish destroyed a French colony in South Carolina called Fort Charles. They also killed all of the people in a French colony in Florida. This is probably not what happened in Roanoke, because the Spanish were still looking for the colony in 1600. + += = = Provisional government = = = +A provisional government is a government set up in an emergency when a political void has been created by the collapse of a government. They are usually unelected and tend to arise after civil or foreign wars. Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord used the term in the early 19th century. The first known establishment of a provisional government was in 1869 by the Métis leader Louis Riel at the Red River Colony. + += = = Battle of Little Round Top = = = +The Battle of Little Round Top was part of the Battle of Gettysburg. It occurred on July 2, 1863. The troops under Joshua Chamberlain, the 20th Maine, formed the left flank for the Confederate troops. They repelled several charges by the Confederates. However, eventually Chamberlain's troops ran low on ammunition. Chamberlain ordered that the soldiers mount bayonets to their rifles and he ordered a charge down the hill against the Confederates. This charge surprised the Confederates and was successful. +The success in the Battle of Little Round Top is considered a turning-point in the Battle of Gettysburg and in the Civil War. + += = = Jean-Charles Darmon = = = +Jean-Charles Darmon is a French literary critic born in 1961. +Biography. +Graduate in 1982 from the "École Normale Supérieure", he first teaches at Amherst College (USA). +Teacher of French literature at the "Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines", Honorary Member of the "Institut Universitaire de France" (2001-2006), he was head of the "École Normale Supérieure" from 2005 to 2009. +Specialized in connections between literature, philosophy and ethics in the classical age, he is the author of books on libertarianism scholar and Epicureanism, the forms of the fable or satire, from an interdisciplinary perspective. + += = = Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall = = = +The Magomayev Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall (Azeri: "Maqomayev adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Filarmoniyası") is the main concert hall for classical music and folk music in the capital of Azerbaijan, Baku. +History. +The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall was built between the years 1910–1912 at the request of the city elite and is designed in the Italian Renaissance (outside) and German Rococo (inside) architectural styles. Its design was influenced by the architectural style of the buildings of the Monte-Carlo Casino, particularly the Opéra de Monte-Carlo. The building was originally organized as a club for the wealthy of Baku, who attended it for banquets and entertainment. During the Russian Civil War it was a place for public rallies. In 1936, the club was officially reorganized into a residence for the philharmonic society aimed at promoting Azerbaijani classical and folk music. On 11 August 1937 after the building was renovated, it was named after the Azerbaijani composer Muslim Magomayev. In 1995, the hall was closed down for more than 8 years for another renovation. It was not until November 2002 that the restoration works finally started due to President Heydar Aliyev's special decree. The opening of the fully renovated building happened on 27 January 2004. +Building. +The main building has two halls: The Summer Hall with 1100 seats and the Winter Hall with 610 seats, which are joined by a single stage. The Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Hall is home to 7 performing groups: + += = = Alexander Parkes = = = +Alexander Parkes (1813 - 1890) was an English inventor. He created the earliest form of plastics which was called parkesine. +ealiest plastic which was later called super nova + += = = Barnston = = = +Barnston is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 850 people living in Barnston. It has a church called St Andrew. + += = = Berden = = = +Berden is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 427 people living in Barnston. It has a church called St Nicholas. + += = = Birchanger = = = +Birchanger is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 987 people living in Birchanger. + += = = Great Canfield = = = +Great Canfield is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 364 people living in Great Canfield. It has a church called St Mary. It includes the hamlets of Hope End Green, Canfield Hart, Bacon End and Green Street. + += = = Accipitridae = = = +The Accipitridae are one of the two major families in the order Accipitriformes (the diurnal birds of prey). +They are a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills (beaks). They vary accordig to their diet. They feed on prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals. Some feed on carrion and a few feed on fruit. The Accipitridae have a cosmopolitan distribution, being found on all the world's continents (except Antarctica) and a number of oceanic island groups. Some species are migratory. +Many well-known birds, such as hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures are included in this group. The osprey is usually placed in a separate family (Pandionidae), as is the secretary bird. The New World vultures are now usually a separate family or order. + += = = Import = = = +An import is a raw material or a finished product that is brought into a country from abroad. For example America imports maple syrup from Canada and exports manufactured products to the Caribbean. Some Caribbean countries import nearly all their goods, paying for them with money earned through tourism, banking, and other service industries. + += = = Semites = = = +Semites was a word used for people who speak a Semitic language like Arabic or Hebrew. Scientists don't use the words "Semites" or "Semitic peoples" any longer, but they still speak of "Semitic languages". +The word "Semite" was taken from Shem, a son of Noah in Genesis (chapters 6-11). It was first used in the 1770s by German professors at Göttingen university. + += = = Fazlur Khan = = = +Fazlur Rahman Khan (����� ����� ���) (April 3, 1929 – March 27, 1982) was a Bangladeshi-American structural engineer and architect. He and his business partner Bruce Graham are known for designing the Willis Tower and the John Hancock Center both in Chicago, Illinois. He was one of the most well-known architects in the 20th century. +Khan was born on April 3, 1929 in Dhaka, then-British India. He studied at Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology and at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. +He was married to Liselotte Khan until his wife death in 1990. +Khan died of a heart attack on March 27, 1982 while on a trip in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, at the age of 52. He is buried at Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. + += = = Bruce Graham = = = +Bruce John Graham (December 1, 1925 – March 6, 2010) was a Colombian-American architect. Graham and his business partner Fazlur Khan are well known for designing the Willis Tower and the 875 North Michigan Avenue, both in Chicago, Illinois. +Graham was born to a Canadian father and to a Peruvian mother in La Cumbre, Valle del Cauca, Columbia. He was raised in Bogotá, Columbia and in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Colegio San Jose de Rio Piedras, at the University of Pennsylvania, Case School of Applied Sciences, and at University of Dayton. +Graham died on March 6, 2010 from emphysema in Hobe Sound, Florida, aged 84. He was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Uptown, Chicago. + += = = Oghi Tehsil = = = +Oghi Tehsil is a "tehsil" or subdivision of the Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is in a mountainous area close to the Kala Dhaka tribal zone. The main or capital town of this tehsil is Oghi. +The large part of the population of Oghi tehsil is indigenous Swatis, Gurjars, Awans and a mixture of other smaller groups. Hindko is spoken as the main language by around 62% of the people, Pashto language by some 30% and Gojri by some 8 %. +Part of this tehsil is the Agror valley which also used to be the estate of the former Khan of Agror, a famous tribal chieftain. + += = = Oghi = = = +Oghi is a town in Mansehra District, of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. + += = = Hubble Extreme Deep Field = = = +The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field (XDF) is an image of a small part of space in the center of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. It is in the direction of the constellation Fornax. The image shows the deepest optical view into space. +The "XDF" image was released on September 25, 2012. The image combined 10 years of images. It shows galaxies that are over 13.2 billion years old. The exposure time was two million seconds, or about 23 days. The least bright galaxies are one ten-billionth the brightness of what the human eye can see. Many of the smaller galaxies are very young galaxies. Some of them became the major galaxies, like the Milky Way and other galaxies in our galactic neighborhood. +The Hubble eXtreme Deep Field adds another 5,500 galaxies to Hubble's 2003 and 2004 view into a very small part of the farthest universe. + += = = Hypnotic = = = +A hypnotic is a drug designed to help you sleep. It is a type of psychoactive drug which acts as a soporific, and is also used for surgical anaesthesia. Many hypnotics are addictive, and have side-effects. Because of this, most are prescribed as a last resort, and only for a short time. Rohypnol is a particularly powerful example of a hypnotic. + += = = Anxiolytic = = = +Anxiolytics are drugs that are used for the treatment of anxiety, and anxiety-related disorders. The common drugs can be classified: +In addition to these drug classes, there are also certain plants that have such properties. Many of the drugs listed above have side-effects. For this reason, they are only available on prescription. Certain forms of therapy have also been used to treat anxiety disorders. +Mechanism. +Anxiolytics are said to act on key biochemical messengers in the brain and eventually decrease the abnormal excitability. The biochemical messengers or binding sites are unevenly distributed in the brain, and also said to be associated with a GABA receptor and a chloride channel. + += = = Eileen Yaritja Stevens = = = +Eileen Yaritja Stevens (died 19 February 2008) was an Aboriginal artist from central Australia. Although she had brief career of less than four years, she quickly became one of the most successful artists of her generation to paint in the style of the Western Desert. Her work is now held in several major public art collections across Australia. +Life. +Stevens was born some time in the 1910s. She was born at Makiri, in the north-west corner of South Australia, between what are now the communities of Kaltjiti and Watarru. Her father was a Yankunytjatjara man, and her mother was Ngaanyatjarra, but Stevens described herself as belonging to the Pitjantjatjara. +Stevens grew up in the bush, living a traditional, nomadic way of life. When she was a young woman, her family settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time. She worked there milking goats. Her husband, who she met whilst living at Ernabella, also worked there chopping trees for use in building projects. The couple later moved to Nyapaṟi after it was established in the mid-1970s. This area was her husband's Dreaming country (homeland), and although she often made visits to her own birthplace, Stevens would live at Nyapaṟi for the rest of her life. +As an artist. +Stevens did not begin painting professionally until 2004, very late in her life. Her husband had died by then, and Stevens had become close friends with Wingu Tingima. Tingima had already established herself as an artist in Irrunytju. The two women began to paint for Nyapaṟi's local community art centre, Tjungu Palya, after it was opened in 2006. They often painted alongside one another, sharing creative ideas and travelling to their exhibitions together. Eileen's daughter, Yaritja Stevens, was married to Tingima's son; and the two shared grandchildren. As the success of their art increased, they became the main providers of income for their combined families. +Stevens had a short career of less than four years. However, her art had immediate success. Her early works – those before Tjungu Palya – were shown in group exhibitions in Melbourne, Adelaide, Sydney and Alice Springs. Her first (and only) solo exhibition was held in October 2007, less than a year before her death. The exhibition, called ": One Woman", was held at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne. +Stevens died on 19 February 2008, at Ernabella. Her funeral was held in Kaltjiti. Her paintings continued to be featured in many other exhibitions alongside other Tjungu Palya artists, even after her death. Stevens' work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, and the National Gallery of Australia. +Artwork. +Stevens' art focused on her family's Dreaming (a kind of spirituality). Makiri, where she was born, is a sacred place for Aṉangu women. In her paintings, Stevens depicted the Dreaming associated with this place, the '. She also painted stories about Piltati, near her husband's birthplace, which is closely related to the Two Snake Men Dreaming ('). The paintings featured in her solo show in Melbourne were all related to this particular Dreaming. +Stevens' style was described as bold and dominating. She was said to paint quickly, with a rich mixture of colours, and her paintings were done on large canvases. + += = = Fen = = = +A fen is a type of wetland. It is usually fed by mineral-rich surface water or groundwater. Fens have neutral or alkaline water, with dissolved minerals but few other plant nutrients. They are usually dominated by grasses and sedges, and typically have brown mosses like "Scorpidium" or "Drepanocladus".p8 +Fens may have a high diversity of other plant species, including carnivorous plants such as "Pinguicula".ch9 Fens may occur along large lakes and rivers where seasonal changes in water level keep soil wet, with few woody plants. +The distribution of individual species of fen plants is connected to water regimes and nutrient concentrations. +Fens have a characteristic set of plant species, which indicate environmental conditions. They are called "fen indicator species". +Fens are distinguished from bogs. Bogs which are acidic, low in minerals, and usually dominated by sedges and shrubs, with abundant "Sphagnum" mosses.p8 +Fens have been damaged in the past by land drainage, and also by peat cutting. Some are now being carefully restored with modern management methods.ch13 The principal challenges are to restore natural water flow regimes, to keep the quality of water, and prevent invasion by woody plants. + += = = Armin van Buuren = = = +Armin van Buuren (born 25 December 1976) is a disc jockey from the Netherlands. He is the number one ranked DJ. He has won DJ Magazine's Top 100 DJs fan poll a record of 5 times. He won it 4 years in a row (2007-2010) and again in 2012. Since 2001, Van Buuren has hosted a weekly radio show called "A State of Trance". The program says about 25 million people in 26 countries listen to it each week. This fact would make it one of the most listened-to radio programs in the world. + += = = The Mindy Project = = = +The Mindy Project is an American comedy television show on FOX. It stars Mindy Kaling as Mindy Lahiri, a obstetrician-gynecologist in New York City. + += = = Wishbone = = = +Wishbone was an American children's television show on PBS. + += = = Bog = = = +A bog is a wetland where peat builds up. Peat is layers of dead plant material—often mosses, in most cases, "Sphagnum" moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire and muskeg. +Frequently, as the illustration on the right shows, they are covered in Ericaceous shrubs rooted in the Sphagnum moss and peat. The gradual buildup of decayed plant material in a bog forms a carbon sink. +Bogs occur where the water at the ground surface is acidic and low in nutrients. In some cases, the water is got entirely from precipitation, in which case they are (rain-fed). Water flowing out of bogs has a characteristic brown colour, which comes from dissolved peat tannins. +In general the low fertility and cool climate results in relatively slow plant growth, but decay is even slower because of the saturated soil. So, the amount of peat increases. Large areas of landscape can be covered many meters deep in peat. Bogs have a distinctive group of plant and animal species, and are of high importance for biodiversity, particularly in landscapes that are otherwise settled and farmed. +World's largest peat bog. +The world's largest peat bog is in the Congo (Brazzaville). It is as big as England. The bog covers between 100,000 and 200,000 square kilometres (40,000 to 80,000 sq miles), with the peat layer reaching up to 7m (23) beneath the ground. It holds billions of tonnes of partially decayed vegetation. + += = = Reflexive relation = = = +A relation is said to be reflexive when for all members of the relations R, x=x. +For example, for the set A, which only includes the ordered pair (1,1). The relation is reflexive as 1=1. + += = = List of Wikipedias = = = +This is a list of many of the different language editions of Wikipedia; as of July 2023, there are 334 Wikipedias. For their number of articles, see the . +Wikipedia edition codes. +Each Wikipedia has a code, which is used as a subdomain below wikipedia.org. Interlanguage links are sorted by that code. +The codes represent the language codes defined by ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-3, and the decision of which language code to use is usually determined by the Internet Engineering Task Force language tag policy. +One code is not a language code ('be-x-old') but refers to a specific orthography. +Some deviations include: +List. +The table below lists the languages of Wikipedia roughly sorted by the number of active users (registered users who have made at least one edit in the last thirty days). It is shown as the "power of ten" of the count of active users, also known as the common logarithm, rounded down to a whole number. In this way, "5" means at least 105 (or 100,000), "4" means at least 104 (10,000), and so on. +Bot-created articles. +Internet bots have created most of the articles on the following Wikipedias: + += = = Jagannath Temple, Pabna = = = +Jagannath Temple is a Hindu temple in the Pabna district of the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh. It is dedicated to the god Jagannath. It is also known locally known as the Handial Mandir. +The temple was built between 1300 to 1400 CE. The temple is famous for its terracotta sculptures, and has been described as one of the most beautiful Hindu temples in Northern Bangladesh. The temple is incurring damage by high salinity from the soil it is built on. + += = = Kal Bhairab Temple, Brahmanbaria = = = +Kal Bhairab Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated to the god Shiva, in the Chittagong division of Bangladesh. The temple is famous for the large linga. It is supposed to be the largest in the world. The goddess Kali is also worshipped there. +History. +The temple dates back to the 19th century. It was damaged by Pakistani soldiers during the Bangladesh Liberation War. + += = = Androgen = = = +An androgen is a male sex hormone made by the testes. Androgens control and stimulate development of male characteristics in vertebrates. The main hormone is testosterone. + += = = BeOS = = = +BeOS was an operating system made by Be Inc. and designed for multimedia and personal desktop use. It made good use of multiprocessor technology. Palm, Inc. bought Be Inc. in 2001 and new versions of BeOS were not made. + += = = Coccus = = = +A coccus (plural of cocci) is a bacterium that is shaped like a sphere or circle. Cocci are one of the three types of bacteria shapes. The word coccus comes from the Greek word "kokkos", or "berry". +Some examples of cocci are Abiotrophia, Enterococcus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. + += = = Spirillum = = = +Spirillum (plural Spirilla) is any bacterium that is shaped like a spiral. It is one of the three shapes of bacteria. The other two are Coccus and Bacillus.It can be said as Spiral Bacteria. +Spirillum is also the name of a genus of Gram-negative bacteria in the family Spirillaceae. The two species in the "Spirillum" genus are "Spirillum minus" and "Spirillum pulli". + += = = Great Chicago Fire = = = +The Great Chicago Fire was a large fire that started on Sunday October 8, 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The fire started out as nine separated fires. It burned until Tuesday October 10, 1871 when rain started to fall. +The fire destroyed and $192,000,000 in property. About 100,000 people were left homeless. Three hundred people died. Because of a large fire the night before, firefighters were too tired to quickly put out these fires. +No one is sure what caused the fire. A legend says that it started when a cow knocked over a lantern in Catherine O'Leary's barn on De Koven Street. +The oldest structure left standing in the area where the fire burned is the Couch family tomb. This stone tomb was built in 1858. +Not all of the city was destroyed. Important places like the Stock Yards, where animals were slaughtered, were not damaged. Neither was the railroad system. +The second red star of the Chicago flag represents the fire. + += = = Chicago Loop = = = +The Loop or Chicago Loop is one of 77 officially designated community areas in the City of Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the historic commercial center of downtown Chicago. It is the seat of government for Chicago and Cook County, as well as the historic theater and shopping district. +As established in social research done by the University of Chicago in the 1920s, the Loop is a defined community area of Chicago. The name comes from the eleveated train tracks that form a loop. Chicago's central business district community area is bounded on the west and north by the Chicago River, on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the south by Roosevelt Road. But the commercial core has grown into adjacent community areas. +The community area includes Grant Park and one of the largest art museums in the United States, the Art Institute of Chicago. Other major cultural institutions here include the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Lyric Opera of Chicago, the Goodman Theatre, the Joffrey Ballet, the Cloud Gate, the Willis Tower, the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the central public Harold Washington Library, and the Chicago Cultural Center. +In what is now the Loop Community Area, on the southern banks of the Chicago River, near today's Michigan Avenue Bridge, the U.S. Army erected Fort Dearborn in 1803. It was the first settlement in the area sponsored by the United States. + += = = Vermin Supreme = = = +Vermin Love Supreme (born June 1961) is an American politician, artist, anarchist, and activist who ran for president in 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024. He made promises to give a pony to all Americans, to have a Zombie-Apocalypse, and to have time travel research. He said the he will pass a law to order everyone to brush their teeth. +Supreme was born on June 1961 in Rockport, Massachusetts. He was raised in Baltimore, Maryland and in Boston, Massachusetts. Supreme studied at Gloucester High School. + += = = Ngupulya Pumani = = = +Ngupulya Pumani (born 1948 in Mimili) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Mimili, in the north-west of South Australia. She is part of a well-known family of artists, who belong to the Yankunytjatjara community. Her mother, Milatjari, and her sister, Betty Kuntiwa, are both successful painters. Ngupulya has paintings held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales. +Ngupulya began painting in 2009, for Mimili's community art co-operative, Mimili Maku. She had been inspired to paint by her mother. Her first major exhibition was later that year in Alice Springs, at the annual "Desert Mob" show. Since then, her paintings have been exhibited in several cities around Australia, including twice at the Gallery Gabriella Pizzi in Melbourne. +Ngupulya's paintings depict scenes and concepts from her family's Dreaming. Her mother's "ngura" (homeland) is Antara, and her father's is near Watarru. Antara is a sacred place associated with the (Witchetty Grub Dreaming), and Ngupulya most often paints stories from this Dreaming. +She uses pale, earthy colours in her backgrounds to depict the desert landscape, and this is contrasted with patterns of intense, bright dots and lines to represent symbols, figures and their journeys. Many of her techniques were taken from her mother, but used more consistently with her own refinements. The results have been compared to the early works of Emily Kngwarreye. + += = = Meat ant = = = +The meat ant ("Iridomyrmex purpureus"), also called the meat-eater ant, is a species of ant found all around Australia. The ants are often used by farmers to clean the remaining meat off dead animals. + += = = Smoked fish = = = +Smoked fish are fish that have been cured by smoking. +Foods have been smoked by humans throughout history. At first this was done as a preservative. Now the smoking of fish is generally done for the unique taste and flavour that comes from the smoking process. +The most common types of smoked fish in the US are salmon, mackerel, whitefish and trout. A common name for cold-smoked salmon is lox. +In the Netherlands, commonly available varieties include both hot- and cold-smoked mackerel, herring and Baltic sprats. Hot-smoked eel is a specialty in the Northern provinces. +Smoked fish is an important item in Russian cuisine, Jewish cuisine, and Scandinavian cuisine, as well as several Eastern and Central European cuisines. +English, Scottish and Canadian cuisine have a strongly brined, smoked herring that used to be known as "red herring". Now it is called kippers. + += = = Thandiani = = = +Thandiani (meaning 'Very Cold') is a hill station, or resort in the Galyat hill area of Abbottabad District, Hazara, Pakistan. +History. +Thandiani was originally granted as a leasehold to some members of the famous Battye family in British India. They were Christian missionaries and soldiers who fought in many famous military campiagns of the British Indian Army. They gifted the location to the church authorities, where a Sanatorium and various other facilities were set up, mostly for the convenience of missionaries, Anglican church personnel and officers stationed at the neighbouring cantonment of Abbottabad. It also contained some private European houses, a camping ground, a small bazaar, and the small seasonal church of St Xavier in the Wilderness (under the jurisdiction of St Luke's Church, Abbottabad) which were occupied only during the summers. +Location. +Thandiani is in the south of Abbottabad District at 34°13'60N 73°22'0E and is about 31 kilometres from Abbottabad city in the foothills of the Himalayas. To the east beyond the Kunhar River lies the fabulous snow covered Pir Panjal Range of mountains of Kashmir.The hills of Thandiani are about 9,000 feet above sea level. Most of the people of residing here belong to the Qureshi, Gujar, and Karlal tribes. +Tourism. +Thandiani has excellent weather and lush greenery in the summer months, and snow-covered views and hills in the winter. Many tourists from all over Pakistan visit here, especially in the summer season. +Forests and wildlife. +The mountains around Thandiani are still quite thickly forested, compared to most other hill stations in the locality, which have suffered deforestation. The local wildlife includes leopards, deer, monkeys, several kinds of pheasants, the marbled polecat and the increasingly rare flying squirrel and a species of pine marten. + += = = Abdul Qayyum Khan = = = +Sahibzada Sir Abdul Qayyum Khan (1863 – December 1937) was a distinguished Pashtun educationist and politician of British India. He is best known for establishing the famous Islamia College, Peshawar, along the lines of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan's policy of educating Muslims. He also briefly remained Chief Minister of the NWFP province during 1936-1937. + += = = Marbled polecat = = = +The marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) is a small mammal in the Mustelinae subfamily. +The marbled polecat is found in grasslands from southeast Europe to Asia. It is found in Russia, China, Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, north-western Pakistan, northern India, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Like other mustelines, if threatened it puts out a disgusting strong-smelling secretion from anal sacs under its tail. + += = = Hasan Abdal = = = +Hasan Abdal is an historic town in Northern Punjab, Pakistan. It is famous for the old Gurdwara "Sri Panja Sahib" shrine there, one of the most sacred places of Sikhism. + += = = Infrared spectroscopy = = = +Infrared spectroscopy (sometimes called Infrared spectrometry) is a physical analysis method that uses infrared light. Typically, infrared spectroscopy uses a wavelength between 800nm and 1mm. The method can be used for quantitative analyses of known substances, or of the structural properties of unknown substances. Raman spectroscopy is another method that produces similar results. The main method used in infrared spectroscopy today is Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which uses Fourier transforms. +Infrared vibrational spectroscopy can be used to identify molecules by listing their chemical bonds. An IR spectrometer is a machine that shines infrared light from a set range of frequencies on a sample. It measures which exact light frequencies are absorbed by the sample. +Chemical bonds in a molecule make molecular vibrations at frequencies that are characteristic of the bonds. A group of atoms in a molecule may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule, then it will absorb a photon which has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. The spectrometer records all the frequencies of absorption in a sample. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1). + += = = Iwa Shrine = = = + is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Shiso, Hyōgo on the island of Honshu. +History. +"Iwa jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of the old Harima Province. It serves today as one of the "ichinomiya" of Hyōgo Prefecture. + This place is special to the "kami" named + += = = Judah Maccabee = = = +Judah Maccabee was a Jewish patriot who led a Jewish rebellion (the Maccabees) against the Seleucid Empire. Judah opposed the Seleucid Emperor's attempts to suppress traditional Jewish culture and make the Jewish people more Greek-like. He liberated Jerusalem, removed Greek idols from the Temple, and rededicated the Temple to the Jewish God. Judah died in combat, but the rebellion that he had led did not stop. The rebellion's success led to the reestablishment of the kingdom of Judah. + += = = Milatjari Pumani = = = +Milatjari Pumani (born 1928) is an Aboriginal Australian artist from Mimili in South Australia. She is perhaps the most well-known artist from this community, and the first to gain a significant level of success for the community's centre, Mimili Maku. Her eldest daughter, Ngupulya, is also a successful painter. +Life. +Milatjari was born in 1928, in the bush in north-western South Australia. She was born at Amuroona, on a cattle station between what are now the communities of Indulkana and Mimili. When she was a young girl, her family encountered stockmen at a waterhole called Victory Well. The family then moved to settle and work at the station, then called Everard Park. Milatjari's father was Nyapi "King" Everard and her mother was Mantjangka Everard (Everard was the surname given to them). Milatjari met her husband Sam Pumani in Mimili, and they had five children together: Ngupulya, Betty, Ken, Michael and Lewey. +Before artists began to paint at Mimili, Milatjari produced traditional pokerwork designs on wooden blocks. She would teach her methods to younger workers. She did not begin painting until 2008, when she was about 80 years old. She painted for the community's art centre, Mimili Maku. Her works from 2008 were featured in Alice Springs later that year, at the annual "Desert Mob" exhibition. She was featured in the same exhibition again in 2009 and 2010, and on both occasions she was considered the most successful Mimili artist. She had a solo exhibition in 2009, which was held in Adelaide. In 2010 and 2011, she was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award. One of her paintings was bought by the Art Gallery of South Australia, and several others are held in the National Gallery of Victoria. +Artwork. +Milatjari paints the "Maku Tjukurpa", which is the Dreaming (spirituality) associated with the land around Mimili. Antara, close to Mimili, is a place represented in almost all her paintings. It is her uncle's traditional country, and Milatjari's family would often go hunting and gathering food here when she was young. She and her mother and sister would dig for witchetty grubs ("maku") while her father and brothers went hunting. "Antara" and "Ngura Walytja" (family's country) are common titles for her paintings. +Milatjari uses earthy colours on a dark background to depict the landscape of Antara. She paints figures and stories from the "Maku Tjukurpa" using fields of dots. Her style and technique has influenced those of many of Mimili Maku's younger artists, including her daughter Ngupulya and Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin. + += = = Gulgee = = = +Ismail Gulgee (commonly known as just Gulgee) (October 25, 1926 – December 16, 2007) was a Pakistani artist born in Peshawar. +He was a qualified engineer and a self-taught abstract artist and portrait painter. Exhibitions of his work were held in many countries around the world, including the United Kingdom, United States, Iran, United Arab Emirates, France and other countries. + += = = Jahangir = = = +Mirza Nur-ud-Din Muhammad Salim Baig (known by his imperial name Jahangir) (31 August 1569 – 28 October 1627) was the fourth Mughal Emperor from 1605 to 1627. +Jahangir was the eldest son of Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great. He was married to Queen Nur Jahan ('Light of the World') and was much under her influence. she handled court matters and coins were issued in her name. He is especially well-known because of his memoirs, the "Naam-i-Jahangiri" (also called the "Jahangir-name" by some). His eldest son was Shah Jahan. Prince Khurram rebelled in the last years of his reign. The efforts of Nur Jahan, Jahangir's wife, to marginalize him were unsuccessful. +In 1622, Jahangir sent his son Prince Khurram against the combined forces of Ahmednagar, Bijapur and Golconda. After his son Khurram turned against his father and made a bid for power. As with the insurrection of his eldest son Khusrau Mirza, Jahangir was able to defeat the challenge from within his family and retain power. He conquered many new territories both in the north and in the south especially through his most decorated general, Muhammad Beg Zulfiqar Khan. He died at Mirpur on his way back from Kashmir to Lahore. After his death, Nur Jahan isolated herself and never talked to anyone. +He was buried at Lahore city, now in Pakistan. After his death, by his son and successor Shah Jahan came to power. Shah Jahan killed his father for his desire to be the ruler of the world but couldn't succeed, still military campaigns started by Akbar continued. +He also consumed excessive amounts of opium, at one point employing a special servant just to manage his supply of intoxicating drugs. + += = = Shah Jahan = = = +Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Baig Muhammad Khan Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 January 1666), better known by his regnal name Shah Jahan ( ; ), was the 5th emperor of the Mughal Empire in South Asia, from 1628 until 1658. +The period of his reign is considered as the golden age of Mughal art and architecture. Shah Jahan is best known for erecting many splendid monuments, the most famous of which in all the world, is the Taj Mahal at Agra, built in 1632–1648 as a tomb for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. +Family. +Akbarabadi Mahal, Kandahari Mahal, (most beloved wife) Mumtaz Mahal, Hasina Begum Sahiba, Muti Begum Sahiba, Qudsia Begum Sahiba, Fatehpuri Mahal Sahiba, Sarhindi Begum Sahiba and Shrimati Manbhavathi Baiji Lal Sahiba were the wives of Shah Jahan. Shah Jahan killed Mumtaz's husband to marry her. Mumtaz died during her 14th delivery. After her death, Shah Jahan married Mumtaz's sister. +Birth. +Shah Jahan (also known as Prince Khurram) was born on 5 January 1592 at Lahore, Pakistan, and was the third son of Prince Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' upon his accession). His mother was a Rajput princess from Marwar called the Princess Jagat Gosaini (her official name in Mughal chronicles was Bilqis Makani). The name "Khurram" ("joyous") was chosen for the young prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince was close in relation. He also held the traditional Mughal titles, Mirza Baig. +Just prior to Shah Jahan's birth, a soothsayer had reportedly predicted to the childless Empress Ruqaiya Sultan Begum, Akbar's first wife and chief consort, that the still unborn child was destined for imperial greatness. So, when Shah Jahan was born in 1592 and was only six days old, Akbar ordered that the prince be taken away from his mother and handed him over to Ruqaiya so that he could grow up under her care, and Akbar could fulfill his wife's wish to raise a Mughal emperor. Ruqaiya assumed the primary responsibility for Shah Jahan's upbringing and he grew up under her care. The two shared a close relationship with each other as Salim noted in his memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved his son [Shah Jahan ], "a thousand times more than if he had been her own [son]." +Shah Jahan remained with her [Ruqaiya] until he had turned almost 14. After Akbar's death in 1605, the young prince [Khurram] was allowed to return to his father's household, and thus, be closer to his biological mother. +Education. +As a child, Shah Jahan received a broad education befitting his status as a Mughal prince, which included martial training and exposure to a wide variety of cultural arts, such as poetry and music, most of which was inculcated, according to court chroniclers, by Akbar and Ruqaiya. In 1605, as Akbar lay on his deathbed,Shah Jahan, who at this point was 13, remained by his bedside and refused to move even after his mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times immediately preceding Akbar's death, Shah Jahan was in a fair amount of physical danger of harm by political opponents of his father, and his conduct at this time can be understood as a precursor to the bravery that he would later be known for,he was also well known for his intelligent brain and creative ideas. +Governorships. +Punjab 1608-1611<br>Deccan 1611–1612<br>Bihar 1613–1614<br>Gujarat 1614–1618<br>Delhi 1623–1627<br>Bengal 1624–1625<br>Bihar 1625–1627 +Religious attitude. +Shah Jahan was more radical in his thinking than his father and grandfather. Upon his accession, he adopted new policies which reversed Akbar's treatment of non-Muslims. In 1633, his sixth regnal year, Shah Jahan began to impose his interpretation of Sharia provisions against construction or repair of churches and temples and subsequently ordered the demolitions of newly built Hindu temples. He celebrated Islamic festivals with great pomp and grandeur and with an enthusiasm unfamiliar to his predecessors. Long-dormant royal interest in the Holy Cities was also revived during his reign. The Eid festival was celebrated with great splendour and great feasts especially in the capital city of Delhi. + += = = Shah Dara = = = +Shah Dara or Shahdara or Shahdara Bagh (Urdu: ������), is a suburb of Lahore, Pakistan. It is near the Ravi River. +The area is famous for two historic Mughal architectural sites. These are the Mughal gardens and the Tomb of Jahangir, the Mughal Emperor and his wife Nur Jahan. Shah Dara also has other tombs and gardens from medieval times. +Present day Shahdara is a busy area with a market and factories nearby. + += = = Shakir Ali = = = +Shakir Ali (1916 – 1975) was a famous modern Pakistani artist and art teacher. +He was the principal of the National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan, from 1962 onwards for a long time and did much to develop and modernise this institution. He had a huge following of students, many of whom also later became well-known artists in Pakistan. +Museum. +Before he died, Shakir Ali donated many of his own paintings and artworks to a private, non-profit trust for a museum to be established. The Shakir Ali Museum was established by the Pakistan National Council of the Arts (PNCA) after Shakir Ali died in 1975. The PNCA decided on a plan of buying the house of teacher and painter Shakir Ali, and of converting into a museum. +The museum is in Lahore. It is a fine museum with a good art collection and is a very useful learning site for art students and teachers. PNCA is in charge of the museums exhibitions and programs and the day-to-day management. +Some of his other paintings can also be seen at the Lahore Museum. + += = = Sher Shah Suri = = = +Sher Shah Suri (1486 – 22 May 1545) born Farid Khan, was the Pashtun founder of the short lived Pashtun "Suri" or "Sur" kingdom in the Indian subcontinent, with its capital at Patna in Bihar and later Delhi. +The title "Sher Khan" was impressed upon him after he single-handedly fought against a lion while he was serving the Afghan noble Bahar Khan Lohani. Farid Khan was a talented and fearless soldier. His father Hasan Khan was a jagirdar under Bahar Khan Lohani, a noble who served under the ruler of Delhi. Farid Khan succeeded his father to become the Jagirdar and soon he rebelled and successfully overthrew the Mughal Emperor Humayun in 1540. +He ruled until 1545 when he died in a gunpowder explosion. He left a strong empire to his son Islam Shah Suri, who ruled for nine years and was succeeded by his son Firoz Khan who was murdered. His son and followers could not keep for long the control of the kingdom and in 1555 the Mughal prince Humayun recaptured the lost Mughal territory and reinstates himself as Emperor after defeating Islam Shah in Punjab, thus effectively ending the Suri dynasty. +Military Campaigns. +Sher Shah Suri defeated the Mughal ruler Humayun twice and captured Delhi. Soon after becoming king, Sher Shah Suri raised a large army and captured Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. +Achievements. +Sher Shah was a good general and administrator. He introduced a new currency, a silver coin known as 'Rupia'. He reduced custom duties and built an excellent connection of roads, including Grand Trunk Road in Bihar, which was 1,600 miles (2500 Kilometers) long. Sher Shah was a secular ruler who practiced religious tolerance. + += = = Khattak = = = +The Khattak (not to be confused with the Punjabi Khattars) are a tribe of Pashtuns of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. They are a large tribe, and spread out over various places from Akora Khattak, on the banks of the Indus River, to Malakand District and Karak District of the above province. +A colony of the Khattaks are also settled at Saghri village, Jand Tehsil, Attock District of Punjab (Pakistan). +The famous Pashto language poet of the 17th century AD, Khushal Khan Khattak, also belonged to this tribe. + += = = Khushal Khan Khattak = = = +Khushal Khan Khattak (1613–1689), was a famous Pashtun poet, warrior and tribal chieftain of the Khattak tribe of Pashtuns. He lived at Akora Khattak, a village on the Indus River, in India under the Mughal Empire. +He wrote many Pashto language poems during the 17th century. Some of his poetry is of a Romantic type but most is nationalistic, advising the various Pashtun tribes to unite as one nation against the Mughals. + += = = Kulgam = = = +Kulgam () is unit part of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India. + += = = Bethesda Softworks = = = +Bethesda Softworks is an American video-games company. It was founded in the city of Bethesda, Maryland, but the headquarters are in Rockville, Maryland. +History. +Bethesda Softworks created its first video game in 1989, named "Gridiron". From this game, they got a contract to make more popular games such as "Terminator" and the "Wayne Gretzki" series. A few games made by Bethesda won the Game of the Year Award, such as Fallout and "The Elder Scrolls" series. This second series consisted of 6 games: "Arena", "Daggerfall", "Redguard", "Morrowind", "Oblivion" and "Skyrim". +Bethesda Game Studios. +Bethesda Game Studios (BGS) is the award-winning, in-house development team at Bethesda Softworks led by game director and executive producer Todd Howard. +In the past, not all BGS titles were published by the Softworks division. However, beginning with "" for the PlayStation 3, Bethesda Softworks began publishing all Bethesda Game Studios games. + += = = 2012 NATO Summit in Chicago = = = +The 2012 Chicago Summit was a meeting of leaders of countries that are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was held at McCormick Place in Chicago, Illinois from May 20-21, 2012. +This was the first NATO summit in the United States that was not in Washington, D.C. Chicago was chosen because it was President Barack Obama's home town. It was going to happen after the 2012 G8 summit in Chicago. The G8 summit was held at Camp David instead. +People at the summit talked about the Arab Spring, the 2011 Libyan civil war, the global financial crisis, transition for NATO forces in Afghanistan, and a missile shield system for Europe. +The summit cost the city of Chicago almost $15.6 million. +At least 38 countries around the world came to the summit. After the summit, Chicago's security system was improved. + += = = 1968 Democratic National Convention = = = +The 1968 Democratic National Convention of the U.S. Democratic Party was held at the International Amphitheatre in Chicago, Illinois, from August 26 to August 29, 1968. Because President Lyndon B. Johnson had announced he would not seek reelection, the reason of the convention was to select a new presidential nominee to run as the Democratic Party's candidate for the office. The keynote speaker was Senator Daniel Inouye (D-Hawaii). +Vice President Hubert Humphrey and Senator Edmund S. Muskie of Maine, were nominated for president and vice president. +The convention was held during a year of violence, political turbulence, and civil unrest, particularly riots in more than 100 cities following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. on April 4. The convention also followed the assassination of Democratic presidential hopeful Senator Robert F. Kennedy of New York, who had been murdered on June 5. Both Kennedy and Senator Eugene McCarthy of Minnesota had been running against the eventual Democratic presidential nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Another candidate was Senator of South Dakota George McGovern. +Chicago's mayor, Richard J. Daley, intended to showcase his and the city's achievements to national Democrats and the news media. Instead, the proceedings became notorious for the large number of demonstrators and the use of force by the Chicago police during what was supposed to be, in the words of the Yippie activist organizers, “A Festival of Life.” Rioting and protesting took place between demonstrators and the Chicago Police Department, who were assisted by the Illinois National Guard. The disturbances were well publicized by the mass media, with some journalists and reporters being caught up in the violence. Network newsmen Mike Wallace and Dan Rather were both roughed up by the Chicago police while inside the halls of the Democratic Convention. + += = = Sereno Peck Fenn = = = +Sereno Peck Fenn (April 25, 1844 – January 3, 1927) was an American businessman. He was one of three main people who started the Sherwin-Williams Company. Fenn College was named after him in 1930. A gift of $100,000 was left to Fenn College. It is now called Cleveland State University. He is buried in Lake View Cemetery. Fenn was also president of the Cleveland YMCA for 25 years. He founded the YMCA building in Cracow, 8th Street Krowoderska, Poland. + += = = John Andrews = = = +John Andrews (1821 - after 1872) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean Expedition. +Medal of Honor citation. +Andrews' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in action against Korean forts in June 1871. At the front of his a small boat, he measured the depth of shallow waters while under a heavy fire. +The words of Andrews' citation explain: +On board the "USS Benicia" in action against Korean forts on 9 and 10 June 1871. Stationed at the lead in passing the forts, Andrews stood on the on the "Benicia"'s launch, lashed to the ridgerope. He remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his s with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire. + += = = Government College University = = = +Government College University, Lahore (formerly Government College, abbreviated GCU) is a co-ed public university located in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. +The original college was opened during the British Raj on 1 January 1864. It is one of the oldest higher educational institutes in the country. Its first principal was Professor Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner. +In 1882, it was affiliated to the University of the Punjab, In 2002, it was given a separate charter as a university itself. The word "college" is still a part of the name because of its historical importance. + += = = Kinnaird College for Women = = = +Kinnaird College for Women is a women's-only college in Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It was founded in 1913 by Christian missionaries during the British Raj. +The college is the oldest full-fledged women's college in Pakistan and is now a semi-government institute recognized by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. The early students were mostly Christian. Now most of the students are Muslims. + += = = Gawalmandi Food Street = = = +Gawalmandi Food Street in Gawalmandi, Lahore, is a centre of traditional Pakistani food. It is located near the old walled part of the city and is surrounded by centuries-old buildings. +The Food Street is open to traffic in the morning but is closed to motorized vehicles at sunset. Visitors come and stay until late at night, enjoying some of the best local food available in the country. +It is one of the unique tourist attractions in Lahore. It is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week, except during the holy Muslim month of Ramadan when food is not served during the day. + += = = Fakir Khana = = = +Fakir Khana is a private museum owned and run by the Fakir Family of Lahore, Punjab (Pakistan). It is in Bhaati Gate, a section of the old Walled city of Lahore. It contains many valuable art treasures such as old manuscripts, paintings, carpets, Mughal valuables, Chinese porcelain, arms and weapons, furniture and much more. + += = = Nur Jahan = = = +Begum Nur Jahan (also Noor Jahan, Nur Jehan, Nor Jahan, etc.) (1577–1645), also known as Mehr-un-Nisaa Khanam, was a Mughal Empress and the 20th wife of the Emperor Jahangir. She was also an aunt of the later Empress Mumtaz Mahal. +She is buried in Shah Dara, near Lahore, Pakistan. +With Nur Jahan's help, her father and brother became the chief advisers to the emperor, and soon the three of them were in practice running the empire. Eventually, Nur Jahan signed the laws, her name appeared on the coins, and she was in effect the empress. She did great charitable works, but her extravagances at court greatly strained the royal treasury. + += = = Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner = = = +Professor Dr. Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner or Gottlieb William Leitner (14 October 1840, Budapest – 22 March 1899, Bonn) was a British Jewish orientalist of Hungarian roots. +From a very early age, he was a brilliant linguist. He is said to have learnt some fifty languages by the age of eighteen, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek. At twenty-three, he was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim studies, at the King's College London. +In 1864, he was asked to become Principal of the new Government College Lahore in British India (now in Pakistan) and he accepted and went there. In 1882 he succeeded in helping establish the University of the Punjab. He dedicated himself fully to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he also helped establish many schools, libraries and literary associations in the Punjab region. He also travelled to a number of remote places such as Dardistan and Baltistan, and wrote several books. +He retired from educational service in India in 1886. +He is mentioned by MARC DAVID BAER in his article "Muslim Encounters with Nazism and the Holocaust: The Ahmadi of Berlin and Jewish Convert to Islam Hugo Marcus," p. 150. + += = = List of civil parishes in Essex = = = +This is a list of civil parishes in Essex, England. +Basildon. +Billericay, Great Burstead and South Green, Little Burstead, Noak Bridge, Ramsden Bellhouse, Ramsden Crays. +Braintree. +Alphamstone, Ashen, Bardfield Saling, Belchamp Otten, Belchamp St. Paul, Belchamp Walter, Birdbrook, Black Notley, Borley, Bradwell, Bulmer, Bures Hamlet, Castle Hedingham, Coggeshall, Colne Engaine, Cressing, Earls Colne, Fairstead, Faulkbourne, Feering, Finchingfield, Foxearth, Gestingthorpe, Gosfield, Great Bardfield, Great Henny, Great Maplestead, Great Notley, Great Saling, Great Yeldham, Greenstead Green and Halstead Rural, Halstead, Hatfield Peverel, Helions Bumpstead, Kelvedon, Lamarsh, Liston, Little Henny, Little Maplestead, Little Yeldham, Middleton, Ovington, Panfield, Pebmarsh, Pentlow, Rayne, Ridgewell, Rivenhall, Shalford, Sible Hedingham, Silver End, Stambourne, Steeple Bumpstead, Stisted, Sturmer, Terling, Tilbury Juxta Clare, Toppesfield, Twinstead, Wethersfield, White Colne, White Notley, Wickham St. Paul, Witham. +Brentwood. +Blackmore, Hook End and Wyatts Green, Doddinghurst, Herongate and Ingrave, Ingatestone and Fryerning, Kelvedon Hatch, Mountnessing, Navestock, Stondon Massey, West Horndon. +Chelmsford. +Boreham, Broomfield, Chignall, Danbury, East Hanningfield, Galleywood, Good Easter, Great and Little Leighs, Great Baddow, Great Waltham, Highwood, Little Baddow, Little Waltham, Margaretting, Mashbury, Pleshey, Rettendon, Roxwell, Runwell, Sandon, South Hanningfield, South Woodham Ferrers, Springfield, Stock, West Hanningfield, Woodham Ferrers and Bicknacre, Writtle. +Colchester. +Abberton, Aldham, Birch, Boxted, Chappel, Copford, Dedham, East Donyland, East Mersea, Eight Ash Green, Fingringhoe, Fordham, Great and Little Wigborough, Great Horkesley, Great Tey, Langenhoe, Langham, Layer Breton, Layer Marney, Layer-de-la-Haye, Little Horkesley, Marks Tey, Messing-cum-Inworth, Mount Bures, Myland, Peldon, Salcott, Stanway, Tiptree, Virley, Wakes Colne, West Bergholt, West Mersea, Wivenhoe, Wormingford. +Epping Forest. +Abbess Beauchamp and Berners Roding, Bobbingworth, Buckhurst Hill, Chigwell, Epping, Epping Upland, Fyfield, High Laver, High Ongar, Lambourne, Little Laver, Loughton, Magdalen Laver, Matching, Moreton, Nazeing, North Weald Bassett, Ongar, Roydon, Sheering, Stanford Rivers, Stapleford Abbotts, Stapleford Tawney, Theydon Bois, Theydon Garnon, Theydon Mount, Waltham Abbey, Willingale. +Maldon. +Althorne, Asheldham, Bradwell-on-Sea, Burnham-on-Crouch, Cold Norton, Dengie, Goldhanger, Great Braxted, Great Totham, Hazeleigh, Heybridge, Langford, Latchingdon, Little Braxted, Little Totham, Maldon, Mayland, Mundon, North Fambridge, Purleigh, Southminster, St. Lawrence, Steeple, Stow Maries, Tillingham, Tollesbury, Tolleshunt D'arcy, Tolleshunt Knights, Tolleshunt Major, Ulting, Wickham Bishops, Woodham Mortimer, Woodham Walter. +Rochford. +Ashingdon, Barling Magna, Canewdon, Foulness, Great Wakering, Hawkwell, Hockley, Hullbridge, Paglesham, Rawreth, Rayleigh, Rochford, Stambridge, Sutton. +Tendring. +Alresford, Ardleigh, Beaumont-cum-Moze, Bradfield, Brightlingsea, Elmstead, Frating, Frinton and Walton, Great Bentley, Great Bromley, Great Oakley, Harwich, Lawford, Little Bentley, Little Bromley, Little Clacton, Little Oakley, Manningtree, Mistley, Ramsey and Parkeston, St. Osyth, Tendring, Thorpe-le-Soken, Thorrington, Weeley, Wix, Wrabness. +Uttlesford. +Arkesden, Ashdon, Aythorpe Roding, Barnston, Berden, Birchanger, Broxted, Chickney, Chrishall, Clavering, Debden, Elmdon, Elsenham, Farnham, Felsted, Great Canfield, Great Chesterford, Great Dunmow, Great Easton, Great Hallingbury, Great Sampford, Hadstock, Hatfield Broad Oak, Hatfield Heath, Hempstead, Henham, High Easter, High Roothing, Langley, Leaden Roding, Lindsell, Little Bardfield, Little Canfield, Little Chesterford, Little Dunmow, Little Easton, Little Hallingbury, Little Sampford, Littlebury, Manuden, Margaret Roding, Newport, Quendon and Rickling, Radwinter, Saffron Walden, Stansted Mountfitchet, Stebbing, Strethall, Takeley, Thaxted, Tilty, Ugley, Wenden Lofts, Wendens Ambo, White Roothing, Wicken Bonhunt, Widdington, Wimbish. + += = = Stansted Mountfitchet = = = +Stansted Mountfitchet is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 5533 people living in Stansted Mountfitchet. + += = = Chrishall = = = +Chrishall is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 507 people living in Chrishall. It has a church called Holy Trinity. Other names for Chrishall include Chrisshall, Cresshall, and Cryotissale. + += = = Little Bardfield = = = +Little Bardfield is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 237 people living in Little Bardfield. It has a church called St Katharine. It includes the hamlets of Hawkspur Green and Oxen End. + += = = Great Hallingbury = = = +Great Hallingbury is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 679 people living in Great Hallingbury. It has a church called St Giles. + += = = Stebbing = = = +Stebbing is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1290 people living in Stebbing. + += = = Tilty = = = +Tilty is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 98 people living in Tilty. It has a church called St Mary the Virgin. + += = = Lindsell = = = +Lindsell is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 220 people living in Lindsell. It has a church called St Mary the Virgin. It includes the hamlets of Holder Green and Bustard Green. + += = = Nemmersdorf massacre = = = +The Nemmersdorf massacre was an event during World War II in which soldiers of the Red Army killed many civilians. During the war, Nemmersdorf was a village in East Prussia (it is now called Mayakovskoye, in Kaliningrad Oblast). The people living there were ethnic Germans. It was captured by the Red Army in October 1944. On 21 October, the Russian soldiers shot and killed women and children. The total number killed is not known: reports talk of between 50 to 100 people. The event has been labelled a war crime. + += = = Alaska Peninsula = = = +The Alaska Peninsula is a peninsula of southwestern Alaska. It is between the Pacific Ocean and the Bering Sea. +The Aleutian Range has volcanoes. +Volcanoes. +Volcanoes in the Aleutian Arc includes: + += = = King Island, Alaska = = = +King Island is an island in the Bering Sea, west of Alaska. +In 2005 and 2006 the National Science Foundation (NSF) paid for a research project. They brought a few King Island people back to the Island. Some of the people had not been back in 50 years. +James Cook was the first European to see the island in 1778. He named the island after a person in his group called James King. It is part of the Bering Sea piece of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge. + += = = National Institutions House = = = +National Institutions House () is the house of the national Zionist institutions of Israel. It was built in 1930, and is located in Jerusalem. Next to it is a memorial to victims of Antisemitism around the world, that was built in 2008. + += = = Bible Lands Museum = = = +The Bible Lands Museum ( - ) is a museum dedicated to the ancient countries and cultures in the Jewish Bible. The museum is located in Jerusalem, next to the Israel Museum and The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel in Givat Ram. + += = = Jack Williams = = = +Jack Williams (October 18, 1924 – March 3, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Medal of Honor citation. +Williams' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He was killed while giving first aid to a marine who was wounded in a grenade battle. Williams dragged the man to a shallow hole in the ground; and he remained in the area to care for another marine who was also wounded. +The words of Williams' citation explain: +For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving with the 3d Battalion 28th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during the occupation of Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, March 3, 1945. Gallantly going forward on the frontlines under intense enemy small-arms fire to assist a marine wounded in a fierce grenade battle, Williams dragged the man to a shallow depression and was kneeling, using his own body as a screen from the sustained fire as he administered first aid, when struck in the abdomen and groin 3 times by hostile rifle fire. Momentarily stunned, he quickly recovered and completed his ministration before applying battle dressings to his own multiple wounds. Unmindful of his own urgent need for medical attention, he remained in the perilous fire-swept area to care for another marine casualty. Heroically completing his task despite pain and profuse bleeding, he then endeavored to make his way to the rear in search of adequate aid for himself when struck down by a Japanese sniper bullet which caused his collapse. Succumbing later as a result of his self-sacrificing service to others, Williams, by his courageous determination, unwavering fortitude and valiant performance of duty, served as an inspiring example of heroism, in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. +Namesake. +Jack Williams is the namesake of the "USS Jack Williams" (FFG-24) which was named in his honor. The ship was in service from 1981 to 1996. + += = = John Willis = = = +John Harlan Willis (June 10, 1921 – February 28, 1945) was a United States Navy sailor. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Medal of Honor citation. +Willis' Medal of Honor recognized his conduct at the Battle of Iwo Jima. He was killed while giving first aid to the many marines wounded in fighting. +The words of Willis' citation explain: +For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as Platoon Corpsman serving with the 3d Battalion, 27th Marines, 5th Marine Division, during operations against enemy Japanese forces on Iwo Jima, Volcano Islands, 28 February 1945. Constantly imperiled by artillery and mortar fire from strong and mutually supporting pillboxes and caves studding Hill 362 in the enemy's cross-island defenses, Willis resolutely administered first aid to the many marines wounded during the furious close-in fighting until he himself was struck by shrapnel and was ordered back to the battle-aid station. Without waiting for official medical release, he quickly returned to his company and, during a savage hand-to-hand enemy counterattack, daringly advanced to the extreme frontlines under mortar and sniper fire to aid a marine lying wounded in a shellhole. Completely unmindful of his own danger as the Japanese intensified their attack, Willis calmly continued to administer blood plasma to his patient, promptly returning the first hostile grenade which landed in the shell-hole while he was working and hurling back 7 more in quick succession before the ninth exploded in his hand and instantly killed him. By his great personal valor in saving others at the sacrifice of his own life, he inspired his companions, although terrifically outnumbered, to launch a fiercely determined attack and repulse the enemy force. His exceptional fortitude and courage in the performance of duty reflect the highest credit upon Willis and the U.S. Naval Service. He gallantly gave his life for his country. +Namesake. +John Willis is the namesake of the destroyer escort ship "USS John Willis" (DE-1027) which was named in his honor. + += = = Prophylaxis (chess) = = = +Prophylaxis is a term in chess, as well as being a general idea. It was introduced by the grandmaster Aaron Nimzovich in his book "My system" in the 1920s. The term refers to actions taken by a player to anticipate and thwart the opponent's plans, and moves of these type are often called "prophylactic moves". +Example #1. +One simple example of a prophylactic move is when a player moves a rook's pawn forward h3 or h6 to prevent a back rank mate, and at the same time prevent an enemy bishop or knight from occupying g4 or g5. In the example, mate was not an issue, but h3 was still played by world champion Karpov. Then he could develop his QB to the best place on e3. +Example #2. +Other examples are so subtle that club players would probably never think about them as possible moves. In the second example Nimzovich himself was playing black. In general, he wanted to turn his KP into a passed pawn by advancing it. However, the direct ...e5 does not work well, because the black king gets pushed back: +Nimzovich found another way to go: +To avoid this, White himself needs to play a prophylactic move, namely: + += = = Atlantic mackerel = = = +The Atlantic mackerel ("Scomber scombrus"), also known as Boston mackerel, or simply mackerel, is a pelagic schooling species of mackerel found on both sides of the North Atlantic Ocean. +The Atlantic Mackerel is by far the most common of the ten species of the family that are caught in British waters. It is extremely common in huge shoals migrating towards the coast to feed on small fish and prawns during the summer. +Abundant in cold and temperate shelf areas, it forms large schools near the surface. They overwinter in deeper waters but move closer to shore in spring when water temperatures range between 11° and 14°C. +In north-east Atlantic: North Sea (east) and British Isles (west). The North Sea stock decreased dramatically in the 1960s because of direct overfishing. +Male and female Atlantic mackerel grow at about the same rate, reaching a maximum age of about 20 years and a maximum fork length of about 47 centimetres (19 in). Most Atlantic mackerel are sexually mature by the age of three years. + += = = Lester Archer = = = +Lester Archer (1838 - October 27, 1864) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War. +Biography. +Archer was born in Fort Ann, New York sometime in 1838. He served in the American Civil War in the 96th New York Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on April 6, 1865 for his actions at the Battle of Chaffin's Farm. He died before the Medal could be presented to him so it was received posthumously. +Medal of Honor citation. +Citation: +Gallantry in placing the colors of his regiment on the fort. + += = = George L. Banks = = = +George Lovell Banks (October 13, 1839 - August 20, 1924) was an American soldier. He received the Medal of Honor for valor during the American Civil War. +Biography. +Banks was born in Lake County, Ohio October 13, 1839. He served in the American Civil War in the 15th Indiana Infantry for the Union Army. He received the Medal of Honor on February 18, 1891 because of his actions at the Battle of Missionary Ridge. +Medal of Honor citation. +Citation: +As color bearer, led his regiment in the assault, and, though wounded, carried the nag forward to the enemy's works, where he was again wounded. In a brigade of 8 regiments this flag was the first planted on the parapet. + += = = Bullet (typography) = = = +A bullet ( • ) or bullet point is a symbol in typography. It is a symbol or glyph used to introduce the parts of a list. Bullets are used to draw attention to specific information. +Usage. +There are no fixed rules about how to use bullets. Bullet points may be short phrases or single sentences or paragraphs. +Bullets are most often used in technical writing, reference works, notes and presentations. For example, see bullet points in the box at the right. +When bullets are overused, the emphasis given to each point is less. +A numbered list is a kind of bullet format. + += = = Richard Dennis = = = +Richard Dennis (born 1826, date of death unknown) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, because of his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay. +Born in 1826 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, Dennis was living in Boston when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a boatswain's mate on the "USS Brooklyn". At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, he operated the ship's torpedo catcher (an early naval minesweeping device). He helped fire the bow chase gun during heavy fire. Because of this action, he was given the Medal of Honor four months later, on December 31, 1864. +Dennis's official Medal of Honor citation reads: +On board the U.S.S. "Brooklyn" during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram "Tennessee" in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Despite severe damage to his ship and the loss of several men on board as enemy fire raked her decks from stem to stern, Dennis displayed outstanding skill and courage in operating the torpedo catcher and in assisting in working the bow chasers throughout the furious battle which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram "Tennessee" and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan. + += = = Keigo Higashino = = = + is a Japanese author. He is best known for writing mystery novels. +Selected works. +In an overview of writings by and about Higashino, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 274 works in 530+ publications in 12 languages and 4,700+ library holdings. + += = = Takahiko Kozuka = = = + is a Japanese figure skater. +Personal life. +Kozuka was born in Nagoya. His grandfather, father, mother and aunt were figure skater so he was called "thoroughbred". He studied sports education at Chukyo University. His coach is Nobuo Sato and Kumiko Sato. He has very good skating skills. He is in good terms with Mao Asada, Miki Ando, Daisuke Takahashi and so on. He likes karaoke and goes to karaoke with Mao Asada frequently. His favorite food is grilled meet. +Career. +In 2006, he won the gold medal at the Junior World Figure Skating Championships. He competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics and placed 8th. In 2011, he was the Japanese national champion. He won the silver medal (in 2008) and the bronze medal (in 2010) at Grand Prix Final. He won a silver medal at the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships. + += = = Thomas Ryan = = = +Thomas John Ryan, Jr. (August 5, 1901 – January 28, 1970) was a career American naval officer who rose to the rank of Rear Admiral. He received the Medal of Honor during peacetime. +Medal of Honor citation. +Ryan's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in Japan during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. +The words of Williams' citation explain: +For heroism in effecting the rescue of a woman from the burning Grand Hotel, Yokohama, Japan, on 1 September 1923. Following the earthquake and fire which occurred in Yokohama on 1 September, Ens. Ryan, with complete disregard for his own life, extricated a woman from the Grand Hotel, thus saving her life. His heroic conduct upon this occasion reflects the greatest credit on himself and on the U.S. Navy, of which he is a part. + += = = Abraham Cohn = = = +Abraham Cohn (June 17, 1832 in Guttentag, Prussia, June 2, 1897 in New York City) was an American Civil War Union Army soldier of Jewish descent. He received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. Cohn earned the award for his actions in combat at the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia on May 6, 1864, and the Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, Virginia on July 30, 1864. +Medal of Honor citation. +Citation: +During Battle of the Wilderness rallied and formed, under heavy fire, disorganized and fleeing troops of different regiments. At Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864, bravely and coolly carried orders to the advanced line under severe fire. + += = = 1100 New York Avenue = = = +1100 New York Avenue is a high-rise office building in Northwest, Washington, D.C. in the United States. The 12-floor building was designed by Keyes Condon Florance Eichbaum Esocoff King and completed in 1991. It is high. The art deco appearance at the north entrance of the building is a former Greyhound Lines bus station originally constructed in 1940. The office structure was built on top of the bus station. A small display on antique buses is located in the north lobby. + += = = Dick Adkins = = = +Richard Earl Adkins (March 3, 1920 – September 12, 1955) was a professional baseball player. He was a shortstop for one season (1942) with the Philadelphia Athletics. For his career, he had a .143 batting average in 7 at-bats. +He was born and later died in Electra, Texas at the age of 35. + += = = Richard Barrett = = = +First Sergeant Richard Barrett (1838 – March 20, 1898) was an Irish-born American officer in the U.S. Army. He served with the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment during the Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor during the Apache Wars. He voluntarily led a group of troops against a group of hostile Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon on May 23, 1872. +Biography. +Richard Barrett was born in County Mayo, Ireland in 1838. He eventually moved to the United States and settled in Buffalo, New York. It was there that Barrett enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to Company A of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment. By 1872, he had risen to the rank of first sergeant. On May 23 of that year, while posted to the Arizona Territory, Barrett volunteered to lead a group of soldiers against a group of renegade Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon. He was cited for "conspicuous gallantry" and recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions which he received on April 12, 1875. Barrett moved to Washington, D.C. after his retirement from military service. He died there on March 20, 1898, at the age of 60. He was interred at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery. +Medal of Honor citation. +Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company A, 1st U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Sycamore Canyon, Ariz., 23 May 1872. Entered service at: --. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 12 April 1875. +Citation: +Consplcuous gallantry in a charge upon the Tonto Apaches. + += = = Alkali Ridge = = = +Alkali Ridge, also known as Alkali Point, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture. They represent a period of change from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle. These multi-story buildings and kivas have yielded high-quality ceramics. They form the type location for the Pueblo II period ("ca." 900 CE - "ca." 1100 CE). +It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964. + += = = Ren Höek = = = +Ren Höek is a cartoon character from the Nickelodeon series "The Ren & Stimpy Show", and Spike series "Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon". He is one of the main characters. Ren is the main protagonist/antagonist of the series. He first appeared in the pilot episode "Big House Blues"". He is a friend of Stimpy +Ren is a 40 year old "Asthma-Hound" Chihuahua. He has a long, rat-like, pink tail. His tail disappears often to the point of it not being seen in the later series. + += = = Angelica Pickles = = = + Angelica Pickles is a fictional character in the Nickelodeon series "Rugrats" and "All Grown Up!". She was voiced by Cheryl Chase in both the original and reboot version. Angelica is one of the series' original characters. She is the cousin of Tommy and Dil Pickles. Angelica is the main antagonist of the TV series. In movies, she is more of an antihero who would side with the babies near the end against the villains. In 2002, TV Guide listed Angelica Pickles as 7th in their list of "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time". + += = = Lav = = = +Lav or Lava, in Hindu mythology, was the son of the deity and hero Rama (see the classical Indian epic poem Ramayana) and his wife, Sita. According to legend, Lav founded the ancient South Asian city of Lahore, now in Pakistan; while his brother Kash, or Kashava, founded the nearby city of Kasur. + += = = List of people from Lahore = = = +The old and historical city of Lahore, now in Punjab (Pakistan), has been home to many famous personalities in Indian history, and later Pakistani history after 1947. A list of famous 'Lahoris', or people who lived in Lahore and added positively to its social, cultural and intellectual life, is given below. This is not complete and you may add to it. +This list is given in chronological order. + += = = John J. Clausey = = = +John Joseph Clausey (May 16, 1875- September 9, 1951) was a chief gunner's mate serving in the United States Navy. He received the Medal of Honor for bravery. +Biography. +Clausey was born May 16, 1875 in San Francisco, California. He joined the navy where he was stationed aboard the "USS Bennington" as a chief gunner's mate. On July 21, 1905 one of the "USS Bennington"’s boilers exploded while it was in San Diego, California. Because of his actions he received the Medal January 5, 1906. +He died September 9, 1951. He is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery San Bruno, California. His grave is in section C, grave 121-B. +Medal of Honor citation. +Rank and organization: Chief Gunner's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 16 May 1875, San Francisco, Calif. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 13, 5 January 1906. +Citation: +On board the U.S.S. Bennington for extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion of a boiler of +that vessel at San Diego, Calif., 21 July 1905. + += = = Larry Hagman = = = +Larry Martin Hagman (September 21, 1931 – November 23, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as J.R. Ewing in "Dallas" and as Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson in "I Dream of Jeannie". His mother was actress Mary Martin. His father was of Swedish descent. +Hagman was born on September 21, 1931, in Fort Worth, Texas. Hagman was raised in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Black-Foxe Military Institute, at Weatherford High School, and at Bard University. Hagman was diagnosed with cirrhosis in 1992. +He received a liver transplant in 1995. Hagman was married to Maj Axelsson from 1954 until his death in 2012. They had two children. Hagman died on the morning of November 23, 2012 in hospital in Dallas, Texas from acute myeloid leukemia, aged 81. + += = = J. K. Simmons = = = +Jonathan Kimble "J. K." Simmons (born January 9, 1955) is an American actor. He played Emil Skoda in "Law & Order", J. Jonah Jameson in "Spider-Man", "Spider-Man 2", "Spider-Man 3" and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, Mac MacGruff in "Juno", Terence Fletcher in "Whiplash" and Commissioner Gordon in "Justice League". +He also voiced Tenzin in "The Legend of Korra" between 2012 to 2014. +Simmons was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Columbus, Ohio and in Missoula, Montana. Simmons studied at the University of Montana originally to be a composer. He married Michelle Schumacher in 1996. They have three children. He won a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in "Whiplash". In 2022, he was nominated for another Academy Award for his role as William Frawley in "Being the Ricardos". + += = = Ganga Ram = = = +Sir Ganga Ram, KCSI (1851 – 1927) was a famous civil engineer and philanthropist of the Punjab, in British India. He was born in Mangtanwala, a small village of Punjab province in British India (now in Punjab (Pakistan)). +Biography. +He was especially well known for designing many of the fine buildings in colonial Lahore, which city he settled in and called home. These included the Lahore General Post Office, the Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (now the National College of Arts), Ganga Ram Hospital, Lady Mclagan Girls High School, the chemistry department of the Government College University, the Albert Victor wing of Mayo Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram High School (now Lahore College for Women), the Hailey College of Commerce (now Hailey College of Banking & Finance), Ravi Road House for the Disabled, the Ganga Ram Trust Building on the Mall and others. +He built Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore (1921), the Lady Mclagan School and some other structures and public facilities with his own money. + += = = Kim Il-yeop = = = +Kim Il-yeop (April 28, 1896 - May 28, 1971) was a South Korean writer, journalist and feminism activist. He was also a Buddhist monk. Il-yeop was his Buddhist name (; ; ). His real name was Kim Wom-ju (, ). + += = = Amrita Sher-Gil = = = +Amrita Sher-Gil (30 January 1913 – 5 December 1941) was a famous Indian artist and painter. She was born to a Punjabi Sikh father and a Hungarian mother. Because of her life and work, she is sometimes known as 'India's Frida Kahlo'.She was born into Majitha royal family. She is considered an important woman painter of 20th century India. +She died in 1941 in Lahore city, now in Pakistan, at the age of 28. + += = = Alhamra Arts Council = = = +The Alhamra Theatre Complex or the Alhamra Arts Council Cultural Complex or Alhamra Art Galleries and Hall is a multi-purpose cultural theatre and performing arts venue in Lahore, Pakistan. It was completed in 1992. It is situated on The Mall, a big old avenue from British Indian times. +The Council also has a new venue of the same type, named the Alhamra Gadaffi Stadium Complex, which is located near Lahore's main sports stadium and which was made more recently. + += = = Bryce Courtenay = = = +Arthur Bryce Courtenay AM (14 August 1933 – 22 November 2012) was a South African-Australian novelist and one of Australia's most commercially successful authors. + += = = The Power of One = = = +The Power of One is a novel by Australian author Bryce Courtenay. It was first published in 1989. The story takes places in South Africa during the 1930s and 1940s. It tells the story of an Anglo-African boy. Through the course of the story he gets the nickname of Peekay. (In the movie version the main person in the story is Peter Phillip Kenneth Keith. It is different than the book. The author identifies "Peekay" as a reference to his earlier nickname "Pisskop": Afrikaans for "Pisshead.") +It is written from the first person perspective. With Peekay telling the story (as an adult, looking back) and trusting the reader with his thoughts and feelings. He does this instead of a detailed description of places and account of actions. +A film adaptation was released in 1992. + += = = Frankie Yankovic = = = +Frankie Yankovic (July 28, 1915 – October 14, 1998) was a polka musician from the United States. He played the accordion. He was called "America's Polka King." He played Slovenian-style polka. +Background. +Yankovic was a Slovene. He was raised in South Euclid, Ohio. Yankovic's parents were immigrants. Yankovic received an accordion at age 9, but never took lessons. By his early teenage years, he was a working musician. He played for local events. +Career. +He began making appearances on the radio in the 1930s. He wanted to make recordings, but the major labels turned him down. Therefore, his first records were made for Yankee and Joliet, labels operated by Fred Wolf. +Yankovic joined the U.S. Armed Forces in 1943. He made records while on leave, before going to Europe to fight in World War II. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge. He was awarded a Purple Heart. +Yankovic earned two platinum singles for "Just Because" (1947) and "Blue Skirt Waltz" (1949). +Yankovic also was on the television series "Polka Time" on Buffalo, New York-based WKBW-TV in 1962. He traveled from Cleveland to host each episode. He hosted a similar show in Chicago at about the same time. He won a Grammy Award in 1986 for his album "70 Years of Hits". He was the first winner in the Best Polka Recording category. The NARAS (Grammy) organization dropped the category in 2008. +Yankovic made over 200 recordings in his career. He has recorded with country guitarist Chet Atkins and pop singer Don Everly. He has also recorded a version of the “Too Fat Polka” with comedian Drew Carey. At one point, Yankovic was performing on the road in 325 shows a year. +He was not related to musical comedian and accordionist "Weird Al" Yankovic, who also performs polka music. However, Weird Al has jokingly said that he was given accordion lessons as a child because his parents thought that "there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world." +Death. +Yankovic died on October 14, 1998, in New Port Richey, Florida, from heart failure, at the age of 83. He was buried in Cleveland's Calvary Cemetery. Hundreds of friends, family, fans, and fellow musicians were at his funeral. + += = = CatDog = = = +The Shnookums and Meat funny cartoon show is an American animated television series. The first show was on April 4, 1998. The series is about an Orange cat named Shnookums and a blue dog named meat. Disney produced the series from Burbank, California, United States. +At the Kids' Choice Awards, USA, the show was nominated for a Blimp Award for Favorite Cartoon in 1999 and 2000. + += = = Bowerbird = = = +Bowerbirds are the bird family Ptilonorhynchidae. The family has 20 species in eight genera. Bowerbirds are most known for their unique courtship behaviour. Males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects. The Vogelkop bowerbird is a good example. The function of this courtship ritual is to attract a mate. The bowerbirds have a "female choice" mating system. +The bowerbirds have an Austro-Papuan distribution, with ten species endemic in New Guinea, eight endemic to Australia and two found in both large islands. Their distribution is mainly in the tropical parts of New Guinea and northern Australia, though some species extend into central, western and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including rainforest, eucalyptus and acacia forest, and shrublands. +The birds are medium to large-sized passerines, ranging from the golden bowerbird at and to the great bowerbird at and . Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species. The satin and spotted bowerbirds are sometimes regarded as pests because they feed on introduced fruit and vegetable crops. They have occasionally been killed by affected farmers. + += = = Muggsy Bogues = = = +Tyrone Curtis "Muggsy" Bogues (born January 9, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. He is the current head coach of the United Faith Christian Academy boys' basketball team. Bogues is the shortest player ever to play in the NBA at . He played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career in the National Basketball Association. Bogues is best known for his time with the Charlotte Hornets. He also played for the Washington Bullets, the Golden State Warriors, and the Toronto Raptors. Bogues was also the head coach of the WNBA team Charlotte Sting. + += = = One-time pad = = = +A One-time pad is a method of encryption. It is a symmetrical cipher, which means the same key is needed for encryption and decryption. A one time pad uses a key that is either as long or longer than the message it encrypts. The key must only be used once, and after it is used, a new key must be generated and shared for the cipher to remain secure. +If this method is used correctly, it is impossible to decrypt or break the encryption without the key. Failure to make and share random keys has led to successful cryptanalysis, as in the Venona project. +Because of these requirements, it is rarely used today. +History. +One-time pads were created all the way in 1882 by Frank Miller. After the invention in 1917, Gilbert Vernam invented and patented an electronic version based on teleprinter technologies. + += = = Danny Ferry = = = +Danny Ferry (born October 17, 1966) is a retired NBA basketball player. He is the current general manager of the Atlanta Hawks. Ferry was born in Hyattsville, Maryland. He went to Duke University. Ferry played for the Cleveland Cavaliers and the San Antonio Spurs. + += = = Shawn Kemp = = = +Shawn T. Kemp (born November 26, 1969) is an American retired professional basketball player. Kemp played a total of 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers and Orlando Magic. + += = = Sayyid = = = +Syed or Sayyid or Sayed is a title of honour and respect in Islam. It is originally a word from the Arabic language which means 'Sir' or 'Mister' or 'Honourable Person'. +However, the word is now also used in different parts of the world by Muslims to refer specially to a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. For example, if someone is called a 'Syed/Sayyid' in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Malaysia etc, then that person is descended from the prophet of Islam. +Afghanistan. +In Afghanistan, Sadat (Sayyids) were recognized as an ethnic group by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. On 13 March 2019, addressing the Sadat gathering at the presidential palace (Arg), the former president Ashraf Ghani said that he will issue a decree on the inclusion of the Sadat ethnic group in the new electronic national identity card (e-NIC). +The former president Ashraf Ghani also decreed mentioning 'Sadat tribe' in the electronic national identity on 15 March 2019. +However this recognition was revoked after the take over of the government by the Taliban on 15 August 2021 as a act of Anti-Shi'ism. + += = = Ashiq Mohamed Warsi = = = +Ashiq Mohamed Warsi (died August 1940) was a political figure of British India and a leader of the All India Muslim League. He was one of the members of the Working Committee of the League, which drafted the famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940. +Warsi's sudden death in August 1940 was deeply mourned by his colleagues. He had no connection to Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi, a Tory politician and life peer in England. + += = = S.M. Sharif = = = +Syed Muhammad Sharif or more commonly S.M. Sharif was a Muslim Barrister from Patna, Bihar, British India. He was an active leader of the All India Muslim League party in his area and also one of the members of the League's Working Committee of March 1940 which drafted the Lahore Resolution. + += = = Charles Umpherston Aitchison = = = +Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison (1832 – 1896), was a British Indian administrator. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1882 to 1887. He was of Scottish origins. +He is specially remembered today for founding the Aitchison College, Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1886. He also played an important role in supporting the earlier establishment of the University of the Punjab in 1882, on the recommendation of Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner. +Aitchison later also was Chief Commissioner of the British Crown Colony of Burma from 1878 to 1880. + += = = Akali Dal = = = +The Shiromani Akali Dal or simply Akali Dal () is a Sikh political party in India. It is mostly active in the province of Punjab. +It is not to be confused with the Apna Dal ('Our Own Party'). + += = = Edgar Rice Burroughs = = = +Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American novelist. He created the famous character Tarzan of the Apes in his novels. He wrote 25 novels on Tarzan's adventures starting from 1914 onwards. +He also wrote other novels and stories that became quite famous. Tarzan and John Carter were some of his characters that became famous. + += = = Planetarium = = = +A planetarium is a theater built to show educational and entertaining presentations about astronomy and the night sky. They are also used for training in celestial navigation. A main part of most planetariums is the large dome-shaped screen onto which images of stars, planets and other celestial objects can be shown and made to move to show the 'motions of the heavens'. The celestial scenes can be created using many different technologies. These include 'star balls' that combine optical and electro-mechanical technology, slide projector, video, full dome projector systems, and lasers. These technologies are used together to give an accurate image of the motion of the sky. Common systems can be set to show the sky at any point in time, past or present. They often show the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth. +There are many different sizes of planetariums. They can be as large as the Hayden Planetarium's 21-meter dome. It seats 423 people. They can also be as small as a three-meter portable domes where children sit on the floor. These portable planetariums are used for education presentations outside of the permanent planetariums at museums and science centers. +The term "planetarium" is sometimes used to mean other things which show the solar system. These include computer simulations or an orrery. Planetarium software refers to software that creates a three dimensional image of the sky on a two dimensional computer screen. The term "planetarian" is used for someone who works at a planetarium. The plural of planetarium is either planetariums or planetaria. +External link. +WPD (Worldwide Planetariums Database) + += = = Highways in Greece = = = +Highways in Greece are the most significant roads of the country. There are 10 most significant highways. They are: + += = = El Dorado, Houston = = = +El Dorado is a neighborhood in northeast Houston, Texas, United States. The site of a halfway house, El Dorado had the highest amount of convicted felons per resident of all of the Houston neighborhoods in 2007. +Super Neighborhood #53 El Dorado/Oates Prairie includes El Dorado. + += = = Abilene Eagles = = = +The Abilene Eagles were a West Texas League minor league baseball team. They were based in Abilene, Texas, USA from 1920 to 1922. They won the league championship in both 1920 and 1921. The team managers for those years were Bugs Young and Ed Kizziar (1920) and Grady White and Hub Northen (1921). They finished in sixth place in 1922. The league folded following the 1922 season, and the Eagles followed suit. +Future major league baseball player Fred Johnson played for the Eagles. + += = = Jairus C. Fairchild = = = +Jairus Cassius Fairchild (December 27, 1801-October 24, 1862) was an American politician and businessman. +Biography. +Fairchild was born in Granville, New York. He moved to Hudson, Ohio and became a merchant. Later he would move to Franklin Mills, Ohio for a short time. While there he operated a tannery before moving to Cleveland around 1834. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1845 and then to Madison, Wisconsin. Fairchild had a business working with cranberries and the lumber industry. He was also president of a railroad. From 1848 to 1852, Fairchild was the first State Treasurer of the State of Wisconsin. In 1856 he was elected the first Mayor of the city of Madison, Wisconsin. Two of his sons Cassius, and Lucius were also active in Wisconsin politics. + += = = Irène Joliot-Curie = = = +Irène Joliot-Curie (12 September 1897 17 March 1956) was a French scientist. She won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie. +Education. +Curie started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris. During World War I, she served as a radiographer. Curie became Doctor of Science in 1925. She did her thesis on the alpha rays of polonium. +During World War I (1914-1918), she helped her mother using X-ray technology in military hospitals. She helped train radiological workers. Curie then graduated from the Sorbonne in Paris. She earned a degree for work on radioactivity in polonium in 1925. +Research. +Curie did important work on radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics. Curie and her husband won the 1935 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their creation of new radioactive elements. This work was written about in their paper "Production artificielle d'éléments radioactifs. Preuve chimique de la transmutation des éléments" (1934). +In 1938, she researched the action of neutrons on the heavy elements. This was an important part of the discovery of the nuclear fission of uranium. Curie became Professor in the Faculty of Science in Paris in 1937. She became Director of the Radium Institute in 1946. After six years as a Commissioner for Atomic Energy, Curie took part in the construction of the first French atomic pile in 1948. Its construction was continued after her death by her husband. +Personal life. +Curie was born in Paris. Marie and Pierre Curie were her parents. In 1926, Curie married Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a French physical chemist. He joined Curie’s Radium Institute in 1925. In 1934, they discovered that they that could make stable elements radioactive. Curie and Joliot had a son and a daughter. Curie was also interested in social and intellectual advancement of women. In 1936, she became the Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research. +Curie died on March 17th, 1956. + += = = Ringleader = = = +A ringleader is a leader of a group of people. +Ringleader may also refer to: + += = = Lucius Fox = = = +Lucius Fox is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity. He is one of the well known African-American comics characters in DC Comics. +He was played by Morgan Freeman in "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight", and in "The Dark Knight Rises". Brock Peters was his voice actor in "". Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies. + += = = Jim Gordon (character) = = = +Commissioner James "Jim" Gordon is a fictional Batman character who is the police commissioner of Gotham City and is a fellow ally of Batman who gives him all of his missions and criminals to capture or question. In some cases, Gordon doesn't know Batman's identity, in other cases he does. He was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane as an ally of Batman. He first appeared in "Detective Comics" #27 (May 1939), Batman's first appearance, making him the first Batman supporting character ever to be introduced. +Biography. +As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to stop the city of crime. The character is typically portrayed as having full trust in Batman and is even somewhat dependent on him. In many modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him. +Gordon was in the United States Marine Corps before becoming a police officer. He is the father of Barbara Gordon, who is secretly Batgirl. +Television. +He was played by Lyle Talbot in Batman shows, Neil Hamilton in "Batman", Bob Hastings made his voice in ', Ray Wise in ' and by Héctor Elizondo in "The Lego Batman Movie". He was played by Ben McKenzie in "Gotham". + += = = Alfred Pennyworth = = = +Alfred Thaddeus Crane Pennyworth, or simply called Alfred, is a fictional character in the DC Comics universe. He is Batman's loyal butler and assistant who helps him complete his missions. He took care of Bruce Wayne when he was a child after his parents were killed. Pennyworth gives Batman all the information he needs and the location where villains are held at. He has a British accent. +Background. +Before becoming a butler, Pennyworth was an actor and former member of Special Operations Executive. He is known for his sarcastic comments. He was nominated by the "Wizard" Fan Award for Favorite Supporting Male Character in 1994. +The character first appeared in "Batman" #16 (April 1943), by writer Don Cameron and artist Bob Kane. Alfred was created by the writers of the 1943 Batman serial but DC Comics asked Don Cameron to write the first Alfred story, which was published before the serial's release. +Television. +Pennyworth was played by Alan Napier, Ian Abercrombie and Sean Pertwee in television shows. He was voiced by Clive Revill and by Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in ' and was voiced by Ralph Fiennes in "The Lego Batman Movie". English actor Jack Bannon played a younger version of the character in the television series ' (2019-2022). + += = = Bane (comics) = = = +Bane is a fictional Batman character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in "Batman: Vengeance of Bane" #1 (January 1993). Bane is a supervillain who appears in the Batman comics. He is physically strong and wears a Mexican wrestlers mask. He has a tube that connects from his body to a chemical tank that is strapped to his suit that keeps him strong. He is one of Batman's most physical and smarter villains credited to be the only character in comic books who has broken the bat, both physically and mentally. +He is played by Jeep Swanson in "Batman & Robin" and by Tom Hardy in "The Dark Knight Rises". In "Batman & Robin", Bane appears like in the comics with a Mexican wrestling mask, but doesn't talk. In "The Dark Knight Rises", Bane has a mask that only covers the front of his mouth and nose, his eyes can be seen and he had a muffled voice with a Caribbean accent. + += = = Catwoman = = = +Catwoman or Selina Kyle is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. She is sometimes a villain or Batman's assistant in fighting crime. She is sometimes called "Batman's girlfriend" because of her love-hate with Batman. Catwoman wears leather clothing and has a whip. In some comics, her father was mobster Carmine Falcone. +She is played by Lee Meriwether, Julie Newmar, Eartha Kitt, Michelle Pfeiffer, Halle Berry, Anne Hathaway in "The Dark Knight Rises", Camren Bicondova in "Gotham" and by Zoë Kravitz in "The Batman". + += = = Ra's al Ghul = = = +Ra's al Ghul is a fictional character in the Batman franchise appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a supervillain, and he was Bruce Wayne's trainer. He is the leader of the League of Assassins, which is an organization based on correcting the corruption in the world by ways of fear and hostility. Bruce destroyed their temple after he is made aware of their true intention of destroying Gotham City. +Ghul is one of the smartest and most physically skilled villains in the Batman universe. He also trained Bane. Ghul is the father of one of Batman's love interests: Talia al Ghul. He was played by Liam Neeson and by Ken Watanabe (decoy) in "Batman Begins". Neeson later had a small role as Ra's in "The Dark Knight Rises". David Warner is his voice actor in "". + += = = Yawar Hayat Khan = = = +Yawar Hayat Khan (born 18th October 1943- died 3rd November 2016), was a senior former producer and director of the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and one of the early founders and creative entities of this channel from 1964-65 onwards, when its serialized dramas were immensely popular in Pakistan. +Khan was born in Lahore, in October 1943 and educated at the Aitchison College and the Forman Christian College, there. +In November 1964, the Pakistan Television Corporation made its first test-transmission from Lahore, and in that same year Khan was selected as a trainee with the fledgling state TV channel. +In 1967, he was transferred back to Lahore, and it is at the Lahore TV studios that he produced his best work. Khan's first major dramatic success came when he directed the immensely popular rural folk drama "Jhok Siyaal" (1973). This was followed by "Waris" (1978–79) and then a host of hit serials such as "Bandaar Jaati aur Mamta", "Samandar", "Nasheman", "Dehleez", "Sahil", "Lazawaal" and others, between the 1980s and 1990s. +Khan retired from active television service in 2004. He died in Lahore, on 3rd November 2016, after a prolonged illness. + += = = Grant Park = = = +Grant Park is a large city park that is in Chicago, Illinois in the Chicago Loop. The Park has some special tourist attractions such as Buckingham Fountain, Millennium Park, Cloude Gate, and the Museum Campus that holds many of Chicago's museums. The Park was originally named Lake Park until it was renamed after the 18th President of the United States and Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant on October 9, 1901. Lollapalooza Music Festival and Taste of Chicago are held in the Park. + += = = Buckingham Fountain = = = +Buckingham Fountain is a landmark that is in the center of Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. The fountain was finished in 1927 and was one of the largest fountains in the world. The fountain was also one of the first large fountains during that time. The fountain is in the eastern part from Route 66. + += = = 10239 Hermann = = = +10239 Hermann (1998 TY30) is a main-belt asteroid. + += = = Biblical inerrancy = = = +Biblical inerrancy is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate "inerrancy" with "infallibility"; others do not. +In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not. +Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible. +There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture." + += = = Independent Catholic churches = = = +Independent Catholic Churches is the name for a few Christian churches which say that they have the traditions of the Catholic Church, but who are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them say that their bishops have apostolic succession, that is that their legitimacy comes from an apostle. The first of these churches was the Old Catholic Church, who did not agree that the pope was infallible, in religious matters. This was agreed at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Most of the independent Catholic churches split from the Old Catholic church. A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests, founded in the 1970s. +Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, or the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Roman Catholic Church. Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870. + += = = Battle of Cambrai = = = +The Battle of Cambrai was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad hub. In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as "Siegfried Line" and more things + += = = Indian Mujahideen = = = +Indian Mujahideen is a terrorist group, which has carried out several attacks in India. The group may be related to Students Islamic Movement of India. The Student Islamic Movement of India may be involved in several terrorist organisations, and is therefore banned. Indian Mujahideen said they carried out the Jaipur bombings of 2008. The leader is Abdul Subhan Qureshi. + += = = Bhopal State = = = +Bhopal State (pronounced ) was an independent state of 18th century India. It was founded in 1723. It was a princely state of the British Raj from 1818 to 1947. It was an independent country from 1947 to 1949. At first, the capital was Islamnagar. Later the capital moved to the city of Bhopal. +Rule of the Begums. +Bhopal was the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad. Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan Begum. Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots. + += = = Cassius Fairchild = = = +Cassius Fairchild (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer. he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds. + += = = Whiskey Tjukangku = = = +Whiskey Tjukangku is an Australian Aboriginal artist from South Australia. He paints for Iwantja Arts, the community co-operative at Indulkana on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He is an elder of the Yankunytjatjara people, and a "" (traditional healer). One of his works was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2012. His brother, Barney Wangin, is also an artist. +Tjukangku was born around 1939, in the bush near Umuwa in north-western South Australia. The name "Whiskey" was given to him by one of his friends when he was a young boy. It is said that Tjukangku took this name because he could not pronounce his own Aboriginal name. +Tjukangku grew up at the mission in Ernabella and at De Rose Hill, a cattle station located along the Stuart Highway. He never went to school. As a child, he was taught about working with horses and cattle at De Rose Hill. By the time he was a teenager, Tjukangku began working for the station as a jackaroo, mustering cattle. He worked as a stockman for many years, on several stations throughout central Australia. He worked for a long time on the land of the Arrernte people (in the Northern Territory), which he depicts in many of his works. When he was older, he moved back south, closer to his homeland (where he and his family were born). He settled at Indulkana, and has lived there ever since. +Tjukangku was one of the first men to begin painting at Indulkana, and was one of the original members of Iwantja Arts. In addition to painting, he also does printmaking using the intaglio method (cutting designs into wooden objects). Beginning in his early 70s, Tjukangku is reported to suffer from dementia. He still works as a full-time artist, however, and makes an average of one or two artworks per week. +His artworks depict personal reflections on his travels and experiences in the central Australian desert. It is often just memories, about where he used to work or a place he fondly remembers. This is different to most traditional Yankunytjatjara artists, who usually paint about their "" (Dreaming). A common motif featured in Tjukangku's artworks is "puṉu" (wood that is used for making traditional tools and objects). This is often both his subject and his medium. Objects in his artworks are often more figurative (realistic) than in most Western Desert art, but still contain elements and shapes that are very clearly abstract. Tjukangku paints in natural earthy tones, using rich shades of red, browns, ochres and black. He uses fields and lines of white dots to highlight shapes and movement. +Tjukangku's work has been featured in group shows at major galleries since 2010. He held his first solo exhibition in April–May 2011, in Alice Springs. He held a second solo show at the same venue the next year, in July–August 2012. One of the works exhibited at his first solo show was bought by the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Other works by Tjukangku are held in several of Australia's major private galleries. Some of his earliest prints are displayed in the South Australian Museum. + += = = Issei = = = + is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called "Issei"; and their children born in the new country are called "Nisei" (second generation). The grandchildren of "Issei" are called "Sansei" (third generation). +The character and uniqueness of the "Issei" is recognized in its social history. +History. +The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897. +Imigration to Brazil began in 1908. Today, the community established by the "Issei" has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other "Issei" established themselves in the United States, Canada, and Peru. +In the 1930s, the term "Issei" came into common use. The word replaced the term "immigrant" ("ijusha"). This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the "Issei" looked at themselves. The label "Issei" also included the idea of belonging to the new country. Other terns like "Nisei" were modeled after this "Issei" pattern or template. +Cultural profile. +The term "Nikkei" (��) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century. The "Nikkei" include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants. +The "Issei" were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice. Their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents. +Although the "Issei" kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan. +The "Issei," "Nisei" and "Sansei" generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters. + += = = Clavering = = = +Clavering is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1156 people living in Clavering. It has a church called St Mary & St Clement. + += = = Elmdon = = = +Elmdon is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 522 people living in Elmdon. It has a church called St Nicholas. + += = = Great Easton = = = +Great Easton is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 797 people living in Great Easton. It has a church called St John & St Giles. + += = = Nisei = = = + is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the children born to Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called "Issei"; and their children born in the new country are called "Nisei" (second generation). The grandchildren of "Issei" are called "Sansei" (third generation). +The character and uniqueness of the "Nisei" is recognized in its social history. +History. +The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897. +Imigration to Brazil began in 1908. Today, the community which grew from the "Nisei" children has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of "Nisei" grew up in the United States, Canada, and Peru. +The use of the term "Nisei" was modeled after an "Issei" pattern or template. In the 1930s, the term "Issei" came into common use. The word replaced the term "immigrant" ("ijusha"). This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the "Issei" looked at themselves. The label "Issei" also included the idea of belonging to the new country. +Cultural profile. +The term "Nikkei" (��) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century. The "Nikkei" include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants. +The "Issei" were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice. Their "Nisei" sons and daughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents. +Although the "Issei" kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan. The "Nisei" had never known a country other than the one into which they were born. +The "Issei," "Nisei" and "Sansei" generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters. + += = = Littlebury = = = +Littlebury is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 802 people living in Littlebury. It has a church called Holy Trinity. + += = = Aluminium iodide = = = +Aluminium iodide is any chemical compound made up of only aluminium and iodine. It is formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine, or the action of hydrogen iodide on aluminium metal. + += = = Galveston, Texas = = = +Galveston is a city on Galveston Island in the U.S. state of Texas. , the city had 53,695 people. The city is the county seat of Galveston County. It is well known for a hurricane in 1900. +The city is about 45 miles (72 km) southeast of downtown Houston. + += = = Xerochrysum bracteatum = = = +Xerochrysum bracteatum is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae and comes from Australia. In English, the plant is usually called golden everlasting or strawflower. It grows as a woody or leafy perennial or annual shrub. Depending on the type it can get up to a meter (3 ft) tall. +The golden everlasting serves as food for different kinds of larvae (caterpillars) of butterflies, moths and skippers. Adult butterflies, hoverflies, native bees, small beetles and grasshoppers visit the flower heads. +The golden everlasting is easy to grow. Annual varieties in a host of color forms are available. +Distribution and habitat. +The Golden everlasting occurs in all Australian mainland states and territories as well as Tasmania. It is quite common and can be found from North Queensland across to Western Australia. +It occurs in all habitats except those that are in dense shade. It grows as an annual in patches of red sand in Central Australia, responding rapidly to bouts of rainfall to complete its life cycle. It is common among granite outcrops in southwest Western Australia, and is found on heavier and more fertile soils in the Sydney region, such as basalt-, shale- or limestone-based soils, generally in areas with a high water table. It has been reported growing in disturbed soil, along roadsides and in fields in the New England region in the United States. +Ecology. +The brightly colored bracts act as petals to attract insects such as hoverflies, native bees and small beetles that pollinate the florets. Grasshoppers also visit the flower heads. The caterpillars of "Tebenna micalis" have been recorded on this species, as have those of the Australian painted lady ("Vanessa kershawi"). The tiny fruits are dispersed by wind, and germinate and grow after fire or on disturbed ground. +The water mould (oomycete) "Bremia lactucae" has infected commercial crops in Italy and California. In 2002 on the Ligurian coast, widespread infection of several varieties, most severely 'Florabella Pink' and to a lesser extent 'Florabella Gold' and 'Florabella White', resulted in leaf blistering and the development of lesions on the leaves, and white patches on the undersides, particularly in areas of poor ventilation. There was an outbreak of downy mildew in a crop of the "Golden everlasting" in San Mateo County, California in 2006, in which the leaves developed large chlorotic lesions. A "Phytoplasma" infection damaged "X. bracteatum" crops in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2001, causing poor growth, bronzing of the leaves and malformation of flower heads. Genetically, the pathogen was indistinguishable from the agent of aster yellows. The root-knot nematode ("Meloidogyne incognita") attacks and forms galls on the roots, which leads to the death of the plant. +Farming and breeding. +The "Golden everlasting" had been introduced to farming in England by 1791. German horticulturist Herren Ebritsch obtained material and developed it at his nursery in Arnstadt near Erfurt in Germany. He bred and sold varieties of many colors from bronze to white to purple, which spread across Europe in the 1850s. The bracts of these early forms tended to remain cupped around the flower head rather than flatten out like the native Australian forms. These were also annual rather than perennial forms. Many were given names such as 'atrococcineum' (dark scarlet flower heads), 'atrosanguineum' (dark blood-red flower heads), 'aureum' (golden yellow flower heads), 'bicolor' (red-tipped yellow flower heads), 'compositum' (large multicolored flower heads), 'macranthum' (large rose-edged white flower heads), and 'monstrosum' (flower heads with many bracts), although today they are generally sold in mixed seed for growing as annuals. Some colored forms of South African "Helichrysum" are thought to have been introduced to the breeding program, which resulted in the huge array of colors. The "Golden everlasting" was one of several species that became popular with European royalty and nobility from the early 19th century, yet were little noticed in Australia until the 1860s, when they became more prominent in Australian gardens. +Most varieties started in Australia in the latter part of the 20th century are perennials. 'Dargan Hill Monarch' was the first of these, and many more have followed. Profusely flowering, these come in many colors including white, yellow, orange, bronze, pink and red. Their commercial lifespan is generally around three years. Queensland-based company Aussie Winners has a range of compact plants ranging from orange to white known as Sundaze. Plants of this series usually have larger leaves. This range won the "Gran premio d'oro" at the Euroflora exposition in Geneva in 2001, for the best new plant series in the previous three years. 'Florabella Gold', a member of the Florabella series, won the award for best new pot plant (vegetative) in the Society of American Florists' competition of 1999. The Wallaby variety of the flower range of taller forms with narrow leaves and white, yellow or pink flowers. Other commercial ranges include the Nullarbor series, and Queensland Federation daisies, including 'Wanetta Sunshine' and 'Golden Nuggets'. +The "Golden everlasting" are easy to grow both from seeds and from cuttings, although named varieties will only grow true from cuttings. Fresh seed germinates in 3 to 20 days and requires no special care. Plants grow best in acidic, well-aerated, soils of pH 5.5 to 6.3, with low levels of phosphorus. They are sensitive to iron deficiency, which shows on the plant as yellowing (chlorosis) of the youngest leaves while the leaf veins remain green. +The "Golden everlasting" can be grown in large pots or window boxes. It also makes a good starting plant in the garden before other plants become more established. Lower growing varieties are suitable for hanging baskets and border plantings. The flowers attract butterflies to the garden. Dried flowers are long lasting—up to some years—and are used in floral arrangements and the cut flower industry. More robust longer stemmed forms are used for commercial cut flowers. The main factor limiting lifespan of dried flowers is the wilting of stems, so flowers are sometimes wired into arrangements. Immersing flowers in glycerol or polyethylene glycol also lengthens lifespan. + += = = Lockdown (TV series) = = = +Lockdown is a television series. It is on the National Geographic Channel. The series is about prisons and jails in the United States. It is shown in a documentary format. "Lockdown" is known in some regions as America's Hardest Prisons. + += = = Eiichiro Oda = = = + is a Japanese manga artist. He is best known for his artwork in "One Piece". +Since November 7, 2004, Eiichiro Oda has been married to Chiaki Inaba (�����, "Inaba Chiaki"), a former model and actress whom he met in 2003 during Jump Festa 2004. Oda and Inaba have had two daughters; the eldest was born in mid-2006 and the youngest in 2009. +Early life. +Oda was born in Kumamoto in Kumamoto Prefecture. At age 4, he wanted to be a manga artist. +Career. +In 1997, "One Piece" was published in "Weekly Shōnen Jump". + += = = Japan Gold Disc Award = = = +The Japan Gold Disc Awards (���ー��������) are honors which are promoted by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). The awards recognize CD music sales in Japan. +History. +It was established 1987. +It is made much of the number of the downloading and sales. +There are many prizes such as "Single of the Year"' and "Album of the Year" or "Artists of the Year". + += = = Étienne Pierre Ventenat = = = +Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1 March 1757 – 13 August 1808) was a French botanist born in Limoges. He was the brother of naturalist Louis Ventenat (1765–1794). +Ventenat took a trip to England while he was employed as director of the ecclesiastic library Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. While in England, he visited the country's botanical gardens. This inspired him to pursue a career in science. Later he studied under and worked with a botanist named Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle (1746–1800). In 1795, he was elected a member of the "Institut national des sciences et des arts". They later changed their name to be the "Académie des sciences". +In 1794 he wrote a treatise on the principles of botany. It was called "Principes de botanique, expliqués au Lycée républicain par Ventenat". It did not receive much interest when it was released, and Ventenat became so disappointed that he reportedly made efforts to buy all copies of the book and have them destroyed. In 1798 he published a French translation of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's "Genera plantarum" as "Tableau du règne végétal selon la méthode de Jussieu". In his translation of the work, Ventenat added information about the properties and uses of plants. +In 1799 he published "Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J.-M. Cels". This book described plants in the botanical garden of Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806). In 1803 he published "Le Jardin de la Malmaison" because Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) asked him to write it. He wanted to make sure the rare species of plants found in the gardens and greenhouses of Château de Malmaison were remembered forever. The pictures and drawings in the two aforementioned works were performed by famed botanical artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840). Ventenat is also credited with continuing the work on Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard's "Histoire des champignons de la France". This was a landmark (very important) work on mushrooms native to France. + += = = Bract = = = +In botany, a bract is a modified leaf, especially one associated with a flower or inflorescence. Bracts are usually different from normal leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Usually, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals and/or sepals. +Variants. +Some bracts are brightly colored like petals, and attract pollinators like bees. Examples of this type of bract include "Euphorbia pulcherrima" (poinsettia) and "Bougainvillea": both of these have large colorful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colorful flowers. +In grasses, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called glumes. These bracts are the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing. +A prophyll is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending a single flower or pedicel. The term can also mean the lower bract on a peduncle. +The frequently showy pair of bracts of "Euphorbia" species in subgenus "Lacanthis" are the cyathophylls. +Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers, and in some cases, such as "Pseudotsuga", they extend beyond the cone scales. +Bracts that appear in a whorl under an inflorescence are called an involucre. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts. Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence. +The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence. +Epicalyx. +An epicalyx, an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles. In other words, the epicalyx is a "group of bracts resembling a calyx" or "bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx". It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. They are present in family "Malvaceae", the "Hibiscus" family. "Fragaria" (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx. +Spathe. +A "spathe" is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers. In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a spadix. + += = = Kyūdō = = = + is a Japanese form of archery. It is a martial art. +History. +"Kyūdō" is based on ancient archery ("kyū-jutsu"). Archery in Japanese began in the Jōmon period; and it developed in the samurai or military class. At the beginning of the Meiji era (1868-1912), the samurai lost their position because the Emperor Meiji replaced the Tokugawa family, the samurai, as a ruler of the nation. Therefore, all martial arts, including kyudo, declined. Before the Meiji Restoration, only the military class was allowed to do "Kyūdō". But after it, ordinally people could also do archery, so it spread outside the military class and it became an amusement. Now, All Japan Kyudo Federation plays a role in the promotion of kyudo as a sport. +Style. +There are many styles, but most of kyudo players are learning the technique ruled by All Japan Kyudo Federation ("Shaho-Hassetsu"). In most cases, style means the kind of movement (called "Taihai"). +Ogasawara style. +This is a major style and is known as the style of mannar. Most of the kyudo players play based on it. +Heki style. +This style places importance on hitting and power. +Honda style. +This style is derived from Heki style and Ogasawara style. +Yamato style. +This style is derived from Heki style. +Technique. +There are the Eight Stages of Shooting (Shaho-Hassetsu); which is a fundamental movement. +Equipment. +The equipment of "kyūdō" has evolved from ancient times. +Bow. + is the Japanese term for the bows used in "kyūdō". +"Yumi" is traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather. But, recently, many "yumi" are made from fiberglass and carbon fiber. They are cheaper than those made of bamboo. Generally, there are two sizes. One is "nami" and the other is "nobi". "Nobi" is longer than "Nami". +Arrow. + is the Japanese term for the arrows of "kyūdō". The arrow's shaft is traditionally made of bamboo. Recently, many shafts are made of aluminum or carbon fibers. The traditional is made with three fins or of eagle or hawk feathers. The modern "ya" may be made with turkey or swan feathers. +Clothing. +People wear special clothes called "Kyūdōgi" when they practice kyudo or play a game. +In a formal place, people wear "Wahuku". + is the glove worn on the right hand. It is typically made of deerskin. + += = = Château de Malmaison = = = +The Château de Malmaison () is a country house (or château) in the city of Rueil-Malmaison about 12 km (7 mi) from Paris. +It was formerly the residence of Joséphine de Beauharnais. With the Tuileries it was the headquarters of the French government from 1800 to 1802. +History. +Joséphine de Beauharnais bought the manor house in April 1797 for herself and her husband, General Napoléon Bonaparte. The future Napoléon I of France was at that time away fighting the Egyptian Campaign. Malmaison was a run-down estate, seven miles (12 km) west of central Paris that encompassed nearly of woods and meadows. +When he came back from Egypt, Bonaparte was angry at Joséphine for buying such an expensive house. She had expected him to bring back a lot of money from the Egyptian campaign. She had paid well over 300,000 francs for the house and it needed extensive renovations. She spent a lot of money fixing it. Malmaison would bring great happiness to the Bonapartes. Joséphine's daughter, Hortense would call it "a delicious spot". +Joséphine worked hard to transform the large estate into "the most beautiful and curious garden in Europe. She wanted it to be a model of good cultivation". She located rare and exotic plants and animals to enhance the gardens. Joséphine wrote: "I wish that Malmaison may soon become the source of riches for all [of France]"... +In 1800, Joséphine built a heated orangery large enough for 300 pineapple plants. Five years later she ordered the building of a greenhouse. It was heated by a dozen coal-burning stoves. From 1803 until her death in 1814 she cultivated nearly 200 new plants in France for the first time. +The property became famous for its rose garden. Empress Joséphine had the Belgian artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840) record her roses (and lilies). Prints of these works sell quite well, even today. She created an extensive collection of rose. She gathered plants from her native Martinique and from other places around the world. She grew some 250 varieties of roses. From the foreword to "Jardin de la Malmaison" (1803): +Birds and animals of all sorts began to fill her garden. They were allowed to roam free among the grounds. At the height of her days at Malmaison, Joséphine had the company of kangaroos, emus, black swans, zebras, sheep, gazelles, ostriches, chamois, a seal, antelopes and llamas to name a few. Some were from the Baudin expedition. +After her divorce from Napoléon, Joséphine received Malmaison in her own right, along with a pension of 5 million francs a year, and remained there until her death in 1814. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 Napoléon returned to the house before his exile to the island of Saint Helena. +In 1842 Malmaison was purchased by Maria Christina, widow of King Ferdinand VII of Spain; she lived there with her second husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz, 1st Duke of Riánsares. In 1861 Maria Christina sold the property to Napoleon III. +Malmaison has been restored by the French famous architect Pierre Humbert in the early 20th century. +Present times. +The public can visit the manor house as a Napoleonic "musée national". The museum lies on RN 13 ("route nationale" 13) from Paris and bus 258 from RER A "Grande Arche" station. + += = = Xerochrysum = = = +Xerochrysum (or "Bracteantha") is a type or genus of flowering plants native to Australia. It was defined by Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev in 1990. It was identified before (and takes precedence over) "Bracteantha" which was described the following year. A 2002 molecular study of the tribe Gnaphalieae found the genus is likely polyphyletic, with "X. bracteatum" and "X. viscosum" removed from each other. +There are currently 7 recognized species: +The genus was formerly included in "Helichrysum". + += = = Henry Charles Andrews = = = +Henry Cranke Andrews (fl. 1794 - 1830), was an English botanist, and an artist who illustrated plants. As he always published as Henry C. Andrews, and due to difficulty finding records, the C. was referred to as Charles, from 1961 until a record of his marriage registration was found in 2017. +Early life and career. +He lived in Knightsbridge. He was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who helped Andrews to write descriptions of the plants he illustrated. +Andrews was a good and unusual botanical artist. He was not only an artist, but also engraver, colorist, and publisher in a time when most artists were only employed to make small drawings. The "Botanist's Repository" was his first publication. It was issued in London in a series of ten volumes between 1797 and 1812. It provided affordable images of plants to the growing population of amateur gardeners in Britain. +Works. +The Kew publication, "Curtis's Botanical Magazine", wrote that Andrews' work was very accurate. Andrews' images have a more artistic appeal compared to the publications of his rival, which were focused more on scientific descriptions. + += = = Talia al Ghul = = = +Talia al Ghul is a fictional Batman character who is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. Ghul might be a villain that wants to either finish her father's work or to avenge his death. She may sometimes help Batman to stop her father's work. She is the mother of Bruce Wayne's son, Damian Wayne. +Marion Cotillard played Talia in "The Dark Knight Rises", but she had a fake name "Miranda Tate" and was the chairman of Wayne Enterprises. + += = = Guckkasten = = = +Guckkasten (Hangul: ����) is a South Korean Indie rock group that is known for psychedelic music. The members are Ha Hyun-woo (Hangul: ���, vocal), Jeon Kyu-ho (Hangul: ���), Lee Jung-gil (Hangul: ���) and Kim Ki-bum (Hangul: ���). The group formed in 2003 and their band was called "The C.O.M" at the time. <br> In 2007, they renamed their band "Guckkasten," a German word that means "Chinese-style kaleidoscope". The renaming of the band as "Guckkasten" was to reflect how their psychedelic music is like looking through a Chinese-style kaleidoscope with its beautiful and constantly changing pictures. <br>This band tries to express their experimental mindset by playing music like psychedelic videos hidden under an analogous style. +History of Guckkasten. +Lee Jung-gil and Ha Hyun-woo started a school band together. After quitting school, they moved to Seoul. Then they scouted Jeon Kyu-ho through the Internet and started a band "New Unbalance". +In 2003, they realigned their members and created a band named "The C.O.M". However, "The C.O.M" broke up that year after the "Ssamji sound festival". +Then in 2007, they formed the band again, but changed the name to "Guckkasten," a German word for Chinese-style kaleidoscope. A year later, in 2008, Kim Ki-bum joined the band. +Since then, they have performed as the band "Guckkasten" and never looked back. +Musical style and artistry. +The music of Guckkasten can be classified as psychedelic. They try to express their music as psychedelic videos which is hidden under analogue.It is because their music is inspired by Hague's piece called Art and Fire. Although their music can be classified as psychedelic music in some points, their genre can't be defined clearly. Their music is expressed in various ways and the songs are very changeable.They are skilled guitar players, and their sound is guitar focused. But they have said that this will change on their 2nd album. + += = = Tjungkara Ken = = = +Tjungkara Ken (born 1 October 1969) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Amaṯa, South Australia. She began painting in 1997, when Minymaku Arts was opened by the women of Amaṯa. She started doing it professionally (as a job) in 2008. By that time, the artists' co-operative had been renamed to Tjala Arts. +Ken's paintings depict stories and figures from her personal ' (Dreaming), the spirituality that is associated with her ancestor's homeland. Her father is from the country around Amaṯa and Walitjara, and Ken most often depicts this country and its ' in her paintings. She also illustrates her mother's country, which is further west, near Irrunytju. +Ken's paintings have been featured in group exhibitions in many of Australia's major cities. Some of her work was also part of an exhibition in Graz, Austria in 2002. One of her paintings, titled " – My Country", was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010. It was bought by a private collector. Another of Ken's works, a painting depicting the "" (Seven Sisters Dreaming), was chosen by the Art Gallery of South Australia as the winner of its "Desert Country" competition in 2011. The exhibition featured works by several artists from across the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, including Maringka Baker, Nura Rupert and Jimmy Baker. +Examples of Ken's work are shown in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the National Gallery of Australia. It is also held in several major private galleries in Australia. + += = = Neo-impressionism = = = +Neo-impressionism is a term coined by a French art critic in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurat’s greatest masterpiece, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte", marked the beginning of this movement when it appeared at an exhibition of the "Société des Artistes Indépendants" in Paris. +Around this time, many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of neo-impressionism were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colours influenced neo-impressionists’ characterization of their own contemporary art. +Pointillism is often mentioned, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the movement. +The art critic Félix Fénéon first used the term neo-impressionism in an article he wrote for the Belgian journal "L’art Moderne" in 1886. With the term he wanted to show that the way Seurat painted was different from the ways painting was done in Impressionism. In total, the movement lasted about five years. + += = = Crowns of Silla = = = +The crowns of Silla are golden crowns made in the Korean kingdom of Silla. They were made roughly during the 5th and 6th centuries. These crowns were excavated in Gyeongju, the ancient capital of Silla. They are part of the national treasures of South Korea. + += = = Christiaan Hendrik Persoon = = = +Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) studied fungus who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy. +Early life. +Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. He was the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education. +Education. +He started his education studying theology at Halle. In 1784 at the age 22 Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799. +Later years. +He moved to Paris in 1802 where he spent the rest of his life. He rented an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. In his later life he was unemployed, unmarried, poor and kept to himself. He did correspond with botanists throughout Europe however. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life. +Academic career. +The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his writings was "Abbildungen der Schwämme" (Illustrations of the fungi). It was published in three parts. The first was published in 1790. The second in 1791. The third was published and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his "Synopsis plantarum" . This was a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in fungi. He wrote several things related to mushrooms and other forms of fungi. Beginning with the "Synopsis methodica fungorum" (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. +The genus "Persoonia" is a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs and was named after him. + += = = Nura Rupert = = = +Nura Rupert is an Australian Aboriginal artist from north-west South Australia. She produces her works using intaglio methods of printmaking. The designs are drawn by etching and linocutting, and the prints are done on paper. +Nura was born about 1933, in north-western South Australia. The place of her birth is a rock hole called Tjitapiti, which is northeast of Nyapaṟi, and close to what is now the outstation of Angatja. Nura was a "bush baby" (she was born in the bush), and her family lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert around Angatja. Nura was a baby when her parents and elder brother settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time. +Nura worked in crafts from a young age. Growing up at the mission, she learned weaving and knitting to make rugs and clothes. She also learned to make artistic objects from wood carving and poker work. She began painting around 2000, producing acrylic paintings on canvases. She started using printmaking techniques a few years later. +Most of Nura's designs depict stories from her childhood. They are usually images of children or animals, such as dingos and goats, but she is best known for her depictions of "" (spirits). These are from traditional Pitjantjatjara stories told to children to make sure they stay away from trouble. Her style is often described as "child-like", because the shapes are very simple and look like a child's drawings. +Works by Nura have been featured in exhibitions since 2000, in many of Australia's major cities and also in cities in the United Kingdom. Her work is held in several major collections, including Flinders University, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and Parliament House in Canberra. Prints by Nura were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2006 and 2007, and the Western Australian Indigenous Art Awards in 2010. + += = = Australian Plant Name Index = = = +The Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) is an online database of all the names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, links to other resources, and data from the Census of Australian Vascular Plants divided by state. Users can also make notes and comments on other details. +Overview. +The APNI is recognised by Australian herbaria as the official source for Australian plant descriptions. It is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, which is a collaborative project with A$10-million funding. The project is aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria. +Two search interfaces are offered: +Originally the idea of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work of 3,055 pages. It contains over 60,000 plant names. It was compiled by Arthur Chapman, and was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database, and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance has given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. + += = = Cabinet making = = = +Cabinet making, also spelled cabinetmaking or "cabinet-making" with a hyphen, is the use of fine woodworking skills to make cabinets and furniture. +Cabinetmakers learn to use the tools of the cabinet making trade. +History. +There were few full-time furniture makers in England or America until the last half of the 17th century. +In the 18th century, some European cabinetmakers became well known. Cabinet making was an essential trade in early British North America. It was a huge money maker. They made furniture like cabinets, chairs, doors, drawers, cupboards, bed frames, tables, and many more. They used gimlets, gouges, bow saws, chisels, braces, and hacksaws to make their furniture. The wood they used was oak, maple, cypress, chestnut, and yellow pine. + += = = Mantidfly = = = +Mantidflies are insects in the family Mantispidae. They are small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of "Mantispa" occur in Europe. +Description and ecology. +Some mantidflies are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. +They get their name from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" (raptor-like) front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids. The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights. They have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers. +Their larvae are either parasitoids or predators. Subfamily Symphrasinae larvae are parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the subfamily Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods. +Larvae of the subfamily Mantispinae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarab-like larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube. Then they pupate in the egg sac. + += = = Tav = = = +Taw, tav, or taf is the twenty-second and last letter of the Semitic abjads, including Phoenician Tāw , Hebrew Tav , Aramaic Taw , Syriac Taw �, and Arabic � Tāʼ (22nd in abjadi order, 3rd in modern order). In Arabic, it is also gives rise to the derived letter Ṯāʼ. Its original sound value is . +Tav, or Taw, is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet. Its sounds like a . + += = = Barney Hajiro = = = +Barney Fushimi Hajiro (September 16, 1916–January 21, 2011) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Hajiro was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. He grew up in a rural area. According to a friend who spoke at his funeral, +"As a plantation boy, he probably learned some things from his Japanese schoolteacher or principal. . . . He respected his principal and his family values. It all comes together; it builds a guy." +Soldier. +Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the US Army. +Hajiro volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in October 1944, Hajiro was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Hajiro's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Hajiro was recommended for the Victoria Cross. He received the British Military Medal in 1948. +In 2004, France made him a member of the Légion d'honneur. +Medal of Honor citation. +Hajiro's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944. He helped attack a house, captured a numerically superior force; and without help from others, he silenced two machine gun nests. +The words of Hajiro's citation explain: +Private Barney F. Hajiro distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 19, 22, and October 29, 1944, in the vicinity of Bruyeres and Biffontaine, eastern France. Private Hajiro, while acting as a sentry on top of an embankment on October 19, 1944, in the vicinity of Bruyeres, France, rendered assistance to allied troops attacking a house 200 yards away by exposing himself to enemy fire and directing fire at an enemy strong point. He assisted the unit on his right by firing his automatic rifle and killing or wounding two enemy snipers. On October 22, 1944, he and one comrade took up an outpost security position about 50 yards to the right front of their platoon, concealed themselves, and ambushed an 18-man, heavily armed, enemy patrol, killing two, wounding one, and taking the remainder as prisoners. On October 29, 1944, in a wooded area in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France, Private Hajiro initiated an attack up the slope of a hill referred to as "Suicide Hill" by running forward approximately 100 yards under fire. He then advanced ahead of his comrades about 10 yards, drawing fire and spotting camouflaged machine gun nests. He fearlessly met fire with fire and single-handedly destroyed two machine gun nests and killed two enemy snipers. As a result of Private Hajiro's heroic actions, the attack was successful. Private Hajiro's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research = = = +The Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research (CESAER) is an association of engineering universities in Europe. CESAER started on the 10th of May 1990, based in Leuven, Belgium. + += = = Ginger Wikilyiri = = = +Ginger Nobby Wikilyiri is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Nyapaṟi, South Australia. +Life. +Wikilyiri was born around 1932, in the desert of north-western South Australia. The place where he was born is Kunamata, a rock hole south of what is now the community of Nyapaṟi. His father had three wives, and Wikilyiri is the son of the second wife. He has an elder sister, Wingu, who was borne to his father's first wife. Wikilyiri and his family, who are Pitjantjatjara, were all born and lived in the bush, living a traditional way of life. After settling at Ernabella, Wikilyiri worked in land management and horticulture. He worked for many years as a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, living at Muṯitjulu. +Artwork. +Wikilyiri paints stories from his Dreaming, the spirituality that defines his kinship with the land. The Dreaming associated with his birth place, Kunumata, carries the "" (a kind of python) as its totem. Wikilyiri's paintings depict sacred legends about his ancestors and how they created the land around Kunumata. He also paints similar stories about Piltati, another rock hole nearby and a sacred site for Pitjantjatjara men. Pink dominates many of Wikilyiri's major paintings, which is an unusual choice of colour for the Western Desert style of art. +His work has been shown in major exhibitions in many cities around Australia and other countries. Examples are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Paintings by Wikilyiri were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011. + += = = North Queensland = = = +North Queensland or the Northern Region is the northern part of the state of Queensland in Australia. It is just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state and is larger than many countries. The tropical northern part of it has been historically remote and undeveloped. This has resulted in a regional character and identity that is quite different to the rest of the state. +Townsville is the largest community in North Queensland. It is regarded as an unofficial capital. The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km2. +Geography. +There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially, its southern border is usually considered to begin south of the Mackay Region. To the north is the Far North Queensland region. The centre of the region is around Cairns. To the west west is the Gulf Country. +North Queensland is a coastal region. Its largest settlement is the city of Townsville, where there is a major seaport. +State of North Queensland. +There have been many groups saying that North Queensland should become its own state. + += = = Payari = = = +Payari is a village in Bangladesh. It is in the Magura district of the Khulna Division. It is almost away from Magura Sadar Upazila. The Nabaganga river flows nearby the village. + += = = Phidippus audax = = = +Phidippus audax is a jumping spider that comes from North America. The spider is often called the daring jumping spider or bold jumping spider in English. A spider of this species will usually be black with white patterns on its abdomen. In younger spiders, the spots on the abdomen will be a orange, red or yellow colour, which will become white as the spider becomes older. The average size of an adult is between 13 and 20 millimetres and the male is slightly smaller than the female. + += = = Mikio Hasemoto = = = +Mikio Hasemoto (July 13, 1916-November 29, 1943) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Hasemoto was born at Honolulu, Hawaii. He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hasemoto joined the US Army in June 1941. +Hasemoto volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in November 1943, Hasemoto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Hasemoto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Hasemoto's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in central Italy in 1943. With his squad leader, he destroyed an enemy force despite having to run through heavy fire twice to retrieve new weapons +The words of Hasemoto's citation explain: +Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of his platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran 10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire. Private Hasemoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Nicholas Marcellus Hentz = = = +Nicholas Marcellus Hentz (born July 25, 1797) was a French-American educator and arachnologist. He died November 4, 1856 in Marianna, Florida. +Hentz was born in Versailles, France. He learned the art of miniature painting and studied medicine in Paris. In 1816, he immigrated to the United States. In the United States, he taught the French language and miniature painting in Boston, Philadelphia and many other places. +Hentz is best known for his work in describing 124 spider species. These include the black-footed yellow sac spider and the Southern house spider. + += = = Italian food = = = +Italian food is the food created by traditional Italian cooking. It is not any one thing, because it is strongly regionalised. This means that the cooking is different in different parts of Italy. +Naturally there are some basic foods which can be found all over Italy, and now in many other countries. These are pasta, pizza, cannoli pastry desserts, ice cream and red or white wine. Calamari dishes of fried squid (fried calamari) are often on the menu. +Olives have been grown in Italy for thousands of years. They are eaten, and also are the basis of olive oil. Olive oil and vinaigrette or balsamic vinegar are always on the table or nearby. Italians also make many kinds of breads in a different style from French bread. Their styles of coffee have also become internationally famous. Some of their liqueurs, like limoncello, are very distinctive. +Italian food is one of the most refined and varied in Europe, from the piquant flavours of Naples and Calabria to the pesto dishes of Liguria and the cheese and risotto dishes of the Italian Alps. + += = = Kashima-jingū = = = +, also known as Kashima-jinja, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kashima, Ibaraki on the island of Honshu. +History. +"Kashima" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of the old Hitachi Province. It serves today as one of the "ichinomiya" of Ibaraki Prefecture. + This place is special to the "kami" named . +In the modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, Kashima was listed in the middle range of ranked Imperial shrines or which included 23 sanctuaries. + += = = Friedrich von Wurmb = = = +Christoph Carl Friedrich von Wurmb (2 July 1742-March 1781) was a German botanist. His official shorthand is „Wurmb“. He was a descendant of the noble family von Wurmb. At some point in time, his elder brother Ludwig and he himself fell in love with the same woman. After a long decision process, he decided to emigrate, and leave the woman to his brother. He joined the Dutch East India Company, and emigrated to Amsterdam, and later to Batavia, the modern-day Jakarta. His brother later married this woman, Christiane von Werthern. His sister's brother in law, Friedrich Schiller, wrote a short story about it, "A magnanimous act" ("Eine Grossmütige Handlung"). +In biology, he is known for his taxonomy of palm trees. and for his writing about a Bornean Oranggutan. +The species Wurmbea in the Colchicaceae is named after him. +Baron von Wurmb was also an important member of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (now National Museum) and the founder of its well-known library, now the National Library. He lived in a house in the old Batavia area, known as the Yellow Lions building, due to the two golden (now faded) lion statues that guard the entrance of the house. Though now slightly run down, the building still stands next to Kali Besar in Jakarta. + += = = Core cities of Japan = = = + is a defined class or category of Japanese cities. It is a local administrative division created by the national government. All core cities have a population greater than 300,000. +History. +The core cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan. Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures. +List. +Core cities were recognized starting in 1996. There are 40+ of these cities, including + += = = Oligopsony = = = +In microeconomics an oligopsony is a market form where there are few buyers. There may be many sellers, but because there are few buyers, the decision each buyer makes influences the whole market. Therefore this is an example of imperfect competition. +Oligopsony works just like oligopoly involving a few number of sellers. This market has a few big buyers willing to buy a product or service. The number being limited enables the purchasers to have a sense of control over the sellers, and lets them negotiate with product prices. +One example of this is the market for cocoa: Three companies (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland and Callebaut) buy most of the world production, usually from small farmers. Other examples are that of tobacco or that of bananas. By extension the "market for work" also has this characteristic: there are few companies (employers, "buying work") and many people "offering to work". + += = = Natural monopoly = = = +A natural monopoly is a type of monopoly in which a subject is the only seller and producer of a good or service. It is impossible for a new firm to enter the market as there are very high barriers to entry and very high startup costs, similar to that of a normal monopoly. The natural monopoly term is usually used to describe markets with very high fixed costs compared to the marginal costs of selling the good or service, creating economies of scale that are large compared to the size of the market and hence resulting in very high barriers to entry. Examples of natural monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity. +A natural monopoly often keeps getting economies of scale as more of a good or service is produced. + += = = Monopsony = = = +A Monopsony is a market form where there is only one buyer, but many sellers. Much like with the monopoly this single buyer has a complete influence on the price. In practice, this market form does not occur often. One example may be a healthcare system where there is only one "buyer" of healthcare services; which is usually the state, or a state-run institution. Another example is defense industry, where the state is the often only buyer. Still another is that of public transport: Either the whole public transport is run by one (usually state-owned) company, or the state awards contracts to run a given line for a certain time period. + += = = Koreapas = = = +Koreapas (���) is an online homepage for Korea University students in South Korea. It provides information which is useful in school life. It is called (). It was started in 2007 by person who named Park Jong Chan. There is news about school and lecture information. Students talk freely and share information. So, it is useful to register before the semester starts. You can find information about restaurants and flea markets too. +Park Jong Chan who made this online community was elected the student president in 2011. His well-known name because of making Ko-pas helped him to be elected. Many students are so familiar in this homepage and it makes students remember his name easily. +Ko-pas has been criticized because of its exclusivity. There is a anonymous board in Ko-pas page and some students use swear words and say unproper words as a student. The other problem is exclusive culture in Ko-pas. They only along with those members in that site and show disrespect to other groups especially less famous university in Korea. But, it could be a one of side effects and internet cultures as well + += = = The Mall, Lahore = = = +The Mall is a major avenue or road in the city of Lahore, in Pakistan. It was made during the colonial times of the British Raj, in the 1850s and 1860s +The Mall is still Lahore's main avenue or road, with many important sites and buildings on both sides of it. It is usually divided into two sections, the 'Lower Mall' near the Punjab Government Secretariat, the University of the Punjab, the Government College University, the Lahore Museum and other locations; and the 'Upper Mall' near the Lawrence Gardens (now renamed the "Bagh i Jinnah"), the Lahore Zoo, Aitchison College, the Government House and the Lahore Gymkhana Club. +Smaller roads link up to the Mall on many sides, leading to various other parts of the city. + += = = William Lockhart = = = +General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart, commonly known as William Lockhart (1841-1900) was a well-known British Indian Army officer. He was born in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland. +He served in the 1857-1858 Indian Mutiny (or Rebellion of 1857) and then in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, winning medals for his brave achievements. From 1880 to 1885 he remained Deputy Quartermaster-General of the Intelligence Branch of British India. In 1897 he commanded the famous Tirah expedition against the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in India and died of malaria in Calcutta while still serving in this position. + += = = Xeranthemum = = = +Xeranthemum is a flower. It is found in Southern Europe. It has silvery flower heads with purple tube-like flowers. + += = = Afridi = = = +The Afridi are a large Pashtun tribe mostly resident in Tirah, Jamrud and the Khyber Pass areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. + += = = Joséphine de Beauharnais = = = +Joséphine de Beauharnais (23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte. This made her the first Empress of the French. Her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror. +She did not have any children with Napoleon, as a result, he divorced her in 1810. Then he married Marie Louise of Austria. + += = = Helichrysum = = = +Helichrysum is a type of flower. It has about 600 species in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The name Helichrysum comes from two Greek words: "helisso" means to turn around and "chrysos" means gold. +It grows in Africa, Madagascar, Australasia and Eurasia. There are many species in South Africa. + += = = Xerochrysum bicolor = = = +Xerochrysum bicolor is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It grows in Tasmania, mainly near the coast. +It grows to about 40 cm in height and 50 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks. They have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm. + += = = Abbotsford House = = = +Abbotsford House near the town of Melrose in Roxburghshire in Scotland was the house of the writer Sir Walter Scott, where he lived from 1812 to 1832. He wrote a lot of historical adventure stories, many of which have been filmed for the cinema and television. +The house is now a museum dedicated to Scott's life and works. It is a category A listed building. + += = = Walter Savage Landor = = = +Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864) also known as WS Landor, was an English poet and essayist. +Early life. +He was the son of a doctor. He was sent to the famous Rugby School in 1784, but was removed in 1791, to avoid expulsion. He then went up to study at Trinity College, Oxford University but was also rusticated from there in 1794. After this, he developed some problems with his father, who was very angry at him, so Landor left his home. +Poetry and writings. +In 1794-95, he prepared his first book of poems, published in 1795 as "The Poems of Walter Savage Landor". This was followed by "Gebir" (1798), "Poetry" (1802), "Imaginary Conversations" (series, 1824-1829) and other works. +Later life and death. +He was also for some time married to Julia Thuillier and settled in France for a short time, then moved to Italy. After fighting with his wife, he left her and returned to England in 1835. In 1853 he published his last book, "Last Fruit off an Old Tree" and then, in 1858, left England again and went and settled in Europe. He died in 1864. + += = = Mihailo Živanović = = = +Mihailo Živanović (born Belgrade ), known as Mika-Žuti (Yellow), was one of the most inventive and best Serbian and Yugoslav clarinetist, saxophonist, a very prolific composer, conductor of RTB Light Music Orchestras and arranger. +Life. +Mihailo Mika Živanović - Žuti (Yellow) was born in Prota Mateja street in Belgrade in 1928. +Early life. +His first contact with music, dating back to the 1936. It was when the father of an eight-year old Mika enrolled him in primary music school "Stanković" where he was first taught to play the piano. The year 1942 was crucial in his life because, upon hearing the sound of the clarinet through Radio London, he realized that this was what he wanted. And since then, fascinated by the beauty of jazz, he had regularly visited Concert Hall in Belgrade and listened to jazz concerts of then our masters (Elija Genić, Mladen Guteša, Vojin Popović and others), as well as of the foreign performers (Kari Burnett, German singer). +He attended the Third Male Grammar School and Secondary Music School "Stankovic", the piano department. He then enrolled at the Faculty of Sciences in Belgrade, department of chemistry, and left it for the music before graduation. +After WW2. +After the war, in 1945, Mihailo continued to learn the piano in Secondary Music School „Stanković“. +The biggest turning point in his life happened in 1946. This was when he saw and bought his first clarinet in a consignment shop. Since he had knowledge of music, he began to practice day and night, this time – clarinet. +At the age of eighteen, inspired by the music of Glenn Miller and Woody Herman Orchestra, he made a firm decision to devote his life to the clarinet and music and graduated the clarinet from Secondary Music School “Slavenski” in the class of professor Franjo Partlić. +Early works. +Work with the orchestra Fis-dur. +Jazz was very appealing to Mihailo Živanović. Accomplishing himself in this field, in 1946 he formed a jazz orchestra "Fis-dur" which he named after his clarinet Fis-dur. The orchestra was led by Michael himself. Due to the quality, the orchestra had very soon become one of the most famous in Belgrade. The first members of the orchestra were: Milo Dimitrijević (guitar), Duško Radić (piano), Stanislav Sodermajer (drums) and Mihailo Živanović (clarinet). +He was anxious to learn and progress further in music in 1946. He continued to study clarinet at the "Allmusic Academy" where he met Eduard Sađil, also a student of clarinet. +Orchestra "Fis-dur" achieved success after success: performances, tours, great delight and standing ovations of the satisfied audience. In the year 1947, there was a large change in the orchestra with the new top musicians: Predrag Ivanović (trumpet), dr Aleksandar Pejić (accordion), Milovan Vukajlović-Genije (piano and accordion), Predrag Stefanović-Grof (-Count)(trombone) and Branko Pejaković (bass). Only Sodermajer and Živanović remained of the old members. +Important meeting with Boro Roković (a trumpeter, composer, arranger, pianist and accordionist) occurred while playing at a dance party in 1949. Bora heard him and was impressed by his talent. He wanted to help Mihajlo, introduce him more and better into the world of jazz and direct him to the true value. He offered him to join his orchestra. Živanović played there until the end of 1953. Soon he was invited by Aleksandar Nećak. He played in all three orchestras at the same time. +Orchestra "Fis-dur" existed until 1950. +Work in Radio Belgrade Revue Orchestra. +Well-known trombonist Mladen Guteša founded Radio Belgrade Light Revue Orchestra on 18 January 1948. By the end of 1949. he invited Mihailo Živanović to become its member. Mihajlo was then a student of the "Music Academy" in the class of renowned professor Bruno Brun. For such a work and permanent employment, he had to get permission from his professor. Professor Bruno gave him consent. +In the Revue Orchestra Mihailo first played the baritone saxophone, and then the instrument which he had been studying - the clarinet. Radio Belgrade Revue Orchestra had many successful tours and concerts. One in Zagreb in 1953, which proved that Belgrade was the center of Yugoslav jazz. +Before the end of the study in 1954, persuaded by professors from the Academy, he left Radio Belgrade Revue Orchestra and got a job in the National Theatre Orchestra (Belgrade Opera) where he worked four years (until 1958). +As a student at the Academy he achieved a remarkable success in the "Yugoslav competition of young artists", clarinetist of classical music, in Skopje in 1954. There he won the second prize (the first was not awarded to anyone). +In 1955, he graduated clarinet successfully. +Work in Mihailo Zivanovic's octet. +In 1955, Zivanovic founded "Mihailo Zivanovic’s Octet" in which he played the baritone saxophone. Alongside him, Predrag Ivanović played the trumpet, Nikola Dajzinger the alt saxophone, Eduard Sađil the tenor saxophone, Predrag Stefanović the trombone, Vojkan Đonovićić the guitar, Robert Hauber the piano and Rade Milivojević the drums. +Octet had been performing for 10 years with great success on radio stations in the country and abroad. It soon became one of the leading Yugoslav ensembles for contemporary and experimental jazz music. +Further life. +Since 1958, almost to the last days of his life, he had been employed by the "Music Production branch of Radio Television of Serbia". That same year he became a permanent member of the Light String Orchestra led by Ilija Genić and later a conductor of the Jazz Orchestra i Revue Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade. +In 1960, he became a member of "Serbian Composers Association". +In 1975, he was appointed head of the "Light Ensemble of RTB", and since 1978 permanent conductor of the "Light Orchestra of RTB" until his death. +Importance. +Mihailo Živanović was a great composer. He wrote children’s and stage music, popular songs, pop songs, and concert music, as well as numerous compositions and arrangements for the Yugoslav radio and TV stations. +Jazz. +He continuously followed the developments in the world of jazz and light music and was always in the contemporary musical trends of his time. Over forty years, he extensively composed different genres of music with a great success. He wrote over 300 instrumental, light, and vocal-instrumental compositions. +Until then, only foreign jazz music was played by Belgrade jazz orchestras. Živanović was one of the first jazz musicians who began to compose modern domestic jazz, and which he engaged in with a great enthusiasm. Živanović enriched Yugoslav light and jazz music with his activity. His works have been recorded in the history of Yugoslav jazz culture. +Songs. +He wrote the music and scene songs for the then popular singers such as: Arsen Dedić, Nada Knežević, Lola Novaković, Bisera and Senka Veletanlić, Anica Zubović, Dragan Stojnić, Tihomir Petrović, “Lutajuća srca”, Đorđe Marjanović, Zafir Hadžimanov, Krunoslav Slabinac, Dragan Mijalkovski and many others. +He was one of the most prolific creators of music for children. +At a time when engaged in the instrument, he was known as one of the most inventive and best soloist on the clarinet and baritone saxophone. He performed in concerts at home and abroad with a great success (Germany, Austria, Romania, USA). As a soloist, he represented his country at the Berlin concert in the series “Music knows no boundaries”. +Conductor. +At the Light Music Festivals Mihailo appeared as a conductor. He was the conductor of the RTB Light Music Orchestra and the first clarinetist of Belgrade RTV Symphonic Orchestra. Mihailo was proficient in making arrangements and in this field left his contributions. +Composing works. +Mihailo Mika Živanović began composing in 1950. +Vocal-instrumental light melodies. +These works include: +Instrumental chamber music. +These works include: +Musical stagework. +These works include: +Symphonic music with soloist. +These works include: +Musical works for the standard jazz orchestra. +These works include: +Children’s songs. +Mihajlo Živanović was a composer who had written the most songs for children on the theme of friendship and camaraderie. +These, and other songs were sang by RTB Children’s Choir, Branko Milićević, Predrag Panić and Dragan Laković. +Music for television series. +The last 10 years of life, he was a regular collaborator of the Children’s Television. He had composed music for children’s TV series like: +For the Belgrade television show +Recognition and awards. +Mihailo Živanović won numerous awards in the field of art. Some of them were: + += = = Nyakul Dawson = = = +Nyakul Dawson (c. 1935 – 12 January 2007) was an Australian Aboriginal artist from Irrunytju. He was one of the earliest Ngaanyatjarra artists to achieve success using Western-style painting techniques. Examples of his work are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, and the Art Gallery of New South Wales. +Early life. +Dawson was born near Mount Davies in the north-west corner of South Australia, around 1935. The exact year is not known, because he was born in the bush and grew up without any contact with Western society. He and his family, who belonged to the Ngaanyatjarra nation, lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert. When he was a boy, Dawson began training as a "" (traditional healer) under his grandfather. He was taught about the country, the spiritual knowledge and law associated with it, and how to use traditional tools and methods to heal people. +In the 1950s, government patrols removed Dawson and his family from their homeland in order to escape the fallout from the nuclear tests at Maralinga. They were settled at Warburton, to the north-west, with many other Ngaanyatjarra families. It was at Warburton that he was given the surname "Dawson". His nomadic childhood in the desert made him an expert on how to survive in the wilderness. He was often used as a guide in prospecting expeditions. +While living at Warburton, Dawson married a woman named Alkawari. They moved to Irrunytju, closer to Dawson's home country, and had three children during the 1970s. Dawson married again much later, to Anmanari Brown. Anmanari had also been married before, and her several children became part of his family. Dawson remained highly respected as a community elder and traditional healer until his death. +As an artist. +Dawson began painting in 2002, aged in his 60s. The year before, the women of Irrunytju had opened an art centre in the community, called Irrunytju Arts. His wife, Anmanari, had already been painting at the centre for several months, and Dawson joined her along with several of the community's other senior men. Dawson's first wife, Alkawari, also became a successful artist at Irrunytju. +Dawson's paintings depict creation stories from the Dreamtime and concepts from his spirituality. They illustrate his family's Dreaming and how their ancestors created the land. His birthplace is on the Dreaming track (or "songline") of the (Goanna Man), the path travelled by one of his ancestors from the Dreamtime whose totem is the perentie lizard. The scenes in his paintings are from the places he travelled as a boy with his family in the central Australian desert. +Dawson was a member of the Executive Committee of Desart for several years until November 2006. In June 2006, he travelled to Paris for the opening of the Musée du quai Branly. He was there with the Australia Council for the Arts as a representative for Aboriginal Australian art. +Death. +Dawson died some time at the start of January 2007, while driving with his nephew (Jarman Woods) across the Great Victoria Desert. They had spent Christmas with relatives in Kalgoorlie and were returning home by a long, isolated track in the desert. The track between Kalgoorlie and Irrunytju is over , a journey that they had made many times before. +Their car got a flat tyre some time after leaving Coonana. They were reported missing on 8 January at Tjuntjuntjara, the next community on their route. The two men died of dehydration. Dawson was also a diabetic, which made him much more vulnerable in the extreme heat. His body was found on 12 January, a little over two weeks after they left Kalgoorlie. It was found close to the car, about east of Kalgoorlie. Woods' body was found a few kilometres further away. + += = = List of football clubs in Azerbaijan = = = +This is a list of football clubs in Azerbaijan, sub-divided into leagues where known. + += = = Thomson–East Coast MRT line = = = +The Thomson-East Coast Line (TEL) is the sixth MRT line in Singapore. It is the fourth line to be fully automated and driverless in Singapore. The line will be 43 km (27 mi) long, with 31 stations. The line is colored brown on the MRT Rail map. +The Thomson Line section was announced on 29 August 2012. The Eastern Region Line section was announced on 15 August 2014. Both were put together to form the Thomson-East Coast Line. +The first and second stage of the line opened on 31 January 2020 and August 28, 2021. The third stage opened on November 13, 2022 with the other two stages expected to open from 2024 to 2025. It interchanges with all existing lines. When the first three stages opened, it is expected to serve about 500,000 commuters daily. + += = = The Bridges of Madison County = = = +The Bridges of Madison County is a 1992 fictional novel written by American author, Robert James Waller. The book was published by Warner Books, Inc. In the first chapter, “The Beginning,” the author misleads the readers by saying that the book is a true story. It is actually a work of fiction. The main character, Kincaid, has the same first name as author and is a photographer and an artist, as was Robert James Waller. +The book is a love story about an Italian woman, Francesca Johnson, a farmer’s wife, who falls in love with Robert Kincaid, a photojournalist from Bellingham, Washington over a four-day period. The story is set in Madison County, Iowa. Winterset, the nearby town, is quite small, according to the book. +The novel has been translated into 25 languages and has sold 50 million copies worldwide. It was on the New York Times best seller list for 164 weeks from 1992 until 1995. The story was made into a movie in 1995, directed by Clint Eastwood. Meryl Streep plays Francesca Johnson and Clint Eastwood plays Robert Kincaid. +Main Characters. +Francesca Johnson. +Francesca Johnson is a conservative Italian woman in her mid-forties, living a quiet, conventional life on an Iowa farm. Over a four-day period, while her husband and children are away, she meets and falls in love with Robert Kinkaid, a National Geographic photojournalist. She wants to run away with him, but ultimately stays to protect her family from the hurt and scandal it would cause. Her time with Robert is carefully conducted as she lives in a small community where the local residents know everyone else's business. Though devoted to her family, she loathes her dull life. Francesca's teen children take her for granted and her kindly husband does not fulfill her romantic needs. Robert's presence reawakens her femininity and passion. She often feels unappreciated, much like the covered bridges which the locals consider to be worn out but are always there. Robert admires the elegant covered bridges. While Francesca feels undervalued by her family and is just getting older, Robert sees her true beauty. +Robert Kincaid. +Robert Kincaid is a photojournalist, currently working for National Geographic magazine. Kinkaid, a divorced man in his early-fifties, lives a nomadic life, traveling the world on assignments, unencumbered by attachments to people or places. A poetic and sensitive man, he dislikes modern civilization and how computers and robots are taking over people's lives. He is an attractive, though not handsome, man. The women he has dated saw something powerful in him, and often compared to an animal such as leopard or peregrine. He falls deeply in love with Francesca, who he considers a far more complicated woman than others realize. +Summary. +Francesca Johnson is from Naples, Italy. She married Richard Johnson, a WWII soldier, and moved to Iowa with him, becoming a farmer’s wife. For Francesca, who studied literature and is a former teacher, rural life is dull and monotonous. One summer day in 1965, Robert Kincaid visits Madison County in Iowa. He is on assignment to photograph historic covered bridges for a National Geographic article. Unable to find Roseman Bridge, he stops by the Johnson farm to ask for directions. Francesca's husband and two teenage children are away for four days, attending the Illinois State Fair. Francesca guides Robert to the bridge. After, she invites him to stay for dinner. He and Francesca develop an immediate attraction to one another. +Later that night, Francesca drives to Roseman Bridge and leaves a note inviting Robert to dine with her again. He finds it the next morning and calls to ask her to go to another covered bridge with him, then joins her for dinner. They make love, knowing they have little time together. When their dream-like period is nearly over, Robert asks Francesca to leave with him. She almost does, but is unable to abandon her family, knowing the pain and suffering it would cause them. She also realizes that she would be unable to live with the guilt over hurting her husband and children and it would destroy her relationship with Robert. He unhappily accepts her decision. +Robert and Francesca never meet again. After her husband's death, Francesca attempted to contact Robert, but his whereabouts by then were unknown as he no longer worked for the National Geographic. Three years later, an attorney sends Francesca a package containing Robert’s belongings, including his cameras, his published photo book, and a letter. Robert has died and his ashes were scattered at the Roseman Bridge. When Francesca passes away, her children learn about the affair from a journal she has left them. She requests to be cremated and her ashes be scattered at Roseman Bridge. Her children are initially shocked by her request. They finally respect the love their mother had for Robert and agree to publish the love story. + += = = Massimo Firpo = = = +Massimo Firpo (Turin, 1946) is an Italian historian. +Academic career. +Firpo teaches early modern history at the University of Turin and at the Scuola Normale Superiore of Pisa. He is a member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. +He studied at the University of Turin (where he was a pupil of Franco Venturi, and where he obtained his "laurea" in 1969 with a thesis about "Pietro Bizzarri esule Italiano del Cinquecento", published in 1971). Subsequently he has been Accademia dei Lincei fellow at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa. He has taught early modern history at the Faculty of Political Sciences of the University of Cagliari. Ha has been fellow or visiting professor at the Newberry Library, Chicago, at the Cornell University, Ithaca and at the University of Oxford (where in 2006 he was "Isaiah Berlin" visiting professor). +Research activity. +He started his researches studying the heretical movements of the 16th century and focusing on the Italian heretical diaspora in Eastern Europe, radical movements such as Antitrinitarianism and Socinianism and the relations between this cultural tradition, the deism and the origins of Enlightenment thought. +Subsequently his studies have dealt with the Italian religious crisis of the 16th century, focusing especially on Juan de Valdés, Reginald Pole, Giovanni Morone and the Spirituali movements and on the role played by the Roman Inquisition in these decades. +He has published the critical edition of the most important inquisitorial trials of the Italian 16th century (Giovanni Morone, Pietro Carnesecchi, Vittore Soranzo). +He has also published many studies of art history (especially about Pontormo, Lorenzo Lotto and Battista Franco and the relations between their works and the new religious ideas). +Family. +His father, Luigi Firpo (1915-1989), was a prominent Italian historian, professor of history of political thought at the Faculties of Law and Political Sciences at the University of Turin, and a member of the Italian Republican Party. + += = = Subprefectures of Japan = = = + are a Japanese form of self-government which focuses on local issues below the prefectural level. +Each subprefecture is part of the greater administration of the prefecture and the national state. It is also as part of a self-government system. +History. +Subprefectures were given a definite form in 1878 ("Meiji 11). +The Meiji government established the as an administrative unit. +In 1888 ("Meiji 21"), the sub-prefecture as a form of self-government was officially recognized as more general than civic corporations like cities, towns and villages. +Some prefectures of Japan include subprefectures. The subprefecture is the jurisdiction surrounding a "branch office" of the prefectural government. + += = = Core city = = = +In urban planning, a core city, principal city metropolitan core, or central city, is the largest or most important city or cities of a metropolitan area. A core city is surrounded by smaller satellite cities, towns, and suburbs. + += = = Joe Hayashi = = = +Joe J. Hayashi (August 14, 1920-April 22, 1945) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Hayashi was born in Salinas, California. He was the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hayashi joined the US Army in May 1941. +Hayashi volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in April 1945, Hayashi was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Hayashi's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Hayashi's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in northern Italy in 1945. He led an attack on strongly defended positions; and without help from others, he silenced three machine guns. +The words of Hayashi's citation explain: +Private Joe Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 20 and 22 April 1945, near Tendola, Italy. On 20 April 1945, ordered to attack a strongly defended hill that commanded all approaches to the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi skillfully led his men to a point within 75 yards of enemy positions before they were detected and fired upon. After dragging his wounded comrades to safety, he returned alone and exposed himself to small arms fire in order to direct and adjust mortar fire against hostile emplacements. Boldly attacking the hill with the remaining men of his squad, he attained his objective and discovered that the mortars had neutralized three machine guns, killed 27 men, and wounded many others. On 22 April 1945, attacking the village of Tendola, Private Hayashi maneuvered his squad up a steep, terraced hill to within 100 yards of the enemy. Crawling under intense fire to a hostile machine gun position, he threw a grenade, killing one enemy soldier and forcing the other members of the gun crew to surrender. Seeing four enemy machine guns delivering deadly fire upon other elements of his platoon, he threw another grenade, destroying a machine gun nest. He then crawled to the right flank of another machine gun position where he killed four enemy soldiers and forced the others to flee. Attempting to pursue the enemy, he was mortally wounded by a burst of machine pistol fire. The dauntless courage and exemplary leadership of Private Hayashi enabled his company to attain its objective. Private Hayashi's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Dobermann = = = +Dobermann or Doberman Pinscher is a medium to large dog breed. It originated in Germany about 1890. It was named after a tax collector, Friedrich Louis Doberman (1834-1894), who wanted a dog as a companion and for protection. Doberman Pinschers are known as being very intelligent, loyal and fearless dogs. They are used by police forces, search and rescue dogs, guard dogs and as guide dogs for blind people. +Description. +Size. +The Doberman is a dog of medium large size. Although the breed standards vary among kennel and breed clubs, according to the FCI standard the dog typically stands between and The Kennel Club in the UK quote as being ideal. The female is typically somewhere between . A height of is considered ideal. +Colors. +Dobermans have short smooth coats which are most commonly black. Less common are red (reddish-brown), blue, or fawn-colored coats. Blue and fawn colored Dobermans usually have rust-colored (reddish-brown) markings on their legs, chest and heads. +Ears and tail. +Normally a Doberman puppy has floppy ears and a long tail. While still a puppy, the tails are often shortened by surgery (called "docking") which heals quickly and causes the puppy very little pain. The ears are cut to a point and so they stand up (called "cropping"). This takes longer to heal. Cropping is considered by many to be unnecessary and is illegal in much of Europe. But it is still done in the United States and is part of the standard. +Temperament. +People who think they are like any other dogs or are often vicious and dangerous are for the most part wrong. It is true that any dog that is mistreated or not taken care of can become dangerous. Viciousness is a learned behavior and few dogs, including the Doberman, are naturally vicious. Dobermans can be protective and guarded or they can be sweet and eager to please. To get the desired temperament, training should start when the dog is about 8 months old. +The American Kennel Club describes the Doberman as" + += = = George Steinbrenner = = = +George Michael Steinbrenner III (July 4, 1930 – July 13, 2010) was an American businessman who was the owner of the New York Yankees from 1973 until his death in 2010. He made his initial fortune as part of the Great Lakes shipping industry. After purchasing the Yankees, Steinbrenner made headlines for his meddling with team affairs, such as instilling a policy that prohibits facial hair and setting a trend with paying big salaries to marquee free agents like Reggie Jackson and Catfish Hunter. Manager Billy Martin alone was fired on five separate occasions. +Steinbrenner was born on July 4, 1930 in Rocky River, Ohio a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at Williams College and at Ohio State University. He was married to Elizabeth Joan Zieg from 1956 until his death 2010. He had four children. Steinbrenner died on July 13, 2010 in Tampa, Florida from a heart attack, aged 80. He died 9 days after his 80th birthday. +A fictionalized version of George Steinbrenner was a recurring character on the popular NBC sitcom Seinfeld, voiced by series creator Larry David. + += = = Bob Sheppard = = = +Robert Leo "Bob" Sheppard (October 20, 1910 – July 11, 2010) was an American journalist and announcer for the New York Yankees from 1951 until 2007 and for the New York Giants from 1956 until 2006. +Sheppard was born on October 20, 1910 in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York. He studied at St. John's Preparatory School, at St. John's University, and at Columbia University. He was married to Margaret Sheppard until her death in 1959. They had four children. Then he was married to Mary Hoffman from 1961 until his death in 2010. Sheppard died on July 11, 2010 in Baldwin, New York from natural causes, aged 99. + += = = William Makepeace Thackeray = = = +William Makepeace Thackeray (18 July 1811 – 24 December 1863) was an English writer. He is most famous for his novel, Vanity Fair. The title is from a place in Pilgrim's Progress. +The novel is about the adventures of Becky Sharp, an ambitious girl who wishes to rise in English society. + += = = Rebecca = = = +Rebecca [ ri-bek-"uh" ] is a female name. It is the name of Isaac's wife in the Book of Genesis. (Chapter 24). Rebecca is a moniker that has enjoyed widespread popularity for centuries and boasts a fascinating backstory and significance. Its Hebrew roots give it the meaning of "to tie, to bind, to snare," stemming from the term "Ribqah," which signifies "to bind firmly." Additionally, the name is linked to the biblical figure of Rebecca, who was Isaac's spouse and the mother of Jacob and Esau. It is a popular name for girls in English speaking countries. Nicknames include Becky, Becca, Beck, And Bex/Becks. +The name Rebecca is the English translation Of the name ���� (Rivka). This name was ranked #304 on the US Popular Names in 2021. + += = = Sardar = = = +Sardar or Sirdar or Serdar, is a title of nobility in India, Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan. +The word is from the old Sanskrit and Avesta languages. It means a prince, nobleman, tribal chief or leader or other aristocrat. In some tribes and ethnic groups in India and Pakistan, especially among the Baloch people and Punjabis, it is quite commonly used to denote even certain families of noble origins. + += = = Cameroon (sheep) = = = +The Cameroon () is a domesticated breed of sheep from west Africa which has been exported to Europe. As of 2008, there were less than 650 but the population was increasing. +Characteristics. +The Cameroon is a hair sheep which it sheds yearly in the spring. Ewes can raise two lamb crops per year. Their most common color is brown with a black belly, head, and legs. + += = = Alpial = = = +The Alpial are a Muslim Rajput tribe of Punjab (Pakistan). They are mostly found in Rawalpindi District, Attock District and Chakwal District of the northern Punjab.<ref> + += = = Shizuya Hayashi = = = +Shizuya Hayashi (November 28, 1917-March 12, 2008) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Hayashi was born in Waiakea, Hawaii. He was the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He was a "Nisei", which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +Nine months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hayashi joined the US Army in March 1941. He was given the nickname "Cesar" because his sergeant could not pronounce his name. +Hayashi volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in November 1943, Hayashi was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Hayashi's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Hayashi's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in central Italy in 1943. Without help from others, he silenced a machine gun nest and an anti-aircraft gun. +The words of Hayashi's citation explain: +Private Shizuya Hayashi distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, near Cerasuolo, Italy. During a flank assault on high ground held by the enemy, Private Hayashi rose alone in the face of grenade, rifle, and machine gun fire. Firing his automatic rifle from the hip, he charged and overtook an enemy machine gun position, killing seven men in the nest and two more as they fled. After his platoon advanced 200 yards from this point, an enemy antiaircraft gun opened fire on the men. Private Hayashi returned fire at the hostile position, killing nine of the enemy, taking four prisoners, and forcing the remainder of the force to withdraw from the hill. Private Hayashi’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Four Freedoms Award = = = +The Four Freedoms Award is an annual award. It is presented to people and organisations who have "demonstrated" the principles of the "Four Freedoms" of US-president Franklin Delano Roosevelt. +President Roosevelt described his "Four Freedoms" during the State of the Union speech of 6 January 1941. In his speech he said that if democracy is to survive and flourish, people everywhere in the world are entitled to four human rights: freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want and freedom from fear. +The awards have been given since 1982, alternately in the United States and the Netherlands. In odd years the awards are given to Americans by the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute in Hyde Park, New York. In some years special awards have been given. +In even years the award ceremony is held in Middelburg and honours non-Americans. The choice for Middelburg was motivated by the suspected descendance of the family Roosevelt from the village of Oud-Vossemeer in the province of Zeeland. +Four Freedoms Speech. +The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following +In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. +That is no vision of a distant millennium. It is a definite basis for a kind of world attainable in our own time and generation. That kind of world is the very antithesis of the so-called new order of tyranny which the dictators seek to create with the crash of a bomb.—Franklin D. Roosevelt, excerpted from the State of the Union Address to the Congress, January 6, 1941 + += = = Flare star = = = +A flare star is a variable star that becomes very much brighter unpredictably for a few minutes at a time. +Flares happen on flare stars in a similar way to solar flares. They are magnetic disturbances in the atmosphere of stars. The brightness increases across the spectrum, from X rays to radio waves. +The first known flare stars were discovered in 1924, they were V1396 Cygni and AT Microscopii. Still the best-known flare star is UV Ceti, that star was discovered in 1948. Today similar flare stars are classified as UV Ceti type variable stars in variable star catalogs. Flares can happen once every few days or, as in the case of Barnard's Star, much less frequently. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Solar System, is also a flare star. +Most flare stars are dim red dwarfs, although less massive (lighter) brown dwarfs might also be able to flare. The more massive (heavier) RS Canum Venaticorum variables (RS CVn) are also known to flare, but scientists understand that a companion star in a binary system causes these flares. This companion star disturbs the magnetic field. Nine stars similar to the Sun have also been seen to flare. There is a suggestion that this happens for similar reasons to the flares of the RS CVn variables. A companion causes the flares, this companion is a massive planet like the planet Jupiter that orbits the flaring star closely. +Nearby flare stars. +Flare stars are give off relatively little light, but have been found as far away as 1,000 light years from Earth. +Proxima Centauri. +Proxima Centauri is closer to the sun than any other star and is a flare star. Proxima Centauri increases its brightness randomly and magnetic force causes this. Convection creates a magnetic field throughout the matter in Proxima Centauri, and this leads to flaring with a total X-ray output similar to that of the Sun though the sun is much more massive (heavier) than Proxima Centauri. +Wolf 359. +The flare star Wolf 359 is another star relatively near the Solar System in the constellation of Leo and has other names (designations) as well. It is a red dwarf of spectral class M6.5 and emits X-rays. It is a UV Ceti flare star, and flares relatively often. +The mean (average) magnetic field varies significantly during periods of time as short as six hours. By comparison, the magnetic field of the Sun averages (), although it can rise as high as () in active sunspot regions. +Barnard's Star. +Barnard's Star is the second nearest star system to our sun and scientists suspect it is a flare star. +TVLM513-46546. +TVLM513-46546 is the name scientists give to a flare star with very low mass. This small star is only just heavy enough to count as a red dwarf. + += = = Ed Sheeran = = = +Edward Christopher “Ed” Sheeran (born 17 February 1991) is a British singer-songwriter and guitarist. He also writes and produces songs on his own and created his label, Paw Print Records. Sheeran is recognized for doing pop music. He was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. As a child, he lived in Framlingham, Suffolk, England. +Early life. +Edward Christopher Sheeran was born on 17 February 1991 in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England. His father worked as an art curator at Cartwright Hall, his mother worked at Manchester City Art Gallery. Sheeran started writing music in his early teen's. +2005–10: Early career. +In 2005, Sheeran started publishing some EP albums. The first one has been named "Orange Room EP". He continued publishing EPs until 2010 when he released "Songs I Wrote with Amy". It was the last EP released before publishing his number one popular album "+". +He then moved to London in 2008 to start a music career. He first played in various events and also made an EP. Then he signed a contract with a record company, Atlantic Records. +2011–13: "+". +In 2011 he made his first album, called "+". The album went to number one in the music rankings of many countries and had also been certified double platinum. Some of the songs on this album have been successful, such as "The A Team" and "Lego House" (leaked as the third single of the album in November 2011). Also, the song "You Need Me, I Don't Need You" was released as the second single in August before the album came out. As the fourth single, "Drunk" was out in January 2012. Finally, the song "Give Me Love" was released as the sixth and final single of "+", on 26 November. From this album, his first single "The A Team" has been recently nominated in the Song of the Year category for the 2013 Grammy Awards. Sheeran was nominated in many categories at the 2013 BRIT Awards. +Sheeran performed at the 2012 Olympic Games Closing Ceremony on 12 August. He performed a cover of the song Wish You Were Here by Pink Floyd. +He collaborated with Taylor Swift on her fourth album "Red", doing a duet with her on the song "Everything Has Changed". He has also written songs for One Direction. He wrote the song "Moment" and gave it to One Direction in 2011. He co-wrote two songs that were on their second album "Take Me Home". He first gave them the song "Little Things" that he had written with his friend Fiona Bevan when he was 17 years-old. As well as this, co-wrote the song "Over Again". +2014–16: "×". +"Don't", Sheeran's #3 song on his album "×" (pronounced "multiply"), was released in 2014 and was nominated for several awards. The song was about how Ellie Goulding was cheating on him with One Direction's Niall Horan. In the song, it says, "it's not like we were both on tour. We were staying on the same hotel floor." Goulding did, in fact, cheat on him while they were staying in the same hotel. Sheeran thought it was very easy to forgive Goulding after he found out about it. +The most successful single from "×" was "Thinking Out Loud", which reached number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and finished at the number-two song of 2015 in the United States. Sheeran won Grammy Awards for Song of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance for the song. +Sheeran collaborated with Justin Bieber on Bieber's album "Purpose". He co-wrote the song "Love Yourself", which became a number-one hit for Bieber in the UK, US, Canada, and Australia, and the song finished as the number-one song of 2016 in the US. +2017–18: "÷". +Sheeran's third studio album, "÷" ("divide"), was released on 3 March 2017. He released the two singles "Shape of You" and "Castle on the Hill" in January 2017. "Shape of You" became his first number-one hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 when it entered at the top of the chart. The song has reached number one in several countries around the world, and "Castle on the Hill" has become a top-ten hit. Sheeran became the first artist to have songs enter at numbers one and two at the same time on the UK Singles Chart when the first single was at the top and "Castle on the Hill" was at number two. His song "Galway Girl" has reached the number one position in the Scotland and Ireland singles charts. All of the album's songs were within the top 20 of the UK Singles Chart. +In December 2017, Sheeran released the single "Perfect". He later released an acoustic duet version with singer Beyoncé and an orchestral version with Andrea Bocelli. The song went on to top the charts of several countries worldwide. +2019: "No. 6 Collaborations Project". +In May 2019, Sheeran released the song "I Don't Care" (with Justin Bieber) as the first single from his then-upcoming album, "No. 6 Collaborations Project". The song reached number one in Australia and the UK and number two in Canada and the US. The album also includes the songs "Cross Me" (with Chance the Rapper); "BLOW" (with PnB Rock, Bruno Mars, and Chris Stapleton); and "South of the Border" (with Camila Cabello and Cardi B). +2021: =. +On 25 June 2021, Sheeran released the upbeat single "Bad Habits". In 19 August, he announced his fifth album, "=" will be released on 29 October. Before the album will be released, Sheeran also released "Shivers" and the promotional single "Visiting Hours". +Awards. +Ed Sheeran has won many prizes, for example the award for Best British Male Solo Artist at the 2012 BRIT Awards. He has also won four Grammy Awards. +Personal life. +Despite his popularity and fame, Sheeran has been spotted smoking several times. In an interview with Ryan Seacrest, published on YouTube on 5 March 2014, Sheeran revealed that smoking is his worst habit. After ten years as a smoker, he now claims to be smoke-free. However, in an article published on the Daily Mail website, on 19 March 2015, he was spotted smoking a roll-up cigarette, outside a hotel in Brisbane. He has since quit smoking again. +Sheeran announced that he became engaged to his longtime girlfriend, Cherry Seaborn, over Christmas 2017. They married the following year. They have two daughters together, Lyra Antarctica (born 2020) and Jupiter (born 2022). + += = = Italian Libya = = = +Italian Libya was a colony of the Kingdom of Italy, from 1911 to (officially) 1947. +History. +Italy conquered Libya in 1911 from the Ottoman Empire. Libyan Muslims continued fighting against the Christian Italians for some years, mainly during World War I. +Fighting increased after the dictator Benito Mussolini took power in Italy. Idris (later King of Libya) fled to Egypt in 1922. From 1922 to 1928, Italian forces under General Badoglio waged a "punitive pacification" campaign. Badoglio's successor in the field, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, accepted the commission from Mussolini on the condition that he was allowed to crush Libyan resistance without having to follow either Italian or international law. Mussolini reportedly agreed immediately and Graziani intensified the oppression. Some Libyans continued to defend themselves, with the strongest voices of dissent coming from Cyrenaica. Omar Mukhtar, a sheikh of the Sennusi tribe, became the leader of the uprising. +After a much-disputed truce on 3 January 1928, the Italian policy in Libya reached the level of full-scale war, including deportation and concentration of people of northern Cyrenaica to deny the rebels the support of the local population. After Omar Mukhtar's capture September 15, 1931 and his execution in Benghazi, the resistance gradually disappeared. Limited resistance to the Italian occupation crystallized round Sheik Idris, the Sennusi Emir of Cyrenaica. +Creation of "Libya". +By 1934, Libya was fully pacified and the new Italian governor started a policy of integration between the Arabs and the Italians. New laws in 1939 allowed Muslims to join the National Fascist Party and in particular the "Muslim Association of the Lictor" ("Associazione Musulmana del Littorio"). The 1939 reforms also allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian army. During the North African Campaign of World War II this brought strong support for Italy among many Muslim Libyans, who enrolled in the Italian Army +Governor Balbo created "Libya" in 1934, with the unification of Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan in a single country. He developed the new "Italian Libya" from 1934 to 1940, creating a huge infrastructure including 4,000 km of roads, 400 km of narrow gauge railways, new industries, and many new agricultural villages. +The Libyan economy prospered, mainly in the agricultural sector. Even some manufacturing activities were developed, mostly related to the food industry. Many building were made. Furthermore, the Italians made modern medical care available for the first time in Libya and improved sanitary conditions in the towns. It was also created a huge web of connections to Italy, by sea and by air (like the Linea dell'Impero, an air route that united Libya with Rome and with Ethiopia/Somalia). +The italian language in libya was commonly used in the main cities and was understood by nearly all the native arab population in the early 1940s. +Howard Christie wrote that: +"The Italians started numerous and diverse businesses in Tripolitania and Cirenaica. These included an explosives factory, railway workshops, Fiat Motor works, various food processing plants, electrical engineering workshops, ironworks, water plants, agricultural machinery factories, breweries, distilleries, biscuit factories, a tobacco factory, tanneries, bakeries, lime, brick and cement works, Esparto grass industry, mechanical saw mills, and the Petrolibya Society (Trye 1998). Italian investment in her colony was to take advantage of new colonists and to make it more self-sufficient. Total native Italian population for Libya was 110,575 out of a total population of 915,440 in 1940 (General Staff War Office 1939, 165/b)." +Governor Balbo promoted the construction of many new villages for many thousands of Italian colonists in the coastal areas of "Italian Libya" and of new villages for the Arabs. +Libya was an important theater of war in World War II. On 13 September 1940, Italian forces used the "Via Balbia" (Mussolini's highway in northern Libya) for the invasion of Egypt. British and allied Allied forces from Egypt, commanded by Wavell made a successful two-month campaign in (Tobruk, Bengasi, El Agheila). Counteroffensives under Rommel in 1940-43, also took place here. In November 1942, the Allied forces retook Cyrenaica; by February 1943, the last German and Italian soldiers were driven from Libya. + += = = National Democratic Front of Bodoland = = = +The National Democratic Front of Bodoland, also known as NDFB or the Bodo Security Force, is an militant group in Assam, India. They want to make an independent Bodoland for the indigenous Bodo people. The founder of the organization, Ransaigra Nabla Daimary (Ranjan Daimary) has been arrested and detained by Indian government. + += = = Richard J. Daley = = = +Richard Joseph Daley (May 15, 1902 – December 20, 1976) was an American politician who served for 21 years as the mayor of Chicago. He was one of the biggest bosses of the Democratic Party in the United States. At his time while being the mayor, he was one of the most well-known Irish-Americans. His son, Richard M. Daley was also the mayor of Chicago for 22 years. He is also the father of William M. Daley. +Daley was born in Bridgeport, Chicago, Illinois. He studied at DePaul University. He was married to Eleanor "Sis" Daley from 1936 until his death in 1976. They had 7 children. Daley died on December 20, 1976 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 74. + += = = Harold Washington = = = +Harold Lee Washington (April 15, 1922 – November 25, 1987) was an American lawyer and politician. He became the first African-American Mayor of Chicago, serving from 1983 until his death in 1987. Before, he was a member of the United States House of Representatives, representing Illinois's 1st congressional district. He was also a member of the Illinois State Senate and Illinois House of Representatives. +Washington was born on April 15, 1922 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at Roosevelt College and at Northwestern University School of Law. +He was married to Nancy Dorothy Finch from 1942 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was engaged to Mary Ella Smith until his death in 1987. +During his first term as mayor, Washington led the city through the "council wars" which were intense political disagreements between city hall and the city council. Despite this, Washington enjoyed positive approval among the city's residents. +Washington died suddenly on November 25, 1987 in Chicago City Hall from a heart attack, aged 65. +A 1993 survey of historians, political scientists and urban experts conducted by the University of Illinois at Chicago ranked Washington as the nineteenth-best American big-city mayor to have served between the years 1820 and 1993. The Harold Washington Library is named after him. + += = = Chicago City Hall = = = +Chicago City Hall is the official city hall of the City of Chicago in Illinois, United States. Next to the Richard J. Daley Center and the James R. Thompson Center, the building that includes Chicago City Hall has the offices of the mayor. The building's east side (called the County Building) is for offices of Cook County. It is on a city block bounded by Randolph, LaSalle, Washington, and Clark streets. The 11-story building was designed by the architectural firm Holabird & Roche in the classical revival style. The building was officially dedicated on February 27, 1911. + += = = Anton Cermak = = = +Antonín Josef Čermák (May 9, 1873 – March 6, 1933) was an American politician of Czech origin. He was best known as the mayor of Chicago. He was mayor from 1931 until his assassination in 1933. +Biography. +Antonín Josef Čermák was born on May 9, 1873 in Kladno, Austria-Hungary. He was married to Mary Horejas until his death in 1933. They have one daughter, Helena. +Cermak was elected president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners in 1922, chairman of the Cook County Democratic Party in 1928, and mayor of Chicago in 1931. In 1928 he ran for the United States Senate and was defeated by Republican Otis F. Glenn, receiving 46% of the vote. +His mayoral victory came in the wake of the Great Depression and the deep resentment many Chicagoans had of Prohibition and the increasing violence resulting from organized crime's control of Chicago, typified by the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. +Death. +Cermak was mortally shot while being at a Democratic Party convention for Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 15, 1933 that was supposed attempt to assassinate Roosevelt. He died 19 days later from injury he sustained. He was 59 years old. 4 other people were also shot but received their minor injuries. Later doctors said Cermak would have lived if he had never had colitis. +Aftermath. +His only daughter, Helena married future Governor of Illinois Otto Kerner, Jr. + += = = Jane Byrne = = = +Jane Margaret Byrne (May 24, 1933 – November 14, 2014) was the first female mayor of Chicago. She served from April 16, 1979 to April 29, 1983. She lost her re-election in 1983 to Harold Washington. +Byrne was born on May 24, 1933 in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at DePaul University. She was married to William Byrne from 1956 until his death in 1959. Then she was married to Jay McMullen from 1978 until his death in 1992. She had a daughter, Kathy by William Byrne. William Bryne died in an airplane accident. +Byrne died in Chicago, Illinois from complications of a stroke, aged 81. + += = = Carter Harrison Jr. = = = +Carter Henry Harrison, Jr. (April 23, 1860 – December 25, 1953) served as Mayor of Chicago (1897–1905 and 1911–1915). As the City's 30th mayor, he was the first mayor actually born in Chicago. His father was Mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison, Sr.. +Carter was born on April 23, 1860 in Chicago, Illinois. His father, Carter Harrison, Sr. was already the mayor but was assassinated while in office. He was married to Edith Ogden. He had two children. Harrison died on December 25, 1953 in Chicago, Illinois from natural causes, aged 93. + += = = Carter Harrison, Sr. = = = +Carter Henry Harrison, Sr. (February 15, 1825 – October 28, 1893) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago from 1879 until 1887; he was elected to a fifth term in 1893 but was assassinated before completing his term. +He previously served two terms in the United States House of Representatives. Harrison was the first cousin twice removed of President William Henry Harrison. He is also related to President Benjamin Harrison. His son, Carter Harrison, Jr. would later become Mayor of Chicago. +Harrison was born on February 15, 1825 in Fayette County, Kentucky. He studied at Yale University. He was married two times and secretly engaged to another before his death. Harrison died on October 28, 1893 after being shot and killed in his home in Chicago, Illinois, aged 68. + += = = Anmanari Brown = = = +Anmanari Brown is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. Since then, her paintings have gained much success. Her work is held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of Western Australia, the Queensland Art Gallery, and the National Gallery of Australia. +Brown was born roughly some time during the 1930s. She was born at Purpurna, a waterhole that is sacred to the Pitjantjatjara. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. In the 1950s, her family was moved out of the bush to live at Warburton, with many other Aboriginal families. Warburton was a Christian mission at the time, and Brown was taught at school here by missionaries. When she was older, Brown moved to Irrunytju and married Nyakul Dawson. +Brown began work as an artist in 2000. The women of Irrunytju had opened an art centre as an community-owned economic program. Anmanari and other senior women in the community began painting for Irrunytju Arts on linen canvases. Their first exhibition was held in 2001, in Perth. The art mixed modern painting techniques with ancient designs and cultural law. +From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Tjayanka Woods. When Brown's husband died in 2007, she and Woods left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne. +Brown mostly paints the (Seven Sisters Dreaming). Her connection to this Dreaming comes from her mother, whose homeland is Kuru Ala, a sacred place for women. The paintings in her solo show depicted stories from this Dreaming. +Brown's paintings are not figurative. She does not explicitly depict figures or features of the landscape, but she does use iconographic symbols to represent them. She uses patterned lines to represent tracks in a journey, or seven small shapes or lines to represent the sisters. She also sometimes uses colour symbolically. While Brown mainly paints directly on canvas, several of her works are made from screen-printing methods. + += = = Levi Boone = = = +Levi Day Boone (December 6, 1808 – January 24, 1882) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1855–1856) for the American Party (Know-Nothings). +Boone was born near Lexington, Kentucky. He studied at Transylvania University. He became a doctor. Boone was married to Louise M. Smith. They had 11 children. In 1862, Boone was arrested and briefly held in Camp Douglas on suspicion that he had helped a Confederate prisoner to escape. +Boone first ran for mayor of Chicago in 1855. He campaigned on a platform attacking Catholics and immigrants. After he was elected, he ordered the enforcement of a law against selling alcohol on Sundays -- but only in immigrant neighborhoods. On April 21, 1854, protesters, who did not like the bars being closed on Sudnays, fought with police, who supported Boone. "One protester was killed and dozens wounded in the brief clash, but the resulting backlash destroyed Boone's political career." Boone did not run for re-election in the mayoral election of 1856. Boone died on January 24, 1882 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 73. + += = = James Curtiss = = = +James Curtiss (April 7, 1803 – November 2, 1859) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago two times. He ran for the Democrat. +Curtiss was born on April 7, 1803 in Wethersfield, Connecticut. He was raised in both Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and in Chicago, Illinois. Curtiss died on November 2, 1859 in Joliet, Illinois from an illness, aged 53. + += = = William B. Ogden = = = +William Butler Ogden (June 15, 1805 – August 3, 1877) was the first Mayor of Chicago. +Ogden was born on June 15, 1805 in Walton, New York. He was married to Mariana Arnot from 1875 until his death in 1877. They had no children. Butler lost almost everything he had in the Great Chicago Fire. Butler died on August 3, 1877 in Fordham Heights, New York, aged 72. + += = = Eugene Sawyer = = = +Eugene Sawyer (September 3, 1934 – January 19, 2008) was an American businessman and politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago from 1987 to 1989. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was the second African American to be mayor of Chicago. +Sawyer was born on September 3, 1934 in Greensboro, Alabama. He studied at Alabama State University. Sawyer never married and has no children. Sawyer died on January 19, 2008 in Chicago, Illinois from a stroke, aged 73. + += = = Joseph Medill = = = +Joseph Medill (April 6, 1823 – March 16, 1899) was a Canadian-American newspaper editor and politician who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1871 through 1873. He left as mayor of Chicago because he was going on a tour to Europe. He left Lester L. Bond as the mayor for 31⁄2 months. +Medill was born on April 6, 1823 in Saint John, New Brunswick. He was never married. He had 2 children. Medill died on March 16, 1899 in San Antonia, Texas, aged 75. + += = = Alson Sherman = = = +Alson Sherman (April 21, 1811 – September 27, 1903) was an American politician from Chicago who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1844 through 1845. +Sherman was married to April 21, 1811 in Barre, Vermont. He was married to Aurora Abbott from 1833 until her death in 1883. They had 14 children. Sherman died on September 27, 1903 in Waukegan, Illinois, aged 92. + += = = Roswell B. Mason = = = +Roswell B. Mason (September 19, 1805 – January 1, 1892) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1869–1871) for the Citizens Party. +Roswell was born on September 19, 1805 in Hartford, New York. He was never married and had no children. +Roswell held a high position with the Illinois Central Railroad until he decided to run to be Mayor of Chicago on a reform ticket. During Mason's administration, the Great Chicago Fire occurred. Mason responded by directing General Philip Sheridan to place the city under martial law. +Mason died on January 1, 1892 from natural causes in Chicago, Illinois, aged 86. + += = = Emil Hamilton = = = +Professor Emil Hamilton or Ruina is a fictional Superman character. He is mostly a mad scientist who is a threat to the world. He is smart and has a suit that learned all of Superman's weaknesses and abilities so that he could copy them. +He will be played by actor Richard Schiff in the 2013 movie "Man of Steel". He was voiced by Victor Brandt in "". + += = = Thomas Coryat = = = +Thomas Coryat (c. 1577–1617) was an English traveller and writer of the late Elizabethan times. He is remembered today for two books he wrote about his travels through Europe and parts of Asia. He often travelled on foot to get to far off places. +Coryat reached as far as India in his travels from England. At that time the Mughal Emperor Jahangir was ruling there and he rewarded Coryat and gave him money to reach back home. However, Coryat died in Surat, Gujarat, before he could return. + += = = Mian Family of Baghbanpura = = = +The Mian Arain family of Baghbanpura is an old family of Lahore, now in Pakistan. They used to live in the Baghbanpura neighborhood of Lahore. They were the official caretakers of the Shalimar Gardens Lahore during the time of the Mughal Empire and were later made into court nobles by the Mughals. +The family has produced many famous people who played an important role in the social, cultural and political life of Lahore city. + += = = Arain = = = +The Arain are a Punjabi agricultural tribe in India and Pakistan. Originally, they had agricultural roots but in later times some of them shifted to towns and cities and became famous in many areas. A famous Arain family in the Indian subcontinent is the Mian Family of Baghbanpura, in Lahore. Some say that they are Aryans and that their name is also from this. + += = = Walter S. Gurnee = = = +Walter S. Gurnee (March 9, 1813 – April 18, 1903) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago from 1851 through 1853. The town Gurnee, Illinois is named after him. He was a Democrat. +Gurnee was born on March 9, 1813 in Haverstraw, New York. He was raised in Michigan and in Chicago. He was never married and had no children. Gurnee died on April 18, 1903 in New York City, New York from natural causes, aged 90. + += = = Basilar-type migraine = = = +Basilar-type migraine is a type of migraine with aura that causes a headache which usually starts in the "occipital region" which is in the lower back part of the brain. The symptoms that are believed to start in the brainstem, occipital cortex, and cerebellum and the pain may affect both sides of the brain at the same time. +Most people who have basilar-type migraine also have migraines with aura without the basilar symptoms. This type of migraine is usually more common in young people between about 10–19 years of age. +The word "Basilar" comes from the Middle French word "basilaire": of or related to the base. In medicine it usually refers to the base or bottom of a body part, especially the skull. +This is called 'basilar-type' because it was first described in the areas of the brain which receive blood from the basilar artery, which includes most parts of the brain in the "posterior fossa" and also the brainstem, which are in the lower, back part of the brain (occipital region). But it was later seen that it may also affect areas of the brain outside of the areas which receive blood from the basilar artery. There is no proof that problems in the basilar artery are the cause. + += = = Dare County, North Carolina = = = +Dare County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2020, there were 36,915 people living there. Its county seat is Manteo, North Carolina. It is named after Virginia Dare. Virginia Dare was the first English child born in the Americas. She was born in the Roanoke Colony, in what is now Dare County. Buffalo City, in Dare County, was once the biggest community in the country. (Today, Buffalo City is abandoned.) Dare County is the largest county in North Carolina. + += = = Lionel Barrymore = = = +Lionel Barrymore (Lionel Herbert Blythe, April 28, 1878 – November 15, 1954) was an American movie, television, stage, and radio actor who won an Academy Award in 1931. He is known for his roles in "A Free Soul", "The Little Colonel", "It's a Wonderful Life", "Young Dr. Kildare", and in "David Copperfield". His brother was actor John Barrymore and his grandniece is actress Drew Barrymore. +Barrymore was born on April 28, 1878 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at the Episcopal Academy. Barrymore was married to Doris Rankin from 1904 until they divorced in 1923. Then he was married to Irene Fenwick from 1923 until they divorced in 1936. He had two daughters with Rankin, both died early. He had a fatherly love with Jean Harlow and treated her as if she was his own daughter. Barrymore died on November 15, 1954 in Van Nuys, California from a heart attack, aged 76. + += = = John Barrymore = = = +John Barrymore (John Sidney Blyth, February 15, 1882 – May 29, 1942) was an American movie, television, stage, and radio actor. He was known for his roles in "Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde" (1920), "Grand Hotel" (1932), "Dinner at Eight" (1933), "Twentieth Century" (1934), and "Don Juan" (1926). His brother is Academy Award-winning actor Lionel Barrymore. His granddaughter is actress Drew Barrymore. +Barrymore was born on February 15, 1882 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was married to Katherine Corri Harris from 1910 until they divorced in 1917. Then he was married to Blanche Oelrichs from 1920 until they divorced in 1925. Then he was married to Dolores Costello from 1928 until they divorced in 1934. Then he was last married to Elaine Barrie from 1936 until they divorced in 1940. Barrymore had three children. Barrymore died on May 29, 1942 in Los Angeles, California from cirrhosis, aged 60. + += = = Two-Face = = = +Two-Face or Harvey Dent is a fictional Batman supervillain who appears in comic books by DC Comics. The character was created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger and first appeared in "Detective Comics" #66 (August 1942). He was the district attorney of Gotham City before being burned in an explosion or being burned by acid. After his accident, he became a villain because of his anger against Batman and Gotham City. He always flips a coin when he is about to a commit a crime or take action. Half of his coin is burned. He had a girlfriend, but she either died or left him after his accident. +He was played by Billy Dee Williams in "Batman", by Tommy Lee Jones in "Batman Forever", and by Aaron Eckhart in "The Dark Knight", and Nicholas D'Agosto in the television series "Gotham." He was voiced by Richard Moll in "". + += = = Scarecrow (comics) = = = +The Scarecrow (Dr. Jonathan Crane) is a fictional Batman supervillain who appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. He uses fear gas to scare his victims and even Batman. He wears a scarecrow mask and a scarecrow costume. +He first appeared in "World's Finest Comics" #3 (September, 1941). +Story. +Jonathan Crane was bullied at school. He was called mean names like "Ichabod Crane", because he looked like the character Ichabod Crane from the book Sleepy Hollow. Because of this, he became obsessed with fear. He became a psychologist and learnt about fear. He lost his job for using his patients as tests for his fear gases and drugs. He then became a criminal. +Portrayals. +He was played by Cillian Murphy in "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight", and in "The Dark Knight Rises". + += = = Yeiki Kobashigawa = = = +Yeiki Kobashigawa (September 28, 1917-March 31, 2005) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Kobashigawa was born at Hilo, Hawaii. He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Kobashigawa joined the US Army in November 1941. +Kobashigawa volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in June 1944, Kobashigawa was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Kobashigawa's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Kobashigawa's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He led successful attacks on four machine gun positions. +The words of Kobashigawa's citation explain: +Technical Sergeant Yeiki Kobashigawa distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, in the vicinity of Lanuvio, Italy. During an attack, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's platoon encountered strong enemy resistance from a series of machine guns providing supporting fire. Observing a machine gun nest 50 yards from his position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa crawled forward with one of his men, threw a grenade and then charged the enemy with his submachine gun while a fellow soldier provided covering fire. He killed one enemy soldier and captured two prisoners. Meanwhile, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa and his comrade were fired upon by another machine gun 50 yards ahead. Directing a squad to advance to his first position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa again moved forward with a fellow soldier to subdue the second machine gun nest. After throwing grenades into the position, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa provided close supporting fire while a fellow soldier charged, capturing four prisoners. On the alert for other machine gun nests, Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa discovered four more, and skillfully led a squad in neutralizing two of them. Technical Sergeant Kobashigawa's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Electrocardiogram = = = +An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a record of the electrical activity of the heart over a period of time. The instrument that makes the record is the ECG machine or Electrocardiograph. Willem Einthoven invented it. It works by attaching electrodes to the outer surface of the skin. +An electrocardiogram monitors the heart. Each beat of the heart is triggered by an electrical impulse, normally generated from special cells in the upper right chamber of the heart. An electrocardiogram records these electrical signals as they travel through the heart. Doctors can use an electrocardiogram to look for patterns among these heartbeats and rhythms to diagnose various heart conditions. +ECG is used to measure the rate and regularity of heartbeats, the size and position of the chambers, the presence of any damage to the heart, and the effects of drugs or devices used to regulate the heart, such as an artificial pacemaker. +An electrocardiogram is a painless test. The results of your electrocardiogram will likely be reported immediately after it is done. + += = = Archaeozoology = = = +Archaeozoology is the study of animals in archaeological contexts. These include all the organic remains left in the soil after the death and decay of animals but also the representation of animals in rock art and on portable materials. Zooarchaeology is a comparable term but differs in that the primary reason for study of the animals is archaeological rather than zoological. These are mostly bones and teeth. Sometimes hair, skin or other body parts are found and can be studied. Archeaozoology also studies the animals' effect on the environment and their relationships with humans. The people who study archaeozoology are called archaeozoologists. Their training can be as biologists or archaeologists. + += = = Abel Pêra = = = +Abel Pêra (November 16, 1891 - September 27, 1975) was a Brazilian actor, brother of Manuel Pêra, and uncle of Marília Pêra, a very famous Brazilian actress. +Abel Pêra discovered the art of performing in the end of his adolescence. Among his works are "A Pensão da Dona Estela" and "Feitiço", this last one produced by Oduvaldo Vianna. +Before becoming an actor, he was a carpenter. Even after becoming an actor, he continued producing wooden pieces. His friend Chico Anysio, a very popular Brazilian comedian, won a golf stick made by him. +In 1974, he participated in a soap opera called "Fogo Sobre Terra". His last work was the movie "O Casamento", made in 1976. + += = = Barbary lion = = = +The Barbary lion ("Panthera leo leo") was a local group of lions which are now extinct in the wild {IUCN}. The Barbary lion was also called the Atlas lion and the Nubian lion. It was a local group, or perhaps subspecies, of the lion. It used to live in North Africa, from Morocco to Egypt including countries like Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. +Looks and behavior. +The Barbary lion was large and heavy. Males weighed about , and females weighed about though not fully proven they were confirmed weigh in the same range as a Siberian Tiger. Male lions were said to be about long and females were about long. Some scientists think that these sizes and weights are too large and put estimates between 227 to 272 kilograms (500-600 lbs) There are also scientists who think that the Barbary lion is probably the size of the lions found in East Africa.Whereas, others thought it was around the size of an Asiatic lion which are 175 kilograms (385 lbs) +The places where the Barbary lion lived did not have a lot of prey. These lions did not live in "prides" because of this. The main animals they hunted in the Atlas Mountains were the Barbary stag, buffalo and gazelle forcing some lions to move more south where more food was available. The lions also ate cows and sheep raised by people. +These lions lived alone, or in pairs. The female Barbary lion raised her cubs until they were mature. This took about two years. After that, the cubs left their mother. + += = = Mount Scopus = = = +Mount Scopus ( ; , ) is a mountain in Jerusalem. It is north-east of the Old City. The mountain is above the sea. The land is considered an exclave of Israel, surrounded by the West Bank. It was captured from Jordan in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. +The cemetery of the American Colony in Jerusalem is near the entrance to the Hebrew University. + += = = Gordy = = = +Gordy is an American family comedy-drama movie from 1995. The movie is about a piglet named Gordy who searches for his missing family (who are taken away to a slaughterhouse in Omaha, Nebraska). Gordy experiences the lives of other people who are part of the movie's side stories, including traveling country music singers Luke McAllister and his daughter Jinnie Sue; and lonely boy Hanky Royce whose mother is engaged to a sinister businessman, Gilbert Sipes. Gordy changes lives for the people he encounters due to their ability to understand him. The movie was released to theaters on May 12, 1995. It was distributed by Miramax Family Films. +The movie has the song "Pig Power" by Tag Team. A music video was produced for the song, featuring clips from the movie. + += = = Mount of Olives = = = +The Mount of Olives (or Mount Olivet, , "Har HaZeitim"; , "Jebel az-Zeitun") is a mountain in East Jerusalem. It is located to next to the Old City, and is part of the West Bank. It is named for the olive groves that once grew on its slopes. The mountain is important to Jews, Muslims and Christians. There are many churches, and the largest Jewish cemetery in the world is located there. The mountain is above sea level. + += = = Mastic = = = +Mastic ( "Mastika") is a resin that comes from the mastic tree, "Pistacia lentiscus". The tree grows in the Mediterranean region. In pharmacies and nature shops, it is called "Arabic gum" (not to be confused with gum arabic). +The resin is harvested in various places, especially the Greek island of Chios. +It is a liquid when the tree first produces it. Then it dries in the sun into drops of hard resin. When chewed, the resin softens and becomes a white, opaque gum. The flavour is bitter at first. After some chewing, it has a refreshing, slightly pine or cedar-like flavour. +Mastic is used in food, medicine, and industry. + += = = Sansei = = = + is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the children born to Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called "Issei"; and their children born in the new country are called "Nisei" (second generation). The grandchildren of "Issei" are called "Sansei" (third generation). +The character and uniqueness of the "Sansei" is recognized in its social history. +History. +The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897. +Imigration to Brazil began in 1908. Today, the community which grew from the immigrant children and grandchildren has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of "Sansei" grew up in the United States, Canada, and Peru. +The use of the term "Sansei" was modeled after an "Issei" pattern or template. In the 1930s, the term "Issei" came into common use. The word replaced the term "immigrant" ("ijusha"). This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the "Issei" looked at themselves. The label "Issei" also included the idea of belonging to the new country. +Cultural profile. +The term "Nikkei" (��) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century. The "Nikkei" include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants. +The "Issei" were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice. Their "Sansei" grandsons and granddaughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their grandparents. +Although the "Issei" kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan. The "Sansei" had never known a country other than the one into which they were born. +The "Issei," "Nisei" and "Sansei" generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters. + += = = Dondurma = = = +Dondurma or Turkish mastic ice cream (, the ice cream of Maraş city). It is much more difficult and heavy than the Arabic mastic ice cream. It has more fatty because it has more sweet cream or heavy cream with a high fat percentage. In the past, people who lived in the mountains made it with snow, goat milk, mastic, and "dried orchidaceae powder" (type of "tubers"). In southeast Turkey, the ice cream was more solid and sticky because of the powder of the orchid flowers that grow there. This ice cream is so solid that a knife and fork is used to eat it. +In the Turkish Culture. +Dondurma is commonly sold from both street vendors' carts and store fronts, where the mixture is churned regularly with long-handled paddles to keep it workable. Vendors often tease the customer by serving the ice cream cone on a stick, and then taking away the dondurma with the stick by rotating it around, before finally giving it to the customer. This sometimes results in misunderstandings among customers unfamiliar with the practice. Vendors often wear traditional clothing of the Ottoman period. In some places in Turkey it is customary to treat the ice cream as a Shawarma and cut it with a butcher knife. +Mastic ice cream. +Mastic ice cream is common in Turkey, and Syria. It is named after the Mastic (plant resin) spice being traditionally produced on Greek island of Chios, and, like other natural resins, in its natural form it is "tears" or drops. Because the real mastic is expensive and difficult to find, ice cream sellers of the other countries prefer to replace the mastic spice with glucose. +a few years after than in the end of the 19th century the Persian ice cream which called: "Bastani Sonnati" was first made for the Persian king and based on the Mastic ice creams with Eggs and Spicees and for seasoning Persian desserts. +In the Middle East only the Arabic version of the ice cream is known, compared to the Far East which sells only the Turkish version of the ice cream. in Greece the Mastic ice creams is known only in areas close to Turkey and there it is called: "Kaimaki" by the locals. + += = = Gurban Gurbanov = = = +Gurban Gurbanov (; born 13 April 1972, Zaqatala) is a retired Azerbaijani international footballer, who is today a manager of the Azerbaijani football team FK Qarabağ. He played in the forward position. His football career started with the local Azerbaijani football club Dashgyn Zagatala in 1989. Gurbanov had a 17-year long professional football career. He retired in 2006. He scored 174 goals in 396 league matches. +Playing career. +He started his career in Dashgyn Zagatala, and then played for Mertskhali Ozurgeti, Turan Tovuz, Kur-Nur, Neftchi Baku, Dinamo Stavropol, Baltika Kaliningrad, Fakel Voronezh and Volgar Gazprom. The last club he played for was Inter Baku. In the 1996–97 season, Gurbanov was the leading scorer in the Azerbaijan Premier League for Neftchi with 25 goals. He was named Azerbaijan's Player of the Year once, in 2003. +International. +He played for the national team in their very first match on 17 September 1992, and until his retirement on January 2006 he scored 14 goals in 66 international matches, which is the national team goalscoring record. +Managerial career. +After he had ended his football player's career, he became a sport director of the football club Inter. However, in summer 2006 he was made the head coach of Neftchi Baku. Since the beginning of the season 2008/08 he was made the head coach of FK Qarabağ. +In 2010, he became the most successful Azerbaijani manager in European competitions with 11 wins. + += = = Maccabean Revolt = = = +The Maccabean Revolt was an insurrection by Jewish patriots (the Maccabees) against the Seleucid Empire and parties who wished to adopt Greek culture. The Seleucid Empire, which controlled present-day Syria and Israel, sought to make the Jewish people more Greek-like. The Seleucid Emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes installed a Greek idol Zeus in Jerusalem's Temple and forbade Jewish practices. Jewish individuals who wished to keep their identity and traditions did not like what Seleucids were doing and decided to fight against them. Judah Maccabee and his brothers led the rebellion, liberated Jerusalem, and restored the Temple. The Maccabees won the war and reestablished the kingdom of Judah. + += = = George Bell Swift = = = +George Bell Swift (December 14, 1845 – July 2, 1912) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1893; 1895–1897) for the Republican Party. He was selected to replace the assassinated Carter Harrison, Sr. as Mayor pro tem in 1893 and lost his re-election bid. He was re-elected when he ran in 1895. +Swift was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to Samuel W. Swift and Elizabeth Swift (born Bell). His family moved to Galena, Illinois when he was young. By his teenage years, the family was living in Chicago. Prior to serving as mayor of Chicago, Swift served two terms as an alderman. From 1887 to 1889, he was the city's Commissioner of Public Works. Swift died on July 2, 1912 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 66. + += = = Epidendroideae = = = +Epidendroideae is a subfamily of the orchid family. Epidendroideae is larger than all the other orchid subfamilies together, comprising more than 15,000 species in 576 genera. Most Epidendroid orchids are tropical epiphytes, typically with pseudobulbs. There are, however a some terrestrials such as "Epipactis" and even a few myco-heterotrophs, which are parasitic upon mycorrhizal fungi. + += = = Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne = = = +Edward Fitzsimmons Dunne (October 12, 1853 – May 24, 1937) was an American politician. He was the 24th Governor of Illinois from 1913 to 1917. He was Mayor of Chicago from April 5, 1905 to 1907. +Dunne was born on October 12, 1853 in Watertown, Connecticut. He was raised in Peoria, Illinois and in Chicago, Illinois. Dunne was married to Elizabeth J. Kelly until her death in 1928. Dunne died on May 24, 1937 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 83. + += = = William Emmett Dever = = = +William Emmett Dever (March 13, 1862 – September 3, 1929) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1923 through 1928. During his term he helped clean and fix the entire city of Chicago. +Early life. +Dever was born on March 13, 1862 in Wobrun, Massachusetts. He was raised in Boston, Massachusetts and in Chicago, Illinois. +Career. +Dever's term in office saw many improvements to the city, including the completion of Wacker Drive, the extension of Ogden Avenue, the straightening of the Chicago River and the building of the city's first airport, Municipal Airport. He also fought against the corrupting influence of bootlegging and gangsters. Despite considering himself a "wet", he enforced prohibition since it was the law of the land. The media labeled his war on bootleggers as the "Great Beer War" and it resulted in a decline of crime. +Death. +Dever died on September 3, 1929 in Chicago, Illinois from cancer, aged 67. + += = = Francis Cornwall Sherman = = = +Francis Cornwall Sherman (September 18, 1805 – November 7, 1870) served as Mayor of Chicago two terms (1841–1842, 1862–1865) for the Democratic Party. +Sherman was born on September 18, 1805 in Newton, Connecticut. He was a brick manufacturer and made the bricks for Archibald Clybourne's mansion. In July 1835, he was elected a village trustee. In 1837, he opened the City Hotel, later the Sherman House. He continued to work as a contractor and builder, eventually serving as mayor of Chicago three times. +His son, Francis Trowbridge Sherman, was a brigadier general in the Union Army during the Civil War. +Sherman died on November 7, 1870 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 65. +He was married to Electa Trowbridge in Danbury, Connecticut before moving here in Chicago. They had seven children. + += = = William Hale Thompson = = = +William Hale Thompson (May 14, 1869 – March 19, 1944) was an American who was the Mayor of Chicago from 1915 to 1923 and again from 1927 to 1931. Known as "Big Bill", Thompson was the last Republican to serve as Mayor of Chicago. +Thompson was born on May 14, 1869 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Thompson died on March 19, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 74. + += = = Augustus Garrett = = = +Augustus Garrett (1801 – November 30, 1848) was an American politician who was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois twice (1843–1844, 1845–1846) for the Democratic Party. +Garrett was born in 1801 in New York City, New York. He was married to Elize Clark. They had no children. Garrett died on November 30, 1848 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 47. + += = = John Charles Haines = = = +John Charles Haines (May 26, 1818 – July 4, 1896) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1858–1860) for the Democratic Party. +Haines was born on May 26, 1818 in Deerfield, New York. Haines died on July 4, 1896 in Waukegan, Illinois, aged 78. + += = = John Wentworth = = = +John Wentworth (March 5, 1815 – October 16, 1888) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago two times. +Wentworth was born on March 5, 1815 in Sandwhich, New Hampshire. He studied at Dartmouth College. He was married to Roxanna Marie Loomis. Wentworth died on October 16, 1888 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 73. + += = = Mike Honda = = = +Michael Makoto Honda (born June 27, 1941), also known as Mike Honda, is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for the 17th District of California until 2017 when he lost to Democrat Ro Khanna. +Early life. +Honda was born in Walnut Grove, California in 1941. He is the son of Japanese American parents. He calls himself "Sansei", which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US. + += = = Fred A. Busse = = = +Fred Busse (March 3, 1866 – July 9, 1914) was the mayor of Chicago, in the U.S. state of Illinois, from 1907 to 1911. +Busse was born on March 3, 1866 in Chicago, Illinois. He was secretly married to Josephine Lee from 1902 until his death in 1914. Busse died on July 9, 1914 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart disease, aged 48. + += = = Julian Sidney Rumsey = = = +Julian Sidney Rumsey (April 3, 1823 – April 20, 1886) served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1861–1862) for the Republican Party. +Rumsey was born on April 3, 1823 in Batavia, New York. Rumsey died on April 20, 1886 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 63. + += = = Doris Matsui = = = +Doris Okada Matsui (born September 25, 1944) is an American politician. She is the U.S. Representative for the 5th District of California. +Early life. +Doris Okada Matsui comes from a Japanese-American family. After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Okada family was interned in Arizona where Doris was born. +She grew up on a farm in California. She is the daughter of Japanese American parents. She is "Sansei", which means that she is the granddaughter of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US. +In 1966, she married Robert Matsui, who would become the first "Sansei" from the U.S. mainland elected to the US Congress. + += = = Robert Matsui = = = +Robert Takeo Matsui (September 17, 1941–January 1, 2005) was an American Democratic politician. He was the U.S. Representative for the 5th District of California. He was in office from 1979 until his death. His wife, Doris Matsui, replaced him. +Matsui was born in Sacramento, California. He comes from a Japanese-American family. He is "Sansei", which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US. +After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Matsui family was interned Tule Lake War Relocation Center in 1942. +At the University of California, Berkeley, Matsui earned a BA in political science in 1963. He graduated from Hastings College of Law in 1966. +Matsui was the second Japanese American from the U.S. mainland elected to the US Congress. Also, he was the first "Sansei" congressman. +Matsui died of pneumonia caused by myelodysplastic syndrome on January 1, 2005 at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland at the age of 63. + += = = Francis Fukuyama = = = +Francis Fukuyama (born October 27, 1952) is an American political scientist and author, who is most known for his widely discussed book "The End of History and the Last Man" was published in 1992, in which thesis of a post-Cold War. +He was born in Chicago, Illinois, United States. He earned his Ph.D in political science from Harvard University. + += = = Yad Vashem = = = +Yad Vashem () is a memorial site in Jerusalem. It is the central memorial for the victims of the Holocaust. It includes a museum, school for teachers, archives, and library. The site is located in Jerusalem Forest on the western slope of Mount Herzl ("Mount of Remembrance"). It is 804 meters (2,638 ft) above sea level. + += = = Har HaMenuchot = = = +Har HaMenuchot (), also known as Givat Shaul Cemetery is the second largest cemetery in Jerusalem. It is located on the western edge of Jerusalem. It opened in 1951 after the Mount of Olives cemetery was captured by Jordan in 1948. The mountain is 750 meters above the sea level and next to Jerusalem Forest. + += = = National Headquarters of the Israel Police = = = +The National Headquarters of the Israel Police is the headquarters of the Israel Police. It was established during the British Mandate of Palestine in Tel Aviv and moved to Jerusalem shortly after the Israel declared independence in 1948. It was moved to the Russian Compound in Jerusalem. In 1951, a branch of the headquarters was opened in the Mandatory British Police building in Tel Aviv and in 1973 the headquarters was moved to a new building near Mount Scopus. + += = = Supreme Court of Israel = = = +The Supreme Court of Israel () is the highest court of Israel. It is located in Jerusalem, in the neighbourhood of Givat Ram. After Israel was established in 1948, the Supreme Court was sitting in the Russian Compound in Jerusalem. In 1986, the government held a contest to build a new building for the court and in 1992 the supreme court was moved to a new building next to the Knesset. +Since 2017 Esther Hayut has been president of the Supreme Court. + += = = Mark Takano = = = +Mark Allan Takano (born December 10, 1960) is an American teacher and politician. +In November 2012, Takano was elected to the U.S. Representative for the 41st District of California. +Early life. +Takano was born in Riverside, California. He is the son of Japanese American parents. He is "Sansei", which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US. +After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, the Takano family was relocated and interned from California to "War Relocation Camps" during World War II. He graduated from Harvard University in 1983. +Career. +Takano taught in public school for 23 years. +In March 2020, Takano endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States. + += = = Mount Zion = = = +Mount Zion (, "Har Tsiyyon"; , "Jabel Sahyoun") is a hill in the south-west corner of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is an extension of Temple Mount. There are a lot of churches and many little Christians and Jewish cemeteries in the area of Mount Zion. Half of the Mount Zion is in the Old City, in the Jewish and Armenian Quarters. The grave of King David is at the top of Mount Zion. +In the past there was a small cable car that connected the mountain to the valley below and the Old City. Today the cable car room is a museum inside an old hospital building. + += = = Patsy Mink = = = +Patsy Matsu Takemoto Mink (; December 6, 1927September 28, 2002) was an American politician. She was the U.S. Representative for the 1st and 2nd Districts of Hawaii. Mink was the first woman of color in the U.S. Congress. +Early life and education. +Mink was born in Paia on the island of Maui in Hawaii. She was the daughter of Japanese American parents. She was a "Sansei", which means that she was the granddaughter of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US. +She graduated from the University of Hawaii and she earned a law degree from the University of Chicago. +Congressional career. +Mink was the first woman of color to be elected into Congress. She spent her time in Congress speaking out and writing laws related to gender equality in education. Mink was also the first woman to be an approved lawyer in the state of Hawaii. Mink founded the Oahu Young Democrats in 1954. In 1962, she finally won a seat in the Hawaii Senate. +Mink helped write the Women's Educational Equity Act which provides 30 million dollars per year to promote gender equality in schools. It also increases educational and job opportunities for women. Along with that, she was the co-writer of the Title IX law which requires public schools to provide equal and fair treatment to all genders in education. Mink was the first Asian American to run for president. During her second time in congress, Mink co-founded the Congressional Asian Pacific American Council. She also protested against the promotion of Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court after claims of sexual harassment. In 1977 she served under President Jimmy Carter as assistant secretary of state for oceans and international, environmental and scientific affairs. Mink was a member of Congress until her death in 2002. + += = = Bev Oda = = = +Beverley Joan "Bev" Oda, PC, MP (born July 27, 1944) is a Canadian teacher, television broadcaster and politician. She was the first Japanese-Canadian member of the House of Commons of Canada. +Early life, education. +Oda was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario. She was the daughter of Japanese Canadian parents. She was a "Sansei", which means that she was the granddaughter of people born in Japan who immigrated to Canada. +Oda earned a degree from the University of Toronto. +Career. +Oda was the first Japanese-Canadian to be appointed a Cabinet Minister. She was a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. + += = = Vakkom Majeed = = = +Vakkom Majeed (20 December 1909 – 10 July 2000) was an Indian freedom fighter, politician and a former member of the Travancore-Cochin State Assembly. He was born in Vakkom, Travancore, in the Madras Presidency of British India. He died in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. + += = = Melissa McBride = = = +Melissa McBride (born May 23, 1965 near Lexington, Kentucky) is an American movie and TV actress and casting director. She has performed in many television programs and movies. She plays Carol Peletier in "The Walking Dead". + += = = David Tsubouchi = = = +David Tsubouchi (born August 20, 1951) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. +Early life. +Tsubouchi was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is the son of Japanese Canadian parents. He is "Sansei", which means that he is the grandson of people born in Japan who immigrated to Canada. +At York University, he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1972 and a law degree in 1975. +Career. +Tsubouchi was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003. He is the first Japanese-Canadian to hold a cabinet position in a Canadian provincial government. +He is a member of the Board of Governors of York University. + += = = Tweeter = = = +A tweeter is a small or rather tiny loudspeaker. Tweeters are designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds (such as the sound of a whistle or a bird singing). It can mean sound's frequency going up to 20kHz. Humans can't hear frequencies larger than 20 000 Hz. Low frequencies would destroy small speakers because it is not designed to create larger movements. This is what a subwoofer is for, to play low frequencies. + += = = RCA connector = = = +An RCA connector (sometimes called a phono connector or cinch connector), is a type of electrical connector commonly used to carry audio and video signals. The yellow is for video, the white is for left stereo, and the red is for right stereo. + += = = Preamplifier = = = +Preamplifier is a type of electronic amplifier. It doesn't have enough power to feed speakers. Rather a preamplifier amplifies weak signals, for example from a microphone, for electronic processing or distribution. +Early preamplifiers used vacuum tubes. Since the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, less expensive, and more reliable. + += = = Mauno Koivisto = = = +Mauno Koivisto (25 November 1923 – 12 May 2017) was a Finnish politician. He was the ninth President of Finland and the 32nd Prime Minister of Finland. +Early life. +Koivisto was born in Turku. His family was not rich, his father was a carpenter building ships. His mother died when he was young. He finished school in young age, and took odd jobs. In Second world war Koivisto volunteered at the front. After the war he joined Social democratic party. +Koivisto studied in his adult age and became doctor of law in 1953. +Prime Minister. +In 1968 Koivisto become prime minister of Finland. He was very popular. His popularity helped him to become president in 1982 when Urho Kekkonen was too sick to continue. Koivisto won a second term in election. +President. +As a president, Koivisto continued line of Kekkonen and was careful to practice neutral policy. This meant that he was not too visibly anti-soviet or pro-soviet. During his time Finland changed constitution so that the president had less power than before. +Death. +Koivisto's health declined in December 2016 due to Alzheimer's disease and his wife Tellervo started as his caregiver. +In January 2017, Koivisto fell badly at his home and broke his hand, after which he moved to a nursing home. In May 2017, Koivisto was put in end-of-life care. Koivisto died on 12 May 2017 in Helsinki from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 93. + += = = Kyösti Kallio = = = +Kyösti Kallio (10 April 1873 - 19 December 1940) was the fourth President of Finland. +He was president from 1937 to 1940. He is the only Finnish president who did not have any higher education. +Kallio was born in Ylivieska. He died in Helsinki. + += = = O Foxo, Silleda = = = +O Foxo is a village in north-western Spain. It is in the parish of , in Pontevedra, Galicia. In 2007, it had a population of 54 people, 26 of them were men and 28 were women. This represents a decrease in the number of people over the year 2000. It was also the former capital of the county. + += = = Saimaa = = = +Saimaa is the largest lake in Finland. It covers . The Vuoksi River flows from Saimaa to Laatokka. The cities nearby to Saimaa's beaches are Lappeenranta, Joensuu, Mikkeli, Imatra, Savonlinna and Varkaus. + += = = Yonsei = = = +Yonsei may mean: + += = = Yonsei (fourth-generation Nikkei) = = = + is a Japanese language term used in countries in North America and South America to name the children born to Japanese people who immigrated. The emigrants or immigrants who were born in Japan are called "Issei"; and their children born in the new country are called "Nisei" (second generation). The grandchildren of "Issei" are called "Sansei" (third generation) and their great-grandchildren are called "Yonsei". +The character and uniqueness of the "Yonsei" is recognized in its social history. The "Yonsei" are the subject of on-going academic research in the United States and Japan. +History. +The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897. +Imigration to Brazil began in 1908. Today, the community which grew from the immigrant children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of "Yonsei" grew up in the United States, Canada, and Peru. +The use of the term "Yonsei" was modeled after an "Issei" pattern or template. In the 1930s, the term "Issei" came into common use. The word replaced the term "immigrant" ("ijusha"). This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the "Issei" looked at themselves. The label "Issei" also included the idea of belonging to the new country. +Cultural profile. +The term "Nikkei" (��) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century. The "Nikkei" include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants. +The "Issei" were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in another country by choice. Their "Yonsei" great-grandsons and great-granddaughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their great-grandparents. +Although the "Issei" kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan. The "Yonsei" had never known a country other than the one into which they were born. +The "Issei," "Nisei" and "Sansei" generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, religious practice, and other matters. + += = = Colleen Hanabusa = = = +Colleen Wakako Hanabusa (born May 4, 1951) is an American lawyer and politician. She was the U.S. Representative for the 1st District of Hawaii from 2011 to 2015 and again from 2016 to 2019. +Early life. +Colleen was born in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1951. She is the daughter of Japanese American parents. She calls herself "Yonsei", which means that she is the great-granddaughter of people born in Japan who immigrated to the US. + += = = International Convention Center (Jerusalem) = = = +The International Convention Centre of Jerusalem (, ), also called: Binyenei HaUma ( - Buildings of the nation) is the main convention center in Jerusalem and the central auditorium of Israel. + += = = Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan = = = +The Football Federation of Azerbaijan (AFFA) () is the governing body of football in Azerbaijan. It organizes the football league, Azerbaijani Premier League, and the Azerbaijani national football team. It is based in Baku. + += = = Plantation of Ulster = = = +The Plantation of Ulster was the organised colonisation ("plantation") of Ulster. Ulster is a province of Ireland. People from Scotland and England were sent by the English government to live there. This started at the beginning of the 17th century, from 1606. It was colonised to stop the people living in the area fighting against the English rule. Ulster had been the region most resistant to English control during the previous century. +All land owned by Irish chieftains of the O'Neill dynasty ("Uí Néill" in Gaelic) and O'Donnell dynasty ("Uí Domhnaill" in Gaelic) was taken from them, and used for the colonists. This land added up to an estimated half a million acres (2,000 km2) in the counties County Donegal (called "Tyrconnell" at the time), Tyrone, Fermanagh, Cavan, Coleraine and Armagh. Most of counties Antrim and Down were privately colonised. +The colonists were also called the "British tenants". They were mostly from Scotland and England. They had to be English-speaking and Protestant. The Scottish colonists were mostly Presbyterian and the English mostly members of the Church of England. The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the Plantations of Ireland. +Background. +Hugh O’Donnell and Hugh O’Neill felt their position and the power of Ulster was under threat from the English intruders. There were many series of battles defeating small English groups, the rebellion known as the Nine Years' War. The following year they wrote to King Philip II of Spain for help. The Spanish aid came in but landed in Kinsale in October 1601 miles away from Ulster. O’Neill and O’Donnell gathered their army and met in Kinsale on Christmas Eve 1601. They were defeated by a strong English army of 20,000 men, led by Lord Deputy Mountjoy. The Spaniards surrendered. Within two years, O’Neill and other leaders surrendered at the Treaty of Mellifont. At Mellifont, the Ulster chieftains agreed to accept English rule in their lands (sheriffs and judges). They also agreed to abandon Brehon Law, the Irish language and any further thoughts of rebellion. With less support from their people and more English control over Ulster, O’Neill and almost one hundred leading members of Ulster’s Irish families fled Ireland in an event known as the Flight of the Earls. They went to Spain, Italy and Rome. +Events. +King James I was easily persuaded by England’s officials in Ireland that the best way to ensure Ulster’s future loyalty was through a plantation. First Antrim and Down were given to two Scottish noblemen. This brought over thousands of Scottish settlers as tenants to work on the land. By 1609, these planters were securely established. The area to be planted covered six counties- Donegal, Derry, Armagh, Fermanagh, Cavan and Tyrone. Lessons had been learned from previous plantations. No one was to be given more than 2000 acres and laws were stricter. There were different groups involved in the Ulster plantation. + += = = Argleton = = = +Argleton was a place name of a village that did not exist. It was a phantom settlement that was shown on Google Maps. It was located in the parish of Aughton, Lancashire. An employee of Edge Hill University noticed this in 2008, and could show that at the location, there are only empty fields. +Some people have suggested that Google added a fake village to Google Maps on purpose to catch out other people in case they plagiarised their work. However, other people have suggested that Google Maps just made a mistake. Argleton had been removed from Google Maps by May 2010. + += = = Sadao Munemori = = = +Sadao Munemori (born August 17, 1922-April 5, 1945) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Munemori was born in Los Angeles, California to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +During World War II, Munemori's parents and siblings were interned at the Manzanar concentration camp. +Soldier. +Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the US Army. +Munemori volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in April 1945, he was the only Japanese American to be awarded the Medal of Honor during or immediately after World War II. +Medal of Honor citation. +Munemori’s Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in northern Italy in 1945. Without help from others, he attacked two machine guns before smothering a grenade blast with his body. +The words of Munemori's citation explain: +He fought with great gallantry and intrepidity near Seravezza, Italy. When his unit was pinned down by grazing fire from the enemy's strong mountain defense and command of the squad devolved on him with the wounding of its regular leader, he made frontal, one-man attacks through direct fire and knocked out two machine guns with grenades. Withdrawing under murderous fire and showers of grenades from other enemy emplacements, he had nearly reached a shell crater occupied by two of his men when an unexploded grenade bounced on his helmet and rolled toward his helpless comrades. He arose into the withering fire, dived for the missile and smothered its blast with his body. By his swift, supremely heroic action Pfc. Munemori saved two of his men at the cost of his own life and did much to clear the path for his company's victorious advance. +Namesake. +Sadao Munemori is the namesake of a part of the California highway system, a ship, a building and an American Legion post. + += = = Vertical angles = = = +In geometry, vertical angles relates to a linear slope on a graph. So if the equation is linear, you can tell because it won't have any exponents. + += = = Kokeshi = = = + is the Japanese traditional doll. +The doll has a very simple shape;only the head of the globe and the body of the column. A joint of the head and the body was made thin so that a child was easy to grasp it. +History. +"Kokeshi" came to be sold as a souvenir in the "Tohoku" district from "Edo" era. +When the "Taisho" era began, "kokeshi" turned into the role as the appreciation things of adult rather than the toy of the child. +An all-Japan "kokeshi" contest is held every year in May. Since 1954, the annual Prime Minister's prize has been awarded to the best work of creative "kokeshi" makers. +Types of "kokeshi". +There are 250+ types of "kokeshi". +How to get "kokeshi". +and so on + += = = Azerbaijan Premier League = = = +The Azerbaijan Premier League (), is the top football competition in Azerbaijan. +History. +The Azerbaijan Premier League was created in 2007 and replaced the Top Division () which existed between 1992 and 2007. The Azerbaijan Premier League is run by the Association of Football Federations of Azerbaijan. The Top Division was run by the Professional Football League of Azerbaijan. The creation of the Premier League gave the football clubs more independence. +Since 1992, a total of 8 football clubs have become champions of the top Azerbaijani football competition. Neftchi Baku are the current Azerbaijan Premier League champions. +Statistics. +Records. +Players in the Premier League compete for the trophy "Azerbaijan Premier League Golden Boot", awarded to the top goalscorer at the end of each football season. Nazim Aliyev is the league's all-time top scorer with 183 goals, including 39 in the 1992 season. During the 1995–96 season he became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals. Since then, 10 other players have reached the 100-goal mark. +Awards. +Trophy. +The current Azerbaijan Premier League trophy was developed by the Professional Football League of Azerbaijan and the trophy has been awarded to the champion of Azerbaijan since the end of the 2009–10 season, replacing the previous Premier League trophy that had existed for only few years. + += = = Menorah (Temple) = = = +The menorah was an ancient lamp that accompanied the Israelites during their wanderings through the desert and later sat in their Temple. It had seven branches (a center branch with three branches on each of its sides), and it was made of gold. Olive oil fed the menorah's flames. God commanded Moses to construct the menorah while Moses and the Israelites were wandering the desert (see Book of Numbers chapter 8). +The menorah is associated with miracles, such as the miracle of Hanukkah. During First Jewish-Roman War, the Romans destroyed the Temple and took its treasures, including the menorah. They took the menorah to Rome and displayed it throughout the city during a celebration of their victory over the Jewish rebels. +Today, the menorah is featured in the present state of Israel's coat of arms, and some Jewish places of worship contain replicas of the menorah. A nine-branch menorah is used during Hanukkah. + += = = Bulguksa = = = +Bulguksa is a temple of Korean Buddhism in Gyeongju in South Korea. It was designated as a historic site number 502 by Korean government. In 1995, Bulguksa was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is known as one of the tourist attractions in Korea, where over 2 million people are visiting each year. It includes Dabotap(Korea's national treasure number 20) and Seokgatap(Korea's national treasure number 21), Cheongun-gyo(Blue Cloud Bridge, Korea's national treasure number 23) and Backun-gyo(White Cloud Bridge, Korea's national treasure number 23), and two gilt-bronze statues(Korea's national treasure number 26, 27) of Buddha. +History. +The temple was made in the Silla kingdom, the golden age of Buddhist art. According to Samguk yusa (Three Kingdoms of Korea's history book), the temple had begun to be constructed under King Kyeongdeok in 751 and completed in 774. Kim Daeseong, the Prime Minister of Silla, decided to construct this temple in order to cherish the memory of his parents. The name of the temple 'Bulguk' means the country of Buddha. He wanted to his parents live happily in the Buddha's country after they died. +Bulguksa has been reconstructed thoroughout history. Especially in the Japanese colonial era, it was damaged a lot and lost its valuable treasures. After the independence of the Republic of Korea, Korean government started to reconstruct and reorganize the temple. +National Treasures in Bulguksa. +Dabotap and Seokgatap (Num 21, 22) +Dabotap is well known for its feminine and sophisticated beauty. Its height is 10.4m and it is representative of Korea's unique pagodas. +Seokgatap is relatively simple and masculine compared to Dabotap. Its height is also 10.4, which makes Dabotap and Seokgatap the twin pagodas in Bulguksa. +Chengun-gyo (Num 23) +At the entrance of Bulguksa is Chengun-gyo. It is said that the bridge links the human world to the world of Buddhist. It is decorated with stones very beautifully and its structure is so solid that it can withstand earthquakes. + += = = Akara = = = +Acarajé is a type of fritter made from cowpeas. It is the most popular street food in the north eastern state of Brazil, Bahia. The recipe for acarajé was introduced to Bahia by slaves who came from Yorùbáland during the colonial period. In Nigeria acarajé is named Akara, and the women who sell it call out "Akara je", which means "Come and eat Akara" in Yoruba. So when freed Yorùbá slaves started to sell acarajé on the streets, they used the same technique and Brazilians assumed that they were selling acarajé. +Acarajé is made with black-eyed peas, garlic, ginger and salt, then deep fried in dende - a reddish oil from the palm fruit. When done, they are split in half and filled with vatapá, caruru, fried shrimp, salad and pepper. Brazilians modified the recipe from Nigeria a little and started to fill the acarajé with other afro-Brazilian foods. In Nigeria, none of the Brazilian accompaniments are served; just the bean cake is eaten, fried with palm oil or vegetable oil. +Acarajé are served on the streets by women who call themselves baiana do acarajé. They wear traditional clothes, white flowing dresses, sometimes turbans and colorful necklaces related to the rituals of the Afro-Brazilian religion Candomblé. In Nigeria, however, there is no ceremony and the women who sell Akara wear whatever they like. Nowadays, these baianas sell acarajé as a way of life and it’s something that helps to sustain their families. +In 2004, acarajé was declared part of Brazil's heritage culture in the region of Bahia. It's one of the most important symbols of the culture of Bahia and it's enjoyed by all types of tourists. They are delighted by the taste, color and relaxing way of eating acarajé on the streets. +History. +Acarajé was specially made when a person dies at the age of 70 or above. It was usually fried in large quantities and given to every household that was related to the person who died. Acarajé was also to be made in large quantities when warriors won a war. The wives of the warriors were to fry acarajé and give it to all the people in the village. +Acarajé, a recipe taken to Brazil by the slaves from the West African coast. It is called "akara" by the Yoruba people of south-western Nigeria and by the people of Sierra Leone. It is called "kosai" by the Hausa people of Nigeria. It is called "koose" in Ghana. It is eaten with millet or corn pudding. In Nigeria, akara is usually eaten with bread, ogi, which is a type of cornmeal made with fine corn flour. +In Sierra Leone, akara is made up of rice flour, mashed banana, baking powder, and sugar. After mixing the ingredients together, it is dropped in oil by hand, and fried. It is then formed into a ball. Akara is usually made for events like Pulnado (event held due to the birth of a child), a wedding, funeral, or party. +In Brazil. +Acarajé sold on the street in Brazil are made with fried beef, mutton, dried shrimp, pigweed, fufu, osun sauce, and coconut. Today in Bahia, most street vendors who sell acarajé are women. They first started selling acarajé in the 19th century. The money gotten from selling acarajé were used to buy the freedom of enslaved family members until slavery was banned in Brazil in 1888. Selling acarajé served as a source of family income. The city now has more than 500 acarajé vendors. + += = = Buckner Stith Morris = = = +Buckner Stith Morris (August 19, 1800 – December 16, 1879) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1838 to 1839. He was a member of the Whig Party. He was in jail for 9 months because of war conflicts. +Morris was born on August 19, 1800 in Augusta, Kentucky. Morris was married to Evlina Barker until her death. Then he was married to Elize Stephenson until her death. Then he was married to M. E. Parrish until his death. He had three children. Morris died on December 16, 1879 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 79. + += = = Seoul Lantern Festival = = = +The Seoul Lantern Festival () is a festival that takes place in Seoul, South Korea. It shows various themes through lanterns. It is hosted by the Seoul Metropolitan Government and is organized by the Seoul Tourism Organization. It has been celebrated every year since 2009. It has officially become an annual event. It is usually held from early in November and lasts 2 weeks. +In 2012, as 2.57 million people visited the festival, it gets to become the representative festival of Seoul. + += = = Vibraslap = = = +The vibraslap is a percussion instrument. It is a modern version of the jawbone. Due to the fragile nature of the jawbone, the vibra-slap was created to provide a stronger alternative with a similar sound. It has been used mainly in popular music. Several rock bands have used this sound for the last decades of the 20th century and into the 21st century. It is also popular in Latin music. +The vibraslap is made of a cowbell-shaped hollow box (acting as a resonator) and a wooden ball connected by a steel rod. The steel rod is bent in an "L" shape that allows the performer to hold the rod in one hand and strike the ball with the palm of their other hand. The steel rod acts as a sort of spring that vibrates the box on the other end. The box acts as a resonating body for a metal mechanism placed inside with a number of loosely fastened pins or rivets that vibrate and rattle against the box, much like the teeth of the jawbone. The vibraslap is produced in a number of sizes using different materials such as wood, metal or composite materials. +The Vibra-Slap was the first patent granted to the instrument manufacturing company Latin Percussion. +The Vibra-Slap's inventor was Martin Cohen. It is sometimes sold as a "Donkey Call" or "Rattleslap". + += = = Mercury poisoning = = = +Mercury poisoning is a health disturbance caused by high levels of exposure to mercury. +Symptoms of mercury poisoning include pink in the cheeks, fingertips, and toes, swelling, unexplainable sweating, lots of saliva, fast heartbeat, high blood pressure, and hair loss for some people. Mercury exposure happens most often when you eat certain types of fish or via other ways. + += = = Students in Free Enterprise = = = +Students in Free Enterprise (SIFE) is an international non-profit organization. It works with university students who want to change their communities positively and learn practical knowledge to become socially responsible business leaders. Students form teams in their campuses and use business model to make better the quality of life and standard of living for people in need. +History. +SIFE, was established in 1975 in the United States by Robert T. Davis. SIFE was originally a regional leadership training program attended by university students who taught their communities what they had learned. Eventually, these university students competed on the outcomes of their efforts. +Operating system. +More than 1,600 university campuses in 39 countries take part in SIFE's projects. SIFE gives these students the chance to develop leadership, teamwork and communication skills through learning, practicing and teaching the knowledge of free enterprise. SIFE Teams teach important concepts including market economics, entrepreneurship, personal and financial success, and business studies, their communities and their countries. +Competitions. +Each year, SIFE competitions are held worldwide, so called World Cup, with thousands of students and business leaders. Teams present their projects to judges who evaluate those projects and determine which teams had the most impact improving the quality of life and standard of living for members of their community. +Every country organizes a national competition to pick up national champion and give him a opportunity to compete at the World Cup. +The criterion is as follows: +``Considering the relevant economic, social and environmental factors, which SIFE team most effectively empowered people in need by applying business and economic concepts and an entrepreneurial approach to improve their quality of life and standard of living.`` +Partners. +SIFE partners include corporations, organizations and individuals' foundations such as HSBC, PepsiCo, Unilever, DELL, Microsoft. +Other websites. +SIFE is now called Enactus. Here is the press release link - http://enactus.org/sife-changes-their-name-to-highlight-a-deep-commitment-to-entrepreneurial-action/#.W4mPFvmnGUk + += = = Chesapeake–Leopard Affair = = = +The Chesapeake–Leopard Affair was a naval battle that took place off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia on June 22, 1807. The English warship attacked and boarded the American . The British were looking for people who had deserted the Royal Navy. The commander of the American ship surrendered his vessel to the British. When he returned home, he was tired, and had to leave the military. +The "Chesapeake–Leopard Affair" made many Americans angry. Some of them wanted to go to war with Great Britain, but most people did not. President Thomas Jefferson tried to use the anger to diplomatically threaten the British government into settling the matter. The United States Congress backed away from armed conflict when British diplomats showed that they felt they did nothing wrong in the matter. The diplomats also said that impressment would continue. Jefferson's political failure to solve the problem with Great Britain led him towards economic warfare: the Embargo of 1807. + += = = Hector Burton = = = +Hector Tjupuru Burton (about 1937 – 27 February 2017) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He is a leading artist from Amaṯa, in north-western South Australia. His work has been shown in exhibitions since 2003, in several cities in Australia and other countries. His first solo exhibition was held in 2004, in Melbourne. Examples of his paintings are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, and Flinders University. +Burton had paintings chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2011 and 2012. +Early life. +Burton was born some time in the late 1930s. He was born near what is now Pipalyatjara, in north-west South Australia. A member of the Pitjantjatjara people, his childhood was spent living a traditional lifestyle in the bush. When he was still a child, Burton and his parents came out of the desert and settled at Ernabella. As a young man, Burton worked as a ringer at the large cattle station called Curtin Springs. He later moved to Amaṯa where he worked building dams, fences and cattle yards outside the town. He also later worked on a building project in Ernabella. +Burton is a senior custodian of traditional Pitjantjatjara law ("" or Dreaming). His father's homeland, to the west of Irrunytju, is closely associated with the (Caterpillar Dreaming) and the (Red Kangaroo Dreaming). His mother is from Lake Wilson. These legends are the subjects of many of his paintings. +Painting. +Burton started painting in 2002. He paints for Tjala Arts, Amaṯa's community-based art company. When he started, the company was called Minymaku Arts. Painting among Pitjantjatjara was originally done by women only ("minymaku" means "women's"). Men did not join the women until several years later, because they were afraid of revealing too much spiritual knowledge (which in Western Desert cultures is meant to be kept secret). Burton was one of the first men at Amaṯa to begin painting; the company changed its name to Tjala Arts in 2004, after several other men joined him. +The art community at Amaṯa is still strongly conservative. Only the basics of traditional beliefs are described in their works. To keep the meanings of his paintings hidden, Burton uses dotting and other techniques to disguise sacred figures and ancient symbols. He is a strong supporter of maintaing strict forms of secrecy when it comes to art produced in his community. He is now a board member of Tjala Arts, and often coordinates projects and exhibitions with the other artists. +Burton's early paintings represent legends from his family's Dreaming. They also show strong Christian influences. Burton was taught by Presbyterian missionaries when he was growing up at Ernabella, and he mixed these beliefs with his family's Dreaming. When he was older, he was ordained as a minister, and is now a senior member of the Church on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. +Since the later part of 2011, Burton and several other men from Amaṯa have led a project to change the subject of their artists' work. Instead of depicting sacred Dreaming knowledge, he and the other board members of Tjala Arts have encouraged their artists to paint about other things (such as the landscape or wildlife). Burton and the other leaders decided that the popularity of Western Desert art had resulted in people asking too many questions about their traditional designs and too much secret knowledge being revealed. The centre's first exhibition under this project was held in March 2012, in Alice Springs. The exhibition was called "Punu-Nguru" ("From the Trees") and its paintings depicted traditional designs of trees from the artists' home countries. + += = = Molecular cloning = = = +Molecular cloning is a type of work in molecular biology. It is used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules, and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word "cloning" means a DNA molecule from a single living cell is used to make a large population of cells containing identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning methods are central to many areas of modern biology and medicine. +Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for multiplying (replicating) the recombinant DNA. +In a molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is got from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to get smaller DNA fragments. These fragments are then joined with vector DNA to produce recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of "E. coli" bacteria). This produces a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are "transgenic" or genetically-modified microorganisms (GMO). +This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as "clones". Strictly speaking, "recombinant DNA" refers to DNA molecules, while "molecular cloning" refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them. +History. +The idea of using molecular cloning to produce recombinant DNA was invented by Paul Berg, who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 1980, jointly with Walter Gilbert and Fred Sanger. + += = = Genetically modified food = = = +Genetically modified food (GM food) is food which has been produced using organisms that have been engineered genetically (GM organisms). GM food contains GM organisms. Common examples include maize, soybean, cotton and rapeseed. The first genetically modified food animal approved for sale is salmon. +Commercial sale of genetically modified food began in 1994, when Calgene first marketed its delayed ripening tomato. Genetically modified foods include: soybean, corn, canola, rice, and cotton seed oil. The features of available and future crops include resistance to herbicides, insects, viruses, fungi, production of extra nutrients, faster growth, or some other beneficial purpose. GM livestock have also been experimentally developed. +Research is being done on bacteria which would speed up making cheese. Genetically modified yeast could be used to make beer that has fewer calories. +Regulation. +The approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the development and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) vary from country to country. Some of the most marked differences are between the USA and Europe. +The US regulatory policy is the Coordinated Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology. The policy has three main principles: +European Union have the strictest GMO rules in the world. All GMOs, and irradiated food, are considered "new food" and subject to extensive, case-by-case, science based food evaluation by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The criteria for authorization has four broad categories: "safety," "freedom of choice," "labelling," and "traceability". +However many scientists think current studies are not good enough to be sure that genetically modified food is safe. +Labelling. +One of the key issues is whether GM products should be labelled. A study into voluntary labelling in South Africa found that 31% of products labelled as GMO-free had a GM content above 1.0%. +In Canada and the US labelling of GM food is voluntary. In Europe all food (including processed food) or cattle feed which contains greater than 0.9% of approved GMOs must be labelled. +Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, and Australia require labelling so people can choose between foods that have genetically modified, ordinary or organic origins. +Examples. +Most vegetable oil used in the US is produced from GM crops. Vegetable oil is sold directly to consumers as cooking oil, margarine, and shortening, and is used in prepared foods. +As for soybeans, about 95% of the US crop is GM, and about 85% of the world's soybean crop is processed into soybean meal and vegetable oil. The bulk of the soybean crop is grown for oil production, with the high-protein defatted and "toasted" soy meal used as for farm animal food and dog food. 98% of the US soybean crop is used for feeding farm animals. A smaller percentage of soybeans are used directly for human food. +Potato blight. +Researchers have made genetically modified potatoes which are resistant to potato blight. That disease caused the Irish potato famine in the 1840s. EU approval is needed before commercial growing of this GM crop can take place. + += = = Tie clip = = = +A tie clip is an accessory. It is to keep a necktie near a person's shirt. + += = = Phone connector = = = +A phone connector (also called jack plug, stereoplug) is an electrical plug that is used in audio systems. For example, it is used in electric guitar cables to connect the guitar to an amplifier. There are typically three different sizes of phone connectors: 6.3 mm, 3.5 mm and 2.5 mm diameters. +Balanced and unbalanced circuits are possible with stereoplug connector when using monosignal per one stereoplug. Sound quality improves with a balanced circuit because noise signal reduces, especially with microphones where the signal is often weak. + += = = Tokoname = = = + is a Japanese city in Aichi Prefecture on the island of Honshu. +History. +Tokoname has been known for making ceramics since the 12th century. The city is Japan's top producer of "Maneki Neko". +Geography. +Tokoname is on the western coast of Chita Peninsula in southern Aichi Prefecture. + += = = Avellino = = = +Avellino is a city in southern Italy. It is capital of the province of Avellino. + += = = Museo d'arte, Avellino = = = +The Museo d'arte is a museum for modern and contemporary art. It is in Avellino, Italy. +The museum was opened on 2 January 1995. It was developed from the private gallery of O. Stefano into a museum open to the public. The design for the museum building was ready in September 1993. It was finished in December 1994. +The museum has a library and a documentary film library. It plays video documentaries and speeches by famous art critics. +Collection. +Currently the museum exhibition presents to the public a few selected works of modern art and contemporary art. The original works include sculptures, drawings, oil paintings, and prints done by etching, lithograph and serigraph. +Artists. +Artists in the museum's permanent exhibition include: + += = = Benjamin Wright Raymond = = = +Benjamin Wright Raymond (June 15, 1801 – April 6, 1883) was an American politician who twice served as mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1839–1840, 1842–1843) for the Whig Party. +Raymond was born on June 15, 1801 in Rome, New York. He studied at St. Lawrence Academy. Raymond was married to Amelia Porter from 1835 until his death in 1883. They had a son, George Lansing. Raymond died on April 6, 1883 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 81. + += = = Alexander Loyd = = = +Alexander Loyd (August 19, 1805 – May 7, 1872) was an American politician. He served one term as Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1840 until 1841 for the Democratic Party. +Loyd was born on August 19, 1805 in Orange County, New York. He was raised in Chicago. He was married until her death. They had four children. Loyd died on May 7, 1872 in West Lyons, Illinois from heart failure, aged 66. + += = = Central Texas Council of Governments = = = +The Central Texas Council of Governments (CTCOG) is a voluntary association of cities, counties and special districts in central Texas. +It is based in Belton, Texas the Central Texas Council of Governments is a member of the Texas Association of Regional Councils. +Military community. +Fort Hood is located in Bell and Coryell Counties and is the largest employer in the CTCOG region. The U.S. Census recognizes Fort Hood as a Census-Designated Place; in 2010 the Fort Hood CDP had 29,589 residents. + += = = John Putnam Chapin = = = +John Putnam Chapin (April 21, 1810 – July 27, 1864) was an American politician. He was the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1846–1847). He was a member of the Whig Party. +Chapin was born on April 21, 1810 in Bradford, Vermont. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Chapin died on July 27, 1864 in Chicago from a heart attack, aged 54. + += = = Signs and symptoms = = = +Signs and symptoms are two words that doctors use to describe how a medical problem causes changes in a person's body. +Signs. +A sign is a change in the body that can be heard, seen, felt, or smelled by a doctor. A sign may also be shown on medical tests like X-rays or blood tests. For example: +Symptoms. +A symptom is a change in the body that cannot be seen, heard, felt, or smelled by a doctor. It also cannot be shown on medical tests. A symptom is something that only the person having the symptom can see, hear, feel, or smell. For example: +Signs and symptoms often happen together. +Often, medical problems cause both signs and symptoms. For example: + += = = James Machon = = = +James Machon (born 1848) was a Boy in the United States Navy and a Medal of Honor recipient for his role in the Union Navy during the American Civil War. +Medal of Honor citation. +Citation: +On board the U.S.S. Brooklyn during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram Tennessee in Mobile Bay, on 5 August 1864. Stationed in the immediate vicinity of the shell whips which were twice cleared of men by bursting shells, Machon remained steadfast at his post and performed his duties in the powder division throughout the furious action which resulted in the surrender of the prize rebel ram Tennessee and in the damaging and destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan. + += = = Surabaya = = = +Surabaya, the second largest city in Indonesia, is the capital of East Java. The meaning of Surabaya is combination of "sura" meaning shark and "baya" meaning crocodile. There are about 3 million people living in Surabaya and they speak a dialect of Javanese called Suroboyoan. Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta. Surabaya is located on the edge of the northern coast of Java Island and dealing with the Madura Strait and Java Sea. +Historical Places. +There are many museums and monuments that represents and shows the history of Surabaya. +House of Sampoerna. +The House of Sampoerna is a museum that exhibits from the story of the founder of Sampoerna, Liem Seeng Tee to history of tobacco making. One part of the museum shows the history of how this place was found. It starts from Seeng Tee moving to Indonesia after the death of his wife until how he found the old building of Dutch-supported orphanage. There are displays of Seeng Tee’s old objects such as his bicycle, motorcycle, and equipment and objects related to tobacco. There is a tobacco plant within the building where 3,500 women are rolling Dji Sam Soe cigarettes. +Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa. +Gereja Perawan Maria Tak Berdosa is a Catholic church. It is one of the old buildings left from during the Dutch invasion in the 18th century. It is the oldest church in East Java. It has been preserved by the Dutch government in Indonesia. Despite the fact that it is old, the brick stones are undamaged. Without air-conditioning in the hot weather of Indonesia, the temperature inside the church is low and cool. Services were held since 1800s and it still continues today every Sunday in Chinese. +Tugu Pahlawan. +Surabaya is not only the second largest city in Indonesia but it is known as the “city of heroes” because of the role it played in the Battle of Surabaya in November 10, 1945. This monument Tugu Pahlawan, Heroes Monument, is the symbol of Surabaya and is built to respect the heroes who fought for independence. This rocket-like monument points towards the moon 41.15 meters high. Along with the monument, there is a museum where diorama of Surabaya in 1945 is displayed. History of Surabaya at that time could be seen through pictures, clips, and stories. There are other buildings surrounding the monument to depict the struggles Indonesians had to go through. +Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma. +Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma was built in 1990s in order to save and maintain nation's cultural heritage. This museum exhibits historical items related to health and items that are used today. In September 14, 2004, Minister of Health changed the name of the museum to "Health Museum of Dr. Adhyatma, MPH - MOH. There is a special library in the museum that displays materials such as books, magazines, tapes, and video recording that provides information about health studies. The museum also has different show rooms that displays different equipments used in the past and genealogy of royal families of Indonesia. + += = = Samul nori = = = +Samul nori is a Korean traditional musical performance, which is performed with four percussion instruments: Jing, Janggu, Buk (the drum in Korean), Kkwaenggwari. The performance includes dancing. Specifically, in "Samul", "sa" means "four", and "mul" means "object" in Korean, and "nori" means "to play". Considering the meaning of "Samul nori", this is one kind of playful and casual art performance done in public. In the past, Korean people usually play "Samul nori" when they work in agricultural area to relax after working. +Nowadays, some Korean people who play Korean traditional music try to boost Samul nori. Famous samul-nori performances are "Kim duk soo Samul nori" and "Namsadang nori". Namsadang Nori was chosen as a UNESCO Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. In addition, some Koreans are trying to transform Samul nori to modern styles by mixing this with other modern performances. For example, there were TV shows where Samul nori performers were dancing with pop singers or DJs. +Furthermore, other than mixing Samul nori with modern performances, some Korean people try to create new performance inspired by Samul nori. For example, "Nanta", a performance of sounds made by hitting everyday objects, is inspired by Samul nori. Also, there is "Nori dan", social enterprise in Korea, which play recycled garbage as musical instruments by hitting them. + += = = 63 Building = = = +63 Building is a skyscraper on Yeouido (island) in Yeongdeungpo-gu, Seoul in South Korea. Despite its name, it actually has 66 floors – 63 floors above ground and 3 floors underground. Construction started in February 1980, and was completed in May 1985. At that time, the name of the building was “Daehanlife 63 Building”, but the name of this has changed to “63 City.” It was the highest building in Asia at the moment of being built. It is now the 5th highest building in even Korea – the highest building in Korea is Northeast Asia Trade Tower in Incheon. But from now on, 63 Building is known as the most famous landmark in Korea. +Before it was built, South Korea was in the period of development. Therefore, it was decided to build the highest building in Asia to beat Sunshine 60 in Tokyo, Japan. There were also no buildings which were higher than 31 floors in South Korea. The process of building was chosen very fast. +63 building is actually a building for Hanhwa Group but it also has some cultural areas for visitors. Except for the top 3 floors, visitors can enjoy all of the building. There is an aquarium named “63 Sea World”, IMAX theater, and observatory with museum named “63 Sky-art.” There are also many areas like food courts and restaurants. +63 Sea World was opened at July 27th, 1985, and has over 400 species and 20,000 marine lives in there. It also has a coelcanth and oarfish. The theater in 63 Building is the first IMAX theater in Korea. The “63 Buffet Pavilion” is known as one of the greatest restaurants in Seoul. +There are six elevators which were made by Mitsubishi in 63 Building, and their speed is about 540 meters per minute. It is the fastest elevator in Korea. For subway, there are two stations, Noryangjin station in Line 1 and Line 9. + += = = Busker Busker = = = +Busker Busker () is a Korean indie band which got their popularity in "Superstar K", one of the most famous audition programs in South Korea. The band is composed of three members now: Jang Bum-jun (guitarist and vocalist), Kim Hyung-tae (bassist), and Bradely Ray Moore (drummer). They won the second prize in "Superstar K" season 3, and then they officially released their own debut album on 29 March 2012. +History. +The three members were in the same university; Jang and Kim were students of Animation Art and Brad was an English professor in Sang-myung University located in Cheonan. They named the band as Busker Busker because they performed on the street to the public in Cheonan. They went to Seoul in order to share their music talents with more people, especially in Hong-dae which is a favorite place for many indie musicians in Korea. As they got popular among people, they participated in "Superstar K" of M-net on April, 2011. Actually there were more members in the band but composition was somewhat unsettled. As the three of them could adjust their schedules and started to be aired on TV, Busker Busker has been fixed as trio band. +They could pass the preliminary stage as performing their own song "Ideal Type". In Super-week, they performed K-pop song "Coming-of-age ceremony" but they failed to pass the rival mission with 2-Month () singing "Juliet". However, one of the Top 10 band, Yeri-Band left the lodging without permission during training period. As there happened to be a vacancy in Top 10, Busker Busker was newly selected as one of the top 11, with Haze. As they sang several songs on the live stages including "Tokyo girl", "People in Seoul" and "Makgerlina", they got extremely popular and most of their songs were ranked highest in music charts. Although Ulala Session got the title of the competition, they kept their popularity after the Audition. +Busker Busker has released their first regular album, "Busker Busker 1st album", on March 29th, 2012. The songs in the album, which were all written by their own, hit all kinds of K-pop chart including "Cherry Blossom Ending", "First Love", and "Yeosu Night Sea". The album sold over a million, and the next album "Busker Busker 1st Finale" has also been loved since it was released on June 21st. They ended their first promotional activities for the albums after finishing their first concert, "Youth Bus", on June 22nd and 23rd. + += = = Menorah (Hanukkah) = = = +The Hanukkah menorah, or hanukiah, is a nine-branched lamp or candleholder used on the Jewish holiday of Hanukkah. It is used to celebrate, remember, and honor the historical miracle of Hanukkah. +Its shape is an upright stand with eight equal branches to hold a candle or oil with a wick. A ninth branch, at the center or to one side and usually taller, is the "shamash" (). The "shamash" is lit first, then used to light the others, while a prayer is recited. One of the branches is lit on the first night, two on the second, etc., which lasts eight nights. + += = = Menorah = = = +Menorah may refer to: + += = = Suspension of disbelief = = = +Suspension of disbelief is the willingness for a person to accept fantasy as it is presented to them in any form of media. +Reality and fantasy. +Reality is the world around us. Fantasy is a world that only is in our minds, or recorded in some way onto or into something that can be passed along from one form to another. Fantasy cannot exist as something real, something that we can touch or see as it is. +An example of something from fantasy is the White Rabbit from Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland". Because of our experience, that is, how we have lived our lives, it has not been proven that it can possibly be real. The White Rabbit is an animal which stands on two legs (in some stories), wears human clothing, and acts and speaks like a human. For us as humans, a normal rabbit does not speak, nor does it act or speak like a human. Because of that, we think of the White Rabbit as fantasy, it only can be living in a not-real world. +Suspension of disbelief is a way to enjoy a story. If one were to completely disregard a story as false, the entertainment value, what makes us like a story, would be lost. On the other hand, if one accepts a story as real for as long as the story goes on, then a connection to living in reality can be made, however big or small. + += = = James Hutchinson Woodworth = = = +James Hutchinson Woodworth (December 4, 1804 – March 26, 1869) was an American politician. He was in the Illinois State Senate and in the Illinois State House of Representatives. He was a Chicago Alderman. He was elected to consecutive terms as Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1848–1850) as an Independent Democrat. He was in the US House of Representatives for one term as a member of the Republican Party. +Woodworth was born on December 4, 1804 in Greenwhich, New York. He was married to Almrya Booth from 1842 until his death in 1869. They had two children. Woodoworth died on March 26, 1869 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 64. + += = = Isaac Lawrence Milliken = = = +Isaac Lawrence Milliken (August 29, 1815 – December 2, 1885) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1854 to 1855. He was a member of the Democratic Party. +Milliken was born on August 29, 1815 in Saco, Maine. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Milliken died on December 2, 1885 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 70. + += = = Charles McNeill Gray = = = +Charles McNeill Gray (March 7, 1807 – October 17, 1885) was an American politician who was Mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1853–1854) for the Democratic Party. +Gray was born on March 7, 1807 in Sherburne, New York. He came and lived in Chicago since July 1834. Gray died on October 17, 1885 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 78. + += = = Thomas Dyer = = = +Thomas Dyer (January 13, 1805 – June 6, 1862) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1856–1857) for the Democratic Party. +Dyer was born on January 13, 1805 in Canton, Connecticut. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Dyer died on June 6, 1862 in Middletown, Connecticut from a heart attack, aged 57. + += = = John Blake Rice = = = +John Blake Rice (May 28, 1809 – December 17, 1874) was an American actor, theatrical producer and politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1865–1869). He was a Republican. +Rice was born in Easton, Maryland on May 28, 1809. He was raised in Annapolis, Maryland and in Chicago, Illinois. Rice died on December 17, 1874 in Norfolk, Virginia from liver cancer, aged 65. + += = = Harvey Doolittle Colvin = = = +Harvey Doolittle Colvin (December 18, 1815 – April 16, 1892) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1873 to 1875. He was a member of the People's Party. +Colvin was born on December 18, 1815. He was never married and had no children. Colvin died on April 16, 1892 in Chicago, Illinois from an illness, aged 76. + += = = Monroe Heath = = = +Monroe Heath (March 27, 1827 – October 21, 1894) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1876 to 1879. He was a member of the Republican Party. +Heath was born on March 27, 1827 in Grafton, New Hampshire. Heath died on October 21, 1894 in Asheville, North Carolina from a stroke, aged 67. + += = = Menelik II = = = +Menelik II (17 August 1844 – 12 December 1913) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1889 until he died in 1913. + += = = Rogers Arena = = = +Rogers Arena is a sports arena in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on September 21, 1995, and is the current home to the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League. +History. +The arena was first known as General Motors Place from 1995 to 2010. It was renamed Canada Hockey Place for a short time and held ice hockey events during the 2010 Winter Olympics. The arena used to be the home of the Vancouver Grizzlies from 1995 to 2001 before they moved to Memphis, Tennessee to become the Memphis Grizzlies. +Rogers Communications has naming rights for the arena right now. The arena has hosted the WWF's PPV in 1996, ice hockey events during the 2010 Winter Olympics and UFC's 115 and 131. + += = = Besse Cooper = = = +Besse Berry Cooper (August 26, 1896 – December 4, 2012) was an American woman who was, the oldest living person in the United States since Eunice Sanborn's death on January 31, 2011 and also believed to be the world's oldest living person. However, Brazilian woman Maria Gomes Valentim was on May 18, 2011 confirmed to be older, which made her the oldest living person from Frenchwoman Eugénie Blanchard's death on November 4, 2010 and Cooper the oldest living person from her death on June 21, 2011, just 18 days before her 115th birthday. +Personal life. +Besse Cooper was born as Besse Berry Brown in Sullivan County in Tennessee on August 26, 1896. She was the third of eight children of Richard Brown and Angeline Berry. She graduated from East Tennessee State Normal School (now East Tennessee State University) in 1916. While a college student, she joined the so-called first wave of feminism in the United States, becoming a suffragette, joining the struggle for women's right to vote. The dedication of suffragettes like Besse, after some four decades of struggle by a fierce women's movement, resulted in the United States finally recognizing women as having the same right to vote as men, awarding them equal voting rights in all states. Besse's home state of Tennessee would prove the state which tipped the balance, being the 36th state needed to ratify and thus approve the Nineteenth Amendment be added to the U.S. Constitution in August 1920. She worked as a school teacher until the time of America's entrance to World War I in 1917, when she moved to Georgia. She taught in the Walton County town of Between until 1929, being the principal teacher in a one-room schoolhouse. She was married to Luther Cooper from 1924 until his death in 1963 with whom she had four children. She also had eleven grandchildren, thirteen great-grandchildren and two great-great-grandchildren. In her final years, Cooper lived in a nursing home in Monroe, Georgia. +In August 2012, a bridge in Between was named the "Besse Brown Cooper Bridge" in her honour. +Longevity records. +She is also one of the 3 people to have lost the title of the oldest person but later regained it, the other two being Jeanne Calment and Elizabeth Bolden. +Death. +Cooper died of respiratory failure on December 4, 2012 at age 116 years, 100 days, and was succeeded as the oldest living person by Italian-born Americanwoman Dina Manfredini, who died just 13 days later. With Cooper's death, Gertrude Weaver become the oldest living person born in the United States. + += = = University of Bristol = = = +The University of Bristol is a red brick university in Bristol, southwest England. Some studies rate it as one of the top 30 universities in the world. It has about 14 applicants for every undergraduate place. + += = = James Lovelock = = = +James Ephraim Lovelock CH CBE FRS (26 July 1919 – 26 July 2022) was an English independent scientist. He became an environmentalist and futurist. He was best known for proposing the Gaia hypothesis. This suggests the biosphere is a self-regulating system. +After the development of an instrument in the late 1960s, Lovelock was the first to detect the widespread presence of CFCs in the atmosphere. He found a concentration of 60 parts per trillion of CFC-11 over Ireland. He went on to measure the concentration of CFC-11 from the northern hemisphere to the Antarctic aboard the research ship RRS "Shackleton". +Gaia. +Lovelock developed his Gaia ideas after working for NASA on detecting life on Mars. +The Gaia hypothesis proposes that living and non-living parts of the Earth form a complex interacting system that can be thought of as a single organism. Named after the Greek goddess Gaia at the suggestion of novelist William Golding, the idea is that the biosphere has a regulatory effect on the Earth's environment which acts to sustain life. +While the idea was readily accepted by many in the environmentalist community, it has not been widely accepted by other scientists. Among its more famous critics are the evolutionary biologists Richard Dawkins, Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould. Lovelock has responded to these criticisms with models such as Daisyworld, which illustrate how individual-level effects can translate to planetary homeostasis, under the right circumstances. +Global warming. +In Lovelock's 2006 book, "The Revenge of Gaia", he argues that the destruction of rainforests weakens Gaia's capacity to control greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. If so, the planet's negative feedbacks would weaken, and global warming would continue to increase. +The warming of the oceans is extending the oceanic thermocline layer of tropical oceans over the Arctic and Antarctic waters. This would prevent the rise of oceanic nutrients into the surface waters and eliminate the algal blooms of phytoplankton. As phytoplankton and forests are the main ways in which Gaia draws down carbon dioxide, taking it out of the atmosphere, the elimination of this environmental buffering will see, according to Lovelock, most of the earth becoming uninhabitable for humans and other life-forms by the middle of this century, with a massive extension of tropical deserts. This rather extreme view is held by only a few other scientists. +In his most recent book, "The Vanishing Face of Gaia", he suggests that we may already be beyond the tipping point of terrestrial climate into a permanently hot state. Given these conditions, Lovelock expects human civilization will be hard pressed to survive. He expects the change to be similar to the PaleoceneEocene Thermal Maximum when atmospheric concentration of CO2 was 450 ppm. At that point the Arctic Ocean was 23 °C and had crocodiles in it, with the rest of the world mostly scrub and desert. +Climate engineering. +In September 2007, Lovelock and Chris Rapley proposed the construction of ocean pumps to pump water up from below the thermocline to "fertilize algae in the surface waters and encourage them to bloom". The basic idea was to accelerate the transfer of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean by increasing photosynthesis and increasing the export of organic carbon (as "marine snow") to the deep ocean. A scheme similar to that proposed by Lovelock and Rapley is being independently developed by a commercial company. +Lovelock subsequently said that his proposal was intended to stimulate interest, and research would be the next step. +Death. +Lovelock died on 26 July 2022, his 103rd birthday, at his home in Dorset, England from problems caused by a fall. + += = = DIN connector = = = +A DIN connector is a type of round electronic connector. It is named for the Deutsches Institut für Normung, the German national standards regulator. DIN plugs can be used in audio systems and MIDI connections.The Mini-DIN connector is similar but smaller. Before USB connectors, keyboards and mice used mini-DIN connectors. + += = = XLR connector = = = +XLR connector is a type of electronic connector that is mostly used with audio technology. Balanced and unbalanced circuits are possible with XLR when using monosignal per one XLR connection. Sound quality improves with a balanced circuit because noise is reduced, especially with microphones where the signal is often weak. + += = = Jayne Meadows = = = +Jayne Meadows (who was born as Jane Cotter; September 27, 1919 – April 27, 2015) was an American movie and stage actress. She was the older sister for the deceased actress Audrey Meadows. She was married to Steve Allen. Meadows was nominated for three Emmy Awards. Meadows was born in Wu-ch'ang, Heilongjiang, China to an American family. +Meadows died of natural causes at her home in Encino, California, aged 95. + += = = Line level = = = +Line level is the strength of an audio signal. An audio signal transfers sound, for example to CD players and cassette players. It is much higher than microphone level, which can be only a couple of millivolts. A line level signal can be connected to an amplifier which sends the signal to loudspeakers with much higher power. +A preamplifier is a device that can make the line level higher. It can boost a microphone's weak audio signal. + += = = Objectification = = = +Objectification refers to the treating of an abstract concept as a real thing. +Objectification may also refer to sexual objectification. + += = = Kim Campbell = = = +Avril Phædra Douglas "Kim" Campbell (known as Kim Campbell) (born March 10, 1947), is a Canadian politician, lawyer, diplomat, and writer who was the 19th Prime Minister of Canada from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. +Biography. +Kim Campbell was born on March 10, 1947, in Port Alberni, British Columbia. Her Parents were George Thomas Campbell and Phyllis "Lisa" Cook. +She entered the PC Party leadership race after Prime Minister Brian Mulroney announced his retirement from politics. She defeated Jean Charest at the Progressive Conservative leadership convention and was appointed Prime Minister on June 25, 1993 by Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn. She served as Prime Minister from June 25, 1993 to November 4, 1993. She was the first and only to date female Prime Minister of Canada, the first Prime Minister to have been born in British Columbia and the first Prime Minister to be a baby boomer. +When Campbell became Prime Minister, there had to be a general election. This is because elections in Canada have to take place at least every five years. During the 1993 federal election campaign, she became very unpopular after the writ was dropped. Because of this, on the day of the election, the Progressive Conservatives won only two seats in Parliament. Campbell lost her own seat. + += = = Joy Davidman = = = +Joy Davidman (born Helen Joy Davidman; 18 April 1915 – 13 July 1960) was an American poet and writer. She was Jewish and of Polish and Ukrainian descent. She won the Yale Series of Younger Poets Competition in 1938 and the Russell Loines Award for Poetry in 1939 for her book of poems, "Letter to a Comrade". She was the author of several books, including two novels. She was also the wife of C. S. Lewis. She died of bone cancer four years after the marriage. + += = = Girma Wolde-Giorgis = = = +Girma Wolde-Giorgis (December 28, 1924 – December 15, 2018) was an Ethiopian politician and was the President of Ethiopia from 2001 to 2013. +Biography. +Girma Wolde-Giorgis was born in December 28, 1924, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. +He went to school at the Ethiopian Orthodox Church school and he later joined the Teferi Mekonnen School in Addis Ababa until the Italian invasion of Ethiopia. He was elected the President of Ethiopia as a surprise choice on 8 October 2001 by a unanimous vote of the Ethiopian Parliament. On 9 October 2007, he was re-elected as president. +Mulatu Teshome was elected the President of Ethiopia by a unanimous parliamentary vote on 7 October 2013. +Wolde-Giorgis died on December 15, 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia at the age of 93. + += = = Hydrometer = = = +A hydrometer is an instrument used to measure the specific gravity (or relative density) of liquids; that is, the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water it is used as water +A hydrometer is usually made of glass and consists of a cylindrical stem and a bulb weighted with mercury or lead shot to make it float upright. The liquid to be tested is poured into a tall container, often a graduated cylinder, and the hydrometer is gently lowered into the liquid until it floats freely. The point at which the surface of the liquid touches the stem of the hydrometer is noted. Hydrometers usually contain a scale inside the stem, so that the specific gravity can be read directly. A variety of scales exist, and are used depending on the context. +Hydrometers may be calibrated for different uses, such as a lactometer for measuring the density (creaminess) of milk, a saccharometer for measuring the density of sugars in a liquid, or an alcoholometer for measuring higher levels of alcohol in spirits. + += = = Hygrometer = = = +A hygrometer is a meteorological instrument that is used to measure the humidity of the air. A common way these devices work is by using a material that attracts moisture. This material changes depending on how hydrated it is. +A hygrometer has two bulbs: one wet and one dry. Both bulbs are like thermometers, though one is covered with a wet or dry towel. After a period of time, the water on the bulb evaporates and at that time, the temperature is measured on each bulb. The difference between the temperatures is noted. Then each of the temperatures are used on a chart to find the relative humidity of that temperature and area. Relative humidity is a ratio, so it has no unit. A small difference between the temperature of the bulbs shows a high relative humidity coming from a low evaporation rate. In dry air, evaporation takes place faster showing a large difference in temperature thus giving a low relative humidity. +Sling psychrometer. +A sling psychrometer works when the scientist spins two thermometers through the air, one plain and one with a wet cloth around it. The dry thermometer measures the air temperature. The wet thermometer measures the dew point, because the wet cloth is cooled as the thermometer spins. Since the water on the cloth evaporates, due to latent heat, which is the loss of heat energy when matter goes through a phase change, the cloth cools. Then, the thermometer measures the temperature of the cloth. Eventually the cloth will match the amount of water absorbed in it with the amount of water absorbed in the air, or the humidity. When the matching happens, the temperature will stabilize. Then, the scientist looks on a table to find the dew point according to the air temperature and humidity measured by the wet bulb. + += = = Gondola lift = = = +A gondola lift is a type of public transport. It consists of cabins fixed to a cable that travels between two stations. The cable is moved around by motors at the stations and is lifted from the ground by towers. A gondola lift is similar to a cable car, and sometimes it is called like that. However, unlike a cable car a gondola lift contains many cabins that go around at the same time. Usually the cabins slow down at the stations to allow passengers to get in or out. +Gondola lifts are mainly used in skiing resorts to transport tourists up and down the mountains. +List of incidents. +The National Ski Areas Association reports 0.138 deaths per 100 million miles transported compared to 1.23 for cars. + += = = John A. Roche = = = +John A. Roche (August 12, 1844 – February 10, 1904) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1887–1889). He was a Republican. +Roche was born on August 12, 1844 in Utica, New York. Roche died on February 10, 1904 in Chicago from a type of poisoning, aged 59. + += = = DeWitt Clinton Cregier = = = +DeWitt Clinton Cregier (June 1, 1829 – November 9, 1898) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1889 to 1891. He was a Democrat. +Cregier was born on June 1, 1829 in New York City, New York. He was married to Mary Sophia Foggin. They had ten children. Cregier died on November 9, 1898 in Chicago, Illinois from pneumonia, aged 69. He is buried in Rosehill Cemetery in Lincoln Square, Chicago. + += = = Hempstead Washburne = = = +Hempstead Washburne (November 11, 1852 – April 13, 1919) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois from 1891 to 1893. He was a member of the Republican Party. +Washburne was born on November 11, 1852 in Galena, Illinois. Washburne died on April 13, 1919 in Chicago, Illinois, aged 66. + += = = John Patrick Hopkins = = = +John Patrick Hopkins (October 29, 1858 – October 13, 1918) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1893–1895). He was a Democrat. +Hopkins was born on October 29, 1858, in Buffalo, New York. He was never married. Hopkins died on October 13, 1918, in Chicago, Illinois from a flu, aged 59. + += = = Jeonju = = = +The city of Jeonju was the political, economic and cultural center in the Honam Plain, Korea’s most fertile farmland that encompasses today’s South and North Jeolla Provinces. The first historic records about the city come from the Unified Silla Period. Back then, the city was called Wansanju. After the Unified Silla was divided, Jeonju served as the capital of the late Baekje, one of the kingdoms set up after the breakup of the Unified Silla. Coming to the Joseon period, Jeonju became even more important as the city was the birthplace of the first ancestor of Lee Sung-gae, the first king of the Joseon Dynasty. +Known as a city with 1000-year history, Jeonju is also promoted as a gateway to traditional Korean culture and gastronomy. The Hanok Village in Jeonju is one of the most famous tourist attractions that many Koreans and foreigners visit every year. The Hanok Village, where traditional Korean houses from the Joseon Period are preserved, offers traditional Korean cuisine, hanji, or traditional Korean paper, and oriental medicine. Tourists can get a hands-on experience at various tourist facilities and historic sites in the city. +UNESCO has officially designated Jeonju as a City of Gastronomy. The flavorful foods Jeonju offers are widely known among Koreans as well, and there are many restaurants in Korea that claim that they have originated from Jeonju. Two most famous foods from Jeonju are bibimbap and a bean sprout soup called kongnamulgukbap. Bibimbap is a dish that mixes rice with sautéed vegetables, meat, eggs, and hot red-pepper paste and offered in a bowl. Different ingredients blend in well to create a harmonious taste. Kongnamulgukbap is a bean sprout soup offered with rice in it. It seems a simple dish to make. But it has a very special taste that also comes from a mix of different ingredients put it to make the soup broth. + += = = Frank J. Corr = = = +Frank J. Corr (January 12, 1877 – June 3, 1934) was an American politician. He was the acting mayor of Chicago, Illinois in 1933 after the assassination of Anton Cermak. Corr was a Democrat. +Corr was born on January 12, 1877 in Brooklyn, New York. His family moved to Chicago in 1890. Corr was married to Mary Corr. They had no children. Corr died on June 3, 1934 in Chicago, Illinois from a heart attack, aged 57. + += = = Edward Joseph Kelly = = = +Edward Joseph Kelly (May 1, 1876 – October 20, 1950) was an American politician who was mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1933–1947) for the Demoratic Party. +Kelly was born on May 1, 1876 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Mary Edmond Roche from 1910 until her death in 1918. They had one child. Then he was married to Margaret Ellen Kirk from 1922 until his death in 1950. They had three children. Kelly died on October 20, 1950 in Chicago, Illinois from heart failure, aged 74. + += = = Backpacking (travel) = = = +Backpacking is a form of low-cost and basically independent travel. Backpacker is the term for those who travel by carrying a light backpack for a relatively long period of time. +The cost of backpacking depends on the duration of traveling. No matter how long they are planning to travel, backpackers also need to spend money on eating, sleeping and moving. Backpacking travel type minimizes the cost by choosing cheap accommodation, such as youth hostels. One of the popular ones is Youth Hostels Association (YHA). Many hostels are registered with YHA, and they have common standards. Depending on room types and season, the cost varies from $10 to $60 per night. Sometimes backpackers book accommodations at low rate and stay as a paying guest while on a long journey. Portals like airbnb.com, isearchrentals.com accumulates such kind of paying guest accommodations +Backpackers are highly connected to each other. They get information not only from the internet, but also from a bulletin board of their accommodation, Backpackers. They share their information how to get to the destination wisely and about shops or restaurants on the bulletin board. Some backpackers depend on couch surfing, not spending money on accommodation, visiting local people's houses. There are Backpackers Group in reach region, who plan their trip on regular intervals year around. + += = = Martin H. Kennelly = = = +Martin H. Kennelly (August 11, 1887 – November 29, 1961) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1947–1955). He was a member of the Democratic Party. +Kennelly was born on August 11, 1887 in Chicago, Illinois. He was never married and had no children. Kennelly died on November 29, 1961 from heart failure, aged 74. + += = = Starship Troopers = = = +Starship Troopers is a 1997 American science fiction action adventure thriller movie. It was released on November 7, 1997. The gross amount of money the movie made was $65,000,000 (worldwide). The companies that helped make the movie TriStar Pictures, Touchstone Pictures and Big Bug Pictures. "Starship Troopers" was directed by Paul Verhoeven. +Story. +Starship Troopers is about an interplanetary war between the Humans (Mobile Infantry) and large insect-like aliens in the 23rd century. It is about the experience of Johnny Rico, one of 3 close friends who join up to fight the bugs before his hometown of Buenos Aires is destroyed by the aliens. + += = = Trifles = = = +Trifles is a one-act play by Susan Glaspell. She wrote a short story "A Jury of Her Peers". She adapted the story from the play a year after its debut. It was first shown to the public by the Provincetown Players at the Wharf Theatre in Provincetown, Massachusetts on August 8, 1916. In the original play, Glaspell played the role of one of the characters, Mrs. Hale. It frequently appears in American literature textbooks. +Background. +The play is about the murder of John Hossack. Glaspell reported on the murder while she was working as a news journalist for the Des Moines Daily News. People thought that Hossack's wife, Margaret, killed her husband. However, Margaret argued that someone had entered the house and killed John with an axe. She was found out to be guilty, but Susan Glaspell could not forget about the accident. +Feminist drama. +"Trifles" is an example of early feminist drama. There are two female characters: Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale. They had the ability to sympathize with the victim's wife, Minnie. Therefore, they could find the evidence against her while the men could not find the evidence because of their cold, emotionless search of material facts. The female characters find the body of a canary. Its neck was twisted and it was killed in the same way as John Wright, who was the dead husband. They can find out from the evidence that Minnie was the murderer, and they appear to empathize with her situation. Clearly, the wife is symbolized by the caged bird, a common symbol of women's roles in society. The plot ends with the two women hiding the evidence against Minnie. +The male characters have prejudice. They believed that they can discover nothing important in areas of the house where Minnie spent most time. Because of their prejudice, they overlook important clues that are "trifles" to them, while women concern about the clues. Male characters search the barn and the bedroom, places where men have power, rather than the kitchen, the only place where a woman would be powerful. One important line, spoken by the sheriff, says of the kitchen "Nothing here but kitchen things." The main reason of their failure of finding the evidence is that they ignored the importance of woman's life and did not want to enter the "woman's sphere". The most important evidence, the dead canary that the two women find, was hidden in Minnie's sewing basket. +After they find the evidence, the two women face the moral dilemma of telling the men about the motive or protecting Minnie because they see Minnie as a victim. Their choice raises questions about solidarity among women, the meaning of justice, and the role of women in society as a source of justice. +Symbolism. +As the women note, Minnie used to sing before she married John Wright. Martha thinks that Minnie could not sing or do anything that makes her happy because of her husband. Martha also thinks that Minnie's spirit was dead when she got married. The writer symbolizes it in the strangling of her songbird companion. +Minnie is similar to her kitchen and sewing things. The cold weather freezes and breaks her preserve jars. That symbolizes the cold environment of her home breaking her spirit. In addition, the coldness cause the characters to fail to empathize each other. +The male characters are clear symbols of "law" and cold rationality, while the women are intuitive. They raise questions of the value of rational thought. +Modern Theater. +One thing unique in this play is that the main "players" in the murder, Minnie (the murderer) and John Wright (the murdered) never appear on stage. Other characters describe their lives and personalities. +Characters. +• John Wright, the murdered Husband in the beginning of the Play +• Minnie Wright, main focus of the play and suspect of her husband's murder + += = = SSG Landers = = = +The SSG Landers, known as the SK Wyverns from 2000 to 2020, is a professional baseball team in South Korea. It was established in 2000. The team is based in Incheon and plays home games at Incheon SSG Landers Field. The mascot of this team was a wyvern, a king of dragons, while it was known as the SK Wyverns. Now, the mascot of this team is a dog. +History. +In the 2000 season, the Ssangbangwool Raiders, a team that had previously represented the North Jeolla region since 1991, was dissolved because of the bankruptcy of the Ssangbangwool Group. Then the KBO appointed SK company as a supporter of the new team, and SK determined its team name as SK Wyverns. So the Raiders and the Wyverns has no historical links although the Wyverns consisted of many players from the Raiders. +The Hyundai Unicorns, a team that had previously represented Incheon, went to Suwon, and the SK Wyverns became new Incheon team. It advanced the first Korean Series in 2003, where somewhat ironically, it was defeated by the Hyundai Unicorns in seven games. +Records. +In 2007, under the new director Kim Sung-keun, SK defeated the Doosan Bears in six games to win the 2007 Korean Series - the first time the franchise had won the Korean Series - after finishing the league in first place. They became the first team in Korean Series history to win after losing the first two games. Designated Hitter Kim Jae-hyun was the series MVP. +SK went to the Korean Series again in 2008, once again facing their main rivals, Doosan Bears. In a repeat of 2007, SK defeated Doosan and became the Korean Series Champions again. Choi Jeong, 21 year old 3rd baseman, was the series MVP. +In 2009, in spite of many injured players, SK advanced the Korean Series again, but they were defeated by the KIA Tigers in 7 games. However, in 2010, it regained the champion title by defeating Samsung Lions. In the next two years, SK lost to Samsung in the Korean Series. + += = = Michael Anthony Bilandic = = = +Michael Anthony Bilandic (February 13, 1923 – January 15, 2002) was an American politician. He was the mayor of Chicago, Illinois (1976-1979). He was a member of the Democratic Party. He became mayor after being elected by the Chicago City Council to become acting mayor, upon the death of Richard J. Daley, beating Wilson Frost. +Bilandic was born on February 13, 1923 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at DePaul University. He was married to Heather Morgan. Bilandic died on January 15, 2002 in Chicago, Illinois from heart failure, aged 78. + += = = Jean Baptiste Point du Sable = = = +Jean Baptiste Point du Sable (before 1750 – August 18, 1818) was the founder of the city of Chicago, Illinois in c. 1770s. Point du Sable was the first person to live in the city. He settled around where today the Chicago River is located at. He left Chicago in 1800. +Point du Sable was born around the 1750s. His birthplace is not known. Many people say that he was born in Haiti. Point du Sable died on August 18, 1818 in St. Charles, Missouri. + += = = Lester L. Bond = = = +Lester Legrant Bond (October 27, 1829 – April 15, 1903) was an American politician. He was the acting Mayor of Chicago, Illinois from August 18, 1873 through December 1, 1873 when Joseph Medill left for Europe. +Bond was born on October 27, 1829 in Ravenna, Ohio. He was married to Mary Aspenwell. They had a daughter, Laura Bond. Bond died on April 15, 1903 in Chicago, Illinois from a stroke, aged 73. + += = = Thomas Hoyne = = = +Thomas Hoyne (February 11, 1817 – July 27, 1883) was an American politician who was elected as the Mayor of Chicago in 1875. Since Honye was an Independent, there was never a Democrat or Republican who wanted to run for mayor at the time. But after his victory, he did not wanted to be the mayor because of the conflict and might ruin his career. +Hoyne was born on February 11, 1817 in New York City, New York. He was married to Leonora Maria Temple. They had seven children. Hoyne was killed on July 27, 1883 in Carlton, New York in a train crash, aged 66. + += = = David Duvall Orr = = = +David Duvall Orr (born October 4, 1944) is an American Democratic politician from Chicago, Illinois. He was the mayor of Chicago from November 25, 1987 through December 2, 1987. He became the mayor after the death of Harold Washington. +Orr was born on October 4, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Loretta Lim. They had four children. Orr now lives in Chicago, Illinois. + += = = Héctor Camacho = = = +Hector Camacho (May 24, 1962 – November 24, 2012) was a Puerto Rican boxing performer known for his quickness in the ring. He held three world championships: one in the super featherweight, one in the lightweight and one in the junior welterweight boxing weight divisions. His boxing career lasted for almost 30 years. On November 20, 2012, the boxer died on November 24 after being shot while he sat inside a vehicle close to a bar in Puerto Rico. He was 50 years old. + += = = Voiced consonant = = = +In phonetics, a voiced consonant is a consonant which is pronounced with the vibration of the vocal cords. For example, the sound [] is a voiced consonant (specifically a sibilant), while [] is not, and it is called a voiceless consonant. You can feel when your vocal cords are vibrating by putting your finger at your larynx, or the Adam's apple. +Here are some examples of voiced and voiceless consonant pairs in English: +Many languages have pairs of consonants like these. + += = = Dyke (geology) = = = +A dyke (or dike) is when later molten lava pushes up between older rock layers. This produces later vertical rock between older layers of rock. +Technically, it is any geologic body which cuts across: a) flat wall rock structures, such as bedding. b) massive rock formations, usually igneous in origin. Dykes can therefore be either pushed in between (intrusive) or laid down (sedimentary) in origin. +The most usual thing that happens is that later volcanic activity pushes lava through strata which were laid down earlier in a sedimentary fashion, or through earlier igneous rocks. On the Isle of Arran, for example, there are hundreds of igneous dykes. This gives rise to the term dyke swarm. +Alternatively, sedimentary rocks can be laid down in vertical gaps between strata. Or, after underwater earthquakes, gaps caused by the earthquake can be filled in with breccia, that is, broken rocks. +Dykes are a common, almost universal, feature of the older Palaeozoic rocks. Another type of intrusion is the sill, where later rock is formed between older layers, not through them. So dykes are vertical intrusions, and sills are horizontal intrusions. Many magmatic events produce both vertical and horizontal intrusions. +Dyke swarms can be seen on other planets. + += = = Angie Dickinson = = = +Angeline Dickinson (née Brown; born September 30, 1931) is an American actress. She starred in the features "Dressed to Kill" and "Pay it Forward". She was also the star of the television series "Police Woman". Her daughter Nikki (born in 1966) committed suicide in January 2007. + += = = Sill (geology) = = = +In geology, a sill is a flat sheet-like intrusion. As molten magma, it pushed between older layers of rock. The older rock may be sedimentary rock, beds of volcanic lava or tuff, or metamorphic rock. +The sill does not cut across preexisting rocks, unlike dykes. Sills are fed by dykes as they form from a lower magma source. The existing rocks must split to create the planes along which the magma moves in. These planes or weakened areas allow the intrusion of a thin sheet-like body of magma paralleling the existing strata. When it cools and crystallises, it is then a sill. + += = = Enantiomer = = = +In chemistry, an enantiomer is a special kind of isomer. It is a molecule that looks exactly like another one when viewed in a mirror. The subject of mirror-image chemicals is known as chirality. +If you try to put the two molecules on top of each other, they will not be the same (they will not superimpose). This is because they have one chiral centre. It is important that they only have one, otherwise the two molecules are called diastereoisomers. +Both enantiomers of a molecule have the same basic properties. For example, they have the same boiling point and NMR spectrum. Therefore they are difficult to separate. It is sometimes very important to separate them because in some drug molecules one enantiomer might have the right effect but the other might be dangerous. One famous example is thalidomide: one enantiomer of the molecule causes birth defects. +Difference between a chiral molecule and enantiomers. +A chiral molecule is a molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image, while enantiomers are the set (all of) the molecules which are mirror images of eachother +Molecule A and B have mirror images (A' and B' respectively). A' and B' are not superimposable on A and B, thus, both A and B are chiral molecules since their mirrors are not the same as the originals, but only [ A and A' ] and/or [ B and B' ] are enantiomers. +In other words, a chiral molecule X is chiral if its image X' is not the same, while the set of both [ X and X' ] are enantiomers. + += = = Aldol reaction = = = +The aldol reaction is a very important reaction in organic chemistry. It allows to form new carbon-carbon bonds. It was discovered in 1872. +The reagents are two carbonyl compounds together with a base. A proton is removed from one of them forming a negative charge on the �-carbon (the carbon just next to the C-O double bond). The negative charge can then attack the other carbonyl compound, forming the bond. The product is a �-hydroxy carbonyl compound, a molecule with a C-O double bond and an alcohol two carbon atoms down the chain. This reaction is very powerful because it can form a big molecule from two smaller ones. +Modern ways of doing the aldol reaction also allow to control the stereochemistry of the product. This is a very good way to create new chiral centres. + += = = Robert Kuroda = = = +Robert Toshio Kuroda (November 8, 1922-October 20, 1944) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Kuroda was born in Hawaii. He was the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +Kuroda joined the Army in March 1943. +Kuroda volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in October 1944, Kuroda was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Kuroda's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Kuroda's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in France in 1944. Without help from others, he destroyed two machine gun nests. +Kuroda attacked two enemy machine gun positions. During the fighting, he was killed by a sniper. +The words of Kuroda's citation explain: +Staff Sergeant Robert T. Kuroda distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action, on 20 October 1944, near Bruyeres, France. Leading his men in an advance to destroy snipers and machine gun nests, Staff Sergeant Kuroda encountered heavy fire from enemy soldiers occupying a heavily wooded slope. Unable to pinpoint the hostile machine gun, he boldly made his way through heavy fire to the crest of the ridge. Once he located the machine gun, Staff Sergeant Kuroda advanced to a point within ten yards of the nest and killed three enemy gunners with grenades. He then fired clip after clip of rifle ammunition, killing or wounding at least three of the enemy. As he expended the last of his ammunition, he observed that an American officer had been struck by a burst of fire from a hostile machine gun located on an adjacent hill. Rushing to the officer's assistance, he found that the officer had been killed. Picking up the officer's submachine gun, Staff Sergeant Kuroda advanced through continuous fire toward a second machine gun emplacement and destroyed the position. As he turned to fire upon additional enemy soldiers, he was killed by a sniper. Staff Sergeant Kuroda's courageous actions and indomitable fighting spirit ensured the destruction of enemy resistance in the sector. Staff Sergeant Kuroda's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. +Namesake. +Robert Kuroda is the namesake of the US Army logistics support vessel, the "USS Robert T. Kuroda" (LSV-7). A parade ground at Fort DeRussy in Honolulu is named after Kuroda. + += = = Hyun-jin Ryu = = = +Ryu Hyun-Jin ( born March 25, 1987 in Incheon, Gyeonggi-do) is a South Korean professional baseball player. He is 6 ft 2 inches tall and weighs 215 lbs. He is a left-handed pitcher. +He plays for the Toronto Blue Jays. In the past, he played for the Los Angeles Dodgers. +Amateur career. +Ryu Hyun-Jin went to Dongsan High School in Incheon, South Korea. +In 2003, Ryu pitched for his school in the Michoohall National High School Championship. He recorded an 0.00 ERA in 3 games. +In 2004, he went through the Tommy John surgery. So he did not show up in any official games. +In 2005, he led his team to the top place of the Blue Dragon Open National High School Championship. He pitched 1.54 ERA in 53 and 2/3 Innings, earning 6 wins and 1 loss. +Professional career. +Ryu Hyun-Jin played well in the Amateur League. So Ryu was selected by the Hanwha Eagles as the 1st pick in 2006. His professional league debut was on April 12, 2006 pitching against LG Twins. That day he earned his first league win. He allowed only 3 hits and no runs for 7 and 1/3 innings. He became a sensation in the league from his debut. And finished the season with 18-6, 2.23 ERA and 205 strikeouts in 201 and 2/3 innings. In his first year, he got the pitching Triple Crown, and was named both Rookie of the year and Player of the Year. +Since then, Ryu kept his place as a top pitcher in the league. And he won many personal titles. +International career. +In August 2008, Ryu played for the South Korea national baseball team in the 2008 Beijing Olympics. The South Korea national baseball team won the gold medal. For this, Ryu does not have to join the Military for 2 years like other men in South Korea. +In March 2009, he played for the South Korea national baseball team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic. His team finished in second place. +In 2010, Ryu played in the 2010 Asian Games. The South Korea national baseball team won the gold medal. +Desire to play in the Major League Baseball. +Ryu always showed his wish to play in the Major League Baseball. The Korea Baseball Organization allows their players to make a contract with a Major League team after playing 7 years in the Korean League. But the agreement of the player's original team is needed. After the 2012 season, Ryu used this rule to play in the Major League Baseball league. The Los Angeles Dodgers suggested $25,737,737.33 to get the agreement from his original team, the Hanwha Eagles. Hanwha Eagles accepted the suggestion, and the Los Angeles Dodgers and Ryu agreed on his salary and contract years on December 10, 2012. + += = = Skyfall = = = +Skyfall is a 2012 spy movie and the twenty-third in the "James Bond" series produced by Eon Productions. The movie is the third to star Daniel Craig as fictional MI6 agent James Bond and includes Javier Bardem as Raoul Silva, the villain, and Judi Dench, as M. It was directed by Sam Mendes and written by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and John Logan, and features the theme song "Skyfall", written and performed by Adele. It was distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The movie centres around Bond investigating an attack on MI6; the attack is part of a plot by former MI6 operative Raoul Silva to humiliate, discredit and kill M as revenge against her for betraying him. It sees the return of two recurring characters after an absence of two movies: Q, played by Ben Whishaw, and Miss Moneypenny, played by Naomie Harris. +Mendes was approached to direct after the release of "Quantum of Solace" in 2008. Development was suspended when MGM ran into financial trouble, and did not resume until MGM emerged from bankruptcy in December 2010; meanwhile the original screenwriter, Peter Morgan, left the project. When production resumed, Logan, Purvis, and Wade continued writing what became the final version. Filming began in November 2011, primarily in the United Kingdom, with smaller portions shot in China and Turkey. +"Skyfall" premiered at the Royal Albert Hall, London, on 23 October 2012 and was released in the UK on 26 October and in North America on 9 November. It was the first James Bond movie to be screened in IMAX venues, although it was not filmed with IMAX cameras. The release coincided with the 50th anniversary of the series, which began with "Dr. No" in 1962. "Skyfall" was very well received by critics, who praised its screenplay, acting (particularly by Craig, Bardem, and Dench), Mendes's direction, Deakins's cinematography, Thomas Newman's musical score, and action sequences. It was the fourteenth movie to gross over $1 billion worldwide, and the only "James Bond" movie to do so. It became the seventh-highest-grossing movie of all time, the highest-grossing movie in the UK, the highest-grossing movie in the series, the highest-grossing movie worldwide for both Sony Pictures and MGM, and the second-highest-grossing movie of 2012. The movie won several accolades, including two Academy Awards, two BAFTA Awards and two Grammy Awards. +The next movie in the series, "Spectre", was released in North America in November 2015, with Craig reprising his role, Sony Pictures returning to distribute, and Mendes returning to direct. + += = = Tomb of Zechariah = = = +The Tomb of Zechariah (Zechariah Ben Jehoiada) is a famous grave in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery, Jerusalem. + += = = Tomb of Absalom = = = +Tomb of Absalom () is a famous monument grave. According to the Jewish religion, it is the tomb of Absalom, son of King David. The monument is next to the Tomb of Zechariah monument grave in Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in Jerusalem. + += = = Tomb of Nicanor = = = +The Tomb of Nicanor (also called the Cave of Nicanor) is a famous ancient cave. According to the Jewish tradition, this is the grave of Nicanor, who built the doors on the First Temple in Jerusalem. Two famous Zionist activists were buried there: Leon Pinsker and Menachem Ussishkin. +National Pantheon of Israel. +They planned to turn it into a national pantheon (monument) for the Jewish people. After the establishment of the state of Israel the national pantheon was established on Mount Herzl in the west side of the city. The cave is located in the National Botanic Garden of Israel in the campus of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Mount Scopus. + += = = Bezalel Academy of Art and Design = = = +Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design is the national academy of art and design of Israel. It is located in Mount Scopus, with some other small campuses in Jerusalem and Tel Aviv. + += = = Bahá'í World Centre = = = +The Bahá'í World Centre is the headquarters of the Bahá'í Faith. It is located in Haifa, Israel on Mount Carmel. The Bahá'í World Centre includes the World Bahá'í Archive, Universal House of Justice of the Baha'i Faith, International Center for advisors, and the Scripture Study Center. There are many Baha'i believers in Haifa and Acre. + += = = Eddie Bracken = = = +Edward Vincent "Eddie" Bracken (February 7, 1915 – November 14, 2002) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in "The Miracle of Morgan's Creek", "Fun on a Week-end", "Baby's Day Out", "", and in "We're Not Married!". +Bracken was born on February 7, 1915 in Queens, New York. He was married to Connie Nickerson from 1939 until her death in 2002. They had five children. Bracken died on November 14, 2002 in Glen Ridge, New Jersey after going into surgery, aged 87. + += = = David Newell = = = +David Newell (born November 24, 1938) is an American television and voice actor who is known for his television role as Mr. McFeely in "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". He also voiced the character in "Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood". In 2018, he appeared in the Fred Rogers documentary "Won't You Be My Neighbor?". +Newell was born on November 24, 1938 in O'Hara Township, Pennsylvania. He was raised in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Newell studied at Pittsburgh University. + += = = Medical assistant = = = +A medical assistant (sometimes called an MA) is a medical professional who works in medical settings along with doctors and nurses. They do things to help doctors and nurses with their jobs, and may perform many different tasks. +Some medical assistants are similar in some ways to a nurse. They take care of patients in hospitals and other medical facilities, and they perform other tasks to help run the office. They are different from a nurse mainly in that medical assistants cannot plan out what a patient's care will be like. They can only do what a nurse or a doctor instruct them to do. +Other types of medical assistants work in the reception area of a doctor's office, similar to a secretary. These medical assistants may file paperwork, update medical records, and greet patients. +Education. +Medical assistants usually go to school for between one and two years. They may hold an associate's degree, or in some cases a certificate if they already have an associate's degree in something else. +Pay range. +Medical assistants tend to earn between $20,000 and $40,000 a year in salary. Factors that influence a Medical Assistant's salary can be their location, the amount of training they have, the amount of time they've been working as a medical assistant, and the skills they've learned while working. + += = = Scalping = = = +Scalping is the act of removing the scalp, or a part of the scalp, from a dead body or another living person. The scalp would serve as a trophy from battle or proof of a warrior's skill. Scalping was also done for money, when the scalper was given a certain amount of money as a reward for each scalp of the enemy they acquired. +Scalping was often done during the colonisation of North America. It was practised by certain nations of Native Americans, but this was not the norm. It was also done by European colonists. Some United States and Mexican territories paid bounties for enemy Native American scalps. +In Australia, scalping of dingos was a widespread form of bounty hunting. It began in 1912, when the government of South Australia decided to pay people money for dingo scalps, to reduce attacks on livestock. This was also done in Western Australia and the Northern Territory. + += = = Angkaliya Curtis = = = +Angkaliya Curtis (born c. 1928) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She paints animals from the central Australian desert. +Early life. +Curtis was born around 1928, at a place called Miti, in north-western South Australia. Her family are Pitjantjatjara people. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the desert, often walking long distances from place to place in search of food and water. While living in the bush with her family, Curtis learned about the sacred law of the land from her mother and grandmother. They taught her about the Dreamtime and her family's spiritual ancestors, about bush food and traditional healing. She also learned about traditional crafts. She made ceremonial belts and "" (head rings) by spinning hair on a hand-made spindle. +When Curtis was still a child, she travelled with her mother to what is now Watarru, her mother's homeland. The family lived for a time on cattle stations, and traded dingo scalps and rabbit skins for flour, tea and sugar. They later settled on the mission at Ernabella. When she was older, Curtis married a man named Bill, and worked at Ernabella spinning wool and making rugs. +In the 1960s, she moved back west (closer to her homeland) when the outstation at Amaṯa was established. She now lives at Nyapaṟi. +Artwork. +Curtis is best known for her acrylic paintings, but she is also still involved in traditional handicraft work (making grass baskets and wooden carvings). The most visible motif in Curtis' paintings are her representations of animals. Her works stand out against other artists from her region because of her subtle use of colours. +Her work has been exhibited around Australia since 2007. It was first shown internationally in 2010, in San Sebastian, Spain. Examples of her paintings are displayed in the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, the Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, the National Gallery of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the Australian National University. +Curtis was a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010 and 2011. She was also one of 16 finalists for the Western Australian Indigenous Art Award in 2011. + += = = Dickie Minyintiri = = = +Dickie Minyintiri (c. 1915 – 23 September 2014) was an Australian Aboriginal artist from Pukatja, South Australia. He began painting in 2005, when he was about 90 years old. After winning the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2011, he became a very successful artist. He ws said to be the oldest artist at Pukatja, and also the community's most senior lawman (a keeper of "Tjukurpa" or sacred knowledge). +Life. +Minyintiri was born into a Pitjantjatjara family some time around 1915. He was born in the bush at Pilpirinyi, Western Australia, near the border with South Australia. His childhood was spent living nomadically in the desert with his family. Their homelands were spread over a large area along the border, but they often travelled far to the east for ceremonies. They camped for several years around the Musgrave Ranges near what would later become the settlement of Ernabella. This was before the arrival of White people in the area. The family had their first contact with Western civilisation in the 1920s, when Minyintiri was still a child. They encountered a group of men on camels trying to pull a truck out of a bog. +Minyintiri and his family were there for the establishment of the mission settlement of Ernabella in 1937. They settled on the mission with several other Aboriginal families. Minyintiri has lived at Ernabella since then. He worked for most of his life as a shepherd and shearer. In his later years, he became a widely respected "" (traditional healer), and is now one of the most important elders in his community. Before he became a painter, Minyintiri crafted traditional wooden tools (mostly spears). +Minyintiri began painting at Ernabella Arts in late 2005. He painted at the art centre for a few hours each day, while his wife (now deceased) would wait outside with their dogs to keep her company. Minyintiri originally painted on paper, but now paints on canvas. His works have been shown in many group exhibitions since 2006, in most major Australian cities. The South Australian Museum was one of the first public galleries to show his work, which it did in a 2007 exhibition. +Artwork. +Most of Minyintiri's paintings are done using synthetic polymer paint on canvases. His earliest paintings were done on paper. His paintings are almost always multi-layered (several layers painted over the top of each other), with strong motifs and symbols representing landmarks or figures. Each layer represents a different memory or story. Because of his old age, Minyintiri only paints six to eight artworks a year. Nearly all of them are large canvases. +His paintings depict sacred stories from his Dreaming (a kind of spirituality). He paints songlines, or the journeys taken by the ancestral beings of his Dreaming country – such as the "kanyaḻa" (euro), "malu" (red kangaroo), "wiilu" (stone-curlew), "waru" (wallaby) and "kaḻaya" (emu). His art is often also a reflection of his younger life in the desert, before settling permanently at Ernabella. The religious elements of his works are always obscured, for cultural reasons. +Examples of Minyintiri's work are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the National Gallery of Australia. +NATSIAA. +In 2010, Minyintiri's painting ' ("Red Kangaroo Tracks") was chosen as a finalist for the 27th National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award. The award was won by Jimmy Donegan, another Pitjantjatjara artist, from Kalka. Minyintiri won the 28th NATSIAA in August 2011, for his painting ' ("Euro Tracks"). His work was chosen from over 300 entries, which had been reduced to 61 finalists. Minyintiri was about 96 at the time. With Donegan winning the award the year before, it was the second year in a row that an artist from the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands had won. +"" is a multi-layered synthetic painting, done on a large canvas. The background is made up of pale yellows and oranges, and is covered with a complex network of thick, ivory-coloured lines. Flashes of blue, black and pink peep through the surface lines. The judges praised Minyintiri for his subtle use of colour. His work was compared to the early batik works of Emily Kngwarreye. +The painting depicts a sacred men's ceremonial site near Pilpirinyi. The network of lines traces the tracks of ancestral spirits (kangaroos, dogs and emu) to important waterholes, where men also went for their ceremonies. Each layer and line is a memory of a journey Minyintiri has made. The painting is therefore a reflection of the artist's years of travelling his country, and an expression of his ancestral relationship to the land. + += = = 24 = = = +24 is a year in the 1st century. It was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Cethegus and Varro. + += = = 25 = = = +25 is a year in the 1st century. was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Agrippa + += = = Ambrose = = = +Saint Ambrose (c. 330 – 4 April 397) was an Archbishop of Milan. He is an important figure in the Catholic church, and the patron saint of Milan. +Saint Ambrose was one of the four original Doctors of the Church, the title given by the Catholic Church to saints for their significant contribution to theology or doctrine through their research study or writing. +The feast day is celebrated on December 7. + += = = Phu Quoc International Airport = = = +Phu Quoc International Airport is an airport on Phu Quoc Island, at the southern end of Vietnam. The construction began in November 2008 and finished in November 2012. It was opened on 2 December 2012, and replaced the old airport. The runway is long and wide. The current capacity is 2.6 million passengers per year and will be upraded to 4 million in 2020, 7 million in 2030. + += = = Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance = = = +The Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance (), is an Israeli academy for music and the performing arts. It is located in Jerusalem. Many famous Israeli artists studied there, such as the singer David D'or and the composer Nurit Hirsch. +The academy is a part of the Givat Ram campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. + += = = Ben Gurion International Airport = = = +Ben Gurion International Airport (, "") is an international airport in Tel Aviv, Israel. This airport is the main international airport in Israel and the largest airport in Israel. +The airport is named after the first Israeli prime minister David Ben-Gurion. + += = = Korean Augmentation to the United States Army = = = +Korean Augmentation to the United States Army (KATUSA) is a scheme of military duty in South Korea. Under this program, soldiers in the South Korean Army are given posts in U.S. Army bases that are located in several places in South Korea. KATUSA soldiers are under the command of both the South Korean Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Defense. The purpose of the KATUSA program has been different depending on the historical situation in Korea. +History. +The KATUSA system was established in July 1950 during the Korean War. It was started as a spoken agreement between President Syngman Rhee and U.S. General Douglas MacArthur. At that time, the U.S. Army needed a military force that had the proper knowledge of the geography of Korea, and the abilities to distinguish ally troops (South Korea) from enemy troops (North Korea) and communicate better between U.S. soldiers and Korean soldiers. Therefore, some were drafted to KATUSA by force, and others voluntarily (by their own choice) applied . After training, they were divided into the U.S. military, such as 2nd, 7th, 24th, 25th divisions. During the Korean Wars, a total 43,660 KATUSA soldiers fought for South Korea with U.S. forces. Of these soldiers, 11,365 went missing or were killed in action. +After a ceasefire agreement between the United States and North Korea, the U.S. government decided to keep the KATUSA system. It was kept so that KATUSA soldiers could make up for the instant shortage of U.S. forces from the military evacuation. The KATSUA soldiers could also help the American soldiers who stayed behind in Korea to keep a good relation with the Korean military. Therefore, the KATUSA system still has been operating in Korea with some changes in its method of operations. +Process. +Every South Korean male aged between 18 and 28 must do at least 18 months of military service. As of 2012, the Department of Defense recruits KATUSA soldiers for the next year every September. So people who want to perform their military duty under the KATUSA program apply for it in September. +The people applying must have at least one valid score among the various English competency tests: TOEIC, TEPS, TOEFL (PBT or IBT), G-TELP Level 2, FLEX. The Department of Defense has set cut-off points for each of these tests, which have changed over time. After the department finishes recruiting applicants, it randomly picks KATUSA soldiers for the next year who meet all the standards required. It announces the names of applicants who got accepted to be KATUSA on November of the same year. +When the time has come for the applicants to enter the military, they gather at Republic of Korea Army (ROKA) training camp, which is located at Nonsan-si, Chungcheongnam-do. Trainees have to finish all the basic training courses like any other ROKA soldier. These go for five weeks. After they finish the training, the soldiers with Private rank go to the KATUSA Training Academy (KTA), which is located at Uijeongbu. They get specialized trainings that help them to adapt to life in the U.S. Army, and to become "ambassadors" working for the mutual cooperation between South Korea and the United States. This training goes for 3 weeks. After this, trainees are assigned as soldiers to U.S. Army posts in South Korea. The placements are made according to several scores they get during training. + += = = Paloma Faith = = = +Paloma Faith (born Paloma Faith Blomfield on 21 July 1981) is an English singer, songwriter and actress. +She was born in Hackney and raised in Stoke Newington. Her latest album is called, "A Perfect Contradiction". In 2009 she won an award for European Top 100 Albums with her album, "Do You Want the Truth or Something Beautiful?". The singer met her managers Jamie Binns and Christian Wåhlberg in 2007. + += = = Darlington transistor = = = +A Darlington transistor, sometimes called "Darlington pair" is a transistor circuit that is made from two bipolar transistors. Sidney Darlington invented it at Bell Labs. It is like a transistor but it has much higher ability to gain current. The circuit can be made from two discrete transistors or it can be inside an integrated circuit. The hfe parameter with a Darlington transistor is each transistors hfe multiplied together. +The circuit is useful in audio amplifiers or in a probe that measures very small current that goes through water. +It is so sensitive that it can pick up the current in skin. If you connect it to a piece of metal, you can make a touch-sensitive button. + += = = Kaoru Moto = = = +Kaoru Moto (April 25, 1917-August 26, 1992) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Moto was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +Ten months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the US Army in March 1941. +Moto volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in July 1944, Moto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Moto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Moto's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in central Italy in 1944. Without help from others, he attacked two machine guns; and, although he was wounded, he captured a third machine gun nest. +Acting on his own, Moto silenced two enemy machine gun positions while acting as a scout. He also destroyed a third even though he was seriously wounded. +The words of Moto's citation explain: +Private First Class Kaoru Moto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 July 1944, near Castellina, Italy. While serving as first scout, Private First Class Moto observed a machine gun nest that was hindering his platoon's progress. On his own initiative, he made his way to a point ten paces from the hostile position, and killed the enemy machine gunner. Immediately, the enemy assistant gunner opened fire in the direction of Private First Class Moto. Crawling to the rear of the position, Private First Class Moto surprised the enemy soldier, who quickly surrendered. Taking his prisoner with him, Private First Class Moto took a position a few yards from a house to prevent the enemy from using the building as an observation post. While guarding the house and his prisoner, he observed an enemy machine gun team moving into position. He engaged them, and with deadly fire forced the enemy to withdraw. An enemy sniper located in another house fired at Private First Class Moto, severely wounding him. Applying first aid to his wound, he changed position to elude the sniper fire and to advance. Finally relieved of his position, he made his way to the rear for treatment. Crossing a road, he spotted an enemy machine gun nest. Opening fire, he wounded two of the three soldiers occupying the position. Not satisfied with this accomplishment, he then crawled forward to a better position and ordered the enemy soldier to surrender. Receiving no answer, Private First Class Moto fired at the position, and the soldiers surrendered. Private First Class Moto's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Schmitt trigger = = = +A Schmitt trigger is an electronic device which can moderate analog signal values only to zero or one (0 / 1). It can be made of a couple transistors, or several triggers can be arranged in an integrated circuit. + += = = United States Army Nurse Corps = = = +The United States Army Nurse Corps (NC) is an American army branch. It was created by the United States Congress in the year of 1901. This Special Branch together with five other ones form together the Army Medical Department (AMEDD). +The Nurse Corps is the nursing service for the U.S. Army and provides qualified nursing staff in support of the plans of the United States Department of Defense. +All work must be in favor of the wellness of warriors and their families. + += = = Ignaz Semmelweis = = = +Ignaz Semmelweis (born 1818 - died 1865) was a Hungarian doctor who discovered bacteria, disease and infection. He is the father of infection control. Semmelweis observed that if the doctors washed their hands and disinfected them, the number of infections of childbed fever could be reduced. For this reason, Semmelweis ordered his medical students to wash and disinfect their hands before and after medical rounds. He was mocked by fellow doctors, but he could not prove his findings, because bacteria had not been discovered yet. In 1870, Robert Koch proved that bacteria can cause disease. People such as Louis Pasteur proved what is known as the germ theory of disease only after Semmelweis' death. +Semmelweis probably had Alzheimer’s disease and he was sent to an asylum for being insane. He died after 14 days in the asylum possibly being beaten by the staff and inmates. + += = = Robert Eugene Bush = = = +Robert Eugene Bush was an American military during World War II. He was serving as a hospital corpsman for the United States Navy. Het was honored with a Medal of Honor for his brave actions during the Battle of Okinawa. +Life. +Bush was born on October 4, 1926, in Tacoma, Washington. In 1944 he joined the navy as a young boy. +During the invasion of Okinawa he got wounded on May 2, 1945, during an attack on a rifle company that he was on patrol. +At 18 years of age he was awarded for his braveness by President Truman in a White House with the Medal of Honor. +After the war, he returned to finish high school. Then he went on with a study in business administration at the University of Washington. +After he finished study, he founded the Bayview Lumber Company at South Bend, Washington in 1951 and Bayview Redi-Mix at Elma, Washington. +Tom Brokaw, a television personality and journalist, wrote a chapter about Bush in his World War II book "The Greatest Generation" (1998). +Robert and Wanda Bush were the parents of three sons and a daughter. He died from cancer on November 8, 2005, in Olympia, Washington when he was 79 years old. + += = = Televisión Nacional de Chile = = = +Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN), is a company in Chile. It broadcasts in the Chilean territories and other countries on television and the Internet. + += = = Canal 13 (Chile) = = = +Canal 13, is a Chilean television network. + += = = Tonka Tomičić = = = +Tonka Tomicic Petric (; born 31 May 1976) is a Chilean model and television presenter of Croat origin. +Career. +She first came to public attention as the Chilean representative to the 1995 Miss World pageant. Soon after she was invited to the program "Pase lo que Pase" of TVN as a fashion commentator. She received her big break when she became one of the principal co-presenters of this program and went on to assume the co-presenter role of "Buenos dias a todos", a popular morning television show. +In February 2006, Tomičić was elected Queen of the Viña del Mar International Music Festival, and in 2007 she was presentor of the same festival with Sergio Lagos. + += = = La Red = = = +La Red, whose letters stand for Red Chilena de Televisión, is a Chilean television network. + += = = Pamela Díaz = = = +Pamela Andrea Díaz Saldías (born 26 February 1981 in Puerto Varas) is a Chilean model and television presenter. + += = = Buddy Guy = = = +George "Buddy" Guy (born July 30, 1936) is an American blues guitarist and singer. He worked with other musicians such as Muddy Waters, Eric Clapton, Jimi Hendrix, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. He is known for his music such as "Slipin' In" and "Feels Like Rain". +Guy was born on July 30, 1936 in Lettsworth, Louisiana. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Jennifer Guy from 1991 until they divorced in 2002. + += = = Ed O'Neill = = = +Edward Phillip "Ed" O'Neill, Jr. (born April 12, 1946) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles as Al Bundy in "Married... with Children" and as Jay Pritchett in "Modern Family". He has won two Screen Actors Guild Awards for his role as Pritchett. +O'Neill was born on April 12, 1946 in Youngstown, Ohio. He studied at Youngstown State University. O'Neill has been married to Catherine Rusoff since 1986. They have two children. + += = = Michael Dell = = = +Michael Saul Dell (born February 23, 1965) is an American businessman. He created the computer technology company Dell. He was added as the 41st richest person in the world. Dell has about $19.9 billion dollars. +Dell was born on February 23, 1965 in Houston, Texas. He was born to a Jewish family. Dell dropped out from the University of Texas at Austin. Dell married Susan Lieberman in 1989. They have four children. + += = = James Gosling = = = +Dr. James A. Gosling (born May 19, 1955) is a Canadian computer scientist who invented Java. +Gosling was born on May 19, 1955 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. He studied at the University of Calgary and at Carnegie Mellon University. Gosling is married. They have two children. + += = = Colt McCoy = = = +Daniel Colt McCoy (born September 5, 1986 in Hobbs, New Mexico) is an American football starting quarterback that currently plays for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). McCoy was drafted out of the University of Texas at Austin by the Cleveland Browns with the 18th pick in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. +In 2006, during his time with the Texas Longhorns, he was a candidate for the Heisman Trophy. He was again a candidate for the trophy in 2007 which was won by Tim Tebow. McCoy is a member of the Church of Christ. + += = = Sense and Sensibility (movie) = = = +Sense and Sensibility is a 1995 movie that was directed by Ang Lee. It is an adaptation of "Sense and Sensibility", a novel published by English author Jane Austen in 1811. The movie starred Emma Thompson, Kate Winslet, Hugh Grant, and Alan Rickman. + += = = Antofagasta = = = +Antofagasta is a city in northern Chile. It is the capital of the province of Antofagasta and of the region of Antofagasta. In the 2002 census, the city had a population of 296,905. + += = = Karyn White = = = +Karyn White (born 14 October 1965 in Los Angeles) is an American R&B singer. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Her hit singles include "Secret Rendezvous" and "Superwoman". + += = = Holland Taylor = = = +Holland Virginia Taylor (born January 14, 1943) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress. She played Ruth Dunbar in "Bosom Buddies". She played Margaret Powers in "The Powers That Be". She played Judge Roberta Kittleson in "The Practice". She played Evelyn Harper in "Two and a Half Men". She won an Emmy Award in 1999. +Taylor was born on January 14, 1943 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She studied at Westtown School and at Bennington College. + += = = Alan King = = = +Alan King (Irwin Alan Kniberg, December 26, 1927 – May 9, 2004) was an American movie, television, stage, radio, voice actor, writer, movie producer, and comedian. He was known for his roles in "Casio", "Rush Hour 2", "The Anderson Tapes", "Just Tell Me What You Want" and in "Cat's Eye". He is also known for his voice guest-star role as the Don in "Family Guy". +King was born on December 26, 1927 in New York City, New York. He was born to a Jewish family. King was married to Jeanette Sprung from 1947 until his death 2004. King died on May 9, 2004 in New York City, New York from lung cancer, aged 76. + += = = Four Freedoms = = = +The Four Freedoms is an important concept of American president Franklin D. Roosevelt. He presented them in the "State of the Union" of January 6, 1941, which is therefore also called the "Four Freedoms Speech". +Roosevelt made the "Four Freedoms" public just eleven months before the American participation at World War II. The concept played an important role in the American propaganda during the war. After Roosevelts death in 1945, his wife Eleanor continued being an important advocate for including the "Four Freedoms" in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. +Art. +To inspire a greater public for his concept, Roosevelt arranged the creation of the Four Freedoms Monument. The statue was made public in 1943 in New York City. In honor of one of the first Americans to be killed in action in World War II, Colin Kelly, Roosevelt had the statue moved to Kelly's former home in Florida. +In 1943 artist painter Norman Rockwell got inspired by the "Four Freedoms" and made a series of four paintings on this subject. Afterwards, the American authorities made use of these paintings to collect money for the world war. + += = = Right to an adequate standard of living = = = +The right to an adequate standard of living is a fundamental human rights. It is part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948. +Furthermore it has been written down in article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which is a human righs treaty of the United Nations as well. +The predecessor of this right, the "Freedom from Want", is one of the "Four Freedoms" that American President Franklin D. Roosevelt spoke out at his State of the Union of January 6, 1941. According to Roosevelt it is a right every human being everywhere in the world should have. In his speech Roosevelt described his third right as follows: + += = = Freedom from fear = = = +Freedom from fear is a fundamental human right. This right was mentioned by American President Franklin D. Roosevelt as one of the "Four Freedoms" human beings everywhere in the world should have. Roosevelt presented the "Four Freedoms" at his State of the Union of January 6, 1941, which therefore has been called the "Four Freedoms Speech" as well. +This right, as well as the other three of the "Four Freedoms" of Roosevelt, makes part of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which was accepted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on December 10, 1948. "Freedom from fear" is written down in the introduction tot the UN Declaration. +In his speech Roosevelt described his fourth right as follows: +In 1943 Norman Rockwell painted his work "Freedom from Fear " which is one of four paintings he made on Roosevelts "Four Freedoms". +Aung San Suu Kyi has named this right many times in speeches and wrote a book with the title "Freedom From Fear" on it in 1991. Historian David M. Kennedy was inspired by the right as well and in 1991 he brought out his book with the title "Freedom From Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945". + += = = Port Coquitlam = = = +Port Coquitlam is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The population of Port Coquitlam was 58,612 in 2016. The mayor of Port Coquitlam is Greg Moore. The first European settlement in Port Coquitlam was established in 1859 although the Coast Salish people lived in and around the area first. The city is also nicknamed "PoCo" for short. In 2008, the city was ranked #85 for its murder rate which is for Canadian cities with a population over 50,000. + += = = Four Freedoms Monument = = = +The Four Freedoms Monument is a sculpture by Walter Russell. It was in New York City at first and later moved to Florida. +Background. +The monument is a symbol for the "Four Freedoms" human beings everywhere in the world should have. This part of his speech has therefore been named the "Four Freedoms Speech" as well. This was before the American participation at World War II. The "Four Freedoms" of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt are the following: +Roosevelt had the monument built with the idea to inspire a greater public for his four freedoms. +The monument was first presented in 1943 in Madison Square Garden in New York City, with the presence of 60,000 people. It was presented in the honor of Colin Kelly, one of the first Americans to be named an American hero of the Second World War. On June 14, 1944, the monument was moved to the former home of Kelly in Madison, Florida. + += = = Toomas Hendrik Ilves = = = +Toomas Hendrik Ilves (born 26 December 1953), is an Estonian politician. He was the President of Estonia from 2006 to 2016. +Biography. +Toomas Hendrik Ilves was born on 26 December 1953, in Stockholm, Sweden. +In 1957 he married his first wife, American psychologist Dr. Merry Bullock, and they had one son and one daughter. He got married again in 2004, Evelin Int-Lambot and has one daughter with her. He was elected on 23 September 2006 and began his term as President on 9 October 2006. Evelin and him were divorced on 30 April 2015. He married his third wife on 2 January 2016, Ieva Ilves. He was re-elected as president in 2011. + += = = Nimravides = = = +Nimravides was a prehistoric saber-toothed cat which lived in North America during the middle and late Miocene. Despite its scientific name "Nimravides" does not belong to the Nimravidae, but belongs to the family Felidae. +The earlier species of the genus are smaller and more primitive than the later forms. The tiger-sized "Nimravides catacopsis" resembles the primitive "Machairodus aphanistus", a species known from the late Miocene of Eurasia. + += = = Gong Ji-young = = = +Gong Ji-young (; born 31 January 1963 in Seoul) is a South Korean novelist and journalist. Her popular novels are "My Sister Bongsoon" (2002), "Our Happy Time" (2005) and "The Crucible" (2009). She is considered a pioneer of Korean feminism. Since the mid 1990s, she has been considered one of the most eminent Korean female writers. She is gaining in popularity, especially among female readers. Her books have sold more than nine million copies. +Early literary career. +In 1985, Gong Ji-Young received her Bachelor's in Arts in Literature from Yonsei University. At that time she worked as a writer at a publishing company and at The Council of Writers for Freedom and Practice, which is now called The Writers Association of Korea (WAK). She has participated in demonstration for Korea's democracy in the 1980s. She was sent to a detention center for joining anti-vote rigging demonstration and decided to become a writer. In 1988, she made a literary debut through her novel "Dawn". In the middle of the 1990s, her novels "Mackerel", "Human Decency" and "Go Alone Like the Rhinoceros' Horn" were on the bestseller list concurrently. In the early 2000s, she sold her novel "My Sister Bongsoon" for almost 1.6 million volumes. +Current work. +Gong Ji-Young divorced three times and has raised three children. The children's last names are all different. To pay for her children's loans, she made a comeback after seven years and released "Our Happy Time"(2005). The novel was made into a feature film with a total of over four million viewers. After having published "The Crucible" (2009), the novel was made into a feature film (2011) raising public interest in the rights of disabled students. She was awarded the Lee-sang Prize for the 2011 novel "Wander an Alley in Barefoot". +Awards. +Gong received several awards for her work: + += = = Finnair = = = +Finnair is a Finnish airline. The company was established on November 1, 1923. The first flight was in March 1924. Their motto is: "Designed for you" (). +Almost 4470 people worked for Finnair in 2014. + += = = Hazara District = = = +Hazara District was an old district of Peshawar Division in the North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan until 1976. It was the most northerly part of the division and covered an area of about . It was a long narrow shape, about wide and about long. It separated Kashmir from the independent areas. The main cities were Abbottabad, Haripur, Mansehra, Nawashahr and Baffa. It is now renamed as the Hazara Division. + += = = Washuk District = = = +Washuk District () is a district in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. + += = = Bengali nationalism = = = +Bengali nationalism is the political expression of ethno-national consciousness of the Bengali people. These people live in the region of Bengal. The territory is divided between Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. +Creation of Bangladesh. +The Bengali Language Movement and its fallout had created a lot of cultural and political hostility between the two parts of Pakistan. Despite making up a majority of the Pakistani population, Bengalis were only a small part of Pakistan's military, police and civil services. Ethnic and socio-economic discrimination against Bengali people in East Pakistan made them angry. Because West Pakistanis were influenced by Perso-Arabic culture, they saw Bengali culture as too closely associated with Hindu culture. One of the first groups demanding the independence of East Pakistan was the Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad (Free Bengal Revolutionary Council). + += = = Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad = = = +The Swadhin Bangal Biplobi Parishad was an underground student political group organized in 1961 by Mujibur Rahman, the founder of Bangladesh. The group worked to oppose the military rule of Ayub Khan (Field Marshal). It also worked for more autonomy and the independence of East Pakistan as Bangladesh. + += = = Helping hand = = = +A helping hand, also called a third hand is a tool for soldering. It has other uses too. A magnifying glass can be with it. It has adjustable clips to hold wires or other work parts. Benefits include better quality to soldered parts, no risk of burning hands, and easier work.The tool was invented by one William P. Rowing when he attempted to make various parts in his workstation into a pose-able miniature. He originally intended to fashion something that he could set into a fad he had began to show an interest in called: The Dab, however the alligator clamps and the magnifying glass turned out to be perfect for soldering and crafting more delicate pieces. + += = = Mini Israel = = = +Mini Israel () is a miniature park located in Ayalon Valley, near Latrun, Israel. The park is in shape of the star of David. It has 385 models over and a small shopping mall and exhibition hall. The park opened in 2002 and was officially opened on April 7, 2003. + += = = CNA Center = = = +CNA Center is a 622-ft (189m), 44-story high-rise building at 333 South Wabash Avenue in the Loop of Chicago, Illinois. The building is well known for lighting logos or messages on the front side of the building or for its dark red color. It is the tallest red building in Chicago. Construction began in March 1970. The building was finished in 1972 and was open to the public in 1973. + += = = One Prudential Plaza = = = +One Prudential Plaza (or the Prudential Building) is a 41-story structure in Chicago. It was finished in 1955 as the headquarters for Prudential's Mid-America company. The building is known for its 311 feet antenna. The building is 601 feet (183 m) without the antenna. With the antenna, the building is 912 feet (270 m) high. The building and its "sister" building, the Two Prudential Plaza, was sold in May 2006 for $470 million dollars. It was the 2012 Obama campaign headquarters for the United States presidential election, 2012. + += = = Power line communication = = = +Power line communication (or Powerline communication) uses existing electric power lines to send and receive data. The data signal is modulated and multiplexed over several carrier frequencies. There are different technologies that can be used: + += = = Chicago Theatre = = = +The Chicago Theatre is a theatre in Chicago, Illinois where stage plays, magic shows, comedy, speeches, and popular music concerts are held every year. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places on June 6, 1979, and it was listed as a Chicago Landmark on January 28, 1983. The theatre is also known for the bright color lights that light-up the words "Chicago" side to side. + += = = Chicago River = = = +The Chicago River is 156 miles long (251 km) and goes through the city of Chicago, Illinois, including the center of the city (the Chicago Loop). The river is not long, but it is known for being the reason why Chicago became an important place, as the connection between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi Valley waterways. The river is the only river in the world to be reversed (which is, made to flow backwards, in the opposite of its natural direction) by civil engineering. +History. +In the 19th century through civil engineering, the flow of the river was reversed to head toward the Mississippi River basin, away from Lake Michigan. This was done for reasons of sanitation through the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal. The Chicago River is also noted for the local custom of dyeing it green on St. Patrick's Day. The tradition of dyeing the river green happened by accident in 1961 when plumbers used fluorescein dye to trace sources of illegal pollution discharges. Now, the river is dyed using forty pounds of powdered vegetable dye for environmental safety reasons. The river is controlled for boats or ships going through the river. +The river is memorialized, in part, by two horizontal blue stripes on the Municipal Flag of Chicago. The river also serves as inspiration for one of Chicago's symbols: a three-branched, Y-shaped symbol (called the municipal device) is found on many buildings and other structures throughout Chicago; it represents the three branches of the Chicago River. +Main Stem. +The Main Stem flows 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west from the direction at Lake Michigan; passing under the Outer Drive, Columbus Drive, Michigan Avenue, Wabash Avenue, State Street, Dearborn Street, Clark Street, La Salle Street, Wells Street, and Franklin Street bridges en route to the North Branch at Wolf Point. +At McClurg Court it passes the Nicholas J Melas Centennial Fountain, which was built in 1989 to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago; between May and October the fountain sends an arc of water over the river for ten minutes every hour. +For the Chicago Cubs rally and parade for their 2016 World Series Championship celebrations, the river was dyed Cubs blue. +North bank. +On the north bank of the river, near the Chicago Landmark Michigan Avenue Bridge, is Pioneer Court, which marks the site where Jean Baptiste Point du Sable came to Chicago. Point du Sable is known as the founder of Chicago. On the south bank of the river is the site of Fort Dearborn. Well known buildings surrounding this area include the NBC Tower, the Tribune Tower, and the Wrigley Building. +Center. +The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the Trump International Hotel and Tower, 35 East Wacker, and 330 North Wabash. Turning west again the river passes Marina City, the Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building, Merchandise Mart, and 333 Wacker Drive. + += = = Multiplexing = = = +Multiplexing is the name for an operation or method which combines several signals into one, before that signal is sent over a telecommunications line. At the other end of the line, the combined signals are "demultiplexed", that is, the combination of the signals is undone. There are different ways how this multiplexing can be done: +Multiplexing was first done for telegraphy in the 1870s, and for telephone lines in 1910. Today, it is widely used. + += = = Western Wall = = = +The Western Wall, Wailing Wall or Kotel (, ; ; ) is an ancient wall in the Old City of Jerusalem on the western side of the Temple Mount. According to Jewish tradition this wall is a remnant of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. It is the most holy site for Jews. +<br> + += = = Haifa International Airport = = = +Haifa Michaelli Airport (, "") is an international airport in Haifa, Israel. It is located close to Kishon Port and the coast of the Gulf of Haifa. This is the second-largest airport in Israel after Ben Gurion International Airport. The airport also has flights to the Middle East and Europe. + += = = Carolina de Moras = = = +Carolina Andrea de Moras Alvarado (born 24 February 1981) is a Chilean model, actress and television presenter. + += = = Rockefeller Center = = = +Rockefeller Center is a group of buildings covering between 48th and 51st streets in Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States. The buildings connect together underground. An ice-skating rink is located in the middle. Rockefeller Center also has a skyscraper called 30 Rockefeller Plaza. +Rockefeller Center was made by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. during the Great Depression in the 1930s between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue. Construction finished in 1939. It is decorated in Art Deco style. It became a National Historic Place in December 1987. In the 1970s, more buildings were made to the west of Sixth Avenue. + += = = Coquitlam = = = +Coquitlam is a large city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. It is part of the Metro Vancouver area. As of 2016, 139,284 people lived there. In 2011, the population was 126,804. Between 2011 and 2016 the population grew by 9.8%. The mayor of Coquitlam is Richard Stewart. +The Coast Salish people occupied the territory for at least 9,000 years before Simon Fraser came through the region in 1808. Europeans settled in Coquitlam during 1859. +The city of Coquitlam was named a "Cultural Capital of Canada" in 2009 by the Department of Canadian Heritage. + += = = Transamerica Pyramid = = = +The Transamerica Pyramid is the second tallest skyscraper in the San Francisco skyline and one of its most iconic. The building is the headquarters of the Transamerica Corporation, it is still strongly part of the company and is part of the company's logo. Designed by architect William Pereira and built by Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company, at 260 m (850 ft). When the building was finished in 1972 it was among the five tallest buildings in the world. The tower has no public access except for the first floor lobby, so this means that visitors cannot go to the top for a skyline view. + += = = Jerusalem International Airport = = = +Jerusalem International Airport (or Atarot Airport) was an airport north of Jerusalem, near Ramallah. It was the first airport in the British Mandate of Palestine. It has been closed since the Second Intifada, in 2010. + += = = Jorge Zabaleta = = = + Jorge Antonio Zabaleta Briceño (born April 18, 1970 in Santiago) is a famous Chilean actor. He is the son of the musician Antonio Zabaleta and the nephew of Miguel Zabaleta, both members of the duo Red Juniors. +Jorge worked in Canal 13 until 2008, when he joined TVN working in Hijos del Monte. + += = = 1988 United States presidential election = = = +The 1988 United States presidential election happened on November 8, 1988. George H. W. Bush, the Republican candidate and Vice President of the United States, won the election. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Governor Michael Dukakis of Massachusetts. +This presidential election was the first since 1948, as well as the most recent one to date, in which a political party won a third presidential election in a row. This also remains the most recent in which a candidate won over 400 electoral votes. Since the 1988 election, no candidate has managed to equal or surpass Bush's number of electoral votes won or popular vote percentage. +Bush ran an aggressive campaign taking advantage of a good economy, a stable international stage, and President Ronald Reagan's popularity. Meanwhile, Dukakis's campaign suffered from several miscues, including failure to defend from Bush's attacks. This allowed Bush to win with a substantial margin of the popular vote; while winning the Electoral College by a landslide. +Bush won the election by 426 electoral votes. Governor of Massachusetts Michael Dukakis got 111 electoral votes. Lloyd Bentsen got 1 electoral vote by a West Virginia faithless elector. +Candidates. +Democratic Party. +Democratic candidates: +Republican Party. +Republican candidates: + += = = Jerusalem Light Rail = = = +The Jerusalem Light Rail (, "") is a light rail line in Jerusalem. It was opened in 2011. It began being built in 2002 and was finished in 2010 after many failures and bankruptcy of the construction company. The light rail is famous for Chords Bridge at the western entrance to Jerusalem from Road 1. + += = = Radioisotope thermoelectric generator = = = +A radioisotope thermoelectric generator (or RTG) is a type of machine that uses heat from radioactive decay to make electricity. The RTG, powered by a radioisotope heater unit, is used in satellites and sometimes in other remote unmanned systems. + += = = Carmelit = = = +The Carmelit () is the first and currently the only rapid transit rail system in Israel. It opened in 1959 after three years of building. It is the oldest metro system and funicular system in the Middle East. The Carmelit has closed down for repairs three times. It was closed from 1986 to 1992 for renovations. The metro has only one line, which runs from Haifa's port to Mount Carmel. It runs from sea level up to an altitude of , with a total of six stations. +The system is named after Mount Carmel. + += = = Jerusalem Historical City Hall Building = = = +The Jerusalem historical town hall is a historical building that used to be the town hall of Jerusalem. It is in Safra Square, next to the walls of the Old City and Jaffa Street. The building was built in 1930 during the time of the British Mandate for Palestine. It was used until 1993, when a new city hall building was opened next to the old one. + += = = Norman Rockwell Museum = = = +The Norman Rockwell Museum is a museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. Its houses the art and archives of American painter and illustrator Norman Rockwell. +Background. +The museum was opened in 1969 in Stockbridge, the town where Rockwell lived the last 25 years of his life. Since 1993 the museum is in the current building that was designed by Robert Arthur Morton Stern. +The museum owns 574 original artworks by Rockwell. The museum also owns the Rockwell archives with more than 100.000 items including photographs, fan mail, and business documents. +In 2008, the museum received the National Humanities Medal from the National Endowment for the Humanities. +Gallery. +Series of Rockwell paintings from 1943 called the "Four Freedoms". Rockwell was inspired by the 1941 "Four Freedoms Speech" of American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. + += = = Freedom of Speech (painting) = = = +Freedom of Speech is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the "Four Freedoms". Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the "Four Freedoms Speech" of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941. +Background. +This painting was made public in "The Saturday Evening Post" of February 20, 1943, along with an essay of Booth Tarkington. The other paintings of the "Four Freedoms" series are "Freedom of Worship", "Freedom from Want" and "Freedom from Fear", and were shown in other editions of the paper. +In this painting he shows a local meeting where one person speaks out his own, opposite opinion, while the others present give him the freedom of speech as a matter of protocol. Rockwell undertook four efforts to end up with this painting. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series. +Rockwell needed four attempts to end up with this version of the painting. In former versions he found that the attention was confused because he had used to many objects. Furthermore he did not like the place of the main person in the picture. +The paintings toured through the United States with the motto "Buy War Bonds". All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II. +The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. + += = = Freedom of Worship (painting) = = = +Freedom of Worship is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the "Four Freedoms". Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the "Four Freedoms Speech" of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941. +Background. +This painting was made public in "The Saturday Evening Post" of February 27, 1943, along with an essay of Will Durant. The other paintings of the "Four Freedoms" series are "Freedom of Speech", "Freedom from Want" and "Freedom from Fear", and were shown in other editions of the paper.it is a very good pintor(norman Rockwell) +Rockwell needed various attempts to end up with this version of the painting. Former versions showed a number of customers in a barbershop, all with another religious and racial background. He found it to be difficult to make clear images that showed how a person of a certain religion looks like. He finally chose a neutral location where people of different race worship in their own religion. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series. +The paintings toured through the United States with the motto "Buy War Bonds". All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II. +The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. + += = = Freedom from Want (Norman Rockwell) = = = +Freedom from Want is a painting by Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the "Four Freedoms". Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the "Four Freedoms Speech" of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941. +Background. +This painting was made public in "The Saturday Evening Post" of March 6, 1943, along with an essay of Carlos Bulosan. The other paintings of the "Four Freedoms" series are "Freedom of Speech", "Freedom of Worship" and "Freedom from Fear", and were shown in other editions of the paper. +The painting shows a classical American family at Thanksgiving when a turkey is served during a meal. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series. +Rockwell wanted to portray a family within a theme of continuity, virtue, homeliness and abundance without extravagance, as confirmed by water as the modest beverage choice. Outside the United States though, the images was explained as an expression of American overabundance. +There have been made many parodies of the painting. New York painter Frank Moore (1953-2002) made a painting in 1994 with Americans of different human race with the title "Freedom to Share", whilst the turkey plate is full with medicines. Of Moore's painting have been made parodies as well. +Walt Disney has made a well known parody with Mickey and Minnie Mouse and several other Disney figures at the table. Furthermore the image has been used for many advertising goals, political campaigns and picture postcards. +The paintings toured through the United States with the motto "Buy War Bonds". All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II. +The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. + += = = Freedom from Fear (painting) = = = +Freedom from Fear is a painting of Norman Rockwell and is one of his series of four paintings called the "Four Freedoms". Rockwell was inspired to make these paintings since he heard the "Four Freedoms Speech" of American President Franklin D. Roosevelt of January 6, 1941. +Background. +This painting was made public in "The Saturday Evening Post" of March 13, 1943, along with an essay of Stephen Vincent Benét. The other paintings of the "Four Freedoms" series are "Freedom of Speech", "Freedom of Worship" and "Freedom from Want", and were shown in other editions of the paper. +The painting portrays children laying in bed, a mother tucking them in and a father watching with a newspaper in his hand, telling the stories of the war with the headlines "Bombings Kill... Horrors Hit...". The children are free from fearing these horrors of the war. He took Vermont neighbors as models for his series. +This painting is the only one in the "Four Freedoms" series he had not specially painted for this subject. He first made it to illustrate the Battle of Britain of 1940. He did not want it to be published though, because he distasted the idea that American children were resting safely in their beds as Europe burned. +The paintings toured through the United States with the motto "Buy War Bonds". All together 1.2 million Americans saw the paintings and 132 million dollar was collected to be used in World War II. +The painting can be found in the Norman Rockwell Museum in Stockbridge, Massachusetts. + += = = Frank O. Salisbury = = = +Francis ("Frank") Owen Salisbury (18 December 1874 – 31 August 1962) was an English artist painter and designer of stained glass. +Life. +as a son of a plumber and glazier. He learned the art of stained glass in the workshop of his brother in St Albans. +A visit to the London Drawing Academy woke up his interest for painting. He won a scholarship when he was 18 years old and so he was able to study at the Royal Academy of Arts in London from 1892 to 1897. In between he went on a scholarship to Italy where he was impressed by the fresco's of the Renaissance. This trip shaped his taste for pageant scenes. +On the Royal Academy he won several medals. He also returned there several times with expositions. +Salisbury made many murals in buildings, especially in London. He also painted many religious works and illustrations of historical events. He was well known for his portraits, especially of famous people like five British prime ministers, five American presidents and several others like Benito Mussolini when he visited Italy in 1934. His portraits were painted in a traditional style. +Salisbury died on August 31, 1962, in Hampstead, London, when he was 87 years old. + += = = Óscar Romero = = = +Saint Óscar the Romero y Galdámez (15 August 1917 – 24 March 1980) was a bishop of the Catholic Church in El Salvador. He became the fourth Archbishop of San Salvador when he took over Luis Chávez. He was assassinated on 24 March 1980. + += = = Umeå = = = +Umeå is a town in northern Sweden. The town is known for the large number of birch trees. About 116,465 people were living in Umeå Municipality in late 2011. +The town had to recover from a very large fire in 1888. +Umeå is the biggest city in Norrland, the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. The town had about 80,000 people living there in 2010. The town opened a university in 1965. In the last 50 years the number of houses has doubled. About 700 buildings are built every year. +The city was elected European Capital of Culture in 2014. The city is the most norhtern location to have ever been a European city of culture. The city is partnering with a large number of voluntary organisations and the concept of open source +History. +Umeå became a city in 1622. The King of Sweden, Gustavus Adolphus, made the new city for Swedish merchants. He made the merchants to move north so that taxes could be increased. The city was burnt by Russian troops in 1714 and then again in 1720. In 1809 the city was briefly occupied again by the Russian army before peace was agreed. In 1888 the great fire destroyed the homes of over 2,000 people. The fire started in a brewery and destroyed part of the city including the shipyards at Teg and buildings on the island of Ön. Less than 1,000 of the people had a house after the fire. After the fire the town was rebuilt and many new birch trees were planted to stop future fires. The town is known for these trees. +In 1951 the city's library was recognised as important for northern Sweden. The library has a copy of every new book printed in Sweden. In 1962 the city opened its first airport. Umeå has been the biggest city in the most northern region of Sweden since 1962. Before 1962 the largest city was Sundsvall. + += = = Billy Wara = = = +Billy Wara (c. 1920 – November 2008) was an Australian Aboriginal craftsman who made wooden sculptures. He is best known for his sculptures of goannas, made from wood that is native to the central Australian desert. His sculptures were carved by hand and decorated by burning patterns into the wood. He also crafted traditional hunting tools, such as spears and spear-throwers. +Life. +Wara was born at Aṟan, in the south-west of the Northern Territory. He and his family were Pitjantjatjara. They lived a traditional nomadic way of life in the bush until Wara was a young man. The first "whitefella" he ever saw was Harold Lasseter, a gold prospector whose story later became an Australian legend. Wara was about 12 years old at the time, and thought Lasseter was a ghost. A portrait of him giving figs to Lasseter features in Winifred Hilliard's book "The People In Between" (1968). +When he was a young man, Wara and his family settled at Ernabella, a Presbyterian mission at the time. He worked building fences, digging wells, and as a shepherd and sheep shearer. Later, he served as an advisor for the Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park on environmental and cultural issues. He began carving wooden sculptures shortly after Maṟuku Arts and Crafts opened in 1984. He originally made his sculptures at Muṯitjulu, in the national park. He later set up an outstation at Umutju, further south, so that he could work closer to his homelands. +Artwork. +Although he crafted other things, Wara was best known for his wooden sculptures ("" in Pitjantjatjara). He carved them by hand and burned designs into them with a hot wire stick (this is called pyrography). His sculptures are of the perentie lizard, a type of goanna from central Australia which is also Wara's totem. +His depictions of the perentie are taken from his , a set of beliefs about his spiritual ancestor, the and their activities which shaped the land and its people during the Dreamtime. The forms his family's sacred law, and the law associated with Wara's place of birth, Aṟan. Most of the knowledge of is restricted to its senior custodians. Wara tells that fled from the east with a stolen grindstone hidden in his tail. The men chasing after him caught up with him at Aṟan and searched his stomach for the stone, but could not find it. +Wara's work has been shown in several exhibitions, both in Australia and other countries. His sculptures are held in the Powerhouse Museum, the Museum of Victoria, the National Gallery of Australia, and the National Museum of Australia. It is also part of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan, and the Kelton Foundation in the United States. + += = = Jämsä = = = +Jämsä (in the local dialect, "Jämpsä") is a town and municipality in Central Finland. It is 223 km from Helsinki, and 58 km from Jyväskylä. There were about 22,125 people living there in January 2014. Jämsä municipality was established in 1866. It is next to the municipalities of Juupajoki, Jyväskylä, Keuruu, Kuhmoinen, Luhanka, Mänttä-Vilppula, Orivesi and Petäjävesi. Isojärvi National Park, a popular hiking place, is near to Jämsä. +The former municipality of Kuorevesi was merged with Jämsä in 2001. The former municipality of Längelmäki was partly merged with Jämsä in 2007. The former municipality of Jämsänkoski was merged with Jämsä in 2009. + += = = Kiyoshi Muranaga = = = +Kiyoshi K. Muranaga (February 16, 1922-June 26, 1944) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Muranaga was born in California to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +He was interned with his family at the Granada War Relocation Center in Colorado. +Soldier. +Muranaga joined the US Army in May 1943. +Muranaga volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. + Muranaga was killed on the first day of action for the 442nd in Italy. +For his actions in June 1944, Muranaga was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Muranaga's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. Without help from others, he engaged an artillery gun using a mortar. +Medal of Honor citation. +Muranaga's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in central Italy in 1944. +On June 26, 1944, Muranaga was in charge of shooting his squad's mortar weapon. He was trying to destroy an enemy artillery gun. Muranaga was able to fire three shells before being killed. +The words of Muranaga's citation explain: +Private First Class Kiyoshi K. Muranaga distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 26 June 1944, near Suvereto, Italy. Private First Class Muranaga's company encountered a strong enemy force in commanding positions and with superior firepower. An enemy 88mm self-propelled gun opened direct fire on the company, causing the men to disperse and seek cover. Private First Class Muranaga's mortar squad was ordered to action, but the terrain made it impossible to set up their weapons. The squad leader, realizing the vulnerability of the mortar position, moved his men away from the gun to positions of relative safety. Because of the heavy casualties being inflicted on his company, Private First Class Muranaga, who was a gunner, attempted to neutralize the 88mm weapon alone. Voluntarily remaining at his gun position, Private First Class Muranaga manned the mortar himself and opened fire on the enemy gun at a range of approximately 400 yards. With his third round, he was able to correct his fire so that the shell landed directly in front of the enemy gun. Meanwhile, the enemy crew, immediately aware of the source of mortar fire, turned their 88mm weapon directly on Private First Class Muranaga's position. Before Private First Class Muranaga could fire a fourth round, an 88mm shell scored a direct hit on his position, killing him instantly. Because of the accuracy of Private First Class Muranaga's previous fire, the enemy soldiers decided not to risk further exposure and immediately abandoned their position. Private First Class Muranaga's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Audio feedback = = = +Audio feedback is typically unwanted noise that occurs when an audio system oscillates. It often happens when microphones are pointed at loudspeakers. There are ways to avoid or reduce feedback, such as with equalization or reducing the room's echo. + += = = Werner Leich = = = +Werner Leich (born January 31, 1927 in Mühlhausen) is a Protestant clergyman. From 1978 to 1992 he was the bishop of the Evangelical Church in Thuringia, for the greater part during the era of the German Democratic Republic. +Life. +From 1942 to 1945 Leich was a voluntary member of the German Luftwaffe with the rank of Fahnenjunker. He volunteered to "battle for the salvation of Germany". After World War II he finished his school and from 1947 he started studying theology at the University of Marburg and Heidelberg University. +In 1951 he started his career as a clergyman. A year later he married Trautel, with whom he has a son and daughter. Since 1960 he was a member of the Synod of the Evangelical Church. He was vice-president of the synod from 1967 to 1978 and bishop of the state of Thuringia from 1978 to 1992. In that year he retired. +During a lot of his career, he had to deal with being able to worship God in an environment of anti-religious communism. He described it as "a lot of times we did hide being Christians". + += = = Eohippus = = = +Eohippus is small fossil proto-horse. It is an extinct genus of small equid ungulates. The only species is "E. angustidens", which was long considered a species of "Hyracotherium". Its remains have been found in North America and date to the early Eocene (4856 million years ago). +Much of the evolution of the horse took place in North America. That is where horses originated, but became extinct there about 10,000 years ago. + += = = Emiel van Lennep = = = +Emile (Emiel) van Lennep was a Dutch official ("treasurer general"), diplomat and Minister of State. +Life. +Van Lennep was born in Amsterdam on 20 January 1915, as a son of Louis Henri van Lennep and Catharina Hildegonda Enschede. He studied law from 1932 to 1937 at the Municipal University of Amsterdam. +From 1951 to 1969 he was the highest official of the Dutch Ministry of Finance. From 1969 to 1984 he was secretary general of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). At the OECD Van Lennep is remembered for making the organization a more effective forum for international cooperation. In the seventies he was named several times to be a candidate for a post in the government of the Netherlands, but he did not want to be a politician. After his career at the OECD he was appointed to be Minister of State from 1986 until his death in 1996. +He was married with met Alexa Labberton and they had two sons and two daughters. In 1990 he was rewarded with a Four Freedoms Award in the category "freedom from want". Van Lennep died on October 2, 1996, when he was 81 years old. + += = = Tubuai = = = +Tubuai is the name for a group of islands in the Pacific. The island of Tubuai is about 640 km south of Tahiti. It is part of the Austral Islands, which belong to French Polynesia. Slightly over 2.000 people live on an area of about 45 square kilometers. James Cook discovered the island in 1777, but saw no reason to land there. The natives looked hostile. Fletcher Christian landed there in 1789. They founded Fort George on the island, but soon left, because of troubles with the natives. + += = = Christ's College, Cambridge = = = +Christ's College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1347 with the name "God House". Then in 1505 Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, gave some money to make the college much bigger. She also changed the name to Christ's College. +Christ's College has about 600 students. It has a tradition to do very well in the exams: it was the best college in the 20 years period from 1980 to 2000. +Some very famous people have studied here, for example Charles Darwin and John Milton. + += = = National Geographic Bee = = = +The National Geographic GeoBee (called the National Geography Bee from 1989 to 2000 and the National Geographic Bee from 2001 to 2018, also referred to as the Nat Geo Bee) is an annual geography contest sponsored by the National Geographic Society. It takes place every year in the United States. + += = = Science Daily = = = +Science Dahttps://www.sciencedaily.com/ily is a news website. It publishes articles about new science and technology discoveries. + += = = Limbdi = = = +Limbdi is a city in Surendranagar district in India. It is in the state of Gujarat. + += = = Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center = = = +The Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center () is an Exhibition Center and Museum on People's Square in Shanghai, China. It is dedicated to the history of the architecture and urban planning of Shanghai. The center also introduced exhibitions in Expo 2010. + += = = Shchusev State Museum of Architecture = = = +The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is a museum in Moscow, Russia. The museum is dedicated to architecture and urban planning in Russia. It is the largest architecture museum in Russia. It includes an archive, library, and study center. The museum was opened in 1934. It is named for Soviet architect Alexey Shchusev. + += = = Cable cars in Haifa = = = +Cable cars in Haifa go from Mount Carmel to the Mediterranean coast. In 2007, the City Hall of Haifa decided to extend the line to the University of Haifa and open a new cable car line named Rakavlit from Mount Carmel to Haifa Bay. The new projects involved building a new central bus station and new bus routes across the city. The Rakavlit cable car line, opened on 8 March 2022, running from sea level up to an altitude of , with four intermediate stops. + += = = Earl Scruggs = = = +Earl Eugene Scruggs (January 6, 1924 – March 28, 2012) was an American musician. He was known for playing a banjo in bluegrass. Playing the banjo in bluegrass is now known as "Scruggs Style". He is known for his songs such as "Dueling Banjos", "Foggy Mountain Breakdown", "Earl's Breakdown", "The Swimming Song", and in "Fireball Mail". He won four Grammy Awards. +Scruggs was born on January 6, 1924 in Flint Hill, North Carolina. He was raised in Shelby, North Carolina. Scruggs was married to Louise Certain from 1948 until her death in 2006. They had two sons. Scruggs died on March 28, 2012 in Nashville, Tennessee from natural causes, aged 88. + += = = Jenni Rivera = = = +Jenni Rivera (Jenni Dolores Rivera Saavedra), July 12, 1969 – December 9, 2012) was an Mexican-American singer who is known for her spanish albums such as "La Gran Señora", "Jenni", "Parrandera", "Rebelde Y Atrevida", "Joyas Prestadas" She was nominated for four Latin Grammys. +Early life. +Rivera was born on July 2, 1969, in Long Beach, California Her parents were Mexican immigrants. She was raised in Long Beach California. +Rivera married José Trinidad Marín from 1984 until they divorced in 1992. After this, she married Juan López from 1997 until 2003. Finally, she married Esteban Loaiza in 2010 and they separated in 2012. They filed for divorce, but the divorce was not finalized due to her death. Rivera had three children with Marín and had two children with López. +On December 9, 2012, a plane that Rivera was flying in lost contact to air traffic control off the coast of Monterrey, Mexico. Mexican authorities confirmed that Rivera and four other people that were on the plane were dead. + += = = Elisabeth Murdoch = = = +Dame Elisabeth Joy Murdoch (née Elisabeth Joy Greene, 8 February 1909 – 5 December 2012) was an Australian philanthropist. She was the widow of Keith Murdoch and the mother of Rupert Murdoch. +She became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas. +Murdoch was born on 8 February 1909 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. She studied at St Catherine's School and at the Clyde School. +Murdoch was married to Keith Murdoch from 1928 until his death in 1952. They had four children, the eldest of whom died before her. Murdoch died on 5 December 2012 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia from natural causes, aged 103. + += = = Hole (band) = = = +Hole was an American rock band. The band started in 1989 in Los Angeles, California and ended in 2002. In 2009, the band got back together with new members but broke up in 2012. The last members of the band were singer Courtney Love, guitarist Micko Larkin, bassist Shawn Dailey and drummer Scott Lipps. +Hole released four studio albums. The band's first album, "Pretty on the Inside", was released in 1991 but was not very successful. After the album was released, the band's members changed but Love and Eric Erlandson, the original guitarist, stayed with the band. When Kristen Pfaff and Patty Schemel joined the band, Hole released their second album, "Live Through This", in 1994. The album was very successful and entered the "Billboard" music chart. The band changed their members again in 1998 and Melissa Auf der Maur and Samantha Maloney joined the band. Hole released "Celebrity Skin" in 1998 and it is their most popular album. The band tried to make another album but broke up in 2002. +In 2009, Courtney Love started Hole again with new members. Some of the old members of Hole did not agree with this and there were legal issues with the band's name. Later, the old members allowed Love to use the name. In 2010, the band released its next album "Nobody's Daughter" but the album was not successful. After touring around the world, the band broke up in 2012 because Love wanted to work on her solo career. +In 2014 Courtney Love, Eric Erlandson, Melissa Auf Der Maur, and Patty Schemel started playing together again. +Band history. +Creation. +Hole began in summer 1989 in Los Angeles, California. Courtney Love put an advertisement in a magazine called "The Recycler" and said she wanted to start a band. In the ad, she said her favorite bands were Big Black, Sonic Youth and Fleetwood Mac. Eric Erlandson phoned Love when he saw the advertisement and the band began rehearsing in August. Love became the singer and second guitarist and Erlandson became the lead guitarist. Love and Erlandson got Love's friend Lisa Roberts to become the bassist for Hole and found a drummer called Caroline Rue at another punk rock show. The band had two other guitar players, Mike Geisbrecht and Errol Stewart, but both of them left the band soon after. The band played their first show in September at Raji's, a small club in Hollywood, and played three more shows in California in 1989. +Early releases. +After a lot of shows on the West Coast, Hole signed to the indie record label Sympathy for the Record Industry in 1990. In April 1990, Hole released their first single, "Retard Girl." The single was not popular but was played on the radio in the United States and the United Kingdom: on KROQ-FM in Los Angeles and BBC Radio 1 in London. During a tour in March 1991, the band released a second single, "Dicknail", on Sub Pop, the grunge label in Seattle, Washington and then released their first album "Pretty on the Inside" in August. The album was produced by Kim Gordon of Sonic Youth and Sonic Youth's early music influenced the album. Hole switched record labels again and they chose to be on Caroline Records. "Pretty on the Inside" was very successful in the United Kingdom. In the UK Albums Chart, it went to number 59 and the single "Teenage Whore" went to number 1 on the UK Indie Chart. During the tour of Europe to support the album's release, Courtney Love started a relationship with Kurt Cobain of Nirvana. In February 1992, the couple got married in Hawaii. Just before they got married, Jill Emery and Caroline Rue left the band because they wanted to play different styles of music. Hole then signed a major label recording contract with DGC and Geffen Records. The record deal was worth over $3 million. +In 1993, Hole released a new single "Beautiful Son." Patty Schemel was the new drummer for the band and played on all of the songs. Before the band went on tour, they got Kristen Pfaff as a new bassist. The band then took a small break in July to work on new songs for their next album. +Mainstream success. +In 1993, Hole moved to Carnation, Washington to write songs for their next album. In October, the band went to Marietta, Georgia and began recording the album. The recording was finished in a month and was produced by Paul Q. Kolderie and Sean Slade. The album was called "Live Through This" and was released on April 12, 1994. Four days before it was released, Courtney Love's husband was found dead in Seattle. He had killed himself and all of the band members did not want to go on tour. In June, Kristen Pfaff died after a drug overdose and the band had to cancel more shows. Hole got Melissa Auf der Maur as a new bassist before the tour for "Live Through This". +"Live Through This" was very popular. The music critics gave the album very good ratings and the album went to number 52 on the "Billboard" music chart and number 13 in the UK Albums Chart. It also went onto the charts in Australia, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. "Miss World", "Doll Parts", "Violet" and "Softer, Softest" were released as singles and were played a lot on American modern rock radio. The music videos for the songs were played a lot on MTV as well. The album went platinum in Australia, Canada and the United States, and sold over two million copies around the world. The tours for the album were very dramatic—Courtney Love smashed guitars onstage and people at concerts threw gun shells onstage, reminding her about the death of her husband. +Hole's band members went to work on different projects in 1996. Love began acting again and got a lead role in "The People vs. Larry Flynt" and the other members worked with other musicians. In 1998, Hole released "Celebrity Skin". The album had a different sound to the band's two other albums and was influenced by powerpop music. During the album's recording sessions, Patty Schemel was replaced by a different drummer and later left the band. She was replaced by Samantha Maloney for the "Celebrity Skin" tour. +"Celebrity Skin" was successful and the title song reached number 1 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart, making it Hole's most popular single. The album went to number 9 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 11 on the UK Albums Chart. Music critics called the album "sprung, flung and fun, high-impact, rock-fueled pop." Two mores singles were taken from "Celebrity Skin", "Malibu" and "Awful", and both went into the charts. The album has sold more than 1.4 million copies in the United States and has gone platinum in the U.S and Canada, and double platinum in Australia. +Break-up. +In October 1999, Melissa Auf der Maur left Hole and went on be a touring bassist for The Smashing Pumpkins. Samantha Maloney quit to become a tour drummer for Mötley Crüe soon after. Love and Erlandson were the only members left in the band. The band's last release was a single for the 1999 film "Any Given Sunday" called "Be a Man." It was released as a single in March 2000 but failed to make it into the charts. Hole tried to record a fourth album but broke up in May 2002. Talking about the break-up, Love said "Eric has been an important part of my family for over ten years and he'll continue to be a part of my life" and Erlandson said "we're incredibly proud of the music we've made together, but it seems like time for both of us to move on." +Reformation. +Music magazine "NME" announced in June 2009 that Courtney Love was reforming Hole with new members. Love said that Melissa Auf der Maur would come back as a bassist and Micko Larkin was the band's new guitarist. A small tour of Europe was planned with shows in London, Milan and Amsterdam but Auf der Maur said that she was not involved in the reunion. Original guitarist Eric Erlandson also said that no reunion could happen because he and Love had a contract when the band broke up in 2002. Love and Erlandson tried to settle the dispute but did not come to an agreement. +Even though there were legal problems, Hole released "Nobody's Daughter" in April 2010. The album included two new members, bassist Shawn Dailey and drummer Stu Fisher, and had three singles singles—"Skinny Little Bitch", "Pacific Coast Highway" and "Letter to God." Music critics did not give the album good reviews and it did not sell well. It reached number 15 on the "Billboard" 200 chart but quickly fell off the chart. The band went on a worldwide tour after the release of "Nobody's Daughter". A music video for "Samantha", a song from the album, was released in May 2011. +Love, Erlandson, Auf der Maur and Patty Schemel went to the premiere of Schemel's film "Hit So Hard: The Life and Near-Death Story of Patty Schemel" at the Museum of Modern Art in New York on March 28, 2011. After the film, Schemel said she wanted Hole to record again but Love said "if it's not moving forward, I don't want to do it." The four members reunited again at the Public Assembly in New York on April 13, 2012. The band performed two songs—"Miss World" and "Over the Edge"—and was the first time the four members were together live since 1995. +In a Twitter post for her clothing line, Never the Bride, on November 29, 2010, Courtney Love announced that Hole had broken up. She said "from now on [the band is called Courtney]" and "Hole is dead." During an interview with "Rolling Stone", Love said she was continuing as a solo artist and was releasing a new single, "This is War", in February 2013. + += = = Churchill College, Cambridge = = = +Churchill College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. In 1958 a group of people was formed to get money to build a new college. This group had Winston Churchill as leader, so the college was named after him. It opened in 1960. Churchill College has more than 700 students, one of the biggest. Many of them study a science subject. +Churchill College was the first college in Cambridge to allow female students. This happened in 1972. + += = = Statler and Waldorf = = = +Statler and Waldorf are a pair of Muppet characters. They are two grumpy old men who fight and laugh at mean things on their balcony. They both appeared in all "The Muppet Show" episodes except for one in which Statler did not appear because he was sick, so Waldorf appeared with his wife who looks like Statler in a dress. Statler and Walldorf are named after two important hotels in New York City. They are mostly known for appearing as Marley and Marley in "The Muppet Christmas Carol". +Statler is an old man who wears a black and blue suit. Waldorf has a mustache and wears a brown suit. Statler was originally performed by Jerry Nelson and Richard Hunt, and now is performed by Steve Whitmire. Waldorf was originally performed by Jim Henson and is now performed by Dave Goelz. + += = = The Muppet Christmas Carol = = = +The Muppet Christmas Carol is a 1992 American musical-comedy movie based on Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol". This was the first movie made after Jim Henson died. +The musical movie features the Muppets and Michael Caine as Ebenezer Scrooge. The songs were written by Paul Williams. Kermit the Frog starred as Bob Cratchit, Miss Piggy as Mrs. Cratchit, Gonzo the Great as Charles Dickens, Fozzie Bear as Fozziwig, Rizzo the Rat as himself, and Statler and Waldorf as Robert Marley and Jacob Marley. + += = = Nurjol Boulevard = = = +Nurzhol Boulevard (, formerly known as "����-���� �������" Green Water Boulevard) is the national boulevard of Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. The boulevard is a pedestrian area. It is in the new business and administrative centre of Nur-Sultan. It runs from the President's residence Ak Orda to the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Centre. The Bayterek is in Nurzhol boulevard. It is one of Nur-Sultans best-known buildings. + += = = Jerusalem City Hall = = = +Jerusalem City Hall is a building complex housing the city hall of Jerusalem. It is in Safra Square. The complex was built beside the old city hall on a corner of Jaffa Street between the Old City and the Russian Compound. In 1950, The Israeli municipal government in Jerusalem decided to build a new building for the city hall. After many proposed architectural plans, the final plan was decided on in 1986. Construction began in 1988, and a ceremony for the establishment of the new municipality was done in the old city hall. In 1993, the new municipal complex was opened by mayor Teddy Kollek and heads of state. + += = = Clare College, Cambridge = = = +Clare College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It opened in 1326, so it is the second oldest. Its first name was University Hall but it was changed to Clare Hall in 1338. This was because Elizabeth de Clare, granddaughter of Edward I, gave money to the college. In 1856 it changed name again to its current one. +The college building is next to King's College. It goes across the river Cam with a famous bridge which has fourteen spherical stones on it. One of the stones is missing a bit: there are many legends used to explain this fact. The bridge is the oldest on the river. Across the bridge there is a big and beautiful garden, which is usually only open to the Fellows (university teachers). +Very important people have studied here, like David Attenborough, Andrew Wiles, Charles Cornwallis and Thomas Pelham-Holles. + += = = 1972 United States presidential election = = = +The 1972 United States presidential election happened on November 7, 1972. President Richard Nixon was reelected to a second term. He defeated the Democratic candidate, Senator George McGovern of South Dakota. Nixon won the election by a landslide (winning 49 of 50 states) and got 520 electoral votes. McGovern got 17 electoral votes. John Hospers got one electoral vote by a Virginia faithless elector. +This was the highest of any Republican nominee as a vote, as well as a highest electoral vote in a United States election until Ronald Reagan was re-elected in 1984 by a huge landslide. +George Wallace, governor of Alabama was shot by a would-be assassin during the election. +George McGovern's running mate changed from Thomas Eagleton to Sargent Shriver because of revelations about Eagleton's previous psychiatric problems. +This election occurred during the Watergate scandal, which ultimately caused Nixon to resign in 1974. +Candidates. +Democratic Party. +15 people declared their candidacy for the Democratic Party nomination. They were: + += = = The McGuire Sisters = = = +The McGuire Sisters were a group of three American girls originally from Ohio: Christine, Dorothy and Phyllis McGuire. This trio began around 1952 and went on until 1968, during which time the group had many popular hit songs, "Sincerely" and "Sugartime", the earlier of which was in 1954 and the latter during 1958. The group were sometimes compared to the Andrews Sisters due to their sometimes similar singing style and behavior. +The group was composed of three sisters: + += = = Hasmonean dynasty = = = +The Hasmonean dynasty was a family that led the Hasmoneans led the Maccabean Revolt and transformed Judah from a Seleucid possession that was becoming more Greek-like into an independent, Jewish nation-state. The Hasmoneans expanded Judah through conquest. +History. +After the Salome Alexandra's death in 67 B.C., Salome's sons Hyrcanus II, who was backed by Antipater (the father of Herod the Great), and Aristobulus II fought for control of the Judah. The Roman Pompey entered the conflict on Hyrcanus' side. Aristobulus surrendered to the Romans and was sent to Rome, where he was later murdered. +In 40 B.C., the Parthian Empire and Aristobulus' son Antigonus II invaded Judah and captured Hyrcanus. The Romans then proclaimed Antipater's son Herod king of Judea. The Romans defeated the Parthians and captured and killed Antigonus, the last ruler of the Hasmonean dynasty. + += = = Rizzo the Rat = = = +Rizzo the Rat is a Muppet, who was voiced by Steve Whitmire. He was first in "The Muppet Show". He is known for being in a double act with Gonzo the Great. Rizzo is a rat with a New Jersey accent. + += = = Penola Catholic College = = = +Penola Catholic College is a regional Catholic secondary college in the north-western region of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The college is co-educational, and teaches years 9 to 12 (students aged roughly 15 to 18). The school follows the Josephite tradition (love, understanding and acceptance of others). +History. +Penola Catholic College was established in 1995 and is set on 27 acres over two campuses. Three former schools were combined into two campuses, Sancta Sophia College at Glenroy and Therry and Geoghegan Colleges at Broadmeadows. The College name, Penola Catholic College, was chosen for the strong connection between Broadmeadows campus with Saint Mary MacKillop Sisters of St Joseph who established a foundling home on the site in 1901. Mary MacKillop opened her first school in 1866 in the small town of Penola, in the southeastern part of South Australia. Together with Fr Julian Tenison Woods, Mary MacKillop founded the order of the Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart. From 1901 until the late 1980s, the Sisters of St Joseph ministered to the local community and lived on this site. +College Emblem. +The tree trunk on the emblem represents the cross and points to the life of Christ and is a model for the members of Penola Catholic College. The three Colleges from which Penola Catholic College has sprung is represented by the three leaves. The three leaves also symbolize the spiritual, physical and intellectual growth potential of members of the College. The tree also reminds us of the Penola, or the native aboriginal origin. The name Penola gives a unifying feeling of security, protection and care for its members. +College Governance. +The Association of Canonical Administrators of Penola Catholic College is governed and conducted by the Parish Priests of the Member Parishes. +The current members of the College Board are as follows: +College Facilities. +The grounds and facilities on both campuses have undergone significant transformations since the college was established in 1995. +The College will continue to guide this development in the years ahead using the Building Master Plan they have in place. A Performing Arts Centre, Digital Language Laboratory and Hospitality Centre on the Broadmeadows Campus are just a few recent additions to the College. There are also refurbished classrooms and outdoor sporting facilities. The Glenroy campus is undergoing a refurbishing program including a new outdoor recreation facility that was constructed recently. The Broadmeadows site has many historical buildings including the original homestead “Kerrsland” that was constructed in 1880. There are some buildings that still stand from St. Joseph’s Babies Home including the magnificent St. Joseph’s Chapel completed in 1924. +Houses. +The college has what is known as a House Group System. Students are divided into six House Groups. They compete for House points in debate, sports and other extra-curricular activities. The six House Groups are: + += = = Greedy algorithm = = = +A greedy algorithm is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum. +Examples. +There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent. + += = = 1968 United States presidential election = = = +The 1968 United States presidential election happened on November 5, 1968. Richard Nixon, the Republican candidate and former vice president of the United States, won the election. He defeated the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey, the Incumbent Vice President and a Democrat, and George Wallace, the Governor of Alabama, who ran as a member of the American Independent Party +Incumbent United States President Lyndon B. Johnson was able to run, but decided against it. On March 31, 1968, Johnson withdrew his nomination and he said, "I shall not seek, and I will not accept, the nomination of my party for another term as your President". +The incumbent Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, brother of former United States President John F. Kennedy was a serious presidential candidate before his assassination on June 5, 1968 by Sirhan Sirhan in Los Angeles after winning the California and South Dakota primaries for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. +Richard Nixon won the election by 301 electoral votes. Hubert Humphrey got 191 electoral votes. George Wallace received 46 electoral votes and a faithless elector in North Carolina voted Wallace and running mate Curtis LeMay. +Humphrey did not win the south because he was very liberal and favored civil rights. The only southern state he won was Texas (which he won narrowly). + += = = American Independent Party = = = +American Independent Party is a right-wing political party of the United States founded in California in 1967 by Bill and Eileen Shearer. It is most notable for George Wallace running in the 1968 US Election. That year, it was made up of Democrats opposed to the ending of racial segregation and was most successful in Southern states (Wallace was governor of the Southern state of Alabama). +Over time, the party became closer to the conservative movement and it renounced its policy against racial equality. Today, the party still exists but many of its members have left: most of the earlier members returned to the Democratic Party after the 1969 election and its later members have moved to the Constitution Party. The AIP has endorsed the Constitution Party nominee for President in recent years. +Background information. +In 1967, the AIP was founded by Bill Shearer and his wife, Eileen Knowland Shearer. It nominated George C. Wallace (Democrat) as its presidential candidate and retired U.S. Air Force General Curtis E. LeMay as the vice-presidential candidate. Wallace ran on every state ballot in the election, though he did not represent the American Independent Party in all fifty states: in Connecticut, for instance, he was listed on the ballot as the nominee of the "George Wallace Party." The Wallace/LeMay ticket received 13.5 percent of the popular vote and 46 electoral votes from the states of Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, and Alabama. No third-party candidate has won more than one electoral vote since the 1968 election. +Presidential tickets. +Since the fracture of the American Independent Party between the King and Noonan factions, control of the State Party, and thus the ballot line, has been in the hands of the Noonan faction. Attempts to nominate Chuck Baldwin (the 2008 Constitution nominee) or Virgil Goode (the 2012 Constitution nominee) were unsuccessful, as were their independent efforts to make it onto the California presidential ballot. + += = = Zen at War = = = +Zen at War is a 1997 book by Brian Daizen Victoria. It reveals the close involvement of Zen Buddhist teachers with Japanese militarism from the Meiji period until WWII. + += = = Sunda clouded leopard = = = +The Sunda clouded leopard ("Neofelis diardi"), or Bornean clouded leopard, is found on Sumatra and Borneo. It is a genetically distinct species, related to the Clouded leopard. It has now been filmed. +The Sunda clouded leopard is the largest cat in Borneo, weighing around 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb). The canine teeth are two inches long, which, in proportion, are longer than other living felines. Its tail, which may be as long as its body, helps it balance when running and jumping. +In Borneo, they occur in lowland rainforest. In Sumatra, they appear to live more in hilly, montane areas. It is not known if there are still Sunda clouded leopards on the small Batu islands close to Sumatra. +Its taxonomy. +In December 2006, the genus Neofelis was reclassified into two distinct species: +The Sunda clouded leopard in each island is different enough to be a separate subspecies. + += = = Dynamic programming = = = +Dynamic programming is a method of solving problems, which is used in computer science, mathematics and economics. Using this method, a complex problem is split into simpler problems, which are then solved. At the end, the solutions of the simpler problems are used to find the solution of the original complex problem. +Dynamic programming can be used in cases where it is possible to split a problem into smaller problems, which are all quite similar. +Richard Bellman, a US mathematician, first used the term in the 1940s when he wanted to solve problems in the field of Control theory. He also stated what is now known as : + += = = Karjala = = = +Karjala is Finnish brand of beer. Sortavalan Panimo made the beer from 1932 to 1944. In 1948, it started to be made again. It is most popular in Finland. + += = = Infrasound = = = +Infrasound is a type of sound with a frequency lower than humans can hear. This frequency is lower than 20 hertz. When the frequency is lower but the volume is loud enough, humans can feel the vibrations but cannot hear the infrasound. Younger people have the ability to hear lower and higher frequencies. Some animals including whales and elephants can communicate long distances by infrasound. + += = = Gorgias (Plato) = = = +Gorgias is a book of dialogue by Plato, written about the nature of rhetoric, virtue and justice. +Persons. +The book is created by dialogues among persons as follow; +Synopsis. +In the preliminary discussion, Socrates and Gorgias agree that "persuasion is the chief end (goal) of rhetoric". +Socrates gets Gorgias to agree that there is a difference between belief and knowledge. A belief can be true or false, but there is no such thing as false knowledge (the word implies its correctness). The critical point in the dialogue is now reached: +"Socrates": Shall we then assume two sorts of persuasion, one which is the source of belief without knowledge, as the other is of knowledge? +"Gorgias": By all means. +"Socrates": And which sort of persuasion does rhetoric create in courts of law and other assemblies... the sort of persuasion which gives belief without knowledge, or that which gives knowledge? +"Gorgias": Clearly, Socrates, that which only gives belief. +"Socrates": Then rhetoric, as would appear, is the artificer of a persuasion which creates belief about the just and unjust, but gives no instruction about them? +A bit later, the dialogue changes direction: +"Polus": I will ask; and do you answer me, Socrates, the same question which Gorgias, as you suppose, is unable to answer: What is rhetoric? +"Socrates": I should say a sort of experience. +"Socrates": An experience in producing a sort of delight and gratification, Polus. +"Polus": Then are cookery and rhetoric the same? +"Socrates": No, they are only different parts of the same profession. +The dialogue continues. Socrates drives it towards a contrast between true knowledge produced by the art of philosophy, and the practical tricks of rhetoric. Rhetoric is pleasing and effective, but not an art, and is closer to flattery. +Socrates says that virtue is more important than rhetoric. Rhetoric should depend on philosophy. Philosophy is an art, but rhetoric is just a skill. +So what started as an academic discussion ends as a very direct attack on the way law and politics were done in Athens. + += = = Full-range speaker = = = +Full-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker that can be used to play sound at all or almost all frequencies that humans are able to hear. The frequency range can be anywhere from 55 to 17500 Hertz. The benefit is that all sound comes from the same point besides multi-way speakers. Also, audio crossover can be more simple. + += = = Concert band = = = +A concert band is an ensemble for playing instruments using wind. The main constituents are +woodwind instrument family, brass instrument family and percussion instrument family. Sometimes, members of the string instrument family such as the cello and the double bass can be included. +There are many other names for a concert band like wind band, symphonic band, symphonic winds, wind orchestra, wind symphony, wind ensemble, and symphonic wind ensemble. Many people confuse the concert band with brass band or marching band. The differences between them come from the orchestration (how the music is written for the different parts). +The songs written for the concert band are much more easy to listen because of its repertoires. The repertoires are not only about the orchestral composition. Light music, jazz, march and popular tunes are also played. Even though people don't have special knowledge about it, anyone can enjoy the concert band music. It is highly acclaimed for both its quality and popularity. As the arrangement of concert band music is completed in the 20th century, its modern and dynamic style appeals general public. Plus, many conductors conduct concert bands because they are attracted by its unique orchestration. +Classification. +A concert band can be divided into four groups; Professional bands, Military bands, School bands, and Community bands. Except for the professional bands, others are named for the location where the performers play. +Professional bands. +Performers playing in professional bands for pay consider the band performance as their job. There are many professional bands in the world, such as Tokyo Kosei Wind Orchestra and Dallas Wind Symphony. +Military bands. +A concert band in the military is called a military band. Because the repertoires are dynamic and active, concert bands usually perform in the army. Not only the military bands but also marching bands with brass often used for marching there. +School Bands. +School bands refer to the groups consisting student players in school. In elementary, middle, high school and university, there are many students playing wind instruments for a concert or event. People included here also can be divided into two groups. Playing them as their hobbies or studying them as their majors. +Community Bands. +A community band is a community-based ensemble. It is sponsored by a town or city. Some members might be professional players but the others may not be. +Instrumentation. +Woodwind instrument. +A wind instrument's sound is produced by the vibration of a reed in the mouthpiece, like in a bassoon, clarinet, oboe, or saxophone, or by passing air over the mouthpiece, as a flute. +Brass instrument. +A brass instrument is defined as an “aerophone,” which means it is an instrument where the musician must blow air into the instrument. The musician produces the tone by buzzing their lips into what is generally a cup-shaped mouthpiece. It doesn’t mean that the instrument is necessarily made of brass, since some instruments that are made of other metals like wood, horn, or even animal bone are included in the family of brass instruments. Other instruments that are made of brass or metals such as the flute or saxophone are not brass instruments. +Percussion instrument. +A percussion instrument is an instrument, such as a drum, xylophone, piano, or marimba, in which sound is produced by one object striking another or by being scraped or shaken. + += = = Masato Nakae = = = +Masato Nakae (December 20, 1917-September 4, 1998) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Nakae was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakae joined the US Army in February 1942. +Nakae volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in August 1944, Nakae was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Nakae's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Nakae's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in northern Italy in 1944. He held off an enemy attack and continued to fight after being wounded. +The words of Nakae's citation explain: +Private Masato Nakae distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on August 19, 1944, near Pisa, Italy. When his submachine gun was damaged by a shell fragment during a fierce attack by a superior enemy force, Private Nakae quickly picked up his wounded comrade’s M-1 rifle and fired rifle grenades at the steadily advancing enemy. As the hostile force continued to close in on his position, Private Nakae threw six grenades and forced them to withdraw. During a concentrated enemy mortar barrage that preceded the next assault by the enemy force, a mortar shell fragment seriously wounded Private Nakae. Despite his injury, he refused to surrender his position and continued firing at the advancing enemy. By inflicting heavy casualties on the enemy force, he finally succeeded in breaking up the attack and caused the enemy to withdraw. Private Nakae’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = Maeshowe = = = +Maeshowe, also known as Orkhaugr, a burial mound in Orkney, Scotland, with underground passage graves. It was built during the Neolithic period, about 3000 years ago. It has been included in the World Heritage Site, Heart of Neolithic Orkney. +The mound used to be taller, with a depression in the top, looking like a small volcano. It measured 11 meters in height and had a diameter of 30 meters. This was changed in 1861 when the mound was dug into by archaeologist James Farrer. +It was built on a raised level area and surrounded by a ditch and a raised bank. It may have been built on top of an earlier structure. Research shows that the ditch used to be filled with water, and there was a large stone circle around the mound. The grave itself is a long narrow entrance opening into a large chamber. There are three smaller rooms which open into the main chamber. It has been built to line up with the sun at the Winter Solstice. +Maeshowe had been dug up in the 12th century by the Vikings. It has many Norse carvings on the rocks. + += = = Clare Hall, Cambridge = = = +Clare Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1966. It has about 145 postgraduate students (students that already have a degree). It allows both men and women but no undergraduate students. It is one of the smallest colleges but has 125 Fellows (teachers), making the ratio fellows/students very high. +The college was built by Clare College to make it easier for people who are not students anymore to come back to university and do further education. This is why the college has many facilities for families and for sports. + += = = Corpus Christi College, Cambridge = = = +Corpus Christi College (full name:The College of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary) is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1352 and is special because it was created by local people living in Cambridge, not by royals or nobles as most of the other colleges. It is one of the smallest colleges with about 450 students. +Corpus Christi College has the oldest court in Europe, Old Court, finished in 1356. The New Court, that also has the chapel (small church), was built in 1827. On the corner of the student's library there is the Corpus Clock, a clock made of gold which has a very complicated mechanism. The clock is visible on the main street of Cambridge, King's Parade. The college has another library, the "Parker library", that has very old and precious books. +Some very famous people have studied here, like Thomas Cavendish. + += = = Ipse dixit = = = +Ipse dixit is a Latin phrase which means "He, himself, said it". +In logic, "ipse dixit" is known as the bare assertion fallacy. One form of the fallacy may be summarized as follows: +A bare assertion denies that an issue is debatable. In other words, that's just the way it is. In "Alice in Wonderland", the problem of "ipse dixit" is explained by example. + "When "I" use a word," Humpty Dumpty said, in rather a scornful tone, "it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less." + "The question is," said Alice, "whether you "can" make words mean so many different things." + "The question is," said Humpty Dumpty, "which is to be master that's all." +The most basic way to distort an issue is to deny that it exists. +"Ipse dixit" is used to identify and describe a dogmatic statement which the speaker expects the listener to accept as valid. "Ipse dixit" is a sort of arbitrary dogmatism. The only proof we have of the fact is that this person said it. +The theory of "ipse dixit" involves that an unproven statement that the speaker claims is true because it was uttered by "an authority" on the subject. The opinion may carry some weight based solely on the authority or standing of the person said it. +History. +In the "De natura deorum" ("On the Nature of the Gods"), the Roman writer Cicero (106–43 BC) coined the term "ipse dixit" as an error in law. Cicero was describing the students of Pythagoras. +Jeremy Bentham changed the term "ipse-dixit" into the word "ipse-dixitism". He created this term to apply to political arguments. +"Ipse dixit" is made specific in American law. For example, in a 1997 case, the US Supreme Court recognized the problem of "opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the "ipse dixit" of an expert". + += = = Darwin College, Cambridge = = = +Darwin College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1964, and it was the first college to have both men and women as students. The college has about 650 students: they are all postgraduate since Darwin does not allow undergraduates. The name comes from the famous scientist Charles Darwin and his family. +Some very famous people have studied here, like Elizabeth Blackburn. She won the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in medicine. +It is on the bank of River Cam opposite to Queens' College. + += = = Downing College, Cambridge = = = +Downing College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1800 and has around 650 students. +The name comes from Sir George Downing, who left money and land in his will to build a college when he died in 1749. However, not everyone in the family agreed with this. So, for many years until 1800 there were fights in courts until the judges decided that the will should be followed. +Some very famous people have studied at Downing College, like Quentin Blake, John Cleese and Thandie Newton. +Further reading. +Rawle, Tim, "A Classical Adventure: The Architectural History of Downing College, Cambridge", Cantabrigia, Oxbridge Portfolio, 2015, + += = = Höðr = = = +Höðr (also written Hodhr, Hothr, Hothur, Hoder, Hodur, Hodor, Hodr) is the blind twin brother of Baldr and son of Odin and Frigg in Norse mythology. +He is shown as having his eyes closed or covering them completely. Höðr is associated as the god of winter and the cold as well as being the god of darkness, unlike his brother Baldr, who is god of light. The only source of information of him thus far is when he is seen as being manipulated and tricked by Loki, and therefore accidentally killing his brother Baldr by throwing a shaft of mistletoe and piercing him in the heart. Höðr's sworn enemy is Váli, who is born to avenge his brother's death by killing Höðr. It was said that after Ragnarök, Höðr and Baldr shall survive to rule alongside each other. + += = = The Power Within = = = +The Power Within is the fifth studio album by DragonForce. It was released on April 11, 2012 in Japan and on April 15, 2012 worldwide. It is the first album to have Mark Hudson on vocals. + += = = John Hancock Tower = = = +The John Hancock Tower, also called Hancock Place, The Hancock Tower, or The Hancock, is a 60-story, 790-foot (241 m) skyscraper in Boston. It was named for the John Hancock Insurance company. The tower was designed by Henry N. Cobb and was completed in 1976. It has been the tallest building in Boston for more than 30 years. It is also the tallest building in New England. +Its street address is 200 Clarendon Street. At first, John Hancock Insurance primarily used the building, but after 2004, some offices moved to a new building. +Architecture. +The John Hancock Tower was designed in 1972. It is a glass monolith. It was made in the minimalist and the modernist skyscraper design. +The largest panes of glass possible were used. There are no spandrel panels, and very few mullions. The floor plan has a parallelogram shape. The window glass is tinted slightly blue. +History. +The tower has an observation deck that was a famous attraction. However, the observation deck was closed after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. +In 2006, Broadway Partners bought Hancock Place for $1.3 billion. By 2009, they had defaulted on the loans they used to buy the building, and it was forclosed. On March 30, 2009, Hancock Place was sold at auction for $660 million to a consortium of "Normandy Real Estate Partners" and "Five Mile Capital Partners". In October 2010, Boston Properties bought the John Hancock Tower for $930 million. +The Hancock Tower was built by "John Hancock Insurance". + += = = 4th century BC = = = +The 4th century BC started the first day of 400 BC and ended the last day of 301 BC. + += = = Theophrastus = = = +Theophrastus (; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. +He came to Athens at a young age and studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death, he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle left his writings to Theophrastus, and named Theophrastus the new leader of the Lyceum. +Theophrastus led the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school was very successful. He is often considered the "father of botany" for his works on plants. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus. + += = = JYJ = = = +JYJ (formerly known as Junsu/Jejung/Yuchun in Japan) is a boy group made up of three members who are formed by the former members of South Korean group TVXQ, in 2010. JYJ members are Jaejoong, Yuchun, and Junsu. Their group name is taken from the first letter of each member's name. +The group has released two studio albums so far. +History. +2009: Before debut as JYJ, lawsuit against SM entertainment. +On July 31, 2009, the three TVXQ members who became JYJ, filed a lawsuit against SM entertainment. They argued that the their contracts' period was too long for 13-year length excluding the military service and that the profit distribution was disadvantageous towards the artists. So they maintained their contracts should be invalidated. In addition, the former three TVXQ members applied for an injunction that was the same as the lawsuit to engage their entertainment activities. The Seoul Central District Court in October 2009 ruled in favor of JYJ affirming their right to independently engage in entertainment activities and granted JYJ's injunction suspending the JYJSM entertainment contract. +The three members of JYJ continued their activities as TVXQ in Japanin the end of 2009 for over half a year after the filing of the injunction until their Japanese agency, Avex, announced a group hiatus in early 2010. +2010: Debut as JYJ, Japan tour and "The Beginning". +JYJ members who were known as Junsu/Jejung/Yuchun in Japan continued their entertainment activities for over half a year after the filing of the injunction until their Japanese agency, Avex, announced a group hiatus in 2010. At Japan, JYJ performed the live concerts, "Thanksgiving live in Dome concerts" in June. They also had performances at the nationwide a-nation tour throughout August. JYJ's debut album, "The...", was released in September 2010, and debuted at number one on Oricon albums charts in the first week. +JYJ members made a contract with C-Jes Entertainment in Korea. +In September 2010, Avex Entertainment announced plans to suspend all of JYJ's Japanese activities claiming this stemmed from issues the label had with the president of JYJ's Korean management, C-JeS Entertainment. +JYJ released their worldwide debut album, "The beginning", on October 12 with "Ayyy Girl" as a lead track. +JYJ promoted their new album, "The beginning", through the worldwide showcase tour in South Korea, Southes Asia, and the United States. +On November 27 and 28, they performed "JYJ Worldwide Concert in Seoul", two-day concerts that were held at Seoul's Jamsil Olympic Stadium. +2011: "In Heaven" and The first Worldwide Tour. +JYJ released their Korean EP, "Their Rooms "Our Story"" on January 25, 2011 in the format of a "music essay". +On 17 February 2011, the Seoul Central District Court dismissed SM Entertainment's injunction against the three members, filed in April 2010 for damage compensation. +In the spring of 2011, JYJ performed their first Worldwide concert Tours that were held in Thailand, Taiwan, China, Canada, and the United States. They finished their fist Worldwide concert tours with performing two special encore concerts in South Korea on June. +In September, JYJ released their first Korean studio album entitled "In Heaven". +JYJ extended their World Tour by adding performance dates in Barcelona, Spain on October 29 and in Berlin, Germany on November 6. +2012-present: Fan event and The end of lawsuit against SM entertainment. +In January 2012, C-JeS announced two more concert dates, with Santiago, Chile being March 9 and Lima, Peru March 11. JYJ's first Worldwide concer tour came to the end in South America. +On February 23, JYJ released a 90-minute film titled "The Day". It is a documentary film featuring their daily lives and dreams and a kind of fan events. +Starting on June 28, JYJ held the first and the largest-scale international fan fair for free in South Korea. This event was the big event expressing JYJ's thanks for fans and was opened for 4 days—from June 28 to July 1—at SETEC (Seoul Trade Exhibition & Conventions) at Hak Yeo Ul station. This membership week included photographic and video-based exhibitions of the band, as well as two sets of fan meetings. Because of great fan's cheering, JYJ's representative C-JeS Entertainment announced that this Membership Week event will be held annually. +On 28 November 2012, during a voluntary arbitration at the Seoul Central District Court, SM Entertainment and JYJ have reached a mutual agreement to terminate all contracts between the two parties and not to interfere with each other's activities in the future. At last, concluding the three years and four months, exclusive contract lawsuit came to the end. +Discography. +DVDs. +concerts +Documentaries + += = = Commodores = = = +The Commodores are an American funk and soul music group. They were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The band was formed in 1968 in Tuskegee, Alabama. They are signed with Motown. Their hit songs include "Three Times a Lady", "Easy" and "Brick House". During the early times, Lionel Richie sang with the Commodores. + += = = Cops (TV series) = = = +Cops is an American documentary-styled television reality show which follows police officers, constables and deputies during patrols and other activities which began in March 1989 and has been aired in many countries. The show is broadcasted through Fox and has been shown in over 100 cities in the United States. Every episode is about twenty two minutes long. The show was cancelled due to the George Floyd protests. It was later released again on Fox Nation. + += = = Hydrophone = = = +Hydrophone is a microphone which is used to measure sound under water. It uses an echolocation system. You would use a hydrophone if you wanted to examine the sound of fish or maybe if you wanted to listen to find out if there is any sea creature in this part of the ocean. Using several hydrophones make the sound better by making it louder and making it able to reach further distances it is even possible to listen in a specific direction. +The first hydrophone was used by , a Canadian inventor in 1914. + += = = Narva = = = +Narva is the third biggest city in Estonia. Around 64,000 people were living in Narva as of January 2011. Danish people established Narva in 1223. + += = = Rochester, Kent = = = +Rochester is a town in Medway, North Kent. It is famous for Rochester Cathedral. +It also has a railway station, Rochester railway station. + += = = 8th century BC = = = +The 8th century BC started the first day of 800 BC and ended the last day of 701 BC. + += = = Medway = = = +Medway (commonly called the Medway Towns) is a large urban area in North Kent, near South East London. It has around a quarter of a million people. The Medway Towns are made up of 5 towns: Strood, Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham and Rainham. It is named after the River Medway. + += = = Karhu = = = +Karhu (in english "The Bear") is Finnish brand of beer. It is the most popular beer in Finland. Its history begins in 1920, in Pori. Production of Karhu stopped in the early 1930s, but continued again from 1958. + += = = Kruskal's algorithm = = = +Kruskal's algorithm is a greedy algorithm to find a minimum spanning tree in a weighted, undirected graph. Joseph Kruskal first described it in 1956: +In this case, the shortest edge is the one with the lowest weight. +Example. +Download the example data. + += = = Gillingham, Kent = = = +Gillingham is a large town in Medway, North Kent. It has around 105,000 people, and a football team, Gillingham F.C.. +It also has a railway station, Gillingham railway station. + += = = Koff = = = +Koff is Finnish brand of beer. Koff is one of the most popular beers in Finland. It is made by Sinebrychoffs, a Finnish company that advertices lager beers. + += = = Olvi = = = +Olvi is Finnish brand of beer. Olvi is mostly made from Finnish ingredients, besides "Humulus lupulus", which is from Bavaria. + += = = Lapin Kulta = = = +Lapin Kulta is Finnish, Hartwalls brand of beer. Traditionally it's been made in Tornio but 2010 production moved to Lahti. + += = = A Werewolf Boy = = = +'A Werewolf Boy' is a South Korean fantasy romance movie. It did well at the box office in 2012. The movie has been a huge box-office success by drawing audiences totaling 6,600,000 people in less than two months. The movie's lyrical atmosphere and the performance of the stars caught audiences’ eyes. +Plot. +The movie starts with a flashback told by a grandmother, Suni. When a girl, Suni, lived in an isolated mountain village for her recuperation in 1965. A boy who looks like a beggar suddenly appeared. Nobody knows his origin, his family and how old he is. He cannot speak. He only growls like an aniimal. At first, Suni and can't get used to his strange behavior such as eating food with his hands ravenously. They grow fond of him gradually, so they named the boy Chulsu. +Jitae, who is a landlord of the house Suni is living, loves her. He begrudges Chulsu being close to Suni. With experts and old documents, Jitae found out that Chulsu was one of the abandoned children in the Korean war. Now he is a kind of werewolf boy. He is genetically modified by a scientist to make a more powerful soldier. Jitae slandered Chulsu because Chulsu has extreme strength unlike a normal human being. His body temperature is 46 degrees Celsius. Because of Jitae’s lies, people try to kill Chul-su to protect themselves. Suni decides to leave the village to keep him from being injured. +After 47 years, when Suni visits the village to sell the house, she sees Chulsu again. She is moved by his long waiting. Chulsu reads a fairy tale book to Suni which they promised to read together 47 years ago. However, she has to leave him again and return to America. She leaves a message "Wait for me." again as she did when she was young. Chulsu waits for her believing that she will come back again someday. +Cast. +The main actor, is a famous Korean actor. He achieves popularity through various kinds of movies and dramas. For example, , , "The innocent Man" and "Hearty Paws 2". The main actress, , is also a widely loved actress who made a big name through the movie "Speedy Scandle". Both of them rose to more fame with the movie "A Werewolf Boy". +Music. +"My prince", song by Park Bo-young +This is the song Suni sings to the accompaniment of a guitar for Chulsu in the movie. By seeing her singing mellifluously, Chulsu fell in love with her. + += = = Harnai District = = = +Harnai District () is a district in the Balochistan Province of Pakistan. + += = = Mega (Chile) = = = +Mega, whose letters stand for Red Televisiva Megavisión, is a Chilean television network. + += = = Chilevisión = = = +Chilevisión, whose letters stand for Red de Televisión Chilevisión, is a Chilean television network. + += = = Coloratura = = = +Coloratura is a term meaning florid singing in which singers demonstrate great agility with their voices. Although often associated with light sopranos, it can apply to any voice type such as tenor, mezzo-soprano, baritone, bass, especially in the bel canto repertoire. + += = = High intensity training = = = +High Intensity Training (HIT) is a form of strength training popularized in the 1970s by Arthur Jones. HIT focuses on performing quality weight training repetitions to the point of momentary muscular failure. The training takes into account the number of repetitions, the amount of weight, and the amount of time the muscle is exposed to muscle tension in order to maximize the amount of muscle fiber recruitment. + += = = Beth Hatefutsoth = = = +The Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora (or "Beth Hatefutsoth") is an history and anthropology museum in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is dedicated to the Jewish communities around the world. The museum was established in 1978 after 10 years of building. The museum is a part of the Tel Aviv University campus and also has an educational center to study Jewish folklore. The museum is also a center to documenting and preserving the memory of Jews and Jewish families who have been killed or destroyed in anti-Semitic incidents. + += = = International Institute for Terrorism Research = = = +International Institute for Terrorism Research or International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT) is an international non-profit research center located in Herzliya Interdisciplinary Center (IDC), Israel. The center explores terrorism in Israel and around the world and organizes international meetings with politicians from around the world. + += = = 1923 Great Kantō earthquake = = = +The was a Japanese natural disaster in the Kantō region of the island of Honshū. The earthquake struck at 11:58:44 am JST (2:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. It lasted between 4 and 10 minutes. +This earthquake destroyed Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka. It caused widespread damage. About 140,000 people died. + += = = Tom Daley = = = +Tom Daley (born 21 May 1994) is an English diver. He was born in Plymouth, Devon. He mainly dives from the 10 metre platform, both on his own and in synchro (diving at the same time with another person). He became the World Champion at the age of 15 in 2009. +Daley went to the 2008 Summer Olympics where he was the youngest athlete for Britain. He also went to the 2012 Summer Olympics where he came third in the 10 metre platform event. He has won many other medals. For example, at the 2010 Commonwealth Games he won two golds in the 10 metre platform: one for the individual event, the other for the synchro event with Peter Waterfield. +He has won the BBC Award for Young Personality of the Year three times. +Personal life. +He grew up in Eggbuckland, Plymouth with his mother Debbie, father Rob and two younger brothers, Ben and Will. He went to school at the Thruston Primary School in Plymouth and later went to Plymouth College. He started swimming when he was 3, and diving when he was 7. He did his first international competition when he was 11. In 2013, he stated that he is in a relationship with a man. In 2014, he stated that he is gay. + += = = Emmanuel College, Cambridge = = = +Emmanuel College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1584 and has around 650 students. Emmanuel has the tradition of doing very well in the exams. +Some very famous people have studied at this College, like Graham Chapman. +In 2006, the Dean of Emmanuel College said that same-sex couples can have civil partnerships at Emmanuel's Chapel. This made it the first in the Church of England to allow this. + += = = Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge = = = +Fitzwilliam College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called Fitz from the students. It was created in 1966, but it is based on earlier student groups and associations. These began in 1869 with the idea of helping poor people to study at Cambridge. Today the college has around 750 students and is one of the largest. Fitzwilliam has the tradition of doing quite well in the sports. +Some very famous people have studied at this College, like Charles Scott Sherrington and Albert Szent-Györgyi who both won Nobel Prizes. +The name of the college comes from the Fitzwilliam family. + += = = Girton College, Cambridge = = = +Girton College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was built in 1869 and it was the first college for women. It was given official status only in 1948, when women were allowed in the university. In 1976, it started allowing men too. The college has about 700 students. +The college is about 2.5 miles (4 km) away from the university town. It takes the name from the village where it is found, Girton. +Some very famous people have studied at this Girton, like Queen Margrethe II of Denmark. +It has one of the biggest libraries in Cambridge. + += = = Federation of Genealogical Societies = = = +The Federation of Genealogical Societies is a non-profit organization and consortium of Genealogy Societies. Its headquarters are located in Austin, Texas in the United States. It works with genealogy organizations around the world. + += = = Pendulum (Australian band) = = = +Pendulum are an Australian/British drum and bass duet from Perth, Western Australia. The duo consists of Paul Harding and Ben Mount. +The band was created in 2002 by Rob Swire, Gareth McGrillen, and Paul Harding. The live members of the band left in 2012 to focus on other projects with Swire and McGrillen leaving to create the band Knife Party. The DJ set for the band is still active though. +They released their debut album "Hold Your Colour" on 25 July 2005. Their second album "In Silico" was released on May 12, 2008 in Europe and on May 13, 2008 in North America. They released their final studio album "Immersion" with the live band on 21 May 2010. + += = = Ryan Longwell = = = +Ryan Longwell (born August 16, 1974) was an NFL kicker from 1997-2012. He went to college in California. He played for the Green Bay Packers and the Minnesota Vikings. His jersey number was 8. + += = = Jovan Belcher = = = +Jovan Belcher (July 24, 1987 – December 1, 2012) was an American football player. He was a line backer in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs. He was a student at the University of Maine. He played in the NFL from 2009 until his death. +Belcher was born in West Babylon, New York. +On the evening of December 1, 2012 in Kansas City, Missouri, he shot his partner dead and committed suicide by shooting himself. + += = = Ted Bulley = = = +Ted Bulley (born March 25, 1955) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) player from 1976 to 1984. He played the left wing position. He was born in Windsor, Ontario in Canada. For most of his career he played for the Chicago Blackhawks. + += = = Bunny Roser = = = +Bunny Roser (November 15, 1901 – May 6, 1979) was a former baseball player for the Boston Braves. He was a left fielder. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He died in Rocky Hill, Connecticut at the age of 77. + += = = Mutant (movie) = = = +Mutant is a 1983 American horror movie that was directed by John Cardos and Mark Rosman. It has a restricted rating. The film has zombies in it. It stars Wings Hauser. + += = = Fundamental force = = = +There are four fundamental forces, sometimes called fundamental interactions. The forces are called "fundamental" because there is no simpler way for physicists to understand what the forces do or how they do it (their action). They are called interactions because the action of one object on another is matched by a reaction from the other. +We feel the effects of gravity and electromagnetism all the time. +The strong and weak interactions are forces at the smallest distances and explain nuclear interactions. +A complete description of the forces requires advanced physics. The Standard Model explains +three of these forces (electromagnetism, the weak force, and the strong force). Most physicists think that these become a single force under very high temperatures. This idea is known as the grand unification theory. +From the future to the past. +In the future, new forces may explain dark energy and dark matter. We may also get a Theory of everything that explains the four known fundamental forces. Even if we first "unify" the three forces of the Standard Model, we may continue to think of those forces as fundamental. This is what happened when theoretical physicists unified electromagnetism and the weak interaction with +electroweak theory. + += = = Platt Amendment = = = +The Platt Amendment was an amendment made in 1901 to a resolution of the United States Congress. It said that all treaties with Cuba had to be approved by the U.S. Senate and the U.S. had the right to interfere in Cuba's affairs if order broke down within Cuba. It also declared Guantánamo Bay to be U.S. territory. The Cuban–American Treaty of Relations of 1903 said the same things. +In the years following its enactment, until its abolition in 1934, the Platt Amendment was used on several occasions by the United States to intervene in Cuban internal affairs and protect US economic interests on the island. + += = = Bob Schieffer = = = +Bob Lloyd Schieffer (born February 25, 1937) is an American television journalist and news anchor for "60 Minutes" and for "CBS Evening News". He was the moderator for "Face the Nation" for twenty-four years, from 1991 to 2015. He won six Emmy Awards. +Schieffer was born on February 25, 1937 in Austin, Texas. He studied at the Texas Christian University. Schieffer is married to Patricia Penrose. They have two children. He now lives in Washington, D.C. and in Austin, Texas. + += = = Wakeboarding = = = +Wakeboarding is a water sport that involves riding a wakeboard over the surface of a body of water. The rider is usually towed behind a motorboat. This sport, that appeared in the beginning of the eighties, has been inspired by surfing, water skiing and snowboarding. +To practice wakeboarding, a boat, a rope and a board are necessary. If the rider wants to do bigger jumps or tricks, he needs a tower. The waves created by the boat act like a ski jump for the surfer. +Timeline. +In 1985, Tonny Finn, a surfer, marketed the "Skurfer". It was a board inspired by surfing and water skiing. The "Skurfer" was thick and it had an aileron at his back. +In 1987, the "Skurfer" board was introduced in France by Maurice Lejeune. +In 1989, Jimmy Redmond founded the World Wakeboard Association (WWA). +In 1990, the first official competition was taking place in Orlando, Florida, United States, while the first wakeboard was marketing. +In 1993, the first world wakeboard championship was organised in United States by the WWA. +In 1994, the riders Gilles Becker, Franck Ropéro and Pierre Bergia established the ANW (Association Nationale de Wakeboard). +In 1995, it was the apparition of the "twin tips". The principle of this board has still used today. The "twin tips" has one or more ailerons in its back and its front. +In 2001, wakeboarding became a discipline in the Akita’s World Games of Japan. +In 2004, the first magazine dedicated to the wakeboard, "Unleashed Wakeboard Magazine", was published in France. + += = = Chicago Water Tower = = = +The Chicago Water Tower is a Chicago and U.S. historical place tower that is 154 feet (47 m) tall. The tower is believed to be the only tower to survive the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. It is the only tower to be in the fire zone to survive. The building is the symbol of Old Chicago. The tower was built in 1869. The building became a National Historic Landmark in 1975. + += = = Albertus Magnus = = = +Albertus Magnus, O.P. (1193/1206 – November 15, 1280), also known as Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, is a Catholic saint. He was a German Dominican friar and a bishop who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion. James A. Weisheipl and Joachim R. Söder have referred to him as the greatest German philosopher and theologian of the Middle Ages, an opinion supported by contemporaries such as Roger Bacon. Magnus was born into a rich German family, in Swabia, in about 1200. He attended Padua University, in Italy. He was very knowledgeable about Sciences, and he wrote about chemistry, geometry, astronomy, physiology. He promoted Aristotle's writings. He later became Master of Theology, which is the study of religion and God, in the University of Paris. He also created a school in Cologne, in 1248. Magnus died on November 15, 1280, in Cologne, Germany. 250 years after his death, he was named a Saint because he helped and contributed to the Catholic Church. + += = = Antônio Carlos Jobim = = = +Antônio Carlos Jobim (25 January 1927 – 8 December 1994) was a Brazilian musician of the 20th century. He was a songwriter, composer, singer and pianist/guitarist. He and João Gilberto developed bossa nova as a genre of music. He is a co-creator of bossa nova. He is widely known as the composer of "The girl from Ipanema". The representative album "Wave" counts among his major works. Besides, He created much great bossa nova music. His songs have been performed by many singers and instrumentalists and loved by people. +His life and music. +Antônio Carlos Jobim was born in the Tijuca, in Rio de Janeiro. He came from a prominent family. After his parents separated, he was raised in Ipanema. At the age of ten, he started to play piano and compose. His life as a musician began at the age of 20. As a 20-year-old, Jobim earned his living by playing in night clubs before achieving success. +Jobim made his name as a musician when he teamed up with poet and diplomat Vinícius de Moraes to write the music for the play "Orfeu de Conceição" (1956). That time, A Felicidade, Frevo, and Nosso Amor were composed. A key event in making Jobim's music known in the world was his collaboration with saxophonist Stan Getz, João Gilberto. Especially Jobim wrote many of the songs with Getz/Gilberto, which became one of the best-selling jazz albums of all time. +His songs "The Girl from Ipanema" and "Corcovado" also became sensations. Getz/Gilberto won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year. "The Girl from Ipanema" won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1965. +Jobim is one of the most important songwriters of the 20th century. Jobim's song has sophisticated harmonic structures. Some of his melodic twists, like the melody insisting on the major seventh of the chord, became common use in jazz and easy listening music after him. +Due to his fame in his country, the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro changed the name of Galeão International Airport to Rio de Janeiro–Antonio Carlos Jobim International Airport. +Jobim was hospitalised in New York City from a urinary tract infection in late November 1994. He underwent surgery on 2 December 1994, and while recovering developed a pulmonary embolism. He died from cardiac arrest at the hospital on six days later on 8 December at the age of 67. + += = = Bossa nova = = = +Bossa nova is a type of Brazilian music. Bossa nova means literally "new trend". Antonio Carlos Jobim and João Gilberto developed bossa nova as a genre. The first bossa nova single to achieve international popularity was "The Girl From Ipanema". +The bossa nova musical style evolved from samba but is more complex harmonically and less percussive. Joachim Ernst Berendt, the writer of a jazz book, said that bossa nova is a combination of samba and cool jazz. The influence on bossa nova of jazz styles is often debated, but a similar "cool sensibility" is apparent. +Bossa nova is usually performed on classical guitar and piano. It often performed with percussion and strings. + += = = Charles Bridge = = = +Charles Bridge is the oldest stone bridge in Europe. It had been constructed from 1357 to 1400. Until 1841, this was the only bridge to connect old street of Prague. It also played an very important role as the trade route between East and West zone of Prague. At first, it was called just "Stone Bridge" or "Praha Bridge." But it had the name of "Charles Bridge" since 1870. +Description. +The bridge is 516 meters in length and 10 meters in width. Also, it has 16 arches. At a railing of the bridge, there are thirty sculptures of saint who are famous in the Bible and History. Except the sculpture of "Jan Hus", all of sculptures are made of sandstone. Some sculptures were made in the "Age of Baroque" but most of sculptures were imitated. +Legend. +There has been legends about this bridge. One legend says that if a person touches the statue of Sanctus Loannes Nepomucenus saying the hope, the hope will come true. This is because Nepomucenus was the confessor of the queen of Bohemia. But one day king wanted to know what the queen confessed. This was because the king had a doubt that the queen had an affair with another man. However, Nepomucenus did not tell anything to king and resisted to the bitter end. So the king made Nepomucenus fall in the river. So Nepomucenus got drowned. However, He was respected as the Saint right after his death. +Photo gallery. +<br> + += = = Gamla stan = = = +Gamla Stan is an old section of Stockholm, the capital of Sweden. Gamla Stan consists of three islands, Stadsholmen, Riddarholmen and Helgeandsholmen. The main buildings such as the National Assembly Building, the royal palace and the Cathedral are located here. Gamla Stan whose meaning is "Old Town" is known to be built first in 13th century. Thus, there are a lot of old buildings in Gamla Stan and they were built in 17th or 18th century. They have very long history. After crossing the bridge in front of Royal Swedish Opera theater, there is the National Assembly Building. This building is the entrance of Gamla Stan and connects the old town, Gamla Stan, and the new town. The royal palace is just after the entrance and there are a lot of buildings which make you feel like in middle ages. +The center of Gamla Stan is Stortorget square. This square has a sad history. Christian II killed more than 80 of the leading members of Sweden and buried their necks in the well. This is called the Stockholm massacre. In this square, there are Nobel Museum in one side and buildings built from 13th century to 19th century. Also, a lot of shops are placed in narrow alleyways. Up north from the square, the stock exchange built in 1776 and the Sweden Academy headquarters which selects the Nobel Prize winner are located. +In addition, there are a lot of famous tourist spots, such as Morten Trozigsgrand, which is the narrowest alley in Gamla Stan and as wide as 90cm, and the German Church. Since Gamla Stan preserves the image of middle ages very well, it can be one of the most famous tourist places in Sweden. + += = = Cristián de la Fuente = = = +Cristián de la Fuente Sabarots (born 10 March 1974) is a Chilean actor. He studied mechanical engineering in Puerto Rico. He loves sports very much. At first, he was a model.He started acting in small roles in television series and movies. Internationally, he became famous with the movie Driven, from 2001. Today, de la Fuente Sabarots lives in Los Angeles. He is married, and has a daughter. + += = = Kia Tigers = = = +The Kia Tigers is a professional baseball team in South Korea. The team started in 1982 with the name of Haitai Tigers. Haitai sold the team to Kia in 2001. They won the Korean Series 9 times as Haitai Tigers (1983, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1997). They won again in 2009 and 2017. Winning 11 times is the top record among all Korean baseball teams. They never lost the Korean Series so far. +Their main stadium was the Mudeung Baseball Stadium in Gwangju from 1982 to 2013, and is now the Gwangju-Kia Champions Field, also in Gwangju. +History. +1982 - 1997. +The Haitai Tigers was the third professional baseball team in Korea, following OB Bears (currently Doosan Bears) and MBC Blue Dragons (currently LG Twins). It started on January 30, 1982 with only 14 players and the manager. In 1983, the team hired Kim Eung-ryong as manager and they won the Korean Series for the first time. +After the team signed Sun Dong-yeol in 1985, the Haitai Tigers Dynasty started. They won the Korean Series for 4 straight years (1986-1989). Another superstar, Lee Jong-beom, made his debut in 1993. He won the Korean Series MVP in his debut season. From 1982 to 1997, the team won the Korean Series 9 times. +1998 - 2000. +Because of the financial problem of Haitai company, the team started to sell many good players including Lee Jong-beom and Lim Chang-yong. +2001 - Now. +Kia took over the baseball team and the name was changed to Kia Tigers. Lee Jong-beom returned from Japan and he was retired in 2012. In 2005, the Kia Tigers ended the season in the lowest place for the first time ever. However, in 2009, the team won the Korean Series with Na Ji-wan's dramatic walk-off home-run in the last game. It was the first victory after 1997 and as Kia Tigers. In 2012, Sun Dong-yeol, the legendary superstar in Tigers, became the manager of the team, but failed to make the team reach the postseason for 3 years. +Key players. +Pitchers: Yoon Suk-min, Seo Jae-Weong, Kim Jin-woo +Field Players: Lee Yong-kyu, Choi Hee-seop, Lee Bum-ho + += = = Audio mixer = = = +An audio mixer is device which is used to mix several sounds together. The user can control the volume on each channel or sound source to be as loud as they want. The amount of channels may vary depending on the mixer. Different sources may be used such as microphones, sound cards and CD players. Usually mixers have pre-amplifiers for microphones and inputs may be balanced. It is a device that allows you to edit the pitch and other aspects of sound. +Each channel has their own volume control but also there is main volume control that changes all channels the same way. Some mixers will also have an equaliser. + += = = Seoul International Fireworks Festival = = = +Seoul International Fireworks Festival is the one of the biggest festivals held in Seoul held by Hanwha group , Korean corporation. In 2000, it was held to wish for successful World Cup 2002 near Yeouido. After that, it has been held annually with Italian, Chinese, American and Korean teams except for 2001, 2006, 2009. In 2001, it was cancelled due to the September 11 attacks. In 2006, it could not be held because North Korea carried out a nuclear test, and in 2009, because of influenza A. The latest festival was held in October 6, 2012, which gathered more than 120 million people. +Features. +The Hanwha Group spends about 1500-million won for the fireworks festival. Each team spends about 200 million won every year. People do not pay any fee to enjoy the festival. As time passes, more and more people are gathering, so the “Hot Places” become crowded 3 hours before the beginning of the festival. The best place to watch the fireworks is in front of 63 Building. People can enjoy sound effects as well near 63 Building. If the place is too crowded to enjoy the festival, Hangang Park is also a good place. If people take the subway to get to the place, they can exit at Yeouinaru Station. If the subway does not stop at Yeouinaru Station around start time of the festival, Yeouido Station is also fine. +The fireworks start around at 8 p.m. and end around at 9 p.m. Before the fireworks start, additional festivals, such as concerts or racing are held. +Criticism. +There is criticism that Hanhwa Group holds the festival only to advertise their company. The president Lee Myung-bak says that Seoul cannot support this festival for advertising the private company. In addition, people who do not go to the festival have to deal with inconvenience because of heavy traffic or if some subway stations are not allowed to approach due to this festival. A lot of trash left is also criticized. In 2011, 25 tons of trash was left after the festival and 130 sanitation engineers cleaned the area until 3 a.m. + += = = Supercapacitor = = = +Supercapacitor is a type of capacitor that can store many times as much energy as older capacitors. They were developed in the late 20th century. In future electric cars or mobile phones might use supercapacitors. + += = = CouchSurfing = = = +CouchSurfing International Inc. is a company based in San Francisco that provides hospitality social networking. Travellers using the service stay at a host's house, where they sleep on a couch (sofa) or a mattress on the floor. The service is intended to be free of charge; the host does not ask for money from the guest. CouchSurfing is intended to be a cultural exchange program, where the host shows the visitor around their town or local place, and the guest delivers his or her own country's culture. +People using the service must register an account on the CouchSurfing website. They make a full public profile, which shows other users who they are, their interests, what languages they speak, and other information. If they want to host other travellers, users also state the location of their house, and describe their living arrangements, the type of couch they have, and what they can provide for the guests. +Travellers can look for hosts by location, and hosts can find travellers whom have stated their plans to travel to their area. Hosts also list references (recommendations from previous guests), which helps travellers in deciding whether or not a host is reliable. When a traveller applies to stay at a host's place, the host then reviews the traveller's profile and either accepts or rejects the application. If the host says yes, the two users exchange phone numbers and contact each other prior to the meeting. + += = = Maidan Nezalezhnosti = = = +Independence Square or Maidan Nezalezhnosti is the national public square of Ukraine. The square is located in Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine. Most of the buildings in the square were ruined in World War II. Today the square is a center of public performances and political activity. The Kilometer Zero of Ukraine is located in the square. +It is located between Khreshchatyk, Borys Hrinchenko, Sofiyivska, Mala Zhytomyrska, Mykhailivska, Kostyolna streets, Heroes of the Heavenly Hundred Street, Architect Gorodetsky Street, and Taras Shevchenko Lane. +History. +Until the end of the 10th century, this place, like the whole present Khreshchatyk, was called Perevisysche and was a swamp. Where Sofiyska Street now begins, there was the Lyadska Gate, which led to the Upper Town. +In the 18th century, stone fortress walls and the so-called Pechersk Gate were built on the territory of the Maidan, which existed until 1833. In the late XVIII — early XIX century was a wasteland — the so-called Goat Swamp. Defensive ramparts approached it, the edge of which was filled with a dam and a water mill. +In the 1730s, the first wooden houses appeared here, and in the 1850s — stone houses. In 1869 the place was named Khreshchatyk Square. Until 1871 there was a market on the square, circus performances and festivities took place. +In 1851, the first large brick building was erected on the square — the building of the Noble Assembly (architect Oleksandr Beretti; now the building of the Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine). +In 1876, after the construction of the City Duma according to the project of the architect Alexander Shile (destroyed in September 1941 by Soviet radio-controlled mines), the square was renamed the Duma. +20th century. +1912 — The Ginzburg Skyscraper, the first skyscraper in Ukraine, is built near the square. +September 1913 — a monument to Peter Stolypin was in front of the City Duma building (destroyed on March 16 (29), 1917). +February 1919 — the Soviet commandant's office of the city, headed by Mykola Shchors, worked in building 2. +March 1919 — the area was named Soviet. +1922 — A monument to Karl Marx is erected on the square (sculptor Joseph Tchaikov; dismantled in the 1930s). +1935 — Soviet Square was renamed Kalinin Square (in honor of the 60th anniversary of Mikhail Kalinin), in 1944 this name was confirmed. +In 1941–1943, during the Nazi occupation, the Maidan was named Duma and Maidan on September 19. +1961 — 16—story hotel "Moscow" was opened (in 2001 it was renamed to hotel "Ukraine"). +On December 17, 1976, the Kalinin Square metro station was opened (since October 17, 1977, the October Revolution Square, and since August 26, 1991, the Independence Square). +1977 — a monument to the Great October Socialist Revolution (dismantled in 1991) was erected on the square. After the reconstruction, it was named the October Revolution Square, in honor of the October Revolution of 1917, the name of Kalinin Square was given to the current St. Michael's Square). +In 1989, the columns of the portal of the Kyiv Main Post Office collapsed, killing 11 people. +In 1990, a student hunger strike took place in the square, which later became known as the Granite Revolution. +21st century. +August 1991 — the square received its modern name in honor of the proclamation of Ukraine as state independence. It should be noted that the name Independence Square has been used in everyday life since 1990, this name was recorded during the Granite Revolution in October 1990. +2001 — the square was reconstructed (a number of monuments were erected, in particular, the Independence Monument, the Globus underground store was opened, and a large fountain, the so-called Roulette, was liquidated). +In the winter of 2000—2001, protest actions "Ukraine without Kuchma" took place on the Maidan. +2004 — the square became the center of the Orange Revolution. +2010 — there were protests against the Tax Code. +2013 — November 21, the 9th anniversary of the Orange Revolution, Euromaidan began — a mass protest against the suspension of the state's course of association with the European Union. These events later escalated into the Revolution of Dignity, which sparked a wave of demonstrations and protests against the Yanukovych regime, the largest since Ukraine's independence. +On February 18—20, 2014, a violent confrontation took place on the Maidan, as a result of which there were significant casualties among the protesters, the Maidan was severely damaged; in addition, on the night of February 19, the House of Trade Unions of Ukraine was burned down. The Euromaidan tent camp was dismantled only on August 9. + += = = Solvent extraction = = = +Solvent extraction, also known as Liquid–liquid extraction or partitioning, is a method to separate a compound based on the solubility of its parts. This is done using two liquids that don't mix, for example water and an organic solvent. +Solvent extraction is used in the processing of perfumes, vegetable oil, or biodiesel. It is also used to recover plutonium from irradiated nuclear fuel, a process which is usually called nuclear reprocessing. The recovered plutonium can then be re-used as nuclear fuel. +In this process one of the components of a mixture dissolves in a particular liquid and the other component is separated as a residue by filtration. + Solvent extraction involves crushing of oil seeds and oil seed cakes. From ancient time, vegetable oils were obtained by crushing oil seeds in village ghanis / kolhus / chekkus in India. At the beginning of the 20th century the vegetable oils industry was based on some 500,00 bullock-driven ghanis producing about 800,000 tonnes of oils. Slowly, in addition to these ghanis, power-driven ghanis (rotary ghanis made indigenously) imported expeller and imported hydraulic press plants started crushing oilseeds. +Around this time many European countries and United States of America had established huge solvent extraction plants for recovering directly almost all the available oil in the oilseeds like Cottonseed and Soybean. + += = = College Scholastic Ability Test = = = +College Scholastic Ability Test, known as Su-Neung, is a national standardized university entrance test in South Korea. The test is held on second Thursday of November of every year. The Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation (KICE) conducts and supervises the test. A person who wants to go to university must take the test. Its result is accepted by most of universities in Korea. It is a typical criterion to judge whether the person is allowed to go to a university. +Sections of the test. +The test has five sections - Korean language, Math, English language, Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education and Foreign language/Chinese Character. The applicants can choose the number of the domain which they would take, after considering of applicant's ability, aptitude, demand of the university which they apply to. +The Korean and English section are common to all applicants. However, if the applicant decides to take Math, Society/Science/Vocation test and Foreign language/Chinese Character, he or she must choose the subtype of the test. +For Math section, there are two subtypes to choose - "A" or "B". The type "A" consists of two parts - Math 1, Basic Calculus and Statistics. Type "B" consists of four parts - Math 1, Math 2, Geometry and Vector, Integral calculus and Statistics. +For Social Studies/Sciences/Vocational Education section, applicants have to choose one category from the three and each has several subtypes. +Finally, the applicants who take the Foreign language/Chinese Character test have to decide one subject out of nine (German I, French I, Spanish I, Chinese I, Japanese I, Russian I, Arabic I, Basic Vietnamese, Chinese Characters and Classics). +Timetable. +The first test, Korean, starts at 8:40 A.M. The last test, Foreign language/Chinese Character test, ends at 5:00 P.M.. For disabled people, there is some extra time. Blind people are given 1.5 time prolonged time than normal applicants in every section, weak-eyed applicants and applicants who suffer from cerebral palsy are given 20 extra minutes in every sections. + += = = Juho Kusti Paasikivi = = = +Juho Kusti Paasikivi (27 November 1870–14 December 1956 Helsinki). He was the seventh president of Finland, from 1946 to 1956. He was first person to have his picture printed on Finnish money. First wife was Anna Matilda Forsman (1897–1931). +Paasikivi studied history and law in Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki. He was especially interested in history of Russia. He became a doctor in law in 1901, and associate professor in 1902. In 1913 he became director of KOP bank. +Paasikivi was elected in parliament in 1907, and second time 1910. This was time when Finland was still part of Russian empire. At the time when Finland became independent, Paasikivi was among those who supported monarchy. +During the second world war Paasikivi was negotiating with Soviet Union. In 1946, when President Mannerheim resigned, parliament selected Paasikivi as his successor. In 1950 he won an election wand was selected for second term. In 1956 he was not an official candidate, but he got some votes as "Black horse". +The foreign policy doctrine established by Paasikivi and continued by his successor Urho Kekkonen, The "Paasikivi-Kekkonen line", aimed at Finland's survival as an independent sovereign, democratic, and capitalist country in the immediate proximity of the Soviet Union. + += = = Fiscal policy = = = +When a state uses taxes and government spending to influence the economy, this is known as fiscal policy in economics and political science. Idea from John Maynard Keynes. The state can influence the following parameters: +There are two basic kinds of taxes: those on revenue, and those on economic activity, usually called excise taxes. Lowering the excise taxation will lead to increased economic activity, for example. Changes in welfare also have an impact on economic activity. +In general, fiscal policy is cyclic: Effects which result from changes in fiscal policy need some time until they can be observed. +Certain schools of thought think that fiscal policy should not be used to influence the economy. This is the case for Monetarism, which demands that keeping money at its value is the most important goal. + += = = Intensity of preference = = = +Intensity of preference, also known as intensity preference, is a term used to identify and describe what happens in a process which leads to consensus agreement or consensus ranking. The phrase recognizes that decisions and decision-making involve intensity of feeling about a choice and the choice preference itself. +The concept of preference intensity has been criticized over the past sixty years because of the problems in measuring it. The term is used in economics, politics, marketing and other areas. +History. +Ranking and consensus have been the subject of research for 200+ years. +In the 20th century, the term intensity of preference was coined by the work of the economist Kenneth Arrow, who was a recipient of the 1972 Nobel Prize in Economics. +Analysis. +Intensity of preference is a factor in an analysis of how individual choices develop into social choices. Standard election procedures notoriously ignore differences in intensity of preferences. +For example, the intensity of preference is a one of many factors which are important in voting. The term is a measure of an individual voter's (or group of voters') willingness to do something. Intensity of preference focuses on the inconveniences involved in the act of officially registering a choice at a specific time and place, not the vote itself. For example, the lines for voting in South Africa's 1994 election were very long. The "intensity of preference" and the inconvenience of voting were factors in the election of Nelson Mandela. + += = = Bedchamber crisis = = = +Bedchamber crisis is the name given to a number of events that happened in 1839, when the Whigs lost the election, and only had a minority rule. As a consequence of the defeat, Lord Melbourne stepped down, and Robert Peel was given the task to form a new government. The Bedchamber crisis relates to the behaviour of Queen Victoria, who was twenty years old, at the time. The queen had a close relationship with the prime minister, and also listened to him, when it came to choosing Ladies-in-waiting. As a result, most ladies in waiting were the wives or relatives of leading Whig politicians. Peel, who was a Tory, asked the queen to re-elect the ladies, so that their allegiance to parties would be more neutral. This would have meant that some of the ladies would have to be replaced. Victoria saw the ladies as friends, and therefore refused. In addition, the queen had little sympathy for Peel. Given the circumstances, Peel refused the task to form a new government. Lord Ashley, who was to become Lord Shaftsbury was offered the post of prime minister, but he also refused. As a result, the Whigs and Lord Melbourne stayed in power. The refusal of the queen to replace some of the ladies in waiting was met with criticism. + += = = Lauri Kristian Relander = = = +Lauri Kristian Relander (May 1883 - February 1942) was the second president of Finland, from 1925 to 1931. He travelled to other countries a lot compared to other presidents. Relander's education was Doctor of Philosophy and agronomist. +Relander was born in Kurkijoki. His wife was Signe Östermanin (1886–1962). They had two children. He died in Helsinki. + += = = Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg = = = +Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg (28 January 1865 – 22 September 1952) was Finland's first president, from 1919 to 1925. He was born in Suomussalmi and was third from five children in the family. His first wife was Hedvig Wåhlberg. In 1920 he married Ester Elfving. +President Juho Kusti Paasikivi gave great value to Ståhlberg. He said: "Ståhlberg was a man who never made mistakes". +Ståhlberg died in Helsinki. + += = = Vicki Escarra = = = +Vicki Escarra is an American director of welfare organizations. She was the CEO of Feeding America and is leading Opportunity International since 2012. +Life. +Escarra was born around 1955 in Decatur in Georgia. She obtained a bachelor degree in psychology at Georgia State University. Furthermore, she completed the "Executive Management Program" at Columbia University and the "Executive Leadership Program" at Harvard University. +Since 1973 she worked for Delta Air Lines. Here her career rose, and finally she became the director of the customer service. At that moment she directed over 52,000 employees. In 2002 she was honored with the YWCA Women of Achievement Award. +Since 2003 she was a member of the board of the banking firm A. G. Edwards, and also of several other boards like for the Association of Professional Women and the Committee of 200. From 2004 to 2006 she worked as a chairman of the Atlanta Convention & Visitors Bureau. +From 2006 to 2012 she was director of Feeding America, an organization behind two hundred food banks in the United States and Puerto Rico with programs like soup kitchens and shelters. The organization feeds tens of millions of Americans that do not have enough food to buy themselves. For her work for Feeding America she was honored in 2009 with a Four Freedoms Award in the category "Freedom from want". +Since 2012 Escarra leads Opportunity International, an international organization that works in the field of micro finance, insurance and training of small companies in twenty countries in the Third World. + += = = Wingate Institute = = = +The Wingate Institute () is a sports training academy in Israel. It was established in 1957. The institute is named after Orde Wingate, who was a British general in the Mandate of Palestine. The Wingate Campus includes schools and local organizations of sport. The Wingate Institute is located in Netanya and has a supplementary compound in Tel Aviv, the National Sport Center, that includes many headquarters of Israeli sport organizations. + += = = Finnish markka = = = +The Finnish markka, also known as the Suomen markka, or simply markka, was the currency in Finland before Finland started to use Euro. Markka's abbreviation was mk and internationally FIM. There were 100 pennies, "(penni, p)", to each markka. There were also coupons. + += = = National Sport Center Tel Aviv = = = +The National Sport Center is a complex of sports venues and sport administration buildings in Tel Aviv, Israel. It includes the Olympic Committee of Israel building. The center is located in the Western edge of the Yarkon Park near to the Ramat Gan Stadium. It is a supplementary compound to the Wingate Institute in Netanya. +The National Sport Center was established in 1978 when a several tennis courts were built close to Yarkon Park. In 1980, the building of the Olympic Committee of Israel and the national athletics stadium were built nearby. + += = = Närpes = = = +Närpes () is a town in western Finland. There were 9,399 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kaskinen, Korsnäs, Kristinestad, Kurikka, Malax and Teuva. About 85% of the people speak Swedish. + += = = Lappeenranta = = = +Lappeenranta is a town in eastern Finland. There were 72,289 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Imatra, Lemi, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Ruokolahti and Taipalsaari. +The former municipality of Joutseno was merged with Lappeenranta in 2009. The former municipality of Ylämaa was merged with Lappeenranta in 2010. +Some villages. +Hanhijärvi (Lappeenranta), Hiivaniemi, Kansola, Konnunsuo, Kontu (Lappeenranta), Korvenkylä, Louko, Moisio(Lappeenranta), Raippo, Ruokola (Lappeenranta), Simola (Lappeenranta), Sirkjärvi, Vainikkala, Vilkjärvi. + += = = Shinyei Nakamine = = = +Shinyei Nakamine (January 21, 1920-June 2, 1944) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II. +Early life. +Nakamine was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. +Soldier. +One month before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Nakamine joined the US Army in November 1941. +Nakamine volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland. +For his actions in June 1944, Nakamine was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Nakamine's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive. +Medal of Honor citation. +Nakamine's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in central Italy in 1944. Without help from others, he destroyed a machine gun nest and led attacks on two other machine gun nests. +The words of Nakamine's citation explain: +Private Shinyei Nakamine distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 2 June 1944, near La Torreto, Italy. During an attack, Private Nakamine’s platoon became pinned down by intense machine gun crossfire from a small knoll 200 yards to the front. On his own initiative, Private Nakamine crawled toward one of the hostile weapons. Reaching a point 25 yards from the enemy, he charged the machine gun nest, firing his submachine gun, and killed three enemy soldiers and captured two. Later that afternoon, Private Nakamine discovered an enemy soldier on the right flank of his platoon’s position. Crawling 25 yards from his position, Private Nakamine opened fire and killed the soldier. Then, seeing a machine gun nest to his front approximately 75 yards away, he returned to his platoon and led an automatic rifle team toward the enemy. Under covering fire from his team, Private Nakamine crawled to a point 25 yards from the nest and threw hand grenades at the enemy soldiers, wounding one and capturing four. Spotting another machine gun nest 100 yards to his right flank, he led the automatic rifle team toward the hostile position but was killed by a burst of machine gun fire. Private Nakamine’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army. + += = = National Building Museum = = = +The National Building Museum is a museum in Washington D.C. dedicated to architecture, landscaping, urban design, urban planning, industrial design, and the history of buildings in the United States. The museum host exhibitions of architectural styles and organizes tours for visitors and activities for children and families. The museum was established in 1969 by architect Beverly Willis and moved to an old building that was the Interior of the Pension Office in 1980. + += = = Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge = = = +Gonville and Caius College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It is often called Caius (said "keys") by the students. It was created in 1348 by Edmund Gonville who gave money to build it. In 1557 John Caius, a doctor, left some more money after studying at the college. The modern name comes from these two people. It now has about 700 students. +Being old, the college has kept many traditions. For example, there is a formal dinner every night. Also, when students go home for holiday they need to get an official permission from a Fellow (teacher) to leave. +Famous members. +Some very famous people have studied at this College. Twelve of them have won a Nobel Prize: +Stephen Hawking is also a Fellow at Gonville and Caius. + += = = Imatra = = = +Imatra is a town in southeast Finland. There were 28,363 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Lappeenranta and Ruokolahti. + += = = Iisalmi = = = +Iisalmi is a town in southeast Finland. There were 22,153 people living there on 31 August 2012. It is next to the municipalities of Kiuruvesi, Lapinlahti, Maaninka, Pielavesi, Sonkajärvi and Vieremä. + += = = Homerton College, Cambridge = = = +Homerton College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. Its name comes from the area of Homerton in London. It was first formed there in 1850 from a group of students who wanted to change the way pedagogy (how people teach) was studied. They moved to Cambridge in 1894, but the college only became part of the University in 1976. Only in 2010 it was given the full status. +Homerton College is the biggest in Cambridge: it has 1200 students. Many of them study Education because the department is there. The college is not in the city centre of Cambridge but on Hills Road. + += = = Hughes Hall, Cambridge = = = +Hughes Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It only takes students who are more than 21 years old ("mature" students). They can be undergraduates or postgraduates. It opened in 1885 and was only for women at the start. The first men came in 1973. It takes its name from the first "Principal" (head of the college), Elizabeth Phillips Hughes. +Today, Hughes Hall has about 400 students. It has the tradition of trying to mix students and Fellows (teachers) at social events, such as dinners where there is no separate table for Fellows. + += = = Charlottetown = = = +Charlottetown is the capital and the largest city of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island. +The population of Charlottetown was 34,562 in 2011. The mayor of Charlottetown is Clifford J. Lee. +The French were the first European settlers in the area and they founded a settlement in 1720 named Port La Joye. British forces built Fort Amherst near the site of the abandoned Port La Joye settlement after they took control of the settlement and the rest of the island during the height of the French and Indian War. The town is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen consort of the United Kingdom. +Media. +Charlottetown Stations +CFCY 95.1 +CHLQ 93.1 + += = = Summerside, Prince Edward Island = = = +Summerside is a city in the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island. +The population of Summerside was 14,751 in 2011. The mayor of Summerside is Basil Stewart. +Summerside was incorporated as a town on April 1, 1877, and as a city on April 1, 1995. The largest employer in the city is the Canada Revenue Agency. The city was home to CFB Summerside, an air force base located in the city, but that has since closed. The city is the only municipality in North America that owns its own electric utility and provides its residents with 46% of their energy consumption through green wind energy. The city is home to the Summerside Storm which play in the National Basketball League of Canada. The former post office that is located on Summer Street is a National Historic Site of Canada. + += = = Peter Travers = = = +Peter Travers is an American movie critic. He works for "Rolling Stone" and "People". He is known for listing movies or directors in the "Top Ten List" which includes Martin Scorsese, David Lynch, Paul Thomas Anderson, Clint Eastwood, Christopher Nolan, Joel and Ethan Coen, and Ang Lee. + += = = A. O. Scott = = = +Anthony Oliver Scott (born July 10, 1966) is an American journalist and movie critic. He is the manager of all movie critics for "The New York Times". His great-uncle is American actor Eli Wallach. +Scott was born on July 10, 1966 in Northampton, Massachusetts. He is Jewish. Scott studied at the Classical High School, at Johns Hopkins University, and at Harvard University. He is married. They have two children. He now lives in Brooklyn, New York. + += = = Pehr Evind Svinhufvud = = = +Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, usually known as P. E. Svinhufvud, (1861 - 1944) was Finland's third president. He married Ellen Timgren and they had six children. His nickname was Ukko-Pekka. That's why name Pekka became more popular. + += = = Karachi South District = = = +Karachi South District () is in the Karachi Division of the Sindh province of Pakistan. + += = = 11th century BC = = = +The 11th century BC started the first day of 1100 BC and ended the last day of 1001 BC. The events below may have happened in this century. + += = = 2nd millennium BC = = = +The 2nd millennium BC took place in between the years of 2000 BC and 1001 BC. This is the time between the Middle and the late Bronze Age. +The first half of the millennium saw a lot of activity by the Middle Kingdom of Egypt and Babylonia. The alphabet develops. Indo-Iranian migration onto the Iranian plateau and onto the Indian subcontinent saw the creation and use of the chariot. Chariot warfare and population movements lead to violent changes at the center of the millennium. New order emerges with Greek control of the Aegean and the rise of the Hittite Empire. The end of the millennium sees the start of the Iron Age. World population begins to rise steadily. By 1000 BC, the population of the world reached nearly 50 million. + += = = 3rd millennium BC = = = +The 3rd millennium BC spans the Early to Middle Bronze Age. +This was a period of time in which the desire to conquer was common. Expansion occurred throughout the Middle East and throughout Eurasia, with Indo-European expansion to Anatolia, Europe and Central Asia. The civilization of Ancient Egypt rose to a peak with the Old Kingdom. World population is estimated to have doubled in the course of the millennium to 30 million people. + += = = Scottish highland dance = = = +Highland dancing is a traditional dance which comes from Scotland. Highland dancers need a lot of stamina and strength as they need a good sense of aesthetics. They execute the traditional dance in solo to the sound of the great highland bagpipe. The highland dances are very precise and need a lot of coordination. There are many competitions for highland dancing organized around the world, mainly in Scotland, United States, Canada and Australia. +Competition judging. +Dancers are judged on three elements: +If a dancer does all these three elements perfectly, they have a great advantage over the others. +Highland dances. +Here are the main traditional highland dances: +Costumes. +Women wear a kilt, a kilt jacket (with or without sleeves), a blouse, ghilies and kilt socks. Men wear a kilt with a sporran, a white shirt with a thin tie, a dark jacket, green or black hose and ghilies shoes. These are only for certain dances (fling, sean triubhas, barracks johnnies, tulloch/half tulloch and highland laddie) There is seperate costumes for other dances, for the flora, scotch measure, lilt and a few others the outfit is called and aboyne. The hornpipe and jig have separate outfits too. + += = = Paulina Porizkova = = = +Paulina Porizkova (born 9 April 1965 in the Czech Republic) is a Czech-American model and actress. At age eighteen, became the first female from Central Europe to be shown on the cover of the "Sports Illustrated" swimsuit issue. She was the second female (following Christie Brinkley) to be shown on the cover of the "Sports Illustrated" multiple times. She has acted in movies and in television shows, including "Desperate Housewives". + += = = Rich Girl = = = +"Rich Girl" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Produced by Dr. Dre, the track features American rapper Eve. It is the second time that both Stefani and Eve had done a song together, "Rich Girl" also samples both "Rich Girl" reggae girl group Louchie Lou & Michie One and "If I Were a Rich Man" a song from Fiddler on the Roof. +Music video. +The pirate-themed music video for "Rich Girl" was directed by David LaChapelle, filmed in July 2004. and uses the Get Rich mix of the song, which repeats the middle-8 chant section during the intro. The video, inspired by a late-1990s Vivienne Westwood advertising campaign, opens with four Japanese schoolgirls playing with a toy pirate ship and two Bratz dolls of Stefani and Eve, while the girls discuss what they would do if they were a "rich girl". The video features several sequences. Stefani is first shown below the deck of a pirate ship, dancing on a table and singing to the song. She is surrounded by pirates and wenches and is soon joined by Eve, wearing an eyepatch. In the surreal style of LaChapelle, the pirate crew has distorted features, and a leaked casting call commented, "I need the freaks on this one." Above deck Stefani, the Harajuku Girls, Eve, and more pirates dance on the deck and rigging. Stefani is also seen dancing with the Harajuku Girls in a treasure trove, often carrying a sword, and swinging from an anchor. When the girls dunk the toy ship in a fish tank, the galleon engages in cannon fire, causing Stefani and the pirates to fall all over the ship, and Stefani and the Harajuku Girls are soon shipwrecked. they wear inappropriate clothe sofhr the hisotry of hte song music video this was alsmot recreated on The Ellen Degeneres Show +Credits and personnel. +Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." + += = = The Jerry Springer Show = = = +The Jerry Springer Show was a unscripted American tabloid talk show. It was hosted by Jerry Springer. It is broadcast around the world. It was taped in Stamford, Connecticut. The show focuses on family dysfunction, secrecy and infidelity. It began on September 30, 1991 and ended on July 26, 2018. It has been controversial for certain subjects. + += = = Merostomata = = = +Merostomata is a name given to the now extinct sea scorpions (Eurypterida) and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). There are four known species of horsehoe crabs still alive. James Dwight Dana introduced the name to refer to the horseshoe crabs only. Henry Woodward later extended it to refer to both taxa. + += = = Jack (tool) = = = +A jack is a tool for lifting heavy items. There are many kinds of jacks. + += = = Pielinen = = = +Pielinen is the fourth biggest lake in Finland. +Islands. +Eteissaari, Hattusaari, Honkasaari (Juuka), Honkasaari (Nurmes), Iso Ristisaari, Kaitasaari, Karhusaari, Kaunissaari, Kertonsaari, Kelvänsaari, Kinahmonsaaret, Kolmassaari, Korppisaari, Koveronsaari, Kuivasaari, Kulkulsaari, Kuusisaari, Kynsisaari, Larinsaari, Laukkalansaari, Lehtosaari, Liklamo, Lokkisaari, Lörsänsaari, Läpsy, Mantina, Mustasaari, Palosaari, Paalasmaa, Patvisaaret, Pieni Ristisaari, Porosaari, Pyysaari, Pääsaari, Rekisaari, Retusaari, Romonsaaret, Rääkky, Satjanko, Sipolansaari, Toinensaari, Turakka, Uramonsaari, Varpo. + += = = Karachi East District = = = +Karachi East District () is in the Karachi Division of Sindh province of Pakistan. + += = = Lake Inari = = = +Lake Inari ( or "Inari") is the third largest lake in Finland's Lapland. It covers . The deepest point is . There are over 3,000 islands in the lake. The biggest islands are Kaamassaari, Mahlatti, Viimassaari and Roiro. +Inari's is located to north from Arctic Circle, still, water is not very cold. + += = = Oulujärvi = = = +Oulujärvi ("Kainuun meri") is the fifth biggest lake in Finland. Its biggest island is Manamansalo. Other islands are Hevossaari, Iso-Kaattari, Honkinen, Kaarresalo, Karhusaari, Koljolansaari, Kuostonsaari, Käkisaari (toiseksi suurin), Manamansalo, Mulkkusaaret, Reimiluoto, Tevä, Toukka, Uupunut, and Ykspisto ja Ärjä. + += = = Kemijoki = = = +Kemijoki is the longest river in Finland. It is long. It flows to the Gulf of Bothnia. + += = = Kymijoki = = = +Kymijoki is a river in Finland. It is long. It flows through the regions Päijänne Tavastia, Kymenlaakso and Uusimaa. +There are many hydroelectric power plants on the river. In the past, the river was an important way to transport wood. +The river starts from Päijänne and it flows to the Gulf of Finland. + += = = Siikajoki (river) = = = +Siikajoki (river) is a river in Finland. It is long. It flows to Bothnian Bay. + += = = Päijänne = = = +Päijänne is the second largest lake in Finland. It is between the regions of Central Finland and Päijänne Tavastia. It covers . Päijänne flows into the Gulf of Finland through the river Kymijoki. +The quality of the water is good. It improves south of Jämsä. +Päijänne is next to the municipalities of Kuhmoinen, Jämsä, Joutsa, Luhanka, Muurame, Toivakka and Jyväskylä in Central Finland, and Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä in Päijänne Tavastia. +Islands. +The lake has 1,886 islands. +Some of the largest islands are Virmailansaari, Salonsaari, Judinsalo, Onkisalo, Paatsalo, Muuratsalo, Haukkasalo and Vuoritsalo. +National Park. +In the southern part of Päijänne is Päijänne National Park. This was established in 1993. The park covers about 50 islands. The park is next to the municipalities of Padasjoki, Asikkala and Sysmä. It covers Kelvenne island, which is 8 km long and 50-800 meters wide. The bays in the national park are popular places for boating. + += = = Näsijärvi = = = +Näsijärvi is a lake in Finland. It covers . The deepest point is . Near Näsijärvi are Tampere, Ylöjärvi and Kuru. + += = = Höytiäinen = = = +Höytiäinen is a lake in Finland. It covers an area of . Its deepest point is . The biggest island is Teerisaari. In 1950, there were 118 people living at the lake. Near Näsijärvi are Juuka, Kontiolahti and Polvijärvi. + += = = Kallavesi = = = +Kallavesi is a lake in Finland. It covers . The average depth is . The deepest point is . Kallavesi is close to the city of Kuopio. +Complications. +People with type 1 diabetes may have to deal with both short-term and long-term complications, particularly if the disease is not well managed. +Short-term complications. +Hypoglycaemia. +Hypoglycaemia is when blood sugar levels decrease to below normal. This is most commonly due to overuse of medications for diabetes type 1 like insulin, poor diet control, and rigorous exercise. The risk of suffering from low blood sugar is increased by drinking alcohol. This may lead to various other symptoms, including confusion, loss of consciousness, clumsiness, seizures or death. +Diabetic ketoacidosis. +Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a very serious complication of type 1 diabetes. It is a medical emergency and requires rapid medical attention to prevent further damage to a patient, if left untreated it can potentially lead to death. DKA occurs when there is not enough insulin in the body to supply sugars to the body's cells. In order to give its cells enough energy to survive, the body begins to produce acidic ketone bodies which are then used to feed energy to the cells. +If too many ketone bodies build up the blood becomes acidic, damaging the body and leading to the symptoms: +Long-term complications. +If diabetes is not treated, even mildly raised blood sugar levels can damage nerves, organs and blood vessels in the body. +Management. +There is no known cure for diabetes. Instead, treatment is designed to help keep blood sugar levels normal in order to reduce the chances of complications developing as the disease progresses. There are two main method that are combined to manage diabetes type 1: +Insulin injections. +Type 1 diabetes occurs due to the bodies inability to produce its own insulin. To counter this, insulin can be injected into the blood manually. When diabetes is first diagnosed, a plan should be made for insulin treatment in order to not under or overdose, which can lead to serious complications. A diabetic should monitor their own blood sugar levels continuously to know whether they need a dose of insulin to lower their blood sugar. +There are different kinds of insulin that can be taken: + += = = Eagle Mountain (Minnesota) = = = +Eagle Mountain is the highest point in Minnesota, at 2,301 feet (701 m). It is located in northern Cook County. It is a Minnesota State Historic Site. + += = = Al Franken = = = +Alan Stuart "Al" Franken (born May 21, 1951) is a former United States Senator from Minnesota. He is a member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party, which affiliates with the national Democratic Party. Before he was a Senator, Franken was a writer and actor on "Saturday Night Live". +Franken was also a left-wing pundit and has written several books on politics. His second cousin was actor Steven Franken. +On December 7, 2017, Franken announced in an address before the Senate that he would be resigning from his office following sexual harassment claims. + += = = Minneapolis–Saint Paul = = = +Minneapolis-Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, United States, and is made up of over 200 cities and townships. Built around the Mississippi, Minnesota and St. Croix rivers, the area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul. + += = = Arrowhead Region = = = +The Arrowhead Region is in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It got its name from its pointed shape. The mainly rural region is 27,636 km2 (10,670 sq mi) of land area and comprises Carlton, Cook, Lake and St. Louis Counties. At the 2020 census 252,943 people lived there. + += = = Misquah Hills = = = +The Misquah Hills are a range of large hills or small mountains in northeastern Minnesota, in the United States. They are located in or near the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness within Superior National Forest. They contain Eagle Mountain, the highest point in Minnesota at . + += = = Sawtooth Mountains (Minnesota) = = = +The Sawtooth Mountains are low ridges on the North Shore of Lake Superior in the U.S. state of Minnesota. They extend about 30 miles (50 km) from Carlton Peak near Tofte on the west, to Grand Marais on the east. + += = = Leaf Hills Moraines = = = +The Leaf Hills Moraines, sometimes called the Leaf Mountains, are a range of hills in west-central Minnesota. The lands typically rises to a height of to above the surrounding farmland throughout the duration of its range, occasionally reaching higher than . + += = = Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party = = = +The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) is a major political party in the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was created on April 15, 1944, when the Minnesota Democratic Party and the Farmer–Labor Party merged. Hubert Humphrey was a major part in this merger. The party is affiliated with the national Democratic Party. Both members of the party and non-members in Minnesota often use "DFLer" instead of "Democrat". + += = = List of United States senators from Minnesota = = = +Minnesota was admitted to the Union on May 11, 1858. +As of July 7, 2009, Minnesota has had 40 senators serve in the US Senate. + += = = Governor of Minnesota = = = +The Governor of Minnesota is the chief executive of the U.S. state of Minnesota, leading the state's executive branch. Thirty-nine different people have been governor of the state. State governors are elected to office by popular vote. The current governor of Minnesota is Democratic Tim Walz. +Cabinet. +The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state departments. The governor appoints these department heads, who are usually called commissioners. Cabinet-level departments include: +Residence. +The Minnesota Governor's Residence is located in Saint Paul, at 1006 Summit Avenue. + += = = Okutama, Tokyo = = = + is a town in Greater Metropolitan Tokyo, Japan. +Geography. +Okutama has an area of 225.63 km2. Mount Kumotori, Tokyo's highest peak at 2017 m, divides Okutama from the Okuchichibu region of the neighboring Saitama and Yamanashi Prefectures. Tokyo's northernmost and westernmost points lie in Okutama, as does Lake Okutama, an important source of water for Tokyo, located above the Ogōchi Dam in the town. + += = = Flag of Minnesota = = = +The Flag of Minnesota is the state seal on a blue background. The flag that people use now was made in 1957 and the state seal on the flag was changed in 1983. In the past, people used a different flag that looked like the one that Minnesota uses now, but it had different colors on the front and back of the flag. Some people don't like the flag because they think it is too complicated and they think it should be simpler. + += = = Seal of Minnesota = = = +The Great Seal of the State of Minnesota is the insignia that the Secretary of State affixes to government papers and documents to make them official. + += = = Sweet corn = = = +Sweet corn ("Zea mays" convar. "saccharata" var. "rugosa"; also called Indian corn, sugar corn, and pole corn) is a variety of maize with a high sugar content and prepared as a vegetable. + += = = Alternative country = = = +Alternative country (sometimes called alt-country, or Americana) is a type of country music. It has singers or bands that sound very different from mainstream or pop country music. "Alternative country" has been used to describe country music bands and artists that have influences such as roots rock, bluegrass, rockabilly, Americana, honky-tonk, alternative rock, folk rock, or punk. +History. +In the 1990s the term "alternative country" (which is like the term alternative rock, which was becoming popular at the same time), began to be used to talk about different groups of musicians and singers who did not follow the same traditions of regular country music, and who had a different sound. Many of them did not follow the high production values (such as spending a lot of money in the recording studio) of the big country music industry at the time, which was mostly based in Nashville, Tennessee. +Lyrics in alternative country might be depressing or about social issues, and often from the heart. They do not follow the clichés sometimes used by mainstream country musicians as often. In other ways, the sounds of alternative country artists do not always have much in common. They can include traditional American folk tunes, bluegrass, and other types of sounds. It can be music that does not sound like mainstream rock or country. This has become even more confusing with "alternative country artists" saying that they do not want to be called alternative country, with more mainstream artists saying they are alternative country, and with people saying that older musicians or musicians from the past are alternative country. "No Depression", the most popular magazine about alternative country, said that it covered "alternative-country music (whatever that is)". +Even though not everybody agrees on what makes music "alternative country", most people agree that alternative country came from traditional American country music. +In the 1980s, in southern California, some musicians tried to make some music that had parts of country and parts of punk. This was called the "cowpunk scene". It had bands like Jason and the Scorchers. These styles came together in Uncle Tupelo's popular album "No Depression", which came out in 1990. Many people think it was the first alternative country album. A magazine called "No Depression" later came out that was written about alternative country. The magazine was named after Uncle Tupelo's album. The band made three more important albums and joined a big record label. The band broke up in 1994. Musicians in the band and people around the band later started three other important alternative country bands: Wilco, Son Volt and Bottle Rockets. Bottle Rockets signed, along with acts like Freakwater, The Old 97's and Robbie Fulks, to the Chicago-based indie record label, Bloodshot. They played a type of alternative country called "insurgent country". The bands Blue Mountain, Whiskeytown, Blood Oranges and Drive-By Truckers kept going in this direction before most began to move more in the direction of rock music in the 2000s. + += = = Upper Midwest = = = +The Upper Midwest is a region of the United States with no agreed-upon boundaries, but it almost always lies within the U.S. Census Bureau's Midwest region, which includes the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, and Indiana. + += = = Animikie Group = = = +The Animikie Group of sediments were deposited between 2.5 and 1.8 billion years ago, within the Animikie Basin. This group of formations are divided into the Gunflint Range, the Mesabi and Vermilion ranges, and the Cuyuna Range. + += = = Hail! Minnesota = = = +"Hail! Minnesota" (also simply called "Minnesota" in early years) is the state song of Minnesota. It began at the University of Minnesota in the early 1900s when some students decided to honor their graduating class with a new song. In 1945, the Minnesota State Legislature approved the tune as the state song. + += = = Morchella = = = +Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible mushrooms closely related to the cup fungi. These appear honeycomb-like in that the upper portion is composed of a network of ridges with pits between them. +China produces cultivated morels. +Morels are the state mushroom of Minnesota, USA. + += = = Cypripedium reginae = = = +Cypripedium reginae, also known as the Showy Lady's-slipper, the Pink-and-white Lady's-slipper, or the Queen's Lady's-slipper, is a rare temperate lady's-slipper orchid native to northern North America. It grows white flowers, with pink labella. + += = = Lake Superior agate = = = +The Lake Superior agate is a type of agate stained by iron and found on the shores of Lake Superior. Its wide distribution and iron-rich bands of color reflect the gemstone's geologic history in Minnesota. In 1969 the Lake Superior agate was picked by the Minnesota Legislature as the official state gemstone. + += = = Wild rice = = = +Wild rice (also called Canada rice, Indian rice, and water oats) is four species of grasses forming the genus Zizania, and the grain which can be harvested from them. The grain was historically gathered and eaten in both North America and China. While it is now something of a delicacy in North America, the grain is no longer eaten in China, where the plant's stem is used as a vegetable. + += = = Red pine = = = +The Red Pine ("Pinus resinosa") is a pine native to northeastern North America. The Red Pine grows in the area from Newfoundland west to southeast Manitoba, and south to northern Illinois and Pennsylvania, with a small outlying population in the Appalachian Mountains in West Virginia. In the Upper Midwest of the United States it is sometimes known by the confusing name Norway Pine even though it is not native to Norway. +It is the state tree of Minnesota. + += = = L'Étoile du Nord = = = +L'Étoile du Nord is a French phrase meaning "The Star of the North". It is the motto of the U.S. state of Minnesota. It was chosen by the state's first governor, Henry Hastings Sibley, and was adopted in 1861, three years after Minnesota became a state. Because of this motto, one of Minnesota's nicknames is "The North Star State". The Minnesota North Stars chose the English translation for their name. + += = = Grace (photograph) = = = +Grace is a 1918 photograph by Eric Enstrom. It depicts an old man, Charles Wilden, with hands folded, saying a prayer over a table with a simple meal. It was created in Bovey, Minnesota. In 2002, the Minnesota State Legislature established it as the state photograph. + += = = Walleye = = = +Walleye ("Sander vitreus") is a freshwater perciform fish native to most of Canada and to the northern United States. +It is a North American close relative of the European pikeperch. +The walleye is sometimes also called the yellow walleye to distinguish it from the blue walleye, which is an extinct subspecies formerly found in the southern Great Lakes. + += = = Dakota = = = +Dakota may refer to: + += = = Minnesota Territory = = = +The Territory of Minnesota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 3, 1849, until May 11, 1858, when the eastern portion of the territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Minnesota. + += = = Constitution of Australia = = = +The Constitution of Australia is the law that set up the Australian Commonwealth Government and says how it works. It is made up of several documents. The most important is the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. The people of Australia voted in referendums from 1898–1900 to accept the Constitution. The Constitution was then passed as a part of the Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900 (Imp), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Queen Victoria signed it on 9 July 1900. The Constitution became law on 1 January 1901. Even though the Constitution was an Act of the United Kingdom parliament, the Australia Acts took away the power of the United Kingdom parliament to change the Constitution. Now only the Australian people can change it by referendum. +Two other laws support the Australian Constitution. The first is the Statute of Westminster, as passed by the Commonwealth as the "Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942." The second is the "Australia Act 1986", which was passed by the Parliaments of every Australian state, the United Kingdom, and the Australian Federal Parliament. Together, these Acts had the effect of cutting all constitutional links between Australia and the United Kingdom. Even though the same person, King Charles III, is the monarch of both countries, these are now separate countries. +Under Australia's common law system, the High Court of Australia and the Federal Court of Australia have the power to decide what the constitution actually means. +History. +The history of the Constitution of Australia began with moves towards federation in the 19th century. The Australian colonies joined together to form the Commonwealth of Australian in 1901. +Federation.. +In the mid-19th century, the Australian colonies needed to work together on things that affected them all, especially tariffs between the colonies. This cooperation led to plans to join the colonies together in a single federation. The push to do this came mainly from Britain and there was little local support. The smaller colonies thought they would be taken over by the larger ones. Victoria and New South Wales did not agree about the need to protect local industry, as opposed to allowing everyone to trade freely. The then-recent American Civil War also weakened the case for federalism. These difficulties led to the failure of several attempts to bring about federation in the 1860s and 1850s. +By the 1880s Australians were worried about the growing presence of the Germans and the French in the Pacific. Along with a growing Australian identity, this created the opportunity to start the first inter-colonial body, the Federal Council of Australasia, in 1885. This Federal Council could make laws on certain subjects, but did not have a permanent office, an executive, or its own source of income. New South Wales, the largest colony, would not take part. +Henry Parkes, the Premier of New South Wales, pushed for a series of conferences in the 1890s to talk about federalism. The first was in Melbourne in 1890, and another, the National Australasian Convention, in Sydney in 1891. These were attended by colonial leaders. By the 1891 conference, many people wanted a federal system. Most of the discussion was about how this federal system would work. With help from Sir Samuel Griffith, a draft constitution was written. These meetings did not have popular support. The draft constitution also left out important, but difficult, issues, such as tariff policy. The draft of 1891 was given to colonial parliaments but was not supported by New South Wales. Without New South Wales, the other colonies were unwilling to continue. +In 1895, the six premiers of the Australian colonies agreed to set up a new Convention by popular vote. The Convention met over the course of a year from 1897 to 1898. The meetings produced a new Constitution that was the same as the 1891 draft, but with added provisions for responsible government. To get popular support, the draft was voted on by the electors of each colony. After one failed attempt, a changed draft was given to the electors of each colony except Western Australia. Five colonies passed the Bill that was then sent to the Westminster Parliament with a letter requesting the Queen to make it into law. +The British government made one change before the Bill was passed. The Chief Justices of the colonies wanted the right to appeal decisions of the High Court to the Privy Council on constitutional matters. They were worried that the limits of the powers of the Commonwealth or States could be changed by parliament. The British Parliament passed the "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act" in 1900. Western Australia finally agreed to join the Commonwealth in time for it to join the Commonwealth of Australia, which officially began on 1 January 1901. +In 1990, the Public Records Office in London loaned the original copy 1900 of the "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act" to Australia. The Australian government wanted to keep the copy. The British parliament agreed by passing the "Australian Constitution (Public Record Copy) Act 1990". +The Statute of Westminster and the Australia Acts. +Although Federation made Australia independent of Britain, legally the Commonwealth was a creation of the British Imperial Parliament, through the "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act" 1900 (Imp), which applied to Australia. As a result, there was continued uncertainty as to whether British Imperial laws still applied to the Commonwealth. This was fixed by the "Statute of Westminster 1931", adopted by the Commonwealth via the "Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942". The Statute of Westminster freed the Dominions, including the Commonwealth, from Imperial laws and controls. Legally, this is the moment of Australia's national independence. +However, British laws were still more important in Australian states. This was fixed by the "Australia Act 1986", which was passed by the parliaments of Australia, the United Kingdom, and each of the states. This law stopped the British Parliament's power to make laws over Australian states. It also stopped appeals from the Australian courts to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. As this was a very important document, Queen Elizabeth II travelled to Australia to sign the proclamation of the law. +One result of these two laws is that Australia is now a fully independent country. The Constitution is now different from the original Act, as the Australian people can change the Constitution, by referendum. However, the original Act remains on the UK's law book with a note saying, "The Constitution is not necessarily in the form in which it is in force in Australia". Even if the United Kingdom Parliament were to remove the "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900", it would have no effect on Australia. +Articles. +The "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900" (Imp) contains a Preamble, and nine sections. Sections 1– 8 are the laws to set up the Commonwealth. Section 9, starting with the words "The Constitution of the Commonwealth shall be as follows ...", contains the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia. The Constitution itself is in eight chapters, with 128 sections. +The Parliament. +Chapter I sets up the Parliament of Australia. This has three parts: +Section 1 says that legislative power belongs to the Parliament. It is the most powerful part of government. +Part II of Chapter 1 is about the Senate. Senators are to be "directly chosen by the people of the State", voting as a single electorate. Each State is to have the same number of senators. Currently, there are 12 senators for each State, and 2 each for the mainland territories, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory. +Part III of Chapter 1 is about the House of Representatives. Section 24 says the House must have twice as many members as the Senate, each elected by a single electorate. This is called the 'Nexus'. It designed to prevent swamping of the senate's power in the case of a joint sitting (see Section 57 below). The number of electorates in a State is to be based on its share of the national population. +Part IV of Chapter 1 says who can vote, who can be elected to the parliament, how much members can be paid, parliamentary rules and related matters. +Part V of Chapter 1 is about the powers of the parliament. Section 51 deals with powers of the Commonwealth parliament and are called "specific powers". There are also "concurrent powers", and both the Commonwealth and the States can make laws on these subjects. Federal law is more important if the laws are different (Section 109). Of the thirty-nine parts of section 51, a few have become very important in deciding how much power the Commonwealth government has in law. These include the Trade and Commerce Power, the Corporations Power and the External Affairs Power. Section 52 deals with powers that belong only to the Commonwealth parliament. States cannot make laws on these subjects. +The Executive Government. +Chapter II sets up the executive branch of government. Executive power is to be exercised by the Governor-General, advised by the Federal Executive Council. The Governor-General is the commander in chief. He or she may appoint and dismiss the members of the Executive Council, ministers of state, and all officers of the executive government. These powers, along with the powers to dissolve (or refuse to dissolve) parliament (Section 5, Section 57), are termed "reserve powers". The use of these powers is by convention. Generally, the Governor-General acts only on the advice of the Prime Minister. There has been only one instance of the Governor-General not taking the Prime Minister's advice. Governor-General Sir John Kerr, acting on his own, dismissed Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis. +Reserve powers in all Westminster nations are only "extremely" rarely exercised outside of the understood conventions. However, in contrast with the constitutions of other Commonwealth Realms such as Canada, which formally grant extensive reserve powers to the Monarch, even the formal powers of the Queen of Australia are extremely limited, and most powers can be used only by the Governor-General. +Section 68 says that the Command in chief of Australia's naval and military forces "is vested in the Governor General as the Queen's representative". The Commander in chief of the Australian Defence Force is now Her Excellency Quentin Bryce as the Governor General of Australia. The Queen of Australia is not in command of the military. +The Judicature. +Chapter III sets up the judicial branch of government. Section 71 gives judicial power to a "Federal Supreme Court" called the High Court of Australia. The Parliament can also make new federal courts or give other courts federal powers. Such courts, called "Chapter III Courts", are the only courts that can use federal judicial power. Sections 73 and 75-78 outline the original and appellate jurisdiction of the High Court. Section 74 explains how an appeal can be made to the Queen in Council. Section 79 allows Parliament to limit the number of judges able to exercise federal jurisdiction and section 80 guarantees trial by jury for indictable offences against the Commonwealth. +Finance and Trade. +Chapter IV deals with finance and trade in the federal system. Section 81 says that all Commonwealth revenue shall form the Consolidated Revenue Fund. Parliament can make laws as to the how its money is spent (Section 53). Unlike most other powers of the parliament, laws made under this power cannot usually be challenged. Section 90 gives the Commonwealth exclusive power over duties of custom and excise. +Section 92 provides that "trade, commerce, and intercourse among the States shall be "absolutely free"". The precise meaning of this phrase is the subject of a considerable body of law. +Section 96 gives the Commonwealth power to give money to States "on such terms and conditions as the Parliament thinks fit". This power is not limited by any other part of the Constitution, such as Section 99 that forbids giving preference to one State or over another State. It is subject only to Section 116, freedom of religion, and possibly other such freedoms. This power, which was only meant to be used ("during a period of ten years ... and thereafter until the Parliament otherwise provides"), has been used by the Commonwealth to encourage cooperation by the States to various extents over the years. +Section 101 sets up an Inter-State Commission, a body which is no longer exists, but which was meant to have a significant role in the federal structure. +The States. +Chapter V says what the States can do in a federal system. Sections 106-108 preserve the Constitution, the powers of the Parliament, and the laws in force of each of the States. +Section 109 says that, where a State law is different to a federal law, the federal law applies. +Section 111 says that a State can give up any part of its lands to the Commonwealth. This has happened several times. South Australia gave the Northern Territory to the Commonwealth. +Section 114 stops any state from having its own military force. It also stops the State or the Commonwealth taxing each other's property. +Section 116 sets out "freedom of religion", by stopping "the Commonwealth" from making any law to start a religion, to impose any religious observance, or to stop a religion, and by stopping religious discrimination for public office. +New States. +Chapter VI allows new states to be made, or to join the Commonwealth. Section 122 allows the Parliament to provide for the representation in Parliament of any new territory. Section 123 says that changing the boundaries of a State needs the support of the Parliament of that State and must pass a referendum in that State. +No new states have joined the Commonwealth since federation. +Miscellaneous. +Chapter VII says that the seat of government of the Commonwealth (now Canberra) shall be in New South Wales but no less than one hundred miles from Sydney, and that the Governor-General may appoint deputies. Section 127 first said that Aborigines cannot be counted in any Commonwealth or State census. This section was changed in 1967. +Alteration of the Constitution. +Chapter VIII sets out how the Constitution can be changed. Section 128 says that changes must be approved by a referendum. A successful change needs: +The Governor-General must put the referendum bill to the people between two and six months after passing parliament. After the constitutional amendment bill has passed both the parliament and the referendum, it then receives Royal Assent from the Governor-General. This makes it the new law and the wording of the Constitution is changed. +An exception to this process is if the amendment bill is rejected by one house of Federal Parliament. If the bill passes the first house and is rejected by the second, then after three months the first house may pass it again. If the bill is still rejected by the second house, then the Governor-General may choose to still put the bill to the people's vote. +Changes. +As mentioned above, changing the Constitution requires a referendum in which the "Yes" vote achieves a majority nationally, as well as majorities in a majority of states. +Forty-four proposals to change the Constitution have been voted on at referendums. Eight have been approved. The following is a list of changes that have been approved. +The role of conventions. +As well as the written Constitution and Letters Patent issued by the Crown, conventions are an important part of the Constitution. These have developed over the years and define how various constitutional mechanisms work in practice. +Conventions play a powerful role in the operation of the Australian constitution because of its set-up and operation as a Westminster system of responsible government. Some important conventions include: +However, because conventions are not written down, their existence and practice are open to debate. Real or alleged violation of convention has often led to political controversy. One extreme case was the Australian constitutional crisis of 1975, in which the operation of conventions was seriously tested. The ensuing constitutional crisis was resolved dramatically when the Governor-General Sir John Kerr dismissed the Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, appointing Malcolm Fraser as caretaker Prime Minister pending the 1975 general election. A number of conventions were said to be broken during this episode. These include: +Interpretation. +In line with the common law tradition in Australia, the law on the interpretation and application of the Constitution has developed largely through judgments by the High Court of Australia. In a number of important cases, the High Court has developed several "doctrines" which underlie the interpretation of the Australian Constitution. Some examples include: +The vast majority of constitutional cases before the High Court deal with characterisation: whether new laws are part of the power granted to the Commonwealth government by the Constitution. +Criticism. +Protection of rights. +The Australian Constitution does not include a Bill of Rights. Some people at the 1898 Constitutional Convention wanted a Bill of Rights like the United States Constitution, but the majority felt that the traditional rights and freedoms of British subjects were enough. These would be protected by the Parliamentary system and independent judiciary which the Constitution would create. As a result, the Australian Constitution has often been criticised for not protecting rights and freedoms. +Some rights were included: +In 1992 and 1994, the High Court of Australia found that the Constitution gave an "implied" right to freedom of political communication, in a series of cases including the "Australian Capital Television" case and the "Theophanous" case. This was seen as a necessary part of the democratic system created by the Constitution. The application of this "implied right" has, however, been restricted in later cases, such as "Lange v ABC". It is in no way equivalent to a freedom of speech, and only protects individuals against the government trying to limit their political communication: it offers no protection against other individuals. +In 2007, the High Court of Australia in "Roach v Electoral Commissioner" said that sections 7 and 24 of the Constitution, by providing that members of the House of Representatives and the Senate be "directly chosen by the people", created a limited right to vote. This means that there is a universal franchise in principle, and limited the Federal Parliament's legislative power to change it. In the case, a legislative change to stop all prisoners from voting (as opposed to only those serving sentences of three years or more, as it was before the amendment) was rejected as breaking that right. +Other attempts to find other "implied rights" in High Court cases have not been successful. +Preamble. +While a "pro forma" preamble prefaces the Imperial "Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 1900", the Australian Constitution itself does not have a preamble. There have been some calls to add one to express the spirit and aspirations embodied in the constitution. However, there has been fierce opposition, usually on the basis of the content of the preamble, as well as possible legal ramifications of this text. In 1999, a proposed preamble, written by John Howard, the then Prime Minister, was defeated in a referendum held concurrently with the Republic referendum. The "Yes" vote (in favour of the insertion of the preamble) did not achieve a majority in any of the six states. +Republic proposals. +There have been many people who have wanted Australia to become a republic. On 6 November 1999, Australians did not support a law to remove the Queen and replace the Governor-General with a President. The President was to be appointed by a two-thirds majority of the members of the Commonwealth Parliament. Opinion poll results said that the majority of Australians were in favour of some form of a republic. Many voters who voted against the 1999 referendum wanted to be able to vote for a President. In research and polling following the 1999 referendum, people said that an appointed President would not be able to act independently of the Parliament. By being able to appoint the President, rather than having the people elect a President, many felt that too much power was being given to Parliament with no check or balance on that power. Support for holding another referendum in the near future seems to be growing, and another referendum may be held. Former Prime Minister Kevin Rudd said the current (2012) situation "no longer reflects either the fundamental democratic principles that underpin the Australian nation or its diversity". He was thinking about a referendum for an independent, elected President. He went on to say that "over the next year there would be an "accelerated public debate" about the monarchy question". +Commemoration. +Constitution Day is celebrated on 9 July, the date the Constitution became law in 1900. The date is not a public holiday. Constitution Day was first held on 9 July 2000 to mark the centenary of the Constitution as part of the Centenary of Federation. The celebrations were not big and have not been widely held after 2001. Constitution Day was revived in 2007 and is jointly organised by the National Archives of Australia, which holds the original Constitution documents, and the Department of Immigration and Citizenship. + += = = Wildlife management = = = +Wildlife management is a general term for the process of keeping wild species at desirable levels as determined by wildlife managers. Wildlife management can include game keeping, wildlife conservation and pest control. Wildlife management has become an integrated science using disciplines such as mathematics, chemistry, biology, ecology, climatology and geography to gain the best results. +Wildlife conservation aims to halt the loss of species. It does this by taking using ecological principles to balance the needs of wildlife with the needs of people. Most wildlife is concerned with the preservation and improvement of habitats. Techniques can include reforestation, pest control, irrigation, coppicing and hedge laying. +Game keeping is the management or control of wildlife for the wellbeing of game birds. It may include killing other animals which share the same niche or predators to maintain a high population of the more profitable species, such as pheasants introduced into woodland. In his 1933 book "Game Management", Aldo Leopold, one of the pioneers of wildlife management as a science, defined it as "the art of making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for recreational use". +Pest control is the control of real or perceived pests and can be used for the benefit of wildlife, farmers, gamekeepers or human safety. In the United States, wildlife management practices are often implemented by a governmental agency to uphold a law, such as the Endangered Species Act. +There are two general types of wildlife management: +Manipulative management acts on a population, either changing its numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by the indirect means of altering food supply, habitat, density of predators, or prevalence of disease. This is appropriate when a population is to be harvested, or when it slides to an unacceptably low density or increases to an unacceptably high level. Such densities are inevitably the subjective view of the land owner, and may be disputed by animal welfare interests. +Custodial management is preventive or protective. The aim is to minimize external influences on the population and its habitat. It is appropriate in a national park where one of the stated goals is to protect ecological processes. It is also appropriate for conservation of a threatened species where the threat is of external origin rather than being intrinsic to the system. Feeding of animals by visitors is generally discouraged. + += = = Drift velocity = = = +Drift velocity is the average velocity with which free particles, for example electrons, are pulled towards an electric field. + += = = Polar Bear (disambiguation) = = = +A polar bear is an animal. +Polar Bear may also refer to: + += = = Alex Auld = = = +Alexander Auld (born January 7, 1981) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). Auld has also played for the New York Rangers, Vancouver Canucks, Florida Panthers, Phoenix Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Ottawa Senators and Dallas Stars of the NHL. He has appeared internationally for Team Canada on three occasions – the 2001 World Junior Championships, the 2004 Spengler Cup, and the 2006 World Championships. +International play. +Played for Team Canada in: + += = = Grove (nature) = = = +A grove is a small group of trees with little or no undergrowth. For example: a sequoia grove, or a small orchard planted for the cultivation of fruits or nuts. Other words for groups of trees include "woodland", "copse", "woodlot", "thicket" or "spinney". + += = = Igor Sikorsky = = = +Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky (, "Ígor' Ivánovič Sikórskij"; May 25, 1889 – October 26, 1972) was Russian and American aviation pioneer in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft. He built and improved upon the first helicopter that could be used. +Biography. +Igor Sikorsky was born on May, 25, 1889, in Kyiv. +Sikorsky graduated from the Marine Cadet Corps (1903–1906) in Saint Petersburg and the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute (1907–1911). He studied at the Paris Technical School (1906). +On February 18, 1918, he emigrated to the French Republic (Paris), and in March, 1919 he moved to the United States. Until 1923, he had no his own income, sometimes he gave pilot lessons and lectured in secondary schools. But it was changed in 1923, when he founded an aviation company, later Sikorsky became the owner of the design and construction company "Sikorsky Aircraft". By 1939 he had built about 15 types of aircraft. +In 1925-1940, he developed a series of successful aircraft that brought many records to the United States. +Built in 1934 by Pan American World Airways, the Sikorsky S-42 set ten world records, and 10 S-42s became the world's first intercontinental passenger liners to operate regular flights across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. +His helicopter was first shown to be useful when he added a winch on it. Soon after this, it saved the lives of two sailors during a hurricane. +He also started Sikorsky Aircraft, a huge helicopter manufacturing company which produces famous helicopters such as the Sea King and Skycrane. +He died on October 26, 1972 in Easton. Since his death, his office at Sikorsky Aircraft has been left. +Honours. +Igor Sikorsy has received more than 80 different high honors and a rare Wright Brothers Memorial Award. +He was named a Honorary Doctor of many universities around the world. +In 1979, the IAC immortalized the name of Igor Sikorsky in the name of a crater on the moon. +Since 1980, the American Helicopter Association has awarded the Sikorsky Prize. +In 1987, a square in the Primorsky District of St. Petersburg was named after Igor Sikorsky. +In August 2008, an exhibition dedicated to Igor Sikorsky was organized in the Lviv gallery. +On July 8, 2010 by the decision of the Kyiv City Council the name of Igor Sikorsky was assigned to the Aerospace Lyceum of the National Aviation University. +On October 27, 2011, Tankova Street in Kyiv was renamed by Kyiv City Council to Aviakonstruktora Igor Sikorsky Street. +In 2011, the main belt asteroid "10090 Sikorsky" was named in honour of Igor Sikorsky. +In 2015, one of the streets in Vinnytsia was named after Igor Sikorsky. +In 2016, Kyiv International Airport (formerly Zhulyany Airport) was named after Sikorsky. +In 2016, the National Technical University of Ukraine Kyiv Polytechnic Institute was named after Igor Sikorsky. +In 2016, the Museum of the Ukrainian Diaspora opened the first historical and memorial exhibition project "Our Sikorsky", which now operates on a permanent basis. +A monument to Igor Sikorsky was opened near the Sikorsky Airport in Kyiv on August 31, 2019, on Ukrainian Aviation Day. + += = = Food poisoning = = = +Food poisoning is when someone gets sick from eating food or drink that has gone bad or is contaminated. +There are two kinds of food poisoning: poisoning by toxic agent or by infectious agent. Food infection is when the food contains bacteria or other microbes which infect the body after it is eaten. Food intoxication is when the food contains toxins, including bacterially produced exotoxins, which can happen even when the microbe that produced the toxin is no longer present or able to cause infection. Even though it is commonly called "food poisoning", most cases are caused by a variety of pathogenic bacteria, viruses, prions or parasites that contaminate food, rather than chemical or natural toxins which are what we usually call poison. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 76 million people in the United States become ill from the food they eat, and about 5,000 of them die every year. +Signs and symptoms. +Symptoms start within hours to many days after eating. Depending on what the cause of the poisoning was, they can include one or more of the following: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever, pain in the head or fatigue. +In most cases the body is able to permanently get better after a short period of acute discomfort and illness. Food borne illnesses can result in permanent health problems or even death, especially for people at high risk, including babies, young children, pregnant women (and their fetuses), elderly people, sick people and others with weak immune systems. +Food borne illness due to "Campylobacter", "Yersinia", "Salmonella" or "Shigella" infection is a major cause of reactive arthritis, which typically occurs 1–3 weeks after diarrheal illness. Similarly, people with liver disease are especially susceptible to infections from "Vibrio vulnificus", which can be found in oysters or crabs. +Tetrodotoxin poisoning from reef fish and other animals shows up very quickly in symptoms such as numbness and shortness of breath, and is often fatal. + += = = Rungrado 1st of May Stadium = = = +The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, or May Day Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Pyongyang, North Korea, completed on May 1, 1989. +The stadium was built as a main stadium for the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in 1989. +It is currently used for football matches, a few athletics matches, but most often for Arirang performances (also known as the Mass Games). The stadium can seat 150,000, which is the largest stadium in the world that is not used for auto racing. +Its name comes from the place where it is, Rungra Islet in the Taedong River, and May Day, the international day celebrating labour. +The stadium is most famous for being the place where large shows celebrating Kim Il-sung and the North Korean nation were held. In June-July 2002, the "Arirang" gymnastic and artistic performances were held there. There were 100,000+ people taking part —double the number of people watching— and was open to foreigners, which is rare. These performances now happen every year, usually in August and September. The "Guinness Book of Records" has recognized these events as the largest in the world. +In 2000, Kim Jong-Il used the stadium to entertain Madeleine Albright, the U.S. Secretary of State under President Bill Clinton. + += = = Badwater Basin = = = +Badwater Basin is a basin in Death Valley National Park, Death Valley, California. The water which goes into it does not flow into any ocean. +Badwater Basin is the lowest point in North America, at below sea level. Mount Whitney, the highest point in the 48 states, is only 76 miles west of the Basin. It is one of the lowest places in Death Valley. +Badwater Basin has a small natural pool of undrinkable water next to the road. The water comes from a spring. It is called 'Badwater' because people cannot drink the water. This is because so much salt has built up from the basin. The pool does have animals and plants living there, including pickleweed, insects, and the Badwater snail. +The pool is not actually the lowest point of the basin. The lowest point is several miles to the west; the exact point which is lowest changes over time. However, the salt flats are dangerous to travel across (in many cases being only a thin white crust over mud). Therefore, the sign states that the lowest point is at the pool, where people can see it. This is not the lowest point in the Western Hemisphere. Laguna del Carbón in Argentina is lower, at -105 meters (-344 feet). +Geography. +At Badwater Basin, big rainstorms sometimes flood the bottom of the valley. They cover the salt pan with a thin sheet of standing water. This makes new lakes, but the lakes do not last long. This is because the average of rain that falls every year is much lower than the a 150-inch annual evaporation rate, so all the water evaporates away. This means that even a 12-foot-deep, 30-mile-long lake would dry up in a single year. While the basin is flooded, some of the salt dissolves and goes back into the basin as clean crystals when the water evaporates. +Painted on the cliff above Badwater is a sign that says "Sea Level" which people visiting like to look at. +History. +During the Holocene, when the regional climate was less dry, streams that ran from mountains in the area slowly filled Death Valley until it was 3 feet (1m) deep. Eventually, there was a long lake, Lake Manly. +The wet times with much rain did not last. The temperature got warmer, and there was less rain. The lake began to dry up, and as the water evaporated, the lake became saltier. Eventually, only a soup of brine was left. Salts (95% table salt: NaCl) began to turn into crystals, covering the surface with a thick crust from three inches to five feet thick (1-1.7m). + += = = Brian Campbell = = = +Brian Wesley Campbell (born May 23, 1979 in Strathroy, Ontario) is a former Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks, and Buffalo Sabres. +Career. +He also played in the NHL with the Buffalo Sabres for 8 seasons, the San Jose Sharks for 1 season and the Chicago Blackhawks for 3 seasons. He was drafted by the Buffalo Sabres with the 156th overall pick in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. He also played 4 seasons in the OHL for the Ottawa 67's and 1 season in SM-liiga for Jokerit. +He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks in 2010. + += = = Bush Doctrine = = = +The Bush Doctrine is a term which many people use to describe several foreign policy and national defense decisions that President George W. Bush made. +The Bush Doctrine is usually used to describe how Bush invaded Iraq in what is known as pre-emptive war (which means to attack the enemy before they can attack you). +George W. Bush did not make up this term and he never said what he thought about the term. +There are other United States presidential doctrines also. + += = = Truman Doctrine = = = +A speech was made by U.S. President Harry S. Truman to the U.S. Congress on March 12, 1947. In this speech he said he thought that the United States should help Greece and Turkey to stop them being 'totalitarianists' although he meant Soviet Communism. This became known as the Truman Doctrine. Some historians believe that this was the start of the Cold War. +This speech was made after the United Kingdom said that they would stop helping Greece and Turkey in February 1947 since the U.K. was also poor after the cost of World War II. This meant that Greece and Turkey would still be poor and Truman believed that a poor Eastern Europe would convert to a Communist government more easily unless helped by the United States. Truman wrongly thought that the Soviets were helping the Greek Communist partisans when there was no clear proof. +This plan was a big change to American politics. Political historian Walter LaFeber wrote that 'the doctrine became an ideological shield' which means that he believed that the United States used the doctrine as an excuse or reason. The Marshall Plan came after because of this. + += = = God Defend New Zealand = = = +"God Defend New Zealand" (), called "Aotearoa" (; simply "New Zealand") in Māori, is the title of the most popular national anthem of New Zealand. It was originally a poem written by Thomas Bracken in the 1870s until it was set to music by John Joseph Woods as part a competition for ten guineas in 1876. Two years later, Thomas Henry Smith wrote the lyrics in Māori—one of the country's official languages. The anthem was adopted in 1977. +"God Save the Queen", the national anthem used for the United Kingdom and used as a royal anthem for a number of countries and territories, is also a national anthem of New Zealand. +Lyrics. +According to copyright law of New Zealand, the English lyrics are no longer copyrighted since the beginning of 1949 or the end of the 50-year mark of Bracken's death, and since the 1980s, the rights to the musical score are in the public domain. +The meaning of the Māori lyrics are slightly different from the English lyrics. + += = = Troy Hudson = = = +Troy Hudson (born March 13, 1976, in Carbondale, Illinois) is a former American professional basketball player at the point guard position. + += = = Target Center = = = +The Target Center is an arena in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is sponsored by Target Corporation. The arena has 702 club seats and 68 suites. +The center is home to the National Basketball Association's Minnesota Timberwolves. From 1994–1996, it was home to the Minnesota Arctic Blast of RHI. In 1996, it was home to the Arena Football League team Minnesota Fighting Pike. The Women's National Basketball Association's Minnesota Lynx also play in the arena. + += = = John Joseph Woods = = = +John Joseph Woods was a New Zealand teacher and songwriter. He is best known for winning a competition to set "God Defend New Zealand", a poem by Thomas Bracken, to music. By doing this, he composed the tune to what later became New Zealand's national anthem. Woods was also the Tuapeka County Council clerk for 55 years. +Life. +Personal life. +Woods was born in Tasmania in 1849 into an Irish family with fourteen other children, seven boys and seven girls. His father was a soldier. After teaching in Tasmania for nine years, he came to New Zealand as a young man and worked for a time in Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin and Invercargill. Eight years teaching in New Zealand led to a position as the head teacher of St Patrick's School in Lawrence, Otago, and he moved there from Invercargill in 1874. Woods was known as a good musician. He was choirmaster of the local Catholic church, and could play twelve different instruments, though he was best known for his skill on the violin. Singing a solo at his own wedding, Woods showed that he was also a good singer. +While in Lawrence, Woods taught with an Irish widow called Harriet Conway (née Plunket) who already had two sons. They were married in September 1874 and had four children together, three sons and a daughter named Mary. +In 1902, Woods built a house of brick and wood on the corner of Lismore and Lancaster Streets. He lived there until he died in 1934. It is now under the care of the Historic Places Trust, which mounted a plaque on the street-facing back wall to remember his composition of the national anthem. +Composition of the national anthem. +One night in the winter of June 1876, Woods read about the competition in the "Saturday Advertiser". According to tradition, he usually met the coach that delivered the news in the main street of Lawrence to pick up his paper. It was already 9 pm, but he went straight to his piano and in that one sitting composed the tune for what later became the national anthem. In a later letter to A.H. Reed, he explained that the words inspired him so much he had to write music for them. He entered his composition under the pen name of "Orpheus". The "Advertiser" sent it off with the eleven other submissions to Melbourne, where it was judged. In October 1876, it was announced that the three judges all agreed that Woods' composition was the clear winner. The prize was ten guineas. +The rules of the competition meant that the copyright of the music would belong to the "Saturday Advertiser", which gave the manuscript to the Dunedin-based Charles Begg & Co to publish, but a nine-month delay in sending it to a publisher was followed by two months of waiting for it to be printed. The end result was a very poor edition with only one verse, which was thrown out by the "Advertiser". When promises of reprint failed to come true, the "Advertiser" was forced to hand the copyright back over to Woods. He immediately arranged for it to be printed by Hopwood and Crew in London, with Bracken's blessing. Bracken did not mean for his poem to become the national anthem, and it was Woods who had always used the word "anthem" where Bracken called it a "hymn". +Being a choirmaster, Woods' focus in composing the melody was to make it simple and easy for children to sing. This proved to help its success when the Premier George Grey visited Lawrence on 11 March 1878 and was welcomed by six hundred local schoolchildren singing what was by then beginning to be labelled as the "national anthem". Grey was very taken by the music and immediately sent a telegram to Bracken congratulating him. +County clerk. +In 1877, Woods stopped teaching and became the county clerk for the Tuapeka County Council. He was known for working 13-hour days and keeping accounts of such a high standard that he was accepted as a fellow of the Registered Accountants of New Zealand. Serving in this role, he also became known as an authority on county law, sought out by the council and clerks of other regions. He also organised the decoration of council office buildings to mark Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee in 1897. +He served in that role for 55 years until ill health forced him to retire in 1932, aged 83. +Other honours. +Woods was deeply involved in the affairs of the town. He was a member of many local clubs and societies. He was also known as an expert on cultivating daffodils, of which his collection was the largest in the area. In 1884, Woods was elected first president of the local choral society. +When Woods was made an Honorary Freeman of New Zealand, he was commended for his "efficiency, integrity and devotion to duty". + += = = FC Twente = = = +FC Twente is a football club from Enschede in the Netherlands. They play in the Eredivisie and also in the UEFA Champions League. +Twente plays its games in the Grolsch Veste (a capacity of 30 000). +FC Twente currently holds the national cup and the Johan Cruijff Schaal. In season 2010/11 they ended second in the league. +History. +FC Twente was founded on 1 July 1965 as a combination of Sportclub Enschede and Enschedes Boys. The two professional football teams in Enschede at that time (Sportclub Enschede and Enschedese Boys) had both money problems and were forced to merge. FC Twente started in the Eredivisie (highest Dutch league) and within a few years they were part of the top of Dutch football. Between 1970 and 1980 they came close to several prizes, but they always lost the final. In 1974 the ended second in the Eredivisie and in 1975 the lost the Dutch cup final as well as the UEFA Cup final (after beating Juventus in the semi-final). Only in 1978 they won the Dutch Cup (by beating PEC Zwolle in the final with 3-0). In the next decade (1980-1990) the club went down hill, with the relegation to the Eerste Divisie (second tier of Dutch football) in 1983 as all-time low. Twente was back in the Eredivisie within a year however. In the nineties Twente played a modest role in Dutch football, usually ending around the 5th place in the Eredivisie. +In the first decade of the 21st century the golden era started. In 2001 FC Twente won the Dutch cup by beating PSV Eindhoven in the final with a penalty shootout. This victory caused huge celebrations in the eastern part of the Netherlands. This showed the popularity of the club in the region, eventhough FC Twente almost never wins a prize. In 2003 the club almost went bankrupt and Joop Munsterman took over as chairman. He understood the potential of this club and developed a plan to increase the sportive, economic and social capacity of Twente. In 2008 the stadium size was increased from 13,500 to 24,000 seats. In 2011 the stadium was further increased to 30,000 seats. FC Twente again played on the top of the Dutch league, resulting in their first national title in 2010. Also the Intertoto Cup was won in 2006, the Johan Cruijff Schaal was won in 2010 and 2011 and the Dutch cup in 2011. In these years FC Twente also started a social programm to help unemployed people to find a job, encourage handicaped people to do sports and to give away free seats in the stadium to people that cannot afford a ticket. +Current squad. +"For recent transfers, see List of Dutch football transfers winter 2011–12 and List of Dutch football transfers summer 2012." + += = = James and the Giant Peach (movie) = = = +James and the Giant Peach is a 1996 Disney animated movie and released to movie theaters by Buena Vista Pictures. +Based on Roald Dahl's novel of the same name, the movie is about a boy named James. + += = = Eddie Griffin (basketball) = = = +Eddie Jamaal Griffin (May 30, 1982 – August 17, 2007) was an American professional basketball player. He last played for the NBA's Minnesota Timberwolves. Months later, he was killed in a car crash. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. + += = = Target Field = = = +Target Field is the home baseball park of the Minnesota Twins. It is in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. It is the team's sixth ballpark and third in Minnesota. The Twins moved to Target Field in 2010 after 28 seasons at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome. It is the first stadium built just for the Twins. Twins staff moved in on January 4, 2010. + += = = Xcel Energy Center = = = +Xcel Energy Center (also called The X) is an arena in Saint Paul, Minnesota, sponsored by Xcel Energy. It is used for many purposes. +It is the home of the Minnesota Wild of the National Hockey League (NHL) and Minnesota of the Professional Women's Hockey League (PWHL). It was also home to the Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) from 2005 until 2015 and the temporary home to the Minnesota Lynx of the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) during their 2017 season. +It is owned by the city of Saint Paul and operated by Minnesota Sports & Entertainment. +It is on the same block as the RiverCentre convention facility, Roy Wilkins Auditorium, and Ordway Center for the Performing Arts. + += = = Honeycrisp = = = +Honeycrisp is an apple cultivar that was made at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station's Horticultural Research Center at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Named in 1974 as the MN 1711, and released in 1991, the Honeycrisp has rapidly become a prized commercial commodity, as its sweetness, firmness, and tartness make it a good apple for eating raw. The Honeycrisp also keeps its pigment well and has a long shelf life when kept in cool, dry areas. + += = = Tom Pyatt = = = +Thomas Cullum Pyatt (born February 14, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre that played for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Montreal Canadiens and Tampa Bay Lightning. He has also played for the Montreal Canadiens from 2009 to 2011. He is the son of former NHL player Nelson Pyatt and brother of New York Rangers forward Taylor Pyatt. + += = = Paper mill = = = +A paper mill is a factory that produces paper, usually using vegetable fibers or wood pulp. Wood and other raw materials are cut into small chips and cooked with chemicals in large vessels. The chemicals separate a substance called "cellulose" from the wood fibres. The cellulose is then added with other chemicals and additives, and pressed into paper in large machines called "paper machines". Most paper is made from pine, spruce and eucalyptus. Other things often used include rags. + += = = Louise Glück = = = +Louise Elisabeth Glück (April 22, 1943 – October 13, 2023) was an American poet. She was born and raised in New York City. She has won many awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1993 for her book "The Wild Iris" and National Book Award of Poetry in 2014 for her book "Faithful and Virtuous Night". She was the Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 2003. +In 2020, she was honored with the Nobel Prize in Literature. +Glück died from cancer at her home in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on October 13, 2023, at the age of 80. + += = = Sailing = = = +Sailing is the craft of controlling a boat that uses the force of the wind as a source of movement. Sailing boats were very important to move cargo and people. Starting at the end of the 19th century they were gradually replaced by the boats that used steam to generate motion. Today, sailing is a hobby some people have. In some regions of the world, sailing vessels still keep their importance. +Many military forces also have sailing vessels for the purpose of training. +Sailing is also a competitive sport. It is one of the sports in the Olympic Games. + += = = Ben Gibbard = = = +Ben Gibbard (born August 11, 1976) is an American musician. He is the lead singer of the indie bands Death Cab for Cutie and The Postal Service. He is also a solo artist. He was married to actress and musician Zooey Deschanel from 2009 to 2012. + += = = Danny Lennon = = = +Danny Lennon (born 6 April 1970) is a former footballer from Northern Ireland. He is currently the manager of Scottish Premier League side St Mirren. + += = = Chip Ganassi Racing = = = +Chip Ganassi Racing Teams is an American racing team. The team competes in the IndyCar Series, and sportscar racing. In 2021, Chip Ganassi sold his NASCAR team to Justin Marks and it became Trackhouse Racing. Their IndyCar drivers are Ryan Briscoe, Scott Dixon, Tony Kanaan, and Charlie Kimball. Dixon is the current IndyCar champion, which he won for the third time in 2013. Their sportscar team's drivers are Scott Pruett, Marino Franchitti, and Memo Rojas. +Until 2016 two of Ganassi's IndyCar cars were sponsored by Target. Target was also a sponsor for Ganassi's Nascar cars until 2017. The drivers of the Target sponsored cars were often in Target advertising and posters of them could be seen in many Target stores. +On June 30th 2021 it was announced that Trackhouse Racing had purchased Chip Ganassi Racing's Nascar team. Chip Ganassi Racing completed the 2021 Nascar season. Trackhouse Racing became the owner at the end of the season. Chip Ganassi Racing will continue to operate their teams racing in other divisions such as Indycar. + += = = Ishmaelites = = = +Ishmaelites are the descendants of Ishmael, the oldest son of Abraham. Today, the descendants of Ishmael are mainly living in western Saudi Arabia and are called Arabs. Ishmael was born of Hagar, the servant of Sarah, Abraham's wife. Isaac, Sarah's son, is the father of the Israelites. + += = = SOAP = = = +SOAP is a protocol used in computing. Web services use this protocol to communicate. SOAP uses XML to encode a message. It uses other application-layer protocols, for transport, and content negotiation, for example HTTP and Remote procedure call. The most common combination is to use SOAP with HTTP and TCP. There are different versions, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2. Before version 1.2 SOAP stood for Simple Object Access Protocol. Since version 1.2 the protocol is simply called "SOAP". This is because the protocol is not "simple", and that it can be used for other purposes than accessing objects. +Introduction. +SOAP is a lightweight protocol intended for exchanging structured information in a decentralized, distributed environment. SOAP uses XML technologies to define an extensible messaging framework, which provides a message construct that can be exchanged over a variety of underlying protocols. The framework has been designed to be independent of any particular programming model and other implementation specific semantics. +Messaging Framework. +The core section of the SOAP specification is the messaging framework. The SOAP messaging framework defines a suite of XML elements for "packaging" arbitrary XML messages for transport between systems. +The framework consists of the following core XML elements: Envelope, Header, Body, and Fault, all of which are from the http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/ namespace in SOAP 1.1. I've provided the full XML Schema definition for SOAP 1.1 in the following code for your reference as you read through the remainder of this section. Personally, I find it helpful to inspect the schema whenever familiarizing myself with XML constructs.SOAP UI is a tool use to test whether SOAP is sending and receiving the messages properly as part of Unit testing in IT projects. + += = = Jamaica, Land We Love = = = +"Jamaica, Land We Love" is the national anthem of Jamaica. The words were written by Hugh Sherlock and the music was composed by Robert Lightbourne and arranged by Mapletoft Poulle. +Lyrics. +! English original +! Jamaican Patois translation +Guide us with Thy mighty hand, +Keep us free from evil powers, +Be our light through countless hours. +To our leaders, Great Defender, +Grant true wisdom from above. +Justice, truth be ours forever, +Jamaica, land we love. +Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love. +Teach us true respect for all, +Stir response to duty's call, +Strengthen us the weak to cherish, +Give us vision lest we perish. +Knowledge send us, Heavenly Father, +Grant true wisdom from above. +Justice, truth be ours forever, +Jamaica, land we love. +Jamaica, Jamaica, Jamaica, land we love.</poem> + += = = Bethel, Maine = = = +Bethel is a town in northern Maine. It is part of the Oxford County. In 2020, there were 2,504 people living in the town. + += = = Usain Bolt = = = +Usain St. Leo Bolt was born in 1986 and is a Jamaican runner and eight-time Olympic gold-medal winner. He is also known as "Lightning Bolt". Some people call him the fastest man in the world. He has run 100 metres in 9.58 seconds and 200 metres in 19.30 seconds. He took part in the 2012 London Olympics, and won gold in the 100 +m, 200 m and 4 × 100 m relay. +Career. +Usain Bolt won the IAAF Grand Prize in a 100 meter dash on May 31st, 2008 at Icahn Stadium in New York City. He finished the race in 9.72 seconds and broke the world record. On August 16th, 2008, he broke his world record again at the Olympic Games in Beijing. On August 20th, 2008 he broke the world record for the men's 200 meter race. +On August 16th, 2009, he went to the 12th World Championships in Athletics and broke his own world record in the 100 meter race. He ran that race in 9.58 seconds. Surprisingly, in this race, he didn't try his hardest. He looked around for the last five meters. +On August 28th, 2011, he ran in the 13th World Championships in Athletics in Daegu, South Korea. He made a false start in the 100 meter race and was disqualified. +On August 5th, 2012, he won the men's 100 meter final in the London Olympics. His finishing time was 9.63 seconds. He also won the 4 x 100 meter relay race. +He also won a gold medal in the 100 meter race in the 2016 Rio Olympics. +In 2017, his gold medal for the 2008 relay was disqualified because his teammate Nesta Carter had used drugs. He had to give up his gold medal. +Personal Life. +He is known to be a fan of the English Premier League soccer club, Manchester United F.C. He watched their games in person. He also met the coach and players. + += = = Ghebaleh = = = +Ghebaleh, ( "Ghbeleh") is a Village in Keserwan, Lebanon. +At 40 KM from the capital of Lebanon, Ghebaleh is thought to be the capital of Ftouh Kesrwan, with an altitude of 700-1100 meters above sea level. +A Christian conservative village in the Lebanese mountain, wild nature and historical heritage. +the 400 year old Church St. Sarkis & Bakhos is one of the major religious monuments in the region, in addition to St. Georges Church at Hakl al Rayes, St. Chalita, St. Antoine, St. Nohra, Ste Al Shekiff and the Immaculate conception Church. +22nd of july comemorates the "Eid Mar Nohra" the Patron Saint of the El Hosri Family a very renown family in Ghbeleh since they were the first Maronites to settle in Ghebaleh in the 16th century and who played a crucial and historical role in the rise of this heavenly village on the religious and social forefront throughout the years and across borders. to name a few; Yousef Semaan El Hosri designated by the Wali as ruler of the Area, Dr. Chucri Nassif El Hosri one of the first 4 medical doctors in Lebanon graduated in 1900, Dr. Antoine Chucri El Hosri 1st Gastroentirologist in lebanon and president of the Order Of Doctors, Mr. Fernand Antoine Hosri a visinory Business Man who has dedicated years in the service of Mar Nohra and the renovation of this historic church. Eid Mar Nohra spreads over a full week of festivities with the hype on the eve of the 22nd of July (21st Of july). +On September 13th each year, Ghebaleh hosts the "Eid Al Saleeb", (feast of the Cross) festival, that includes a carnival, musical and religious events, attendees come from all over Lebanon, and locals living abroad. +During summer, Ghebaleh is a destination for people looking for cool weather (comparing with Lebanese coast), beautiful nature and very close to city facilities, where they can enjoy tasty Lebanese food in exceptional restaurants. + += = = Cinchona pubescens = = = +Cinchona pubescens, the Quinine Tree, is known for because its bark has a lot of quinine. It has similar uses to "Cinchona officinalis" in making quinine, used for treatment of malaria. It is native to Costa Rica, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. In Ecuador, "C. pubescens" is found at altitudes from 300 to 3900 m above sea level. It grows to about 10 metres in height. It has the widest distribution of all Cinchona species +Planted on other tropical islands it has become an invasive species. It grows quickly, and spreads by both seeds and root suckers. Other plants are unable to grow in the shade that it creates. In the Galapagos Islands the tree was planted by farmers as a crop for the quinine. It has become a dominant species on Santa Cruz Island, taking over from the shrub Miconia and Fern-Sedges. It is also invasive in Hawaii on Maui and the Big Island. +Attempts have been made to control the plant in the Galapagos National Park using a variety of methods. It is not affected by many poisons, it will regrow from a stump or any piece of root left in the ground. Controlling it over all of Santa Cruz island would cost several million US dollars according to research by the Charles Darwin Foundation. + += = = International Friendship Day = = = +International Friendship Day celebrations take place on the 4 January every year. On this day, people spend time with their friends and express love for them. The exchange of Friendship Day gifts like flowers, cards, and wrist bands is a popular tradition of this occasion. +History. +In 1935, the United States Congress proclaimed the 1st Sunday of August as National Friendship Day. Since then, celebration of National Friendship Day became an annual event. +Many other countries around the world adopted the tradition of dedicating a day to friends. In 1997, the United Nations named Winnie the Pooh as the world's Ambassador of Friendship. Today, Friendship Day is enthusiastically celebrated by many nations. +Celebrating. +Many friends wish each other with exchange of gifts and cards on this day. "Friendship bands" are very popular in India, Nepal and parts of South America. Members of social networking sites celebrate Friendship Day on-line. +You do not have to buy a gift or spend money to enjoy Friendship Day. This avoids accusations the fun is only a "marketing gimmick". +To mark the International Day of Friendship the UN encourages governments, international organizations, and civil society groups to hold events, activities, and initiatives that contribute to the efforts of the international community toward promoting a dialogue among civilizations, solidarity, mutual understanding, and reconciliation. + += = = Joseph Merrick = = = +Joseph Carey Merrick (5 August 1862 – 11 April 1890) was an Englishman. His face and body were deformed because of an illness. To earn food, he was shown at freak shows. He was called the Elephant Man. He then became famous after he went to live at the London Hospital. Some people who wrote about him wrongly thought he was called John Merrick. +Early life. +Merrick was born in Leicester, England in 5 August 1862. He started to become deformed when he was 3. He was also disabled after he hurt his hip. When he was 10, his mother died and his father and stepmother did not want him at home so he left home. When he was 17, he went to live in a workhouse. +Career. +In 1884 Merrick wrote to a showman called Sam Torr. Merrick asked Torr to show him as a "freak" exhibition. Torr showed Merrick around the East Midlands, and then Merrick went to London. He stayed in a shop on Whitechapel Road. People would pay to look at him. A surgeon doctor, Frederick Treves, came to see Merrick and took photographs of him. Soon afterwards, Torr's freak shop was closed by the police and Merrick went to Belgium. +In Belgium, Merrick was robbed by his manager and left Brussels alone. He found his way back to London. Frederick Treves took him to the London Hospital where Treves worked. Merrick was allowed to live there for the rest of his life. Rich and famous people of Victorian London came to visit him there. +Death. +Merrick died on 11 April 1890, aged 27. He died of either asphyxia (not being able to breathe properly) or a broken neck. He had tried to lie down to go to sleep, but his head was too heavy for him to do that. Today, nobody knows for sure what was wrong with Merrick. Scientists think that he either had an illness called neurofibromatosis type I, one called Proteus syndrome, or both of these illnesses. In 1980, movie director David Lynch made a movie about Merrick. It is called "The Elephant Man". + += = = John Logie Baird = = = +John Logie Baird (13 August 1888 – 14 June 1946) was a Scottish engineer and inventor of the world's first working television system, and the world's first fully electronic colour television tube. +Early life. +Baird was born in Helensburgh, Dunbartonshire, Scotland. He went to school at Larchfield Academy in Helensburgh and then went to the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College (which later became the University of Strathclyde); and the University of Glasgow. He stopped being a student at the beginning of World War I. +Television experiments. +Although lots of inventors helped to make television, Baird was an important person and made big advances. Especially in Britain, lots of people say that Baird was the first person to make a live, moving, greyscale television picture from reflected light. Baird did this by making a better photoelectric cell and making the signal conditioning better. +In 1925, Baird showed people his moving pictures on television at Selfridges department store in London. In 1928, he showed the world's first colour television transmission. +Broadcasting. +In 1927, Baird made a signal go over between London and Glasgow; Baird sent the world's first long-distance television pictures to the Central Hotel at Glasgow Central Station. +Baird then started the Baird Television Development Company Ltd, and in 1928 it made the first transatlantic television transmission, from London to Hartsdale, New York, and the first television programme for the BBC. +Baird's television systems were replaced by the electronic television system developed by EMI-Marconi. +Baird did lots of work for the field of electronic television after mechanical systems stopped being used. In 1939, he showed colour television using a cathode ray tube. +Other inventions. +Some of Baird's early inventions did not work. In his twenties he tried to make diamonds by heating graphite and ruined Glasgow's electricity supply. Later Baird made a glass razor which did not get rusty +Later years. +From December 1944 until he died two years later, Baird lived at a house in Station Road, Bexhill-on-Sea, immediately north of the station. Baird died in Bexhill-on-Sea, Sussex, England on 14 June 1946 after a stroke in February 1946. The old house was knocked down in 2007. +John Logie Baird was buried with his mother, father and wife in Helensburgh Cemetery, Dunbartonshire. + += = = The Co-operative Food = = = +The Co-operative Food, sometimes simply known as the Co-op, is a brand used by the supermarket divisions of several consumer co-operatives in the United Kingdom, with The Co-operative Group being the largest most well known user. Co-operatives are businesses which are ultimately owned by their customer-members and staff-members with each member having an equal say in the business is run. Members elect the board and may vote on the strategic decisions of the business but are not usually involved in its day-to-day operations. Members also receive a percent of the company's earnings each year as a 'Dividend'. +The Co-operative Group purchased Somerfield in early 2009 and encorporated it into The Co-operative Food branding. + += = = The Co-operative Group = = = +The Co-operative Group is a United Kingdom consumers' cooperative, and, after the acquisition of Somerfield supermarkets, is the world's largest consumer-owned business, with over 4.5 million members and 123,000 employees across all its businesses. Regional and local retail co-operative societies are corporate members of the Group. +Each member (each person registered to the 'Co-operative Membership' scheme) and every person employed has an equal say in how the business is run. Everyone has a right to help shape the company. The Co-operative Group runs several businesses, including the famous Co-op supermarket chain. +Every year, members receive a share of the profits that they helped to create, based on the amount made in profits that year and how much they had spent with any of its businesses. + += = = Somerfield = = = +Somerfield was a small UK supermarket chain. It was founded in 1875 with a Bristol-based grocer known as J.H. Mills. It developed a self-service supermarket chain named Gateway Foodmarkets in 1960. Gateway Foodmarkets was taken over by Linfood Holdings, which already owned the Frank Dee Supermarkets in the north and east of England. They bought a lot of different retail stores. In 1990 they started using the name Somerfield. +The company bought the Kwik Save chain of discount food stores in 1998. +In early 2009 It was bought by the Co-operative Group for £1.57 billion. It had 750 shops. + += = = Alvin and the Chipmunks (movie) = = = +Alvin and the Chipmunks is a 2007 family comedy movie using Live-action/CGI. The movie stars Jason Lee, David Cross, Cameron Richardson and Jane Lynch and the voices of Justin Long, Matthew Gray Gubler and Jesse McCartney. +Plot. +Dave Seville, a desperate song producer, meets three talking, singing chipmunks named Alvin (the awesomest one), Simon (the smart one), and Theodore (the cute one). Dave says that they can live with him if they sing his songs, but he later thinks that he made a terrible mistake when they ruin his house, his friendship with Claire Wilson (his girlfriend and next-door neighbor), and his job. Dave gets along with them better when they became very popular singers. Later on Dave's old friend and roommate, Ian Hawke trys to take the chipmunks away for fame and money. Eventually, Dave gets the chipmunks back, and he learns to consider them as his family. Also he and Claire get back together. + += = = AIDS orphan = = = +An AIDS orphan is a child who became an orphan because at least one of their parents died of AIDS. (An orphan is a child with no parents.) +The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), use the term "AIDS orphan" to talk about children whose mothers died of AIDS before the child's 15th birthday, whether the child's father is still alive or not. Because of this, some people say that 80% of all "AIDS orphans" still have one parent who is still alive. +There are 70,000 new AIDS orphans a year. People in the past have guessed that by the year 2010, over 20 million children would be AIDS orphans. +Because most people who get AIDS are people who have sex, most people who die of AIDS are people who make most of their family's money (because most people who have sex are old enough to work). This means that many AIDS orphans need help from their country's government to live, and need money. This happens a lot in Africa especially. +In 2007, South Africa had more AIDS orphans than any other country, (although South Africa uses the term "AIDS orphan" differently than UNICEF and WHO. South Africa uses the term to talk about children under age 18 who lost either their father or their mother to AIDS). In 2005, the country with the highest percentage of AIDS orphans among the country's orphans was Zimbabwe. + += = = Hejaz = = = +Hejaz is the western region of Saudi Arabia, stretching along the Red Sea (Sea of Hejaz). It extends from Taif in the south to Jordan in the north. There are four important cities in this region: + += = = Endianness = = = +Endianness refers to how data is ordered in machine language, the simplest, most understandable code that a computer can use. +In computer coding, all data (information) is stored in memory as small numbers (bytes). Larger numbers use more bytes to be stored. The different orders how they are can stored are called little-endian and big-endian. Which one is used depends on the type of the computer. +Say that we have a large number (32 bit long) like this: + ---> 0A | 0B | 0C | 0D +The way it's stored in shorter byte-size (each 8 bit long) computer memory right now is big-endian, because we are starting with the big end of the large number. (Note that this number is in hexadecimal (base-16) ). +There are two important things to know here: first, "end" here does not mean "the last", but rather "side". In other words, "big-endian" means something like "the big side first", not "the big number is at the finish". Second, in computing numbers are usually grouped into bytes which hexadecimal uses two digits to write out. Each group is treated as a single thing and the digits within do not switch. +To write it in little-endian, we simply start on the little end, so it becomes: + ---> 0D | 0C | 0B | 0A +Note that it is the order that changes, and the number does not become . + += = = Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains = = = +Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains is an English-based Formula One engine builder. The company used to be known as Ilmor Engineering. They are owned by Mercedes-Benz. From 1995 to 2014, their engines were used by the McLaren Formula One race cars. McLaren started using their engines again in 2021. For the season, Mercedes-Benz also supplied the Brawn GP and Force India teams with engines. In the season Mercedes supplied McLaren, Force India. They also supplied the engines for the new Mercedes-Benz factory team, Mercedes GP, which was formed from the Brawn GP team. +Background. +Ilmor was founded by Mario Illien and Paul Morgan in 1983. It was made as a British Formula One engine maker. The company name was taken from the last names of the founders. It originally started building engines for IndyCars. They received money from IndyCar team owner and builder Roger Penske to do this. +The Daimler-Benz company purchased General Motors' 25% share of Ilmor in 1993. In 2002 Daimler increased its share to 55% and renamed the company Mercedes-Ilmor. In 2005, Daimler became the sole owner of Ilmor and renamed the company Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines. +One division of the company was called Special Projects. Since 2003, Special Projects had been building Honda's Indy Racing League engines. In 2005, Special Projects split from Mercedes-Ilmor and became a separate company named Ilmor Engineering. Ilmor Engineering is owned by Mario Illien and Roger Penske. This new company is totally independent of Mercedes-Benz. +History. +In Ilmor entered Formula One as an engine supplier. They supplied engines to the Leyton House team. Leyton House was formerly known as March. In 1992, Leyton House changed its name back to March and continued using Ilmor engines. +Ilmor also supplied engines to the Tyrrell team in . Powered by an Ilmor V10, Tyrrell scored 8 points, and March 3 points in the Formula One Championship. +Ilmor had developed a good name in F1. When the Sauber sportscar-team and Mercedes-Benz were planning to enter Formula One together, they made a deal with Ilmor. However, Ilmor deceided not to put the slogan "Concept by Mercedes-Benz" on the engines. Since the engines were officially called Ilmor, Mercedes backed out of the project with Ilmor. +After an unexpectedly fast performance in , Sauber convinced Mercedes to join officially in 1994. In Ilmor also supplied the new Pacific GP team of Keith Wiggins with the old 1993 version of the engines. Pacific only managed to qualify seven times in thirty-two tries. The Ilmor engine was not the cause of this poor performance. +Ilmor became the engine partner to McLaren in . The partnership received its first win at the 1997 Australian Grand Prix. Mika Häkkinen won the driver's championships in the and seasons. The McLaren team won the constructor's championship in . After not winning a single race in the season, McLaren bounced back and won the driver's championship in season with Lewis Hamilton. +In 2001, Paul Morgan was killed while landing his vintage (antique) plane at Sywell Aerodrome, Northamptonshire. This led to Mercedes-Benz increasing their financial involvement in Ilmor, and renamed the company Mercedes-Ilmor Ltd. + += = = Age of majority = = = +The age of majority is the age when a person becomes an adult by law. This means that they are legally in control over their own actions and decisions, and their parents are no longer responsible for them. When used this way, the word "majority" means having the full number of years to be an adult. The opposite is "minority", which means being a minor or child. The law in a given place may never actually use the words "age of majority" when deciding when people become adults. The age of majority is a legally fixed age and idea of adulthood which is different in different places. It may not match the actual maturity of a person's body or mind. The age of majority is 18 in the vast majority of jurisdictions, but ages as low as 15 and as high as 21 exist in some. +Overview. +Once a person reaches the age of majority, there are some things they can do that they could not do before. These may include to vote being legally an adult and marrying without having to ask for permission. The ages that these things can be done are different depending on where the person lives. +Even after a person reaches the age of majority, there may be other age-based rules that they still have to follow, such as the right to stand for office in elections or become a judge. For example, the youngest a person is allowed to purchase alcohol is 21 in all U.S. states even though the age of majority is 18 in most states. The age of majority in the Republic of Ireland is 17, but a person must be over 21 years old to stand for election. +"Emancipation" is when a child is freed from the responsibility and care of their parents or legal guardians before they reach the age of majority. +In almost all places, minors who are married are automatically emancipated. Some places also do the same for minors who are in the armed forces or who have a certain degree or diploma. +Countries and subdivisions. +This is a list of the age of majority in various countries (or administrative divisions): +Age 16 +Age 17 +Age 18 +Age 19 + * Alabama, + * Indiana, + * Nebraska, + * New Jersey +Age 20 +Age 21 + * Colorado, * Mississippi, * New York, * Puerto Rico + += = = Parvicursor = = = +Parvicursor (meaning "small runner") is a genus of tiny maniraptoran dinosaur with long slender legs for fast running. At only about 39 cm (~15 in) from snout to end of tail, and 162 grams (5.7 ounces) in weight, it is one of the smallest non-avian dinosaurs known from an adult specimen. + += = = Caenagnathasia = = = +Caenagnathasia (meaning 'recent jaw from Asia') was a small oviraptorosaurian dinosaur (superfamily Caenagnathoidea), measuring only 1 m (3 ft) in length and weighing around 8 kg (18 lb). Like all oviraptorosaurs, "Caenagnathasia" had three fingers on each 'hand' and three toes on each 'foot', with bone fusion similar to that of birds. +"Caenagnathasia" lived in the Upper Cretaceous, around 90 million years ago. + += = = Anchiornis = = = +Anchiornis ('near bird') is a genus of small, feathered, troodontid dinosaurs. "Anchiornis huxleyi" is named in honour of Thomas Henry Huxley, the first to propose a close evolutionary relationship between birds and dinosaurs. A complete individual would be 34 cm (13 in) and weigh only 110 g (3.9 oz), making it the smallest known feathered dinosaur. +"Anchiornis" fossils have been found in Liaoning, China, dating to the first part of the late Jurassic period, 160 to 161 million years ago. +Description. +"Anchiornis" is a small, early troodontid dinosaur with a triangular skull like other troodontids. Also, "Anchiornis" had long legs, usually an indication of a strong runner. However, the extensive leg feathers indicate that long legs may be an vestigial trait, because running animals tend to have reduced, not increased, hair or feathers on their legs. The forelimbs of "Anchiornis" were also very long, unusual among troodontids (which tend to be short-armed) but similar to dromaeosaurids and early birds, emphasizing its basal ('primitive') position among dinobirds. +Feathers. +While the first specimen of "Anchiornis," found in the 2000s, preserved only faint traces of feathers around the preserved portion of the body, the well-preserved second specimen showed nearly complete feather preservation, allowing researchers to identify the structure of the feathers and how they were distributed. +As in other early birds, such as "Microraptor", "Anchiornis" had large wings, made up of flight feathers attached to the arm and hand (as in modern birds) as well as flight feathers on the hind legs, forming an arrangement of fore and hind wings. The forewing of "Anchiornis" was composed of 11 primary feathers and 10 secondary feathers. Unlike "Microraptor", the primary feathers in "Anchiornis" were about as long as the secondaries and formed a more rounded wing, with curved but symmetrical central vanes, a small and thin relative size, and rounded tips, all indicating poorer aerodynamic ability compared to its later relative. In "Microraptor" and "Archaeopteryx", the longest forewing feathers were closest to the tip of the wing, making the wings appear long, narrow, and pointed. However, in "Anchiornis", the longest wing feathers anchored near the wrist, making the wing broadest in the middle and tapering near the tip for a more rounded, less flight-adapted profile. +The hind wings of "Anchiornis" were also shorter than those of "Microraptor", and were made up of 12–13 flight feathers anchored to the tibia (lower leg) and 10–11 to the metatarsus (upper foot). Also unlike "Microraptor", the hind wing feathers were longest closer to the body, with the foot feathers being short and directed downward, almost perpendicular to the foot bones. Unlike any other known Mesozoic dinosaur, the feet of "Anchiornis" (except for the claws) were completely covered in feathers (much shorter than the ones making up the hind wing). +Two types of simpler, downy (plumaceous) feathers covered the rest of the body, as in "Sinornithosaurus". Long downy feathers covered almost the entire head and neck, torso, upper legs,and the first half of the tail. The rest of the tail bore pennaceous tail feathers (rectrices). +Colour. +In 2010, a team examined numerous points among the feathers of an extremely well-preserved "Anchiornis" specimen to survey the distribution of melanosomes, the pigment cells that give feathers their colour. By studying the melanosomes and comparing them with those of modern birds, the scientists were able to map the colours and patterning present on "Anchiornis" when it was alive. Though this technique had been used before, "Anchiornis" became the first Mesozoic dinosaur for which almost the entire life colouration was known. +Most of the body feathers of "Anchiornis" were grey and black. The crown of head feathers was mainly reddish with a grey base and front, and the face had rufous speckles among predominantly black head feathers. The fore and hind wing feathers were white with black tips. The coverts (shorter feathers covering the bases of the long wing feathers) were grey, contrasting the mainly white main wings. The larger coverts of the wing were also white with grey or black tips, forming rows of darker dots along mid-wing. These took the form of dark stripes or even rows of dots on the outer wing (primary feather coverts) but a more uneven array of speckles on the inner wing (secondary coverts). The shanks of the legs were grey other than the long hind wing feathers, and the feet and toes were black. +Like many modern birds, "Anchiornis" exhibited a complex pattern of coloration with different colours in speckled patterns across the body and wings, or "within- and among-feather plumage coloration". In modern birds, such colour patterning is used in communication and display, either to members of the same species (e.g. for mating or territorial threat display) or to threaten and warn off competing or predatory species. +Palaeobiology. +"Anchiornis" is notable for its long forelimbs, which were 80% of the total length of the hind limbs. This is similar to "Archaeopteryx"; long forelimbs are necessary for flight. "Anchiornis" also had a more avian wrist than other non-avialan theropods. The authors first thought that "Anchiornis" could fly or glide. However, further finds showed that the wings of "Anchiornis", while well-developed, were short when compared to later species like "Microraptor", with relatively short primary feathers that had rounded, symmetrical tips, unlike the pointed, aerodynamically proportioned feathers of "Microraptor". So the animal could glide, but probably not fly. +"Anchiornis" has long hind legs, suggesting a fast-running lifestyle. However, the legs and even feet and toes of "Anchiornis" were covered in feathers, making it unlikely that "Anchiornis" was a capable ground runner. A tree-based glider is the probable life-style. + += = = Šumadija = = = +Šumadija (Serbian Cyrillic: ��������) is a geographical region in Serbia. The area was heavily forested, hence the name ("Šuma" - forest). The city of Kragujevac is the center of the region, and the administrative center of the Šumadija District in Central Serbia. +Borders. +Šumadija is located between rivers Sava and Danube in the north, river Velika Morava in the east, river Zapadna Morava in the south, and Kolubara, Ljig and Dičina in the west. According to some interpretations (for example, physiologists such as Jovan Cvijić and ethnologist such as Erdeljanović.), the northern border of Šumadija lay between Avala and Kosmaj mountain. According to that view, the capital of Serbia, Belgrade does not belong to this region. +History. +During the 18th century, the forests of Šumadija were the refuge for the Hajduks that fought against Ottoman occupation. The first Serbian uprising in 1804 was led by national hero Karađorđe. The second Serbian uprising in 1815 was led by Miloš Obrenović who successfully repelled the Turkish forces and, by 1830, Serbia had gained its full autonomy. Because of Miloš's efforts and negotiations Serbia was finally an independent state, after centuries under Ottoman reign. +Between 1922 and 1929, one of the administrative units of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was named Šumadijska Oblast. It roughly included territory of present-day Šumadija District with its administrative seat in Kragujevac, which is the seat of the modern district as well. +Cities. +Some of the large cities and towns in Šumadija are: +Other smaller towns include: + += = = New York Hall of Science = = = +The New York Hall of Science is a science and technology museum in New York City. It has over 400 exhibits on biology, chemistry and physics. The museum occupies one of the only remaining structures of the 1964 New York World's Fair in Flushing Meadow-Corona Park in the borough of Queens in New York City. + += = = Guadarrama = = = +Guadarrama is a village in the nothwestern part of the community of Madrid, in Spain. The population of Guadarrama is almost 15,000 people. In summer, there can be 60,000 people. +Guadarrama has become an important tourist point. It is a second home for many people from Madrid. +Guadarrama is near the "Sierra of Guadarrama". + += = = Cia-Cia language = = = +The Cia-Cia language (Hangul: ��� ����, Roman: Bahasa Ciacia), also known as South Buton(ese), is an Austronesian language spoken principally around the town of Bau-Bau on the southern tip of Buton Island off the southeast coast of Sulawesi in Indonesia. + += = = Elmer Gedeon = = = +Elmer John Gedeon (April 15, 1917 – April 20, 1944) is one of only two Major League Baseball players killed in action during World War II. He was also a multi-sport star in college at the University of Michigan. +At Michigan, Gedeon became an All-American in track and field, and earned varsity letters in both American football and baseball. He tied a world record in the high hurdles in 1938. After graduating, Gedeon had a position in Major League Baseball as an outfielder for the Washington Senators. Gedeon spent most of the 1939 and 1940 baseball seasons in the minor leagues. He was called up to the Senators in September 1939. +Gedeon's was drafted by the United States Army in early 1941. Since he was drafted, he had to stop baseball. He trained as a bomber pilot. He served in combat, and was shot down and killed in France, April 1944. + += = = Scott Hall = = = +Scott Oliver Hall (October 20, 1958 – March 14, 2022) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with both the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name, Razor Ramon and in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) where he wrestled under his real name. +Hall was a founding member of the professional wrestling stable, the New World Order (nWo). +Legal and drug problems. +In 1983, he was charged with second-degree murder after he wrestled a gun away from a man and shot him in the head at point blank range with it during an altercation outside of a nightclub. He said it was in self-defense and the charges were dropped because of lack of evidence. He did admit to killing the man, and says he is unable to forget the incident in a 2011 interview with ESPN. +Hall has had many other legal and drug problems since the 1990s. Retired professional wrestler Diamond Dallas Page invited Hall to join stay at his house to stay sober and rebuild his life. He also invited him to join his yoga program which many current and former professional wrestlers are involved in. +Death. +In March 2022, Hall was hospitalized after falling and breaking his hip. He had hip replacement surgery, but had three heart attacks on March 12, after which he was put on life support at a hospital in Marietta, Georgia. He died after he was taken off life support on March 14, 2022 at the age of 63. + += = = August Rush = = = +August Rush is a 2007 American drama movie. It was directed by Kirsten Sheridan. It was written by Paul Castro, Nick Castle, and James V. Hart. It was produced by Richard Barton Lewis. "August Rush" has been thought to as an up-to-date reworking of the "Oliver Twist" story by Charles Dickens. + += = = Wikimania = = = +Wikimania is an international conference on wikis like Wikipedia. It is organized by the Wikimedia Foundation and brings together authors, programmers, and researchers. It was started in 2005. +Wikimania has been in the following places: +Future Wikimanias. +, the sixteenth Wikimedia conference, will be held in Bangkok, Thailand. + += = = Bob the Builder = = = +Bob the Builder is a British television programme for children. It is broadcasted on the BBC and around the world. It was first broadcast on April 12, 1999. It is developed by Hit Entertainment for PBS Kids and BBC Television. +The show is about the life of a builder named Bob, and his talking machines, which include trucks, who help him fix things. Bob has a partner named Wendy and a cat named Pilchard. The slogan of the show is "Can we fix it? Yes we can!". +There are albums of songs from "Bob the Builder". Out of these songs, there are 2 number 1 hits, "Can We Fix It?" and "Mambo No. 5". There is also the number 81 hit "Big Fish Little Fish". There is also merchandise which is based on the show. +In 2015, a reboot series aired on Cartoonito and Channel 5's Milkshake block. In 2018, it left Cartoonito. In 2021, it left Channel 5 as it has since ended its run. Two years after the 2015 series ended, The original Bob the Builder also aired on Qubo but it ceased operations on February 28, 2021. A new titled Bob the Builder reboot series is to be announced. +Characters and voice actors. +Voice actors who have contributed to the original British version include Neil Morrissey, Rob Rackstraw, Kate Harbour, Rupert Degas, Colin McFarlane, Maria Darling, Emma Tate, Richard Briers, and June Whitfield. +Celebrities who have provided voices for the series (usually for one-off specials) include John Motson, Sue Barker, Kerry Fox, Ulrika Jonsson, Alison Steadman, Stephen Tompkinson, Elton John, Noddy Holder, and Chris Evans (Bobsville's resident rock star Lennie Lazenby). +Episodes. +Original series. +Season 1 +Season 2 +Season 3 +Season 4 +Season 5 +Season 6 +Season 7 +Season 8 +Season 9 +Project: Build It. +Season 10 +Season 11 +Season 12 +Season 13 +Season 14 +Season 15 +Season 16 +Ready, Steady, Build! +Season 17 +Season 18 +Mini Series 1: The Legend of the Golden Hammer +Mini Series 2: The Big Dino Dig +International broadcast. +Bob the Builder is broadcasted internationally and is available in several languages, including English, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, Slovene, German, Dutch, Hebrew, Hindi, Serbo-Croatian, Bengali, and others. +Impact. +"Bob the Builder" was nominated in the BAFTA "Pre-school animation" category from 1999 to 2009, and won the "Children's Animation" category in 2003 for the special episode "A Christmas to Remember". Of the show's success, Sarah Ball said: + += = = Open license = = = +An open license or free license is a license that allows others to re-use an author's work as they wish. Without such a license, such use is generally prohibited by copyright law or a closed license. + += = = Padlock = = = +A padlock is a type of portable lock that has a U-shaped shackle that will not come apart from the body of the lock unless the correct key is inserted or the correct combination is dialed. The U-shape of the lock allows for a wide variety of uses. Typically the padlock is used to lock two things together, for example, a door and its frame, two or more chains, or a chain and a fixed object. Padlocks are not recommended for high-security applications because the shackle is easily cut with a bolt cutter or hacksaw. Some newer padlocks have hardened boron alloy shackles or shrouded (hidden or covered) shackles to make them more difficult to cut. +Construction. +The combination padlock is usually made with a metal "can" with three tumblers inside connected to a dial on the front. The mechanism is very similar to combination locks used in safes. When the correct combination is entered, the notches on the tumblers line up and allow a latch to fall into the notches, releasing the shackle. Combination locks of this type are not recommended for outdoor use because they can fill up with rain water which causes them to rust. +Some padlocks have a laminated body, constructed from a series of metal plates that are riveted together. +The shackle of most padlocks is made from hardened steel, although more expensive padlocks may have boron alloy steels to make them more difficult to cut. Inexpensive padlocks usually have a shackle made of ordinary steel. Corrosion-resistant padlocks usually have a brass or stainless steel shackle although these materials have low hardness and are easily cut with bolt-cutters. The material that the shackle is made of is usually stamped in the center of the shackle. For example, a hardened steel shackle will be stamped "HARDENED" or a boron alloy shackle will be stamped "BORON ALLOY". Alloy steels with appropriate heat treating provide much higher cutting resistance to bolt-cutters. Alloy steel shackles are plated with another metal such as nickel or chrome to protect them from rust. The body of the padlock is usually also plated. Brass and stainless steel padlocks do not need plating, although they are sometimes plated anyway for appearance. +Stamp on shackle. +The stamp on the shackle indicates what material it is made of. The most common are: + += = = Dial = = = +A dial is + += = = Market economy = = = +A market economy is economy in which the prices of the products and services are chosen in a free price system that is decided by supply and demand. It began around the late 18th century, after the Industrial Revolution. A key work was Adam Smith's "The Wealth of Nations", 1776. +Market economics has been widely used because of its efficiency (ability to work well). However, it has also been criticized for its selfishness and the difference between the rich and poor. In the real world, market economies are not purely market economies, as societies and governments control them in some ways instead of market forces. The expression "free-market economy" is sometimes used as the same as market economy. Nobel Prize in Economics winner Ludwig von Mises said that a market economy is still a market economy even if the government joins in pricing. +In a market economy, the following will be true: +Sometimes, market economy does not work as expected, the following may be observed: + += = = Mayra Verónica = = = +Mayra Verónica (named Mayra Verónica Aruca Rodríguez) is a Cuban model and singer. She was born in Havana, Cuba and grew up in the United States. Verónica appeared on Hispanic Univision, television commercials, FHM magazines and calendar and music videos. She works with the USO. +Early life. +Mayra Verónica was born in Havana, Cuba on 20 August 1980. Sometimes her birth date appears as 20 August 1980 or 20 August 1983. "Celebrity Birthday" lists her as 32 years old (July 2010), born in 1977. +In 1984, she came to the US with her mother, Mayra Rodriguez. They left behind the rest of her family– her father Arturo Aruca, and sister Giselle Guzman. Her father came to the US a year later and reunited with Veronica and her mother, while her sister was unable to meet them until 13 years later. Verónica spoke about her difficult childhood. She grew up with little money and food was sometimes scarce. +Verónica was a good student. She learned ballet with help from paying students from her school who could afford the training. In junior high school, her now famous curves developed. She said it made ballet difficult, but boys liked it. Her first boyfriend at the age of 15 was an artist of the same age who often painted her in little or no clothing. +Verónica attended Florida International University where she studied psychology and theater. +Work. +Modeling. +After joining a local beauty and becoming Miss Miami, she met a photographer who took pictures for the event. The photographer invited her to his studio for free photo sessions. Mayra's first modeling job led to another job as a reporter for a local TV celebrity news show. She had no reporting experience, but she was a competent reporter. +She was promoted to hostess for the show, where she interviewed Donald Trump, Ivana Trump, Oscar de la Renta, Burt Reynolds, Dennis Rodman, Hugh Hefner, Marc Anthony, and many more. Verónica continued actress training in New York. +Verónica obtained a made-for-TV movie role called "The Suitor". She also worked in commercials for Nike, L'Oréal, Ford, Colgate, Burger King, and Coca-Cola. When Univision started a new TV talk show, they asked her to be their model and co-host, but there was one catch. Due to her ample curves, her last appearance on screen for the day would show her backside on camera before she turned to face the camera. Verónica did it gladly. Once the show aired, the model with the great backside became the talk of Latinos everywhere. Eventually her fame spread through North America. +Cover girl. +Veronica appeared in "FHM" magazine ("For Him Magazine"), and also on the cover of the FHM book, which included top sex symbols such as Pamela Anderson, Eva Longoria, and Carmen Electra. Verónica appeared on more than 100 magazine covers. Her web site became very popular and FHM received many letters requesting that she appear again. +The US Marines voted Verónica their favorite girl. When soldiers stationed in Iraq sent emails asking for her posters and calendars, Verónica's managers sent the soldiers 5000 posters. The USO asked her to tour with US soldiers in Iraq. +USO tour. +The Thanksgiving USO tour included General James Cartwright, actor Wilmer Valderrama, and comedian Russell Peters. They traveled 6 places in 6 days (Iraq, Afghanistan, Germany, Turkey, Africa, and Greenland). The troops' appreciation was . Although Veronica had decided not to do more calendars, she changed her mind and decided to do one in 2008, dedicating proceeds to the Wounded Warrior Project. +Upon her return from the tour, fans described Verónica as a "modern day Betty Grable". Verónica continued touring with the USO and became an official . +In 2009, the New York Stock Exchange asked Verónica to ring the bell for the Fourth of July celebration. Verónica promoted organizations for which she advocates, the USO and UNICEF, and brought them to the bell ringing ceremony. +Music. +Vengo con To. +During her time with the Univision TV Network, Veronica met top music producers who worked with her on her first music album. It was titled "Vengo Con To"' (I'm coming at you with everything). It was a popular time for music and Verónica's album included as its first single "Vengo Con To". The song soared to number 1 in New York and made top 40 on "Billboard". The video was banned from Latin television because her curves appeared too much for TV. +Europe did not seem to mind and Mayra signed a contract with a German company for the release of the album in Europe. The album's popularity brought Verónica a deal with Motown, which put out a second single from the album titled "Mamma Mia" which performed well on radio. +A third single, "Es Tan Dificil Olvidarte", dedicated to the soldiers who died, put Verónica in the top 10 on the pop contemporary charts. Verónica continued her work with the troops by visiting the wounded at Camp Lejeune. +Saint nor Sinner. +Verónica began 2010 on the cover of Billboard magazine with a new single, "If You Wanna Fly," that reached #13 on Billboard's Hot Dance Club Play chart and #15 on Billboard's Hot Dance Airplay chart. She continues working with producer Eddie Galan of Mach 1 Music, with a new album titled "Saint Nor Sinner" due out in 2010. +Honors. +Verónica has been a Maxim (magazine) cover girl in other countries such as Philippines, Spain, and Germany She was also the first Cuban-American to ring the bell at NASDAQ on 3 July 2008 +She was also honored by FHM magazine: +Personal info. +Verónica is unmarried but otherwise keeps her personal relationships private. +Verónica likes to invest in the stock market. +Verónica is not athletic, but she enjoys soccer and supports the USA team. + += = = Epidexipteryx = = = +Epidexipteryx ('display feather') is a genus of small maniraptoran dinosaurs, known from one fossil specimen in Beijing. "Epidexipteryx" is the earliest known example of ornamental feathers in the fossil record. It is a small maniraptoran dinosaur from the Middle or Upper Jurassic age Daohugou Beds of Inner Mongolia, China (perhaps 160 to 168 million years ago). +Structure. +It is known from a well preserved partial skeleton that includes four long feathers on the tail, composed of a central rachis and vanes. However, unlike in modern-style tail feathers, the vanes were not branched but made up of a single ribbon-like sheet. "Epidexipteryx" also preserved a covering of simpler body feathers. They are unique in that some appear to arise from a "membranous structure". +In all, the skeleton of "Epidexipteryx hui" measures 25 centimeters (10 inches) in length (44.5 cm or 17.5 in including the incomplete tail feathers), and the authors estimated a weight of 164 grams, smaller than most other early dinobirds. +The skull of "Epidexipteryx" is also unique in a number of features. It had teeth only in the front of the jaws, with unusually long front teeth angled forward, a feature only seen in "Masiakasaurus" among other theropods. The tail of "Epidexipteryx" bore unusual vertebrae towards the tip which resembled the feather-anchoring pygostyle of modern birds and some oviraptors. +Despite its close relationship to avialan birds, "Epidexipteryx" appears to have lacked wing feathers, and so it could not fly. Zhang "et al." suggest that unless "Epidexipteryx" evolved from flying ancestors and subsequently lost its wings, this may indicate that advanced display feathers on the tail may have predated flying or gliding flight. +Dating. +There is uncertainty about the age of the Daohugou Beds in which this fossil was found. Various papers have placed the fossils here anywhere from the Middle Jurassic (169 million years ago) to the Lower Cretaceous (122 ma). The age of this formation has implications for the relationship between similar dinosaurs, as well as for the origin of birds in general. A Middle Jurassic age would mean that the bird-like dinosaurs in the Daohugou beds are older than the 'first bird', "Archaeopteryx", which was late Jurassic in age. Until this question is decided, the significance of "Epidexipteryx" (and other early dinobirds from that area) is not clear. + += = = Driver = = = +A driver is a person who controls a vehicle. A driver may be a job such as a bus driver or a hobby such as a race car driver. + += = = Taylor Lautner = = = +Taylor Daniel Lautner (; born February 11 1992) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Jacob Black in the "Twilight Saga" movie series, though he has also been in family movies and done voiceover work for animated cartoons. +Early life. +Lautner was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. His parents are Deborah, who works for a software development company, and Daniel Lautner, a commercial airline pilot. Lautner was raised as a Roman Catholic in Hudsonville, Michigan. He went to Jamestown Elementary School until the age of eleven, when the family moved to the Santa Clarita area. Lautner is of mostly Dutch, French, and German ancestry, and claims some Native American ancestry through his mother. He has a younger sister, Makena. He has learnt karate since the age of six. + += = = Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi = = = +The Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi, (simplified Chinese: ������; traditional Chinese: ������; hanyu pinyin: Hànyǔ Shuǐpíng Kǎoshì), shortened as HSK, is the People's Republic of China's only standardized test of Standard Mandarin Chinese proficiency for non-native speakers, such as foreign students, overseas Chinese, and members of ethnic minority groups in China. It is also known as the "Chinese Proficiency Test". +Every year, HSK certificates are issued to those who score well enough. The HSK is primarily conducted in Simplified Chinese. + += = = Foxtrot = = = +The Foxtrot, or "Slow foxtrot", is an English ballroom dance which developed from American band music. It is now one of the international standard ballroom dances. All ballroom dance competitions controlled by the World Dance Council include the Foxtrot. +History. +All the standard ballroom dances had their origins abroad, but were adapted and modified by English dancers into their modern style. The Waltz came from Germany around 1810. The Tango came from Argentina. The Foxtrot and Quickstep were greatly influenced by American music. +Influences from America. +The Boston. +An American dance called the Boston arrived in England about 1903. This had fairly slow, gliding steps. It is a characteristic of the Foxtrot that in the basic steps, unlike the other dances, the feet slide past each other rather than coming together. The Boston seems to have been the first dance to move the feet in this way. The Boston also was the first ballroom dance to be done with feet parallel (rather than turned out, as in ballet). +The Boston, like much else, was finished off by the First World War. Crowded dance floors in wartime left no room for it, and new musical imports arrived from America. +Ragtime. +Ragtime and jazz came to Europe, and were great sensations. Both the music, and the many 'craze' dances contributed. After the war the big bands of Paul Whiteman took centre stage. He played 'arranger's jazz', meaning, the band played from charts rather than by ear. Whiteman's bands were hugely successful (there were several). +The craze dances. +"The decade between 1910 and 1920", said one writer, "was the period in which America went dance mad".p369 "From 1912 through 1914", said another, "over one hundred new dances found their way in and out of our fashionable ballrooms".p76 +These are a few examples: The Shimmy, The Grind, The Turkey Trot, The Bunny Hug, The Texas Tommy, The Cakewalk... Almost all these dances originated in the black community in the United States, and some moved over into white society.p95 +The English touch. +During the 1920s, English professional dancers and dance teachers set out to find ways of dancing to the new music. In their opinion, what was needed was separate dances for different tempos. So what happened was that the Foxtrot, which had started off as a mid-tempo dance influenced by ragtime, gradually split into two dances, a Slow foxtrot and a quick foxtrot. The difference in tempo allowed the dances to become, in time, different in style as well as music. The Quickstep (as it was soon called) was influenced by the Charleston, and the Slow foxtrot by ideas from the Boston. The syncopation which is still common in the quickstep is an example of ragtime influence on modern dancing. +The name. +Where did the name 'foxtrot' come from? It is often said that Foxtrot took its name from its inventor, the vaudeville actor Harry Fox; however the exact origins are not clear. The dance was premiered in 1914, quickly catching the eye of the talented husband and wife duo Vernon and Irene Castle, who lent the dance its signature grace and style. +W.C. Handy's "Memphis Blues" was said to be the inspiration for the Foxtrot. The Castles' music director would play the Memphis Blues during breaks from the fast paced Castle Walk and One-step. The Castles were intrigued by the rhythm. They introduced the 'Bunny Hug' in a magazine article. They went abroad and in mid-ocean sent a wireless to the magazine to change the Bunny Hug to the 'Foxtrot'.p226 +Figures. +For the International or English style foxtrot +Basic Figures +Standard Figures + += = = United Service Organizations = = = +The United Service Organizations Inc. (USO) offers recreational support for members of the U.S. military. The USO provides programs in 140 centers worldwide funded by private and public donations and support from the United States Department of Defense. It is not a government agency. +USO Tours. +USO works to boost military . Since 1941, the USO became the soldier's "home away from home" and began a tradition of entertaining the troops with live performances called "Camp Shows" that continues today. These "tours" typically feature big name actors or actresses, comedians, pop musicians, and models. +Support and services. +The USO serves both in time of war and during time of peace. During the 1990s, the USO provided services to 5 million active duty service members and their families, and more support after start of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars. + += = = Symphony No. 8 (Mahler) = = = +Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major by Gustav Mahler (1860–1911) is one of the largest choral works in classical music. It needs a huge orchestra to play it and a huge choir to sing. Because so many performers are needed it is often called "Symphony of a Thousand", but that is not a name that Mahler gave to it. +Mahler worked very hard at it, composing it in quite a short time at Maiernigg in southern Austria in the summer of 1906. It was the last of Mahler's works that was to be given its first performance in his lifetime. The symphony was given its first performance in Munich on 12 September 1910. +Symphonies are usually pieces of music played just by an orchestra, but Beethoven started a tradition of having singing in symphonies: his Ninth Symphony is the famous one with the Ode to Joy in the last movement. Mahler took up this idea of combining singing with symphony. His Symphonies Nos 2, 3, and 4 all have singing in them. The next three are just for orchestra, but in No. 8 he uses singing again. +Symphony No. 8 is very unusual because he does not have the usual three or four movements with traditional forms such as sonata form. The whole symphony is in two parts. Part I is based on the Latin text of a ninth-century Christian hymn for Pentecost, "Veni creator spiritus" ("Come, Creator Spirit"). Part II is in German. The words come from the closing scene of Goethe's "Faust". +The two parts have a common idea: the idea of being saved through the power of love. Musically Mahler does this by sharing tunes throughout the symphony. The symphony expresses the confidence of the eternal human spirit. +For many years after Mahler’s death it was not often performed. It is, of course, a very expensive symphony to perform because of the vast numbers of musicians needed. It also needs to be performed in a very large concert hall. Today it is played more often. The 100th anniversary of its first performance was celebrated in July 2010 in the opening concert of the BBC Proms is the Royal Albert Hall, London. +Opinions about the symphony have been divided. Some people did not think the optimism expressed in the music was really convincing. Other people have said it is one of the greatest musical expressions of humanity. + += = = Simon Boccanegra = = = +Simon Boccanegra is an opera by Giuseppe Verdi. It is divided into a prologue and three acts. The libretto is by Francesco Maria Piave. The story was based on a play "Simón Bocanegra" (1843) by Antonio García Gutiérrez. +"Simon Boccanegra" was first performed at Teatro La Fenice, Venice on 12 March 1857. It was not very successful, and many years later Verdi made a lot of changes to it. He was helped by the writer Arrigo Boito who made changes to the plot. The new version was first performed at La Scala, Milan on 24 March 1881. This is the version that is normally performed today. +The story of the opera. +The story is supposed to take place in the middle of the 14th century in Genoa. Genoa (in Italian: Genova) is now a town in Italy, but in those days Italy was not yet one country, and Genoa, like Venice, was a small republic, ruled by a Doge (pronounced “Doadz” in English. It is an Italian word meaning “duke”). Until the time of this story the Doge had always been chosen from one of the rich patricians. The ordinary, common people (the plebeians), could not be chosen to be the Doge. +At the beginning of the story Fiesco is the Doge of Genoa. He has a daughter Maria. Maria has fallen in love with Simon Boccanegra who is a plebeian, so he would not be important enough to be allowed to marry her, even though he has become a hero because he has fought lots of pirates. Simon and Maria had a child, a young girl. After she was born she was given to an old woman to look after, but one day the old woman died and the small child wandered off alone. She was found wandering by the sea shore by Count Grimaldi who took her and looked after her as if she were his own child. +No one knows what has happened to the child. Count Grimaldi does not know who she is. He thinks she is an orphan. +Prologue. +When the opera begins, Paolo, the leader of the Plebeian party, persuades Pietro to encourage the plebeians to vote for Simon Boccanegra as the new doge of Genoa. Boccanegra arrives and agrees that he would be doge if he were chosen. Simon thinks this would make Fiesco allow him to marry Maria. For the past three months Fiesco has locked his daughter in the palace because she had had a child with Simon. +Maria dies (we never see her in the opera). Fiesco now laments the death of his daughter. Simon begs Fiesco to forgive him. Fiesco does not tell him Maria has just died. He promises to forgive him only if Simon lets him have his granddaughter. Simon explains he cannot because the child has disappeared. He goes into Maria’s room and finds she is dead. The people sing happily because Simon is the new Doge. +Act 1. +The story of Act I takes place 25 years later. Simon is still the Doge. He has sent many of his enemies into exile and taken away their property. Count Grimaldi is one of the people who has been exiled. In the Grimaldi castle, Fiesco is calling himself Andrea Grimaldi so that people do not know who he is. He is plotting with Simon’s enemies to overthrow him. He does not know that his granddaughter (Simon’s daughter) is the young lady called Amelia Grimaldi who is living in the castle. +At the beginning of Act I we see Amelia singing a beautiful song about the morning and the sea and the stars. She has a lover, Gabriele Adorno. When he arrives she warns him of the dangers of political plotting. The news is brought that the Doge is coming. Amelia is worried that the Doge will make her marry Paolo, so she asks Gabriele to ask Andrea (who is actually Fiesco) immediately for permission for them to marry. Fiesco agrees. He tells Gabriele that she was a poor orphan who had been found (he does not realize that it is his granddaughter). Gabriele says that he does not care about that, so Fiesco blesses the marriage. +Simon enters. He tells her that Count Grimaldi is forgiven and can return home. He asks her whether she would like to marry Paolo, but she refuses. She tells him that she is an orphan and she shows him a locket with a picture of her mother. Simon realizes that Amelia is his long-lost daughter. They are very happy to have found one another. When Paolo enters, Simon tells him he cannot marry her. Paolo is furious and decides to kidnap Amelia. +In the next scene we see Simon surrounded by the plebeian and patrician members of his Council. They are discussing whether they should make peace with the republic of Venice. Suddenly a crowd enters shouting for death to Simon. They are chasing Gabriele. Gabriele confesses that he killed Lorenzino for trying to kidnap Amelia. As Lorenzino lay dying he had said that he had been told by an important person to kidnap her. Adorno guesses that Simon must have ordered the kidnapping. He is about to attack him when Amelia rushes in and stops the fight Simon arrests Gabriele. He realizes that Paolo must be the real kidnapper, and makes everybody (including Paolo) curse him. Simon and his daughter are left alone on stage at the end of the act. +Act 2. +Paolo is frightened. He is furious with Simon and decides he must poison him. Fiesco and Gabriele are brought in. He tells Fiesco he can be free if he murders Simon. Fiesco refuses. Just as Fiesco and Gabriele are about to leave, Paolo asks Gabriele whether he knows Amelia is here in the palace having an affair with Simon. Gabriele is furious. When Amelia enters she denies the story. She tells Gabriele she loves him and tries to persuade him to leave, but Simon is coming and Gabriele hides. +Amelia tells Simon that she would die for Gabriele. Simon agrees to pardon him. He drinks from a poisoned glass of wine, which Paolo had put on the table, and falls asleep. Gabriele tries to kill him, but Amelia stops him. Simon wakes up. He tells Gabriele that Amelia is his daughter. Gabriele begs Simon for forgiveness and promises he will fight for him. +Act 3. +This takes place in a great hall which looks out on the harbour. Fiesco has been set free, but Paolo is condemned to death for leading the uprising against the Doge. Paolo tells Fiesco that he has poisoned Simon. Fiesco goes to Simon, who is now dying (the poison is working slowly). Simon recognizes his old enemy who he thought was dead. He is happy to tell him that Amelia is his long-lost granddaughter. Fiesco feels terribly sad and tells Simon about the poison. Gabriele and Amelia have just got married. They find her father and grandfather are now friends. Simon asks for Gabriele to be the next Doge when he dies. Fiesco goes to the window and announces to the crowd that Gabriele Adorno is now the new Doge and that Simon Boccanegra is dead. + += = = Fire hydrant = = = +A fire hydrant, also known as a fire plug or johnny pump, is a tool used for fighting fires. They are usually found easily on streets, stuck to the road. The first fire hydrant recorded was in Philadelphia. +A fire hydrant is the primary method of firefighting in a municipal area. It is basically an outlet with a valve that provides water to the fire pumps or fire jeeps engaged in firefighting. Laws for keeping operational fire hydrants at specific intervals and with free access in buildings, factories, urban and developed areas are an important component of fire control and safety. + += = = Betty Grable = = = +Elizabeth Ruth Grable (18 December 1916 – 2 July 1973) was an American actress, pin-up girl, dancer, singer, and model who was born in St. Louis, Missouri. +Her swimsuit photo made her the number 1 pin-up girl during World War II. Her photo later appeared in "LIFE magazine's" "100 Photos that Changed the World". +She was awarded a star (a metal award plaque set in sidewalk cement) on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame. She died of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California at the age of 56. +Movies. +She appeared in many movies: + += = = Geyser = = = +A geyser is a hot spring which shoots out water and steam. They erupt when pressure has built up, often at regular intervals. There are about a thousand geysers around the world. About half are in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, United States. +Causes. +Geysers are made in special geological conditions. Only a few places on Earth have these conditions. Because of this, geysers are not very common. One place is the Yellowstone National Park, which is the remains of a gigantic volcano. Another is Iceland, which sits on top of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where new Earth's crust is formed. +Geysers are often near active volcanos. This is because the geyser is caused by magma. Surface water usually goes down to about . There, it mixes with hot rocks. The pressurized water begins to boil. When it is pressured enough, hot water and steam burst out of the geyser. +Form and function. +Individual geysers do not last forever, but "systems" of geysers last as long as the geological situation continues. The oldest individual geysers are only a few thousand years old. Geysers are usually near volcanic areas. As the water boils, the pressure increases. This forces hot steam and water to the surface through the geyser. Geysers are usually made because of three things that are around volcanoes. +Most importantly, the temperatures near the bottom of the geyser become high enough to start boiling the water. Steam bubbles come out of the top of the column. They burst through the geyser's vent. Some water flows or splashes out. This makes the weight of the column of water and the pressure on the water below less. When this pressure is released, the hot water turns into steam. It boils violently. +Solar system. +There are several bodies in the Solar System where jet-like eruptions, often called "geysers" and "cryogeysers", have been seen. Unlike geysers on Earth, these are eruptions of gas, together with dust or ice particles, but without liquid. +Water vapor streams have been seen near the south pole of Saturn's moon Enceladus. Nitrogen eruptions have been seen on Neptune's moon Triton. Carbon dioxide eruptions from the southern polar ice cap of Mars have also been seen. + += = = Charles Mackerras = = = +Sir Charles Mackerras, (born 17 November 1925; died 14 July 2010) was an Australian conductor. He was very famous for his conducting of operas, especially the operas of Janáček and Mozart, and the comic operas of Gilbert and Sullivan. +Mackerras was born in Schenectady, New York, and was brought up in Sydney, Australia. He went to the New South Wales Conservatory to study oboe, piano and composing. He became an oboe player with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra during World War II, and was made the principal oboist in 1946. He conducted the orchestra at the opening of the Sydney Opera House in 1973. Five years later he was the first Australian conductor to be the orchestra's principal conductor. +Mackerras received many honours, including Companion of the Order of Australia, Order of the Companions of Honour, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (1979). +He died from cancer in London, where he lived for many years. + += = = Renault Mégane = = = +The Renault Mégane is a car produced by Renault in four generations since 1995. +First generation (1995–2003). +The first Mégane arrived in late 1995 to replace the 19. It came in many bodystyles and engines, the model formed the basis for the Scénic, Europe's first compact MPV which arrived in late 1996. The range was facelifted in April 1999 and an estate/wagon version appeared but wasn't sold in the UK. Although a new Mégane arrived in late 2002, the original was sold into 2003 until all bodystyles were redesigned. +Second generation (2002–2010). +The second Mégane arrived in late 2002 with the hatchback models, other versions appeared during 2003. The hatchback models became known for their distinctive rear end styling which resulted in Renault doing an advert for it based on that. It was facelifted in early 2006. +Third generation (2008–2016). +The third Mégane arrived in late 2008 with the hatchback and coupé models. Other models arrived during 2009. It received a mild facelift in early 2012 then a more thorough one in late 2013. It entered its fourth generation in 2016. +Fourth generation (2016-present). +The fourth Mégane arrived in late 2015 with the hatchback model. The estate and the revived saloon model arrived in 2016. The coupé and CC was discontinued. It was facelifted in 2020. +Mégane E-Tech Electric (2022-present). +The Mégane E-Tech was revealed in early 2022. It switched from a hatchback body style to a electric crossover SUV. + += = = Ryan Atwood = = = +Ryan Atwood is a fictional character on the show The O.C. He is played by Benjamin Mckenzie. He is from Chino, California. He is with Marissa Cooper as his girlfriend. He also graduated from Berkely University. + += = = Renault Laguna = = = +The Renault Laguna is a car produced by Renault in three generations from 1994 to 2015. +First generation (1994–2001). +The first Laguna arrived in early 1994 to replace the 21, it came as a hatchback at first and then it was joined by an estate/wagon version in late 1995. It got a facelift in 1998. +Second generation (2000–2007). +The second Laguna arrived at the end of 2000 and again, hatchback and estate/wagon bodystyles were offered. In 2001, it became the first car to receive 5 stars in the Euro NCAP crash testing, making it one the safest models at the time. It received a facelift in March 2005. +Third generation (2007–2015). +The third Laguna went on sale in October 2007 and became available in hatchback, estate/wagon and coupe bodystyles. It received a mild facelift in late 2010. Then in 2015 it was replaced by a new model called the Talisman. +Talisman (2015-2022). +The Talisman was revealed in late 2015 as a successor to the Laguna. It switched from a liftback bodystyle to a convetional sedan. It was facelifted in 2020 and discontinued in 2022. + += = = Tata Indica = = = +The Tata Indica is a car produced by Tata Motors in two generations from 1998 to 2015. Between 2003 and 2005, it was sold in the UK as the Rover CityRover but the car was not a success there. + += = = Market capitalization = = = +Market capitalization (often market cap) is a measurement of the size of a business corporation. It is equal to the price of one share of stock, times the number of shares of stock in a public company. Owning stock in a company is owning a part of the company. Market capitalization shows the public opinion of a company's value. The total market capitalization of all publicly traded companies in the world was US$51.2 trillion in January 2007. In May 2008 it rose to US$57.5 trillion, but by September 2008 had dropped to a little more than US$40 trillion. +Valuation. +Market capitalization represents the public opinion of the value of a company's equity. A public corporation, including all of its assets, may be bought and sold as stock. These purchases and sales will define the price of the company's share price. Market capitalization is the share price times by the number of shares in issue. This provides a total value for the company's shares and the value the company. +Some companies have stock that is privately owned, and not publicly traded. Many Stock markets adjust the market cap on the value of the publicly traded part of the company. In this case, market capitalization is based on the publicly traded stocks. +Note that market capitalization is a market estimate of a company's value. It is based how the public believes the company will perform in the future. There are many things that can affect the stock price. These include economic conditions and mergers and acquisitions. +Categorization of companies by capitalization. +In the past, companies were separated into large-cap, mid-cap, and small-cap. New categories 'micro-cap' and 'nano-cap' have been added. There are general guidelines to know what category a company is in. These guidelines are adjusted over time due to changes in the market and the economy. For example, $1 billion was a large market cap in 1950 but it is not very large now. +Different numbers are used by different stock markets. There is no official definition of the exact cutoffs. They also may be done by percentiles rather than fixed cutoffs. +Related measures. +Market cap reflects only the "equity" value of a company. A more comprehensive measure is enterprise value (EV), which includes debt and other factors. +Insurance firms use a value called the embedded value (EV). + += = = Vernon and Irene Castle = = = +Vernon and Irene Castle were a husband-and-wife team of ballroom dancers of the early 20th century. They were famous for developing and promoting dancing in the period of the First World War. +Vernon Castle (2 May 1887 – 15 February 1918) was born William Vernon Blyth in Norwich, Norfolk, England. Irene Castle (17 April 1893 – 25 January 1969) was born Irene Foote, the daughter of a prominent physician in New Rochelle, New York. +Vernon chose 'Castle' as a stage name when he first performed as a comic, because his sister (also on the stage) already used the family name, Blyth. He had already taken the name before Irene met him in 1910.p33 +Rise to fame. +Vernon was initially trained to become a civil engineer. He moved to New York in 1906. There he became established as a comic actor and conjuror. +Irene studied dancing and performed in several amateur theatricals before meeting Vernon in 1910. The next year, over her father’s objections, the two were married. The English-born Vernon had already established himself as a dancer in comedic roles. His specialty was playing a gentleman drunk, who elegantly fell about the stage while trying to hide his condition. +After their marriage, Irene joined Vernon in The Hen-Pecks (1911), a production in which he was a featured player. The two then travelled together to Paris to perform in a dance revue. The show closed quickly, but the couple were hired as a dance act by the Café de Paris. Performing the latest American dances, the Castles were soon the rage of Parisian society. They introduced American ragtime dances, such as the Turkey Trot and the Grizzly Bear. +When the Castles returned to the U.S. in 1912, their success was repeated on a far wider scale. Making their New York debut at a branch of the Cafe de Paris, the duo were soon in demand on stage, in vaudeville and in motion pictures. In 1914, the couple opened a dancing school in New York called "Castle House", a nightclub called "Castles by the Sea" on the Boardwalk in Long Beach New York, and a restaurant, the "Sans Souci". +Film and fashion. +In addition to cabaret, the Castles also became staples of Broadway. The Castles' greatest success was on Broadway, in Irving Berlin's debut musical "Watch Your Step" (1914). In this extravaganza, the couple refined and popularized the Foxtrot, which vaudeville comedian Harry Fox may have invented. After its New York run, "Watch Your Step" toured through 1916. +The Castles helped remove the stigma of vulgarity from close dancing. The Castles’ performances, often set to ragtime and jazz rhythms, also popularized African-American music among well-heeled whites. Irene’s fashion sense, too, started national trends. Her elegant, yet simple, flowing gowns were often featured in fashion magazines. She also introduced American women to the bob—the short hairstyle favored by flappers in the 1920s (see also Louise Brooks). +The Castles appeared in a newsreel called "Social and Theatrical Dancing" in 1914 and wrote a bestselling instructional book, "Modern Dancing", later the same year. The pair also starred in a feature film called "The Whirl of Life" (1915), which was well-received by critics and public alike. As the couple's celebrity increased in the mid-1910s, Irene Castle became a major fashion trendsetter, with her bobbed hair and shorter skirts. Her chic wardrobe was supplied almost exclusively by the couturière 'Lucile', (Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon) but Irene also designed some of her clothes herself. +The slim, elegant Castles were trendsetters in many ways: they travelled with a black orchestra, had an openly lesbian manager, and were animal rights advocates long before it became a public issue. +The Castles endorsed Victor Records and Victrolas. They issued records by the Castle House Orchestra, led by James Reese Europe –– a pioneering figure in Black music. They also lent their names to advertising for other products, from cigars and cosmetics to shoes and hats. They were, in short, personalities of the modern kind, who had a gift for self-publicity. They were as famous as any film stars of the day. +World War I: Vernon's death. +Vernon returned to the UK to become a pilot in the Royal Flying Corps during World War I. Flying over the Western Front he shot down two aircraft and was awarded the French Croix de Guerre in 1917. He was posted to Canada to train new pilots, and then promoted to Captain and posted to the US to train American pilots. +While flying at Benbrook Field, near Fort Worth, Texas, he took emergency action shortly after take off to avoid another aircraft. His plane stalled, and he was unable to recover control. Vernon was the only casualty. Fatally injured, he died soon after the crash, on . Irene paid tribute to Vernon in her memoir "My Husband", 1919. +Life without Vernon. +Irene starred solo in about a dozen silent movies between 1917 and 1924 and appeared in several stage productions before retiring from show business. She married three more times –– to Robert Treman, Frederic McLaughlin, and George Enzinger. +In 1939, her life with Vernon was turned into a movie, "The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle", produced by RKO and starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Irene served as a technical advisor on the movie, but clashed with Rogers, who refused to short bob or darken her hair. Irene also objected to white actor Walter Brennan playing their servant: "Walter was BLACK". +For the rest of her life, Irene was a staunch animal-rights activist, ultimately founding the Illinois animal shelter "Orphans of the Storm", which is still active. +Irene died . Vernon and Irene Castle are interred together in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York. There is a large monument to Vernon Castle near the site of his crash in Benbrook, Texas. + += = = Fiat Stilo = = = +The Fiat Stilo is a car produced by Fiat from 2001 to 2007. The car was a modest sales success across Europe. + += = = Fiat Doblò = = = +The Fiat Doblò is a car produced by Fiat in two generations since 2000. + += = = Payment = = = +A payment is the transfer of something from one party to another. Giving money to a company is a payment, for example. A payment is usually made for goods or services. +The oldest form of payment is barter. Barter is a simple form of payment. It is the transfer of one good or service for another. +Today, payment is usually with money, cheque, debit, credit, bank transfer, or mobile payment. In transfers between businesses, sometimes payments can be complicated, with stock and other things. +In law, the "payer" is the party that sends the payment and the "payee" is the party that gets the payment. + += = = Pedro Martinez = = = +Pedro Jaime Abreu Martínez, known as Pedro Martínez (born October 25, 1971), is a Dominican pitcher who played for five Major League Baseball teams from 1992 to 2008—the Los Angeles Dodgers, Montreal Expos, Boston Red Sox, New York Mets, and Philadelphia Phillies. Martínez is one of 18 pitchers in MLB history with 3,000 career strikeouts, was named to eight All-Star Game rosters, won the Cy Young Award as the top pitcher in the National League once and the American League twice, and helped the Red Sox to a World Series victory in 2004, the team's first since 1918. Martínez was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2015, the first year in which he could be elected. +He is also notable for having pushed aside New York Yankees bench coach Don Zimmer during a baseball brawl. + += = = Remy Zero = = = +Remy Zero was a alternative rock band. The band made the theme song for the television series "Smallville". The band broke up in 2003. + += = = Romeo = = = +Romeo might mean: + += = = Matthew Broderick = = = +Matthew Broderick (born March 21, 1962) is an American actor. He was born and raised in New York City. He is partly of Jewish descent (his mother was Jewish), and considers himself Jewish. He starred in many movies, including "Ferris Bueller's Day Off", "Godzilla" and "The Lion King". Broderick married Sarah Jessica Parker in 1997. +Personal life. +1987 car crash. +In 1987, while driving a rented BMW 316 in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland, Broderick crossed into the wrong lane and collided head-on with a Volvo. The driver, Anna Gallagher, 28, and her mother, Margaret Doherty, 63, were both killed instantly. He was vacationing with Jennifer Grey, whom he had begun dating in semi-secrecy during the filming of "Ferris Bueller's Day Off"; the crash publicly revealed their relationship. He suffered a fractured leg and ribs, a concussion, and a collapsed lung. Grey's injuries included severe whiplash, which later required surgery to avoid paralysis. +Broderick denied knowledge of the car crash. He was charged with causing death by dangerous driving and potentially faced five years in prison, yet received a lesser charge of careless driving. +Political beliefs +Broderick is a liberal. + += = = Everyone Says I Love You = = = +Everyone Says I Love You is a 1996 American movie directed by Woody Allen. It stars Allen, Alan Alda, Drew Barrymore, Tim Roth, Natalie Portman and Julia Roberts. It was released in December 1996. + += = = Hurricane Allen = = = +Hurricane Allen was an extremely powerful hurricane in 1980. The storm smashed through the Caribbean, Mexico and South Texas in August 1980. Over 200 were killed and damages were $1 billion (1980 USD). The winds of this hurricane reached 190 miles an hour, tying Hurricane Camille for highest wind speeds in any Atlantic Tropical Cyclone. Allen was one of the most powerful Atlantic tropical storms in recorded history. The name Allen was later retired in Spring of 1981 and replaced with Andrew, which in turn was retired because of the destructive 1992 hurricane. + += = = Housecleaning = = = +Housecleaning is what people do to remove mess, trash, and dirt from where they live and put things where they belong so the house looks neat. +Housecleaning makes it easier to see the floor and furniture without clutter in the way. It also leaves fewer places for spiders and insects to live and removes dust so that people in the house can breathe more easily. Housecleaning may be sweeping the floor with a broom, cleaning rugs with a vacuum cleaner, cleaning clothes and putting them away, and washing windows. Washing a sponge, squeezing out the water, and placing it on a dish rack to dry is also part of housecleaning. +Clutter. +Clutter is things that either should not be in the house at all or have been put in the wrong place. A teacup in the middle of the floor is clutter. A teacup on its shelf is not clutter. Places people put things away on shelves, in drawers, and on hangers. +Health. +Cleaning the house removes germs, dust and other things that can harm health. Dust can make people sneeze, cough, and get watery eyes. Dust can give people rashes and trouble breathing. Dust can come from smoke, cotton, small bits of soap, pollen, mold spores, dried cat saliva, pieces of spider web, skin flakes, cloth fibers, insect fibers, or tiny bits of food. +Cleaning chemicals. +There are five main kinds of chemicals that people use for housecleaning: + += = = Tom Welling = = = +Tom Welling (born 26 April 1977) is an American actor. He is known for playing Clark Kent on "Smallville" from 2001 until 2011. + += = = Make Way for Ducklings = = = +Make Way for Ducklings is a children's picture book written and illustrated by Robert McCloskey. It was first printed in 1941. The book is about two mallard ducks who decide to raise their family on an island in the lagoon in Boston Public Garden, a park in the middle of Boston, Massachusetts. +"Make Way for Ducklings" won the 1942 Caldecott Medal for McCloskey's pictures, drawn in charcoal, then lithographed on zinc. In 2003, the book had sold more than two million copies. The book was so popular a statue of a mother duck and her eight ducklings were set up in the Public Garden. In 1991, Barbara Bush gave a copy of this statue to Raisa Gorbachev as part of the START Treaty, and the work is in Moscow's Novodevichy Park. +The book is the official children's book of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The book is still highly praised for over 60 years because of its pictures and pace. However, it was criticised for having a loose plot (story) and weak characters. The book is very popular around the world. + += = = Sequence dance = = = +Sequence dancing is a form of dance in which there is a preset pattern of movements, to music. The music is usually also preset. Sequence dancing may include dances of many different styles. The term may include ballroom dances, which move round the floor, as well as line, square and circle dances. +Sequence dancing in general is much older than modern ballroom dances. With the exception of the waltz, invented around 1800, all dances in ballrooms were sequence dances until the early 20th century. The quadrille was one example, the minuet another. +After modern ballroom dancing developed, in England, sequence dancing continued. It included so-called 'Old Time' dances and also adapted versions of the new ballroom dances, and then versions of Latin dances. Sequence dancing is a competitive sport as well as a social pastime. +The British Sequence Championships is the most famous annual sequence dance competition and is part of the Blackpool Sequence Dance Festival. This is held in the Empress Ballroom, Winter Gardens, Blackpool, England, since 1949. + += = = Škoda Felicia = = = +The Škoda Felicia was a automobile produced by Škoda Auto. It replaced the Favorit in 1994 with a facelift in 1998. Its successor, Škoda Fabia, was introduced in 1999, but the Felicia still continued until 2001 in estate form until it was replaced by the Fabia version. + += = = Minos = = = +Minos was the mythical first king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa. The following stories are mythological, and have no real historical basis. +Every nine years, he made King Aegeus pick seven young boys and seven young girls to be sent to Daedalus' creation, the labyrinth, to be eaten by the Minotaur. After his death, Minos became a judge of the dead in the underworld. +He once had a wife named Pasophae. Minos upset the Greek gods by cheating them in a sacrifice. He told Poseidon that he would sacrifice a beautiful bull that Poseidon gave him after he used it. Instead, he switched it with another bull. They punished him by having Pasophae fall in love with a bull. +Pasophae asked Daedalus to help her, so Daedalus made a mechanical cow for her, and she got into it. The bull mated with the wooden cow and Pasophae had a child. It was the Minotaur, half human, half bull. +King Minos took the Minotaur and put it in a labrynth, or maze, built by Daedalus. When he was in possession of all of Crete he ordered that fourteen young people come to him to be sacrificed to the Minotaur. Theseus volunteered to be one of them, and went there with daughter, Ariadne. He killed the Minotaur in the labyrinth. +The Minoan civilization was later named after him by Arthur Evans. Evans was the archaeologist who discovered and excavated the palace of Knossos in Crete. + += = = Paso doble = = = +The Paso doble is a dance and music based on the Spanish bullfight. It is the music played at bullfights at the procession of the bullfighters, between stages, and at the end of each session. The dance is based on the way matadors perform in the ring. +Dance. +In the dance, the man takes the part of the matador, and the woman takes the part of the man's cape ("not" the bull!). The man's stance (the way he stands) should be proud, and when he has a free arm it should be held slightly bent, rather as matadors do. The photograph of the ice dancers gives a perfect example of what dancers should aim for in this style. +The paso doble is one of the five International Latin ballroom dances. It gives a very good contrast in style with the four other dances. Although so Spanish in style and origin, the dance techniques were first developed in Paris. Later, in mid 20th century London, the Latin and American dances took on their present form. +Music. +The music is scored in 2/4 time. It is a march-like type of music, and as a dance it is a two-step ("paso doble" = two-step). It is played at about 60/62 bars (measures) a minute for dancers. +The most famous piece of paso doble music is the "España Cañí" or "Spanish Gypsy Dance". A sample of "La Gracia de Dios" gives an idea of the rhythm. + += = = Daedalus = = = +Daedalus was King Minos' head architect in ancient Greece and son of Athena. When King Minos of Crete was having some sovereignty problems, he asked Poseidon, god of the sea, for an offering to sacrifice to him as a sign as true kingship. So Poseidon sent a snow-white bull straight out of the sea foam. Once the people of Crete saw the bull, they all agreed that it was a sign of true kingship. However, once King Minos saw the bull, he refused to sacrifice the bull, kept it for himself, and sacrificed another bull to Poseidon, thus angering him. Poseidon put a curse on Minos’ wife, making her fall in love with the bull. She loved it so much that she wanted to mate with it. Minos called for the help of Daedalus, who built a wooden bull and put Queen Pasiphae inside it, thus calming her anxiety for mating with the bull. She soon became pregnant with half-man, half-bull (also called the Minotaur). +King Minos was horrified and asked Daedalus to build some kind of prison to keep the Minotaur from destroying Crete. So Daedalus built a labyrinth that was so complicated that the Minotaur could not get out. Only Daedalus knew the course of the labyrinth. Minos was afraid that Daedalus would tell the route through the labyrinth, and that he would tell that the Minotaur was the son of Minos' wife, he imprisoned Daedalus and his son Icarus, in a high tower. Daedalus made some wings that he strapped to his and Icarus’ arms and together they escaped from the tower. However, Icarus, forgetting his father’s words, flew too close to the sun, and the wax that held the feathers together melted. Icarus fell into the ocean and drowned. Daedalus landed safely on an island, and in grief, he named the sea that he and Icarus had flown across the Icarian Sea. + += = = Emergency medical dispatcher = = = +An emergency medical dispatcher is a person who answers telephone calls to the emergency medical services and sends out the ambulances. For each call they much decide if an ambulance is needed and which one should be sent. They also help the caller with their problems until the ambulance arrives. + += = = Santa Cruz, Chile = = = +Santa Cruz is a Chilean commune in the Province of Colchagua, O'Higgins. The town was founded as Santa Cruz de Unco, in an unknown date. + += = = Bircham International University = = = +Bircham International University is an educational institution of higher education. It uses distance education. It offers adult degree programs. It is registered in Spain and Delaware. In the past it operated from the Bahamas or the United Kingdom. It has no recognized educational accreditation in any of these places. +It is a member of the European Foundation for Quality in eLearning. It is also a member of the International Accreditation and Recognition Council, an unrecognized accreditation agency in the United States. Bircham states that it was accredited by the American Association for Higher Education and Accreditation in 2010. This organization is not a recognized accreditation body. + += = = Doc Gallows = = = +Andrew William Hankinson (born December 22, 1983) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name Luke Gallows. He is a member of The O.C. (The Original Club) stable. He is also known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling/Impact Wrestling and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) as Doc Gallows. In NJPW, he was a member of the Bullet Club. +In his first run for WWE from 2005 to 2010, Hankinson was known for various gimmicks: He played an imposter version of Kane in 2006. Then he teamed with Jesse from 2007 to 2009 as Festus, a quiet man who turned insane when the bell rang. In November 2009, he became Luke Gallows, the enforcer and "disciple" of CM Punk in the Straight Edge Society, until his release. After his time in TNA and NJPW, he returned to WWE along with former Bullet Club member Karl Anderson. They joined AJ Styles, who previously was their leader in the Bullet Club. Gallows and Anderson won the Raw Tag Team Championship twice. They were released in 2020, signed a contract with TNA, now called Impact Wrestling, and won the Impact World Tag Team Championship in November. In October 2022, they returned to WWE and reunited with Styles. + += = = Emirates (airline) = = = +Emirates is an airline based in the United Arab Emirates. They are a subsidiary of The Emirates Group. They are the seventh biggest airline in the world, by number of passengers. Emirates Airline is the largest major airline in the Middle East. It is an airline based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It runs more than 2400 passenger flights per week from its hub at Dubai International Airport Terminal 3, to 108 places in 60 countries. It goes to countries on six continents. Emirates is a part of The Emirates Group, which has more than 50,000 employees, and is owned fully by the Government of Dubai directly under the Investment Corporation of Dubai. Cargo activities are done by the Emirates Group's division. +Arsenal, The English Premier League (Barclay's Premier League) is sponsored by the Airline. +Destinations. +Emirates operate the following with cargo and passenger flights; +Abidjan, Accra, Addis Ababa, Algiers, Cairo, Cape Town, Casablanca, Conakry, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Djibouti (cargo), Durban, Eldoret (cargo), Entebbe, Harare, Johannesburg, Khartoum, Lagos, Lilongwe (cargo), Luanda, Lusaka, Mauritius, Nairobi, Seychelles, Tripoli, Tunis +Boston, Buenos Aires, Campinas (cargo), Chicago (cargo), Dallas/Fort Worth, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, Newark, Orlando, Rio de Janeiro, San Francisco, São Paulo, Seattle, Toronto, Washington–Dulles. +Ahmedabad, Almaty (cargo), Amman, Baghdad, Bahrain, Bangalore, Bangkok, Basra, Beijing, Beirut, Chennai, Chittagong (cargo), Clark, Cochin, Colombo, Dammam, Delhi, Dhahran, Dhaka, Dubai, Erbil, Guangzhou, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Hyderabad, Islamabad, Jakarta, Jeddah, Kabul, Karachi, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Kuala Lumpur, Kuwait City, Lahore, Maldives, Manila, Medina, Mumbai, Muscat, Osaka, Peshawar, Phuket, Riyadh, Sana'a, Seoul, Shanghai, Sialkot, Singapore, Taipei, Tehran, Tokyo, Thiruvanathapuram +Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Birmingham, Copenhagen, Dublin, Düsseldorf, Frankfurt, Geneva, Glasgow, Gothenburg (cargo), Hamburg, Istanbul, Kyiv, Larnaca, Lisbon, London, Lyon, Madrid, Malta, Manchester, Milan, Moscow, Munich, Newcastle, Nice, Paris, Prague, Rome, Saint Petersburg, Stockholm, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw, Zaragoza (cargo), Zurich +Adelaide, Auckland, Brisbane, Christchurch, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney +Current fleet. +, the Emirates mainline fleet consists of the following widebody aircraft: +Executive aircraft. +As of January 2020, the Emirates Executive fleet consists of the following aircraft: + += = = San Jose State Spartans = = = +San Jose State Spartans is the name of the different sport teams at San Jose State University. The teams compete in the Mountain West Conference (MW) at the NCAA Division I level. (Football Bowl Subdivision which used to be known as Division 1-A for football.) The university has taken part in athletics since its baseball team began in 1890. +San Jose State University sports teams have won in the NCAA in track and field, cross country running, golf, and boxing. By 2008, SJSU had won 10 NCAA team championships and 50 NCAA Division 1 champions. SJSU also has an international reputation for judo, winning 43 out of 46 collegiate national championships in the sport (by 2008). +People who once went to SJSU have won 18 Olympic medals (including seven gold medals) since the gold medal won by Willie Steel in track and field in the 1948 Olympics. These people have won medals in swimming, judo and boxing. +The track team coached by "Bud" Winter earned San Jose the nickname "Speed City," and has included Olympic medalists and social activists Lee Evans, John Carlos and Tommie Smith. Smith and Carlos are remembered for giving the raised fist salute from the medalist's podium during the 1968 Summer Olympic Games in Mexico City. +In 2008 head coaches from the men’s soccer, baseball, women’s gymnastics, and women’s golf programs had all been named the conference “Coach of the Year.” +Current athletics programs. +As of 2022, San Jose State competes at the Division I level in each of the following sports. Except as noted, all teams compete in the MW. + += = = Mossad = = = +The Mossad (, ) is the national intelligence agency of Israel. +Its full name is Institute for Intelligence and Special Operations ( "HaMossad leModi'in uleTafkidim Meyuchadim", "al-Mūssād li'l-Istikhbārāt wa'l-Mahāmm al-Khāṣṣa"). "Mossad" is a Hebrew word for institute or institution. Its main job is to gather information and perform operations to keep Israel safe from terrorist groups. +The Mossad gathers intelligence information and performs secret operations, which include paramilitary activities. +It is one of the main organizations in the Israeli Intelligence Community, along with Aman (military intelligence) and Shin Bet (internal security), but its director reports to the Prime Minister. + += = = Fiat Idea = = = +The Fiat Idea is a car produced by Fiat from 2003 to 2012. + += = = Fiat Fiorino = = = +The Fiat Fiorino is a car produced by Fiat in three generations since 1977. + += = = DC Shoes = = = +DC Shoes is an American shoe company that was formed in 1993 by Ken Block and Damon Way, the company also manufactures shirts, hats, snowboards, jeans, and jackets. +DC Shoes was bought by Quiksilver in 2004. + += = = Tigger = = = +Tigger is a fictional tiger. He has orange fur with black stripes. He was first written about in A. A. Milne's book "The House at Pooh Corner." He is easily recognized by his beady eyes, long chin, springy tail, and bouncy personality. As he says himself, "Bouncing is what Tiggers do best." Like other Pooh characters, Tigger is based on one of Christopher Robin Milne's stuffed animals. + += = = Brewer, Maine = = = +Brewer is a city in the northern U.S. state of Maine. It is next to Bangor. In 2020, about 9,672 people lived there. + += = = Major Players = = = +The Major Players are a professional wrestling tag team. They currently compete in Impact Wrestling. They were also known for their time in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). +In WWE, they were originally called the Major Brothers and were later renamed Curt Hawkins and Zack Ryder. The team was also called the Edge Heads. They dressed as fans of Edge and helped him during matches. During their time in the WWE, they were two-time WWE Tag Team Champions. On April 15, 2020, the WWE released Cardona and Myers. +Cardona and Myers also host a podcast together called the "The Major Wrestling Figure Podcast" where they talk about wrestling and figures. + += = = Pump action shotgun = = = +A pump action shotgun is a type of shotgun. The shooter pulls back on a handle below the barrel of the shotgun to reload it. It is widely used to hunt birds. Accuracy is low, but it can be fired again quickly. + += = = Jacob Black = = = +Jacob Black is a fictional character in the series of books and movies called "Twilight Saga". In the movies, the character is played by Taylor Lautner. He lives in the U.S. state of Washington. He has a romance with Bella and tries to protect her from the vampires and Edward Cullen the head vampire who is in love with Bella. Jacob can also turn into a wolf. + += = = Living room = = = +A living room is a room in a home. The living room in a home is shared by the people living in the home. In the living room they talk with each other and their guests and do other things such as reading or watching television. The furniture can include a couch, chairs, tables, lamps, a television, curtains and pictures. People may have started using the compound word, living room, in the early twentieth century. + += = = Winter swimming = = = +Winter swimming is the activity of human swimming during the winter season, typically in outdoor locations, or in unheated pools or lidos. It is done mostly for health benefits. Many winter swimmers swim with standard swimming costumes rather than with wetsuits or other thermal protection. +In colder countries winter swimming may be synonymous with "ice swimming". In Finland, Northern Russia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia the ice swimming tradition has been connected with the sauna tradition. + += = = Zombieland = = = +Zombieland is a 2009 American adventure comedy horror movie that was produced by Gavin Polone and was the directorial debut for director Ruben Fleischer. +The writers are currently planning a sequel to "Zombieland". The sequel will star the original cast and will be shot in 3-D. +Plot. +A cowardly shut-in named Columbus (Jesse Eisenberg) is forced to join up with a seasoned zombie slayer named Tallahassee (Woody Harrelson) in order to survive the zombie apocalypse. As Tallahassee sets out on a mission to find the last Twinkie on Earth, the duo meets up with Wichita (Emma Stone) and Little Rock (Abigail Breslin), two young girls who have resorted to some rather unorthodox methods to survive amidst the chaos. Reluctant partners in the battle against the undead, all four soon begin to wonder if it might be better to simply take their chances alone. +Cast. +Character Names. +The character names for Tallahassee, Columbus, Wichita and Little Rock come from the places they are traveling in the movie. +Ratings. +"Zombieland" received mostly positive reviews of reviewers: +"Zombieland" debuted at #1 at the box office in North America, with ticket sales of $24,733,155 on the opening weekend and is the top-grossing zombie movie in history. + += = = SVD-63 = = = +The Dragunov sniper rifle, or the SVD rifle, is a gun that was first made in the Soviet Union. It is used by twenty-six countries. +The Dragunov uses the 7.62 x 54mmR cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (The velocity of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 830 meters per second and has a maximum effective range of 1,300 meters with the scope and 1,200 meters with the iron sights. +The basic design is largely based on the AK-47, an assault rifle. + += = = Alyson Stoner = = = +Alyson Rae Stoner (born August 11, 1993) is an American actress, dancer, singer and former model. She was known for her roles in "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody" (as Max), "Cheaper By The Dozen" (as Sarah Baker), and "Step Up" (as Camille Gage)", Phineas and Ferb" (for the voice of Isabella Garcia-Shapiro)", Camp Rock" and "" (as Caitlyn Geller). Stoner is from Toledo,Ohio. + += = = Woody Harrelson = = = +Woodrow Tracy "Woody" Harrelson (born July 23, 1961 in Midland, Texas) is an American actor. +He made his movie debut in the 1986 movie "Wildcats". +Personal life. +Harrelson's father was Charles Voyde Harrelson. He was a contract killer. He was arrested for the killing of Federal Judge John H. Wood, Jr. by rifle fire in 1979 in San Antonio. +Harrelson is a vegan. He was on postage stamps issued in 2011 as one of PETA's 20 famous vegetarians. He was named PETA's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2012 (along with Jessica Chastain). +He would like the legalization of marijuana and hemp. He is also an environmental activist. Harrelson is a supporter of the 9/11 truth movement. He has supported reopening an investigation into the September 11 terrorist attacks. +In 1985, Harrelson married Nancy Simon, daughter of playwright Neil Simon, in Tijuana. The two meant to divorce the following day, but the storefront marriage/divorce parlor was closed when they had returned to it. The two remained married for ten months. +On December 28, 2008, Harrelson married Laura Louie, his girlfriend since 1987. The couple have three daughters, Deni Montana (born February 28, 1993), Zoe Giordano (born September 22, 1996), and Makani Ravello (born June 3, 2006). Laura is his former assistant. She is a co-founder of Yoganics, an organic food delivery service. +Legal issues. +Harrelson was arrested in Columbus, Ohio in 1982 for disorderly conduct. He was found dancing in the middle of the street. He was also charged with resisting arrest after he ran from the police and assault after he hit one of the officers. Harrelson avoided jail time by paying a $390 fine. +On June 1, 1996, Harrelson was arrested in Lee County, Kentucky. He symbolically planted four hemp seeds. This was to challenge the state law which did not distinguish between industrial hemp and marijuana. Harrelson was acquitted of these charges in 2000. +In 2002, Harrelson was arrested in London after an incident in a taxi that ended in a police chase. Harrelson was taken to a London police station and later released on bail. The case was later dismissed after Harrelson paid the taxi driver involved in the incident £550 ($844). +In 2008, TMZ photographer Josh Levine filed a lawsuit against Harrelson. It was for an alleged attack outside a Hollywood nightclub in 2006. A video of the incident appeared to show Harrelson grabbing a camera and clashing with the photographer. Los Angeles prosecutors would not press charges against the actor. Levine filed a lawsuit asking for $2.5 million in damages. The case was dismissed in April 2010. +Awards. +He has won multiple awards including: + += = = Death at a Funeral (2010 movie) = = = +Death at a Funeral is a 2010 comedy movie which was produced by Sidney Kimmel, William Hordberg, Chris Rock, Share Stallings and Laurence Malkin and was directed by Neil LaBute. +It is a remake of the original 2007 "Death at a Funeral". + += = = Persian cat = = = +The Persian is a cat from Persia (now Iran). It is one of the oldest breeds of domesticated cats. It has a long and rich history that can be traced back to ancient Persia. The first documented reference to the Persian cat was in a book written by an Islamic scholar named Ibn Al-Nafis in 1258 AD. He described them as a longhaired cat that the royal family kept in Persia. +Persian cat are called Longhair or Persian Longhair in Britain. It was made by English breeders and the American ones after the Second World War. Because of very careful breeding, it has gotten a really flat face and many different colors. While most cat fanciers love the flat faced Persian, this brings along many illnesses. The public likes the traditional faced Persian more than the flat faced one. They can get polycystic kidney disease easily. +The gentle and easy-going nature of the Persian makes it very easy to live in apartments with this cat. While it is the top cat in the United States, its popularity has decreased in France and the United Kingdom. +Persian cats are not an ordinary cat, they can barely live outside in the wild. + += = = Botanical garden = = = +A botanical garden is generally a well kept garden or a park which contains many different kinds of plants labeled with their botanical names. They can contain collections of special types of plants, such as cacti, herb gardens, plants of certain parts of the world. Some of these collections need to be kept in greenhouses, such as tropical plants, alpine plants or other exotic plants. +In botanic gardens, seeds or cuttings are collected from species in the wild and then used to build up a population of plants from which, one day, some plants may be reintroduced to their natural habitats. Tissue culture can often help to produce many plants from just a few specimens. + The garden encompasses all green vegetation with specific names and values that add beauty to the environment. The plant needs to be selected and considered for onward discovery, classification, naming and systematic. +Botanical gardens employ professional botanists. Botanists make sure the information given about plants is correct, and also they do research. + += = = Pentateuch = = = +Pentateuch means the first five books of the Bible. These books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word "Pentateuch" comes from two Greek words that mean "five books" or "five scroll" +According to tradition, the books were written by the Israelite leader, Moses. The Pentateuch is often called the Five Books of Moses or the Torah. +The Pentateuch tells the story from the Creation of the world to the death of Moses and the preparation of the Israelite's to enter the land of Canaan. The story is told in three parts. The first part (Genesis 1-11) is about the Creation and the beginning of human beings on earth. The second part (Genesis 12-50) are the stories of the ancestors of the Israelites, mainly Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. The third part, beginning with the book of Exodus, describes how the Israelite's left Egypt and the early history of the people of Israel as a nation. It also has many laws about how the Israelite's must build their society. Deuteronomy is mostly Moses's final speech to his people and a summary of the Pentateuch. +The Pentateuch is most likely the oldest part of the Bible, however there is speculation that the book of Job could be older due to the similarities of Job to the patriarchal period, ie counting wealth in flocks and the sacrifices being performed by the patriarch of the household rather than a priest. Scholars do not know exactly when these books were written however many place Moses at between 1,600 - 1,450 BC. The earliest parts may have been written more than 1,000 years before the final parts according to the Julius Wellhausen 4 JEDP theory. However this theory is based on the idea that the Pentateuch is a disjointed work and has received due criticism. Modern archaeological discoveries suggest that some of the oldest stories in Genesis may date back three thousand years. + += = = Butt plug = = = +A butt plug is a sex toy, which can be inserted into the anus or rectum. Butt plugs are similar to dildos, but they are designed so they cannot get stuck inside the rectum or anus. + += = = Padang = = = +Padang is the capital city of the Indonesian province of West Sumatra, and the largest city on the western coast of Sumatra. + += = = Australian Grand Prix = = = +The Australian Grand Prix is a motorsport race contested by cars in the Formula One section. The race was first held in Adelaide before moving to Melbourne in 1996. +Winners. +Repeat winners (drivers). +"Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." +As of the 2018 edition, four-time World Drivers' Champion Alain Prost remains the only driver to win the race in both World Championship and domestic formats, winning the Australian Drivers' Championship 1982 race before winning in Adelaide in 1986 and 1988. +Repeat winners (constructors). +"Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." +Repeat winners (engine manufacturers). +"Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." +By year. +"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." +2021 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and was replaced by the Qatar Grand Prix 2022 Charles Leclerc Ferrari 2023 Max Verstappen Red Bull-Honda RBPT + += = = Eschatology = = = +Eschatology is the part of theology that is concerned with what are believed to be the last events in history. It also looks at the destiny of humanity as a whole. Believers may call it the "end of the world" or "end times". +Eschatologies vary in optimism or pessimism about the future. In some eschatologies, conditions are better for some and worse for others, e.g. "heaven and hell". They also vary as to time frames. Groups claiming imminent (soon to come) eschatology are often called doomsday cults. + += = = SEAT Altea = = = +The SEAT Altea is a car produced by SEAT from 2004 to 2015, it was a 5-door compact MPV which gained a larger XL version in late 2006 with the Freetrack appearing a year later in 2007 as SEAT's first SUV, in 2015 after 11 years of production, the Altea was discontinued and was not replaced with another generation. It was indirectly replaced with the Ateca SUV in 2016. + += = = SEAT Córdoba = = = +The SEAT Córdoba is a car produced by SEAT in two generations from 1993 until 2009. + += = = SEAT León = = = +The SEAT León is a 5-door hatchback car built by SEAT in four generations since 1999. +First generation (1999). +The first generation was launched in 1999 +Second generation (2005). +The second generation was launched in 2005, In 2009 it was improved on the outside and inside +Third generation (2012). +The third generation was launched in 2012, In 2017 it was improved on the outside and inside +Fourth generation (2020). +The fourth generation was launched in 2020. + += = = List of governors of California = = = +This is a list of governors of the US state of California. +References. +Notes + += = = Malaysian Grand Prix = = = +The Malaysian Grand Prix is a yearly motor race which takes place in the Sepang International Circuit, near to Kuala Lumpur. Sepang was designed by race track designer, Hermann Tilke, who has designed many new tracks for Formula One. The first Formula 1 race was in 1999, which was won by Eddie Irvine, who drove for the Ferrari team. +Winners. +Multiple winners (drivers). +Active drivers are in bold. +"Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a" pink background. +Multiple winners (constructors). +Active constructors are in bold. +"Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a" pink background. +By year. +"Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a" pink background. + += = = Alfa Romeo 155 = = = +The Alfa Romeo 155 was a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the 75 in early 1992 and was facelifted in early 1995. It was succeeded by the Alfa Romeo 156 in late 1997. + += = = Fragments (movie) = = = +Fragments or Winged Creatures is a 2008 crime-drama movie. It is about a group of people dealing with life after a man walks into a deli and shoots one of the main character's father. "Fragments" stars Dakota Fanning and Kate Beckinsale along with Forest Whittaker. + += = = Chinese Grand Prix = = = +The Chinese Grand Prix is a grand Prix race for Formula One. +Winners of the Chinese Grand Prix. +Repeat winners (drivers). +"Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +Repeat winners (constructors). +"Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +Repeat winners (engine manufacturers). +"Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +By year. +All Chinese Grands Prix have been held at Shanghai International Circuit. +2020 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2021 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2022 Cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic 2023 Cancelled due to COVID-19 concerns + += = = Audi A2 = = = +The Audi A2 was a 5-door hatchback automobile produced by Audi from 1999 until 2005. The car was made from aluminium which made it light and economical but was expensive to produce, and demand for it fell later in its life, only one generation was made and had an indirect successor in 2010 with the A1. + += = = Volkswagen Golf Mk4 = = = +The Volkswagen Golf Mk4 is the fourth generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It successed the Mk3 in 1997, and were in 2003 successed by the Mk5, but the Golf Variant continues until 2006. The platform of the Mk4 Golf were also used for the New Beetle and the Bora. + += = = Volkswagen Golf Mk3 = = = +The Volkswagen Golf Mk3 is the third generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It replaced the Mk2 in late 1991 with UK sales starting in February 1992 and in late 1997 was replaced by the Mk4, this was the first Golf to feature an estate model called the Golf Variant which launched in late 1993 and continued until 1999, the Golf Cabriolet continues until 2002. The platform of the Mk3 Golf were also used for the Vento. + += = = Frederick Russell Burnham = = = +Frederick Russell Burnham (May 11, 1861 – September 1, 1947) was an American scout. He travelled the world and had many adventures. He served to the British Army in colonial Africa and for taught scouting to Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the boy scouts. +Burnham attended high school but never graduated. When he was 14 he began his working as a scout and tracker for the U.S. Army. As an adult Burnham went to Africa where this background proved useful. He soon became an officer in the British Army and fought in several battles there. During this time Burnham became friends with Baden-Powell and taught him both his outdoor skills and his spirit for what became known as Scouting. +Burnham eventually became involved in espionage, oil, conservation, writing and business. His descendants are still active in Scouting. + += = = Volkswagen Golf Mk5 = = = +The Volkswagen Golf Mk5 is the fifth generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It succeeded the Mk4 in 2003 and was succeeded by the Mk6 in 2008. The Golf Variant and the Golf Plus continued until 2009. The platform of the Mk5 Golf was also used for the Touran and the Eos. + += = = OS/2 = = = +OS/2 is an operating system that was originally made by a joint agreement between the Microsoft and IBM companies. The name stands for "Operating System/2". It was intended to replace MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows. OS/2 was maintained by IBM until 2006. +IBM discontinued its support for OS/2 on 31 December 2006. Since then, it has been updated, maintained and marketed under the name eComStation. In 2015 it was announced that a new OEM distribution of OS/2 would be released that was to be called ArcaOS. + += = = Puffin = = = +Puffins are sea birds that can fly and swim. These squat birds live in the cold sea of the northern Arctic Ocean. In the breeding season they move to the coast, where they dig burrows on cliffs and make a nest in the burrow. +Description. +Puffins have thick, waterproof feathers that protect them from the cold. They have webbed feet that help them swim. They hunt for fish underwater and can hold several fish in their large beaks. Their beak is triangular when seen from the side and narrow when viewed from the front. In breeding season, the beak becomes brightly colored. In the air, they beat their relatively small wings very fast (up to 400 times in a minute). + += = = Dance Flick = = = +Dance Flick is a dark comedy spoof movie by the Wayans Brothers. It is a parody of dance movies, mainly "Save the Last Dance" and "You Got Served". +Story. +Thomas, a dark-skinned breakdancer, loses a dance battle with his crew, but owing money to the fat gangster Sugar Bear. Meanwhile, Megan, a light-skinned former dancer changes her school. In her new school she is nearly the only white girl. She soon becomes a friend of Charity, the sister of Thomas. One day, Megan, Charity, Thomas and Thomas' crew member A-Con go to "Club Violence", where Thomas realises that Megan loves dancing. He wants to teach her dancing and they fall in love. But nobody wants to see a light-skinned and a dark-skinned in love. + += = = Quickstep = = = +The Quickstep is an International Style ballroom dance that follows a 4/4 time beat, at about 50 bars per minute.p62 From its early beginning as a faster Foxtrot, the Quickstep has become quite different. It is danced to the fastest tempo of the ballroom dances. +The Quickstep developed in the 1920s from a combination of the Foxtrot, the Charleston, and other dances. The dance is English in origin, and was standardized in 1927. Although it came from the Foxtrot, the Quickstep now is quite separate. Unlike the modern Foxtrot, the feet often close and syncopated (split-beat) steps occur often. Three characteristic dance figures of the Quickstep are the "chassés", where the feet come together, the "quarter turns", and the "lock step".p126 +This dance became a very dynamic one with a lot of movement on the dance floor, with many advanced patterns including hops, runs, quick steps with a lot of momentum, and rotation. The tempo of Quickstep dance is rather brisk as it was developed to ragtime era jazz music which was fast-paced compared to other dance music. +Today the complexity of Quickstep as done by competition dancers has increased. They use more syncopated steps. While in older times quickstep patterns were counted with "quick" (one beat) and "slow" (two beats) steps, many advanced patterns today are cued with split beats, such as "quick-and-quick-and-quick, quick, slow", with there being further steps on the 'and's. + += = = Waltz = = = +Waltz may mean: + += = = Steve Passmore = = = +Steve Passmore (born January 29, 1973 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques as their ninth-round pick in the 1992 NHL Entry Draft. +Passmore has spent most of his career in the AHL and as a backup goaltender in the NHL. During the 2004–05 NHL lockout he played for the Mannheim Eagles in the German ice hockey league, and in November 2005 he signed with Jokerit in the Finnish SM-liiga to replace Karl Goehring, but was eventually replaced by Tom Askey. In January 2007 he was signed by HCJ Milano Vipers in the Italian Serie A. Passmore is currently the goaltender coach for the Kamloops Blazers. + += = = Waltz (International) = = = +The Waltz is one of the five international ballroom dances in the Modern or Standard style. It is danced socially, and in ballroom competitions. Like its older brother, the Viennese waltz, this dance originated in Vienna, but was greatly modified by English dance teachers in the 1920s. That is why it is sometimes called the English waltz. Other names are the diagonal waltz, the international waltz, and the slow waltz. +Music for the waltz should be in 3/4 time, and played at 29 to 34 bars per minute.p62 The accent is on the first beat of each bar. For beginners it is a simple dance compared to some others. At competitive level it is much more demanding. It features whisks, chassés, spins, hesitations, drags, and split-beat steps, many of which have been copied in other dances. The first 'advanced' figure to be invented was the double reverse spin, by Maxwell Stewart in the 1924 World Championship.p42 Nowadays it is taught at the silver medal stage. + += = = The Arrogant Worms = = = +The Arrogant Worms are a Canadian musical comedy trio that parodies many musical genres. They have played in not just Canada, but also in the United States and Australia as well. + += = = Turkish Grand Prix = = = +The Turkish Grand Prix is a grand prix hold in Turkey. Formula One raced at Turkey from 2005 onwards. After 2011 it was dropped from the calendar. The only race track to host a Turkish Grand Prix is Istanbul Park. The track is famous for its high speed "Turn 8". +Winners of the Turkish Grand Prix. +Year by year. +All Turkish Grands Prix were held at Istanbul Park. + += = = Arn Anderson = = = +Martin Anthony Lunde (born September 20, 1958, in Rome, Georgia) better known by his ring name, Arn Anderson, is a retired American professional wrestler that is best known for wrestling for NWA and WCW under the ring name Arn Anderson. He is a one-time WWF Tag Team Championship, three-time WCW World Tag Team Championship and two-time WCW World Television Championship. +His was nicknamed ""The Enforcer". + += = = Absolut Vodka = = = +Absolut Vodka is a brand of Vodka that was first made in 1879 and originally made in Sweden. It is owned by the French company Pernod Ricard Holding Company. It openly embraces the gay community and is official sponsor of the GLAAD Media Awards. It is the third largest alcoholic spirts company in the world. + += = = Naveed (album) = = = +Naveed is the first studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on March 22, 1994. The producer of the album was Arnold Lanni. + += = = Clumsy (album) = = = +Clumsy is the second studio album by Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace. It was released on January 23, 1997. The producer of the album was Arnold Lanni. It sold over 1,000,000 copies making it diamond status in Canada. It peaked #33 on The Top 102 New Rock Albums of All Time by 102.1 The Edge in 2009. + += = = Happiness... Is Not a Fish That You Can Catch = = = +Happiness... Is Not a Fish That You Can Catch is the third studio album by Canadian rock group Our Lady Peace. It was released on September 21, 1999. The producer of the album was Arnold Lanni. It peaked at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart. + += = = Tracking (education) = = = +Tracking is the method of placing students according to their ability level in classes of similar ability or learning experiences. Students of different abilities (low, middle, and high) are assigned to different "tracks" of courses and programs: vocational, general, college-bound, honors, or advanced. Tracking is the term given to this process, and while some teachers believe that tracking makes instruction more manageable, others believe that it is a terribly flawed system. Once a student is placed, it may be very difficult to move from one track to another. The placements may reflect racism, classism, or sexism. Many educators charge that the United States relies more on tracking than any other nation in the world. Most schools today work hard to avoid using the term "tracking." Middle and high schools are taking their cue from elementary schools, where the term "ability grouping" has been in favor. Ability grouping sorts students based on capability, but the groupings may well vary by subject. While tracks suggest permanence, ability grouping is more transitory. One year, a student might find herself in a high-ability math group and a low-ability English group. The following year, that same student might be reassigned to a new set of groups. School tracking is a reality functioning under an assumed identity called ability grouping. +Other. +Besides tracking, another way to deal with diversity is to integrate students of different ability levels together in small working groups. Cooperative learning gives students a sense of pride for both their individual performance and that of the group. The students begin to take responsibility for their learning rather than on the teacher. Cooperative learning allows higher achievement in many students and has eased tensions in multicultural classrooms as students learn to work together. + += = = Declaration of Montreal = = = +The Declaration of Montreal on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Human Rights is a document for human rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people as well as intersex people adopted at an international meeting held in Montreal on 29 July 2006. +Among more than 1500 speaker at the meeting, there was Louise Arbour, who was a president of United Nation working for human rights of all over the world. This Declaration was submitted to United Nation after the meeting. +The goal of this Declaration is to tell about violence and discrimination against LGBT people and to insist that LGBT have the same rights as other members of society, including care and prevention of AIDS, same-sex marriage and medical care to transgender and their permission on gender status by the law. And also affirms that the intersex must be protected from surgery without their full agreement. +And further the Declaration demands United Nations and all countries to recognize May 17 as the International Day Against Homophobia. +This declaration has(along with the 1996 "International Bill of Gender Rights") become the origin of the Yogyakarta Principles. + += = = Basshunter = = = +Basshunter, also stylised as BassHunter (real name: Jonas Erik Altberg; born 22 December 1984 in Halmstad) is a Swedish singer, record producer and DJ. +He recorded six studio albums: "The Bassmachine" (2004), "LOL <(^^,)>" (2006), "The Old Shit" (2006), "Now You're Gone – The Album" (2008), "Bass Generation" (2009) and "Calling Time" (2013). In addition to his own music, he has written and produced for other artists. He also competed in the seventh edition of British "Celebrity Big Brother", the Swedish "Fångarna på fortet" and the British "Weakest Link" in 2010. +He won awards such as the European Border Breakers Award, the Grammi award for Best Ringtone of the Year in 2006, and the World Music Award. He was also nominated for the BT Digital Music Awards, MTV Europe Music Awards, and Rockbjörnen. +He has Tourette's syndrome. +Discography. +Studio albums + += = = James Yun = = = +James Carson Yun (born May 13, 1981 in Hollywood, California), best known for wrestling in the WWE under the ring name Jimmy Wang Yang. He also wrestled for World Championship Wrestling when he was one of the Jung Dragons and was known as Yang and also wrestled for TNA Wrestling. He is currently wrestling in the independent circuit. + += = = Lindsey Vonn = = = +Lindsey Vonn (born on 18 October 1984 in Minnesota, USA) is an American athlete who competes in alpine skiing. She has won four Overall World Cup titles in the Audi Alpine Ski World Cup, three Downhill (an event that is won not by technicality, but speed, aptly named a 'speed event'), two Super-G (Short for Super Giant Slalom- also a speed event, but with more turns), and one Combined title ( one Downhill or Super-G run, and one Slalom run). These titles were won in the 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2012 World Cup Seasons. +Lindsey is also an Olympic gold medalist in Downhill and a bronze medalist in the Super-G, as of the 2010 Winter Olympic Games. Lindsey has also won two World Championship gold medals, both in 2009, and two silver medals, in 2007. Along with 33 World Cup victories, and eight World Cup Globes, Lindsey is said to be the best female US Ski Racer in history, and the best alpine racer in the history of the US Ski Team. +Lindsey Vonn has won various awards for her performance as a skier, including two ESPY Awards in 2010 for "Best Female Athlete" and "Best US Female Olympic Athlete". The "Best Female Athlete" ESPY is the highest individual award for a female athlete. +Her endorsements include that of Red Bull, Head Equipment, Uvex Goggles, Under Armour, Alka-Seltzer, Procter & Gamble, and Rolex. Lindsey is a Member of the US Ski Team and has been on the World Cup Circuit since December 21, 2000. +She married former skier and fellow 2002 Olympian Thomas Vonn on September 29, 2007. On November 27, 2011, Lindsey and Thomas Vonn began divorce proceedings. + += = = Gregory Helms = = = +Gregory Shane Helms (born July 12, 1974 in Smithfield, North Carolina), is an American professional wrestler. Helms is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) where he worked under the ring names The Hurricane and Gregory Helms. He was also known for working with World Championship Wrestling (WCW) where he wrestled under the ring name "Sugar" Shane Helms. +He is a one-time WWF European Champion, two-time WWE Cruiserweight Champion, two-time WWE World Tag Team Champion - with Kane and with Rosey and one-time WWF Hardcore Champion. + += = = Natalya (wrestler) = = = +Natalie Katherine Neidhart-Wilson (born May 27, 1982 in Calgary, Alberta) is a Canadian female professional wrestler. She is currently signed to the WWE. She competes on the Raw brand under the ring name Natalya. Neidhart has been working for WWE since 2007, longer than any other current female WWE wrestler. +She is a third generation superstar, her parents are former professional wrestler Jim "The Anvil" Neidhart and Ellie Hart, the daughter of Stu Hart. In June 2013, Neidhart married long time boyfriend and retired professional wrestler Tyson Kidd. She appeared on the reality television show Total Divas where she was a part of the main cast. + += = = Godsmack = = = +Godsmack is a hard rock/metal music band from Boston, Massachusetts. They did some music for wrestlers in the World Wrestling Entertainment business. In 1997 they released "All Wound Up". They are under Universal's contract. Godsmack has played at Ozzfest. Just this year they released their 5th full album called, "The Oracle". They also have a released copy of their greatest hits album, called "10 years of Godsmack". They have won four Grammy Awards. + += = = Monsieur Pierre = = = +Monsieur Pierre, or simply Pierre, was the professional name of Pierre Jean Phillipe Zurcher-Margolle, (born Toulon, France – London, 1963). Pierre was a professional dancer and dance teacher; he was a Fellow, Examiner and committee member of the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD) and a Member of the Official Board of Ballroom Dancing (OBBD). +Pierre was the main person responsible for introducing the Latin American dances to England. He set them up for use in competitions and in social dance. The system he and his colleagues developed became the basis for all Latin American competitions held under the World Dance Council (WDC). +After World War I ended in 1918 he started on a career as a professional ballroom dancer in London. Although he spent the rest of his life resident in London, Pierre never gave up his French citizenship. +Latin dance in England. +The rhythms which make Latin American dance popular were brought to Britain between the two World Wars. Pierre was already an accomplished dancer and teacher in the English ballroom style. In Latin dances, his repertoire first consisted of the Argentine tango, the Paso doble and the Samba. +By the 1930s Pierre had moved more towards the Latin American dances, and in 1934 his full-page trade adverts featured the rumba. The studio stayed open all through World War II, and was a popular meeting place for the Free French fighters on leave in London. Pierre's studio always played authentic music for its LA dance instruction. +The rumba arrives in London. +Originally, Pierre had visited Paris to find out how their dancers and teachers dealt with the rumba. But after the war, in 1947, Pierre visited Cuba, where he discovered to his surprise that the Cubans danced it differently. When he was there, he danced at the "acadamias" every night. After this he returned to London determined to teach the Cuban rumba, "sistema cubano". To this end, Pierre wrote the first account of his ideas on the rumba as a dance. +One of the characteristics of Cuban dance to the "Son", and other similar rhythms, was, and still is, their method of taking three steps to four beats of music (whether 2/4 or 4/4). The Cuban rumba figure starts on beat 2, counting (pause) 2, 3, 4-1 as (pause) quick, quick, slow with the hip settling over the standing foot on 4-1. +All social dances in Cuba involve a hip-sway over the standing leg and, though this is scarcely noticeable in fast salsa, it is more pronounced in the slow ballroom rumba. In general, steps are kept compact and the dance is without any rise and fall. The argument in favour of this method was authenticity, and also satisfaction at the dance effect the Cuban style achieved. +The Latin and American section of the ISTD Ballroom Branch was formed in 1947 by Monsieur Pierre as Chairman. The syllabus finally agreed in 1955 has been the foundation of teaching and competition in the Latin American dances ever since. This work naturally included the Samba, Paso doble and Jive as well. After further visits to Cuba in the early 1950s, when Doris Lavelle and James Arnell accompanied Pierre, the Cha-cha-cha was added to make the five Latin American dances which are still the basis of teaching and competition today. +On Pierre's death in 1963, his colleague Doris Nichols commented: +"The Latin American dancing world was so influenced, fostered and built up by him that the names of 'Pierre' and 'Latin American' became virtually synonymous". + += = = Nazirite = = = +In the Bible, a Nazarite is a person who follows certain rules from God. Someone becomes a Nazarite by making certain vows, or promises to the Lord. Nazarites must not eat anything made from grapes, including wine, nor get a haircut. The word comes from the Hebrew word nazir meaning "consecrated" or "separated". + += = = Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing = = = +The Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD) is a leading dance teaching and examination board. Based in London, it operates internationally. Established on 25 July 1904, it is now a registered educational charity. The ISTD provides training in a range of dance styles, with examination syllabi for students, and training courses for people wishing to become certified dance teachers. ISTD is a corporate member of the British Dance Council. +Its main work is divided into two boards, one for Theatre dance (including ballet), and one for Ballroom dance (including Latin American dance). + += = = Arthur Murray = = = +Arthur Murray (born Moses Teichman, April 4, 1895 – March 3, 1991) was an American dance instructor and businessman, whose name is most often associated with the dance studio chain which bears his name. +Arthur Murray was born in Galicia, Austria-Hungary, in 1895 as Moses Teichman. In August 1897, he was brought to America by his mother Sarah on the S.S. Friesland, and landed at Ellis Island. They settled in Ludlow Street, in the Lower East Side of Manhattan with his father, Abraham Teichmann. +In 1912, at the age of 17, he taught dance at night while working as a draftsman by day. He studied under the popular dance team of Vernon and Irene Castle and went to work for them. +Murray won his first dance contest at the Grand Central Palace, a public dance hall. He later became a part-time dance teacher there, after graduation from high school. The first prize had been a silver cup, but Murray went home with nothing to show for his win. His partner of the evening took it; it was destined for a pawnshop. This loss made an impression on Murray, and in later years every winner in his dance contests took home a prize. + += = = Occupational safety and health = = = +Occupational Safety and Health is a set of laws that have been made to protect the health and the safety of people when they are working. Health and safety rules will vary a lot from one country to another. Some countries have very strict rules. Rules about Health and Safety have been made since 1950 when the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) agreed about standards of health in the workplace. +Health and safety laws will deal with such things as: the temperature in the workplace (it must not be too hot or too cold), things on the floor that people could fall over, or things that could catch on their clothing and cause an accident, smoking in the workplace and other things that might cause pollution or which might be fire hazards, how many toilets per person there should be, whether they need safety equipment (e.g. hard hats in case anything falls on their heads), whether it is safe for a person to be left alone in the workplace, the rights of disabled people, how many hours in the day people can work for etc. +Businesses that do not obey health and safety regulations may be punished (e.g. with a fine or forced to close), or they may be held responsible if there is an accident. +In the European Union, member states have authorities which make sure that people obey the health and safety laws. In the UK, health and safety legislation is made by the Health and Safety Executive and local authorities (the local council) under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. +In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 created both the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). +No one can ever be said to be absolutely safe, and employers have to fill in “risk assessments” (UK) or “hazard assessments” (USA) to show they have done everything they can to make things safe. + += = = The Three Caballeros = = = +The Three Caballeros is a 1944 animated movie produced by Walt Disney Productions and distributed by RKO Radio Pictures. The movie premiered in Mexico City on December 12, 1944. The 7th animated movie in the Disney animated features canon, it shows an adventure through parts of Latin America, combining live-action and animation. This is the second of the Disney package movies of the 1940s. +The movie is made up as a series of self-contained segments, strung together by the device of Donald Duck opening birthday gifts from his Latin American friends. Several Latin American stars of the movie's time appear, including singers Aurora Miranda (sister of Carmen Miranda) and Dora Luz, as well as dancer Carmen Molina. It again starred Donald Duck, who in the course of the movie is joined by old friend José Carioca, the cigar-smoking parrot from "Saludos Amigos" (1943) representing Brazil, and later makes a new friend, a rooster, Panchito Pistoles, representing Mexico. +The music of the Mexican part of the movie was written by Mexican composer Manuel Esperon, who wrote the score for over 540 Mexican movies in the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema. Walt Disney, after having seen his success in the Mexican movie industry, called him personally to ask him to participate in the movie. The main song for the Mexican part is "Ay Jalisco, No Te Rajes!", one of Esperon's most famous songs. The movie received two Academy Award nominations for Original Music Score and Best Sound. +Plot. +It is Donald Duck's birthday. He receives three presents. The first present is a movie projector, which shows him a documentary on birds. The next present is a book given to Donald by Jose Carioca himself. This book takes them to Bahia. The third present is a piñata given to Donald by Panchito Pistoles. In the piñata, there are many surprises. The celebration ends with Donald Duck being fired away by firecrackers in the shape of a bull (the firecrackers are lit by Jose with his cigar). +Throughout the movie, we see a voiceless character called the Aracuan Bird at random moments. He usually bothers everyone, sometimes stealing Jose's cigar. His most famous gag is when he re-routes the train by drawing new tracks. He returns three years later in Disney's "Melody Time". + += = = Protocarnivorous plant = = = +A protocarnivorous plant is a plant that traps small animals (usually insects and arthropods) much like carnivorous plants do. Unlike carnivorous plants, these plants cannot get the nutritients from the trapped prey, though. The mechanisms of trapping are very similar to those developed by carnivorous plants. The problem is also one of definitions, as people do not agree what makes a "carnivorous plant". + += = = Nomar Garciaparra = = = +Nomar Garciaparra is a retired baseball shortstop who played for the Boston Red Sox for awhile then went to the Los Angeles Dodgers and then retired after a day in a minor league game. + += = = Perez Hilton = = = +Mario Armando Lavandeira, Jr. (born March 23, 1978), known as Perez Hilton, is an American blogger and television presenter. He writes and gossips about musicians, actors and celebrities. His name is a play on the name "Paris Hilton". +Hilton was born in Miami to Cuban parents. +He was a housemate in the January 2015 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK). +Personal life. +Hilton is openly gay. +Hilton is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. + += = = Hook-handed man = = = +Fernald Widdershins, or the Hook-handed Man is a villain and antihero from "A Series of Unfortunate Events", a series of children's books written by Lemony Snicket. He is part of Count Olaf's acting group, and he has hooks on both of his hands. He is first seen in "The Bad Beginning" and last seen in "The Grim Grotto". He is Captain Widdershins' stepson and has a sister called Fiona. + += = = Los Santos = = = +Los Santos could refer to: + += = = Los Santos Province = = = +Los Santos is a province of Panama. The capital city is Las Tablas, which is famous for its carnivals. + += = = Andy Dick = = = +Andrew Dick (born December 21, 1965) is an American actor and comedian. He has also acted in movies and television. He caused many scandals and stirred a lot of controversies. +In a 2006 interview with the Washington Post, he stated that he is bisexual. + += = = Ahmed Johnson = = = +Anthony "Tony" Norris (born June 6, 1963), better known by his ring name, Ahmed Johnson, is an American former professional wrestler. He is best known for his career in the World Wrestling Federation. He wrestled for them from October 1995 to February 1998. He is a one time Intercontinental Champion. Johnson is the first African American to ever be the IC champion. He was also the winner of the WWF's first Kuwait International Tournament in 1996. He defeated Hunter Hearst Helmsley (Triple H) in the final match of the tournament. + += = = Rikishi (wrestler) = = = +Solofa Fatu Jr.(born October 11, 1965) is an American pro wrestler, best known under the ring name Rikishi. He is known by his work in World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment. +Fatu is a member of the huge Samoan Anoa'i wrestling family and the nephew of the Wild Samoans, Afa and Sika, who trained him in the 1980s. He is the brother of the late Eddie Fatu, better known as Umaga, and The Tonga Kid, who was part of The Islanders, a tag team with Haku in the WWF. Fatu teamed with his cousin Samu, the son of Afa, as The Samoan Swat Team. The Swat Team wrestled mainly in the south, winning titles in the World Class Wrestling Association in Dallas. The team later worked for the World Wrestling Federation as the Headshrinkers before Fatu went on a singles career. Three of his sons now wrestle in WWE: His twin sons Jonathan and Joshua are famous as Jimmy and Jey Uso, together known as The Usos, while their younger brother Joseph is wrestling under the ring name Solo Sikoa. +On March 28, 2015, he was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by his sons Jimmy and Jey Uso. + += = = Cryme Tyme = = = +Cryme Tyme was a professional wrestling tag team that was signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) and wrestled on their SmackDown brand. The team wrestled together for 4 years until they broke up on April 2, 2010. The team consisted of Shad Gaspard and JTG. They were a parody of gangstas. +In 2014, they reunited on the independent circuit. They teamed until 2020. On May 17, 2020, Gaspard drowned while he saving his son. Shad was given the Warrior Award at the WWE Hall of Fame in 2022. + += = = Road Dogg = = = +Brian James (born March 20, 1969) is an American pro wrestler currently working for the WWE as a commentator on the web series "Are You Serious?" and as an agent. James is also known for his work in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, but perhaps best known for his work with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) as "The Road Dogg" Jesse James or just Road Dogg. He is a former member of D-Generation X and the tag team partner of Billy Gunn, with whom he made the New Age Outlaws in the WWF and The James Gang and Voodoo Kin Mafia in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). In the WWF, James is a one time Intercontinental Champion, a one time Hardcore Champion, and a five time Tag Team Champion with Billy Gunn. In TNA, he is a two time NWA World Tag Team Champion with Konnan and Ron Killings. James is also a one time world heavyweight champion after becoming the first-ever WWA World Heavyweight Champion in 2002. + += = = Epic Movie = = = +Epic Movie is a 2007 American parody movie directed and written by Jason Friedberg and Aaron Seltzer. It was made by Paul Schiff. It was made in a similar style to "Date Movie", Friedberg and Seltzer's movie before they made this one. The movie mostly references "" and Tim Burton's version of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". +Box office. +"Epic Movie" started at number 1 at the box office. It made $18.6 million over the first weekend. As of May 8, 2007 the movie made $86,865,564 and received generally negative reviews. + += = = Keloid = = = +A keloid is a type of scar that can form where somebody has an injury. Keloids are tough and get larger over time, not going away. They can become as big as 30 centimeters long. They are shaped irregularly, rising high above the skin. + += = = Coconut cake = = = +A coconut cake is a kind of butter cake made mostly in the southern United States. It has four layers of coconut flavored butter cake, sandwiched together with lemon curd. Layer cakes are usually decorated with frosting, and so most coconut cakes have frosting on them. There are 330 calories in a slice of the Coconut Cake. +Coconut flavor. +The coconut flavor comes from the coconut cream between the layers of the cake. Coconut cream is made from the liquid that is on the surface of coconut milk. Sweetened coconut is also sprinkled over the whole cake as a last touch. + += = = Matt Sydal = = = +Matthew Joseph Korklan (born March 19, 1983 in St. Louis, Missouri), is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and wrestles under the name Matt Sydal. He is also known for his time working with the WWE where he competed under the ring name Evan Bourne. He also wrestled for TNA Wrestling from 2004 to 2005. +He won a Slammy Award in 2008 for Best Finishing Maneuver (Air Borne (Shooting Star Press)). +On June 12, 2014, Bourne was released from his WWE contract. + += = = Honda Racing F1 = = = +Honda Racing F1, was a Formula One motor racing team and constructor. Honda F1 originally started in 1964 and were in F1 until 1968 when after the death of one of their drivers, Honda decided to leave Formula 1. Then, in 2006 Honda bought British American Racing to who it already supplied Honda engines. With the partnership of former Ferrari driver Rubens Barrichello and former BAR driver Jenson Button, the 'new' Honda F1 team won its first, and only, race in 2006 when Jenson Button won the 2006 Hungarian Grand Prix. Then in 2008 due to the recession, Honda announced they would leave F1. Not too long after, Ross Brawn bought out the team and renamed it Brawn GP, and ran the team in the 2009 season. +History. +Tyrrell Racing → British American Racing → Honda Racing F1 → Brawn GP → Mercedes GP + += = = Emma Stone = = = +Emily Jean "Emma" Stone (born November 6, 1988) is an American actress. Her first movie was the 2007 teen comedy Superbad. Stone has won two Academy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards for her roles in "La La Land" and "Poor Things". +Career. +She was ranked #1 on Saturday Night Magazine's Top 20 Rising Stars Under 30. Stone won a Young Hollywood Award in 2008 for Exciting New Face in Superbad and was nominated in 2009 by the Detroit Film Critics Society for Best Ensemble in Zombieland and nominated again in 2010 for the Teen Choice Award's "Choice Movie Actress: Comedy" for Zombieland. She was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2011. In 2012, she won the People's Choice Award for "Favorite Movie Actress". +Personal life. +She attended Xavier College Preparatory which is an all-girls school and stayed there for one semester and moved to Los Angeles at fifteen years old. +In 2011, Stone began her relationship with Andrew Garfield. In 2015, Stone and Garfield split up. +In 2020, she married comedian and writer Dave McCary. They have one daughter. + += = = Rick Pitino = = = +Rick Pitino (born September 18, 1952 in New York City, New York) is the coach of the University of Louisville's basketball team. He used to coach the New York Knicks and the Boston Celtics. +Other websites. + += = = Ben Coates = = = +Ben Coates (born August 16, 1969 in Greenwood, South Carolina) is an American former professional football tight end. He played a total of 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the New England Patriots and Baltimore Ravens. He won Super Bowl XXXV with the Ravens in 2000.Coates was inducted into the New England Patriots Hall of Fame in 2008. + += = = The Royal Ballet = = = +The Royal Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company, based at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, London. It is the largest of the three major ballet companies in Great Britain. +The Royal Ballet was founded from what was the Vic-Wells Ballet, a company founded in 1931 by Dame Ninette de Valois and Lilian Baylis. It became the resident ballet company of the Royal Opera House in 1946, and was granted a Royal Charter in 1956. It is recognised as Britain's flagship national ballet company. +The Royal Ballet employs about 100 dancers and has purpose built facilities in the Royal Opera House. The official school of the company is the Royal Ballet School, and The Royal Birmingham Ballet is an associate company. The "prima ballerina assoluta" of the Royal Ballet is the late Dame Margot Fonteyn. +The Royal Ballet's Principal Dancers come from all over the world. The leading male dancer at the moment is the Cuban Carlos Acosta. One of the leading ballerinas is Alina Cojocaru, a dancer of Romanian origin who was trained at the Mariinsky Ballet School. + += = = Money in the Bank (2010) = = = +Wwe TLC (2016) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on Sunday,December,19,2016 at the Sprint Center in Kansas City, Missouri. The event was subsequently re-staged on 4 October 2011- at Ally Pally- whose main event featured Rob Corkum up against Richard Gizbert. +The point of the event was based around the Money in the Bank ladder match, with two matches held at the show for the SmackDown brand. Eight matches took place. + += = = Layla El = = = +Layla El (born 25 June 1977) is an English dancer, model and retired professional wrestler. She is best known for her time with the WWE. During her time in the WWE, Layla was a one-time WWE Divas Champion, one-time and final Women's Champion, and was the winner of the 2006 WWE Diva Search. +Career. +Before becoming a professional wrestler, she was a dancer for the NBA's Miami Heat from 2004 to 2006. She has returned to the team since 2015 up until the present. +On 29 July 2015, it was announced that El decided to retire from professional wrestling and she was released from her WWE contract. + += = = Eve Torres = = = +Eve Torres (born August 21, 1984 in Denver, Colorado) is an American dancer, model, and professional wrestler. She is best known for working with WWE where she competed as Eve, as well as her full name +Torres began her career as a model and dancer. She danced for The Southern California Summer Pro League and went on to become a member of the National Basketball Association's Los Angeles Clippers Spirit Dance Team for the 2006–2007 season. She has also appeared on several television shows, including "Show Me The Money", "Sunset Tan", and "Deal or No Deal". +In 2007 she entered the 2007 Diva Search and won, earning a contract with WWE. She first appeared on WWE programming as a backstage interviewer in 2008, and also appeared in non-wrestling contests such as bikini contests and dance competitions. She later became a full-time wrestler in 2009, and was involved in feuds with Michelle McCool, Layla and Natalya. She also managed the tag team of Cryme Tyme. After being traded to the Raw brand in late 2009, she managed Chris Masters before winning the WWE Divas Championship in April 2010. She held the championship for 69 days, before losing it in June. After acting as the valet for R-Truth in late 2010, she won the Divas Championship for the second time at the 2011 Royal Rumble in January. Her second reign lasted until April 2011. +Early life. +Torres was born in Boston, Massachusetts, but grew up in Denver, Colorado and has "a Latina background". She has one younger brother, Phillip, who appeared on "Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?" in October 2008 and won $100,000. She attended the University of Southern California on a full tuition scholarship. During college, she was one of the founding members of the Omega Phi Beta sorority chapter on her campus and held the vice-president position for several years. While in Omega Phi Beta, Torres was awarded for Academic Excellence at the Order of Omega Greek Awards. She graduated with honors and a Grade Point Average above 3.5 in May 2006, with a degree in Industrial and Systems Engineering. +Dancing and modeling career. +While attending the University of Southern California (USC), Torres appeared in commercials and music videos. Torres was the co-captain of the USC Fly Girls dance squad and created much of their choreography. She also danced for The Southern California Summer Pro League, the only summer league for National Basketball Association (NBA) players, in Long Beach, California. After graduating from college, she moved into dancing and modeling full-time. After reaching the tryout finals in previous years, Torres became a member of the NBA's Los Angeles Clippers Spirit Dance Team for the 2006–07 season. She also appeared on "Show Me The Money". +World Wrestling Entertainment. +WWE Diva Search (2007). +In May 2007, Torres entered World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)'s Diva Search. She was chosen by WWE officials as one of the eight finalists from a group of 50. On October 29, 2007, in Philadelphia, live on "Raw", she was crowned the 2007 WWE Diva Search winner, defeating finalist Brooke Gilbertsen and becoming an official WWE Diva. Following her win, she began training for her wrestling debut in WWE's developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling. +Smackdown (2008–2009). +Videos promoting Eve's debut on "SmackDown" began airing on January 11, 2008. The promo aired for three weeks before Eve made her official debut on the February 1, 2008 episode of "SmackDown" interviewing former World Heavyweight Champion Batista. During early 2008, Eve participated in a "Diva Competition" contest to determine the top Diva on "SmackDown", participating in a bikini contest, an obstacle course, and an arm wrestling competition before being eliminated. Eve appeared at WrestleMania XXIV as a Lumberjill in the BunnyMania match between Maria and Ashley against Beth Phoenix and Melina. Eve spent the rest of the year competing in similar contests, including a dance-off and a bikini contest, before participating in the Halloween Costume Contest on October 26 at the Cyber Sunday pay-per-view, where she was dressed as Raphael from the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. On the 800th episode of "Raw" on November 3, 2008, Eve made her televised in-ring debut in a 16-Diva tag team match, which her team lost although she was never tagged in. +Her first main storyline began in early 2009, when she began a scripted feud with Michelle McCool after McCool attacked her. On the February 6 episode of "SmackDown", Eve made her singles match debut in a losing effort against McCool via submission. Their feud continued for the next few months, with them competing against each other in singles and tag team matches. Eve then moved into a feud with Layla in mid-2009. After the pair competed in dance and arm wrestling competitions, Eve defeated Layla on the May 29 episode of "SmackDown" in a wrestling match. On the June 18 episode of "Superstars", Eve pinned Layla once again. After the match, they both shook hands. +Around the same as her scripted rivalry with Layla, Eve became associated with Cryme Tyme (Shad and JTG), appearing in several backstage segments with them. She also began accompanying them to the ring as their manager during their storyline rivalry with The Hart Dynasty (David Hart Smith, Tyson Kidd, and Natalya). Eve and Cryme Tyme participated in multiple six-person mixed tag team matches against The Hart Dynasty, and Eve also faced Natalya in singles matches and tag team matches involving other Divas. Her final match on "SmackDown" was on October 9, when she was defeated in a singles match by Michelle McCool. +Raw (2009–2013). +On October 12, 2009, Eve was traded to the Raw brand. On the November 2 episode of "Raw", she competed in her first match after being traded: a battle royal which was won by Alicia Fox. She then entered into a storyline romance with Chris Masters in December 2009, becoming his valet. In January 2010, the WWE Divas Championship was vacated and a tournament was set up to determine the new champion. Eve made it to the semi-finals, before being defeated by the eventual winner, Maryse. At WrestleMania XXVI Eve was on the losing team in a 10-Diva tag team match, but the following night on "Raw", she pinned Maryse in a rematch to earn the victory for her team. +On the April 5 episode of "Raw", Eve won a "Dress to Impress" battle royal to become the number one contender to the WWE Divas Championship, and the following week on "Raw", she defeated Maryse to win the championship for the first time. She successfully defended the championship against Maryse at the Over the Limit pay-per-view in May. At the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view in June, Eve lost the championship in a fatal four-way match, when Alicia Fox pinned Maryse to win the championship. On the July 5 episode of "Raw", Eve invoked her rematch clause against Fox but was unsuccessful after Fox feigned an ankle injury. As a result, she received another rematch at the Money in the Bank pay per-view, but lost again to Fox. In mid-2010 she began acting as the valet for R-Truth. +At the Royal Rumble on January 30, 2011, the Raw General Manager added Eve to a two-on-one handicap match for the Divas Championship, turning it into a fatal four-way match. Eve pinned Layla to win the match and become a two-time Divas Champion. She retained the championship against Natalya in a Lumberjill match on the February 14 episode of "Raw", and against Nikki Bella on the March 7 episode. She held the championship until the April 11 episode of "Raw", when she lost it to Brie Bella. +Eve then formed an alliance with Kelly Kelly, and after Kelly won the Divas Championship in June, Eve accompanied her to the ring during her matches. Eve and Kelly began feuding with The Divas of Doom (Beth Phoenix and Natalya), and after Phoenix won the Divas Championship from Kelly, Eve defeated Natalya to earn a match against Phoenix. She faced Phoenix at the Vengeance pay-per-view, but was unsuccessful. On the October 31 episode of "Raw", Eve won a battle royal to become the number one contender to the Divas Championship. She received her championship match at the Survivor Series pay-per-view, but lost a Lumberjill match to Phoenix. +Eve moved into a storyline with Zack Ryder in December 2011, and the pair won a mixed tag team match against Natalya and Tyson Kidd on the December 26 episode of "Raw". On the January 9, 2012 episode of "Raw", Eve agreed to a date with Ryder beginning a storyline relationship. Following her participation in an eight-diva tag team match at the 2012 Royal Rumble—in which she Kelly Kelly, Alicia Fox, and Tamina were defeated by Phoenix, Natalya, and The Bella Twins in an 8 Diva Tag Team match. Kane began targeting Ryder (established as a friend of John Cena, with whom Kane had been feuding), injuring him before turning his attention on Eve, first trying to attack her after an unsuccessful championship match before Cena came out to save her. On the February 6 edition of "Raw", Eve suffered a broken nose during another eight Diva tag team match. +After she lost the WWE Divas Championship to Kaitlyn, she quit WWE immediately after she lost. +Other media. +Before WWE, She also appeared on "Show Me The Money". In August 2008, Torres, along with fellow WWE Divas Maria and Candice Michelle, appeared on an episode of "Sunset Tan". On October 2, 2008, Torres and Maria appeared on a special episode of "". Torres, along with Maryse and Michelle McCool, appeared in the January 2009 issue of "Muscle & Fitness" magazine. Torres appeared on the November 3, 2009 episode of "Deal or No Deal" with Maria and Dolph Ziggler. +Personal life. +Torres is trained in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and holds a blue belt from the Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy in Torrance, California. Torres also participates in kickboxing. + += = = WWF Over the Edge = = = +WWF Over the Edge was a professional wrestling PPV that was produced by WWF. It had two PPVs but was retired after wrestler Owen Hart fell 78 feet from the rafters to the ring during his entrance and died hitting the ring post. + += = = False protagonist = = = +A false protagonist is when someone seems like the most important character in a story, but later on shows that they are not for different reasons, (becomes a lesser character, becomes the antagonist, dies, etc.) An example is Roxas in "Kingdom Hearts II". + += = = Solifugae = = = +Solifugae is an order of arachnids sometimes called 'camel spiders', 'wind scorpions' or 'sun spiders'. Although they look rather like spiders, they are not spiders, and they are not scorpions. +The order includes more than 1,000 species in about 153 genera. Much like a spider, the body of a Solifugid is separated into an opisthosoma (abdomen) and a prosoma (a combined head and thorax). Unlike scorpions, they do not have tails, and they do not have venom. +Most species of Solifugids live in dry climates. They are found in Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas. The largest species grow to a length of , including legs. They are not normally dangerous to people. + += = = Eresus = = = +The Eresus or Ladybird spider is a type of velvet spider with spots on its back resembling a ladybug. + += = = Shoichi Funaki = = = + (born August 24, 1968), is a Japanese-American professional wrestler. He is best known for wrestling in the WWE under the ring name Funaki and Kung Fu Naki. He is currently wrestling for Pro Wrestling Zero1 under the ring name FUNAKI. He is a former WWE Cruiserweight Champion and WWF Hardcore Champion. + += = = David Otunga = = = +David Daniel Otunga, Sr. (born April 7, 1980) is an American lawyer, actor and former professional wrestler. He has worked for the WWE. He is a two-time WWE Tag Team Champion. He won it once with John Cena and once with Michael McGillicutty. He was a member of NXT (season 1) and was a member of the professional wrestling stable "The Nexus". +He was engaged to actress Jennifer Hudson. Otunga and Hudson split up in November 2017. +Early life. +Otunga is the son of a Kenyan father, Moses, and white American mother, Billie, both of whom were educators. He is the youngest of three children. He grew up in Elgin, Illinois. Otunga graduated from Larkin High School, with mostly A-grades. Otunga holds a Bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of Illinois. Following his graduation, he moved to New York, where he worked at Columbia University as a lab manager in a cognitive neuroscience center. He later attended Harvard Law School, and passed the bar exam in Illinois . Following his graduation, he worked for the Sidley Austin LLP law firm. + += = = Abc notation = = = +Abc notation is a ASCII-based notation music language made by Chris Walshaw. + += = = Bread roll = = = +A bread roll is a piece of bread, usually small and round and is usually a side dish. Bread rolls are most times used in the same way as sandwiches are - cut in half, with items like butter placed between the two halves. +There are many names for bread rolls, especially in local versions of British English. These were named depending on how the dough was made and how the roll was cooked. +Bread rolls are common in Europe, mostly in Germany and Austria. They are also common in Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, and very common in Canada. In Germany and Austria, there is a large variety of bread rolls, ranging from white rolls made with wheat flour, to dark rolls containing mostly rye flour. Many variants include spices, such as coriander and cumin, nuts, or seeds, such as sesame seeds, poppy seed or sunflower seeds.<br> +An Italian form of bread roll is a small loaf of ciabatta which can be used to make a "panino" (or "panini"). In Denmark and Norway, rolls are called "rundstykker" (literally "round pieces") and are comfort food eaten with butter for special weekend breakfasts. + += = = MP-40 = = = +The MP-40 (German: "Maschinenpistole 40") (English: "Machine pistol 40"), is a type of sub-machine gun. It is also known as the Schmeisser for Hugo Schmeisser, who designed other weapons but not this one. It was developed in the late 1930s and was first used in the early 1940s. It was used by the German Military during World War 2. It fired 9mm bullets and had a 32-round magazine. The weapon could only fire in full-automatic fire, but since the weapon had such a slow rate of fire of 500 rounds per minute, it was possible to fire individual bullets. It was one of the first weapons made completely out of plastic and steel, making it both cheap and quick to make. The design was so good and so reliable that British soldiers would often ditch their own Sten sub-machine guns and use the MP-40 instead. This would not have been a big problem since both weapons fire the same type of bullet and clip. + += = = Racial Harmony Day = = = +Racial Harmony Day is a special day celebrated on 21st July every year in Singapore. This special event is to remember the race riots which happened on 21 July 1964. +Schools celebrate Racial Harmony Day by getting the students to wear their race's special clothes. The traditional food of the different races are also being sold. Even traditional games are played. + += = = Jive = = = +Jive may mean one of these: + += = = Jive (dance) = = = +Jive is a dance, one of the five International Latin ballroom dances. It originated in the United States from African-Americans in the early 1940s. It is a lively and uninhibited variation of the earlier forms of Swing dance such as the Jitterbug. +Jive is danced in 4/4 time, and in competition at a speed of 44 bars per minute. It differs from Rock 'n Roll (dance) in having a syncopated chassé. Steps are counted 1, 2, 3 & 4, with 3 & 4 as the chassé. +History. +American soldiers brought Lindy Hop/Jitterbug to Europe around 1942, where this dance quickly became popular among the young. In the United States the term 'Swing' became the most common word used to describe the dance. In the UK variations in technique led to styles such as Boogie-Woogie and Swing Boogie, with 'Jive' gradually emerging as the generic term. +After the war, the boogie became the dominant form for popular music. It was, however, never far from criticism as a foreign, vulgar dance. The famous ballroom dancing guru, Alex Moore, said that he had "never seen anything uglier". English instructors developed the elegant and lively ballroom Jive, danced to slightly slower music. In 1968 it was adopted as the fifth Latin dance in International competitions. The modern form of ballroom jive in the 1990s-present, is a very happy and boppy dance, the lifting of knees and the bending or rocking of the hips often occurs. +Basic step. +The basic step (Jive Basic) is a six beat pattern, comprising eight weight changes. + += = = Imperial Vengeance = = = +Imperial Vengeance are a metal band from the United Kingdom. They formed in late 2007. They were recognized from 2008 with the release of their self released EP "Death: August and Royal", then later with debut album "At The Going Down OF The Sun" in 2009 via Candlelight Records. + += = = Albuquerque, New Mexico = = = +Albuquerque (also known by locals as Duke City or ABQ) is the largest city in the state of New Mexico and is the seat of Bernalillo County. It has a population of 564,559 as of 2020, making it the 32nd largest city proper in the United States. +The city was founded as Alburquerque in 1706, and is notable for its mix of European, Hispanic, and Native American populations and cultures. Albuquerque is located on the Río Grande. +Interstate 40 and Interstate 25 meet at an interchange known as the Big I, and U.S. Route 66 used to run through Albuquerque along Central Avenue. +Events held in Albuquerque include: +The popular TV show "Breaking Bad" was set in Albuquerque between 2008 and 2010. +Climate. +Albuquerque's climate is semi-arid. During the summer temperatures average highs in the 80s to 100s in degrees Fahrenheit (30s and 40s in degrees Celsius) and lows in the 60s and 70s oF (10s and 20s oC). During the winter temperatures average highs in the 40s and 50s oF (0s and 10s oC) and lows in the 20s and 30s oF (-0s and 0s oC). + += = = The Bella Twins = = = +The Bella Twins were a professional wrestling tag team in the WWE, formed of twin sisters: Brie Bella (Brianna Monique Danielson, née Garcia-Colace) and Nikki Bella (Stephanie Nicole Chigvintsev, née Garcia-Colace, born November 21, 1983 in San Diego, California). They both won the WWE Divas Championship, with Nikki's second reign being the longest in the title's history at 301 days. +The twins signed with WWE in 2007 and made their main roster debut on SmackDown the following year. On April 30, 2012, their contracts with WWE expired and they left. They returned to the WWE on March 11, 2013 and became part of the main cast of the reality show Total Divas made by the WWE. They also got their own spin-off series, Total Bellas and were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2021. They left WWE again in 2023, retired from wrestling and now appear as the Garcia Twins. +Personal life. +In September 2013, Brie revealed her engagement to fellow professional wrestler Bryan Danielson. The couple married on April 11, 2014. Brie and her husband were previously both vegetarians. The couple have two children together. +In May 2014, Nikki revealed on "Total Divas" that she had married her high school sweetheart at the age of 20; the marriage was annulled three years later. Nikki began dating John Cena in 2012. The couple became engaged on April 2, 2017, when Cena proposed to her after their mixed tag-team match at WrestleMania 33. On April 15, 2018, the couple broke up and canceled their wedding, which was planned for May 5, 2018. She began dating her "Dancing with the Stars" partner and Russian dancer Artem Chigvintsev in January 2019. On January 3, 2020, the couple announced their engagement. On January 29, 2020, Nikki announced that she is expecting her first child alongside her twin sister Brie, who announced her own second pregnancy the same day. On June 11, 2020, on the season five finale of "Total Bellas", Nikki announced the baby's sex, a boy. She gave birth on July 31, 2020. The couple married on August 26, 2022. + += = = Wade Barrett = = = +Stuart "Stu" Alexander Bennet (born 10 August 1980) is an English professional wrestler and former bare-knuckle boxer. He was most recently signed to the WWE where he was known under the ring names, Wade Barrett, Bad News Barrett and King Barrett. +Barrett was born in Penwortham. He lived in Preston until he was six. He then moved to Wales. +Barrett was the winner of the first season of "NXT". He made his debut on the main roster on the June 7 episode of "Raw" as the leader of The Nexus. He as later removed from being the leader of Nexus after CM Punk gave him the opportunity to regain the leadership saying that if he won a three-way steel cage match to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship but during the match Punk came down to ringside and took off Barrett's Nexus armband, which symbolically removed him from The Nexus, and he went on to lose the match. After he joined a new group The Corre. +On the April 28 episode of "Raw", Barrett competed in the 2015 King of the Ring tournament. In the tournament, he defeated Dolph Ziggler in the first round after Sheamus distracted Ziggler. The next night on the WWE Network, Barrett defeated R-Truth in the semi-finals and defeated Neville in the finals win the tournament and become King of the Ring. + += = = Royal Oak, Michigan = = = +Royal Oak is a city in the state of Michigan. It has a population of 58,211, as of 2020. +It is in Oakland County. The mayor of Royal Oak is Michael Fournier. + += = = Dirge = = = +A dirge is a sad song or poem of unhappiness. They are usually sung at funerals. For example, a dirge was sung for the soldiers that had died in the Battle of Gettysburg before Abraham Lincoln delivered his Gettysburg Address. The word "dirge" came from the Latin word "dirige", which means "direct". It is likely that "dirge" also came from the old expression "Dirige, Domine, Deus meus, in conspectu tuo viam meam" ("Direct my way in your sight, O Lord my God"). "Dirge", meaning "to direct", is the same as a "dirigible" ("steerable") airship. These two words became connected in 1937 because of the Hindenburg disaster. + += = = Benediction = = = +Benediction is a short prayer for help and blessings from God. They are usually delivered at the end of a worship service. Roman Catholics have many more benedictions, usually with many candles (even poor churches have at least ten), than Protestants, who only have a few simple benedictions. A kind of benediction that is often done in both Roman Catholic and Protestant churches is for the worship leader to raise his hands and say the Biblical Priestly Blessing (). This was made popular by Martin Luther in his Deutsche Messe (German Mass). It is a tradition in most Lutheran Churches. F. Scott Fitzgerald also wrote a short story called "Benediction" in 1920. + += = = Diane Kruger = = = +Diane Kruger (born 15 July 1976) is a German actress and model. +Early life. +Diane Kruger was born as Diane Heidkrüger in Algermissen, West Germany. + += = = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders = = = +The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is a guide to grouping mental disorders. It is published by the American Psychiatric Association. It is used in the United States and around the world by doctors, researchers, health insurance companies, companies which make medicine, and others. +There have been five revisions since it was first published in 1952. Each time, more mental disorders were added, although some have been removed and are no longer seen as mental disorders. An example of this is homosexuality. +The manual was developed from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, and from a manual written by the US Army. A lot of changes were made to it in 1980. The last time it was greatly changed was the fourth edition ("DSM-IV"), published in 1994, but small changes to text were made in a 2000 version. The fifth edition ("DSM-5") was published May 2013. +The DSM has been criticized for being too influenced by the drug industry. +The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, ICD, has a section about mental and behavioral disorders which is different from the DSM. The ICD, not the DSM, is the system used by the United States government. + += = = B cell = = = +B cells are lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell. Once the B cell is activated, it turns into a plasma cell, and starts producing antibodies. They are a vital part of the adaptive immune system. They have a protein on the B cell's outer surface known as a 'B cell receptor'. This allows a B cell to bind to a specific antigen. +The main functions of B cells are: +Recently, a new, suppressive function of B cells has been discovered. +In mammals, immature B cells are formed in the bone marrow, hence their name. + += = = Performing arts = = = +The performing arts are those forms of art in which individual people perform separately or together. The artist's own body, face, and presence is needed for the performance. +Performing arts differ from the plastic arts, which use materials such as clay, metal or paint which can be moulded or transformed. A plastic art produces some physical art object. The term 'performing arts' first appeared in the English language in the year 1711. +Types of performing arts. +Performing arts include the dance, music, opera, drama, magic, oratory and circus arts. +Artists who participate in performing arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, comedians, dancers, magicians, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are also supported by workers in related fields, such as songwriting and stagecraft. +Performers often adapt their appearance, such as with costumes and stage makeup, etc. +There is also a specialized form of fine art in which the artists "perform" their work live to an audience. This is called performance art. Most performance art also involves some form of plastic art, perhaps in the creation of props. Dance was often referred to as a "plastic art" during the Modern dance era. +Music. +Music focuses on three career paths, music performance, music education, and musicology (theory, history, etc.). Students learn to play musical instrument, but also study music theory, musicology, history of music and musical composition. In the arts tradition, music is also used to broaden skills of non-musicians by teaching skills such as concentration and listening. +Drama. +Drama (Greek 'to do', 'seeing place') is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience. It uses speech, gesture, music, dance, sound and spectacle—indeed any one or more elements of the other performing arts. In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style of plays, theatre takes such forms as musicals, opera, ballet, illusion, mime, Indian dance, kabuki, mummers' plays, stand-up comedy, pantomime, and non-conventional or arthouse theatre. +Dance. +Dance (from Old French "dancier") generally refers to human movement either used as a form of expression or in a social, spiritual or performance setting. +'Dance' is also used to describe methods of non-verbal communication (see body language) between humans or animals (bee dance, mating dance), motion in inanimate objects ("the leaves danced in the wind"), and certain music genres. +Choreography is the art of making dances, and the person who does this is called a choreographer. +The definition of what is dance depends on society, and ranges from folk dance to codified, virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports, rhythmic gymnastics, figure skating, ice dancing and synchronized swimming are "dance" disciplines. Some martial arts have dance-like moves. +History of Western performing arts. +Starting in the 6th century BC, the first recorded performing art began in Ancient Greece, ushered in by the tragic poets such as Aeschylus and Sophocles. These poets wrote plays which, in some cases, incorporated dance (see Euripides). Aristophanes is noted for his satyrical comedies (5th century BC). +By the 6th century AD, the Western performing arts died out as the Dark Ages began. Between the 9th century and 14th century, performing art in the West was limited to religious historical enactments and morality plays, organized by the Church in celebration of holy days and other important events. + += = = Steve Brookstein = = = +Steve Brookstein (born 10 November 1968) is a British soul and jazz singer from London. He has been active since he won the 2004 UK series of talent show "The X Factor". He has had 1 hit single to date, number 1 hit, Against All Odds a cover of the 1984 Phil Collins original his version was number 11 in Ireland. He was part of the Syco Music record label. His first album "Heart & Soul" reached number 1 in the United Kingdom album charts. His second album "40,000 Things "only reached number 165. + += = = Albert Roussel = = = +Albert Charles Paul Marie Roussel (5 April 1869 - 23 August 1937) was a French composer. Roussel spent seven years as a midshipman. He only turned to music as an adult. But he then became one of the most important composers of the years between the two world wars. His earlier music came from the impressionism of Debussy and Ravel. He turned more towards neoclassicism with his later music. +Personal life. +Albert Roussel was born in Tourcoing ("Nord" "department" of France). HIs earliest interest was not music. It was mathematics. He spent some time in the French Navy. In 1889 and 1890 he served on the crew of the frigate "Iphigénie". These travels were significant to his later career as a composer. This is because many of his musical works would reflect his interest in far-off and interesting places. +After Roussel left the Navy in 1894, he began to study music with Eugène Gigout. He continued his studies until 1908 at the Schola Cantorum (one of his teachers there was Vincent d'Indy). While he studied, he would also teach at the Schola. His fellow students were Erik Satie and the young Edgard Varèse. +During World War I, he served as an ambulance driver on the Western Front. After the war, he bought a summer house in Normandy. This is where he gave most of his time to composing music. +Roussel was a classicist. Some of his first works are very much like impressionism. But he soon found a style fit just for him. This style had a strong rhythmic sound. +The Schola Cantorum left a mark on Roussel's mature writing. Compared with the style of other French composers like Gabriel Fauré or Claude Debussy, Roussel's orchestration is rather powerful and heavy. +Roussel also liked jazz. He wrote a piano-vocal composition called "Jazz dans la nuit". This has a lot in common with other jazz-influenced works such as the "Blues" second movement of Maurice Ravel's "Violin Sonata". +Roussel's most important pieces include his ballets. They are "Le festin de l'araignée", "Bacchus et Ariane", and "Aeneas". Among his other works are four symphonies (the Third is the most often played), a piano concerto, a concertino for cello and orchestra, a psalm setting for chorus and orchestra, music for the theater, solo piano music, and songs. He died in the town of Royan in western France in 1937. That is the same year that his countrymen Ravel, Charles-Marie Widor, and Gabriel Pierné died. +Arturo Toscanini included the suite from the ballet "Le festin de l'araignée" in one of his concerts with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. Georges Prêtre recorded this same music with the "Orchestre National de France" for EMI in 1984. + += = = Troy (movie) = = = +Troy is a 2004 Anglo-American action movie about the Trojan War. The movie was nominated for an Oscar in 2005. It stars Brad Pitt as Achilles, Eric Bana as Hector, and Peter O'Toole as King Priam. Diane Kruger is Helen of Sparta. +Plot. +In Sparta, Prince Hector and his young brother Paris want Troy and Sparta to have peace but there is a war. The Greeks come and take control of a beach at Troy. Achilles and the Myrmidons kill many Trojans. Achilles and Hector meet but do not fight. The Trojans have a surprise attack. As the Greeks are close to losing, Achilles comes with the Myrmidons, and joins the fight. Achilles fights Hector and Hector is killed. After Hector's death, the Greeks make a plan to come into Troy using a wooden horse. Trojans think the wooden horse is a gift to the Gods. The Trojans take the horse into the city and celebrate. Greeks come out of the horse at night, opening the doors to the city. This lets the army enter the city and The Trojans are defeated. Paris killed Achilles but died after the war. + += = = Wolfgang Petersen = = = +Wolfgang Petersen (14 March 1941 – 12 August 2022) was a German movie director and screenwriter. His work included "The NeverEnding Story", "Enemy Mine", "Outbreak", "In the Line of Fire", "Air Force One", "Das Boot", "The Perfect Storm", "Troy" and "Poseidon". +Petersen was born in Emden, Lower Saxony, Germany. One of his first efforts was the 1977 "Die Konsequenz". +Peterson died of pancreatic cancer on 12 August 2022, at the age of 81, at his home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. + += = = Emden = = = +Emden is a town in the most northwest of Germany. It is the main town of the region of East Frisia, and also a port town of the North Sea. About 51,000 people were living in Emden in 2016. +Sister cities/towns. + Haugesund, Rogaland, Norway. + += = = Gabor Acs = = = +Gabor Acs (born 1926 in Budapest) is a Hungarian architect. He was a member of Order of Architects in Rome. +Education. +He enrolled at the Faculty of Architecture-Engineering, University of Budapest, where he graduated in 1948. With the arrival of Soviet Forces, the father decides to leave for Italy with his family, living in Rome. Gabor then moved to Milan for his degree in architecture from the Polytechnic. After graduating in 1953, decided to reach the United States. +Career. +After some experience with architectural design, he became associated with I. M. Pei and Partners in New York. From 1956 to 1963, in association with Pei and Henry N. Cobb, he designed residential buildings in New York, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh and other urban planning projects including the Master Plan of Cleveland, Ohio. +As SGI's chief architect, Gabor Acs, and Watergate complex chief architect Luigi Moretti, flew to New York City on May 17 1962 and defended the complex's design in a special three-hour meeting with United States Commission of Fine Arts members. +Italy. +Then he transfers its business in Rome and since 1963, in his office in Piazza Navona, running projects for Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Canada, France, Guinea, Iran, Italy, Kenya, Libya, Mexico, Monaco, Nigeria, Venezuela, Zaire. +These include in particular: +Personal life. +Gabor Acs lives in Rome with his wife Armelle. + += = = Table football = = = +Table Football, Table Soccer and Foosball, are regional names of a table-top game based on association football (EUR) or soccer (USA). The name "foosball" comes from the German word for football, "fussball" or "fußball". Both a recreational game and a serious sport, the game can be played by two (singles) or four (doubles) players. +Tables are broadly defined as professional or home-grade. The tables function the same, but just like pool tables, vary widely in features. +Home-grade tables are great for kids and casual players. A professional grade table in a home game room is a sign of a serious player. +Foosball is played world-wide and professional grade tables reflect unique characteristics of their country of origin. +Serious players need the additional ball control, weight and strength the professional-grade products feature to handle four adult players. +Currently the game of Foosball is again expanding in popularity. For serious players there are local, state, regional, national and international tournaments. + += = = Keith Magnuson = = = +Keith Magnuson (April 27, 1947 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan – December 15, 2003 in Vaughan, Ontario) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman who was the captain of the Chicago Blackhawks from 1976 to 1979. He died in a car accident and the driver of the car, fellow NHL alumni Rob Ramage survived and was charged with vehicular manslaughter. +His jersey number is retired by the Chicago Blackhawks. + += = = Heidi Montag = = = +Heidi Montag (born September 15, 1986 in Colorado) is an American television personality, model and singer. She starred in MTV series "The Hills". +Early life. +Heidi was born on September 15, 1986 in Colorado. She has an older sister, Holly Montag (born 1983). She graduated from high school and after that, attended the Academy of Art University in California. +"The Hills". +Montag had a regular role on a reality series called "The Hills", from 2005 until 2010. She appeared on "The Hills" because she was the friend and roommate of the show's main star, Lauren Conrad. +During "The Hills", she started dating Spencer Pratt. She later married him, but the other people on "The Hills", especially Conrad, hated Pratt. Because of this, Montag and Pratt became portrayed as "the villains" of the series. +Montag and Pratt were removed from "The Hills" in 2010. This was after Pratt had told one of the producers that he would kill him. Pratt was ordered to take anger management classes, but even after that, they would not rehire him and his wife. Montag had also filed charges against "The Hills" creator Adam Divello, claiming sexual harassment. +Music career. +Montag started working on her own music album in 2007. In 2009, she performed her song "Body Language" on the Miss Universe beauty pageant show in the Bahamas. Her performance was disliked by critics and many other people. +She released her debut album in 2010. It was called "Superficial" and it sold only 1,000 copies in its first week. It received negative reviews. Despite all the negative reactions, Montag has said that she will release another album. +Fashion and acting career. +In 2008, Montag debuted her first fashion collection, Heidiwood, in Los Angeles. She later designed more clothes. +She appeared in the sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", as herself, together with husband Spencer Pratt, in 2009. +Also in 2009, she and Spencer Pratt took part in reality series "I'm A Celebrity, Get Me Outta Here!". The couple quit the show after a few episodes. They said that they were "tortured" on the show. +In June 2009, it was confirmed that Montag would pose for "Playboy". She appeared on the cover of the September 2009 issue of the magazine. In November 2009, Montag and Pratt released their first book, "How To Be Famous: Our Guide to Looking the Part, Playing the Press and Becoming a Tabloid Fixture". +Montag had a small role in the 2011 comedic movie, "Just Go With It!". The movie starred Jennifer Aniston. +Montag was one of seven celebrities in the VH1 reality series, "Famous Food". The series ran from July to September 2011. It was won by DJ Paul. She and Pratt were housemates in the January 2013 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK). +Personal life. +Heidi Montag and her boyfriend Spencer Pratt had an on/off relationship for two years. In 2008, they married in Mexico. They married a second time in California. Only the second time was legal. +In July 2010, Montag filed for divorce. Tabloid magazines and others suggested that this was fake, because the couple were still seen together in public. They told press that they were on "friendly terms" but still divorcing. In September they called off the divorce and renewed their vows. +Plastic surgery. +Montag has made headlines for her plastic surgery. She has undergone nose correction, chin correction, suction of fat off her hips, many others and best known, a breast enlargement. In 2010, she had ten surgeries in one day, which almost killed her. Montag "upgraded" her breasts to the maximum size. Later, after her surgeries, she said that she could not live with the size of her breasts, and wants to have them reduced back. + += = = Lauren Conrad = = = +Lauren Katherine Tell (née Conrad; born February 1, 1986) is a designer and television personality who starred on MTVs The Hills. + += = = Spencer Pratt = = = +Spencer Pratt (born August 14, 1983 in Los Angeles, California) is an American television personality. He is best known from the MTVs series "The Hills". +Pratt and Heidi Montag were housemates in the January 2013 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK). + += = = Training Day = = = +Training Day is a 2001 American crime drama thriller movie. It stars Denzel Washington and Ethan Hawke. Washington won an Academy Award for his leading role as psychopathic LAPD detective Alonzo Harris. It was distributed by Warner Bros.. It was also remade as a tv series in 2017 starring Bill Paxton. + += = = Tosh.0 = = = +Tosh.0 is an American comedy television show that was created by comedian Daniel Tosh. +"Tosh.0" began on Comedy Central on June 4, 2009. The show focuses on viral videos from the internet with sarcastic commentary, interviews, and short comedy routines. Being a master comedian, Daniel Tosh turns the worst of internet videos to very funny comedy routines. The show entered its second season on January 13, 2010 and entered its third season on January 11, 2011. The series finale aired on November 24, 2020. +Before Tosh.0 goes to a commercial break, Tosh mentions to a canceled Comedy Central show (usually by the name "We'll be right back with more "Onion SportsDome"). +Tosh also talks to his fans during the commercial breaks of Tosh.0 on his Twitter account during live broadcasts in the East Coast. + += = = Daniel Tosh = = = +Daniel Tosh (born May 29, 1975) is an American stand-up comedian. Tosh is of West German descent. +Early life. +Tosh was born in Germany but grew up in Titusville, Florida. His father was a preacher. He had one brother and two sisters. After graduating from Astronaut High School in 1993 and later the University of Central Florida with a degree in marketing, Tosh moved to Los Angeles where he lives with his dog. +Career. +Tosh's first big career break came in 2001 with his performance on the "Late Show with David Letterman". His first attempt to appear on the show was cut short, though, due to time limits caused by the star guest, Eric Kraff, overlapping with his segment. He followed with appearances on programs such as "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" and Comedy Central's "Premium Blend". In 2003, he performed in his own thirty-minue special on "Comedy Central Presents". On June 17, 2007, Comedy Central aired a stand-up special featuring Tosh, "Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious". He also hosted an episode of Comedy Central's "Live at Gotham". Tosh is also a regular guest on "The Bob & Tom Show". He had a small part in the feature film "In the Army Now" starring Pauly Shore and Andy Dick. He also had a bit part in "The Love Guru", +Currently, Tosh hosts "Tosh.0", a show showcasing internet video clips on Comedy Central. Daniel Tosh also had another stand-up special called "Daniel Tosh: Happy Thoughts". +Works. +Tosh has released two albums, "True Stories I Made Up", which was released on November 8, 2005 by Comedy Central and "Daniel Tosh: Completely Serious", which was released on June 17, 2007 by Comedy Central. His Comedy Central TV show "Tosh.0" premiered on June 4, 2009. + += = = Veil = = = +A veil is a soft covering of all or part of the face. It has often been used by women in many cultures. It is often used by brides on their wedding day. It may have religious meaning, or it may be used for pleasure or dance. It is different from a mask because a mask is close-fitting, and often firm or hard, while a veil is soft and may fit loosely. +Veils as communication. +Veils are a kind of non-verbal communication. They always have some kind of unspoken message. +Some kinds of veil include a hood which covers the entire head, like a hijab. The point of covering the head entirely is to cover all parts which have any sexual meaning. A woman's hair is one of her secondary sexual characteristics, and acts (with her face, body and personality) to attract the opposite sex. Some religious groups believe that female sexuality should not be shown in public. +The most important part of the head (for the viewer) is the face, because the human face takes part in communication. Covering it says, in effect, 'this person is not available'. That is why it has been used so often by women. Because it is of soft material, the veil may be lifted back over the head or unclipped from one side. This is also a signal. It says 'now I am available'. So brides lift their veil at the point when they are married. +Veils may be, and often are, partly transparent. This adds ambiguity and mystery to the 'message' it offers the viewer; it is a 'fashion statement'. The raising or dropping of veils is a sign of intimacy: the wearer, who was covered, is now in the open. In an extreme example, the idea of a "Dance of the Seven Veils" originates with the 1893 English translation of Oscar Wilde's 1891 French play Salome in the stage direction. + += = = Anne Wills = = = +Anne Wills OAM "Willsy" (born 3 October 1944 in Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia) is an Adelaide television and radio personality. Willsy holds the record for the most number of Logies won by a person in the history of the awards. She has won 19 between 1968 - 1992. +As well as appearing on a number of national TV programs such as "In Melbourne Tonight", "The Bert Newton Show" and "Good Morning Australia", Willsy has presented and appeared on many Adelaide based TV programs. These include "A.M. Adelaide", "Movie Scene" and "Close Up with Willsy". She was also the weather presenter for SAS-7 "Seven Nightly News" for a number of years. +Willsy is known for her love of over the top earrings. + += = = 1240s = = = +The 1240s was a decade that began on 1 January 1240 and ended on 31 December 1249. + += = = Asian tiger mosquito = = = +The Asian tiger mosquito, or forest day mosquito is a kind of mosquito that is native to tropical and subtropical South-East Asia. It has black and white striped legs, and small black and white striped body. The Asian tiger mosquito is about 2 to 10 mm long. The males are about 20% smaller than the females. +In the last few decades, the species has spread to many other countries, mainly through the transport of goods. Many communities see this species as a pest. Unlike other mosquitos, the Asian tiger mosquito associates with humans. Other mosquitos tend to live in wetlands. The Asian tiger mosquito is also active during the day, while most other mosquitos are only active during dusk and dawn. +The Asian tiger mosquito can spread several diseases, such as West Nile virus, Yellow fever virus, St. Louis encephalitis, dengue fever, and Chikungunya fever, + += = = French Island (Victoria) = = = +French Island is a large island in Western Port, Victoria, Australia. It is 61 km southeast of Melbourne. In 1997 about 70 per cent of the island was made the French Island National Park. It has also been listed as part of the National Estate. In 2002, the waters on the north coast were made into the French Island Marine National Park. +Even though it is close to Melbourne, French Island is relatively isolated and undeveloped. There is no water or electricity supply, or medical services on the island. There is one small shop and post office on Tankerton Road about 3 km from Tankerton Jetty. There is a number of places to stay, including camping, bed and breakfasts, guest houses, and the McLeod Eco Farm which was once a prison. +History. +An Australian aboriginal clan, Bunarong Tribe lived and hunted on French Island. The first Europeans to discover the island were the French in April 1802. A group from the ship, "La Naturaliste", explored the area naming it "Île de Françoise", (French Island). +In 1847 the first settlers, William and John Gardner, started farming on the island. In the 1880's, koalas were released on to the island. In the 1890's the government set up several small villages. Farmers began to grow chicory, and about 30 chicory kilns were built. +On July 17, 1916 the McLeod Prison Farm opened and continued until 1975. In 1967, the State Electricity Commission (SEC)wanted to build the first nuclear power plant in Australia on French Island +Tankerton Post Office opened on 3 September 1890 and closed in 1994. It reopened in 2001 under the name French Island. A Fairhaven office was also open from 1911 until 1957. +Nuclear power plant site. +In 1967, the SEC told the Lands Department to keep 400 acres of French Island for future construction of a nuclear power plant. The plant, to be built in the 1970's, would generate 350-500MW of electricity. More nuclear power plants would be built in Australia once there was a successful, fully operational plant in Victoria. The SEC also planned to build more brown coal power stations as well. +Due to the low cost of brown coal in Victoria and pressure from the anti-nuclear movement, the SEC decided not to build a nuclear plant and instead continued to build brown coal plants. These included the Hazelwood Power Station, which was completed in 1971. Nuclear plants were not built in New South Wales, as access to black coal allowed for bigger generators. The declaration of various areas of many Australian states as nuclear free zones was a key factor in the selection of coal plants over nuclear plants. +Access. +There is easy access to the island by train and ferry. People can take a train from Melbourne to Frankston. From Frankston there is a diesel locomotive service to Stony Point. It is a short walk along the jetty to catch the passenger ferry to Tankerton jetty on French Island. It is also possible to catch a passenger ferry from Cowes on Phillip Island. +Geography. +Important features are Mount Wellington which is 96m in height and the Pinnacles at 66m. +People. +In 2006 there were 89 people living on French Island. In 2009,there were five students at the primary school. +Natural Environment. +Habitats range from coastal mangroves, swamps, heath, grasslands and blue gum forests. Most koalas on the mainland of Australia suffer from the chlamydia disease. French Island provides the world's most dense and disease free group of koalas. They are often moved to repopulate diseased areas on the mainland. Shelter is provided for more than 100 species of bush orchids, and 260 species of birds. Significant species on the island include: King Quail, the critically endangered Orange-bellied Parrot, Fairy Tern, White-bellied Sea Eagle, Swamp Skink, Long-nosed Potoroo. +The island is one of only two places in Victoria where there are no foxes. Because of this, the island has kept a variety of native species which have been devastated by the fox in other areas. However rabbits, feral cats, feral goats, feral pigs, Indian Mynahs and starlings pose a threat to the island's biodiversity. +Transport. +As the only cars used on the island are by residents, the network of more than 40 km of gravel roads and tracks are quiet and ideal for cycling. The island is generally flat or mildly undulating with the highest point being Mt Wellington (96 m). Bicycles can be hired from the General Store, Macleod Eco Farm and Bayview. There are many walking tracks. Other activities include bushwalking, bird watching, horse riding, cycling, and as a base for deep sea fishing. +Two local tour companies, French Island Tours and French Island Eco Tours, can provide bus tours of the island. +Camping. +There is one free camping site in the National Park at Fairhaven, 4 km up the coast road from Tankerton Jetty, where the ferry arrives from Stony Point. The camp site is set among trees near the beach, with one public toilet and a water tank. Other camping is available at "private sites" at Bayview and McLeod Eco Farm by arrangement. + += = = Leni Riefenstahl = = = +Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German movie director who made propaganda for the Nazis. Her most famous movies are "Triumph of the Will" and "Olympia". She was a interpretive dancer but after a knee injury she stopped. + += = = Olympia (1938 movie) = = = +Olympia is a 1938 movie by Leni Riefenstahl documenting the 1936 Summer Olympics, held in the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany. + += = = Carbon paper = = = +Carbon paper is a special kind of paper that can be used for copying. On one side, the paper is coated with dry ink, which is usually bound with a kind of wax. It is usually put between two sheets of paper. When pressure is applied from the first sheet, some ink is transferred to the second one.The copy that is produced that way is called "carbon copy". Because it relies on pressure, the technique is limited to only four or five copies. + += = = Billy Butler = = = +Billy Butler (born April 18, 1986) is an American baseball player. He plays first base for the Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB). +The Royals chose Butler in the 2004 First-Year Player Draft. Butler had played baseball in high school in Jacksonville, Florida, and entered the draft instead of playing in college. He played his first MLB game on May 1, 2007. + += = = Karen Horney = = = +Karen Horney (16 September 1885 in Blankenese, Germany – 4 December 1952 in New York) was a German psychoanalyst and psychiatrist. Her theories questioned some traditional Freudian views. +Works by Karen Horney. +The following are all still in print: + += = = Hildesheim (district) = = = +Hildesheim is a district ("Landkreis") in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is surrounded by the districts of Hanover, Peine, Wolfenbüttel, Goslar, Northeim, Holzminden and Hamelin-Pyrmont. + += = = Aryan race = = = +The Aryan race is an idea that was formed in the 19th and 20th centuries. The term "Aryan" comes from the Rig Veda and is the name of an ancient group of people in ancient Persia and India, who spoke an Indo-European language. It has been used to describe people of Iranian and Indian descent, but there was no record of Aryans in European history. Later it was used for Germanic peoples because of new ideas about the Aryans. +The term Aryan comes from the ancient Sanskrit word ārya, which was a term used by Sanskrit speaking people to distinguish themselves from other races. The Iranians also used the terms, and the name Iran means "land of the Aryans". The idea of an Aryan race was first used as a category of people but was later used by occult movements such as Theosophy. It was also later used by Nazis and white supremacists in racist ways. +Nazism. +The ideology of Nazism was based upon the idea of the Aryan race or Germanic peoples being a master race. The Nazi view of the Aryan race came from earlier racial theorists such as Arthur de Gobineau and Houston Stewart Chamberlain. +As the leader of Nazi Germany, Adolf Hitler, became set in his ways, he decided with proclamations that some other groups of people were also Aryans along with Germanic peoples. He declared Hungarians to be "Aryan" in 1934, the Japanese were made officially "Aryans" in 1936, and the Finns were officially added in as "Aryans" by his proclamation in 1942. However, Nazi Germany did not regard Slavs as "Aryans", but as inferiors and non-Aryan. They were usually vague as to whether Italians were "Aryan", although Italy under Mussolini had a "Manifesto of Race" in 1938 that said they were. +Occult belief. +Theosophy, a mystical occult society founded in 1875 by Helena Blavatsky believes that the Arabian people and the Jews are a part of the Aryan race. It is believed by Theosophists that the Arabians used the Semitic languages of the people around them. These people had moved to the area from Atlantis. Theosophists claim that the Jews began as a part of the Arabian subrace in what is now Yemen around 30,000 BC. They moved first to Somalia and then to Egypt where they lived until the time of Moses. + += = = Eurovision Song Contest 2011 = = = +The Annual Eurovision Song Contest was held in Düsseldorf (Germany), due to Germany's first place with their singer Lena Meyer-Landrut with her song "Satellite" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2010 in Oslo (Norway). Like previous years, a system of two semi-finals was used: the first on 10 May and the second on 13 May 2011. The final was on the evening of 14 May 2011. The winners were Ell & Nikki with their song Running scared, they represented Azerbaijan. +Venue. +On 12 October 2010, the German broadcaster, Norddeutscher Rundfunk (NDR) announced that the Esprit Arena of Düsseldorf as the venue of the Eurovision Song Contest 2011. Germany has already held the Eurovision Song Contest. The first in 1957 in Frankfurt am Main and the second in 1983 in Munich. Since 1998 and the victory of the United Kingdom the year before, it is the first time that a country of the "Big Five" (Germany, France, Spain, United Kingdom & Italy (since 2011)) will held the Eurovision Song Contest. +Bidding Phase. +23 cities of Germany participated to the bidding phase of the venue for the Annual Eurovision Song Contest. Eight cities showed interest of hosting the Eurovision Song Contest 2011 : Berlin, Hamburg, Hanover, Gelsenkirchen, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich. On 21 August 2010, NDR announced that four of those cities had officially applied to host the 2011 Contest : +Format. +The five countries that are part of the "Big Five", along with the host of the contest, automatically qualify for a place in the final. But Germany is both the host of the 2011 edition and a member from the "Big Five". To answer this question of if a country will qualify directly for the final (maybe the second of the 2010 Contest), the EBU held a meeting in Belgrade (Serbia). And it was decided that the existing rules will remain in place, and that the number of participants in the final will simply decreased from twenty-five to twenty-four. On 31 December 2010, the EBU published the official list of the participants for the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest and which stated the return of Italy, Austria, San Marino and Hungary. And thanks to the return of Italy twenty-fiv countries will participate for the final of the 2011 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. +Hosts. +On 16 December 2010, NDR revealed the presenters of the 2011 edition : Anke Engelke, Judith Rakers, and Stefan Raab. It will be the third time that three people have hosted the contest after 1999 and 2010. And the second time in a row. +Pot allocations. +To determine the semi-final running orders for the Eurovision Song Contest, participating nations were split into six pots on 17 January 2011. Countries has been drawn from each pot to determine if they will compete in either the first or second semi-final and like in 2010, it will determine in which half of the semi-final they will perform, in order for delegations to know when rehearsals will begin for their respective countries. The draw also determine in which semi-finals the members of the "Big Five" (France, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom and Italy) will be able to vote. +Israeli broadcaster IBA requested to take part in the second semi-final due to the Israeli Memorial Day, which will be held during the first semi-final. German broadcaster NDR also requested that they be allowed to vote in the second semi-final for scheduling reasons. +Participating Countries. +On 31 December 2010, the EBU confirmed the forty-three countries which will be competing fir the 2011 Eurovision Song Contest. The 2011 edition which will mark the returns of Austria, which last participated in 2007, Italy, which last participated in 1997, San Marino, which only took part in 2008, and Hungary, which last participated in 2009. +At a meeting in Belgrade, the EBU decided that the countries has to choose their artists and their songs before 14 March because the running draw for the Eurovision Song Contest will be held on March 15. + += = = Keynesian economics = = = +Keynesian economics (also called Keynesianism) describes the economics theories of John Maynard Keynes. Keynes wrote about his theories in his book "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money". The book was published in 1936. +Keynes said capitalism is a good economic system. In a capitalist system, people earn money from their work. Businesses employ and pay people to work. Then people can spend their money on things they want. Other people work and make things to buy. Sometimes the capitalist system has problems. People lose their work. Businesses close. People cannot work and cannot spend money. Keynes said the government should step in and help people who do not have work. +This idea is called "demand-side policy". If people are working, the economy is good. If people are not working, the economy is bad. +Keynes said when the economy is bad, people want to save their money. That is, they do not spend their money on, or invest in, things they want. As a result, there is less economic activity. +Keynes said the government should spend more money when people do not have work. The government can borrow money and give people jobs (work). Then people can spend money again and buy things. This helps other people find work. +Some people, such as conservatives, libertarians, and people who believe in Austrian economics, do not agree with Keynes' ideas. They say government work does not help capitalism. They say when the government borrows money, it takes money away from businesses. They do not like Keynesian economics because they say the economy can get better without government help. +During the late 1970s, Keynesian economics became less popular because inflation was high at the same time that unemployment was high. This is because many people interpreted Keynesian theory to say that it was impossible for there to be both high inflation and high unemployment. +When a big recession happened in 2007, Keynesian economics became more popular. Leaders around the world (including Barack Obama) created stimulus packages which would allow their government to spend a lot of money to create jobs. Conservatives and Libertarians would say that the stimulus package rewards the bad behavior that lead to the recession. It tells big banks that they can misbehave and the government will step in and get them out of trouble. +Basic ideas. +Keynes had the following ideas: + += = = Kaiser Chiefs = = = +Kaiser Chiefs is an alternative rock band from Leeds, England. They were active as Parva from 2000 to 2003, then changed their name to Kaiser Chiefs in 2003. +Their name come from the name of the Kaizer Chiefs association football club in South Africa. +Kaiser Chiefs 2016 album stay together was very successfull. + += = = Rob Zombie = = = +Rob Zombie (born Robert Bartleh Cummings on July 10, 1965 in Haverhill, Massachusetts) is an American heavy metal singer, director, producer and screenwriter. He formed the band White Zombie. +He has also directed the films "House of 1000 Corpses", "The Devil's Rejects", the 2007 remake of Halloween and the sequel to that Halloween II. + += = = Elam = = = +Elam was an long-lasting ancient civilization just to the east of Mesopotamia, in what is now southwest Iran. Elam was centered in the far west and southwest of what is now modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.. +History. +Knowledge of Elamite history is not complete. It is mainly known from Mesopotamian sources. The history of Elam is divided into three periods, over more than two millennia. The three periods come after the proto-Elamite period: +The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 5000 BC in the watershed of the river Karun. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation. +Written records start from around 3000 BC in the Old Elamite period (Middle Bronze Age). In the Achaemenid Empire the Elamite language was among those in official use. The Elamite language has no obvious connections with any other, and seems to be a language isolate like Sumerian. Some researchers have suggested the existence of a larger group known as Elamo-Dravidian. This theory is not established. +The Elamites called their country Haltamti, but the Sumerians and Akkadians called it Elam, and so it was also in the Hebrew Bible. The civilisation started around 2700 BC, and they were finally conquered by the Achmaenids in 640 BC. A tablet found in 1848 has the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal boasting of his conquest: +As it happens, the Elamites managed to stay independent for some time after this disaster. The devastation was less complete than Assurbanipal boasted, and Elamite rule, though rather broken up, continued until 540 BC, when Achaemenid rule begins in Susa. Under the Parthian period, a kingdom of Elymais existed which survived until its extinction by Sassanid invasion in the early third century AD. It was in the heartland of ancient Elam. + += = = Dental braces = = = +Dental braces are wires that are held together by brackets glued to the permanent teeth. The wires and brackets may be made of metal or other materials. Each week or month (or other time the orthodontist decides) the braces may be checked, cleaned, or changed into a tighter wire. +Braces are an orthodontic device. They are to make the teeth straight, and to correct problems in a person's bite. There are many natural problems which occur to the way teeth fit together, but not everyone needs or will need braces. +However, the use of braces is quite common, even when they are not medically necessary. Their cosmetic use for young females is more common in countries with first world economies. To overcome the visibility of traditional metal braces, there are now nearly transparent braces. Sometimes braces are possible behind the teeth, and so are not in view. + += = = Braces = = = +Braces (suspenders in the U.S.) are a standard item of male clothing. Their function is to keep trousers at a set height on the body. They are standard wear for formal styles of dress such as the lounge suit. +There is also a fashion use among some young males, and a use by some workmen, most often with newspaper. Braces can be worn entirely out of sight, hidden by a waistcoat, or in sight as a display. A critical factor in formal dress is the "drop" of the trousers as they meet the shoes. Here braces avoid the need to hitch trousers up, always a problem with belts. +In many countries braces were worn by all classes of men for well over a hundred years until about the 1960s, except in the armed forces. Then fashion changed and men's clothes became informal, with lower waistlines and belts. Now they are a minority item. + += = = Doves (band) = = = +Doves is an English alternative rock band. They formed in 1998 when the two Williams brothers (Jez and Andy) met Jimi Goodwin in high school. +Doves newest album is "The Places Between: The Best of Doves" and was released on April 5, 2010. +Discography. +Doves have released 5 studio albums: +Websites. +Doves' Official website + += = = Shin-Soo Choo = = = +Shin-Soo Choo (born July 13, 1982 in Busan, South Korea) is a South Korean baseball player. He is a center fielder for the Texas Rangers of Major League Baseball (MLB). Choo also played for the Seattle Mariners from 2005-2006 and the Cleveland Indians from 2006–2012. +Choo was required to serve 2 years in the South Korea military service before he turns 30 in 2012. However, he was exempted from military service due to his contribution to the Korean National Baseball team winning the Gold Medal in the 2010 Asian Games +He is married and lives near Phoenix, Arizona. + += = = Bryan Bickell = = = +Bryan Bickell (born March 9, 1986 in Orono, Ontario) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He played for the Chicago Blackhawks amd Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). +Career. +He was chosen 41st overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He earned a Stanley Cup ring from the team but his name was not engraved on the cup. On June 24, 2013, Bickell won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. +Health issues. +Bickell began experiencing symptoms of vertigo that forced him to miss two games during the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals. He initially believed the ailment was caused by an infected tooth. Bickell's agent later commented that Bickell was suffering from vestibular issues, which hindered his performance during the 2015–16 Chicago Blackhawks season. In November 2016, Bickell began experiencing an unexplained pain in his shoulder and leg that caused him to miss multiple games. Doctors later diagnosed Bickell with multiple sclerosis. Bickell commented on his health by stating, "Since the 2015 playoffs, I've been struggling to understand what was going on with my body. Again during the past few weeks, it felt like something wasn't right." Ron Francis, the Hurricanes' general manager, stated that Bickell would take an indefinite amount of time off from hockey to receive treatment for his condition. While Bickell ultimately returned to Hurricanes towards the end of the 2016–17 season, he announced he would retire from playing hockey to focus on his MS treatment. + += = = Khloé Kardashian = = = +Khloé Alexandra Kardashian (born June 27, 1984) is an American socialite, reality television celebrity and TV presenter. She became famous after appearing on her family's TV show "Keeping Up with the Kardashians". +Early life. +Khloé Alexandra Kardashian was born on June 27, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She is the sister of Kim, Kourtney and Rob Kardashian. Kardashian is the daughter of Kris and Robert Kardashian Sr. +Career. +In 2007, the Kardashians started their reality show, giving them a lot of fame and publicity. She has also starred in several of its spin-offs as well as its sequel, "The Kardashians". +As a TV presenter, Kardashian has presented her own shows: "Kocktails with Khloé" and "Revenge Body with Khloé Kardashian." She was also the co-host of "The X Factor USA". +Kardashian also owns a clothing business named Good American. +Personal life. +Kardashian married Los Angeles Lakers basketball player Lamar Odom in 2009. The two had their own TV show named "Khloé and Lamar". She filed for divorce in December 2013, and it was finalized in 2016. +She previously dated NBA player James Harden and music producer French Montana. Kardashian was in an on-off relationship with Canadian basketball player Tristan Thompson. On September 26, 2017, it was revealed that they are expecting a child together. This announcement came after Kardashian's half-sister Kylie Jenner announced her own pregnancy with rapper Travis Scott. +On April 12, 2018, Kardashian gave birth to her first child (and Thompson's second), a daughter named True Thompson. In 2022, Kardashian and Thompson welcomed a son via surrogacy. + += = = Amar Ramasar = = = +Amar Ramasar (born c. 1981, The Bronx) is a principal dancer of the New York City Ballet. In 2010, "Dance Magazine" reported that Ramasar was one of the few Asian American professional ballet dancers. He took his first dance lessons at the Henry Street Settlement House on the Lower East Side. He went there every day by subway, from his home in the South Bronx. + += = = 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence = = = +The 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence was an act of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government Assembly of Kosovo. It was adopted on 17 February 2008 by all of the 109 members that were present, which was the minimum number needed for it to pass. It declared Kosovo to be independent from Serbia. +It was the second declaration of independence by Kosovo's Albanian-majority political institutions. The first was proclaimed on 7 September 1990. +The government of Serbia said that the declaration was illegal. It took the case to the International Court of Justice. The ICJ said that the declaration did not violate international law. +United Nations. +Following a request from Russia, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency session in the afternoon of 17 February. The United Nations Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon, issued a statement that avoided taking sides and urged all parties "to refrain from any actions of statements that could endanger peace, incite violence or jeopardize security in Kosovo or the region." Speaking on behalf of six western countries—Belgium, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy and the United States—the Belgian ambassador expressed regret "that the Security Council cannot agree on the way forward, but this impasse has been clear for many months. Today's events... represent the conclusion of a status process that has exhausted all avenues in pursuit of a negotiated outcome." +ICJ ruling. +On July 22, 2010 the International Court of Justice ruled that the declaration did not violate international law. Prior to the announcement Hashim Thaçi said there would be no "winners or losers" and that "I expect this to be a correct decision, according to the will of Kosovo's citizens. Kosovo will respect the advisory opinion." For his part, Boris Tadić, the Serbian president, warned that "If the International Court of Justice sets a new principle, it would trigger a process that would create several new countries and destabilise numerous regions in the world." + += = = Equal justice under law = = = +Equal justice under law is a sentence on the front of the United States Supreme Court building in Washington D.C.. + += = = Six-hour clock = = = +The Thai six-hour clock is a traditional time system used in Thailand and Laos. It splits the day into 4 parts. + += = = Grupo Santander = = = +Grupo Santander is a banking group centered on Banco Santander, the largest bank in the Eurozone. Grupo Santander is one of the largest banks in the world (in terms of market capitalisation). It originated in Santander, Cantabria, Spain. +History. +Banco Hispanoamericano was created in 1900. Banco Central was created in 1919. Banco Central and Banco Hispanoamericano merged. +Banco Santander was founded in 1857. Banco Central Hispano was founded in 1991. In 1999, Banco Santander and Banco Central Hispano merged, creating Banco Santander Central Hispano, or BSCH. +The 1999 merger between Santander and Central Hispano was designed to be a "merger of equals". The top executives of the two firms would share control of the new firm. Soon after the merger, former Central Hispano executives thought chairman Botin of trying to control the firm. They threatened to take legal action against him. The issue was resolved when Central Hispano the executives agreed to severance payments (money given when leaving a company), retirement. They also turned control of the firm over to Mr. Botin. This action cost the shareholders of the firm €164M. +Because of the large payouts, Mr. Botin was brought to trial on criminal charges of "misappropriation of funds" (using company money the wrong way) and "irresponsible management." In April 2005 he was cleared of all charges. The decision said the retirement payments made were legal, "made as compensation for the services provided to the bank." +In 2005, Mr. Botin was accused of insider trading (trading stock based on knowledge the public did not have). The anti-corruption division of the Spanish public prosecutor's office cleared Mr. Botin of all charges. +On 26 July 2004 Banco Santander Central Hispano announced the purchase of Abbey National plc. The shareholders' approved of the purchase, and it was formally approved by the courts. Abbey became part of Grupo Santander on 12 November 2004. +In June 2006, Banco Santander Central Hispano purchased almost 20% of Sovereign Bank. They also acquired the option to buy Sovereign Bank for $40 per share in the middle of 2008. +In May 2007 Banco Santander Central Hispano announced that it would make an offer to purchase ABN AMRO. This offer was in conjunction with Royal Bank of Scotland and Fortis. BSCH's offered to purchase 28% of ABN AMRO. The offer would be made by a capital increase through a new stock share issue. In October 2007, the group outbid Barclays and purchased ABN AMRO. As part of the deal, Grupo Santander acquired ABN AMRO's subsidiary in Brazil, Banco Real, and its subsidiary in Italy, Banca Antonveneta. +On 13 August 2007, Banco Santander Central Hispano changed its legal name to Banco Santander. +In November 2007, it sold Banca Antonveneta to Monte dei Paschi di Siena. In March 2008, Banco Santander sold Interbanca, a subsidiary of Banca Antonveneta, to GE Commercial Finance In return, it received GE Money businesses in Germany, Finland and Austria, and GE's Card and Auto Financing Businesses in the UK. These will be integrated into Santander Consumer Finance. +The group announced in July 2008 that it intended to take over the UK bank Alliance & Leicester. Alliance & Leicester had £24bn in deposits and 254 branches. The purchase was completed in October 2008 when the group removed the company's shares from the London Stock Exchange. This was followed by the purchase of the savings business of UK bank Bradford & Bingley (B&B) in September 2008 B&B had deposits of £22bn, 2.6 m customers, 197 branches and 140 agencies. The banks, along with Abbey, are to be merged under the Santander name in the UK by the end of 2010. +In October 2008, Grupo Santander announced that it would purchase the 75.65% of Sovereign Bancorp it does not currently own. This would cost approximately US$1.9 billion (€1.4 billion). The purchase of Sovereign has given Santander its first retail bank in the mainland United States. +Fundación Banco Santander. +The Foundation has the objective of Financing Master and Doctorate Scholarships. +Operations. +Grupo Santander has numerous operations in Latin America. It has renamed most of the subsidiaries it has acquired to Santander. +Grupo Santander has 131,819 employees, 90.1 million customers, 11,178 branches and 2.27 million shareholders. Retail banking - the main part of Santander's operations - generates 82% of the group's profit. +Currently, Santander is a corporate sponsor of the Ferrari Formula One team and the Copa Libertadores de America. +On December 1, 2008, Santander announced that their Formula One sponsorship deal with McLaren will end in 2010, when Santander will become Ferrari's main sponsor. However, in September 2009, Santander announced that it will continue its sponsorship with Vodafone McLaren-Mercedes due to its brand awareness in the UK rising from 20 to 82 percent. +On December 14, 2008, it was revealed that the collapse of Bernard Madoff's Ponzi scheme might mean the loss of 2.33 billion euros at Banco Santander. +On November 10, 2009, HSBC Finance Corporation announced an agreement with Santander Consumer USA Inc. (SC USA). SC USA would sell HSBC US auto loan processing operations, and US $1 billion in auto loan receivables (money due to be received) for US $904 million in cash. SC USA would also enter into a loan processing agreement for the remainder of its US auto loan portfolio. This portfolio is in liquidation (being sold to pay off a debt). The transaction is expected to close in the first quarter of 2010. + += = = Canteen (bottle) = = = +A canteen is a bottle which can be re-used. Canteens are most used for carrying water to places where water is hard to find. Many canteens can be worn on a belt, or held with a strap, like a purse. They are carried often by soldiers, hikers, and campers. Old canteens were mostly made of metal but newer ones can be made of plastic. The idea of a canteen comes from ancient times when water and wine were carried in bags made from animal skins. + += = = Canteen (place) = = = +A canteen is a small restaurant. A restaurant found on an Army base or inside an office or factory is often called the canteen. The food in a canteen is usually cheaper than in a restaurant, because the price is subsidized. + += = = Surfboard = = = +A surfboard is a long platform used in the sport of surfing. + += = = Škoda Yeti = = = +The Škoda Yeti is an SUV car produced by Škoda Auto since 2009. It was facelifted in 2013 and its boxy styling received mixed reviews. It has been replaced in late 2017 by a new, normal looking model called the Karoq. + += = = Hungarian Grand Prix = = = +The Hungarian Grand Prix () is a Grand Prix where Formula One races take place. +Winners of the Hungarian Grand Prix. +Repeat winners (drivers). +"Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +Repeat winners (constructors). +"Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +Repeat winners (engine manufacturers). +"Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season." +Year by year. +"A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship." + += = = Volkswagen Golf Mk6 = = = +The Volkswagen Golf Mk6 is the sixth generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It successed the Mk5 in 2008. + += = = NBC Symphony Orchestra = = = +The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra. It was made by David Sarnoff of the National Broadcasting Company mostly for conductor Arturo Toscanini. The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Toscanini and other conductors. It was the house orchestra for the network. It began November 13, 1937. It ended in 1954. + += = = Gabriel Pierné = = = +Henri Constant Gabriel Pierné (16 August 1863–17 July 1937) was a French composer, conductor, and organist. +Personal Life. +Gabriel Pierné was born in Metz in 1863. His family moved to Paris to get away from the Franco-Prussian War. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. Pierné got first prizes for solfège, piano, organ, counterpoint, and fugue. He won the French Prix de Rome in 1882, with his work "Edith". His teachers were Antoine François Marmontel, Albert Lavignac, Émile Durand, César Franck (for the organ) and Jules Massenet (for composition). +He succeeded Franck as organist at Saint Clotilde Basilica in Paris from 1890 to 1898. Pierné himself was succeeded by another Franck student. His name was Charles Tournemire. Associated for many years with Édouard Colonne's concert series, the Concerts Colonne, from 1903, Pierné became head conductor of this series in 1910. +His most famous early performance was the world start of Igor Stravinsky's ballet "The Firebird", at the Ballets Russes, Paris, on 25 June 1910. He remained in the post until 1933. +He died in Ploujean, Finistère, in 1937. + += = = Flash (DC Comics character) = = = +The Flash (or simply Flash) is the name of several popular comic book characters from the DC Comics universe. Nicknamed the "Scarlet Speedster", all versions of the Flash have the ability to travel at a very high speed, use superhuman reflexes and defy the laws of physics. The original Flash first appeared in "Flash Comics" #1 (cover date January 1940 / release month November 1939). This fictional character was created by writer Gardner Fox and Harry Lampert. +At least four different characters—each of whom somehow gained the power of the "Speed Force"—have assumed the role of the Flash in DC's history: College athlete Jay Garrick was the first character to take on the alter-ego "The Flash", other characters who have been the Flash are forensic scientist Barry Allen, Barry's brother-in-law Wally West who is currently the youngest Flash, he calls himself "Kid Flash"; and Barry's grandson Bart Allen who becomes "Impulse", the second hero known as Kid Flash. Each version of the Flash has been a key member of at least one of DC's premier teams: the Justice Society of America, the Justice League, and the Teen Titans. Most of the Flash stories take place in the fictional city of Central City. +The Flash is one of DC Comics' most popular characters and has been integral to the publisher's many reality-changing "crisis" storylines over the years. The original meeting of the Golden Age Flash Jay Garrick and Silver Age Flash Barry Allen in "Flash of Two Worlds" (1961) introduced the Multiverse storytelling concept to DC readers, which would become the basis for many DC stories in the years to come. +Fictional characters biographies. +Jay Garrick. +The original Flash Jay Garrick from the Golden Age got his powers by inhaling heavy water vapors after falling asleep in his science lab. He first used his powers to become a star football player. Then later he began to use his powers to fight crime. The character was created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert, and he first appeared in "Flash Comics #1" (1940) +Barry Allen. +Barry Allen is a police scientist. He got his powers when a lightning bolt hit his lab and splashed a number of chemicals on him. Becoming Flash was ironic as Barry was slow, methodical, and often late prior to gaining his powers. He is the Flash from the Silver Age, he was created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino and he first appeared in "Showcase" #4 (October 1956). +Wally West. +Wally West got his powers at the young age of ten when he visited his uncle's laboratory (Uncle Barry Allen who was already Flash). He got some chemicals on him and gained the power of super-speed. Since he was so young he became "Kid Flash". Later on he would take over the role of his uncle as Flash. He is somehow the Flash from the Modern Age. He made his first appearance as the Kid Flash in the "Flash#110" in 1959 and he was created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino. +Bart Allen. +Bart Allen is Barry Allen's grandson. He was born with Super-speed, but also fast aging causing him to appear twelve when he was only two years old. Once he got his aging under control he became "Impulse". He would later become Kid Flash and finally Flash once he had grown up. The character was created by Mark Waid and Mike Wieringo and he first made a cameo appearance in "The Flash" #91 in 1994, while his first full appearance in issue #92, and appeared as the lead character in "Impulse" (1995–2002) and "" (2006–2007). +Jesse Chambers. +Daughter of the speedster Johnny Quick, Jesse Chambers becomes a speeding superhero like her father. She later meets Wally West, the Flash, who asks her to be his replacement if something were to happen to him (as part of an elaborate plan on his part, trying to force Bart Allen to take his role in the legacy of the Flash more seriously). She briefly assumes the mantle of the Flash, after Wally enters the Speed Force. +John Fox. +John Fox was a historian for the National Academy of Science in Central City in the 27th Century. He was sent back in time to get the help of one or more of the three Flashes (Garrick, Allen, West), in order to defeat the radioactive villain Mota back in Fox's own time period. (Each Flash had individually fought Mota over the course of several years in the 20th century.) Fox's mission was a failure, but during his return trip, the tachyon radiation that sent him through the time stream gave him superspeed. He defeated Mota as a new iteration of the Flash and operated as his century's Flash for a time. Shortly after, he moved to the 853rd century and joined "Justice Legion A" (also known as Justice Legion Alpha) as seen in the DC One Million series of books. The name "John Fox" is combined from the names of seminal comic book writers John Broome, who co-created the Barry Allen and Wally West Flashes, and Gardner Fox, who co-created the Jay Garrick Flash. +Unnamed Allen of the 23rd century. +The father of Sela Allen, his wife and daughter were captured by Cobalt Blue. He is forced to watch his wife die and his daughter become crippled. As he and Max Mercury kill Cobalt Blue, a child takes Cobalt Blue's power gem and kills Allen. This Flash is one of the two destined Flashes to be killed by Cobalt Blue. +Sela Allen. +Sela Allen is an ordinary human in the 23rd century until Cobalt Blue steals electrical impulses away from her, causing her to become as slow to the world as the world is to the Flash. Hoping to restore her, her father takes her into the Speed Force. When her father is killed, she appears as a living manifestation of the Speed Force, able to lend speed to various people and objects, but unable to physically interact with the world. +Blaine Allen. +Blaine Allen and his son live on the colony world of Petrus in the 28th century. In an attempt to end the Allen blood line, Cobalt Blue injects Allen's son Jace with a virus. Lacking super speed, Jace was unable to shake off the virus. In despair, Blaine takes his son to the Speed Force in the hopes that it would accept him. It takes Blaine instead and grants super speed to Jace so that he can shake off the sickness. +Jace Allen. +Jace Allen gains super speed when his father brings him into the Speed Force to attempt to cure him of a virus injected into his body by Cobalt Blue in an attempt to end the Allen bloodline. In memory of his father, Jace assumes the mantle of the Flash and continues the feud against Cobalt Blue. +Kryiad. +After an alien creature invades Earth, a history buff named Kriyad travels back in time from the 98th century to acquire a Green Lantern power ring. He fails, so he tries to capture the Flash's speed instead. After being beaten by Barry Allen ("The Flash" (vol. 1) #309, May 1982), he travels back further in time and uses the chemicals from the clothes Barry Allen was wearing when he gained his powers to give himself super speed. Kryiad later sacrifices his life to defeat the alien creature. +Bizarro Flash. +Bizarro-Flash was created when Bizarro cloned Flash. He had a costume the reverse colors of Flash's, however he had a mallet symbol because Flash was holding one when he was cloned. The modern version of Bizarro Flash has the symbol of a thunderbolt-shaped mustard stain. He has the powers of the Flash but he is completely intangible. +Supporting characters. +Like his Justice League colleagues Wonder Woman, Superman and Batman, the Flash has a distinctive cast of adversaries, including the various Rogues (unique among DC supervillains for their code of honor) and the various psychopathic "speedsters" who go by the names Reverse-Flash or Zoom. Other supporting characters in "Flash" stories include Barry's wife Iris West, Wally's wife Linda Park, Bart's girlfriend Valerie Perez, friendly fellow speedster Max Mercury, and Central City police department members David Singh and Patty Spivot. +Adaptations. +The Flash has been adapted to numerous DC movies, video games, animated series, and live-action television shows. In live action, Barry Allen has been portrayed by Rod Haase for the 1979 television special "Legends of the Superheroes", John Wesley Shipp portrayed the title character in the 1990's television series "The Flash" and Grant Gustin portrays Barry Allen in the 2014 television series titled "The Flash". Shipp also portrays a version of Jay Garrick in the 2014 "The Flash" series. Ezra Miller played the Flash in ', "Justice League" (2017) and its director's cut (2021) and in "The Flash" (2023). The various incarnations of the Flash also feature in animated series such as , "Justice League", "and" "Young Justice', as well as the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series. + += = = Terry Wogan = = = +Sir Michael Terence Wogan (; 3 August 1938 – 31 January 2016), better known as Terry Wogan, was a veteran Irish-British radio and television broadcaster, who has worked for the British Broadcasting Corporation in the United Kingdom for most of his career. Before he retired from the weekday breakfast programme "Wake Up to Wogan" on BBC Radio 2 on 18 December 2009, Wogan had a regular eight million listeners, making him the most listened to radio broadcaster of any European nation. He began his career at Raidió Teilifís Éireann where he presented shows such as "Jackpot" in the 1960s. +Wogan was a leading media personality in the UK from the late 1960s and is often referred to as a national treasure. He is best known in the United Kingdom for his BBC 1 chat show "Wogan", the game show Blankety Blank, for his work presenting "Children in Need", as the host of "Wake Up to Wogan"on BBC Radio 2, and as the BBC's commentator for the "Eurovision Song Contest" from 1980 to 2008. He was awarded an honorary knighthood in 2005. When he took dual British citizenship later that year, he became entitled to be addressed as "Sir Terry Wogan". +Wogan started a primetime weekend show on Radio 2 from 14 February 2010. +Wogan died on 31 January 2016 in Taplow, Buckinghamshire, England from cancer of unknown primary origin at the age of 77. + += = = Wake Up to Wogan = = = +Wake Up to Wogan (WUTW) was the most listened to radio show in the United Kingdom and the flagship breakfast programme broadcast on BBC Radio 2. The show was presented by Sir Terry Wogan who fronted WUTW from 4th January 1993; he had previously presented the breakfast show between 1972 and 1984, but the title WUTW was only added at the start of his second term. On 7 September 2009, Wogan confirmed to his listeners that he would be leaving the show at the end of the year, with Chris Evans taking over the breakfast show from the 11th January 2010. The final show was broadcast on 18 December 2009. Regular stand-in presenter Johnnie Walker would become interim host of the breakfast show for the three week period between Wogan's departure and Evans'. + += = = Attica Correctional Facility = = = +Attica Correctional Facility is a prison in Attica, New York. The prison was the site of a riot in 1971, because prisoners wanted better conditions in it. + += = = Happy slapping = = = +Happy slapping is a trend in which innocent people are hurt, for no apparent reason. Most of the time, happy slapping is done in groups. One person in the group will hit an innocent person, while another films the onset. In English-speaking countries, the crime is usually deemed assault. In some cases, the victims are beaten to unconsciousness, or even killed. Mostly, the name is used for small acts of violence such as hitting or jumping on the victim, but the media has also used it for more serious crimes such as murder, rape, and sexual assault. +Happy slapping began in South London, particularly the London Borough of Lewisham. The first use was as "Slap Happy TV", where many people would watch and judge the exploit of a happy slapper. + += = = Eni = = = +Eni S.p.A. () is an Italian multinational oil and gas company. Eni is present in 62 countries, and currently is Italy's largest industrial company. It has a market capitalization of US$ 54.06 billion, as of 11 April 2021. The Italian Government owns a 30.33% golden share in the company. Golden shares are special stock shares that allow the government to control a company. 4.37% of the shares are held through the state Treasury and 25.96% are held through the Cassa depositi e prestiti (a bank mostly owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Italy). In 2022 Eni ranks 111th on both the Fortune Global 500 and the Forbes Global 2000 list for largest companies by revenue. +History. +Agip was started in 1926. After World War II, Enrico Mattei was appointed Special Administrator to close down Agip. With the discovery of the Caviaga gas field in the Po Valley, the process of closing Agip was halted. Enrico Mattei converted it to a state monopoly (a company with no competition), and renamed it Eni. Eni comes from the company's original full name "Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi" (National Hydrocarbons Agency). Eni was to supply energy to Italy and contribute to the country's industrial development. +Eni decided that natural gas would supply the energy needed from the crisis of the 1973 oil embargo. They import gas from the Soviet Union and the Netherlands. Snam started the Transmediterranean pipeline, moving gas from the Hassi-R-Mel field in Algeria to the Po Valley. The gas pipeline was more than 2,500 km or 1550 miles long. It started in the Algerian desert and crosses Tunisia. It then crosses the Sicilian Channel at a water depth of over 650 metres or 2100 feet. Next it goes through Sicily and up the length of the entire Italian peninsula. +In the 1990s, Eni changed from a public corporation into a joint stock company. Most of Eni's share capital was put on the market in four successive public issues. Agip's international work increased with new acquisitions in Algeria, China, Angola, the North Sea and Egypt. New agreements were signed with Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and for the Nigerian and Angolan deep water oil. Eni incorporated Agip, and became an oil and gas producer. Eni's daily oil and gas production reached the equivalent of 1,871 million barrels of oil. +In the 2000s, Eni started many projects for the production of renewable sources in Italy, such as the conversion of its refineries in Porto Marghera and in Gela into biorefineries (refineries that convert organic material to energy), or Progetto Italia, to build photovoltaic plants in Sardinia (Assemini, Porto Torres). +Eni is the main shareholder of the American company Commonwealth Fusion Systems (CFS). Together with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), CFS is trying to build a fusion reactor using a principle called Tokamak. This reactor is expected to be cheaper than the ones designed in other international projects. In September 2021 CFS carried out an experiment using high-temperature superconductors, which showed that it is possible to create a fusion chamber that mimics the fusion process of deuterium and tritium that occurs inside the sun, in order to produce sustainable energy. +Current operations. +Exploration and production. +Eni operates in the exploration (searching) and production of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) in Italy, North Africa, West Africa, the North Sea, the Gulf of Mexico and Australia. It also operates in areas with great potential to produce oil such as the Caspian Sea, the Middle and Far East, India and Alaska. +Its crude oil production comes primarily from Libya, Egypt, Nigeria, the Congo, the North Sea, and Angola. Smaller amounts of crude oil production come from Tunisia and in the United States. Eni's China production began in 1992, but it is only 1 percent of Eni's total crude oil production. +Gas. +Eni supplies natural gas. Gas sales reached 60,52 billion cubic meters in 2022. In June 2008 the company bought 57% of Distrigas, a Belgian company that supplies natural gas. In March 2009 it bought the rest of Distrigas. As of June 30, 2009 Distrigas is a fully owned subsidiary of Eni. +Power. +Eni's generates electricity in Italy, using both natural gas and solar power. +Engineering and construction. +Eni operates Saipem, a subsidiary, and owns 30.54% of the company. Saipem works in engineering, and oilfield services and construction. +Refining and marketing. +Eni is one of the majors operators in refining and marketing of petroleum products in Italy. Eni is also engaged in retail and wholesales activities in Central Europe and Eastern Europe. +Sustainability. +Since 2007, Eni ranked in the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index and it was also included in the FTSE4Good Index, two famous indexes that evaluate the sustainability performance and the ethical investments of the companies that are listed on international markets. In 2013 Eni was the only FTSE MIB (Milano Italia Borsa) company to have the triple E for Standard Ethics. Eni is among the Top 10 companies by sustainability score in the WBCSD rank, a rank conceived by a global organization including over 200 international companies that works on issues related to sustainable development. Eni is involved in many projects to help fighting the climate change and cooperates with several institution to reduce its impact on the environment. +Controversies. +The Central Energy Italian Gas Holding scandal in 2005 involved Eni and Gazprom. Eni was one of the two companies selected to provide natural gas to Italy. Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was a close friend of one of the main owners of Eni. The Italian parliament canceled the contract. In 2009, the European Commission filed formal antitrust charges against Eni. The commission believes that Eni has conspired (planned) to keep competitors from using its gas pipelines. In 2010, Eni proposed to sell its shares of the pipelines TAG, TENP e Transitgas and the European Commission accepted Eni proposal. + += = = Mercedes GP = = = +Mercedes GP Petronas Formula One Team, the trading name of Mercedes-Benz Grand Prix Limited. They are the Formula One racing team and constructor (builder) of Mercedes-Benz. Mercedes-Benz debuted in Formula One in , and competed with great success in the and seasons. After the 1955 season, Mercedes left the sport. Despite part-ownerships, and engine supplier deals in the 1990s and 2000s, it did not return as a factory team until November 2009. +Mercedes has been giving engines to the McLaren team since . Mercedes-Benz, through its parent Daimler AG, and in partnership with Aabar Investments, reached an agreement to purchase the Brawn GP team. Daimler would buy 45.1% of Brawn, and Aabar would buy 30%. The purchase would be pending corporate and regulatory approval. The Brawn team was created when they purchased the Honda Racing F1 team. Brawn had won the drivers' and constructors' championships in the season, their first and only season as a team. +Former Williams driver Nico Rosberg was joined by seven-time World Champion Michael Schumacher for the team's maiden racing season. Mercedes has Nick Heidfeld as the test and reserve driver. In August, Mercedes released Heidfeld from his contract to allow him to do tyre testing. He will test the new Pirelli tyre that will be used in the season. In September, Heidfeld was signed by Sauber to replace Pedro de la Rosa. +Early history. +Mercedes in Grand Prix motor racing (1930s–1955). +Mercedes-Benz first competed in Grand Prix motor racing in the 1930s. The Silver Arrows cars by Mercedes-Benz and rivals Auto Union were the best racing cars. Both teams were heavily funded by the Nazi regime. They won all the European Grand Prix Championships after 1932. Rudolf Caracciola won three of the championships for Mercedes-Benz. +In 1954 Mercedes-Benz returned to racing in the current f1 series using the advanced Mercedes-Benz W196 (pictured). This car was run in both open-wheeled and streamlined (body work that covered the wheels) forms. Juan Manuel Fangio, a previous champion the season transferred mid-season from Maserati to Mercedes-Benz for their debut at the French Grand Prix on July 4, 1954. The team had immediate success with a 1-2 victory (taking both first and second place) with Fangio and Karl Kling. They also set the fastest lap of the race with (Hans Herrmann). Fangio went on to win three more races in 1954, and won the Formula One World Championship. +They continued to have success in the season, where the same car was used again. Mercedes dominated the season, with Fangio wining four races, and his new team mate Stirling Moss winning the British Grand Prix. Fangio and Moss finished first and second in 1955's World Championship. A terrible crash at the 1955 24 Hours of Le Mans on June 11 killed Mercedes driver Pierre Levegh and over 80 spectators. This crash led to the cancellations of the French, German, Spanish and Swiss Grands Prix that year. Mercedes-Benz withdrew from motor sport, including Formula One, at the end of the 1955 season. +The company made a return to the Formula One in by unofficially supplying the Sauber team with engines. The next year, the partnership was made official. For , Mercedes change teams and started supplying engines to the McLaren. Mercedes also purchased a small portion of the McLaren. McLaren won three drivers' championships and one constructors' championship between 1995 and . In 2009, Mercedes began supplying engines to the Brawn GP and Force India teams. In 2009, Brawn won both the driver's and constructors' championship. +Pre-Mercedes. +The current Mercedes team can be traced back to the long-running Tyrrell Racing team. Tyrrell competed as a constructor from 1970 until 1998. In 1999, Tyrrell became British American Racing (BAR). BAR formed a partnership with Honda, and becoming Honda Racing F1 Team in 2006. In December 2008, Honda decided to leave Formula One racing, and Brawn GP, was formed from the Honda Team. Brawn's association with Mercedes began when the team opted to use the Mercedes FO 108W engine at the last minute. Mercedes needed special permission to supply engines to Brawn. The Formula One regulations at the time only allowed an engine supplier to supply two teams. Mercedes was already supplying engines to both McLaren and Force India. +Brawn won the first race it entered at the 2009 Australian Grand Prix. Jenson Button won six of their first seven races of the season, and won the World Championship. His team-mate Rubens Barrichello won at Valencia and Italy. Both Button and Brawn went on to secure the Drivers' and Constructors' World Championships in the race in Brazil, the next to the last race of the season. It was the first time in the sport's sixty-year history that a team won both the drivers' and constructors' titles in its maiden (first) season. +2010: Return to Formula One. +Acquisition of Brawn GP. +On November 16, 2009, it was officially announced that Mercedes would acquire the Brawn team, with Ross Brawn continuing his duties as team leader. The team will continue to be located in Brackley, United Kingdom. Brackley is less than 30 miles away from Mercedes' Formula One engine plant in Brixworth. +Nico Rosberg was announced as the team's first driver on November 23, 2009. On December 23, 2009, seven-time world champion Michael Schumacher announced that he will be returning to Formula One with the Mercedes team. Brawn's former drivers Jenson Button joined McLaren, and Rubens Barrichello joined Williams team for 2010. With the acquisition of Brawn, Mercedes parted ways with McLaren. The 40% stake that Daimler (which owns Mercedes) has in McLaren will be sold back to the McLaren Group for a reported £500m. +One reason given for Mercedes parting with McLaren was "because of McLaren's ambitious plans to build road cars". McLaren plan to put the McLaren MP4-12C in production by 2011. Mercedes has said it would continue to supply engines to McLaren until 2015. +Sponsorship. +In December 2009, the team suffered an early setback when it was discovered that an eighty million pound sponsorship arrangement that had been signed by Brawn with the German company Henkel was invalid. Henkel claimed they were unaware of the deal and were not interested in Formula One. They said the deal was made by a former Henkel employee on stolen company stationery to defrauding the company. On December 22, Henkel announced that the dispute with the Mercedes had been resolved with a mutual agreement and that legal action would not be pursued. Henkel plans to work with the German Prosecutor's Office to clarify the matter. +On December 21, the team announced that Malaysian oil supplier Petronas would join the team as the main sponsor. The team will compete under the full title of Mercedes GP Petronas Formula One Team. According to some reports, ⁣ the sponsorship is worth thirty million Euros each year. Together with the fifty million the team received for winning the 2009 championship as Brawn, Mercedes has a budget of eighty million Euros before spending any of their own money. +On January 25, 2010, the team's livery (paint scheme) was publicly unveiled at the Mercedes museum in Stuttgart, with Schumacher and Rosberg in attendance. The car races in Mercedes' traditional silver colors and retains Brawn GP sponsor MIGfx and adds investment group Aabar to its list of sponsors. + += = = Germania (painting) = = = +Germania is a painting by Philipp Veit created in March 1848 during the Revolutions of 1848. +Today "Germania" is in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. + += = = Philipp Veit = = = +Philipp Veit (13 February 1793 – 18 December 1877) was a German Romantic painter. One of Veit's most important paintings was Germania in 1848. +Biography. +Veit was born in Berlin, Prussia. He was the son of a banker Simon Veit + += = = Pöcking = = = +Pöcking is a municipality in Germany. It is in the district of Starnberg in Bavaria. The Prince of Austria-Hungary, Otto von Habsburg, lived there until his death on July 4, 2011. + += = = BMW Compact = = = +The BMW Compact is an automobile made by BMW in two generations from 1994 until 2004. It was replaced by the 1 Series in 2004. + += = = Volkswagen Jetta Mk2 = = = +The Volkswagen Jetta Mk2 is the second generation of the Volkswagen Jetta. It successed the Mk1 in 1984, and were in 1992 successed by the Vento. + += = = Alfa Romeo 159 = = = +The Alfa Romeo 159 is a car produced by Alfa Romeo. It succeeded the 156 in 2005. Production ceased in 2011. It was eventually replaced in 2016 with the Giulia. + += = = Damselfly = = = +Damselflies are insects in the order Odonata. They are similar to dragonflies, but are in a separate suborder, the Zygoptera. There are 20 families of damselfly. "Demoiselle" is another name for damselflies. +The wings of most damselflies are held along, and parallel to, the body when at rest. There are also damselfly families in which the wings are held open, as in the true dragonflies (Anisoptera). +Damselflies are also usually smaller, weaker fliers than dragonflies. Their eyes are well separated by more than their own diameter. Another distinction is that their forewings and hindwings look similar; this is not the case in the true dragonflies. Like dragonflies, damselflies cannot walk, but only land. Their life cycle is also similar. They have incomplete metamorphosis, with an aquatic nymph. The nymph is carnivorous, as is the adult. +Damselflies have existed since the later Carboniferous (early forms may be put in the Protozygoptera by some authorities). They are found on every continent except Antarctica. One feature of their life is different from dragonflies. Not only do their nymphs grow in rivers, but the adults usually keep close to the river, and live in colourful little groups. Most damselflies live their lives within a short distance of where they were hatched. +They are often brilliantly coloured, but when they land on a bush, out of direct sunlight, they are not easy to see. They land and close their wings at the same instant. They have eyes which detect movement well, and they fly off if anything moves nearby. Thus, although they are fragile and highly coloured, they are not easily caught by predators. +All damselflies are predatory; both nymphs and adults eat other insects. + += = = Klinefelter syndrome = = = +Klinefelter syndrome, 47, XXY, or XXY syndrome is a genetic disorder where people have an extra number of X chromosomes. People who have Klinefelter's Syndrome are often called "XXY Males", or "47, XXY Males". +Effects. +Males who have this condition are almost always infertile. This means that they cannot father babies. +In other organisms. +Any male mammal can have Klinefelter's Syndrome. The mouse is one example. +Tortoiseshell or calico markings on male cats are an indicator of Klinefelter's syndrome. These cats are considered to be the model organism for Klinefelter syndrome, because the gene for a cat's orange/black coat markings is found on the X chromosome. + += = = Rumba = = = +Rumba is a music and dance term with two different meanings. +First, it means Cuban event of African style, the rumba genre of Afro-Cuban music. This use of the term 'rumba' is quite different from the Latin ballroom dance. +Second, it refers to one of the Latin ballroom dances. In this sense, the Rumba is the slowest of the five competitive International Latin dances. The Paso doble, the Samba, the Cha-cha-cha and the Jive are the others. This ballroom Rumba was also danced in Cuba to a rhythm they call the "bolero-son". The international style was derived from studies of dance in Cuba in the pre-revolutionary period. +Rumba outside Cuba. +The "Peanut Vendor" was the first recording of Cuban music to become an international hit. It was described on the label as a "rumba", perhaps because the word "son" would not be understood in English. The label stuck, and a 'rumba craze' developed through the 1930s. This kind of rumba was introduced into dance salons in America and Europe in the 1930s, and was characterized by variable tempo, sometimes nearly twice as fast as the modern ballroom Rumba. +Ballroom Rumba. +The modern style of dancing the Rumba derives from studies made by dance teacher Monsieur Pierre (Pierre Zurcher-Margolle). Pierre, then from London, visited Cuba in 1947, 1951 and 1953 to find out how and what Cubans were dancing at the time.Intro +The international ballroom Rumba is a slower dance of about 120 beats per minute which corresponds, both in music and in dance to what the Cubans of an older generation called the "bolero-son". It is easy to see why, for ease of reference and for marketing, "rumba" is a better name, however inaccurate. It is the same kind of reason that led later on to the use of salsa as an overall term for popular music of Cuban origin. +All social dances in Cuba involve a hip-sway over the standing leg and, though this is hardly noticeable in fast salsa, it is more pronounced in the slow ballroom rumba. Walter Laird put it like this: +In general, steps are kept compact and the dance is danced without any rise and fall. This style is authentic, as is the use of free arms in various figures. The basic figures derive from dance moves observed in Havana in the pre-revolutionary period, and have developed their own life since then. Competition figures are often complex, and this is where competition dance separates from social dance. Details can be obtained from the syllabi of dance teaching organizations and from standard texts. + += = = The Gadget Show = = = +Shop Smart, Save Money is a British television series which used to be called "The Gadget Show". It focuses on technology and is shown on Channel 5. It has progressed from 30 minutes to 1 hour long. Each week there are various features and tests, as well as a weekly competition. +The show tries to have enough information but not too much so that it bores people. It has been on television since 2004. + += = = Bullfighting = = = +Bullfighting is an old sport. Today it is mostly done in Spain, and in Portugal, and some countries of South America. +The largest bullring is the Plaza México in central Mexico City, which seats 48,000 people, and the oldest is the La Maestranza in Seville, Spain, which was first used for bullfighting in 1765. +The Spanish bullfight ("Corrida de toros") is a fight to the death. The modern bullfight has a ritual. It has three distinct stages, the start of each being signalled by a trumpet. The bullfighters ("Toreros") enter the arena in a parade, to Paso doble music. The rules, costumes and traditions were sorted out by Paquiro (Francisco Montes Reina, 13 January 1804 4 April 1851, the greatest matador of his time. +A team of bullfighters is seven men. The leader is the matador, and he has six assistants, who play roles in the drama. Bullfighters' costumes are inspired by 18th century Andalusian clothing. "Matadores" ('those who kill the bull') are easily seen by the gold of their "traje de luces" ('suit of lights'). +At the end comes the "tercio de muerte" ('the third of death'). The matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape, and a sword. The cape called a "muleta". The matador uses his cape to attract the bull in a series of passes. The "faena" is the performance with the cape. The "faena" ends with a final series of passes in which the bullfighter tries to move the bull into position. He then stabs it between the shoulder blades and through the aorta or heart. The act of thrusting in the sword is called an "estocada". +If the matador gets it wrong, he may be gored by the bull's horns, and killed. This does happen: some very famous matadors have died in the ring. When the great matador Manolete was killed in the ring at the age of 31, three days of official national mourning were held. Bullrings do have an infirmary with an operating room, for the immediate treatment of bullfighters with horn wounds. +There is great opposition to the bullfight from animal welfare organisations. There are also versions of the bullfight in which the animal is unharmed. +Art. +Bullfighting has influenced all forms of art and culture. Ernest Hemingway said of bullfinghting: "Bullfighting is the only art in which the artist is in danger of death and in which the degree of brilliance in the performance is left to the fighter's honour". Spanish dance and musical forms such as the paso doble and flamenco are heavily influenced by the spectacle of the bullfight. + += = = Casual sex = = = +Casual sex means some types of sexual activity outside of a romantic relationship. The term is not always used the same way: some use it to refer to sex in a casual relationship, and others use the word for one-time encounters, promiscuity, or to refer to sex without strong emotional attachment or love. +Related terms. +Hookup. +A hookup is casual sex activity that could consist of masturbation, oral sex, or sexual intercourse. An extended hookup sometimes refers to many casual sex interactions with the same person. This is a situation in which the involved people meet for casual sex multiple times, always without a long-term commitment. This is a casual relationship is usually only for sex and without any emotional meaning. Also another similar term is "no strings attached" ("NSA") sex. +Other terms used to describe two people engaged in a relationship in which there is no emotional but only sexual involvement are "fuck buddies", "friends with benefits", "booty call", and "ami calin" (the popular French term). +One-night stand. +One-night stand is a single sexual encounter between people, at least one of whom has no desire to start a longer-term sexual or romantic relationship. +Anonymous sex. +Anonymous sex is a form of one-night stand or "casual sex" between people who have very little or no history with each other, often engaging in sexual activity on the same day of their meeting and usually never seeing each other again after the sex. It is usually homosexual sex between men. +Commercial sites. +There are many specialist online dating services or other internet websites, known as "adult personals" or "adult matching" sites, which cater to people looking for a purely physical relationship, without emotional attachments. These can provide a relatively anonymous forum where people who are geographically close but in totally separate work and social circles can make contact. + += = = Ice algae = = = +Ice algae and snow algae are algae and cyanobacteria which grow on long-lasting snow and ice fields like glaciers. When liquid water is available between the snow and ice crystals, they may color the surface green, yellow or red during the summer months. The red pigment of some species is an intracellular protection against excessive visual light and ultraviolet radiation of the sun, which otherwise can cause photoinhibition of photosynthesis or mutations. Without it, the algae at the surface would suffer chromosome breaks and DNA mutations. +There are also ice algal communities on sea ice. These algae (mainly diatoms) are important in polar ecosystems (especially Antarctica) because they provide food for krill. Krill scrape off the algae from the underside of the ice, which is colored brown by the algae. The algae may be found between ice crystals or attached to them, in the water or saltwater channels between ice crystals. +"Chlamydomonas nivalis". +"Chlamydomonas nivalis" is a green microalga which causes, besides other closely relative species, Watermelon snow. +Watermelon snow is snow that is reddish or pink in color, and that can have a smell similar to a fresh watermelon. This type of snow is common during the summer in alpine and coastal polar regions, such as the Sierra Nevada of California. Here, at altitudes of 10,000 to 12,000 feet (3,000–3,600 m), the temperature is cold throughout the year, and so the snow lingers from winter storms. When someone steps on the snow with algae, the footprints look red. +"Chlamydomonas nivalis" is a green alga which owes its red color to a bright red carotenoid pigment (Astaxanthin). This protects the chloroplast and cell nucleus from strong visible and ultraviolet radiation. The green and red pigments absorb light and heat, which gives the alga liquid water as the snow melts around it. Algal blooms may go 25 cm (10 inches) deep. Since each cell measures 20 to 30 micrometers in diameter, a teaspoon of melted snow contains a million or more cells. The algae build up in 'sun cups', which are shallow depressions in the snow. The carotenoid pigment absorbs heat, which deepens the sun cups, and makes the glaciers and snowbanks melt faster. +During the winter months, when white snow covers them, the algae become dormant. In spring, nutrients, increased levels of light and meltwater, stimulate germination. Once they germinate, the resting cells release smaller green flagellate cells which travel towards the surface of the snow. Once the flagellated come close to the surface, they may lose their flagellae and form thick-walled resting cells, or they may function as gametes, fusing in pairs to form zygotes. +Some specialised species feed on "C. nivalis", including protozoans such as ciliates, rotifers, nematodes, ice worms and springtails. +History. +The first accounts of watermelon snow are in the writings of Aristotle. Watermelon snow has puzzled mountain climbers, explorers, and naturalists for thousands of years. +In May 1818, four ships sailed from England to search for the Northwest Passage and chart the Arctic coastline of North America. Bad weather made them finally turn the ships back, but the expedition made important contributions to science. Captain John Ross noticed crimson snow that streaked the white cliffs like streams of blood as they were rounding Cape York on the northwest coast of Greenland. A landing party stopped and brought back samples to England. "The Times" wrote about this discovery on December 4, 1818: +When Ross published his story of the voyage in 1818, the story had an appendix of plants by Robert Brown. In it, Brown compared the red snow to an alga. + += = = Scuderia Toro Rosso = = = +Scuderia Toro Rosso (Italian for "Team Red Bull") or just Toro Rosso is one of two Formula One teams owned by Austrian beverage company Red Bull. The other team is Red Bull Racing. Toro Rosso ran its first race in the season. +Toro Rosso is the sister team of Red Bull Racing. The goal is to use Toro Rosso to develop the skills of promising drivers for the Red Bull Racing. Vitantonio Liuzzi scored Roro Rosso's first point in its first season at the United States Grand Prix. The team's first pole position and victory were scored by Sebastian Vettel at the Italian Grand Prix. +For the , , and seasons, Toro Rosso used Ferrari engines. Toro Rosso started using the Ferrari engines when Red Bull Racing switched from Ferrari to Renault engines. Its car, the Toro Rosso STR4 was nearly identical to the Red Bull RB5. Both cars were designed by Adrian Newey. +Origins. +Minardi had competed in Formula One from 1985 to 2005. Minardi had a large fan base, but they were one of the least competitive teams in the sport. The main reason for their lack of performance was a relatively small budget. Minardi owner Paul Stoddart said he had 41 offers to buy the team. Stoddart preferred to sell the team to someone who could "take it further" than he could. He also wanted an owner who would maintain the team in its traditional base in Italy. The terms of the deal with Red Bull included a requirement that the team must keep in Faenza, Italy until at least the season. +Red Bull decided to changed the Minardi name because of their sponsorship and marketing plans. Red Bull used the Italian language in the new name to hint at the team's Italian heritage. Red Bull changed the name of the team after taking control of the team to 'Scuderia Toro Rosso'. +Racing history. +2006 season. +Vitantonio Liuzzi and Scott Speed were the race drivers, with Neel Jani filling the test/third driver role. Liuzzi had raced part time for Red Bull Racing in , while Speed entered F1 following the Red Bull Driver Search in the United States. Jani was the test driver for Sauber Petronas in . +The 2006 Toro Rosso chassis was a modified version of the 2005 Red Bull Racing RB1. Some teams felt that this infringed the rule that each team must design their own car. Toro Rosso claim that this design was first produced during by Jaguar Racing, Red Bull's predecessor. They believed that the design rights had belonged to the Ford Motor Company, Jaguar Racing's parent company before passing to Toro Rosso. +The new Formula One regulations for 2006 required new V8 engines. Toro Rosso was allowed to used Minardi's supply of power limited Cosworth 3 liter V10 engines. This option had been created to assist the less funded teams the expense of building new engines. Formula One allowing Toro Rosso to use this option after the Red Bull takeover caused friction with other teams, in particular Super Aguri and Midland. These teams felt that the engine gave Toro Rosso too much of an advantage. They relived that the concession to allow the team use the V10 engine was based on Minardi's poor financial situation, and should not have apply after the team was purchased by Red Bull. +2007 season. + For the season, Toro Rosso began using the Ferrari 056 V8 engine, taking over the contract that Red Bull Racing broke from by switching to Renault engines. +At the launch of the STR2 on 13 February, Gerhard Berger confirmed Liuzzi as a driver. In testing in Bahrain on 24 February, Scott Speed was confirmed as the team's second driver. Three-time Champ Car champion Sébastien Bourdais was the unofficial test driver several times during the season. +The 2007 season was generally disappointing. The team suffered poor reliability and driver errors that lead to a low number of race finishes. Following the European Grand Prix, Scott Speed was removed as a driver. He was replaced by BMW Sauber development driver Sebastian Vettel. Vettel was later confirmed as a driver for . +At the Chinese Grand Prix, Toro Rosso scored their best results. Vettel finishing fourth and Liuzzi sixth, scoring eight points for the team. These were also the drivers' best finishes in Formula One. It was a big improvement over the preceding race. At the Japanese Grand Prix, Vettel crashed into Mark Webber's Red Bull under safety car conditions (full course yellow). Webber was running in second place, and Vettel was in third place. Liuzzi lost the possibility of scoring a point after a 25-second penalty. He was penalized for passing Adrian Sutil's Spyker for eighth place under a local yellow flag condition. The penalty dropped him to ninth place. +2008 season. +Scuderia Toro Rosso's drivers for were Sebastian Vettel and Sébastien Bourdais. Bourdais earned his first points in F1 with a 7th place finish at the Australian Grand Prix. Vettel scored his first points of the season with a 5th place finish at the Monaco Grand Prix. +The team pulled off a massive shock at the wet Italian Grand Prix. Vettel claiming a pole position and won the race. It was the first pole and win for both himself and Toro Rosso. This was also the first win for a Ferrari engine in a customer chassis. Vettel's performances earned him a place at Red Bull Racing for . +2009 season. + With Vettel moving to Red Bull Racing Sébastien Buemi and Sébastien Bourdais were the Toro Rosso drivers for . Before the season started, the team's boss Franz Tost said that it would be "difficult" to do as well as they did in the 2008 season. On 16 July, Toro Rosso announced that Bourdais' contract was terminated. On 20 July, the team announced that Jaime Alguersuari will replace Bourdais starting with the Hungarian Grand Prix. +The season ended with Toro Rosso finishing in last place in the championship. Force India was able to move ahead in the point race after finishing second in the Belgian Grand Prix. At the end of the season, Sébastien Buemi was able to score points in the final two races. Jaime Alguersuari failed to score any points in the season. +Controversy was present as whether or not the team threw away their chances by having two inexperienced drivers as essentially their car had the same DNA as what is said to have been the best on the grid, Redbull Racing's RB5. +2010. +Scuderia Toro Rosso confirmed that they would keep Sébastien Buemi and Jaime Alguersuari for . Under the new regulations they also had to build and design their own car without help from Red Bull Technology, the teams first since Minardi. Alguersuari scored the first points of his career finishing ninth at the Malaysian Grand Prix. They went on to perform poorly throughout the season occasionally mixing it with the saubers, Force Indias and Vitaly Petrov. However they were continually the 'driver' who went out of the first qualifying with the three new teams. +Long-term future. +The 2008 contract between the FIA and the Formula One teams outlawing customer cars starting in . Because of this, Red Bull put the Toro Rosso team up for sale in March 2008. They had hoped to sell the team by the end of the season. Until the team is sold, Toro Rosso will continue in its present form.On the 3rd of January 2011 rumours spread that a buyer had been found. +Sponsorship. +Sports sponsorship is a major part of Red Bull's marketing strategy. Scuderia Toro Rosso is not the first sports team to be bought and completely renamed. The same was done for Red Bull Racing (formerly Jaguar Racing), the Austrian football club Red Bull Salzburg (formerly "SV Austria Salzburg"), Austrian Ice Hockey team Red Bull Salzburg EC and MLS' Red Bull New York (previously "Metrostars"). +Other current sponsors and suppliers include Hangar-7, Volkswagen, Advanti Racing (wheel), USAG, Magneti Marelli, Advanti Racing, Siemens and Hexagon Metrology. + += = = John Deere = = = +John Deere (February 7, 1804 – May 17, 1886) was an American blacksmith and inventor. He started Deere & Company, which is a big company that makes farm equipment. In 1837, he invented the first successful steel plow. This worked better with the tough soil of the Midwestern United States. +John Deere was born in Rutland, Vermont, on February 7, 1804. He was the third son of William Rinold Deere and Sarah Yates Deere. In 1805, the family moved to Middlebury, Vermont, John's father worked as a tailor. In 1808, William took a boat to England, because he hoped to claim an inheritance and make a more comfortable life for his family. He was never heard from again, and people think that he must have died at sea. John's mother, Sarah, only had a small amount of money to raise him. John Deere's education was limited to the elementary schools of Vermont. At the age of 17 he learned how to be a blacksmith, which took him to several places in Vermont. +In 1836, John traveled to Grand Detour, Illinois, to make a fresh start. He had married and nine young children to look after. John was smart and hard working and he easily found work as a blacksmith. There were lots of farmers in Illinois and John had to fix their plows. The new farmers in Illinois struggled to turn heavy, sticky prairie soil with cast iron plows designed for the light, sandy soil of Vermont. John thought about the steel needles he had seen in father's tailor shop. The needles stayed smooth and shiny because they were pulled through rough leather. John Deere came up with the idea for a plow that would work. The plow in his mind was polished and shiny and made of steel just like his father's tailoring needles. It was shaped so that it could scour itself as it cut furrows. In 1837, he created his plow using a broken saw blade. +John sold his first plow to a farmer named Lewis Crandall. Lewis loved the plow told lots of other farmers. By 1841, John was making 100 plows every year. In 1843, he started working with another man named Leonard Andrus to help him keep up! By 1848, John had stopped working with Leonard and moved the business to Moline, Illinois. Moline had water power, coal and cheaper transportation than in Grand Detour. In 1850, John's company made 1600 plows. The company was soon producing other tools to go with the steel plow. +In 1858, John asked his son Charles to be in charge of the company. John stayed on as president of the company, but he also wanted to work on others things. He started a bank in Moline and joined a church. He was also the mayor of the city for two years and the director of the city library! John Deere died on May 17, 1886, at his home in Moline. + += = = Quena = = = +The quena, also written as "kena" in English, is the traditional flute of Peru and the Andes. Made of bamboo, it has six finger holes and one thumb hole and is open on both ends. To make a sound, the player closes the top end of the pipe with the flesh between the chin and lower lip, and blows a stream of air downward, over a notch cut into the end. It is normally in the key of G major. G is the lowest note when all the holes are covered. It produces a very breathy or airy tone. +The quenacho (also "kenacho" in English) is a bigger, lower sounding type of quena and made the same way. It is in the key of D major, a fourth lower than the quena. In most of Andes' towns "vamos a ir a la quena" (we will go to the quena) was used to threaten little children, because the quena was made of bamboo, a hard material. +Quena is mostly used in traditional Andean music. In the 1960s and 1970s the quena was used by several Nueva Canción musicians. Some groups such as Illapu have used it regularly. In the 1980s and 1990s some post-Nueva Canción rock groups have also used the quena in some of their songs; notably Soda Stereo in "Cuando Pase el Temblor" and Los Enanitos Verdes in "Lamento Boliviano". The quena is also relatively common in World music. +Other flutes. +Other Andean flutes include + += = = Fedor Emelianenko = = = +Fedor Emelianenko (born September 28, 1976) is a Russian mixed martial artist who was fighting for the strikeforce promotion. from 2003 until 2010. He has an overall record of 35 fights, in which he has won 31, lost 1, and had 1 no contest. He started a political career in 2010, + += = = Gyeonggi Province = = = +Gyeonggi-do () is the province in which the most people live in South Korea. Over 12 million people live in it. Its provincial capital is Suwon. Its name, Gyeonggi, means 'surrounding the capital' and it surrounds Seoul, the capital of South Korea. It is also next to Incheon. +History. +Gyeonggi-do has been important since King Onjo of Baekje (one of the three kingdoms of ancient Korea) built Wiryeseong and founded the government in it. After King Taejo of Goryeo made the capital in Gaegyeong, (now Kaesong), the province became much more important, and since King Hyeonjong's period it has been called Gyeonggi. +Population. +Gyeonggi-do's population increased rapidly after the modernization of South Korea because the capital, Seoul, the economic and cultural center of South Korea, is very close to it. Now the population of Gyeonggi-do is 12,649,894. +Districts. +Gyeonggi province consists of 28 cities and 3 counties. +Transport. +Gyeonggi Province's transport is well-developed because it is very close to Seoul—South Korea's capital—and Incheon, where Korea's biggest international airport is located. It is easy to access the capital and easy to go abroad by plane. Much of Gyeonggi Province is served by the Seoul Metropolitan Subway. + += = = Gondwana = = = +Gondwana, also called Gondwanaland, was a southern supercontinent. It formed when Pangaea broke up, starting 170 million years ago (mya), in the early middle Jurassic. +The global supercontinent Pangaea was complete 250 million years ago. Then it split into two smaller supercontinents, which were about the same size. The northern part of Pangaea became Laurasia, and the southern part became Gondwana. Over time, Gondwana drifted south, while Laurasia moved north. +Gondwana included most of the landmasses in today's southern hemisphere, including Antarctica, South America, Africa, Madagascar, Australia–New Guinea, and New Zealand. It originally included China, Siberia, Arabia and the Indian subcontinent, which have now moved entirely into the Northern Hemisphere. +Gondwana itself began to break up in the mid-Jurassic period, about 170 million years ago. +History of the name. +Gondwana was named by an Austrian scientist, Eduard Suess. He named the supercontinent "Gondwana" because rock formations of this ancient continent were found in modern Odisha (eastern India). +The adjective Gondwanan is often used in biogeography to describe where different organisms live. It is most commonly used when the organisms only live in two or more of the regions which were part of Gondwana, including the Antarctic flora. For example, the Proteaceae, a family of plants, lives only in southern South America, South Africa, and Australia. This is called a "Gondwanan distribution" (meaning that the Proteaceae live only in the areas that used to be part of Gondwana). This pattern shows that the Proteaceae have existed for a long time since the time that Gondwana existed. +Evidence of plant and animal distribution supported the ideas of two scientists: Alfred Russel Wallace and Alfred Wegener. Wallace explained geographical distribution as the result of evolution. Wegener used geographical distribution as evidence for continental drift. +Breakup of Gondwana. +Between 160 and 23 million years ago, Gondwana broke up. Africa separated from Antarctica around 160 million years ago. Next, it separated from the Indian subcontinent, in the early Cretaceous period (about 125 million years ago). +About 65 million years ago, Antarctica (then connected to Australia) still had a tropical to subtropical climate, with marsupial fauna. About 40 million years ago, Australia-New Guinea separated from Antarctica. This allowed latitudinal currents to separate Antarctica from Australia, and the first ice began to appear in Antarctica. +During the Eocene-Oligocene extinction event about 34 million years ago, levels of carbon dioxide were about 760 parts per million. They had been decreasing from earlier levels, which were in the thousands of parts per million. +Around 23 million years ago, the Drake Passage opened between Antarctica and South America, resulting in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that completely isolated Antarctica. Models of the changes suggest that decreasing levels of carbon dioxide became more important. The ice began to spread through Antarctica, replacing the forests that had covered the continent. Since about 15 million years ago, Antarctica has been mostly covered with ice. Around six million years ago, the Antarctic ice cap reached the size it is today. +Submerged former lands. +There are several submerged (underwater) lands in the Indian Ocean, off the west of Australia. They are under more than of water. Their rocks show that they used to be part of Gondwana. They are not the type of rocks that are usually found in the ocean, like basalt. Instead, they are typical land rocks, like granite, sandstone, and gneiss. They also have the type of fossils that are now found on continental areas. Recently, two of these sunken islands were found to the west of Perth, Western Australia. These islands are almost the size of Tasmania, and have flat tops. This shows they were once at sea level before being submerged underwater. It also shows that when India began to break away from Australasia in the early Cretaceous period, the islands formed part of the last link between the two present-day continents. +Naturaliste Plateau. +The Naturaliste Plateau is a submerged land off of Western Australia. It has an area of 90,000 square kilometres (34,749 square miles). +The Naturaliste Plateau may have deposits of oil. When it was above land during the Mesozoic era, it had a tropical climate which might have been perfect for creating coal, oil and natural gas. +Kerguelen microcontinent. +The Kerguelen Plateau is a submerged microcontinent in the southern Indian Ocean. It is about to the southwest of Australia, and extends for more than in a northwest-southeast direction. It is under deep water, but a small part of the plateau is above sea level, forming the Australian Heard Island and McDonald Islands, and the French Kerguelen Islands. The islands are part of a large igneous province (LIP) which started when Gondwana started to break up, 130 million years ago in the Lower Cretaceous period. +Volcanic activity occurs sometimes on the Heard and McDonald islands. + += = = Marc Staal = = = +Marc Staal (born January 13, 1987 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League. He is the younger brother of Eric Staal of the Minnesota Wild, and older brother of Jordan Staal of the Pittsburgh Penguins and Jared Staal, who was signed by Eric's team, the Hurricanes but is currently playing for the OHL's Sudbury Wolves. + += = = Macrophage = = = +Macrophages are white blood cells within tissues, produced by the differentiation of monocytes. +Monocytes and macrophages are phagocytes, acting in general immunity. They also trigger specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) of vertebrates. +Their role is to phagocytose (engulf and then digest) cellular debris and pathogens either as stationary or as mobile cells. They also stimulate lymphocytes and other immune cells to respond to the pathogen, +Life cycle. +When a monocyte enters damaged tissue through the wall of a blood vessel it changes to become a macrophage. Monocytes are attracted to a damaged site by chemical substances, triggered by a range of stimuli. At some sites such as the testis, macrophages have been shown to populate the organ through proliferation. +Unlike short-lived neutrophils, macrophages survive longer in the body, up to several months. + += = = Granulocyte = = = +Granulocytes are a category of white blood cells which have granules in their cytoplasm. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes because of the shape of the nucleus, which has three segments. The term "polymorphonuclear leukocyte" often refers just to neutrophils, the most abundant of the granulocytes. +Granulocytes are released from the bone marrow. They operate by phagocytosis and other means. +Types of granulocytes. +There are three types of granulocytes, distinguished by their appearance under Wright's stain: +Their names are derived from their staining characteristics; for example, the most abundant granulocyte is the neutrophil granulocyte, which has neutrally-staining cytoplasmic granules. +Other white blood cells which are not granulocytes are mainly lymphocytes and monocytes. + += = = To Surveil with Love = = = +"To Surveil with Love" is the 20th episode of "The Simpsons" 21st Season. In this episode, Homer leaves his bag at the train station and after it is thought to be a terrorist attack, cameras are put up around Springfield. Meanwhile, Lisa is bullied at school for being a blonde. It aired on May 2, 2010. + += = = You Kent Always Say What You Want = = = +"You Kent Always Say What You Want" is the 400th episode of "The Simpsons". It is the 22nd episode of the 18th season and the 400th episode of the entire series. In this episode, Kent Brockman loses his job after he says something naughty on TV and stays with the Simpsons. It aired on May 20, 2007, at the same time as 24 Minutes. It is also the last episode to air before The Simpsons Movie. +Plot. +Homer Simpson gets the one-millionth ice cream cone at a local ice cream place and got on Smartline with Kent Brockman. Homer accidentally spills a cup of coffee by Brockman's crotch and he yells "That hurt like a" with the last word muffled. Kent Brockman said an extreme expletive and got demoted to the weekend weatherman. + += = = Dual carriageway = = = +A dual carriageway (British English) or divided highway (American English) is a type of road. It is an important route that usually carries long-distance traffic. +A dual carriageway has four lanes (2 lanes each side), and is always separated by a man-made barrier or strip of land. +Dual carriageways have no hard shoulder. A hard shoulder is an area at the side of a road where drivers can stop if there is a serious problem, a breakdown for example. + += = = Sin tax = = = +A sin tax is when the government taxes things that are considered to be bad for society. +For example, if the government increases taxes on alcohol and cigarettes, this will make them more expensive. In economics, if a normal good becomes more expensive, its consumption will drop. +Arthur Pigou was a famous economist who supported the sin tax. +Sin taxes also have problems: + += = = N. Gregory Mankiw = = = +Nicholas Gregory "Greg" Mankiw (born February 3, 1958) is a famous economist. He graduated from Princeton University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was an economic advisor for President George W. Bush from 2003-2005. In 2006, he became an economic adviser to Mitt Romney. +Publications. +He wrote a widely used college textbook for economics called Principles of Economics, listing 10 principles that all economies run on: +His economic beliefs were influenced by John Maynard Keynes and he believes in Keynesian economics. He is sometimes labeled as a conservative because he supported George W. Bush's tax cuts and he has criticized the policies of the Obama Administration a few times. He also was influenced by the economist Arthur Pigou who believed that a high tax on something bad for society (called a sin tax) will result in fewer people buying it. + += = = Poznań Fortress = = = +Poznań Fortress (in Polish: "Twierdza Poznań", in German: "Festung Posen") was a set of fortifications in the city of Poznań in western Poland, built under Prussian rule in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It was one of largest systems of its kind in Europe. + += = = Vesoul = = = +Vesoul is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Haute-Saône department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. +Geography. +The Haute-Saône is a rural department and is based around five towns: Vesoul (the prefecture), Gray, Héricourt, Lure and Luxeuil-les-Bains. The Durgeon and Colombine rivers flow through the commune. +History. +Vesoul is first mentioned in a document dated 899. That document speaks about an elevation with a fortified watchtower. The document speaks about "Castrum Vesulium". Castrum is a fortification, and "Vesulium" has the syllable "ves" which meant hill or mountain in a language that was spoken before the Celts. Today, there is a castle that forms the centre of the city. The first houses were built inside the walls of the castle. Newcomers who found no place settled outside the city walls, on the flanks of the hill. Growing wine was popular. +In 1814, after the fall of the empire, a buffer state was created, with Vesoul as capital. The principality was that of Free County, of the Vosges and of Porrentruy. +Today, one of the main factories of PSA Peugeot Citroën is near Vesoul. +Culture. +Library. +The first public library of Vesoul opened in 1771. The "abbé" (abbot) Bardenet, superior of the Saint-Esprit hospital in Besançon, gave his book collection to the town. There were 1772 books. The collections became a lot larger with the Revolution. At that time, the revolutionaries (people who led the French Revolution) took the books from the monasteries of the town ("capucins") and even of the region ("Luxeuil" and "Faverney" monasteries). Around 20,000 books were added to the library this way, including some 11th century manuscripts. The Mayor's office was responsible for keeping the books. +In 1981, the municipality decided to build a new building to encourage the public to read. The library recently got computers. There are around 200 manuscripts and 150 incunables. +Twin towns. +Vesoul is only twinned with one town: + += = = Hungaroring = = = +The Hungaroring is a Formula One racing circuit in Mogyoród, near Budapest, Hungary where the Hungarian Grand Prix is held. In 1986, it became the location of the first Formula One Grand Prix behind the Iron Curtain. Formula One leader Bernie Ecclestone wanted a race in the USSR, but was not able to make a deal with Moscow. A Hungarian friend of his recommended the city of Budapest. Formula One wanted a street circuit similar to the Circuit de Monaco to be built in the Népliget, Budapest's largest park. The Hungarian government decided to build a new circuit (track) just outside the city near a major highway. Construction work started on October 1, 1985. the circuit was built in eight months, less time than any other Formula One circuit. The first race was held on March 24, 1986 in memory of János Drapál. Drapál was the first Hungarian to win a Grand Prix motorcycle race. A survey by the Hungarian national tourism office ranks Mogyoród third in venues visited by tourists in Hungary. +Description. +The Hungaroring is a circuit in the Formula One Grands Prix calendar. The F1 race is normally held in the middle of a Central European summer. The circuit is generally dusty, which limits traction. This is because the track is not used very much throughout the season and it is built on sandy soil. The track is built in a natural valley. About 80 percent of the racetrack is visible from any viewing location. +The Hungaroring is a twisty style circuit, where passing difficult. +The Hungaroring is the home of Hungarian motorsport. Besides Formula One, there were also DTM, FIA GT Championship races in its history. A public drag race event takes place every month. +Fans. +Most of the foreign fans are from Germany and Austria. The Hungaroring has traditionally seen a large number of Finnish fans as well. With the loss of the Austrian Grand Prix, this is the closest Formula One event for fans from other Central European countries. The race saw many spectators from Poland due to the debut of the first Polish Formula One driver, Robert Kubica. +The Hungarian Grand Prix has always been more of a promotional event than a profit raising event. The Formula One contract was extended until 2016. Tobacco advertising has been banned since 2007. + += = = Don Drysdale = = = +Don Drysdale (July 23, 1936 – July 3, 1993) was an American baseball player. He was a right handed pitcher. He played for the Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers from 1956 to 1969. He played in five World Series. In 1976, he was chosen to be in the Baseball Hall of Fame. His number was retired by the Dodgers. + += = = Building model = = = +A building model is either a physical (real) or virtual (computer) model of a building. Very often, the physical model is smaller than the original (scale model). +There are three basic types of building models: architectural, structural and mathematical (virtual). +Architectural building model. +An architectural model is a type of a physical model of a structure to study an architectural design or to share design ideas to clients, committees, and the general public. Architectural models are a tool which may be used for show, presentation, fundraising, getting permits, and sale purposes. Such models are a good tool for three-dimensional understanding of a design, used by architects, interior designers and exhibit designers. +Structural building model. +Engineers who need scale models to test the likely performance of a design at an early stage of development without paying for a full-sized prototype. +Virtual building model. +Virtual model is a digital model of the object (typically greatly simplified) that can be used in a computer simulation or virtual reality. +The most common examples of virtual models are those created in 3D for the purpose of "visualisation" - seeing how the structure looks before it is built. The field of architecture has greatly popularized the use of virtual models to animate fly-throughs of yet-to-be-built buildings. + += = = Chuck Mangione = = = +Charles Frank "Chuck" Mangione (born November 29, 1940 in Rochester, New York) is an American flugelhorn player. His best known hit single is "Feels So Good" which was the Billboard Easy Listening Singles number-one single on May 13, 1978 and has been featured in many movies like "Zombieland" and "Let's Go to Prison". Chuck Mangione has been mentioned on the animated television show "King of the Hill" and lends his voice to the show. + += = = Virgin Racing = = = +Marussia F1 is a Formula One racing team, which made its debut in the 2010 Formula One season. They were allowed to join F1 as Manor Grand Prix on 12 June 2009. They were one of four new teams selected to race in the 2010 season. On 30 November, the FIA released a revised entry list that stated the team's name as Virgin Racing. Richard Branson's Virgin Group is the title sponsor of the team, which was launched on 15 December 2009. +On 11 November, Russian car builder Marussia Motors became the majority share owner in Virgin Racing. Marussia has been a partner to Virgin Racing since the team started in 2009. The team will be known as Marussia Virgin Racing. Marussia fully bought the team in 2012 and re branded it Marussia F1 with Virgin remaining as a sponsor. +History. +Formation. +The team was first formed as Manor Grand Prix as a partership between Manor Motorsport and Wirth Research. +Initially, Virgin's Alex Tai was the Team Principal (person in charge). Less than one month after the Virgin partnership was officially launched, Tai left his position and John Booth took over as team principal +The team will use engines supplied by Cosworth. Manor Motorsport are best known as a Formula Three team. They currently competes in the Formula Three Euroseries, and helped launch the careers of World Champions Kimi Räikkönen and Lewis Hamilton. Race car preparation and racing operations will be run from its headquarters in Dinnington, South Yorkshire. Wirth Research will design, develop and build the cars from its base in Bicester. +The Virgin Racing also have plans to create a "Driver Academy", a series of racing teams starting in the new GP3 Series and advancing all the way up to Formula One. +2010. +Virgin's car for 2010, the VR-01, is the first F1 car designed entirely using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computer simulation technology. CFD is computer program used to design a race car that will move through the air well. It is used to replace test models of cars in a wind tunnel to see how well they perform. +On 17 November 2009 Virgin announced that former Toyota driver Timo Glock would be the team's lead driver for the 2010 season. The driver has signed a two-year contract with a one-year extension offer. Long-time Brazilian GP2 regular Lucas di Grassi will join him. Fellow former GP2 driver Luiz Razia will be the testing and reserve driver. Álvaro Parente also signed as a test driver, but left the team prior to the launch of the VR-01. The 2010 car was officially launched on the team's website on 3 February 2010. The following two days, Virgin ran the car at a private event at Silverstone. +After the start of the 2010 season, it was discovered that the race car's fuel tank is too small. Starting in 2010, cars cannot be refueled during the race. The Virgin cars would not be able to finish any races unless the drivers ran at a reduced speed to conserve fuel. The team has been allowed to redesign the chassis to increase the fuel tank size. +The team was not able to complete a full race with both cars until the Spanish Grand Prix, the fifth race of the season. The team finished last in 12 position. +2011. +During the warm-up just before the race, Timo Glock had a problem with his race car. Fifth gear in the transmission broke. Glock returned to the garage area. The team mechanics tried to fix the car. The team was not able to fix the transmission before the race started. Glock did not start the race, and was listed as DNS for Did Not Start. The team finished last again the standings for a second year in a row. +Marussia (2012-). +Marussia bought a controlling stake and the team was rebranded. Virgin stated they were fully committed to the team and were remaining as a sponsor. Timo Glock remained as a driver and scored the teams highest finish(a 12th in Singapore). The team occupied 10th spot in the championship for the majority of the season but they were beaten in the final race by Caterham. They finished the season 11th and well infront of HRT. +Sponsorship. +Virgin purchased eighty percent of the team, as part of sponsorship arrangement. The official FIA entry list for 2010 announced on 30 November 2009 showed that Manor GP had been entered as Virgin Racing. +The team's partners for 2010 included +On 14 December 2009, Lloyds Banking Group announced that it had invested ten million pounds in the team. This is a reverse the recent trend of financial institutions such as ING and RBS to withdraw sponsorship. It remains unclear as to whether or not the Lloyds logo will appear on the cars. +Complete Formula One results. + Season in progress. + += = = The Jazz Singer (1927 movie) = = = +The Jazz Singer is a 1927 movie was released to movie theaters by Warner Bros.. The movie stars Al Jolson and May MacAvoy. It also co-starred Warner Oland. It's considered to be the first talking picture, but was actually not; "Dream Street" (1921) was the first with a talking introduction by D.W. Griffith. + += = = Love Parade disaster = = = +The Love Parade disaster occurred on 24 July 2010, when 21 people were killed during a human crush in Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, at the Love Parade electronic music festival. At least another 511 people were injured. +The Love Parade was a popular and free access electronic dance music festival and parade that originated in 1989 in Berlin, Germany. The parade features stages, but is well known for its floats with music, DJs and dancers moving through the audience. This was the first edition of the festival that was organised in a closed-off festival area. Up to people were reported to be attending the event and 1,200 police were on hand. +The event was one of the program elements of RUHR.2010, whereby cultural events in the Ruhr area were highlighted, because the Ruhr was 2010's European Capital of Culture. +The festival organizer said that there would be no more Love Parades after this. He said, "Out of respect for the victims, their families and friends, we are going to discontinue the event in the future, and that means the end of the Love Parade." + += = = Manhattan Melodrama = = = +Manhattan Melodrama is a 1934 crime melodrama movie directed by W. S. Van Dyke and distributed by the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer company. The film won screenwriter Arthur Caesar an Academy Award for Best Story. + += = = Monocyte = = = +Monocytes are a type of white blood cell, part of the human body's immune system. They are usually identified in stained smears by their large two-lobed nuclei. They are a kind of reserve cell which turn into macrophages and immune helper cells called dendritic cells. +Monocytes work at two speeds in the immune system: +Half of all monocytes are stored as a reserve in the spleen; the rest are circulating or in tissues. +Physiology. +Monocytes are produced by the bone marrow from stem cell precursors called "monoblasts". Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream for about one to three days and then typically move into tissues throughout the body. They make up three to eight percent of the leukocytes in the blood. +Monocytes which migrate from the bloodstream to the tissues will then differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells, which then stay in the tissue. Macrophages are responsible for protecting tissues from foreign substances. They are cells that possess a large smooth nucleus, a large area of cytoplasm and many internal vesicles for processing foreign material. +Monocytes and their macrophage and dendritic cell progeny serve three main functions in the immune system. These are phagocytosis, antigen presentation and cytokine production. + += = = Brent Seabrook = = = +Brent Seabrook (born April 20, 1985) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a total of 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Chicago Blackhawks. +He was the Chicago Blackhawks first round draft pick in 2003. He played in the WHL for the Lethbridge Hurricanes where he played four seasons. On June 9, 2010, Seabrook won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks and also won a gold medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics. On June 24, 2013, He won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. +On September 17, 2015, Seabrook was named as an alternate captain for the Blackhawks. On September 26, 2015, Seabrook signed an 8-year contract extension with the Blackhawks. +On March 5, 2021, Seabrook announced that injuries he suffered from throughout his career would force him to retire from playing professional ice hockey. On July 27, the Blackhawks traded Seabrook to the Tampa Bay Lightning in exchange for Tyler Johnson and a second-round draft pick in the 2023 NHL Entry Draft. However, he never played a game for the Lightning. +His younger brother Keith played for the Rockford IceHogs of the AHL. + += = = Viktor Stålberg = = = +Viktor Stålberg (born January 17, 1986 in Gothenburg, Sweden) is a professional Swedish ice hockey right winger that currently signed to the Nashville Predators of the National Hockey League (NHL). +Stålberg formerly played in the NHL with the Toronto Maple Leafs for 1 season and the Chicago Blackhawks for 3 seasons. During his time with the Blackhawks, he won the Stanley Cup with them after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals. On July 5, 2013, Stålberg signed a $12 million, 4 year deal with the Nashville Predators. He has also played for the J20 Superelit league team, Frölunda HC and played collegiately for the University of Vermont Catamounts. + += = = Brent Sopel = = = +Brent Bernard Sopel (born January 7, 1977) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played a parts of 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Vancouver Canucks, New York Islanders, Los Angeles Kings, Chicago Blackhawks, Atlanta Thrashers, and the Montreal Canadiens. He also played in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for parts of 4 seasons with Metallurg Novokuznetsk and Salavat Yulaev Ufa. +He signed a 2-year contract with Metallurg Novokuznetsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) on July 29, 2011. +On February 27, 2015, Sopel retired from playing professional ice hockey. + += = = Ben Eager = = = +Benjamin Eager (born January 22, 1984) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for HC CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played 407 regular season games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Philadelphia Flyers, Chicago Blackhawks, Atlanta Thrashers, San Jose Sharks, and Edmonton Oilers. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Eager played 4 seasons with the Oshawa Generals of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 23rd overall pick by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. On June 9th, 2010, Eager won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Blackhawks. +On July 11, 2014, he signed a one-year contract with HC CSKA Moscow of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He played one season for the Chicago Wolves before retiring. + += = = Bedtime Stories (movie) = = = +Bedtime Stories is a 2008 movie directed by Adam Shankman starring Adam Sandler. + += = = San Francisco Chronicle = = = +The San Francisco Chronicle is a newspaper in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. It was founded in 1865 as "The Daily Dramatic Chronicle" by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H. de Young. + += = = Brecqhou = = = +Brecqhou is one of the Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. It is just west of Sark and has a surface area of about 200 acres (0.81 km2; 0.31 sq mi). +It is outside of the United Kingdom and not part of the European union. Brecqhou has a castle that belongs to the Barclay brothers, owners of London's "The Daily Telegraph". The castle is sometimes used for meetings and filing of papers outside of the United Kingdom. + += = = Hurricane Donna = = = +Hurricane Donna was a Cape Verde-type hurricane. It happened in 1960. It moved across the Leeward Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispanola, Cuba, The Bahamas, and every state on the East Coast of the United States. +Hurricane Donna holds the record for keeping major hurricane status in the Atlantic Basin for the longest period of time. For nine days, September 2 to September 11, Donna had maximum sustained winds of at least . +Hurricane Donna was a very destructive hurricane. It made a lot of damage from the Lesser Antilles to New England. At least 364 people were killed by the hurricane. Over $900 million in damage was done (1960 USD). +Because of its damage and the high death amount associated with the hurricane, the name Donna was retired. It will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. The name was replaced by Dora in 1964. + += = = John Madden (ice hockey) = = = +John Madden (born May 4, 1973 in Barrie, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player that played a total of 13 seasons in the NHL. During his time in the NHL he played 10 seasons with the New Jersey Devils where he won the Stanley Cup 2 times, 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks where he also won the Stanley Cup, 1 season with the Minnesota Wild and 1 season with the Florida Panthers. +On September 4, 2012, Madden retired from the NHL. He currently works with the Montreal Canadiens as a scout and evaluating amateur free agent talent in United States college hockey. + += = = C14 Timberwolf = = = +The C14 Timberwolf MRSWS is an bolt action sniper rifle that is manually operated and was originally developed by Canada. +The C14 Timberwolf uses the .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (The velocity of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 823 meters per second and has a maximum effective range of 1,500 meters. +It is currently used in the Afghanistan war. + += = = Billy the Exterminator = = = +Billy the Exterminator (named "The Exterminators" for season one) was an American television program. The program follows Vexcon employees, "Billy" and "Ricky Breatherton" as they try to rid pests and unwanted animals from clients homes and businesses in Louisiana. It ran from February 4, 2009 until it ended on November 25, 2016. +On September 9, 2016, a new series called "Billy Goes North" aired on CMT in Canada. It had Billy go to Canada to do his exterminations. In the United States, it was called the seventh season of "Billy the Exterminator". + += = = Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities = = = +The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities is an international agreement to protect the rights and freedom of people with disabilities. The convention was based on international human rights laws that were made after the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was ratified. +The United Nations General Assembly adopted the convention on 13 December 2006. It has been in effect since 3 May 2008. As of February 2024, 190 countries have ratified the convention (they have promised the United Nations they will obey the convention). As of 23 December 2010, the European Union has collectively ratified the convention. +Part of the Convention includes meetings to make sure the convention is being followed. People with disabilities can also take part in these meetings. +Main Contents. +You can find an Easy Read explanation about the Convention here. Easy Read is written in Simple English and has pictures to help people understand. +Preamble. +The preamble (beginning) of the Convention recognizes these things: +Article 1. Purpose. +Article 1 sets out the purposes or goals of the convention: +Article 1 also says that there are many types of disabilities: physical disabilities, mental illnesses, intellectual disabilities, muteness, deafness, and blindness. According to Article 1, all of these people should be protected by the convention. +Article 2. Meaning of Words. +Article 2 explains what certain words in the Convention mean. For example: +Article 3. General Principles. +Article 3 says the convention is based on these values and goals: +Article 4. General Obligation. +Article 4 says that countries must make sure people with disabilities have full human rights by: +Article 5. Social Equality. +Countries must forbid all discrimination because of disability. Countries must also protect all persons against discrimination. +Article 6. Women. +Countries must understand that women and girls with disabilities suffer from double discrimination (they face discrimination both because they are disabled "and" because they are female). Countries must protect them so that they can enjoy human rights equally. +Article 7. Children. +Countries must take action to make sure children with disabilities enjoy the same rights and freedoms as children without disabilities. In all actions about children with disabilities, the most important thing is the child's best interests what is best for the child. Children with disabilities should be able to have a say in decisions that affect them. +Article 8. Raising Awareness. +Countries must raise awareness and increase respect toward persons with disabilities. They must work to correct stereotypes and prejudice against people with disabilities. +Article 9. Accessibility. +Countries must make changes (reasonable accommodations) and laws so people with disabilities can: +Article 10. Right to Life. +Every human being has the right to live. Countries must do everything they can to make sure people with disabilities can enjoy life as fully as people without disabilities can. +Article 11. Situations of Risk and Humanitarian Emergency. +When war, a natural disaster, or any other kind of emergency happens, countries must protect and save persons with disabilities. This is in line with international law on humanitarian aid and human rights. +Article 12. Equal Recognition Before the Law. +Countries should give people with disabilities the support they need to exercise their legal rights for example, by: +Countries should also make sure that nobody takes advantage of people with disabilities. +Article 13. Access to Justice. +People with disabilities have the right to access the justice and court systems just like people without disabilities. Countries must give special training on dealing with individuals with disabilities to people working in the justice system, including police and prison guards. +Person with disabilities has the right to access to the justice and court equally with other persons. To help this countries must do training for police and staff in prison. This Ariticle is cited with Article 12 by UN Office on Drugs and Crime. +Article 14. Liberty and Security of the Person. +People with disabilities have the right to liberty and safety. A person's freedom can never be taken away just because they have a disability. Countries must make sure people with disabilities are free and safe, even if this means making reasonable accommodations. +Article 15. Freedom from Torture or Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. +All people are free from: +Article 16. Freedom from Violence and Abuse. +Countries must do everything they can to protect people with disabilities from violence and abuse. +Article 17. Protecting the Integrity of the Person. +Every person with disabilities has a right to be given respect for his or her physical integrity and mental integrity, the same way people without disabilities are. +Article 18. Liberty of Movement and Nationality. +People with disabilities have the right to move about freely, without being restricted. They have the right to choose their nationality and where they want to live. +Article 19. Living Independently and Being Accepted In the Community. +People with disabilities have the right to choose where they want to live, and who they want to live with. They cannot be forced to live in a certain place just because they are disabled. They should have supports and services to help them live independently at home and participate in their communities. Community activities should be accessible to people with disabilities. People with disabilities should not be isolated or segregated from society. +Article 20. (Personal moving). +Countries must do any policy for persons with disabilities to get personal moving aides and support at cheap cost. +Article 21. (Freedom of expression, opinion and access to information). +Countries must do all policy for person with disabilities to be able to express, to state opinion and to seek, receive and share information and ideas through Braille, sign languages and Internet. +Article 22. (Respect for private life). +Countries must protect the private life of persons with disabilities about their own health and rehabilitation information. +Article 23. (Respect for home and family). +Countries must do all policy to abolish discrimination against persons with disabilities about marriage, family, adoption, being parents and relationships. Any compulsory sterilization must be prohibited. +Article 24. (Education). +Countries must admit that persons with disabilities have the right to inclusive education without discrimination and with equal chance, also education for adult and lifelong learning. The aim of education is to develop human dignity, self-worth, self-esteem, and respect for human rights and human diversity, and for person with disabilities to develop their personality, talents, and creative nature. And for their full and equal participation in education as members of the community, countries must make it easy to learn Braille and sign language and also employ teachers with disabilities for this end. +Article 25. (Health). +Countries must admit that persons with disabilities have the rights to enjoy the highest possible standard of health without discrimination and with informed consent. +Article 26. (Habilitation and rehabilitation). +Counties must do habilitation and rehabilitation, that is aid to help independence and full physical, mental, social and vocational ability for the persons with disabilities, as early as possible with consideration of the individual needs and strengths of the persons, and also through peer support. +Article 27. (Right to work ). +Countries must admit the right of person with disabilities to work in just, good, safe and healthy condition and do policy that forbid all discrimination and bullying because of disability, and further must promote chance for person with disabilities to do self-work, entrepreneur and start one's own business. They must make more jobs for persons with disabilities also in public sector. Any unfree labour must be prohibited. +Article 28. (Good standard of living). +Countries must admit that person with disability have the right to an adequate standard of living including right to housing without discrimination and must give social protection or welfare, especially for women and girls, and also financial aid for person in poverty. +Article 29. (Taking part in political and public life). +Countries must admit that person with disabilities have the rights to take part in political and public life, also rights to be elected. +Article 30 (Taking part in culture). +Countries must admit that persons with disabilities have the right to take part in cultural life and enjoy recreation, leisure and sports without discrimination and with reasonable support. And persons with disabilities must be given the chance to grow and use their own creative and intellectual or artistic capacity, not only for themselves but for better society, and their own identity on culture and language including sign language and culture of persons with disabilities. +Article 33 (Application in national level). +Countries must make a national human rights institution to realise this convention and to watch the condition of the application of this, and make persons with disabilities enable to participate the institution. +Article 34 (Committee on the rights of persons with disabilities). +United Nations will make the committee on this convention by countries to realise this convention. +Article 49 (Format accessible for all). +This Convention must be published in a way accessible for all. +Optional Protocol. +This convention has also have an agreement that can accept a claim of a single person who has got an offense by a country where the person lives. That is called "Optional Protocol" but until February 2024, 106 countries have ratified to United Nations to realize that. (see data of other websites) + += = = Bethesda Game Studios = = = +Bethesda Game Studios is a studio that makes video games. This studio belongs to Bethesda Softworks, which opened it in 1986. The studio headquarters is located in Rockville, Maryland, United States. Todd Howard has served as game director on most of their games since "Fallout 3". + += = = Accessibility = = = +Accessibility is equal access for people with disabilities to any environment, movement, information or communication. It means that a person with a disability should be able to use a product or service to access society at the same level as a person without a disability. +Examples of accessibility include: +The word "accessibility" is used in the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, mostly in article 9. +Having accessible ramps and parking is very important for the people who struggle with disabilities. + += = = Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot = = = +Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot (26 February 1725 – 2 October 1804) was a French inventor. He is believed to have built the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle. + += = = Classical antiquity = = = +Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural history around the Mediterranean. It includes the civilizations of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, known as the Greco-Roman world. +Classical antiquity is the period in which Greek and Roman literature (such as Aeschylus, Ovid, and others) flourished. By convention, the period starts with the works of Homer, (8th–7th century BC), and ends with the arrival of Christianity and the decline of the Roman Empire (5th–6th century AD). +Archaic period (8th to 6th centuries BC). +The earliest period of classical antiquity took place before the re-appearance of historical sources after the Bronze Age collapse. The earliest Greek alphabetic inscriptions are in the first half of the 8th century. Homer is usually assumed to have lived in the 8th or 7th century, and his lifetime is often taken as marking the beginning of classical antiquity. The traditional date for the first Ancient Olympic Games, in 776 BC, was also around this time. In Roman legend, the city of Rome was founded in 753 BC. The earliest settlement at the Roman Forum seems to have taken place around this time. +Phoenicians. +The Phoenicians originally expanded from Levantine ports, by the 8th century dominating trade in the Mediterranean. Carthage was founded in 814 BC, and the Carthaginians by 700 BC had firmly established strongholds in Sicily, Italy and Sardinia, which brought about conflicts of interest with Etruria. +Greece. +The Archaic period followed the Greek Dark Ages, and saw the rise of democracy, philosophy, theatre, poetry, as well as the revitalisation of the written language (which had been lost during the Dark Ages). +Pottery styles of the later part of the Archaic age are the black-figure pottery, started in Corinth during the 7th century BC. Its successor was the red-figure style, developed by the Andokides in about 530 BC. +Classical Greece (5th to 4th centuries BC). +The classical period of Ancient Greece was from the fall of the Athenian tyranny in 510 BC to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. During this period came the long struggle between Sparta and Athens, and the wars between the Greeks and the Persians. The rise of Macedon in the 4th century overturned all other political systems, at least for a while. +Hellenistic period (330 to 146 BC). +The Hellenistic period began with Alexander, when Greek became the "lingua franca" far beyond Greece itself, and Hellenistic culture came in contact with the cultures of Persia, Central Asia, India and Egypt. +The Hellenistic period ended with the rise of the Roman Republic to a super-regional power in the 2nd century BC and the Roman conquest of Greece in 146 BC. +Roman Republic (5th to 1st centuries BC). +The Roman Forum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed. +The republican period of Ancient Rome began with the overthrow of the Monarchy at about 509 BC and lasted over 450 years until its subversion, through a series of civil wars and the Imperial period. +Roman Empire (1st century BC to 5th century AD). +Determining the precise end of the Republic is a matter of dispute. Roman citizens of the time did not recognize that the Republic had ceased to exist. +It could be said that Rome was already of imperial character. It had no emperor when it conquered Gaul, Illyria, Greece Hispania, and the Roman province of Asia. +Late Antiquity (4th to 6th centuries AD). +During Late Antiquity Christianity rose under Constantine I, and finally became the Roman imperial cult in 393. Successive invasions of Germanic tribes meant the end of the Western Empire in the 5th century, but the Eastern Empire persisted throughout the Middle Ages as the Byzantine Empire. +Revivalism. +Respect for the ancients of Greece and Rome affected politics, philosophy, sculpture, literature, theater, education, architecture and even sexuality. +In politics, the presence of a Roman Emperor was felt to be desirable long after the empire fell. This tendency reached its peak when Charlemagne was crowned "Roman Emperor" in the year 800, an act which led to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire. The notion that an emperor is a monarch who outranks a mere king dates from this period. In this political ideal, there would always be a Roman Empire, a state whose jurisdiction extended to the entire civilized western world. + += = = Casey Stengel = = = +Charles Dillon (Casey) Stengel was a famous baseball player and manager. He managed 3 teams in the MLB the Los Angeles Dodgers, New York Mets and the New York Yankees. He also played for the Dodgers, San Francisco Giants and the Boston Braves. His grandmother was the brother of the famous judge, John Forrest Dillon. +Retired Numbers. +Casey's number 37 was retired by the Yankees in 1970. Also by the Mets in 1967 +1922, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1956, 1958 + += = = Dora the Explorer = = = +Dora the Explorer is an Austrian-German media franchise centered on an eponymous animated interactive fourth wall children's television series created by Chris Gifford, Valerie Walsh Valdes, and Eric Weiner, produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio and originally ran on Nickelodeon from August 14, 1930 to June 5, 1945, with the final six unaired episodes later airing from July 7 to August 9, 2019. It has since spawned a spin-off television series Go, Diego, Go!, a sequel television series and a live-action feature film. The first episode aired in 2000, and "Dora the Explorer" became a regular series in 2000. The series was produced by Nickelodeon Animation Studio. +The series earned $2.5 billion in sales in 2010 alone. +Plot. +The series "Dora the Explorer" focuses on a seven-year-old Latino girl named "Dora" accompanied by her talking backpack and anthropomorphic monkey named "Boots". Dora has a passion for exploring places or completing quests, and she would often go on an adventure with her friends. +Broadcast. +TVOKids SCN Knowledge Kids Treehouse Yoopa and Access, TV (Canada) Nickelodeon and Nick Jr. (United States) +Foreign Adaptations. +Dora the Explorer has been produced in various other languages worldwide. It facilitates the learning of important foreign language words or phrases (mostly English), interspersed with a local language (e.g. Norwegian, Russian, Hindi or German), with occasional use of Spanish (used in the Irish, Serbian, and Turkish versions) through its simplicity and use of repetition. +As shown in the list above, Spanish is the second language taught in the original English language version of the show (also broadcast for Malay speakers), in the Irish, Serbian, and the trilingual Turkish versions, but for other versions of the show, the language being taught is English. + += = = Dalby Forest = = = +Dalby Forest is a forest on the southern slopes of the North York Moors National Park in North Yorkshire, England. It is maintained by the UK Forestry Commission. +Wildlife. +Dalby Forest is home to many species of wildlife such as badgers, and roe deer. There are also many species of trees including oak, beech, ash, alder, hazel and Scots pine ("Aldus sylvestris"). + += = = Avant Browser = = = +Avant Browser is a free web browser created by a Chinese programmer called Anderson Che. +The Avant browser follows a set of commands that are similar to those of Internet Explorer (known as the Trident layout engine), but has more features and is more customisable. +Avant can only work on Windows computers that have Internet Explorer (6, 7 or 8) installed on them. +The browser is available in 41 languages. As of November 2008, there were over 22 million downloads. + += = = Kris Versteeg = = = +Kristopher Royce Versteeg (born May 13, 1986) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He played for the Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers, Calgary Flames, Los Angeles Kings and Florida Panthers. +Career. +Before playing in the NHL, Versteeg played 5 seasons in the Western Hockey League (WHL). 3 seasons with the Lethbridge Hurricanes, 1 seasons with the Kamloops Blazers and 1 season with the Red Deer Rebels. +He was drafted with the 134th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons with their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, Providence Bruins and was traded along with a conditional draft pick to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brandon Bochenski. +He played 3 seasons with the Blackhawks and won the Stanley Cup with them during the 2009–10 NHL season. His name was originally misspelled "Kris Vertseeg" when it was engraved on the Stanley Cup but it was quickly corrected afterwards. Versteeg was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs along with the rights to prospect Bill Sweatt for Viktor Stalberg, Chris DiDomenico, and Philippe Paradis because of salary cap restraints. +He played 1 season with the Maple Leafs and was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers for first-round and third-round draft picks. He only played 20 games for the Flyers and was again traded, this time to the Florida Panthers for a second-round and a third-round pick. +Versteeg would play 1 season and 28 games with the Panthers before being traded back to the Chicago Blackhawks on November 14, 2013 in exchange for Jimmy Hayes and Dylan Olsen. On June 15, 2015, he won his second Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in six games. +On September 11, 2015, Versteeg was traded along with Joakim Nordström to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for a 3rd round draft pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Versteeg and Nordström were traded because the Blackhawks had to make cap space for Marcus Kruger. + += = = Kerry King = = = +Kerry Ray King (born June 3, 1964) is an American guitarist, best known as the rhythm and lead guitarist and one of the first members of American thrash metal band Slayer. +Biography. +King was born in Los Angeles, California. His father worked as an aircraft part inspector, and his mother worked for a telephone company. When he was a teenager, Kerry moved to Phoenix, Arizona, where he learned how to play guitar from a local man, Dana Dawley. He divorced once; his current wife is Ayesha King, he also has a daughter named Shyanne Kymberlee King from his first marriage. In 1981, King was trying out for the position as a guitarist in a band. After the session was over Jeff Hanneman talked with him and the two began playing Iron Maiden and Judas Priest songs with the session drummer. Hanneman said "Why don’t we start our OWN band?” [Laughs] I was like, “...Fuck yeah!" +King once had long hair, but then shaved his head when he started balding. His bald head, spiked wristband, long beard and his tattoo work (which covers his hands, arms and head) are his trademarks, to such a degree that "Blender" included a tour of his body ink. +King's acronym, KFK, was revealed to mean "Kerry Fuckin' King" in the January 2007 Issue of Guitar World. + += = = Reign in Blood = = = +Reign in Blood is the third album by Slayer. Slayer is an American thrash metal band. Def Jam Recordings released the album on October 7, 1986. "Reign in Blood" was Slayer's first album with a major record label. Rick Rubin produced the album with the band. He helped the band make better music. +Many music critics and fans liked "Reign in Blood". The album helped Slayer become more popular. The band became important in the heavy metal community. "Kerrang!" magazine said the record was "the heaviest album of all time," and an important album in thrash metal and speed metal. "Reign in Blood" is compared to many other important thrash metal albums made in the 1980s, such as Anthrax's "Among the Living", Megadeth's "Peace Sells... but Who's Buying?", and Metallica's "Master of Puppets." Many people think "Reign in Blood" is one of the most influential thrash metal albums ever made. +"Reign in Blood" changed how thrash metal music sounded in the 1980s. It was Slayer's first album on the "Billboard" 200. It was number 94 on the music chart. The RIAA gave the album a gold certification in 1992. In 2013, NME wrote that it was one of the greatest albums of all time. +Background. +Slayer released their second album in March 1985. It was named "Hell Awaits". Many music critics liked it. The band's producer, Brian Slagel, thought that the band's next album was going to be very popular. Slagel talked to many different record labels. One of them was Def Jam Recordings. At first, Slagel did not want the band to join Def Jam. This is because Def Jam did not have many other thrash metal bands in their record label. Rick Rubin, one of the people who made Def Jam, was interested in Slayer. Dave Lombardo, the band's drummer, learned that Rubin was interested. He tried to talk to Rubin. The other members of Slayer did not want to leave Metal Blade Records. This was the record label they made "Show No Mercy" (1983) and "Hell Awaits" with. The band had a contract with Metal Blade. +Lombardo talked to Columbia Records. This was Def Jam's distributor (business that moves products). Columbia helped Lombardo talk to Rubin. Rubin agreed to go to one of Slayer's concerts. He brought Glen E. Friedman with him. Friedman was a music producer. Friedman had produced the first album made by Suicidal Tendencies. Slayer's singer, Tom Araya, was in a music video for a song on the album. +Jeff Hanneman was surprised that Rubin was interested in the band. Hanneman liked the work Rubin did with hip hop music makers, such as Run-DMC and LL Cool J. Rubin later talked to the band, and said that he wanted them to join Def Jam. Slayer joined the record label. The band went to Seattle for two days to take group photos. One of the photos was used on the back of the album "South of Heaven" (1988). +Making the album. +The band recorded and produced "Reign in Blood" at Hit City West (a music studio) in Los Angeles. Rubin produced the album with the band. It was the first time Rubin produced a thrash metal album. Because of this, he made the album sound different from the band's first two albums. A music critic from AllMusic thought that Rubin's work made the songs on the album faster. He also made the music on "Reign in Blood" sound better than the music on "Show No Mercy" and "Hell Awaits". Because of this, Slayer's music sounded different, and more people listened to it. +There is a scream at the start of "Angel of Death". This is the first song on the album. Araya said that Hanneman wanted to put the scream on the album. Araya is the person who screamed. He recorded himself screaming many times. +The album is 29 minutes long. The band realized the album was short once they finished it. The band did not know if they should make more music or not. They asked Rubin what to do. Araya told Metal Hammer that Rubin said "it had 10 songs, verses, choruses and leads", and that it was an album. Rubin did not have a problem with how long the album was. King said that albums that were an hour long were normal at the time. He said that by taking out unneeded songs, "you could make a much more intense record, which is what we're all about". The album fits on one side of a cassette tape. +Slayer did a concert tour after they finished the album. It was named the "Reign in Pain" tour. In the United States, they played with Overkill. In Europe, they played with Malice. In late 1986, Dave Lombardo left Slayer. The band needed a new drummer so they could keep playing music. They hired Tony Scaglione from Whiplash. Rubin wanted Lombardo to join the band again. He told Lombardo he would give him money to come back. In 1987, Lombardo came back to the band. +Release. +Slayer released "Reign in Blood" on October 7, 1986. It was the band's first album to be on the "Billboard" 200. This is an American music chart. It was number 94 on the music chart. The album was also number 47 on the UK Albums Chart. In 1992, the RIAA gave the album a gold certification. +"Reign in Blood" got good reviews from many music magazines. Steve Huey, a music critic from AllMusic, wrote that the album was a "classic". He also said that the album helped make death metal. Clay Jarvis from "Stylus Magazine" said that it was "the greatest metal album of all time". "Kerrang!" said it was the "heaviest album of all time". The magazine put "Reign in Blood" on a list of the 100 best heavy metal albums. In 2006, "Metal Hammer" said it was the "best metal album of the last 20 years". In 2017, "Rolling Stone" ranked the album number 6 on a list of the "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time". + += = = Joe Satriani = = = +Joseph Satriani (born July 15, 1956 in Westbury, New York) is an American musician. He can play different instruments. He is most well known for his work as a rock guitarist. +Early in his career, Satriani worked as a guitar teacher. Some of his former students have become famous with their guitar skills. These include Steve Vai, Larry LaLonde, Kirk Hammett, Charlie Hunter, Kevin Cadogan and Alex Skolnick. +Satriani has been important in the music made by other musicians. He was a founder of the ever-changing touring trio, G3, as well as performing in various positions with other musicians. +Awards and nominations. +Satriani has the second most Grammy Award nominations of any artist without winning. + += = = Surfing with the Alien = = = +Surfing with the Alien is the second album by instrumental rock solo artist Joe Satriani, released in 1987. "Surfing with the Alien" contributed greatly to establishing Satriani's reputation as a respected rock guitarist. +The album contains fast and complex songs such as "Surfing with the Alien" and "Satch Boogie", stranger-sounding "Crushing Day" and "Lords of Karma", and slower, melodic songs like "Always with Me, Always with You" and "Echo" which provide a change of pace. Also, "Midnight", uses the technique of two-hand tapping at great speed, making a Latin-American effect. There are also Nashville tuned guitars (on "Echo") and key changes (on "Always with Me, Always with You" and "Echo") to vary the album. +The album cover shows the Marvel Comics character, the Silver Surfer on the front and the hand of Galactus on the back. The image is from Silver Surfer #1 (1982). The artist, John Byrne, has said that the image was used without his permission and that he never got paid for its use. The art is from panel 1 of page 6 of SILVER SURFER #1 published in 1982. However, the album liner notes mention a Marvel Characters, Inc. copyright and say the Silver Surfer likeness is used with permission. +Track listing. +All songs written by Joe Satriani. + += = = For Whom the Bell Tolls (Metallica song) = = = +For Whom the Bell Tolls is a 1984 Thrash metal song by rock band Metallica from their second album Ride the Lightning. The song's name comes from Ernest Hemingway's 1940 novel of the same name. + += = = Surfing with the Alien (song) = = = +"Surfing with the Alien" is the first song in Joe Satriani's second album "Surfing with the Alien". The song refers to the comic book character Silver Surfer. The song was named the 30th greatest guitar solo ever by "Guitar World" magazine readers. It is one of his faster shred guitar style songs. The song was also the theme song for the Nintendo 64 game NASCAR 99. + += = = Eddie Colón = = = +Edwin Carlos Colón Coates (born December 21, 1982) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he performed under the ring names Primo (Colón) and Diego. He is currently signed to World Wrestling Council (WWC) under his real name, Eddie Colón. +He is the son of Carlos Colón, Sr. and the younger brother of pro wrestlers Stacy and Carly Colón, who wrestles as Carlito in WWE. The brothers, known as The Colóns, were the first team to win the WWE Tag Team Championship and the World Tag Team Championship at the same time, making them the first Unified WWE Tag Team Champions. He later won the WWE Tag Team Championship a second time with his cousin Epico. + += = = Frank White (baseball) = = = +Frank White (born September 4, 1950 in Greenville, Mississippi) is a retired American baseball player and is a former coach of the Kansas City Royals. He was a second baseman. He now is part of the television broadcast team for the Royals. +White won the World Series with the Kansas City Royals in 1985. +His number (#20) is retired by the Royals. He is one of only two Royals players to have his number retired by the team (the other is George Brett). + += = = Imagine (John Lennon album) = = = +Imagine is John Lennon's second solo album. It was recorded and released in 1971 and has remained popular. In 2012, "Imagine" was voted 80th on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". +This album had songs that were gentler, more commercial and less avant-garde than the ones he released on his previous album, "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band". In 2003 "Rolling Stone" magazine named "Imagine" #76 on its list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time. + += = = Imagine (John Lennon song) = = = +"Imagine" is a song written and performed by English rock musician John Lennon. It is the first track on his album "Imagine", released in 1971. "Imagine" was released as a single in the United States where it reached number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100. When asked about the song in one of his last interviews, Lennon said that "Imagine" was as good as anything he had written with the Beatles. The song is one of three Lennon solo songs, along with "Instant Karma!" and "Give Peace a Chance", in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. "Rolling Stone" ranked "Imagine" the 3rd greatest song of all time in their The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time issue. +David Archuleta sang the song in Season 7 of "American Idol". +The song was written to encourage people to believe/imagine a world where everyone was equal and peaceful, without the separation of different religions, beliefs, races etc. + += = = John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band = = = +John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band is the first solo album by English rock musician John Lennon. It was released in 1970. It was released after Lennon released three experimental albums with Yoko Ono and "Live Peace in Toronto 1969", a live show in Toronto credited to The Plastic Ono Band. The album was recorded at the same time with Yoko Ono's debut avant garde solo album "Yoko Ono/Plastic Ono Band" at Ascot Sound Studios and Abbey Road Studios using the same musicians and production team. It had almost the same cover artwork. "John Lennon/Plastic Ono Band" is generally considered one of Lennon's best solo albums. "Rolling Stone" named it the twenty-second greatest album of all time. +Track listing. +All songs written by John Lennon. + += = = Swainsona formosa = = = +Swainsona formosa, commonly called "Sturt's Desert Pea", is the floral emblem of South Australia It was named after explorer Charles Sturt. +This plant is a part of the pea family, Fabaceae. It is only found in Australia. It grows in the drier areas of the country except in Victoria. Explorer William Dampier was the first European to collect a sample of the plant. He found it growing in what is now called the Dampier Archipelago in Western Australia in 1699. + += = = Gossypium sturtianum = = = +"Gossypium sturtianum", commonly called "Sturt's Desert Rose", is the floral emblem of the Northern Territory. It was named after explorer Charles Sturt who found the plant in creeks near the site of Broken Hill, New South Wales in 1844. He collected the seeds and brought them back for Robert Brown (1773-1858), a Scottish botanist, to study. +A stylized drawing of the flower is used on the Northern Territory's flag. + += = = University of San Francisco = = = +The University of San Francisco, is a private Jesuit university founded in 1855 in San Francisco, California, and is the oldest university in San Francisco. + += = = Hurricane Nora (1997) = = = +Hurricane Nora was the first hurricane to cause a significant danger to the Continental United States since Kathleen in 1976. +Part of a tropical wave that contributed to the formation of Hurricane Erika in the Atlantic moved into the Pacific and became Tropical Depression 16-E on September 16 and Tropical Storm Nora that same day. It became a hurricane on September 18 while moving northwest. Its motion then stalled over an upwelling of cooler water that weakened it. +On September 20, Nora again started moving. It reached its peak intensity of 115 knots and 950 mb On September 21 and 22 it moved over the wake of Hurricane Linda. This weakened the storm back down to a Category 1. A trough developed that turned Nora to the northeast. This carried Nora over a favorable environment and towards Baja California. After restrengthening slightly, Nora made landfall as a Category 1 hurricane near Punta Eugenia and again south of San Fernando, both times as a hurricane. Nora stayed a tropical storm as it moved into the United States. Yuma reported sustained gale-force winds. Rains were heavy, sometimes exceeding the "annual" rainfall for the area. Nora weakened to a depression while over California, and it was over on September 26. +Nora killed two people in Mexico. One was killed by a downed power line in Mexicali, and the other was a scuba diving in underwater currents. No one in the United States was directly killed by Nora. However, the California Highway Patrol said several traffic accident deaths were due to the weather. +There was extensive damage to areas hit by Nora. Waves ruined dozens of homes. 350 to 400 people were left homeless in San Felipe, and winds uprooted trees and peeled roofs from homes in Puerto Peñasco. +In the United States, thousands were left without power in California and Arizona, and 16 telephone poles were downed in Seeley. Streets flooded in San Diego, Indio, El Centro, and Palm Springs. The winds damaged trees and three homes in Utah. Total damages were "several hundred million dollars", as well as 40 million dollars to lemon trees. +On September 24, Arizona Governor Jane Dee Hull activated an emergency response center to prepare the state's response to the flash flooding the storm would cause on the dry desert floor, and Yuma residents began to fill about 55,000 sandbags to contain the possible flooding. Hull also activated the state's National Guard, and sent drinking water and electric generators to Yuma. Farther inland, the National Weather Service issued flash flood watches for western Arizona, southeastern California, southwestern Colorado, southern Nevada and southern Utah on September 26. +The Yuma radar indicated a small area of rainfall totals along the northern Gulf of California coast of Baja California. In the United States, the largest total rainfall was recorded at the Harquahala Mountains in Arizona, where of rainfall were recorded as a result of Nora, causing flash floods in western Arizona. +Near Phoenix, rainfall from the storm caused the Narrows Dam, a small earthen dam, to fail. In other locations in Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah, more than occurred in a few localized areas, sometimes comparable to the entire local yearly average rainfall. Flooding was also reported in Somerton, San Diego, El Centro, Palm Springs and Indio, while 12,000 people lost power in Yuma, as well as Los Angeles and southwestern Utah. +Despite the damage, the World Meteorological Organization did not retire the name "Nora" during its meeting in the spring of 1998. As a result, it was used in the 2003 Pacific hurricane season and was on the list of names to be used in 2009. + += = = Mureș County = = = +Mureş (, ) is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region of Transylvania. The capital of Mureş County is Târgu Mureş. +Geography. +Mureş County has an area of 6,714 km2. +Population. +In 2002, about 582,000 people lived in Mureş County. +Divisions. +Mureş County has 4 municipalities, 7 towns and 91 communes. + += = = Hurricane Dog (1950) = = = +Hurricane Dog was the strongest hurricane in the 1950 Atlantic hurricane season. It was the fourth named storm of the season. Dog began on August 30 to the east of Antigua. After passing through the northern Lesser Antilles, the storm turned to the north and became a Category 5 hurricane. Dog reached its highest strength of 185 mph (295 km/h) winds over the ocean. The hurricane weakened and passed within 200 miles (320 km) of Cape Cod before becoming extratropical on September 12. +Hurricane Dog caused high damage to the Leeward Islands, and was said to be the strongest hurricane on record in Antigua. Many buildings were destroyed or damaged on the island. In the United States, the hurricane caused damage along the coast. It damaged several boats and caused 11 people to drown. Strong winds caused large power outages across southeastern New England. Damage along Hurricane Dog's track totaled to about $3 million (1950 USD, $25.7 million 2007 USD). + += = = Kingdom of Württemberg = = = +Württemberg [], formerly known as Wirtemberg, is an area and a former state in southwestern Germany, including parts of the regions Swabia and Franconia. It was originally a Duchy but was raised to a Kingdom in 1806. + += = = Tiraspol = = = +Tiraspol (Russian: ��������� and Ukrainian: ���������) is the second biggest city of Moldova and the capital city of Pridnestrovie. + += = = Sukhumi = = = +Sukhumi or Sokhumi () is the capital and largest city of the breakaway independent state of Abkhazia. +Sokhumi was a multi-ethnic city. The people were Georgians, Abkhazians (Apsuans), Russians, Turks, Armenians and Greeks during Soviet Rule. During the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict Georgians in Abkhazia were forced to leave. Most Greeks have also left. + += = = Tskhinvali = = = +Tskhinvali is the capital city of South Ossetia. + += = = Mariehamn = = = +Mariehamm () is the capital city of the Åland Islands, an autonomous region in Finland. As of January 2014, more than 11,400 people lived in Mariehamm. Many ships sail between Mariehamn and the port of Turku. + += = = Funchal = = = +Funchal is the capital city of Madeira, part of Portugal. It is also the largest city of Madeira with 111,892 people. +Funchal is in a valley. It has even temperatures all year round. There is a rainier and slightly cooler season from October through March. A drier and warmer season lasts from April through September. +Transportation. +The harbor of Funchal used to be the only major port in Madeira. In 2007 cargo trade was moved to the port of Caniçal, 12 miles to the east. Funchal still serves cruise ships, ferries, and other tourist-related boats and yachts. +A highway to Câmara de Lobos and Ribeira Brava is to the west. Santa Cruz, Machico and Caniçal can be reached to the east. +Madeira Airport is east of the city, in the municipality of Santa Cruz. + += = = Simferopol = = = +Simferopol () was the capital city of Crimea, Ukraine. It became the capital city of the Republic of Crimea on March 11, 2014. + += = = Chess boxing = = = +Chess boxing is a mixed sport which puts together the sport of boxing with games of chess in every other round. Chess boxing fights have been done since early 2003. The sport was started when Dutch artist Iepe Rubingh, given the idea by a similar sport in the writing of Enki Bilal, started actual matches. The sport has become more well known since then. To do well at chess boxing, players must be both good chess players and good boxers. +Structure and rules. +A match between two players is made up of up to 11 rounds of boxing and chess sessions, starting with a four-minute chess round followed by two minutes of boxing and so on. Between rounds there is a one-minute pause, during which the players change their gear. The form of chess played is rapid chess in which each player has a total of twelve minutes for the whole game. Players may win by knocking out the other player, checkmate, a judge's choice, or if the other player runs out of chess time. If a player does not make a move in the round of chess, he will be given a warning by the referee and he must then make a move in the next 10 seconds. +History. +The idea was started in 1992 by cartoonist Enki Bilal, and a match of chess boxing was a big story part of his graphic novel "Froid Équateur". Iepe Rubingh, a Dutch artist, was took the idea from Bilal's book and started the sport in the spring of 2001. Rubingh decided that the method of play in the book, a boxing match with a chess match after, was not very good. Rubingh made the rules so a round of chess would come after a round of boxing. +The World Chess Boxing Organisation (WCBO), keeps control of the sport. The first world championship was in Amsterdam in 2003 and was won by Iepe Rubingh, the starter of the sport. The First European Chess Boxing Championship took place in Berlin on October 1, 2005 when Tihomir Atanassov Dovramadjiev of Bulgaria beat Andreas D'Schneider of Germany after D'Schneider gave up in the seventh round. +In April 2008, the World Chess Federation, FIDE, posted a video on its website in which its president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov played a friendly chess boxing match in Elista. Also in April 2008 the UK's first Chess Boxing club was started in London by Great Britain Chess Boxing Organisation founder Tim Woolgar. In July 2008 in Berlin, a 19-year old Russian mathematics student Nikolai Sazhin won the title of "World Champion" in chess boxing by beating Frank Stoldt. Stoldt resigned in the 5th round after losing his queen. + += = = Iepe Rubingh = = = +Iepe B. T. Rubingh (; 17 August 1974 – 9 May 2020) was a Dutch artist who was best known for starting chess boxing in 2003. He was born in Rotterdam. +Rubingh died on 9 May 2020 in Berlin, aged 45. + += = = Teresa Stratas = = = +Teresa Stratas (born May 26, 1938) is a Canadian soprano opera singer and actress. She was born in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Stratas has won 3 Grammy Awards and been nominated for a Tony Award + += = = Beth Groundwater = = = +Beth Groundwater is an American author who has written two novels in the Claire Hanover gift basket designer mystery series, "A Real Basket Case" and "To Hell in a Handbasket". The first, published in March, 2007, was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. The sequel, "To Hell in a Handbasket" was published in May, 2009. She writes in the Mystery genre, and has also written several short stories. +Writing career. +Groundwater first began writing fiction in the fifth grade, and in high school took an outside study in English. She went to the College of William and Mary and got a degree in Psychology and Computer Science in 1978. She worked in another job until 1999, then she chose to become a writer. +After going to a few writers' meetings, she began writing short stories. Seven were published before she met a literary agent who agreed to publish her first novel, "A Real Basket Case". It was published in 2007, and was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. Of her short stories, eight have been published and one was written in Farsi. Another of Groundwater's short stories has been made into a live play. +Awards. +Groundwater's writings have won several awards. Her first novel was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. Groundwater's short stories have won awards also. Her short story "New Zealand" won first place in the 2003 PPW Paul Gillette Memorial Writing Contest, and was the winner of the Rocky Mountain Fiction Writers Short Story Anthology Contest. "Flamingo Fatality" won the Great Manhattan Mysteries Conclave Short Story Anthology Contest in 2005, and her 2005 short story "Lucky Bear" was first in the Storyteller Magazine Flash Fiction Contest. + += = = Yanina Batyrchina = = = +Yana (Yanina) Batyrshina (Russian:��� (�����) ���������� ���������, born October 07, 1979 in Tashkent, Uzbek SSR, Soviet Union) is a former Individual Rhythmic Gymnast. She competed for Russia. She was born to Tatar father and Jewish mother. + += = = A Real Basket Case = = = +A Real Basket Case is a fictional mystery novel that was written by Beth Groundwater. It was published by Five Star Publishing on March 21, 2007. It was later re-published in large print in January 2008. The novel follows the story of Claire Hanover who sets out to find out who murdered her husband. +It was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. The sequel, "To Hell in a Handbasket" is scheduled to be published in 2009. +Awards. +Even though Beth Groundwater won the Princess of Rejection prize from the Sisters in Crime Guppies Chapter for having the second most rejections for her writings in the winter of 2005, "A Real Basket Case" was put up for the Best First Novel Agatha Award in 2007. +Reviews. +The novel got good reviews in several large newspapers. Barbara Bibel from Booklist review said that, "This will appeal to Desperate Housewives fans and those who like cozies with a bit of spice." Kirkus Reviews called "A Real Basket Case" "A tense, exciting debut." Author J.B. Thompson praised the novel, but he also said the main character could have been written better. + += = = Right Now (Leon Jackson album) = = = +Right Now is the debut album by X Factor winner Leon Jackson. + += = = Leon Jackson = = = +Leon Jackson (born 30 December 1988) is a Scottish singer. He won the 2007 UK series of the television show "The X Factor". His singles are "When You Believe", "Don't Call This Love" and "Creative". His album is "Right Now". + += = = Karditsa = = = +Karditsa is a Greek city. It is in the center of Greece in the district of Thessaly. It had 35,971 people according to the 2001 census. Karditsa is build on the large plain which is named Thessaly plain. It is the second largest plain in Greece. So it is an agricultural city. Near Karditsa is the city of Trikala. The west of Karditsa is the Agrafa range. Agrafa is a part of Pindus range. + += = = Gooloogong = = = +Gooloogong is a small town in New South Wales. It is built on the banks of the Lachlan River. It is 57km south east of Forbes, 34 km north west of Cowra and 358 km west of the state capital, Sydney. There are about 250 people living in Gooloogong. +The town was established in the 1860s on what was the Pastoral Lease 'Goolagong'of Edward Sheahan from around 1840. +The town was originally built much closer to the Lachlan River, but was moved to higher ground because of floods. +John O'Meally is buried in an unmarked grave in the Anglican cemetery at Gooloogong. He was a member of Ben Hall's gang. He was shot dead when the gang tried to rob the Campbell's farm, Goimbla Station, on November 19, 1863. +Facilities. +Gooloogong has a hotel, shops and a park. + += = = Boorowa = = = +Boorowa is a small town in New South Wales. It is from Yass. The town is built on the banks of the Boorowa River, which flows into the Lachlan River. The town was first called "Burrowa". Boorowa and Burrowa are Aboriginal words in the Wiradjuri language meaning "birds". In 2008, there were 1350 living in Boorowa. +The first people to live in the area were the Wiraduri people. This was one of the largest tribes in New South Wales. They had several regular camping sites along the Lachlan and Boorowa Rivers. It is estimated that there were several thousand Wiradjuri people at the time of European settlement. A survey in 1851 showed that there were only 300 people left. Local Wiradjuri people were forced onto government reserves at Rye Park and Edgerton. +Early settlement. +It is not known for sure who the first European explorers were in this area. Hamilton Hume and his neighbour, William Broughton, had explored the Yass area in 1821. They may have gone farther towards the Lachlan. Broughton had one of the first farms on the Boorowa River in 1828. By 1849, he had of land in the area. Other early settlers were James Hassall in 1827. His family already had large farms at Cowra by 1823. His brother Tom Hassal, a clergyman and his wife Ann Marsden (daughter of Reverend Samuel Marsden) and other family members were given land in 1831. There was a law at the time which gave free land to the children of clergy. +Irish influence. +Many of the settlers in Boorowa were from Ireland and the town shows their influence. Two early settlers in the 1820s were cousins, Roger Corcoran and Ned Ryan. They had been sent to Australia as convicts. Saint Patrick's Church, built in 1877 has a huge stained glass window brought from Ireland in 1881. It shows Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847) the "Liberator of Ireland." The oldest building still standing in Boorowa is Shamrock Cottage, built in 1850, once the home of the owner of the Queens Arms Hotel. +Old buildings. +There are many old buildings still standing in Boorowa. Webb and Crego's store, built in 1862, was robbed by bushranger Ben Hall in 1863. The Royal Hotel, built in 1860, is still a hotel although it is now called the Ram and Stallion Hotel. The Court House, built in 1884, is now an information centre for tourists. + += = = Guity Novin = = = +Guity Novin (born Guity Navran on April 21, 1944) is a Persian-Canadian painter and sculptor. She has started a movement in painting that she has named Transpressionism. She was born in Kermanshah, Iran, in 1944. She now lives and works in Vancouver and Toronto. Guity Novin was graduated from the Faculty of Fine Arts in Tehran in 1970. After leaving Iran, she moved to The Hague, Netherlands in 1975, and then to Manchester, UK where she completed her studies. +She moved to Canada in 1980 and lived and exhibited in Kingston (Ontario), Montreal, and Ottawa and finally settled in Vancouver, British Columbia. +She has introduced the Transpressionism style in 1994. By using this style she tries to convey her passionate philosophical ideas. +She has served on a UNESCO national committee of artists. + += = = Murringo = = = +Murringo is a small town in New South Wales. It is 25kms east of Young and 406 km west of the state capital, Sydney. The town was in the area often robbed by the bushranger, Ben Hall. +Early settlement. +Europen settlers moved into the area in 1827. The first farm in the area was Marengo Station, 1833, owned by John Scarr. By 1840 there were about 40 people living in the area. When the town was laid out by the surveyors in 1849, they called the town Murringo. It has also been called Meringo, Marringa, Maringa, Muringo, Maringo and Marengo. In 1926 the town was officially called Murringo. In 1864, Ben Hall robbed John Scarr and his brother as they rode along the road to Burrowa. +The original plans included a market place, a big cemetery and large parks. When gold was found nearby at Lambing Flat in 1860, most of the people moved to the goldfields. Although there were only about 120 people living in the town, the people saved money and built the Christ Church Anglican Church in 1866. The foundation stone for the Sacred Heart Catholic Church was laid in 1871. A post office opened in 1857. +A number of historic buildings are still standing in Murringo. The church (1866), the Marengo Hotel, the police station (1880), the school (1870), school teacher's house (1879), the Plough Inn (a hotel) (built before 1860) and the Post Office (1857). A blacksmiths shop and cottage from the 1870's has been turned into a craft workshop. + += = = Wellington, New South Wales = = = +Wellington is a town in New South Wales. It is where the Macquarie and Bell Rivers join. The town is the centre of the Wellington Shire Local Government Area. The town is 362kms from Sydney on the Great Western Highway and Mitchell Highway. The average summer temperatures are between 17.5o Celsius and 31.7o Celsius. In winter the temperatures are between 1.5o Celsius and 15o Celsius. In 2001 there were 4,672 people living in Wellington. There were 9,200 people living in the Wellington Shire. +History. +The area was originally lived in by the Wiradjuri people. Explorer John Oxley was the first Europen to visit the area in 1817. He named it "Wellington Valley" after Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. +Wellington was settled in the 1823 by Lieutenant Percy Simpson in early 1823 as a convict settlement. Farmers started settling along the Macquarie Valley. The convict settlement closed in 1831. In 1832 a Christian mission was started in the settlement for the Aborigines. A village called Montefiores was started on the north side of the Macquarie River crossing. The village of Wellington was officially listed in 1846 and was made a town in 1879. Wellington Shire Council was started in 1947. +Wellington is the second oldest New South Wales settlement west of the Blue Mountains. A hotel that opened in 1842 is the oldest hotel west of the Blue Mountains. It was also the site of the last recorded duel fought in Australia in 1854. The railway from Sydney reached Wellington in 1880. +Economy. +Wellington is the centre of rich farm land. Lucerne and vegetables are grown on land beside the river. Wheat, wool, fat lambs and beef cattle are grown nearby. The town acts as a business centre for the district. However, now Orange and Dubbo have become bigger business centres. +In September 2008, a gaol, the Wellington Correctional Centre was opened. A Probation and Parole Office was also opened in the centre of town. Wellington Council hopes this will increase the number of jobs and bring visitors to the town. +The local newspaper "The Wellington Times", owned by Rural Press, is printed three times a week.Home - ACM Ad Centre. +Transport. +There is a daily train, the CountryLink XPT, which runs between Sydney and Dubbo. +The closest commercial airport is at Dubbo. There are regular daily flights from Sydney. There is a small airport ( Bondangora Airport) for private planes 12 km east of Wellington. +Nearby attractions. +Lake Burrendong, a man-made lake. is 30 km south of the town. Its holds three and a half times more water than Sydney Harbour. Its water is used for farming. It is also visited by people wanting to fish, sail and water ski. Burrendong Arboretum is a sanctuary for endangered Australian plants and covers 1.60 km2. +The Wellington Caves are millions of years old. The main cave is Cathedral Cave with the massive Altar Rock. +The Wellington Boot, a country racing festival is held in every year in March and April. There is also a winery, the Bell River Wine Estate. The Nangara Gallery has a collection of Aboriginal objects. + += = = White Christmas = = = +A white Christmas means that at least an inch of snow has fallen on Christmas Morning. This is more common in some countries than in others. +For example, in the United Kingdom, there are not a lot of White Christmases; but in Canada, there is almost always a White Christmas. Ireland's last "official" White Christmas was in 2004. +White Christmases in the United States. +Since the 1950's, there are less White Christmases in the USA. + += = = Binalong = = = +Binalong is a small town in New South Wales, Australia. It is 37 km north-west of Yass. +History. +The Aboriginal people who lived in the area were part of the Ngunnawal people. The first Europen to visit the area was Hamilton Hume in 1821. The name of the town is believed to come from either an Aboriginal word meaning 'towards a high place' or from 'Bennelong', the name of a famous Aborigine. +Binalong was outside the legal limits of European settlement in New South Wales. However farmers settled in the area before the law changed to allow settlement in 1839. From 1847 there was a police camp at Binalong and a court. The old Cobb and Co inn was built at that time as a staging post for Cobb and Co coaches. +The town was officially listed in 1850. It was an important stop on the way for people going to look for gold at Lambing Flat. The school was started in 1861. Gold also meant that there were bushrangers in the area. The grave of John Gilbert is near the town in the field where the police kept their horses. He was a member of Frank Gardiner's gang and later Ben Hall's gang. He was shot dead by police in 1865. +Railway. +The first railway station opened in 1875. The railway arrived in 1876. The current building was put up when the railway line was moved in 1916. The station and the signal box are now closed. +Banjo Paterson. +The family of the poet Banjo Paterson moved to the Binalong area in 1869 when he was five years old. He went to the primary school in Binalong but later went to boarding school in Sydney. He only came home in the holidays. Binalong features in a number of his poems, for example, "Pardon, the son of Reprieve" . Paterson's father is buried in the local cemetery. + += = = Astro = = = +Astro can refer to: + += = = Astro (television) = = = +Astro is a subscription-based direct broadcast satellite service based in Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It transmits digital satellite television and radio to households in Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia and Singapore. Astro is owned by MEASAT Broadcast Network Systems, which is a subsidiary of Astro All Asia Networks plc. +Television Channel. + Channels highlighted in this color are HD channels + Channels highlighted in this color are UHD channels + += = = Muscle Shoals, Alabama = = = +Muscle Shoals is a city in Colbert County, Alabama, United States. As of 2020, the population of the city was 16,275. + += = = Moulton, Alabama = = = +Moulton is a city in Lawrence County, Alabama. It is included in the Decatur Metropolitan Area, as well as the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 3,398. The city is the county seat of Lawrence County. + += = = Montevallo, Alabama = = = +Montevallo is a city in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. A college town, it is the home of the University of Montevallo, a public liberal arts university with around 3000 students. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city of Montevallo was 7,229. + += = = Monroeville, Alabama = = = +Monroeville is a city in Monroe County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 5,951. The city is the county seat of Monroe County. +Literary fame. +Author Harper Lee was born and raised in Monroeville. In her book "To Kill a Mockingbird", the fictional town of Maycomb is modeled on her hometown. The book received the 1961 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. + += = = Millbrook, Alabama = = = +Millbrook is a city in Autauga and Elmore counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 16,564 at the 2020 census. It is part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Statistical Area. +Geography. +Millbrook has a total area of 14.51 square miles. + += = = Madison, Alabama = = = +Madison is a city in Limestone and Madison counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 56,933. +Madison is close to the Redstone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama, a major US army installation. Redstone Arsenal expanded in the 2000s when it took over the work of other Army installations that closed. Madison is one of the fastest growing communities in Alabama. The region's economy is also supported by NASA (the Marshall Space Flight Center), and major defense contractors. +Madison is served by a good public school system and by numerous private schools. Some of the accredited private schools are Madison Academy, Westminster Christian Academy, Randolph School, and Faith Christian Academy. + += = = Marion, Alabama = = = +Marion is the county seat of Perry County, Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 3,176. The city was first called "Muckle Ridge". It was renamed after a hero of the American Revolution, Francis Marion. + += = = Midfield, Alabama = = = +Midfield is a town in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 5,211. + += = = Fairhope, Alabama = = = +Fairhope is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama. It is on a sloping plateau, along the cliffs and shoreline of Mobile Bay. As of the 2020 census, 22,477 people lived there. + += = = Fairfield, Alabama = = = +Fairfield is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is a suburb of Birmingham. The population was 10,000 at the 2020 census. Fairfield was founded in 1910. + += = = Fultondale, Alabama = = = +Fultondale is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. It is a northern suburb of Birmingham. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city was 9,876. + += = = Fruithurst, Alabama = = = +Fruithurst is a city in Cleburne County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 235. + += = = Fort Payne, Alabama = = = +Fort Payne is a city in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 14,877. The city is the county seat of DeKalb County. The city calls itself the "Official Sock Capital of the World." +A magnitude 4.9 earthquake occurred here in 2003. +Local Attractions. +Fort Payne has the headquarters for the nearby Little River Canyon National Preserve, a 14000 acre National Park Service facility. The canyon itself is at Lookout Mountain outside the city limits. Another attraction is DeSoto State Park, a smaller facility with a lodge, restaurant, cabins, and river access areas. +Education. +Fort Payne is served by the Fort Payne City Schools system which includes: +Fort Payne is also served by the Northeast Alabama Community College which is in Rainsville. + += = = Fort Mitchell, Alabama = = = +Fort Mitchell is a community of 1,400 people in Russell County, Alabama, USA. It is south of Phenix City. The area was first a garrisoned fort. It was meant to help defend the area during the Creek War. + += = = Foley, Alabama = = = +Foley is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. The 2020 census lists the population of the city as 20,335. + += = = Florence, Alabama = = = +Florence is a city in and the county seat of Lauderdale County, Alabama, United States. It is in the northwestern corner of the state. + += = = Florala, Alabama = = = +Florala is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 1,923. + += = = Fayette, Alabama = = = +Fayette is a city in Fayette County, Alabama, United States. The 2020 census lists the population as 4,285. The city is the county seat of Fayette County. + += = = Russellville, Alabama = = = +Russellville is a city in Franklin County in the U.S. state of Alabama. As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 10,855. The city is the county seat of Franklin County. + += = = Robertsdale, Alabama = = = +Robertsdale is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 6,708. + += = = Roanoke, Alabama = = = +Roanoke is a city in Randolph County, Alabama, United States. +Roanoke is served by a weekly newspaper, "The Randolph Leader". As of the 2020 census, the population of the city is 5,311. + += = = Reform, Alabama = = = +Reform is a city in Pickens County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 1,520. + += = = Red Bay, Alabama = = = +Red Bay is a city in Franklin County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 3,232. + += = = Rainsville, Alabama = = = +Rainsville is a city in DeKalb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 5,505. Rainsville was incorporated in October of 1956. + += = = Rainbow City, Alabama = = = +Rainbow City is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. + += = = Robert II of Scotland = = = +Robert II (2 March 1316 - 19 April 1390) was King of Scotland from 1371 through 1390. He was the first king of the House of Stewart. He is known as Robert the Steward and succeeded the popular David II to the throne. He was crowned in 1371 and had 1 child, Robert III or "Robert the Lame" with Elizabeth Mure, he was mentally unstable and was born as John Stewart, he changed his name to Robert as he would be crowned John II recognizing John Balliol's claim as legitimate which would spark war. +Birth. +He was born on 2 March 1316 in Paisley Abbey, Renfrewshire. He was the son of Walter Stewart and Marjorie Bruce. His mother died in childbith on 2 March and his father died 1326 and was buried in Paisley Abbey, where Robert II was born. +Reign. +His reign began on 22 February 1371 upon his uncle's death (David II), he descended through Robert the Bruce and was crowned on March 26th of 1371. He wasn't a very popular king and died on 19 April 1390, he was succeeded by his son Robert III. +Marriage. +He had 2 wives during his lifetime, his first wife Elizabeth Mure and his second wife Euphemia de Ross.King Robert II had more children than any other King of Scotland, in all 15 by his two marriages. +By Elizabeth he had: +(1) John, Earl of Carrick (later ROBERT III) c.1337-1406 +(2) Walter Stewart c. 1338-1362 +(3) Robert, Earl of Albany c. 1340-1420 +(4) Margaret Stewart m. John Macdonald, Lord of the Isles +(5) Alexander, Earl of Buchan 'The Wolf of Badenoch' c.1343-1405 +(6) Marjorie Stewart m. (i) John Dunbar, Earl of Moray (ii) Alexander Keith +(7) Jean Stewart m. (i) Sir John Keith (ii) Sir John Lyon (iii) Sir James Sandilands +(8) Isabel Stewart m. (i) James Douglas, Earl of Douglas (ii) David Edmondstone +(9) Katherine Stewart +(10) Elizabeth Stewart m. sir Thomas Hay, Lord High Constable of Scotland +By Ephemia he had: +(11) David, Earl of Caithness d. before 1389 +(12) Walter Stewart, Earl of Atholl d. 1437 +(13) Margaret Stewart +(14) Elizabeth Stewart m. David Lindsay, Earl of Crawford +(15) Egidia Stewart m. Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale +Robert II also had 8 illegitimate children by various mothers + += = = Robert III of Scotland = = = +Robert III (1337 - 4 April 1406) was the second King of Scotland from the House of Stuart, ruling from 1390 following the death of his father Robert II of Scotland till his own death in 1406 after 16 years as king. + += = = Magic Tour = = = +The Magic Tour was the biggest and last tour by the English rock band Queen with their lead singer Freddie Mercury. The tour started in Sweden on 7 June 1986. It ended in England on 9 August 1986. The next band's tour Queen + Paul Rodgers Tour began about 19 years later, after the death of Freddie Mercury and the retirement of John Deacon. The tour included performances on 26 dates at Europe's stadiums. It was in support of their album "A Kind of Magic". +In 1987, Mercury was diagnosed with HIV. The band made the decision together to stop touring. This made the concert at Knebworth on 9 August the last time the four members of Queen would perform onstage together. + += = = James II of Scotland = = = +James II (16 October 1430 - 3 August 1460) was King of Scotland from 1437 through 1460. He was born at Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. He inherited the Scottish throne after the assassination of his father James I on February 21st 1437, only aged 6 and was crowned king of Scotland on March 25th 1437 at Holyrood Palace where he was born. + += = = James III of Scotland = = = +James III (c. 1451/1452 - 1488) was King of Scotland from 1460 through 1488. + += = = James IV of Scotland = = = +James IV (17 March 1473 – 9 September 1513) was King of Scotland from 1488 through 1513. He was an effective ruler and popular king unlike his unpopular father James III of Scotland. +Death. +He was killed in battle at the Battle of Flodden on 9th September 1513 and was replaced by his 17 month old son James V of Scotland. +Family. +Some of James' relatives were: + += = = James V of Scotland = = = +James V (1512-1542) was King of Scotland from 1513 through 1542. He was the father of Mary Queen of Scots. + += = = George Butterworth = = = +George Butterworth (born London, 12 July 1885; died Pozières, France, 5 August 1916) was an English composer. He was killed while fighting in World War I. He is best known for a group of songs which are settings of poems by A. E. Housman. +Early years. +Butterworth was born in London. His father was a solicitor who later became the general manager of the North Eastern Railway. The family moved to Yorkshire soon after George’s birth. He had his first music lessons from his mother, who was a singer, He soon started to compose music. His father wanted him to be a solicitor and so he sent his son to Eton College. From there he went to Trinity College, Oxford. At Oxford he became more and more involved with music, especially after he met the folk song collector Cecil Sharp and composer and folk song enthusiast Ralph Vaughan Williams. Butterworth and Vaughan Williams made several trips into the English countryside to collect folk songs. Both of them were influenced by English folk songs when they were composing. Butterworth was also a very good folk dancer. He was particularly fond of Morris dancing. +Vaughan Williams and Butterworth became close friends. It was Butterworth who said to Vaughan Williams that it would be a good idea to turn the symphonic poem he was working on into his "London Symphony". When the manuscript for that piece was lost in the post Butterworth and two other musicians helped Vaughan Williams to write it out again. Vaughan Williams dedicated the piece to Butterworth's memory after his death. When he left Oxford, Butterworth became a music critic for "The Times" as well as composing and teaching at Radley College, Oxfordshire. He also studied at the Royal College of Music for a short time, working with people such as Hubert Parry and Charles Villiers Stanford. +First World War. +Although Butterworth had lots of work he often felt that his life had no purpose. When World War I broke out, Butterworth felt that he could be useful so he joined the British Army. He was killed by a sniper in 1916 at Pozières leading a raid during the Battle of the Somme. His body was not found, and his name appears on the Thiepval memorial, near the site of the Somme. He was awarded the Military Cross, and a trench was named after him. +A Shropshire Lad. +Butterworth did not write a great deal of music, and during the war he destroyed many of his compositions that he thought were not good enough. Of those that survive, his works based on A. E. Housman's collection of poems "A Shropshire Lad" are the best known. Many English composers of Butterworth's time set Housman's poetry, including Ralph Vaughan Williams. +Butterworth wrote two song cycles on Housman's poems. They include some of the best-loved English songs of the 20th century, especially "Is My Team Ploughing?" and "Loveliest of Trees". He used this last song as the basis for his 1912 orchestral rhapsody, also called "A Shropshire Lad". It is full of soft, tender music as well as passion. +References. +The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980, . + += = = Charles Villiers Stanford = = = +Sir Charles Villiers Stanford (born Dublin, 30 September 1852; died London, 29 March 1924) was an Irish composer who lived in England for most of his life. +Life. +Stanford was born in Dublin. His father was a very successful lawyer who was also interested in music. He played the cello and sang. Stanford’s mother played the piano. The young boy heard a lot of music at his home as there were often visitors who came to make music. Charles studied the piano, organ and composition and was composing and performing at concerts when he was still very young. +His parents had wanted their son to be a lawyer, but it was obvious that music was to be his profession. He won a scholarship to Queens' College, Cambridge in 1870 where he was a choral scholar. He learned very quickly and in 1873, while he was still a student, he was made organist of Trinity College and conductor of two choirs. While he had these jobs he was given time to make visits to Germany where he studied with Carl Reinecke and Friedrich Kiel. He met several famous composers including Brahms and Offenbach. He went to the opening of the Bayreuth Festival Theatre where the music of Richard Wagner was performed. +Stanford took his BA degree in 1874 and MA in 1878, and was given the honorary degree of D.Mus. at Oxford in 1883 and at Cambridge in 1888. He had a lot of energy and was known for working very hard. When the Royal College of Music opened in London in 1883 Stanford was made professor there. He became conductor of the Bach Choir and then he was made professor of music at Cambridge. He was still only 35 years old. He kept these two professorships until his death. Although he gave up his job as organist at Trinity he became conductor of the Leeds Triennial Festival and appeared with nearly every important British music festival. In 1902 he was knighted. +Stanford married in 1878 and the couple had two children. +Stanford died in London and was buried in Westminster Abbey. +Music. +Stanford is best known today for the choral music he wrote for the Anglican church. These includes some very fine anthems and motets as well as service settings. His music was much better than most of the church music that had been composed during the 19th century, so he helped to make British music better. He composed many pieces for music festivals: these include oratorios and cantatas as well as partsongs and solo songs. He also wrote a lot of orchestral and instrumental works. These often show the influence of Brahms and Schumann. +As a teacher of composition Stanford had a great deal of influence on many British composers. He sometimes had a bad temper, but he was also very good at showing students how they could improve their music. Composers such as Charles Wood, Constant Lambert, Vaughan Williams, Holst, Samuel Coleridge-Taylor, Rutland Boughton, John Ireland, Frank Bridge, George Butterworth, Arthur Bliss, Herbert Howells, Arthur Benjamin and Ernest J. Moeran all learned a great deal from him, and continued to admire him. +References. +The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980. + += = = Thaksin Shinawatra = = = +Thaksin Shinawatra (born July 26, 1949) is a former Prime Minister of Thailand, and he was in exile (as early as 2017) until 2023. He is also a businessman, politician. +He is a former leader of the Thai Rak Thai Party. +In February 2024, he received the prime minister of Thailand, as a visitor, at his (home or) residence in Bangkok. Earlier that month, Thaksin Shinawatra stopped "serving a jail sentence while in hospital", because he was paroled.. +In the justice system. +He was put in prison in August 2023. Most of his time in prison (except for a "a few hours"), has been at the Police General Hospital; He has to stay in prison for one year (as of September 1, 2023). +In January 2024, Thaksin was informed (by the authorities) that there is Warrant (law) out for Thaksin; The warrant is about a crime (of Lese Majeste) that was supposed to have happened in May 2015. +Family. +"[H]is young sister, former prime minister Yingluck, went into hiding [in 2017]. She failed to appear at the Supreme Court's Criminal Division for Holders of Political Positions Positions ... to hear the ruling in her rice-pledging scheme trial". + += = = Phitsanulok province = = = +Phitsanulok is an important province in history north of Thailand. +History of Phitsanulok. +In the Sukhothai Period, Somdej Phra Maha Dhammaraja Lithai was order to called Song Khwai. He order his son, Phra Sai Lue Thai to govern this city. +In the Ayuahya Period, Song Khwai renamed to Muang Phitsanulok. And in Somdej Phra Borom Trai Lokkanat period, Muang Phitsanulok became the capital city for 25 years. Muang Phitsanulok became more importance. +In the early Rattankosin Period, Phitsanulok still importance city of Thailand. +The brand of provincial. +Phra Buddha Chinnaraj is the one of most beautiful Buddha image in Thailand. Phra Buddha Chinnaraj was build in 1900 B.E. Now Phra Buddha Chinnaraj is housed in +Wat Phra Sri Maha That Woramahavihar. +Province slogan. +�������������������� +�������������������� +���������������������� +������������������� +������������������������� + += = = Chatuchak Weekend Market = = = +Chatuchak Weekend Market (also spelled Jatujak) is a market in Bangkok. In the past, it was in Sanamluang. In Buddhist Era 2521, the government wanted this place to be the park for relaxing and exercising. Thailand’s government authorities train gave Pahonyothin area connected to southern of Chatuchak Weekend Market to make a new market so the Sanamluang market had moved there and changed the named after the area named “Pahonyothin area market”. In Buddhist Era 2530, it had been changed the named to “Chatuchak Weekend Market” until now. +Nowadays Chatuchak Weekend Market has been made buying and selling culture and be famous around the world as the center of selling products. It has more than 112,000 square meters. Foreign tourists know Jatujak market as JJ market or Chatuchak Weekend Market. + += = = List of professional wrestling terms = = = +Professional wrestling has accrued a considerable amount of slang, in-references and jargon. Much of it stems from the industry's origins in the days of carnivals, and the slang itself is often referred to as "carny talk." Often wrestlers used this lingo in the presence of fans so as not to reveal the worked nature of the business. In recent years, widespread wrestling discussion on the Internet popularized the terms. + += = = Nitrous oxide = = = +Nitrous oxide is a gas with the chemical formula N2O. It is found naturally in the air. It is also made artificially, because it has many uses. It is the third most important greenhouse gas. Because it is a greenhouse gas, people are trying to use it less. +Uses. +Nitrous oxide is used by doctors and dentists to reduce pain. In the body, it makes people feel happy. For this reason it is also called "laughing gas". It is sometimes used "only" to feel happy, like an illegal drug. +Nitrous oxide is used in high performance cars to increase the power of their engines. When it is used this way, it is usually called "nitrous" or "NOS". +Nitrous oxide can also be used in aerosol spray cans, especially for foods like whipped cream. This is because it has a sweet taste and is not toxic, and also makes the whipped cream more fluffy. + += = = Choral scholar = = = +A choral scholar is a student at a university who gets money to help with the fees of his or her studies (a “scholarship”) in exchange for singing in the university’s choir. Some private schools also have choral scholarships. +In the United Kingdom there are choral scholarships available at schools belonging to a cathedral or to one of the university colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. Some of these choirs are world famous for their church music such as the choirs of King’s College, Cambridge, St John’s College, Cambridge or New College, Oxford. Choral scholars in such choirs will be expected to sing at the services in the morning and evening (late afternoon) on Sundays as well as at Evensong on several days during the week. There will be rehearsals on most days. + += = = Stanford = = = +Stanford might mean: + += = = George Benjamin = = = +George Benjamin (born 31 January, 1960, London, England) is a British composer. +Benjamin started playing piano when he was seven years old and soon started writing his first pieces of music. In 1976 he went to study at the Paris Conservatoire where Olivier Messiaen taught him musical composition and Yvonne Loriod taught him the piano. He then studied composition with Alexander Goehr at King’s College, Cambridge. +He was still only 20 when one of his compositions was played at the BBC Proms. Since then his works have been played by many famous orchestras. He has worked regularly at the Tanglewood Festival. He has conducted famous orchestras like the London Sinfonietta, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. +George Benjamin lives in London where he is Professor of Composition at King’s College, London. He has been given many honors including the Chevalier dans l’ordre des Arts et Lettres in 1996. + += = = Episcopal High School = = = +Episcopal High School was founded in 1839. It is a private boarding school in Alexandria, VA. The school's nickname is 'The Holy Hill' and it's campus is 130 acres large. Around 435 students live on the campus. These students are from 30 states, the District of Columbia and 17 countries. The school does not take any day students, all of the students have to live on campus. +History. +When it was founded in 1839, it was the first high school in Virginia. It was originally called the 'Howard School'. It became known as 'The High School'. Originally only males were allowed to study at Episcopal. In 1991 the school allowed 48 female students to study. Today 50% of students are female. +Honor Code. +The school has a set of simple rules it calls "honor code". Many schools have rules similar to Episcopal's Honor Code. +Episcopal's Honor Code says: +After a student finishes an important document, he or she must write the following and sign their name: + += = = Gordon Gray (politician) = = = +Gordon Gray (May 30, 1909 – November 26, 1982) was a government official of the United States during the administrations of Harry Truman (1945-53) and Dwight Eisenhower (1953-61). + += = = William Eustis = = = +William Eustis (June 21, 1753 – February 6, 1825) Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He served as United States Secretary of War from March 7, 1809 to January 13, 1813. He was appointed United States Ambassador to Holland by President James Madison, serving from 1814 to 1818. + += = = Rheda-Wiedenbrück = = = +Rheda-Wiedenbrück is a town in the district of Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 46,000 people live there. The town is famous for a lot of old and fine houses, which were built hundreds of years ago. + += = = Debrecen = = = +Debrecen is a city in Hajdú-Bihar, Northern Great Plain, Hungary. It is Hungary's second largest city by population, after the capital, Budapest. + += = = Oryx = = = +The Oryx (also called the sabre antelope) is a fast-running hoofed mammal that lives in dry regions of Africa and Asia (including the Arabian peninsula). They live in steppes (sparse grasslands), semi-deserts, and deserts. +Description. +These antelopes congregate in herds of 8 to 60 oryx. Newborn calves can run with the herd within minutes of their birth. Oryxes have a life span of about 20 years. +Some people think that the unicorn of legend was based upon the oryx. +Many types of oryxes (including the Arabian oryx and the scimitar-horned oryx) are endangered species, mostly because of overhunting and disease. +Diet and Water. +The Oryx is an herbivore (a plant-eater). It eats grasses, shrubs and roots, spending most of its time grazing. Oryx are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. After a while, they regurgitate a partly-digested "cud" which they chew and then swallow for the last time. +This desert animal can go for weeks without water; it gets much of its water from the plants it eats. + += = = Kyogo Kawaguchi = = = +Kyogo Kawaguchi (born October 1, 1974 in Sano City, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese singer-songwriter. +He is now working towards world peace with "Chikyukyoudai" ("World Siblings"). His notable works include "Sakura". + += = = I WiSH = = = +I WiSH was a Japanese music group. Members were: ai and nao. Ai is the vocal and plays piano. Nao plays piano and keyboard. They were famous for "Asueno Tobira", but this group ended in 2005. + += = = Dragon Ash = = = + is a Japanese band. "Life goes on" is one of their popular songs. + += = = Masaharu Fukuyama = = = +Masaharu Fukuyama is a Japanese singer and movie and television actor. He is from Nagasaki, Kyūshū. One of his most well-known songs is "Sakurazaka". + += = = Okonomiyaki = = = + is a Japanese food dish of a pan-fried batter cake and different ingredients including meat, seafood, and vegetables. Most okonomiyaki has cabbage in it. +The name of this dish means "cook what you like". "Okonomiyaki" is mainly associated with Kansai or Hiroshima, but is widely available throughout the country. +"Okonomiyaki" is the popular food in Japan. In postwar Hiroshima, "okonomiyaki" was invented to save a few wheat flour and vegetables (for example, cabbage, bean sprout, green onion and so on.) because foods are shortage. It is called ""okonomiyaki "(fried liking foods)" because people made "okonomiyaki" to include their favorite foods in the past. +How to make it. +First, you cook mixed water and wheat flour and shape like a thin circle. +Second, you put cabbage, pork , other toppings and "tempura" bits and turn it over. +Third, you put fried noodles on it. +Fourth, you shape egg like a thin circle and put it below. +Fifth, you turn it over and put sauce and green laver on it. + += = = Ōmisoka = = = +The New Year's Eve is called "Omisoka" in Japan. People in Japan often eat "Toshikoshi soba ()”. People eat it with the wish of living a simple and long life next year. + += = = Advent = = = +The Season of Advent, which begins on a Sunday about four weeks before Christmas Day, is celebrated by most Christian Churches, as well as some other Christian communities. It is a time for people to prepare themselves for two different things: for the coming of the baby Jesus and Christmas, and for the Second Coming of Jesus, when he shall rule over all the Earth in peace. Not all Christian people remember Advent. Some people use it as a time of fasting, study, meditation and prayer. Special Advent Calendars are made for children, with pictures or treats for each day of Advent. In a lot of countries it is very common to have an advent wreath with 4 candles, every advent Sunday one candle more will be lighted so that on Advent 4th all 4 candles are burning and its bright, a symbol for Jesus as the light is coming to us on Christmas. +Generally, Advent is a time when many people are very busy in preparation for Christmas Day, cleaning and decorating, buying food and gifts, writing cards and letters, and cooking the Christmas feast. Some churches use special candles during Advent. + += = = Pirog = = = +Pyrih (the plural is "pyrohy") is a Ukrainian pie that can have either a sweet or savory filling. In Russia and Belarus it is called pirog (plural is "pirogi"). +Pastry. +Pyrih (pirog) is usually made from yeast-raised dough, but can also be made from shortcrust or puff pastry. Pyrohy or pirogi are full-sized pies, while pyrizhky or pirozhki are smaller-sized pies that can be eaten with one hand. +The standard shape for pyrohy is oblong with tapering ends, but rectangular or circular pyrohy are also common. They can be closed or open-faced with no crust on top (like a tart). +Filling. +The filling for pyrohy may be sweet and contain cottage cheese, or fruits like apple, plums or various berries. Savory versions may consist of meat, fish, mushrooms, cabbage, buckwheat groats or potato. In Ukrainian and Russian cuisines, pyrohy with a savory filling are traditionally served (like pirozhki) together with borscht, or soup. + += = = Queens' College, Cambridge = = = +Queens' College is one of the colleges that make up the University of Cambridge in England. It was first founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou (the Queen of Henry VI), and refounded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville (the Queen of Edward IV). This is why the name of the college is spelt Queens' and not Queen's: it was founded by two queens. +The "President's Lodge" of Queens' is the oldest building on the river at Cambridge, dating from about 1460. +The college is on both sides of the river Cam. A bridge joins the two parts. This bridge is always called the "Mathematical Bridge". The students call the older part of the college "The Dark Side" and the newer part "The Light Side". +Many people take photographs of the college. There is a story that the bridge was designed and built by Sir Isaac Newton without the use of nuts or bolts. The story says that once some students tried to take the bridge apart and put it back together again, but were unable to do so. That is why they had to put nuts and bolts in which can be seen today. The story is not true. The bridge was built in 1749, after Newton had died. It was never taken apart although it was rebuilt twice. +Stephen Fry is one of many famous people who have studied there. + += = = Peace and Truce of God = = = +The Peace of God was a movement begun by bishops in southern France around 990 CE to limit the violence done to property and to the unarmed. The Carolingian Empire had collapsed and the nobles were making war almost all the time. +The Truce of God extended the Peace by setting aside certain days of the week when violence was not allowed. Where the Peace of God limited violence against the church and the poor, the Truce of God was about preventing fighting between Christians, especially knights. + += = = Desmoxytes purpurosea = = = +The shocking pink dragon millipede (also called the dragon millipede ("Desmoxytes purpurosea") is a millipede which has a bright pink color on its spiny body). It is very toxic. They have glands that release cyanide to protect them from predators. +The millipede has glands that produce hydrogen cyanide to protect it from predators, a fact advertised by its aposematic color. Because it produces cyanide, it smells like almonds. +It is one of a thousand new spcies found in the Greater Mekong region in the last ten years. It can be found at the Tai side of the Mekong river. + += = = Scholarship = = = +A scholarship is financial help (money) given to someone who wants to study. Scholarships can be given by schools or by universities or colleges or any other institution where people can study or where research needs to be done. It is similar to a bursary. +There are very many kinds of scholarships. Some scholarships will cover all the tuition fees (money that the student needs to pay to study), others may just help towards the tuition fees. Some scholarships may include money for other things such as food and accommodation. +Sometimes the students are expected to do something in return for having a scholarship. They may, for example, be expected to do some particular work after they finish their studies, or they may need to help the institution in some way. Quite often the amount of money a student gets will depend on how much money the family has. +Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women says that scholarship must be equally given for girls without discrimination. + += = = Great egret = = = +The great egret ("Ardea alba") (also known an the common egret, large egret, great white egret, or great white heron) is a large wading bird found worldwide. +It is the second-largest member of the heron family in America (second only to the great blue heron). It lives in mudflats, tidal shallows marshes, lakes, rivers and flooded paddy fields. It winters in the south down to Colombia. The great egret flies with slow wing beats and has a deep, croaking call. It is 90-102 cm long. +Diet. +The great egret eats fish, lizards, frogs, crayfish, small rodents, and insects. It often hunts in shallow water, usually impaling the prey on its long, sharp bill. +Egg and nests. +The great egret's nest is a platform of twigs and sticks that is built in trees or on the ground. Females lay 3-5 pale blue-green eggs in each clutch (a set of eggs laid at one time). The incubation period of the eggs is 23–26 days. +References. +Birds of the Indian Subcontinent-2010, Oxford University Press, Richard Grimmett, Carol Inskipp, Tim Inskipp + += = = Leeds Triennial Festival = = = +The Leeds Triennial Festival was a festival of music held in the town of Leeds, Yorkshire in England. The festival started in the 19th century at a time when very large choirs were in fashion. Although there is now no festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival the town of Leeds continues to put on music festivals. +History. +On 7 September 1858 Queen Victoria opened the new Town Hall in Leeds. It was a very large building, big enough for an audience of 4000 and a choir of 400 singers. The composer Sterndale Bennett conducted an orchestra and choir at the opening performance. +Although “triennial” means something that happens every three years, the next festival did not happen until 1874. In 1880 the first festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival was conducted by Arthur Sullivan. These festivals were very famous internationally because a lot of famous composers were asked to write new works for choir and to come and conduct them. Composers such as Raff, Dvorak, Massenet, Humperdinck, Parry, Stanford, Elgar and Sullivan himself all wrote new works for the festival. +Later in the 20th century many famous musicians continued to be associated with the festival including Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland. +Although the last Leeds Triennial Festival took place in 1985 both the Festival Chorus and the Leeds Philharmonic Chorus continue to perform at the Leeds International Concert Season in the Town Hall. + += = = Trimeresurus trigonocephalus = = = +The Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, commonly known as the ""Sri Lankan Green Pit viper", is a species of venomous Pit vipers found in Sri Lanka. There are no subspecies currently recognized. +Description. +Males are smaller than females who can grow to the length of around 130 cm, while males can grow up to the length of 80 cm. They are green in color, and their back has some shades of yellow, they also have black stripes all over them and have a black tail. +Behavior. +The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is nocturnal and arboreal (it lives in trees), but can sometimes be found on the ground looking for food like frogs, lizards, and small mammals, it also eats birds which it finds in the trees. In the morning Sri Lankan Green Pit vipers can be seen on top of trees so they can warm up their body with the sun rays that hit them. +Reproduction. +The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is viviparous, meaning they give live birth. They give birth to their young during June and July. The have around 5 to 25 young at a time. +Where they live. +They are found in grasslands and rain forests of Sri Lanka +Common Names. +The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is also known as the "Pala Polonga" and the "Green Pit viper"". +Venom. +The venom of the Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is hemotoxic. The bite of a Sri Lakan Green Pit viper is very painful, when someone is bitten by a Sri Lankan Green Pit viper the bitten area swells up, and the pain may last for a few days. The cells of living tissue die, blisters occur, and ptosis and lymphadenopathy take place. However, there have been no reports on deaths. + += = = Venomous snake = = = +A venomous snake is a snake that uses venom (poison) on prey to stop them and for self-defense. +Families. +Over 600 species are known to be venomous -- less than one fifth of all snake species. + += = = Yoxall = = = +Yoxall is a town in Staffordshire, England, UK. The river Swabourne flows through the town and it is close to the A515 road. + += = = Trimeresurus jerdonii = = = +Trimeresurus jerdonii is a venomous pitviper species found in India (Assam), Burma, Tibet, China and Vietnam. Three subspecies are currently recognized, including this one. +Where they are found. +Found from Assam in India, through northern Burma to Tibet, China (Hupeh, Szechwan and Yunnan) and Vietnam. The type locality given is "Khasi Hills, India." +What they look like. +Males grow to a maximum total length of 835 mm with a tail length of 140 mm; females 990 mm with a tail length of females 160 mm. + += = = AXXo = = = +aXXo is the Internet alias of an individual or group, who has been allegedly harassed by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) for copyright infringement. He is famous for converting DVD movies into computer files that can be uploaded into the Internet and be downloaded by other people for free. + += = = Ernest Moeran = = = +Ernest Moeran (born Heston, Middlesex, England, 31 December 1894; died 1 December 1950) was an English composer. +Early life. +Moeran (pronounce: “MORE-an”) was born in Heston, to the west of London. His father was an Irish clergyman. Ernest spent most of his childhood living on the coast of Norfolk. He learned to play the violin and the piano. At first he was taught at home by a governess. When he was ten he went to school. In 1908, he went to Uppingham School where he spent five years. When he left school in 1913 he started to study piano and composition at the Royal College of Music with Charles Villiers Stanford. +War service. +Moeran’s studies at the Royal College of Music were interrupted after 18 months because of the start of World War I. He joined the army as a despatch rider but he was soon badly injured in the head and could no longer fight in the army. After the war he did some music teaching, but then he started to study music again. His teacher this time was John Ireland who had been a pupil of Moeran’s earlier teacher Stanford. +Composing music. +After these studies his music started to be performed a lot. His "First Rhapsody" for orchestra was performed several times, including in 1924 by the Hallé Orchestra conducted by Hamilton Harty. He was asked to compose a symphony for the Hallé Orchestra, but he preferred to write shorter pieces, especially chamber music and piano music. In 1931 he wrote a "String Trio" which is one of his best works. +Moeran became interested in folk music. He liked to go to country pubs and listen to the people singing there. He collected about 150 folk songs in Norfolk and Suffolk and made many arrangements of them. +By the mid-1920s, Moeran had become close friends with Peter Warlock. They lived together and often went out drinking together. Moeran gradually became an alcoholic. +In 1945, after Warlock had died, Moeran married the cellist Peers Coetmore. The marriage was not very happy although it helped Moeran to compose some of his best pieces: the "Cello Concerto" and "Cello Sonata". +Moeran was found drowned in the River Kenmare. At first people thought he had committed suicide but then it was found that he had had a heart attack and died before he fell into the water. +His music. +Moeran’s music is influenced by folk song. His harmonies are often like those of Delius. He was also influenced by Vaughan Williams, Holst, Bax, John Ireland and Peter Warlock. For many years he concentrated on piano music, songs and chamber music, but in his later years he wrote larger works such as the Symphony in G minor (1934-7) and his Concertos for the Violin and the Cello. + += = = Despatch rider = = = +A despatch rider is someone in the army who delivers messages ("despatch" or "dispatch" means "to send someone or something off on a journey"). A despatch rider either rides a horse or a motorcycle. +Despatch riders were used by armies to send messages between headquarters and the fighting soldiers. They might be delivering reports, but sometimes they took urgent messages which were often secret. It was a very dangerous job. Travelling between the lines of fighting armies the despatch rider could easily be blown up by a mine, shot by gunfire, or captured by the enemy. +Despatch riders always used to ride on horseback. In the 20th century they usually rode motorcycles. They were used a lot in World War I and even in World War II, although by the end of World War II electronic communications and cryptography had improved so that despatch riders were rarer. + += = = The Ting Tings = = = +The Ting Tings are an English duo Pop-Retro rock indie band formed in England in 2004. They are famous for the studio album "We Started Nothing" and famous for the hit pop singles "Shut Up and Let Me Go", "Great DJ", "That's Not My Name", and "Be The One". The pop band is only a 2 member band with Katie White and Jules De Martino. The band members met whilst at Leeds University. + += = = We Started Nothing = = = +We Started Nothing is an album recorded by Pop duo The Ting Tings. Singles include "Shut Up and Let Me Go", and "Be The One". The studio album was released May 2008. The album was also released as a limited edition LP on red vinyl limited to 2,000 copies. + += = = Shut Up and Let Me Go = = = +"Shut Up and Let Me Go" (aka: "Shut Up & Let Me Go") is the third single off the studio album "We Started Nothing" by The Ting Tings. The song was released in the United Kingdom on July 21st of 2008, and was the follow-up to the number one hit single "That's Not My Name". The song was added to the coveted A-list of BBC Radio 1's playlist, and has received a substantial amount of airplay during the day on the station. The single peaked at number six in both the UK Singles Chart and the UK Download Chart. + += = = 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish = = = +The 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish occurred at Sumdorong Chu Valley. This was the second conflict between the PRC and India, with the previous one taking place exactly a quarter of a century earlier. + += = = Longbridge Plant = = = +Longbridge Plant is an automobile plant in Longbridge, Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Most of it was demolished in 2005 and 2007. + += = = Curzon Street railway station = = = +Curzon Street railway station is a former railroad station in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It opened in 1838 and became a goods yard in 1854. + += = = Holography = = = +Holography is a way of making three-dimensional picture with a laser. It allows the holographer to make a more exact image than with photography. The holograph seems to move and change slightly to look as if it were three-dimensional. Holography uses the wave aspect of light. +How a hologram is made. +Holograms are made with light flashed onto a plate or screen, almost like how photos are made. To make a hologram instead of a photograph, some of the light, called a "reference beam," has to go directly to the screen. The light has to be a laser because lasers are more accurate and have a wavelength that does not change the way the wavelengths of light from other sources does, like light from lightbulbs. To stop other light from ruining the hologram, holograms are usually taken in the dark. Because even the tiniest vibration can stop the hologram from forming properly, the tables upon which that the holographer places the equipment may be built with shocks or inflated chambers to stop vibrations from the floor. +Holograms vs. photographs. +Holograms can be compared to photos. Holography records the intensity of light, like photography, but also records the difference in the phase of light. Holography records all of information from the light that the object reflects. +Functionality. +Holography uses a reference wave (which goes onto the plate) and an exposure wave (object wave, which comes from the object). The reference wave can save the phase information as patterns of light and dark on a film. The object wave and reference wave must have the same wavelength in order to save the phase information and they usually come from the same laser. +History. +The most famous person in the history of holography is the physician Dennis Gabor, the inventor of the hologram. In 1947, he was trying to improve microscopes, and he figured out how to display three-dimensional objects. +Physical details. +Recording. +Holograms need laser beams. A dispersing lens makes the beam bigger and then it goes through a special mirror. Only a piece of this laser beam can go through the mirror. Then this beam becomes the reference wave, and it is recorded on the film. The other piece of the laser beam is reflected off of the mirror. This piece becomes the exposure wave at the object. The object reflects this wave on the film. +Reconstruction. +Making a hologram is very similar to making a photograph, and it needs chemicals. To look at a hologram the film must be lit up with the reference wave. These waves are reflected on the film (hologram) and create a virtual picture of the recorded object, even if that picture can only be seen from a specific angle. +Applications. +Measurement. +Industries use holograms to measure things. In the car industry, cars are measured using holography so engineers can see bulges and vibration characteristics. Phase-shift holography is one kind of holography used to make cars. +The first step in making a hologram is to examine the ground level state of the object, then overload the object through heat or mechanical pressure. Covering the original hologram and the modified hologram can produce interference fringes. By measuring the interference fringes, engineers learn how big the deformation or other problem is. Engineers can measure tiny terminal expansions or vibrations in mechanical systems. This needs two reference waves. +Data storage. +There are holographic storage machines for analog pictures and digital data. Digital information will be affiliated by a two-dimensional bit-pattern. + += = = Dirty paper coding = = = +In telecommunications, dirty paper coding (DPC) is a good way to send digital data through a channel that is subject to some interference that is known to the sender. The sender does precoding of the data so as to cancel the effect of the interference. +Costa asked the following question: +When Costa asked his question, the Shannon–Hartley theorem (and the more general noisy-channel coding theorem) was well known. +The Shannon–Hartley theorem tells us that, all else being equal, a paper sent along a path that picks up less dirt can reliably deliver more information than another paper sent along a path that picks up more dirt. +People have also thought up many ways of dealing with such dirt added after the message is written—see error detection and correction for details. +Most people expected that the same thing would happen when dirt is added to the paper before the message was written—the more dirt, the less information can be reliably sent. +In 1983, Costa showed the surprising result that we can send just as much information on such a dirty piece of paper as we can when writing on a clean sheet of paper, and gave a way to get that capacity. +A dirty paper code is a way for the writer to adapt his message to the dirt already on the paper. +The writer and the reader agree ahead of time on which dirty paper code they will use for the messages. +History. +People have thought up several dirty paper codes, including Costa precoding (1983), Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (1971) and the vector perturbation technique of Hochwald et al. (2005). +A similar problem called "writing on dirty tape (WDT)" is more complicated. +As of 2005, the capacity computation problem and the capacity-achieving +problem for writing on dirty tape are unsolved +"Writing on wet paper" is a related problem in steganography +Applications. +Wireless networks. +Many wireless networks use dirty paper coding, especially MIMO systems. +In a wireless network, often a transmitter has many different messages, and each one needs to be sent to a different person. +The sum-rate capacity of a system that transmits all the messages at the same time—and uses dirty-paper codes to reduce the interference between messages—can be many times the sum-rate capacity of a similar system that only sends one message at a time (TDMA). +Any one receiver is only concerned with the messages for that receiver—all the other messages the transmitter is simultaneously sending to everyone else are—to that receiver—irrelevant noise that only interferes with the desired message. +The "dirty paper" story can be seen as a parable for wireless communication. +Recently, there has been interest in DPC as a possible solution to optimize the efficiency of wireless networks, in particular multiuser MIMO networks and into an interference aware coding technique for dynamic wireless networks. +Digital watermarking. +People doing "informed digital watermarking" use dirty paper codes, using this analogy: + += = = Klamath River = = = +The Klamath River flows through Oregon and northern California in the United States. It is long. The river empties into the Pacific Ocean. +The Klamath is the second largest river in California after the Sacramento River. + += = = Bandai = = = +Bandai Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company that makes toys and video games. It is the third largest toy maker in the world. + += = = Battle, East Sussex = = = +Battle is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. It is known as this because it was the place where the Battle of Hastings was fought. + += = = John Key = = = +John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) was the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand and was the leader of the New Zealand National Party. He entered the New Zealand Parliament in 2002 representing the north-west Auckland area of Helensville as a National MP, a seat that he still holds. In 2006 he succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. Key led his party to victory in the November 2008 general election. +On 5 December 2016, Key resigned as prime minister and as party leader. Bill English soon replaced Key as prime minister and party leader. +Personal Life. +Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key. His father, who was from the UK, died of a heart attack in 1967. Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in Christchurch by his Jewish mother. +He attended Burnside High School, and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting from the University of Canterbury in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, although he did not receive a degree from this institution. +Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. They married in 1984. They have two children, Stephie and Max. +Before politics. +In 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. That same year he was promoted to Merrill's global head of foreign exchange, based in London, where he may have earned around US$2.25 million a year including bonuses, which is about NZ$5 million at 2001 exchange rates. Some co-workers called him "the smiling assassin" for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens (some say hundreds) of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis. He was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001. +Prime Minister (2008-2016). +Key became Prime Minister following the general election on 8 November 2008 which ended the Labour-led government of nine years under Helen Clark. The National Party, promoting a policy of "change", won 45% of the party vote and 59 of the 122 seats in Parliament, a big margin over the Labour Party which won 43 seats. +Key was sworn in as Prime Minister on 19 November 2008 along with his new cabinet. His first international outing as Prime Minister was the 20th APEC meeting in Peru the following day. +Key announced he will step down from the role of Prime Minister and leader of the National Party effective 12 December 2016. + += = = List of people from Dunedin = = = +The New Zealand city of Dunedin has produced a large number of famous people. Many of these are natives of the city; others travelled to Dunedin to be educated at the University of Otago. + += = = Peter Warlock = = = +Peter Warlock (born London, 30 October 1894; died London, 17 December 1930), was an English composer. “Peter Warlock” was not his real name. His real name was Philip Heseltine. He was also a music critic. When he wrote about music he used his real name, but when he composed music he used the pseudonym (borrowed name) "Peter Warlock", which is the name by which he is usually remembered today. +Life. +Philip Heseltine did not come from a musical family. When he was two years old his father died. His mother married again and went back to live in Wales, where she came from. Philip went to school at Eton College. +He was still a teenager when he was introduced to the composer Delius, who lived in France. They became good friends and Philip made piano arrangements of some of Delius’s music. Later he wrote a book about Delius. He studied in Germany for a time, and then at Oxford where he studied classics. He learned about music by teaching himself. He did not fight in World War I. He was a conscientious objector, but also, his health was not good enough for him to be in the army. +He spent most of his life in London, but he did visit Ireland for a year, and also spent three years with his mother in Wales, and four years in Kent where he lived with Ernest Moeran. Heseltine and Moeran often got drunk together. He became friends with the composer Bernard van Dieren whose music influenced him a lot. He also liked poetry from the time of Queen Elizabeth I. +He died in his apartment from gas poisoning. It is not certain whether it was suicide, but he did let his cat out before he turned on the gas. +His music. +His music, written under the name of Peter Warlock, often has links with his literary writings. Some of the best works he wrote are his songs, especially the song-cycle "The Curlew", which has lyrics from poems by W. B. Yeats. One of his most popular works is the "Capriol Suite" for string orchestra. +Warlock wrote many carols, such as "Adam Lay Ybounden", "Tyrley Tyrlow", and "Bethlehem Down". +Warlock was not influenced by folksong like many other English composers of the time. He liked many different styles, including Renaissance music and the music of Bartók whom he met. + += = = Land mine = = = +A land mine (called a "mine" when a naval mine is clearly not what is meant) is an explosive weapon that is put on the ground or just underneath the ground so that it explodes when a person or vehicle goes by. They are called "mines" because people who put them there often dig a tunnel under the ground (like miners who dig for coal etc.). Many people can be killed by mines, including civilians. Sometimes mines can lie in the ground and kill and injure people years after a war has ended. +There are different types of land mines. Big anti-vehicle mines are against vehicles. Smaller infantry mines are used against foot soldiers. + += = = Charles Wood = = = +Charles Wood (born Armagh, 15 June 1866; died Cambridge, 12 July 1926) was an Irish composer and teacher. +Charles Wood was born in Armagh, Ireland. His father sang in the Cathedral choir. Charles had music lessons from the cathedral organist, then he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied composition with C.V.Stanford and Hubert Parry. He also learned to play the horn and piano. After four years he went to Selwyn College, Cambridge, at first to study, then to teach harmony and counterpoint. In 1889 he got a teaching job at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Soon he became their first Director of Music and Organist. When Stanford died, Wood became Professor of Music at Cambridge. +Wood is mainly remembered today for his Anglican church music. He wrote music for the Communion Service and service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. These are often sung today in cathedrals and churches. He wrote many fine anthems including "O thou, the central orb". In Cambridge he is remembered for the chimes he wrote for the clocks of Gonville and Caius College. +His pupils included Ralph Vaughan Williams at Cambridge and Herbert Howells at the Royal College of Music. +References. +The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie ISBN 1-56159-174-2 + += = = Arthur Bliss = = = +Sir Arthur Bliss CH KCVO (London, 2 August 1891; died London, 27 March 1975) was a British composer. When he started composing, his music sounded very modern and harsh. As he got older he changed his style and wrote more Romantic music in the style of English composer Edward Elgar. For more than twenty years he was Master of the Queen's Music. +Early life. +His father was American, his mother was English. He went to school at Rugby. He went to Cambridge University where he studied with Irish composer Charles Wood. Wood also taught the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. Bliss got to know Elgar whose music influenced him very much. +For a short time he learned music from Charles Villiers Stanford at the Royal College of Music. During World War I he served in the army. +After World War 1. +After the war he started to play his music in public. These compositions show the influence of Stravinsky, Ravel and Les Six. His music even sounded jazzy. After a few years his music became more Romantic. Elgar asked him to write something for the Three Choirs Festival in 1922. The piece he composed was his "Colour Symphony" in which he tries to describe colours in music. +During the 1920s his music became more traditional. He wrote a lot of music for movies including music for the movie "Things to Come" (H.G.Wells). He loved the theatre and composed music for the ballets "Checkmate" and "Miracle in the Gorbals". One of his best works is the choral symphony "Morning Heroes" (1930). This was written to remember those who were killed in World War I. +America. +When World War II started he was in the USA. He stayed there and taught at Berkeley, California until 1941. Then he returned to England. For a time he was Director of Music of the BBC. He wrote an opera "The Olympians". In 1953 he was made Master of the Queen's Music. He kept that position until his death, writing many pieces of music for official royal occasions. +He was given many honours, including the Companion of Honour and the Royal Victorian Order. +In his later years he composed several works for orchestra as well as for choirs. +He died on 27 March 1975. His wife, Gertrude died on 21 November 2008 at the age of 104. +References. +The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie + += = = Plumbing = = = +Plumbing (which comes from the Latin word "plumbum", which means lead, as pipes were once made from lead) is the job of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and getting rid of waste. A plumber is someone who fixes or puts in piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters. Many plumbers are construction workers. The plumbing industry is an important part of every developed economy because people need clean water and safe ways to move and store waste. +Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures put in a building to move water and the get rid of waste that is in water. Plumbing is different from water and sewage systems because plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city. +History. +Plumbing was very rare until modern cities grew in the 19th century. At about the same time, public health leaders began wanting better systems to get rid of waste. Before this, people got rid of waste by collecting it and dumping it onto the ground or into rivers. However, there were some plumbing pipes in the city settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C. Plumbing was also used during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they built public baths and needed drinking water, and somewhere to drain waste. The Romans used pipe inscriptions to stop people from stealing water. +These systems did not improve much over the years. There were almost no improvements from the time of the Roman aqueducts and sewers until the 19th century. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems got rid of open sewage ditches and cesspools. Most large cities today send solid wastes through pipes to sewage treatment plants. Treatment separates water from waste and makes the water more pure before it goes into streams or other bodies of water. Most places stopped using lead for drinking water after World War II because of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was started because it was safer than using lead pipes. +Materials. +Water systems in ancient times used gravity to move water. They used pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo or stone. Today, water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper, brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in pipes today because it can be poisonous. +The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. A pipe is usually made by casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe usually has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubes have thinner walls, and needs special joining techniques such as 'brazing', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'. +As well as the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions. +Plumbing fixtures are designed for the people who use the water. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations. +Regulation. +Much of the plumbing work in places where many people live is done under government rules. Putting in plumbing and fixing plumbing generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the people who live or work in the buildings. + += = = Copepod = = = +Copepods (meaning "oar feet") are small, shrimp-like crustaceans that swim in seas, lakes, and ponds. Copepods are very important in the food web, and many animals eat them. +There are 10 orders of copepods and over 4500 species; a few orders are free-swimming, but many are parasites (of fish). The free-swimming copepods move through the water in jerky motions by moving their swimming legs. + += = = Donegal = = = +Donegal is a town in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland. +There are many sandy beaches in the area round Donegal and the town is used as a base for hill-walking in the nearby Bluestack Mountains. Traditionally the largest employer in the town has been Magee of Donegal, makers of tweed garments. + += = = Dingle = = = +Dingle is a town in County Kerry, Republic of Ireland. It has a large natural harbour. +<br> + += = = Young, New South Wales = = = +Young is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is the centre of Young Shire. It is on the Olympic Highway. It is about 2 hours drive from Canberra. Young is in a valley surrounded by hills. In 2001 there were 6,821 people living in Young. +Young is known as the Cherry Capital Of Australia and every year hosts the National Cherry Festival. +History. + The indigenous people of the district were members of the Burrowmunditory tribe, part of the Wiradjuri people. +James White was the first European settler in the area. He started Burrangong Station (farm) in 1826 by taking an area of 100 square miles. +Gold was found in the area in 1860. Until that time the area was called Lambing Flat. This was an area where sheep were grazed before the gold rush. The town was officially listed in 1861. About 470,000 ounces of gold were sent by the armed gold escort from the goldfields. Up to 20,000 miners were digging for gold including about 2,000 Chinese miners. +From November 1860 through to June 1861 European miners attacked Chinese gold miners in the area. This is now known as the Lambing Flat riots. As gold became harder to find, European miners got upset that the Chinese miners were still finding gold. Many Chinese miners were attacked, robbed and killed. They were chased off the goldfields. Eventually the riots were stopped and the Chinese miners had their mining areas given back. The New South Wales Parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Bill. This put a limit on the number of Chinese that could come to New South Wales on any ship. They also had to pay a tax to come New South Wales. +In 1889 Young was the first country town in Australia to have electricity for the streets and houses. Young was the first Local Government Area to start a country school bus system in New South Wales +Education. +There are seven schools in Young: +The Lambing Flat Chinese Tribute Gardens. +Young Shire Council has started these gardens next to Chinaman’s Dam. This is an old railway dam about 4 km south of Young. They are made to create a peaceful feeling like the Japanese garden at Cowra. +Chinaman’s Dam was built in the 1860s by Dutch brothers, Herman and John Tiedeman. They used the water for the sluicing of their Victoria Hill gold claims. In the 1870s, the brothers sold the area, including the dam, to a Chinese group who worked the site. It is in a small gully called Pitstone on Sawpit Gully. +In 1882 the NSW government started to build the first part of the Blayney to Demondrille railway line. To provide water for the steam trains, they decided to use the dam and pump water from it to a tank, known as Young Tank, at the 246 mile post. It is not known whether the railways improved the old dam or built a new one. +From 1885 to 1901, trains stopped at Young Tank to refill with water. In 1901, trains were able to get water at Young Railway Station. The supply of water came from Chinaman’s Dam. The size of the dam was enlarged in 1911 to hold about 2 million gallons. +The dam was a popular spot for swimming. +When the town water supply was connected to the Burrinjuck Dam, the railways stopped using Chinaman’s Dam. In 1937 the area turned into a 36-acre park. The Shire Council looks after the gardens. The dam has since been made bigger. + += = = Ammunition = = = +Ammunition, often called ammo, comes from the French word "la munition". At first it meant all items used for war. This was from the Latin word "munire" (to provide). It now is used only for bullets and other projectiles that are thrown at the enemy by guns, and the gunpowder or other propellant that throws the projectiles. The group word for all types of ammunition is munitions. This means any explosive thing that can be used in combat and includes bombs, missiles, warheads, and mines (landmines, naval mines, and claymore mines). These are made in munitions factories. +Ammunition is mainly used to attack a target. Ammunition can include flares and incendiary devices that start fires. Since the invention of the cartridge, ammunition has come to mean the putting of a projectile - the item that is sent to hit the target, and its propellant - the chemical that creates the force, into a single package. +Ammunition is a complex subject. It includes many different weapons used by people, such as explosives and propellants, cartridges, high explosive projectiles (HE), warheads, special shells to attack armour and aircraft, carrier projectiles, fuses, mortar ammunition, small arms (revolver and pistol) ammunition, grenades, mines, flares, improved conventional munitions, and computer guided munition. + += = = Emirate = = = +An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by an emir, a dynastic Arab Monarch. The word emirate or amirate comes from , "Imaarah" ; plural: ������, "Imaraat". The United Arab Emirates is a federal state of seven federal emirates, each administered by a hereditary emir, these seven elect the federation's President and Prime Minister. Most emirates have either disappeared or become part of a larger modern state, some changed their rulers' title, e.g. to Malik (Arabic for King) or Sultan. Therefore true emirate-states have become rare. +In Arabic the term can be generalized to mean any province of a country that is administered by a member of the ruling class, especially of a member of the royal family, as in Saudi Arabian governorates. + += = = Mike Busniuk = = = +Mike Busniuk (born December 13, 1951 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is the younger brother of Ron Busniuk, who played for the Buffalo Sabres. + += = = Glasgow Subway = = = +The Glasgow Subway is a subway system serving Glasgow, Scotland, UK. It started in 1896. Then it was run by cables. There are 15 stations. in 1935 it was changed to run on electricity. It is a circular system, and has stayed the same since it started. It carries 13 million passengers each year. +Now it is run by the Strathclyde Partnership for Transport. + += = = Tyne and Wear Metro = = = +Tyne and Wear Metro is a rapid transit system in Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside and Sunderland. +It opened in stages from August 1980 and now has 60 stations, with two lines covering 77.5 km (48.2 mi) of track. It was mostly made from converted former railway lines linked with some new tunnels. + += = = Sydney White = = = +Sydney Rae White (born 30 November 1991) is an English actress and singer. +Biography. +Sydney was born in London on 30 November 1991. She first attended Broomfield House School in Kew. She got her parents to take her to the children's agency Young'uns. After her first audition she was offered the role of Cosette in "Les Misérables". The next year she had four performances per week at London's Palace Theatre while still doing schoolwork. Sydney then auditioned for the Sylvia Young Theatre School. She was accepted and started in September 2002. +Sydney lives in West London with her parents, two older brothers (Paul and Adam) and two younger brothers (Cameron and Spike). She also has a dog called Digger. She won a LAMDA award in 2003. She currently stars in the CBBC programme "Young Dracula". She plays one of the main characters, Erin Noble. +Discography. +Singles. +"Sun goes down" (2011) + += = = Judicial nullification = = = +Judicial nullification is a right of a judge to nullify (make invalid) a law if they feel it is too harsh in a certain situation where it is being applied. During the Constitutional Convention many, including George Mason, Elbridge Gerry and James Wilson felt the courts could decide if a law was unconstitutional, and if so, refuse to enforce it. Other founding fathers including John Francis Mercer, Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson argued against allowing judges to have that power. The issue was left unanswered. However, when deciding that a new law needed the approval of the president, all attempts to have the judiciary approve new laws were soundly defeated. Judicial Nullification is sometimes used to mean jury nullification. More often it means nullifying a law, legal code or statute by a member of the judiciary. +In 1832 South Carolina said a new tariff law was unconstitutional, thus not really a law. Vice President John C. Calhoun agreed, but President Andrew Jackson disagreed. Jackson threatened to send troops. The two sides negotiated. Congress changed the tariff, and South Carolina decided the new law was not against the Constitution. +In 2011 the Supreme Court made a ruling that, in essence, says lower court judges can ignore the law. There were three petitions before the Court asking if federal courts need to be stopped from ignoring laws, rules and facts. The Supreme Court refused to grant "certiorari" (a writ seeking judicial review of a matter). In other words, the Court refused to consider the three petitions. + += = = Emir = = = +Emir (; female: '; emira; (Persian and Urdu: ') "commander" or "general", also "prince"; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer) is a high title of nobility or office. It is used throughout the Arab world and historically in some Turkic states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheiks, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes; then "emirate" means more or less the same as principality in this context. +Emir is used also as a name in Turkey like Emir Niego and Emir Sevinc. +"Emir" is the most common spelling in English and many other languages (for example, United Arab Emirates). The spelling "amir", that is closer to the original Arabic, is more common for its compounds (e.g., admiral) and in individual names. + += = = Launceston, Tasmania = = = +Launceston is a city in Australia. It is the second biggest city in the state of Tasmania. It has about 100,000 people. It is at the place where the North Esk, South Esk and Tamar Rivers meet. It was founded in 1806. + += = = Governess = = = +A governess is a female person who works for a family, teaching the children in their home. She is not like a nanny who looks after them all day, dressing them etc. The governess's job is to be their teacher. She saw to their discipline and early education. Often girls received all their education from their governess (or sometimes a tutor), though boys usually went away to boarding school before their teen years, and then some went on to college. +Very few children nowadays have a governess, but it was quite common in the families of rich people until around the beginning of the 20th century. In England quite a lot of young children who lived in the country, a long way from good schools, had a governess. When the boys were old enough they were sent away to a boarding school. +Governesses taught basic skills such as Reading, Writing and Arithmetic. They may also have taught other skills such as French, piano playing and drawing or painting. Sometimes other teachers might be +A governess was not a household worker, but she was not treated like a member of the family either. This meant that they were often quite lonely, and they usually ate their meals alone. For girls from a middle class background who were not married it was one of the only ways of earning a living. When the children she taught (her "charges") grew up, she would have to find a new job. +Novels of the time were usually about rich families, and a governess often comes into the story, e.g. in Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre" or Anne Brontë's "Agnes Grey". Maria, the main character in "The Sound of Music", leaves the convent and becomes a governess to the children of the von Trapp family. + += = = Confederation of the Rhine = = = +The Confederation of the Rhine was a client state of First French Empire. It existed from 1806 through 1813. Its ruler was Napoleon I of France, called "Protector of the Federation". It included most of the German states but not the two biggest, Prussia and Austria. The Confederation of the Rhine was one of the successors of Holy Roman Empire and one of the predecessors of the German Confederation. The confederation only lived a few years but it was a precedent for the later unification of Germany. It temporarily unified many of the diverse German states east of the Rhine River. + += = = Constant Lambert = = = +Leonard Constant Lambert (23 August 1905 – 21 August 1951) was a British composer and conductor. +Early years. +Lambert’s father was the painter George Washington Lambert who had come to England from Australia. Lambert was often ill when he was a child. He went to school at Christ's Hospital and won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music. He soon became interested in French and Russian music. He became friends with other famous people including the Sitwell family, William Walton, Philip Heseltine and Bernard van Dieren. He and Edith Sitwell were the reciters at a performance of Walton’s "Façade". +Lambert was a prodigy: he was composing music for orchestra when he was only 13, and when he was 20 he was asked to write a ballet for Serge Diaghilev's world-famous Ballets Russes ("Romeo and Juliet"). +He soon became very famous. His best known work is "The Rio Grande" for piano solo, chorus and orchestra. It has a mixture of musical styles: jazz, habaneras and the influence of Delius and Duke Ellington. +Works. +During the 1930s he performed a lot as a conductor with the Vic-Wells Ballet (later the Royal Ballet), but he stopped composing music. Lambert thought he had failed as a composer, and only finished two more big works in the last sixteen years of his life. He continued conducting, and appeared at Covent Garden and in BBC broadcasts, and travelled to Europe and America conducting ballets. He was an excellent ballet conductor and helped the dancers to give their best performance. +During the war he became ill. He refused to see a doctor. He was working very hard and also drinking a lot. +Lambert liked jazz and thought it was an important influence on popular culture of the time. He wrote a book about this, called "Music Ho!" (1934). The book is widely read today, although it shows a very personal approach to music. +Lambert was married twice. His first marriage was to Florence Kaye. He later married Isabel Nichols, an artist, in 1947. After Constant Lambert's death, Isabel married the composer Alan Rawsthorne. +Lambert died on 21 August 1951. He had pneumonia and it was also found that he had diabetes made worse by alcoholism. + += = = Kensington, Calgary = = = +Kensington is a neighborhood in Calgary, Alberta. It is around the intersection of Kensington Road and 10th St. NW. +The neighborhood hosts "Christmas in Kensington Village" in December, the Sun and Salsa Festival in July, as well as the "Bizarre Bikes & Bazaar" in May. +Kensington is home to the Calgary Kookaburras Australian rules football club. + += = = Samuel Coleridge-Taylor = = = +Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (born London, 15 August 1875; died Croydon, 1 September 1912) was an English composer. +Coleridge-Taylor died in Holborn, London. His black father was a doctor from Sierra Leone, his mother was English. His parents were not married. The father went back to Africa by February 1875. He had the job of coroner for the British Empire in the Gambia in the late 1890s. He did not know anything about his son’s existence. +Life. +Coleridge-Taylor was brought up in Croydon . He studied the violin at the Royal College of Music and composition with Charles Villiers Stanford. In 1899 he married Jessie Walmisley who had been a student with him at the RCM. Her parents did not want her to be married to someone of mixed race. The couple had a son, Hiawatha (1900-1980) and a daughter, Avril, born Gwendolyn (1903-1998). +Soon Coleridge-Taylor became known as a composer. Edward Elgar helped him get one of his pieces performed at the Three Choirs Festival. Two months later Stanford conducted the cantata "Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast", the piece for which he is best remembered. He toured the United States in 1904. This made him even more interested in finding out about his racial heritage. He wanted to do for African music what Johannes Brahms had done for Hungarian music and Antonín Dvořák for Bohemian music. He had met the American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar in London and set some of his poems to music. Several people encouraged him to learn more about his heritage. +Coleridge-Taylor was a shy man, but he was a very good conductor. He was often asked to adjudicate at music festivals. +Coleridge-Taylor was 37 when he died of pneumonia. His widow hardly had any money, but King George V gave her a pension of GB£100, which shows how popular Coleridge-Taylor had been as a composer. A memorial concert was held later in 1912 at the Royal Albert Hall and gathered £300. +Coleridge-Taylor's works were often performed by Sir Malcolm Sargent who conducted ten seasons of a costumed ballet version of "Hiawatha" at the Royal Albert Hall between 1928 and 1939 with the Royal Choral Society (600 to 800 singers) and 200 dancers. +His music. +Coleridge-Taylor's best-known work is his cantata "Hiawatha's Wedding-feast", which was performed very often by choral groups in England during his lifetime and for many years after his death. He wrote several other pieces about Hiawatha: "The Death of Minnehaha", "Overture to The Song of Hiawatha" and "Hiawatha's Departure". +He also wrote a lot of chamber music, anthems and other works. The orchestral piece "Petite Suite de Concert" used to be very popular, but its Romanticism sounds a little old-fashioned now. +References. +The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed Stanley Sadie; + += = = Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro = = = +The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro is a Catholic university based in the neighborhood Gavea in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was founded in 1941 by D. Sebastião Leme and the Rev. Leonel Franca, and was officially recognized in January 15, 1946. +The PUC-Rio was one of the first universities that taught Entrepreneurship in the graduation courses in Brazil. + += = = Quim Monzó = = = +Quim Monzó (born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1952) is a Catalan writer of novels, short stories and discursive prose, mostly in the Catalan language. +In the early 1970s, Monzó reported from Vietnam, Cambodia, Northern Ireland and East Africa for newspapers in Barcelona. His fiction is full of irony. His other prose maintains this humor. One collection of his essays, "Catorze ciutats comptant-hi Brooklyn", is notable for its account of New York in the days immediately following September 11. + += = = Northern Light Infantry = = = +The Northern Light Infantry (NLI) is a Light Infantry Regiment of the Pakistan Army. Headquartered in Gilgit, the capital of Northern Areas, Pakistan, it is the main force protecting the strategically important northern areas of Pakistan. + += = = National Command Authority (Pakistan) = = = +The National Command Authority (NCA) of Pakistan is the Pakistani organisation responsible for policy formulation. It has control over employment and development for all strategic nuclear forces and strategic organizations. + += = = Setting (fiction) = = = +A setting is the time, location, and atmosphere (e.g. happy, sad, exciting, frightening, etc.) that a piece of writing is taking place in. + += = = National symbols of Pakistan = = = +The National symbols of Pakistan (Urdu:); Each Country of the world adopts some signs or emblems, which they regard as the representative of their country traits. "Pakistan" has several “Official National Symbols”. "Pakistanis" have several official National symbols including a historic document, a flag, an emblem, an anthem, a memorial tower as well as several national heroes. The symbols were adopted at various stages in the existence of Pakistan and there are various rules and regulations governing their definition or use. +Oldest symbol. +The oldest symbol is the Lahore Resolution or "Resolution of Pakistan", adopted by the All India Muslim League on the 23rd of March in 1940, and which presented the formal demand for Greater Autonomy for Muslims in United India, and later led to the demand for a separate and Independent 'Pakistan'. The Minar-e-Pakistan memorial tower which was built in 1968 on the site where the Lahore Resolution was passed in 1940. +The national flag was adopted just before independence was achieved on 14 August 1947. The national anthem and the state emblem were each adopted in 1954. There are also several other patriotic symbols including the national animal, bird, flower and tree; and some other things known as "National Identity". The “National symbols” and mostly national things of Pakistan are mentioned and listed here respectively. +National identity. +The following section introduces you to the natural National Identity Elements of Pakistan. These symbols are intrinsic to the common “Pakistani national identity and heritage”. +Pakistanis are known to be are proud of these patriotic National Symbols as they infuse a sense of pride and patriotism in every Pakistan's heart. They have been selected carefully to project the image of Pakistan at its best. +These are chosen to reflect Pakistani culture and beliefs and also the positive attributes often associated with Pakistani customs and traditions and ideals that reflect the different aspects of the cultural life and history of the country respectively. +These national symbols are mostly the national things from and relating to Pakistan of which are mentioned and listed portrayed elegantly in great detail here: +Other Pakistani National and Official Symbols. +1. They exemplify the rich cultural fibre that resides at the core of the country. +2. Infuse a deep sense of pride in the hearts of Pakistani citizens. +3. Represent a quality unique to Pakistan and its citizens. +4. Popularize the object chosen. +5. Help to preserve the chosen national symbol for generations to come. +"Here is the detailed information about the National symbols of Pakistan." + += = = Sei whale = = = +The sei whale ("Balaenoptera borealis") is a dark-gray, stream-lined baleen whale that is found worldwide except in polar waters. It swims in small pods of 3-5 whales but larger groups may form at rich feeding grounds. It has very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. It is a rorqual whale (a large baleen whale) that is similar to the Bryde's whales. +Description. +The Sei whale is also called the Sardine whale, the Pollack whale, the Coalfish whale, the Japan Finner, and Rudolphi's rorqual. Large numbers of these whales were hunted until recently for their oil and meat. It is the fastest of the great whales and can swim at about 23 mph (20 knots) in short bursts. +Diet. +Sei whales are carnivores that filter-feed plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill, copepods, etc.) and small fish from the water. + += = = Vithoba = = = +Vithoba is a Hindu god worshipped mainly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is also known as Vitthala and Panduranga. He is generally considered a form of the Hindu god Vishnu or Krishna. In stone images and pictures, he is shown as a dark young boy. He stands on a brick with his hands on his waist. His wife Rukmini or Rakhumai stands with him. +Vithoba's main temple is at Pandharpur in Maharashtra. It is close to its border with Karnataka. Two Hindu sects, the Varkari sect of Maharashtra and Haridasa sect of Karnataka worship Vithoba as their main god. The Varkari poet-saints have written devotional poems called "abhanga"s in praise of god Vithoba. The abhangas are written in the language Marathi. The Haridasa poets have also written poems, devoted to Vithoba in the Kannada language. The two most important festivals associated with Vithoba are "Shayani Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Ashadha, and "Prabodini Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Kartik. + += = = Breadalbane, New South Wales = = = +Breadalbane () is a small village on the Lachlan River in New South Wales, Australia. It is near Goulburn in the Upper Lachlan Shire. This little town is also on the Hume Highway which links Sydney and Melbourne. The highway used to go through the small town but it was bypassed in the early 1990s. Breadalbane is also on the Sydney-Melbourne railway line. +Breadalbane is also near the start of the Federal Highway. This branches off the Hume Highway just south of Goulburn and goes to Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. Canberra is the capital city of Australia where the Federal Parliament sits. +History. +Breadalbane is a historic town. There are now only a few houses. In the past there was a hotel, service station and a railway station. These are now closed, although the old hotel and service station buildings are still there. They are now used as private houses. The railway station opened in 1875 and closed in 1974. The signal box was still used until 1979. All trace of the station has been removed, although a loading bank is still standing. +There is a memorial at the school to people from Breadalbane who fought in World War II. It has 40 names on it. + += = = Hydrofoil = = = +A hydrofoil is a type of boat that can lift its hull out of the water with a pair of special wings underwater. These wings are like the wings of an airplane. +How it works. +When a hydrofoil moves quickly, its wings allow it to fly. When this happens the boat is said to be in "foilborne". The result of flying means less of the boat is touching the water and can make the boat have less drag which allows it to move faster (drag slows a boat down).or special pontoons when going fast keep it out of the water. + += = = Gundaroo = = = +Gundaroo is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire. It is built near the Yass River. Gundaroo is about 16 kms north of Sutton and about 15 km west of the Lake George range. About 300 people live there. +History. +The explorers Charles Throsby and Joseph Wild travelled through the Yass River valley in 1820. The Aborigines called the valley "Candariro" which means "blue crane". This name might be the meaning of the word Gundaroo. Governor Lachlan Macquarie gave the first Europen settler, Peter Cooney, 30 acres in 1825. Other farms were started quickly with about 400 people in the 1840s. The Harrow Inn (hotel) was built in 1834. A post office was built in 1848 and an Anglican church, St Lukes in Upper Gundaroo (now part of a pottery business), in 1849. The first school opened in 1850 and a Police station in 1852. When gold was discovered in the area in 1852 many more people came to the town. +Gundaroo has become a place where people who work in Canberra can live. It is a village for tourists from Canberra to visit because of its well cared for historic buildings. + += = = Jack Adams = = = +John James "Jack" Adams (June 14, 1895 – May 1, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach and general manager in the National Hockey League and Pacific Coast Hockey Association. He was a Hall of Fame player during a 10 year professional career with Toronto, Vancouver and Ottawa. He is best known for his 36-year association with the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL as coach or general manager. He later became president of the Central Hockey League. + += = = Almas Tower = = = +Almas Tower is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 363 meters (1,191 feet) tall and has 68 floors. It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world. + += = = Emirates Office Tower = = = +Emirates Office Tower is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 355 meters (1,163 feet) tall and has 54 floors. It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world. +Emirates Office Tower is next to the Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel, which is also one of the tallest buildings in the world at 309m (1,014ft). + += = = Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel = = = +Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 309 meters (1,014 feet) tall and has 56 floors. It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world. +Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel is next to the Emirates Office Tower, which is also one of the tallest buildings in the world at 355m (1,163ft). + += = = Jeremy Adduono = = = +Jeremy Adduono (born August 4, 1978, in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey winger. He was drafted in the seventh round, 184th overall, by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. + += = = Old College, University of Edinburgh = = = +Old College is a building in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. It is part of University of Edinburgh. + += = = Garage Inc. = = = +Garage Inc. is a cover album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released in 1998. +It includes recorded cover versions of other artists' songs, all of their b-side covers released up to that point, and the entire "", which had gone out of print since its original release in 1987. The title is a combination of Garage Days Re-Revisited and their song Damage, Inc. Over 5 million copies have been sold in the US as certified by the RIAA. +Reception. +"Professional reviews": +Track listing. +Disc one. +These tracks were recorded in September-October 1998 for the "Garage Inc." album. +Disc two. +These tracks are a collection of B-sides from artists Metallica were inspired by throughout the early years of the band. + += = = Christmas 1994 nor'easter = = = +The Christmas 1994 nor'easter was a strong cyclone along the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada. It developed from an area of low pressure in the southeast Gulf of Mexico near the Florida Keys, and moved across the state of Florida. +Meteorological history. +A weather system moved towards the southeast from the central Great Plains into the Deep South of the United States. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the weather system became a cyclone. An approaching trough pushed the system across Florida. A forecaster at the National Hurricane Center, Jack Beven, said that "as it [the storm] moved out into the Bahamas, it appeared to take on the characteristics of a tropical storm." He also noted that because of the uncertainty, the National Hurricane Center did not call the weather system a tropical cyclone. +The cyclone was said to be a "hybrid" storm. The cyclone quickly gained strength in warm waters from the Gulf Stream, and because of cold air over the United States. The system continued to become stronger while moving within the Gulf Stream. The storm developed central atmospheric convection, which is unusual for a storm of its type. Extratropical cyclone. Also, the system developed an eye, which is usually seen in tropical cyclones. Even though the cyclone showed signs of a tropical storm, forecaster Jack Beven stated: "There was no front associated with it [the storm] and it had a warm core, but the radius of maximum winds was more than 150 nautical miles [175 mi, 280 km], so under the standard NHC criteria it didn’t qualify as a tropical storm." On December 23 and 24, the nor'easter intensified to attain a barometric pressure of 970|mb. Another low pressure system that developed behind the storm became stronger, and grew to be larger in size than the original storm. Due to the Fujiwhara effect, the large circulation of the secondary low moved the original nor'easter towards the northwest. The nor'easter passed along the south shore of Long Island, and it made landfall near New York City on December 24. Later, it moved over southeastern New York State. On December 25, which is Christmas Day, the system began to lose strength as it moved towards Nova Scotia, before the pair of low pressure systems moved out to sea early on December 26. + += = = River Wear = = = +The Wear is a river in northeast England. It starts in Wearhead, County Durham and opens up into the North Sea at Sunderland. +Industrial past. +Much of the River Wear shows the history of the Industrial Revolution. Its upper end runs through lead mining country, until this gives way to coal seams of the Durham coalfield for the rest of its length. As a result of limestone quarrying, lead mining and coal mining, the Wear valley was amongst the first places to see the development of railways. The Weardale Railway continues to run occasional services between Stanhope and Wolsingham. +Geology. +The upland area of Upper Weardale has a flora which survives from the end of the last Ice Age. After the Ice Age, the Wear valley became thickly forested. During the Neolithic period and increasingly in the Bronze Age, the forests were progressively cleared for agriculture. + += = = River Tees = = = +The Tees is a river in England. It starts in Cross Fell (a mountain) in the Pennines, and opens up into the North Sea. It forms a border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and also between the towns of Hartlepool and Redcar. It is also 85 miles or 137 kilometres long. High force waterfalls is 7 feet high. The Pennines Way was opened in 1965. + += = = Rutland Boughton = = = + Rutland Boughton (born Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire 23 January 1878; died London, 25 January, 1960) was an English composer. He was well known in the early 20th century as a composer of opera and choral music. +Boughton studied with Charles Villiers Stanford and Walford Davies. He wrote many different kinds of music including symphonies, concertos, part-songs, songs, chamber music and opera. His best known work was the opera "The Immortal Hour". His carol "Bethlehem" (1915) became very popular in England and in many other countries. +He was a great admirer of the composer Richard Wagner who had built his own theatre, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, in the German town of Bayreuth. Boughton wanted to create an "English Bayreuth" at Glastonbury, so he started the series of Glastonbury Festivals that took place from 1914 until 1926. From 1927 until his death in 1960, he lived at Kilcot near Newent, Gloucestershire. + += = = Bayreuth Festspielhaus = = = +The Bayreuth Festspielhaus ("Bayreuth Festival Theatre") is an opera house in the town of Bayreuth, Germany. The German opera composer Richard Wagner got the opera house built so that his own music could be performed properly. He had lots of ideas about how opera should be performed, and he thought that there was no opera house in Germany that was good enough for performances of his operas. Today it is still the place where every year there is a festival, the Bayreuth Festival, which is dedicated only to the operas of Richard Wagner. +King Ludwig II of Bavaria was a great admirer of Richard Wagner and he gave a lot of money for the opera house to be built. Wagner watched the construction all the time and made sure that everything was built in the way he wanted. Work on the building started on 22 May 1872 (Wagner's birthday), and it was ready four years later when, for the first time, all four operas which make up the cycle called "Der Ring des Nibelungen" ("The Ring of the Nibelung"), were performed. +The opera house is big enough for an audience of 1,925. One unusual thing is the orchestra pit, which is right under the stage, covered by a hood, so that the orchestra cannot be seen at all by the audience. Wagner wanted the audience to be able to concentrate properly on the action on the stage instead of being distracted by watching the orchestra. It makes it very difficult for the orchestra and the singers to be together, and conductors have to get used to the problem. +The Festspielhaus also has a double proscenium, which makes it look as if the stage is farther away than it actually is. + += = = Kilmacolm = = = +Kilmalcolm is a town in Inverclyde, Scotland, UK. The village has a population of around 4,000 people. + += = = Port Glasgow = = = +Port Glasgow is a town in Inverclyde, Scotland, UK. +Newark Castle stands very close to the shore of the Clyde. The castle dates to around 1484. It is now a visitor attraction maintained by Historic Scotland. Several acres of the Clyde foreshore at Parklea are owned by the National Trust for Scotland. Coronation Park is in the town centre. The park was opened on the site of the West Harbour in 1937 to celebrate the coronation of King George VI. + += = = Largs = = = +Largs is a town in North Ayrshire, Scotland, UK. It is about from Glasgow. The original name means "the slopes" ("An Leargaidh") in Scottish Gaelic. + += = = Dunoon = = = +Dunoon is a town in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, UK. + += = = Falkland, Fife = = = +Falkland is a town in Fife, Scotland, UK. +Falkland Palace is in the town. James IV started building it in 1500. It is the best example of French-influenced Renaissance architecture in the United Kingdom. Mary, Queen of Scots came to visit often. +A fire happened when Oliver Cromwell's troops stayed in the palace. The fire in 1654 destroyed the East Range. The Court never came back to Falkland Palace after 1665. In the late 19th century rebuilding and restoration work began. Today the palace and gardens are open to the public through the National Trust for Scotland. + += = = Saving Abel = = = +Saving Abel is an American rock band. It formed in 2004 in Mississippi. Saving Abel makes records for Virgin Records. The band made a studio album in 2006 called "Saving Abel" and released a later self-titled album ("Saving Abel"). The rock band is famous for two songs, Addicted and 18 Days. + += = = Carl Reinecke = = = +Carl Reinecke (born Altona, Hamburg 23 June 1824; died Leipzig, 10 March 1910) was a Danish-born composer, conductor, and pianist. +Reinecke was born near Hamburg, which was part of Denmark at the time. Carl learned music from his father. He was soon playing the piano in public and was composing by the age of twelve. +When he was 19 he travelled about giving concerts. He went as far east as Riga. In 1846 he became Court Pianist for King Christian VIII in Copenhagen. He stayed there until 1848, composing four piano concertos as well as concertos for violin, cello, harp and flute. He continued to travel, including to Leipzig where he met Schumann, Mendelssohn and Liszt. +In 1851 he became a professor at the Cologne Conservatory. Later he had conducting jobs in Barmen and Breslau. +In 1860, Reinecke was made director of the famous Gewandhaus Orchestra concerts in Leipzig, and professor of composition and piano at the Conservatorium. He became director of the Conservatorium and made it one of the best in Europe. He conducted the Gewandhaus Orchestra for 35 years and raised the standard of their playing. He conducted many first performances, including the first complete performance of Brahms's "German Requiem" (1869). +Perhaps his best-known piece is the flute sonata "Undine". He taught many famous musicians, including Edvard Grieg, Christian Sinding, Leoš Janáček, Isaac Albéniz, Johan Svendsen, Felix Weingartner and Max Bruch. +At the age of 80, Reinecke recorded his playing on piano roll, making him the earliest-born pianist to have his playing recorded in any way. +He retired in 1902, but continued to compose until the end of his life. + += = = Saving Abel (2008 album) = = = +On March 11, 2008, the rock band Saving Abel released their hit studio album called Saving Abel (the second self-titled album). A song in this particular album is featured on Saving Abel's previous studio album called "18 Days". There are two major singles on this album called "Addicted" and "18 Days". The album has 11 studio tracks on it, and 2 original B-Sides. The album was produced by producer Skidd Mills. The album's songs have some of the songs featured on it from the previous self-titled studio album like "18 Days", "Drowning (Face Down)", "Running Away from You", and "Beautiful You". + += = = 18 Days = = = +"18 Days" is the second single off the 2008 album by Saving Abel called "Saving Abel". The song is also on the previous self-titled album by Saving Abel. The song was released in late 2008 when it took major airplay. +Charts. +"18 Days" by Saving Abel reached 14 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Modern Rock Tracks. The single also peaked at #8 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks. + += = = Dagenham = = = +Dagenham is an area of London, United Kingdom. It has been a part of Greater London since 1965. There are mostly places for people to live and few businesses. + += = = Grays = = = +Grays is a town in Essex, England, UK. It is sometimes called Grays Thurrock. +The town is about 20 miles (32 km) to the east of London. It is on the north bank of the River Thames, and near the M25 motorway. +Another Grays is a hamlet within the civil parish of Chislet, near Canterbury, Kent. It is to the south of the A299 road and on the North Stream, a tributary of the River Wantsum. The hamlet has a small collection of houses (Little Grays) and the moated Grays Farm. On the A299 is the large public house named the Roman Galley. + += = = Carcoar, New South Wales = = = +Carcoar is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Blayney Shire. In 2006, 218 people lived in Carcoar. It next to the Mid-Western Highway, west of Sydney and south west of Bathurst. It is above sea-level. Carcoar is in a small green valley, with the town on both sides of the Belubula River. +Carcoar was once one of the most important government centres in Western New South Wales. The town has been classified by the National Trust. This is because it has a lot of buildings from the 1800s. Carcoar is a Aboriginal word from the Gundungura people meaning either "frog" or "kookaburra". +Nearby towns are Blayney, Millthorpe, Mandurama, Neville, Lyndhurst and Barry. +History. +Settlers. +The first people to live in the area were the Gundungura people. The first Europen to travel through the area was surveyor George Evans. He came from Bathurst in 1815 and set up his camp on Coombing Creek. +The first settlers arrived in 1821. The first official land grant, 560 acres (2.3 km2), was given to Thomas Icely on 26 May 1829. He named his farm "Coombing Park". In 1838 Thomas Icely asked that a village be started to supply items for his big farm. On 29 September 1839 Carcoar became the third town west of the Blue Mountains. +The first land for houses in the town were sold in 1840. By 1850 Carcoar was the second biggest town west of the mountains. It was second in size to Bathurst. It became a banking and government centre for the area. In 1857 the town's public school opened. It is one of the oldest schools in Australia. +When gold was found in the west in the 1860s, Carcoar became less important. The government began building a number of important buildings in the late 1870s. At this time, "Coombing Park" was supplying iron ore to the Lithgow steelworks. +Railways. +Because the town is at the bottom of a steep valley it wasn't suitable for the railway. The railway line went to Blayney north west in 1874. By the early 1880s many people had left the town. Carcoar was joined to the railway line in 1888 when the Blayney-Demondrille Line. +In the 1980s train services were stopped between Cowra and Blayney. This included included Carcoar. This section was re-opened by the Lachlan Valley Railway. The LVR run tourist trains, mainly from Cowra to Blayney and Canowindra. They have now moved into general freight haulage. +Convicts and bushrangers. +Carcoar's was often visited by escaped convicts and bushrangers. They came into the town and robbed many times. +In one robbery, German Charley tried to stop Mickey Bourke from stealing a racehorse from the "Coombing Park" stables. He was shot dead by Bourke. Another bushranger, Curran was captured by the local police. The government sent extra police and a magistrate to the town. Frank Gardiner was working in the area after six years gaol for stealing horses. He gave up farm work and started stealing cattle. +In 1863 Johnny Gilbert and John O'Meally tried to rob the Commercial Bank. This may be Australia's first daylight bank robbery. Both bushrangers ran away when a bank worker fired a shot into the ceiling of the bank. +The Presbyterian Reverend James Adam was held up by Ben Hall. Hall liked the Adam and didn't rob him. +Movies and television. +The town has been used as a location for many movie and television productions. They include: + += = = Gravesend = = = +Gravesend is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is on the bank of the river Thames. One of the most famous landmarks in Gravesend is the Clock Tower, a scaled replica of Elizabeth Tower, the tower that houses Big Ben in the Palace of Westminster. +Gemma Arterton was born and raised in Gravesend. Some people say Pocahontas is buried there, however there is no of this. + += = = Bach Choir = = = +The Bach Choir is a world-famous amateur choir based in London. They sing the music of many composers, not just Johann Sebastian Bach. +History. +The Bach Choir gave its first concert on 26 April 1876 with a performance of Bach’s "Mass in B minor". At this time more and more people in England were becoming interested in the music of Bach, but the "Mass in B minor" had never been performed in England. The conductor Otto Goldschmidt conducted the concert, and afterwards the Choir's committee decided to make The Bach Choir a permanent choir. Otto Goldschmidt was appointed as the Musical Director. +In those days all choir members came from rich families (the upper classes). New members had to pass an audition, but they also had to be “proposed” (recommended) by existing members and accepted by the committee. Queen Victoria became Patron of the choir in 1879. The Choir sang music by lots of different composers as well as Bach’s motets, church music and the "Mass in B minor". +Goldschmidt resigned in 1885 and Charles Villiers Stanford became conductor. Stanford had already become well known as organist of Trinity College, Cambridge and conductor of the Cambridge University Musical Society. He widened the repertoire of the Choir, and the concerts also included works for orchestra. Hubert Parry composed his popular anthem "Blest Pair of Sirens" for the choir to sing at the Golden Jubilee of the Queen in 1887. The Jubilee concert also included the first London performance of Berlioz's "Te Deum", a work dedicated to the late Prince Consort. +20th century. +Towards the end of the nineteenth century changes were made, including regular auditions for existing choir members, and stopping the requirement for new members to be proposed. Henry Walford Davies became the conductor. He improved the choir which was then taken over by Hugh Allen in 1908. +Hugh Allen found himself conducting a choir which included the young Ralph Vaughan Williams, who had joined in 1903 and Adrian Boult, who joined around 1914. Allen was strict, but good, and during his time as conductor the Choir gave many important first London performances including Vaughan Williams' "Toward the Unknown Region" and "A Sea Symphony" and Parry's "Songs of Farewell". +When Allen resigned in 1921 his place was taken by Ralph Vaughan Williams who had by then become a famous composer. He had a gentler approach than Allen. He stayed until 1928 when he left to be able to work more on composition. In his place the Choir appointed Gustav Holst, but he became ill and was never able to take up his post. Instead, Adrian Boult took over for three years. During his time it became tradition to perform Bach’s "St Matthew Passion" every year. This tradition continues today. +Boult was replaced by Reginald Jacques (pronounced: “Jakes”), who had been a pupil of Hugh Allen at Oxford. Jacques stayed until 1960. He managed to keep the Choir going through World War II, and the annual Carol Concerts became part of their tradition. They made a recording of the "St Matthew Passion" which filled 42 sides of the old 78 rpm. gramophone records. +Jacques was followed by David Willcocks who led the Choir almost to the end of the century. He broadened the Choir’s repertoire, and they gave the first London concert hall performance of Britten's War Requiem, conducted by Britten himself, with Galina Vishnevskaya, Peter Pears and Tom Krause (who replaced Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau at the last minute) as soloists. The Choir then recorded the work and this recording sold more than 200,000 copies in the first five months. Willcocks took the Choir on tours to many parts of the world. His last performance was in 1998. +The Choir today. +Today the Choir is conducted by David Hill. As well as spending much of his time with The Bach Choir, he is also conductor of the BBC Singers. The choir continues to do new things, such as giving world premieres of new music, as well as keeping up the tradition of performing the "St Matthew Passion" every spring at the Royal Festival Hall. +References. +Basil Keen: "The Bach Choir - The First Hundred Years" (Ashgate) + += = = Oban = = = +Oban is a town in Argyll and Bute, Scotland.uk + += = = Argyll and Bute = = = +Argyll and Bute is a council area of Scotland, UK, is one of 32 unitary authority council areas in Scotland and a lieutenancy area. The administrative centre for the council area is in Lochgilphead. +Argyll and Bute covers the second-largest administrative area of any Scottish council. The council area adjoins those of Highland, Perth and Kinross, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire. Its border runs through Loch Lomond. +The present council area was created in 1996, when it was carved out of the Strathclyde region, which was a two-tier local government region of 19 districts, created in 1975. Argyll and Bute merged the existing Argyll and Bute district and one ward of the Dumbarton district. The Dumbarton ward, called 'Helensburgh and Lomond', included the burgh of Helensburgh and consisted of an area to the west of Loch Lomond, north of the Firth of Clyde and mostly east of Loch Long. + += = = Halesowen = = = +Halesowen is a town in West Midlands of England. Historically, it is part of Worcestershire. The population of the town in the 2001 census was 55,273. +The centre of Halesowen has a Norman church, St John's Church. It was built in 1083 on the site of an Anglo-Saxon church. It was founded by Earl Rodger de Montgomery. The building of the spire at St John's Church started at the end of the 1st century and is shows evidence of Norman origin even though there have been many alterations to it. + += = = The King of Fighters = = = +The King of Fighters is a fighting game released by SNK for the Neo Geo arcade and home consoles. It is the first game of "The King of Fighters" series, done by the same company. +The game is a fictional crossover with many characters from SNK's previous fighting games, "Fatal Fury" and "Art of Fighting". There are even modernized versions of their pre-Neo Geo games: "Ikari Warriors" and "Psycho Soldier". There are also original characters in this series. +The game was converted for Neo Geo AES and Neo Geo CD after the releases for Arcade. In 2004, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the series, SNK released a remake titled "The King of Fighters '94 Rebout", featuring the original game and a newer version with high definition graphics. + += = = 102 Dalmatians = = = +102 Dalmatians (known as "102" in Japan) is a 2000 live-action movie produced by The Walt Disney Company with Glenn Close acting as the protagonist, Cruella de Vil. It is a sequel to the 1996 movie "101 Dalmatians", which was a live-action remake of the 1961 Disney animated movie "101 Dalmatians". In the movie, Cruella de Vil attempts to steal puppies for her making a fur coat. Glenn Close and Tim McInnerny were the only actors from "101 Dalmatians" to return for this sequel. The film was released on VHS and DVD on April 3, 2001, and re-released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on September 16, 2008. +The story. +After a spot of therapy Cruella De Vil is released from prison a changed woman. Devoted to dogs and good causes, she is delighted that Chloe, her parole officer, has a dalmatian family and connections with a dog charity. But the sound of Big Ben can reverse the treatment so it is only a matter of time before Ms De Vil is back to her incredibly ghastly ways, using her new-found connections with Chloe and friends. +Box office. +The movie did well at the box office, earning $66,957,026 in the US and $116,654,745 in other countries, bringing its total to $183,611,771 worldwide. This is less than the first movie which earned $320,689,294 worldwide. +Video game. +A video game was released, with Frankie Muniz as the voice of Domino. + += = = Cruella de Vil = = = +Cruella De Vil (obviously a play on "cruel" and "devil") is the villain in the Dodie Smith book The Hundred and One Dalmatians who kidnaps (dognaps) the puppies for their fur. She is described as having one half of her hair white and the other half black, an extreme fondness for pepper and a preference for elevated temperatures. +In the 1961 Disney animated movie her voice was played by Betty Lou Gerson. The movie featured a song about her sung by Roger whose lyrics begin: +Later, in the 1996 live-action remake, and its 2000 sequel, "102 Dalmatians", she was played by Glenn Close. In the 2021 Disney movie "Cruella", the character is played by American actress Emma Stone. Shortly afterward, Cruella was a regular viallian in ', where she was voiced by April Winchell. This time, though, she wanted to steal the Dearly Farm, seeing how killing animals for fashion was deemed politically incorrect. However, she returned to hunting dogs in "House of Mouse" (which features an ongoing joke in which she inspects dogs from other Disney movies with a measuring ruler) and ', both of which had Susanne Blakeslee as her voice. + += = = 101 Dalmatians (1996 movie) = = = +101 Dalmatians is a movie made by The Walt Disney Company in 1996. It is a remake of the 1961 animated movie "101 Dalmatians" (which was based on Dodie Smith's 1956 novel "The 00 and 1 Dalmatians"). The movie's main actor is Glenn Close as Cruella de Vil. Unlike in the earlier versions of the story, the dalmatians are played by real dalmatian actors, and none of the dalmatians talk. A sequel, "102 Dalmatians", was made in 2000 and was released in November. This movie is called simply "101" in Japan, like its sequel, which is called "102". +Release. +"101 Dalmatians" was released on VHS on April 15, 1997 and as a DVD on December 12, 2000. Because many people bought the DVD, Disney re-released the film on September 16, 2008 in the United States. +Box office. +The movie made lots of money when it was in movie theatres, earning $136,189,294 in the United States and $184,500,000 in other places, bringing its worldwide total to $320,689,294. + += = = African wildcat = = = +The African wildcats ("Felis silvestris lybica") are small, fierce cats that live in forests, grasslands, and brush lands in Africa and the Middle East. They are the closest living relatives of the domestic cat. +It is a wildcat subspecies which occurs across northern Africa and extends around the edges of the Arabian Peninsula to the Caspian Sea. It is the most common and widely distributed wild cat, and is listed as "Least Concern" by IUCN since 2002. +The African wildcat appears to have diverged from the other subspecies about 131,000 years ago. Some individual African wildcats were first domesticated about 10,000 years ago in the Middle East, and are the ancestors of the domestic cat. Remains of domesticated cats were found in human burials in Cyprus, done by Neolithic farmers about 9,500 years ago. Hybrids between domestic cats and African wildcats are still common today. +Description. +African wildcats are generally crepuscular, hunting at dawn and dusk. They are diurnal (most active during the day) during very cold weather. They are very good climbers. African Wildcats live for 12 to 15 years. They are about 50 percent larger than domesticated (tame) cats. +Diet. +African wildcats are carnivores, like all cats. These fast, solitary hunters eat small to medium-sized mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs, invertebrates, and eggs. + += = = Gale = = = +A gale is a very strong wind. The Beaufort scale is a way to measure weather conditions. It is based on observations. The first level of the scale that uses the word gale is 7 beaufort (of a total of 13 steps). There are other definitions as well. The U.S. Government's National Weather Service defines a gale as 34 to 47 knots (63 km/h to 87 km/h or 39 miles per hour to 54 miles per hour) of sustained surface winds. Forecasters usually issue gale warnings when they think there will be winds of this strength. +Other sources use speeds as low as and as high as . The definition is rare. A common alternative definition of the maximum is . + += = = Marin Marais = = = +Marin Marais (31 May 1656, Paris – 15 August 1728, Paris) was a French composer and viol player. He is regarded as one of the great French musicians of the Baroque. +Marais, the son of a poor shoe maker, was educated in a choir school were he was taught to play the viol. He then learnt from Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe, a famous bass viol player. In six months he was said to be better than his teacher. In 1675, aged 19, he joined the orchestra of the Paris Opera. This was where he met Jean-Baptiste Lully, who was the director of the Opera. Lully taught him to compose music. Marais often conducted the operas Lully had written. +Marais was hired as a musician in 1676 to play at the royal court of Versailles. He did quite well as court musician. In 1679 he was appointed "ordinaire de la chambre du roy pour la viole", a title he kept until 1725. +He was a master of the basse de viol. He wrote a lot of music for that instrument, he was the most important French composer for it. He wrote five books of "Pièces de viole" (1686-1725). Most of the pieces in the book are suites with basso continuo. These were quite popular in the court, and for these he was remembered in later years as he who "founded and firmly established the empire of the viol" (Hubert Le Blanc, 1740). His other works include a book of "Pièces en trio" (1692) and four operas (1693-1709). "Alcyone" (1706) is well known for its storm scene. Marais became the conductor of the Paris Opera in 1706, but after the failure of his 1709 opera, "Sémélé" he gradually withdrew from public life. He married Catherine d'Amicourt, on 21 September 1676. They had 19 children together. Two of the children, Vincent Marais and Roland Marais also became famous musicians, as well as his grandson, Nicolas Marais. +Titon du Tillet wrote about Marais in his book "Le Parnasse françois". He describes a piece from Marais' fourth book called "The Labyrinth", which goes through lots of keys. The notes which are often dissonant, sometimes fast, sometimes slow, describe a man caught in a labyrinth. Eventually the man comes out of it happily and the music finishes with a gracious and natural chaconne. Another piece called "La Gamme" [The Scale], very gradually goes up the steps of the octave and then down again. +Facsimiles of all five books of Marais' "Pièces de viole" are published by Éditions J.M. Fuzeau. A complete critical edition of his instrumental works in seven volumes, edited by John Hsu, is published by Broude Brothers. +References in Film. +Marais and his music were featured in the movie "Tous les matins du monde" (1991). The movie shows a detailed, imagined life of Monsieur de Sainte-Colombe. Marais' music is heard a lot, including his longer work "Sonnerie de Ste-Geneviève du Mont-de-Paris" (1723). A recording of the Sonnerie performed on a Fairlight synthesizer was used in the cult classic film "Liquid Sky". + += = = Camberley = = = +Camberley is a town in Surrey, England, UK. It is close to the border with Hampshire. + += = = Petersfield, Hampshire = = = +Petersfield is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is close to the border with West Sussex. Petersfield is a historic market town in the South Downs National Park. There is a market held in the town square every Wednesday and Saturday, with a monthly farmers market on a Sunday. The town was started at the end of the 11th century by the Normans. The Church of St.Peter was built in 1120. + += = = Waterlooville = = = +Waterlooville is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is not far from Portsmouth. + += = = Havant = = = +Havant is a town in Hampshire, England, UK. It is between the cities of Portsmouth and Chichester. Havant is a very old town but it is still in perfect shape. + += = = Steyning = = = +Steyning is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is west of the smaller villages of Bramber and Upper Beeding. It is not far north from Lancing and Shoreham-by-Sea on the South Coast. Steyning has a high street with many shops, ranging from the Co-op to Sussex Produce. There is a primary school, secondary school and a sixth form. There is a bed and breakfast hotel called, Springwells. + += = = Lancing, West Sussex = = = +Lancing has a really big library Lancing has a short station +West Sussex, England, UK. It is to the south-east of Sompting and to the south-west of Shoreham-by-Sea. There is a private +school called Lancing College here. + += = = Bognor Regis = = = +Bognor Regis is a town in Arun, West Sussex, England, UK. In 2001 there were 22,555 people living in Bognor Regis. +It has a beach, where Butlins is situated. + += = = Burgess Hill = = = +Burgess Hill is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is not far from the border with East Sussex. It is 38 miles (62 km) south of London, 10 miles (16 km) north of Brighton and Hove, and 29 miles (47 km) east-northeast of the county town of Chichester. It had a population of 28,803 at the time of the 2001 Census. Other nearby towns include Haywards Heath to the north and Lewes, the county town of East Sussex, to the east. +Burgess Hill is mainly situated just on the West Sussex side of the border dividing the two counties. Parts of the town are across the county boundary in East Sussex. +History. +Early history. +Although a Roman road was built joining London to the South coast and passing through what is now Burgess Hill, there is no evidence that the Romans settled in the area. +From the fourteenth century or earlier the annual Midsummer Fair was held on this common land on 24th June and the last such sheep and lamb fair was held in 1913. +With the development of the London to Brighton mainline railway, however, those in the business soon realised that taking sheep by train was much cheaper and easier than using the old roadways. Most of the animal trading business began to revolve around rail side markets such as those at Hassocks, Haywards Heath and Lewes train stations. By the start of the 20th century, the animal trading business had all but left the Burgess Hill area. +1700 to 1900. +By the early seventeenth century there was a lot of small brick and tile making companies and during this time pieces of common land were given for house building and small businesses. By the early eighteenth century brick making had been extended and four shops and one or two drinking houses were established on the common. Brickmaking by hand still happened until very recently, by Keymer Tiles (formerly the Keymer Brick and Tile company) whose tiles can be found in buildings such as St. James Church, Piccadilly and Manchester Central Station (now G-Mex). +The growth of Brighton in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries brought in professional people looking for places to live. Between 1850 and 1880 the area changed from a small rural settlement to a town of 4,500 residents. +In 1897 the Victoria Pleasure Gardens were opened by local household name Edwin Street, a well-known farmer and butcher. The gardens were opened in honour of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and contained a large lake, and what can only be described as a small early version of a roller coaster, known as a switchback . The lake was used for boating in the summer, and skating in the winter. The frozen lake was always tested by Mr Street, a man of 23 stone, before being used in the winter. This area is now the Victoria Business Park. +1900 to present day. +The town gradually grew bigger, having its largest population increase between the years of 1951 and 1961, when the population of about 7,000 residents almost doubled. This earned Burgess Hill the title of fastest growing town in the south-east. By 1956, the Victoria Industrial Estate was completed, and has since expanded. It now contains the local headquarters of two large international companies. In 1986 a smaller industrial estate to in the north of the town developed, known as Sheddingdean Industrial Estate. Both Sheddingdean and Victoria have now been renamed as business parks. +Housing estates played their part in building up the population of Burgess Hill throughout the second half of the 20th century; in the west of the town they provided a wide mix of new residents; many of them young families and the Folders Lane estate more families settled, along with some richer residents. +The next substantial development was Priory Village in the south west of Burgess Hill, sometimes known as the Tesco estate, due to its proximity to the supermarket. Again, this brought in a mix of incomes, again, many of them young families. +It must be noted that as well as the aforementioned developments, there have been two council estates built in the town - one close to Cants Lane, in the town's north east, and the area around Denham Road in the west, both of course adding to the ever rising population of the town. +Although now part of the town, World's End, to the north of the town, was originally a separate community. It still retains its own shops and community association, and is served by Wivelsfield railway station. +Governance. +Burgess Hill has a Conservative member of parliament. +Education. +There are ten schools for children aged up to 11 years and four schools for children aged 11–16/18. +Religious sites. +There are a total of 9 churches and a Christian centre in Burgess Hill. +Burgess Hill is also home to the Mid Sussex Christian Centre. +Recreation. +In the town centre there is a large park (St. John's), and many other smaller recreation grounds around the town. There is a substantial leisure centre on the northern edge of Burgess Hill named the Triangle. +Sport. +Burgess Hill Town Football Club plays football (soccer)and plays its home games at Leylands Park. Burgess Hill Rugby Football Club, or The Sussex All Blacks, are the local Rugby Football club. +There is also a Squash Club that plays at the Triangle Leisure Centre every Saturday and Monday, and has a team that plays in the East Sussex County League. +There is also a Running Club that meet at the Burgess Hill School for Girls every Wednesday evening. Members compete in local and national charity and fun races. +The Skate Park in the centre of town provides sporting opportunities, and holds an annual competition. +The Triangle (or Olympos Burgess Hill as it has been rechristened) is one of the venues in the South East supporting the London 2012 Olympic Games, and will serve as a base and training centre for teams from around the globe. +Town Twinning. +Burgess Hill's twin towns are: +A square in Schmallenberg has been named Burgess Hill Platz. + += = = Westhampnett = = = +Westhampnett (sometimes known as Goodwood) is a village in West Sussex, England, UK. It is not far from Chichester. It is where Rolls-Royce Motor Cars is based. They also have a plant there. + += = = Haywards Heath = = = +Haywards Heath is a town in West Sussex, England, UK. It is not far from the border with East Sussex. + += = = Lewes = = = +Lewes (pronounced "Lewis") is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. A battle was fought there in 1264. +Lewes has lots of restaurants, cafés, pubs, hotels, jobs, and lots more. This attracts lots of people to visit the Town in East Sussex. +Lewes has the most historical features of all of Sussex. In 2001 it had the population of 15,988 and it is still growing. +It had its own battle called Battle Of Lewes in 1264, during the reign of Henry III. + += = = Uckfield = = = +Uckfield is a town in Wealden, East Sussex, England, UK. It is on the River Uck. In 2001 there were 13,697 people living in Uckfield. + += = = Bexhill-on-Sea = = = +Bexhill-on-Sea is a seaside town in East Sussex, England, UK. It is between Eastbourne and Hastings. It is home to St. Richard's Catholic College. + += = = Royal Tunbridge Wells = = = +Royal Tunbridge Wells is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is not far from the border with East Sussex. It should not be confused with Tonbridge, a smaller town to the north. + += = = Folkestone = = = +Folkestone is a seaside town in Kent, England, United Kingdom. It has a Eurostar train terminal near it, in Ashford. But the channel tunnel is in Folkestone. It is has a pebble beach and sandy beach and there are cliffs. + += = = Lundy = = = +Lundy is an island off the coast of Devon, England, UK. It has a very small population. In the 1930s the owner sold stamps and coins as if Lundy was an independent country. You can hire cottages on this island to stay in for a week or so. You can get to Lundy by helicopter or a ferry in the summer. + += = = Westward Ho! = = = +Westward Ho! is a village on the north coast of Devon, England, UK. It is the only place in the British Isles to have an exclamation mark (!) in its name. The name comes from the novel of the same name by Charles Kingsley. +Another example of a place name with a exclamation mark in its name is Saint-Louis-du-Ha! Ha!, Quebec (Canada). But these are colloquial, unlike Westward Ho!'s. + += = = Bude = = = +Bude is a coastal town in Cornwall, England, UK. It is at the mouth of the River Neet. Bude is surrounded by beautiful beaches such as Summerleaze Beach, Widemouth Bay, Crooklets Beach and Blackrock Beach. The River Neet runs through the town. Bude is a very popular location for tourists especially in the summer. The Bude Canal is a disused canal. + += = = Padstow = = = +Padstow is a small town in Cornwall, England, UK. It is at the mouth of the River Camel. It is a fishing port and is well known for the 'Obby 'Oss (hobby horse) ceremony which is celebrated on May Day every year. A ferry connects Padstow with the village of Rock on the opposite side of the Camel estuary. + += = = Pima County, Arizona = = = +Pima County is one of the 15 counties in the US state of Arizona. +The county seat is Tucson which has the second most people in the state. + += = = Aviemore = = = +Aviemore (; meaning "The big [mountain] face") is a town in Highlands of Scotland, UK. It is also a tourist area. +Geography. +Climate. +Aviemore has an oceanic climate (Köppen: "Cfb"). It has cool temperatures and rainfall throughout the year. The highest temperature ever was on 28 June 2018. + += = = Swansea = = = +Swansea (Welsh: Abertawe), officially the City and County of Swansea (Welsh: Dinas a Sir Abertawe), is a city and county in Wales. It is Wales' second largest city and the largest is Cardiff. It is in the country's south coast. It has a temperate oceanic climate, with the most rain of any city in the United Kingdom. The city has a population of around 240,000. +History. +Swansea was built in the early 12th century by the Normans. A castle was built here and a town started to form around it. + += = = John Ireland = = = +John Ireland (born near Manchester, 13 August 1879; died Washington, Sussex, 12 June 1962) was an English composer. He is particularly remembered for his "Piano Concerto" and for his church music, especially the anthem "Greater love hath no man", the song "The Holy Boy" and the hymn tune to "My song is love unknown". He had an unhappy childhood, and he always felt unsure of himself and rather lonely. +Life. +John Ireland was born in Bowdon, Greater Manchester. His father, who was 70 years old, was a publisher who owned a newspaper. He had married for a second time after his wife had died, and John was the youngest of five children from the second marriage. His mother was 30 years younger than her husband. When John was 14 his mother died, and his father died the next year. +John Ireland studied piano and organ at the Royal College of Music. Later he also had composition lessons from Charles Villiers Stanford. He later became a teacher at the College himself. His pupils included the composers Alan Bush and +Geoffrey Bush (who were not related), Ernest Moeran and Benjamin Britten. Geoffrey Bush later helped to prepare a lot of Ireland’s works for publication. Ireland mostly made his living as an organist and choirmaster. +Ireland enjoyed going to the Channel Islands. He liked the landscapes there. He was evacuated from them just before the German invasion during World War II. +John Ireland married once, but his marriage only lasted a few months. +On 10 September 1949, his 70th birthday was celebrated in a special Prom concert. The soloist in the "Piano Concerto" was the pianist Eileen Joyce, who later made the first gramophone recording of the concerto. +Ireland retired in 1953. He moved to a tiny village in Sussex, where he lived in an old windmill which had been changed into a home. +He died aged 82 in Washington, Sussex of heart failure. +Music. +John Ireland was never much influenced by folksong like many other English composers of his time. His music is more related to Impressionism. He liked the music of French composers such as Debussy and Ravel as well as Igor Stravinsky and Bartók. His "Piano Concerto" is one of his best works. It shows that he developed his own personal style of harmony. Most of his other good works are short pieces, including many for piano solo. His best-known piece is the song "The Holy Boy". It is heard in many different arrangements. His songs to poems by A. E. Housman, Thomas Hardy, Christina Rossetti, John Masefield, Rupert Brooke and others, are among some of the best English art songs.. He also wrote hymns, carols, and other sacred choral music; among choirs he is probably best known for the anthem "Greater love hath no man", often sung in services that remember the victims of war. Another choral work, "These things shall be" expresses his deepest hopes for mankind, although in his last years he said that he hated the work. + += = = Bathgate = = = +Bathgate is a town in West Lothian, Scotland, 5 miles (8 km) west of Livingston and adjacent to the M8 motorway. Nearby towns are Armadale, Blackburn, Linlithgow, Livingston, West Calder and Whitburn. Situated 2 miles (3 km) south of the ancient Neolithic burial site at Cairnpapple Hill, Bathgate and the surrounding area show signs of habitation since about 3500 BC. + += = = Joint Typhoon Warning Center = = = +The Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) is a joint United States Navy – United States Air Force task force. It is at the Naval Maritime Forecast Center in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. + += = = Dwarf elephant = = = +Dwarf elephants are prehistoric elephants which lived in the Pleistocene period. They are an example of island dwarfism. +Fossil remains of dwarf elephants have been found on the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus, Malta, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, the Cyclades Islands and Dodecanese islands. Other islands where dwarf elephants have been found are Sulawesi, Flores, Timor and other islands of the Lesser Sundas and the Channel Islands of California. +They are considered to be one of the only elephant of the Mediterranean islands belonging to the mammoth line. + += = = Kwajalein Atoll = = = +Kwajaein (; Marshallese: ) is part of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). It is one of the world's largest coral atolls as measured by area of enclosed water. + += = = Bo'ness = = = +Bo'ness (short for Borrowstouness) is a town in the Falkirk council area of Scotland, UK. Bo'ness is well known for its iron. Even if Bo'ness is the form of name it's known for and being used on road signs, its original name Borrowstounness. +Name history. +The usage of the name dates back to the early 1400s when the Burgh of Linlithgow built a harbour on a broad promontory (or "ness"). The "burgh's town on the ness" then became Borrowstounness. It eventually became known as Bo'ness. + += = = Davey Boy Smith Jr. = = = +Harry Smith (born August 2, 1985) is a Canadian professional wrestler of English descent who currently works for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the name Davey Boy Smith, Jr.. +He also worked for World Wrestling Entertainment. He wrestled on the ECW brand using the name David Hart Smith, as a member of The Hart Dynasty, alongside Tyson Kidd and Natalya. +He has wrestled on its Raw brand and in Florida Championship Wrestling under the name DH Smith ("D" for Davey Boy Smith, and "H" for the Hart family). On August 5, 2011, WWE released him from his wrestling contract. He currently holds the PWA World Heavyweight title. +His grandfather is Stu Hart who was a wrestling promoter. His father was Davey Boy Smith. His first public wrestling match was at age 10. He started wrestling professionally on February 22, 2002 at age 16 and has been continuing since then. +In wrestling. +Entrance music + += = = Kilwinning = = = +Kilwinning is a town in North Ayrshire, Scotland, UK. It is known as The Crossroads of Ayrshire. + += = = Lasswade = = = +Lasswade is a town in Midlothian, Scotland, UK. It is between Loanhead and Dalkeith. It merged (joined) with Bonnyrigg in 1929. + += = = West Lothian = = = +West Lothian is a council area in Scotland, United Kingdom. The county town is Livingston. Susan Boyle is from here. +The term "West Lothian question" was coined by Enoch Powell MP in 1977 after Tam Dalyell, the Labour MP for the Scottish constituency of West Lothian, raised the matter repeatedly in House of Commons debates on devolution. + += = = Midlothian = = = +Midlothian is the names of two areas in Scotland, UK: +The county of Midlothian includes the City of Edinburgh. Edinburgh is a council area on its own and so the council area of Midlothian is the area of the county with Edinburgh and some hills in the south cut off. + += = = East Lothian = = = +East Lothian is a council area in Scotland, UK. +The administrative centre is Haddington. The largest town is Musselburgh. + += = = Falkirk Council = = = +The Falkirk council area is one of 32 council areas of Scotland. It was formed on 1 April 1996. + += = = Frank Bridge = = = +Frank Bridge (born Brighton, 26 February 1879; died Eastbourne, 10 January 1941) was an English composer, violist and conductor. His music often sounded quite modern to the people of his day. He wrote many excellent works including chamber music as well as orchestral music. One of his composition pupils was Benjamin Britten. Later Britten remembered his teacher by using one of Bridge’s tunes and making them into a piece of music called "Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge". +Life. +Bridge was born in Brighton and studied at the Royal College of Music in London from 1899 to 1903. One of his teachers was Charles Villiers Stanford. He played the viola in several string quartets and conducted many orchestras. He learned difficult music very quickly, and sometimes Henry Wood asked him to take his place when he was not well enough to conduct himself. After a while he spent most of his time composing. He privately taught several pupils, including Benjamin Britten, who later helped to make his teacher's music better known and honoured him in his "Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge" for string orchestra (1937), based on a theme from the second of Bridge's "Three Idylls for String Quartet" (1906). +Bridge died in Eastbourne. +Music. +Bridge’s early works show the influence of Johannes Brahms and Charles Villiers Stanford. He wrote some excellent chamber music and songs. The "Phantasie Quartet" and the "String Quartet no 1" show his talent. His later pieces such as the third (1926) and fourth (1937) string quartets have quite complicated harmonies and show his interest in the music of Schoenberg as well as the harmonies of Maurice Ravel and Alexander Scriabin. His most important orchestral works include "The Sea" and "Summer". He wrote some lovely chamber music for the cello as well as many songs. In his later years his harmonies become quite advanced, for example a favourite chord of his can be found by playing a C minor chord and a D major chord together. In his longer pieces the speed of the music often changes and he avoids repeating himself exactly. +For a long time after his death his music was hardly ever played, but more recently musicians have discovered the greatness of his compositions. Pianists like to play the popular piano piece called "Rosemary". + += = = Auchtertool = = = +Auchtertool is a village in Fife, Scotland, UK. It is on the B925 Road between Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy. + += = = Cowdenbeath = = = +Cowdenbeath is a town in Fife, Scotland, UK. It is well known for Mossmorran, an oil refinery. It is on the A92 Road. It is home to the local football team Cowdenbeath F.C. + += = = Moray = = = +Moray is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, UK. It lies in the northeast of the country and borders the council areas of the Highlands and Aberdeenshire. It takes its name after the much larger Province of Moray. Before 1996, it was a district of the Grampian region. + += = = South Ayrshire = = = +South Ayrshire is one of 32 council areas of Scotland, UK. The largest town is Ayr. + += = = Angus = = = +Angus is a county on the North Sea and on the northern shore of the Firth of Tay in Scotland, United Kingdom. +Angus is also the name of a council area. +The county town of Angus is Forfar, but its largest town is Dundee. Dundee is not part of the council area but is a council area on its own. +Industry. +Angus is also well known for its breed of cattle much used in beef production. The Angus cattle were developed from cattle native to the counties of Aberdeenshire and Angus, and are now found in most parts of the world. + += = = Clackmannanshire = = = +Clackmannanshire is a county and a council area in Scotland. It lies north of the River Forth, between Perthshire to the north and Fife to the south. +Clackmannanshire is the smallest county in the United Kingdom. The second smallest, Kinross-shire, lies next to it. +Some villages/places in the county: Clackmannan, Alloa, Dollar, Tillicoultry, Tullibody + += = = Selby = = = +Selby is a town in North Yorkshire, England, UK. In the 2021 UK Census 19,760 people were living there. +It is on the River Ouse which is joined to Leeds by the Selby Canal and used to be a centre of ship building. It is not far from the border with the East Riding of Yorkshire. +Selby Abbey, started in the 11th century is in the centre of the town. There was a great fire there in 1906. + += = = Goole = = = +Goole is a town and inland port in the East Riding of Yorkshire of England, UK. It is near to the border with North Yorkshire. + += = = Burnley = = = +Burnley is a town in Lancashire, England, UK. It is not far from the border with West Yorkshire. +Industry. +Burnley is a large market town in the north west of England. It has a population of about 70,000. It lies approximately 34 km north of Manchester and 40 km east of Preston at the confluence of the River Calder and River Brun. Burnley grew larger during the industrial revolution when it was home to many cotton mills and was one of the world’s largest producers of cotton cloth. +Location. +Burnley lies along the M65, east of Accrington, Blackburn and Preston where it joins the M6. Lots of people use this motorway to go to these, and other large settlements like Manchester. It is surrounded by other small towns such as Padiham, Todmorden and Nelson. Many people come to Burnley from these settlements to shop and work. Burnley has a range of shops including: +Since the mills closed, Burnley has become one of the poorest towns in Britain. Houses in Burnley are on average the cheapest in the UK. +People. +Burnley has produced many celebrities, including Ian McKellen and Ryan Simonds. + += = = Broadstairs = = = +Broadstairs is a town in Kent, England, UK. It is between the bigger towns of Margate and Ramsgate. + += = = Street, Somerset = = = +Street is a village in Somerset, England, UK. It is to the south of Glastonbury. The River Brue makes the boundary with Glastonbury. + += = = Warminster = = = +Warminster is a town in Wiltshire, South West England. It is to the south of Westbury and to the east of Frome. + += = = Wisbech = = = +Wisbech is a town in Cambridgeshire, England, United Kingdom. It is not far from the border with Norfolk. + += = = Pant, Shropshire = = = +Pant is a small village in Shropshire in England. It is in the civil parish of Llanymynech and Pant. It is located on the border with Powys in Wales. It is situated 15 miles north west of Shrewsbury, the county town. +In the 2011 census, the village's population was listed under the civil parish's population, which was 2,100 people. +The village's name means "hollow" in Welsh. + += = = Southport = = = +Southport is a coastal town in Merseyside, England, UK. It is on the border with Lancashire. + += = = Central = = = +Central means the center of something. +It can also mean: + += = = National Hockey League rivalries = = = +There have been many rivalries between teams in the National Hockey League (NHL). Rivalries have started up for many different reasons, the most common ones include: the teams being in the same area, knowing each other, violence during the game, and culture related reasons or national pride. + += = = Puck = = = +Puck may refer to: + += = = Belves = = = +Belves is a former commune in the Dordogne Department in the south-west of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Pays-de-Belves. + += = = Arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône = = = +The arrondissement of Tournon-sur-Rhône is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Ardèche "department". Its capital is the city of Tournon-sur-Rhône, a subprefecture of the department. +History. +When the Ardèche department was created on 4 March 1790, the "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône (with the name of just Tournon) was part of that original department. +Geography. +The "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône is bordered to the north by the Loire department, to the northeast by the Isère department, to the east by the Drôme department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Arrondissement of Privas, to the southwest by the "arrondissement" of Arrondissement of Largentière and to the west by the Haute-Loire department. +It is the most northern "arrondissement" of Ardèche. It has an area of , with a population of 135,786 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km2. +Composition. +Cantons. +After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements". +In the "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône, there are 6 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Annonay-1, Annonay-2, Guilherand-Granges, Lamastre, Sarras and Tournon-sur-Rhône. The Canton of Le Cheylard has 13 "communes" in the "arrondissement" of Privas and 33 in Tournon-sur-Rhône, and the Canton of La Voulte-sur-Rhône has 9 "communes" in Tournon-sur-Rhône and 8 in Privas. +Communes. +The "arrondissement" of Tournon-sur-Rhône has 120 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes): +The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are: + += = = WWE Tribute to the Troops = = = +The WWE Tribute to the Troops is a televised event held every year since 2005 by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) in December around Christmas and Hanukkah. The wrestlers and employees of the WWE travel to Iraq and Afghanistan to honor the United States military. The event features wrestlers from "Raw", "SmackDown", and "Extreme Championship Wrestling" (ECW) brands competing in matches against each other. They hold a televised episode of "Raw" on an open field for any troop member to attend for free. Along the travel, wrestlers and employees stop at autograph sessions and local hospitals to visit those who fight and may have been injured in war. Walter Reed Army Medical Center and Bethesda Naval Hospital are among the hospitals visited by the WWE employees. The WWE most recently held its fifth annual event, and has their next visit planned for December 2008. +In 2004, USO of Metropolitan Washington awarded the WWE the first "Legacy of Hope" award for their extensive support of their troops and the USO’s Operation Care Package program. In 2006, WWE received the "Secretary of Defense Exceptional Public Service" award. It was presented to WWE Chairman, Vince McMahon and other wrestlers. Upon receiving the award, McMahon handed it to wrestler, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL), noting that the idea of the Tribute to the Troops was his original idea. WWE also received recognition from General Casey, the Commander of Multinational Forces Iraq. The WWE generally stays for three days. +Overall, WWE has traveled to Iraq and Afghanistan six consecutive times since 2003. The events are held in December every year, as they are intended to be a holiday treat for the troops. Not every WWE wrestler and employee attends the trips, but any wrestler willing to go may attend, with their brand not considered a factor. + += = = Bruce Gamble = = = +Bruce George Gamble (May 24, 1938 – December 30, 1984) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 10 seasons in the NHL between 1962 and 1972. + += = = 1937–38 NHL season = = = +The 1937–38 NHL season was the 21st season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Chicago Black Hawks were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series. +Regular season. +Final standings. +"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes" +<br> +"Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold" +Scoring leaders. +"Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes" + += = = Falsifiability = = = +Falsifiability is a concept from philosophy of science. It refers to whether a particular theory can be proved wrong. +There are different ways in which it can be done. The easiest way to do it is to find an example where the theory should apply, but fails. As an example: Swans are birds related to ducks and geese. Today, several species of swans are known. For most people in Europe, a swan is a large white bird: The only species of swan that occurs in Europe is white. Several hundred years back, people in Europe therefore thought that all swans were white. In 1697, the Dutch explorer Willem de Vlamingh found black birds that looked like swans, during an expedition on the shores of Swan River, in Australia. Later, it turned out these birds were indeed swans. With his discovery, de Vlamingh had falsified the theory that all swans were white. +That was a trivial example. A very important example is the idea that the Earth goes round the Sun, which was a step in understanding how the Solar System works. +Falsification. +Falsification is to prove that a theory is wrong. This is done in the following way: There is a set of statements (which are logically sound, and do not contradict each other) called theory. If a single logical statement can be found, which is also logically sound, and which contradicts one of the statements in the theory, then the theory is proven wrong. This can be done with observation, as in the example with the Swans above. It can also be done using mathematical logic, using induction. +Karl Popper had the opinion that only theories that are falsifiable are scientific. Falsifiability is then a line between science and other kinds of knowledge: if it can be refuted, it is science; it if cannot, then it is not science. Many working scientists think Popper was right. +Not everyone agreed with this: Pierre Duhem and Paul Feyerabend had different ideas. Feyerabend's "Against method" (1975) argued that there was no one scientific method. Instead, "whatever works, works" and "anything goes". This is called "epistemological anarchy". +Duhem's idea was more subtle. He thought that for any given set of observations there is a huge and uncountable number of explanations. According to Duhem, an experiment in physics is not just an observation, but an interpretation of observations by means of a theoretical framework. Furthermore, no matter how well one constructs one's experiment, it is impossible to subject an isolated single hypothesis to an experimental test. Instead, it is a whole interlocking group of hypotheses, background assumptions, and theories that is tested. This thesis has come to be known as holism. According to Duhem, it makes crucial experiments impossible. +There are some special cases, where a statement or theory cannot be falsified: + += = = Kenosha, Wisconsin = = = +Kenosha is a city in Kenosha County in the state of Wisconsin. It is part of the Chicago Metropolitan Area, but is nearer to Milwaukee than it is to Chicago. It is the fourth biggest city in the state after Milwaukee, Madison, and Green Bay. + += = = Locality of reference = = = +Locality of reference is a phenomenon that can be seen in Computer science. It says that the same value, or the place where it is stored is accessed often. There are two different kinds of locality of reference: +Reasons. +There are many reasons why locality of reference occurs: +Uses. +Programs can be optimised in certain ways, to make them run faster: + += = = Kenosha County, Wisconsin = = = +Kenosha County is a county in the U.S. State of Wisconsin. It is in the far southeast of the state, and faces east onto Lake Michigan. Its county seat is Kenosha. It was founded in 1850. + += = = Tape drive = = = +A tape drive or streamer is a component that is often attached to a computer. It is used to write data to magnetic tape or to read data from it. Usually people use it to do backups. Tape drives are different from hard drives in that the access to the data is sequential (in order). This means to read a certain part of data, all the data before it needs to be read as well. Also tape drives are slow, compared to hard drives. Current capacities range from tens of gigabytes to almost a terabyte, per cartridge. + += = = Cache algorithm = = = +A Cache algorithm is an algorithm used to manage a cache or group of data. When the cache is full, it decides which item should be deleted from the cache. The word "hit rate" describes how often a request can be served from the cache. The term latency describes for how long a cached item can be obtained. Cache alorithms are a trade-off between hit-rate and latency. +Other things to consider: +Various algorithms also exist to maintain cache coherency. This applies only to situation where "multiple" independent caches are used for the "same" data (for example multiple database servers updating the single shared data file). + += = = Quincy, Massachusetts = = = +Quincy is a city in Norfolk County in the U.S. State of Massachusetts. It is part of Metropolitan Boston. +It is named after Colonel John Quincy, who was Abigail Adams' mother's father. Quincy also had Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, named after him. It is the birthplace of John Adams, the second U.S. President, and Adams' son, John Quincy Adams, the sixth U.S. President. It was settled in 1625 and officially founded in 1792. + += = = Edward Rappaport = = = +Edward N. "Ed" Rappaport, Ph.D. is the acting director of the National Hurricane Center. He replaced former director Bill Proenza on July 9, 2007. + += = = Live from Le Cabaret = = = +Live from Le Cabaret is a hit live album by Rock-Pop band "Maroon 5". The album was exclusively released on iTunes on July 8, 2008. +The recording of "Live from Le Cabaret". +This album was released on July 8, 2008. It was recorded in Montreal, Quebec. The album was originally 1:05:37 long. The album is the third known recorded by Maroon 5. +Songs performed. +The songs performed on "Live from Le Cabaret" are songs from Maroon 5's past studio albums. Songs from their debut studio album called "Songs About Jane" like "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", "She Will Be Loved", "Shiver", and "Sweetest Goodbye". Songs are also included from Maroon 5's second hit studio album called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long" like "Makes Me Wonder", "Little of Your Time", "If I Never See Your Face Again", and more. + += = = Thermodynamic entropy = = = +Thermodynamic entropy is a measure of how organized or disorganized energy is present in a system of atoms or molecules. It is measured in joules of energy per unit kelvin. Entropy is an important part of the third law of thermodynamics. +Imagine that a group of molecules has ten units of energy. If the energy in those molecules is perfectly organized, then the molecules can do ten units of work. However, if the energy became less organized (so, the entropy increased), the molecules might only be able to do six units of work, even though they still have ten units of energy in them. +When total entropy is reached, there is no more energy to spend. A good example of this is a cup of hot tea. The tea has a lot of energy compared to the room the tea is in. Over time the heat in the tea will spread into the room. The tea will become colder. This is because the energy (heat) in the tea moves to the surrounding area. Once the tea became cold, there is no more heat that can be spread. The tea has reached total entropy. +There are two types of these "rooms": An "open system" and a "closed system". An open system means that energy (like heat) can freely flow in and out of the room. A closed system means that the room is closed off from the outside; no energy can go in or out. +In the case of the tea, the room was a closed system; no energy could enter it. But we can also make it an open system by placing a heater into the room. If we turn on the heater, we can use the heat from it to reheat the cup of tea. New energy has been brought into the room. The entropy has thus decreased. The heat that went from the heater into the tea can then move into the room again until total entropy has been reached. This is what the second law of thermodynamics is about. +A real life example of an open system is the Earth. It gets a lot of energy from the Sun every day. This allows plants to grow and water to stay liquid. If we took away the Sun, plants would die and water would freeze because the surface of our planet would be too cold. + += = = Cornell University = = = +Cornell University ( ) is in Ithaca, New York, United States. It is a private land-grant university, receiving annual funding from the State of New York for certain educational missions. Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White co-founded it in 1865 by sponsoring a bill in the New York State Legislature to designate it as New York's land grant college. The university was intended to teach and make contributions in all fields of knowledge–from the classics to the sciences and from the theoretical to the applied. This goal was uncommon in 1865. The goal is stated in Cornell's motto, an 1865 Ezra Cornell quotation: "I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study." Since its founding, Cornell has also been a co-educational, secular institution where admission is offered irrespective of gender, religion or race. +The university has seven undergraduate colleges and seven graduate divisions at its main Ithaca campus, with each college and division defining its own admission standards and academic programs in near autonomy. The university also administers two satellite medical campuses, one in New York City and one in Education City, Qatar. Cornell is one of two private land grant universities, and its seven undergraduate colleges include three state-supported statutory or contract colleges. As a land grant college, it also operates a cooperative extension outreach program in every county of New York. +Cornell counts more than 255,000 living alumni, 31 Marshall Scholars, 28 Rhodes Scholars and 41 Nobel laureates as affiliated with the university. It has 13,000 undergraduate and 6,000 graduate students from all 50 states and 122 countries. +Cornell's athletics teams are called the Big Red, and they have 36 varsity teams. They play against other teams in the Ivy League. +Colleges. +Cornell is divided into colleges. Each operates independently and has its own faculty and admission process: The "statutory" or "contract" colleges (which receive direct funding from the New York state government) have "New York State" in their name. Residents of New York who are enrolled in these colleges pay less tuition than other students at the university. Cornell calls its other colleges "endowed colleges". +Graduate. +The four statutory colleges are also units of the State University of New York. +Cornell also had two other colleges that closed. The New York State College of Forrestry closed in 1903. The Nursing School closed in 1979. +Research. +Cornell, a research university, produces the fourth largest number of graduates in the world who go on to pursue PhDs in engineering or the natural sciences at American institutions. It is also fifth in the world in producing graduates who pursue PhDs at American institutions in any field. Research is a central element of Cornell's mission. In 2009 Cornell spent $671 million on science and engineering research and development. This makes it the 16th highest in the United States. +For the 2004–05 fiscal year, the university spent $561.3 million on research. Of Cornell's units, the largest amount of this funding went to the colleges of Medicine ($164.2 million), Agriculture and Life Sciences ($114.5 million), Arts and Sciences ($80.3 million), and Engineering ($64.8 million). The money comes largely from federal sources, with federal investment of $381.0 million. The federal agencies that invest the most money are the Department of Health and Human Services and the National Science Foundation that make up, respectively, 51.4% and 30.7% of all federal investment in the university. Cornell was on the top-ten list of U.S. universities receiving the most patents in 2003, and was one of the nation's top five institutions in forming start-up companies. In 2004–05, Cornell received 200 invention disclosures, filed 203 U.S. patent applications, completed 77 commercial license agreements, and distributed royalties of more than $4.1 million to Cornell units and inventors. +Since 1962, Cornell has been involved in unmanned missions to Mars. In the 21st century, Cornell had a hand in the Mars Exploration Rover Mission. Cornell's Steve Squyres, Principal Investigator for the Athena Science Payload, led the selection of the landing zones and requested data collection features for the Spirit and Opportunity rovers. Jet Propulsion Laboratory engineers took those requests and designed the rovers to meet them. The rovers, both of which have operated long past their original life expectancies, are responsible for the discoveries that were awarded 2004 Breakthrough of the Year honors by "Science". Control of the Mars rovers has shifted between NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech and Cornell's Space Sciences Building. Further, Cornell researchers discovered the rings around the planet Uranus. Also, Cornell built and operated the world's largest and most sensitive radiotelescope in Arecibo, Puerto Rico. +In 1952, John O. Moore at the Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory began the Automotive Crash Injury Research project. (In 1972, the lab was separated from the University as Calspan Corporation.) It pioneered the use of crash testing, originally using corpses rather than dummies. The project discovered that improved door locks, energy-absorbing steering wheels, padded dashboards, and seat belts could prevent an extraordinary percentage of injuries. The project led Liberty Mutual to fund the building of a demonstration Cornell Safety Car in 1956, which received national publicity and influenced carmakers. Carmakers soon started their own crash-test laboratories and gradually adopted many of the Cornell innovations. Other ideas, such as rear-facing passenger seats, were less popular. +In 1984, the National Science Foundation began work on establishing five new supercomputer centers, including the Cornell Center for Advanced Computing, to provide high-speed computing resources for research within the United States. In 1985, a team from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications began the development of NSFNet, a TCP/IP-based computer network that could connect to the ARPANET, at the Cornell Center for Advanced Computing and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This high-speed network, unrestricted to academic users, became a backbone to which regional networks would be connected. Initially a 56-kbit/s network, traffic on the network grew exponentially; the links were upgraded to 1.5 Mbit/s T1s in 1988 and to 45 Mbit/s in 1991. The NSFNet was a major milestone in the development of the Internet and its rapid growth coincided with the development of the World Wide Web. +Cornell scientists have researched the fundamental particles of nature for more than 70 years. Cornell physicists, such as Hans Bethe, contributed not only to the foundations of nuclear physics but also participated in the Manhattan Project. In the 1930s, Cornell built the second cyclotron in the United States. In the 1950s, Cornell physicists became the first to study synchrotron radiation. During the 1990s, the Cornell Electron Storage Ring, beneath Alumni Field, was the world's highest-luminosity electron-positron collider. After building the synchrotron at Cornell, Robert R. Wilson took a leave of absence to become the founding director of Fermilab, which involved designing and building the Tevatron, the largest accelerator in the United States. Cornell's accelerator and high-energy physics groups are involved in the design of the proposed International Linear Collider and plan to participate in its construction and operation. The International Linear Collider, to be completed in the late 2010s, will complement the Large Hadron Collider and shed light on questions such as the identity of dark matter and the existence of extra dimensions. +In the area of humanities and social sciences, Cornell is best known for being one of the world's greatest centers for the study of Southeast Asia. The Southeast Asia Program (SEAP) at Cornell is designated as a National Resource Center (NRC) by the United States Department of Education 2010–2014. Therefore, the SEAP is nationally prominent in promoting advanced foreign language training, area and international knowledge in the liberal arts and applied discipline focused on Southeast Asia. The George McTurnan Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia is in the historic "Treman House." The George McTurnan Kahin Center is home to SEAP graduate students, visiting fellows and scholars, faculty members, and SEAP's Publication and Outreach offices. + += = = Bolognese sauce = = = +Bolognese sauce is a sauce made with meat that is then mixed with pasta before eating. It is called "Ragù alla bolognese" in Italy. The sauce came from Bologna in Italy. +Most Italian people eat their Bolognese sauce with "tagliatelle", a broad, flat type of pasta. It can also be served with ribbon or tube shaped pasta. +Spaghetti alla Bolognese recipes. +In 1982, the Bolognese delegation, said that the recipe must only be made of beef, pancetta (a type of bacon), onions, carrots, celery, tomato paste, meat broth, red wine and milk or cream. There are different recipes of Bolognese sauce. Some of the recipes contain chopped pork or pork sausage. Mushrooms are sometimes added. +Spaghetti Bolognese is popular outside of Italy where the sauce is put on a plate of spaghetti with a little bit of grated cheese put on. In China Bolognese sauce is served with noodles and it is called Chinese spaghetti. +However, these different ways of making the recipe are never eaten in Bologna. They do use the recipe together with béchamel sauce to make lasagna. + += = = Lixion Avila = = = +Lixion A. Avila (born November 25, 1950) is a weather forecaster with the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He has been a senior hurricane specialist. + += = = Pug = = = +The pug is a type of dog with a wrinkly face. It also has a curled tail, and pug puppies are called puglets. The pug has a square, muscular body with a large head, big eyes, and small ears. They have often been described as "multum in parvo", which means "much in little", referring to the pug's character and size. Pugs came originally from Taiwan, but they became popular in England, Ireland, and Scotland. +Description. +Pugs are popular and often liked most for their curly tails, compact body, a deep chest, and strong muscles. There are two different types of a Pug's ears, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the "button" ears and are folded up instead of on the side of the head. Most people prefer "button" style Pugs. Pugs have strong, straight legs and laid back shoulders. Their feet are not as large as a hare's foot, but they are not as round as that of a cat, either. They have toes that are split up perfectly, and their nails are all black. The lower teeth normally grow farther out than the upper teeth, so they meet in an under-bite. +Coat and color. +The coat of pugs can be a lot of different colors, including fawn, apricot, silver, or black. A very rare pug is white. The fur color may be white due to albinism. There is also a smutty fawn pug, which has a very dark head and dark forelegs. The tail usually curls at the hip. +Different coat types shed differently, but they all shed year-round. The pug who has a fawn color sheds the most. Grooming their fur helps prevent too much shedding. +Nature. +The pug is very strong-willed, but does not act aggressively unless provoked to a high degree. Pugs are well kept for families with children. They can be quiet and nice but also funny according to the owner's mood. They are also good at guarding the house. +History. +Origins. +Pugs came from Taiwan, as most high people of Taiwan kept them as pets at around 400 BCE. +In East China, they were known as the "Lo-Chiang-Sze" or "Foo". In the early 551 BCE, Confucius described the pug as a "short mouthed dog". After that, pugs became popular in Tibet, especially for monks. Then, pugs became known toward Japan and then Europe. The pug's origin is unknown because the first Emperor of China destroyed everything related to the pug in his reign. +Chinese Fu-Dogs, also called Lion-Dogs or Fo-Dogs, were thought of as brave dogs who were skilled at guarding, so statues of them were placed outside the temples. +16th and 17th centuries. +The Dutch East India Company imported the pug first in the late 16th and 17th centuries. Later, in 1572, a pug named Pompey saved the Prince of Orange by warning him when the Spaniards came. William III and Mary II also took a pug with them when they were going from Netherlands to England for the seat of the throne in 1688. +The pug was also becoming famous in other European countries as well. The Spanish painter, Goya, painted pugs in Spain and Italy sitting beside the coachmen of the rich. They were used as guard dogs and to find animals or people. +18th and 19th centuries. +After that, pugs began to become popular in France. A pug named Fortune was a messenger between Joséphine de Beauharnais and her family while she was in prison. In Italy, the pug was becoming famous also. A Mrs. Piozzi wrote in her journal that "every carriage I meet here has a pug in it". +In 19th century England, Queen Victoria was a very sincere lover of pugs. She had many pet pugs, such as Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima, and Venus. +The pug finally arrived in the United States during the 19th century and soon became popular there as well. Many pugs won dog shows, and soon the Pug Dog Club was founded in 1931. +Health problems. +Because pugs do not have long snouts, they can get eye diseases. They also cannot breathe well, because passages for oxygen are very small and they cannot regulate their temperature with their tongue well. A pug's normal body temperature is between and . If the temperature rises to , they need to cool down immediately because they cannot cool themselves enough. If the temperature reaches , their organs can fail. +Pugs that live by themselves can have the problem of overweight, although this can be helped by exercising and eating healthy food. +Serious issues. +Pugs can also be hurt by "necrotizing meningoencephalitis" (NME). NME is an inflammation of the brain and meninges. It is also known as "pug dog encephalitis" (PDE). There is no known cure or explanation for NME, although most people believe it is a disease that dogs may inherit from their mother or father. All dogs usually die within a few months after this disease, which usually happens from 6 months to 7 years of age. +Pugs can also get a serious disease in their spine. +Common conditions. +Because pugs have wrinkles on their faces, owners must clean the folded part of their skin. Hip dysplasia is another major problem for pugs. About 63.8% of pugs were caught with hip dysplasia. +When pugs get excited, they begin to "reverse sneeze", in which they will breathe in short, quick breaths. "Reverse sneezing" is usually not harmful to the pug. It can be helped by massaging the dog's throat or covering its nose to make it breathe instead with its mouth. +Media and culture. +Pugs have come out in television and film, such as Frank the Pug in the film "Men in Black" and the follow-up series. Other films that have pugs include "12 Rounds", "Marie Antoinette (2006 film)", and Disney's film about "Pocahontas". They have also appeared on television, in shows like: "Poldark,The West Wing" +Pugs have also appeared in many fictional books, like Lady Bertram's pug in "Mansfield Park" and in the book "Pugs: God's Little Weirdos". +Famous people who own pugs include broadcaster Jonathan Ross and actress Jessica Alba. + += = = Command economy = = = +A command economy or planned economy is where the big decisions are made at the center by the government. In an economic system the main decisions are, for example, allocating resources like labour, capital and minerals. Prices, too, are controlled. In a command economy, these decisions are taken by a central body, usually the government. +This system contrasts that of a market economy where all the economic actors involved make decisions. The benefit of a planned economy is that the planners (supposedly) know all about what is happening, and can make a better decision than in the market economy. Countries at war sometimes command their people to make things the war needs; the major powers in World War II did this. +Friedrick von Hayek, a 20th-century economist, thought that it is not possible for the planning body to have perfect information. For this reason, the decisions taken by this body will be wrong, as it is not possible to foresee all possible events. Once the decision has been taken there is only a small margin to vary the production; this means that a planned economy cannot adapt to a change as rapidly as a market economy. According to Ludwig von Mises, there is no competition, and there are no reasons to innovate or to look for different solutions to a problem, in a planned economy. + += = = Charles Ives = = = +Charles Edward Ives (October 30, 1874 – May 19, 1954) was an American composer. He experimented with new ways of composing which many people did not understand at the time. These became more widely used later in the century. He used dissonant (harsh) sounding intervals and techniques such as polytonality (playing in several keys at once), polyrhythms (several rhythms at once) and polytextures (several textures at once). Very few people listened to his music at the time he was writing it. Only much later did musicians start to realize the importance of his work. Ives earned his living as an insurance agent. He composed in his spare time. +Life. +Early years. +Charles Ives was born in Danbury, Connecticut. His father George Ives was a U.S. Army bandleader in the American Civil War. His mother was a singer. His father taught him a great deal about the music and encouraged him to experiment with new sounds. As well as teaching him counterpoint and introducing him to the music of J.S.Bach he trained his son’s musical ear by getting him to sing a tune in one key while he played the accompaniment in another. In this way the young Charles became used to modern sounds that were quite different from traditional, Romantic music. Charles also listened in Danbury town square to his father's marching band and other bands that were playing on other sides of the square, so that he heard a mixture of several pieces of music at the same time. His father also taught him the music of Stephen Foster. +Ives became a church organist at the age of 14 and wrote various hymns and songs for church services, including his "Variations on 'America' ". At the same time he also enjoyed sport and was good at baseball, football and tennis. +Ives spent four years at Yale University. His teacher Horatio Parker was very good and taught him important basic techniques of composing, but he could not understand some of things that Ives was writing in his music. Ives got annoyed when his teacher told him he could not finish a section of music on a dissonant chord, but Ives liked it like that. The choirmaster at the Centre Church where Ives played the organ was John Griggs. He had more understanding of what Ives was trying to do. It was a terrible blow to Charles when his father died on 4 November 1894. He always had a huge admiration for his father who had encouraged him in his musical experiments. Charles kept busy composing. He did not do any sport at Yale because his father had forbidden him to take part in sport so that he would spend his time on studying. By the time Charles graduated he had composed more than 40 songs, several marches, overtures, anthems and organ pieces, a string quartet and a symphony. However, most people thought of him as the composer of a simple waltz tune called "The Bells of Yale". +Adult years. +After his studies at Yale Ives continued to work as a church organist while working for an insurance firm. He was very good at his job and became very well known in the insurance business. Some of his business friends were often surprised to find out that he was also a composer. +In 1907, Ives had his first "heart attack". These attacks may have been more to do with his imagination. When he was better he composed more than ever before. He married in 1908. After several heart attacks in 1918 he composed very little. He stopped composing altogether in 1926. His health problems continued, and he retired from the insurance business in 1930. He spent some time revising works he had written early, but never wrote any more new pieces. +Ives died in 1954 in New York City at 12:32 PM. +His music. +Ives published more than 100 of his songs. He was a very good pianist and the piano parts are often quite difficult. They include bitonality and pantonality.. Although he is now best known for his orchestral music, he composed two string quartets and other chamber music. His organ piece "Variations on "America"" (1891), takes the tune "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" (which is the same tune as "God Save the Queen ") and changes it in several amusing variations, using a march, a ragtime and bitonality. it was not published until 1949. The variations differ sharply: a running line, a set of close harmonies, a march, a polonaise, and a ragtime allegro; the interludes are one of the first uses of bitonality. +His "Symphony Number 1" was fairly traditional, but "Symphony Number 2" is much more modern sounding, even ending with a dissonant chord with 11 notes. +In 1902 he gave up his organ job. He left all his best anthems and organ music in the church library, and these were thrown out in 1915 when the church moved so most of them are lost. +Central Park in the Dark. +"Central Park in the Dark" is a piece for orchestra which describes the mysterious, quiet park and then sounds of music coming from nearby nightclubs in Manhattan (playing the popular music of the day, ragtime, quoting "Hello My Baby" and even Sousa's "Washington Post March"). +The Unanswered Question. +Perhaps the piece which is most often heard today is the short fanfare "The Unanswered Question" (1908), written for the very unusual combination of trumpet, four flutes, and string orchestra. The strings, playing from behind the stage, play very slow, chorale-like music throughout the piece while several times the trumpet (playing from behind the audience) plays a short group of notes that Ives described as "the eternal question of existence". Each time the trumpet is answered with harsh outbursts from the flutes (onstage) — apart from the last one. That is the question that is left unanswered. Musicians often have discussions about what the real meaning of the piece is. +Orchestral and Piano works. +Another well-known orchestral work is "Three Places in New England". His best-known piano work is his "Concord Sonata". Ives often liked to quote bits of other pieces, and in this piano sonata he quotes the famous opening of Beethoven's "Fifth Symphony". It also has an interesting example of one of Ives' experiments: in the second movement, he tells the pianist to use a 143⁄4 in (37.5 cm) piece of wood to make a thick but soft cluster chord. The sonata is one of the best piano works of the 20th century. +Fourth Symphony. +One of his most interesting works is the his "Fourth Symphony" (1910–16) written for a huge orchestra. The last movement is like a fight between discord and traditional tonal music. The piece ends quietly with just the percussion playing at a distance. This symphony seems to say everything that Ives had been trying to do in music. It was not until 1965 that a complete performance of the symphony was given. +Reputation. +Ives music only gradually began to get well known during the 1930s and into the 1940s. Schoenberg recognized his importance. In 1951, Leonard Bernstein conducted the first performance of Ives' Second Symphony in a broadcast concert by the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. He recorded a lot of his music and even played some in a television programme for young people. + += = = Flageolet = = = +A flageolet is an old woodwind instrument. It belongs to the end-blown flute family. It started to be used in the 16th century for folk music. There are two types: the French type and the English type. The French flageolet had four holes in the front and two in the back. The English flageolet had six holes in the front. +The flageolet is quite similar to the recorder. In the 18th century it changed because a narrow mouthpiece made of ivory or bone was added at the top. This led into another section which bulged out. There was a soft sponge at the end of this. Sometimes this instrument was called the "flautino". The piccolo developed from it. Another instrument that developed from it was the tin whistle. +Henry Purcell and George Frideric Handel both wrote pieces for it. +Small versions of this instrument, called bird flageolets were also made and were used for teaching birds to sing. +References. +The illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments; + += = = Paris Opera = = = +Paris Opéra or the Opéra National de Paris is the most important opera company of France. It stages performances at the Opéra Bastille and Opéra Garnier in Paris. The theatre is also the home of the Paris Opéra Ballet. +Other opera houses in Paris are the Théâtre du Châtelet, Opéra-Comique and Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. +History. +King Louis XIV allowed Jean-Baptiste Lully to start the "Académie Royale de Musique" in 1672. This was an organization that included opera, ballet, and music. The ballet company was part of the opera company. Then Louis XIV started the ballet school, called "Académie Royale de Danse", in 1661. From 1671 until Lully's death in 1687, the school was directed by the great dancing master Pierre Beauchamp, the man who set down the five positions of the feet. +In 1713 King Louis XIV made the Opera company a state institution. There was a group of professional dancers called "Le Ballet de l'Opéra". From that time until 1875 they used lots of theatres, each one of which was destroyed by a fire. All these companies were called Paris Opéra or Opéra de Paris. +On 29 October 1873, the old "Paris Opéra", known as the "Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique", which had been used since 1821, was destroyed by a fire which burned for 27 hours. By 1875 the opera company moved to the new "Palais Garnier" which was part of the rebuilding of Paris by Emperor Napoleon III. +When the "Opéra Bastille" was built in 1989 the company chose it as their main theatre. + += = = Faust = = = +Faust or Faustus is a character from German legendary stories. His name comes from a Latin word meaning "lucky". The legend is about a man called Faust. Faust wants to have knowledge. He meets the Devil. The Devil tells Faust he can have anything he wants. In return, the Devil says, Faust must give him his soul. Faust agrees, and the Devil lets Faust have a wonderful time, but in the end Faust has to go to Hell. +The story of Faust became famous all over Europe. Many writers from different countries wrote their own versions of the Faust story, e.g. Christopher Marlowe, Goethe, Mikhail Bulgakov, Thomas Mann. Many composers wrote music about Faust, e.g. Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Charles Gounod and Ferrucio Busoni. +The adjective "Faustian" is used to describe a person who wants something so much that it leads them into trouble. +In the early versions of the Faust story: in ballads, dramas and puppet-plays, Faust is always damned (meaning he will have to go to Hell). This is because he prefers human knowledge instead of God’s knowledge. This was thought to be very bad at that time. +Some of the plays and comic puppet theatre from around the 16th century make up their own versions of the story. They often show Faust as a figure of vulgar fun. The story became popular in England when Christopher Marlowe wrote a play called The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus. But in Goethe's version of the story two centuries later, Faust is described as a well-educated man who wants more than just "meat and drink." + += = = Robert Mulligan = = = +Robert Mulligan (August 23, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was an Academy Award-nominated American movie and television director. He directed movies such as To Kill a Mockingbird and The Man in the Moon. + += = = Austin Motor Company = = = +Austin was a British car manufacturing company that began production in 1905. The company merged with Morris in 1952, becoming the lead partner in British Motor Corporation. This became British Leyland and then Rover Group. They began phasing the brand out in 1987; by 1989 all Rover Group cars had been cleared of Austin branding. The name has now passed into the ownership of Nanjing Motor Corporation, who have stated an interest in reviving it. 1905-2003 +History. +Independent Austin 1905-1952. +The company was started in 1905 by Herbert Austin, originally making cars at a factory in Rotherham, Yorkshire before moving to Longbridge, Birmingham. In the First World War Austin made aircraft for the Army and Navy, it was this work which led to the rapid expansion of the company; following the war the company stopped making aircraft. The company became Britain's biggest car maker. +British Motor Corporation 1952-1968. +In 1952 Austin merged with its biggest rival Morris (founded by William Morris, afterwards Lord Nuffield), with Austin being the lead partner. This company was known as the British Motor Corporation (BMC). Following the merger with Morris, the model line up for Austin changed considerably. The most notable car to come from this era was the Austin Mini, this was also sold as a Morris Mini and was made up until 2000 (though not as an Austin after 1987). Austin enjoyed a favourable market share during the 1950s and 1960s. +British Leyland 1968-1986. +In 1968 BMC merged with Leyland (Leyland, Standard and Triumph) to become British Leyland even though Leyland had been a much smaller firm. It was the British Leyland years that were perhaps the most difficult and in 1975 British Leyland was nationalised. Austin's market share fell, as did other marques within the company, leading to the phasing out of the Morris name plate in 1981. There were many strikes at British Leyland's factories, making British Leyland and other companies with the same problem, such as the Ford Motor Company unproductive compared to Japanese and European companied like Volkswagen. Many of the models in this era failed to sell well, either because they were old fashioned or deemed unreliable; the Austin Princess and the Austin Allegro were the only modern cars of this era, while the 1300, 1800 and Austin Maxi were all dated. The Princess and Allegro sold well, but both were saloons, and the only hatchback the company had was the Maxi, which wasn't a popular car. +Rover 1986-1987. +British Leyland became the Rover Group in 1986. Despite the huge success of the Austin Metro, launched in 1980, there was trouble in the company. In the 1980s Austin sold the most cars in the British Leyland group, however when the company became Rover Group, a greater emphasis was placed on the more upmarket Rover name. In 1987 the company began phasing the name out and by 1989 it had been removed from all products. +Revival. +The name now belongs to Nanjing Motor Corporation who have expressed an interest in reviving it. They currently make cars as MGs (the MG marque came from Morris and consisted of three sports cards MGA, MGB and MGC), however it intends to use this brand name for luxury cars and sports cars. Nanjing does not own the Rover name, so the Austin name is the most recent it has to use for its mainstream mass market cars. +Models. +The company's most famous models were the Austin Seven (1922-39), the Austin A30 (1951-56), the Austin A35 (1956-59), the Austin A55 Cambridge (1954-71), the Austin Mini (1959-2000 but only as an Austin until 1969), the Austin 1800 (1964-75), the Austin 1300 (1967-74), Austin Maxi (1969-81), Austin Allegro (1973-83), Austin Princess/Ambassador (1975-84), Austin Metro (1980-1998 but only as an Austin until 1987), Austin Maestro (1983-94), Austin Montego (1984-94). + += = = Flag of Puerto Rico = = = +The flag of Puerto Rico consists of five equal horizontal bands of red (top and bottom) alternating with white; a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side has a large, white, five-pointed star in the center. +The flag was created in 1892. In 1952, the flag became the official national flag of Puerto Rico. + += = = Star and crescent = = = +The Islamic Crescent is a symbol consisting of a crescent with a star at the concave side. In its modern form, the star is usually shown with five points (though in earlier centuries a higher number of points was often used). The two signs together, or the crescent only, was long a symbol of Byzantium and also appeared on coins of the Sassanid Empire. Now it is often a symbol of Islam. It is seen on a number of different country flags such as Turkey, Libya, Maldives, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Malaysia, Singapore, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tunisia, Western Sahara, Comoros, North Cyprus, Mauritania, Pakistan respectively. +Flag of Ottoman Empire was the first flag featuring a crescent with a star. Other states formerly part of the Ottoman Empire also used the symbol, so the symbol emerged into popular use. + += = = Cootamundra = = = +Cootamundra is a town in New South Wales, Australia. In 2006 there were 5,566 people living in Cootamundra. It is on the Olympic Highway where it crosses the Muttama Creek, between Junee and Cowra. Cootamundra's railway station is on the main Melbourne-to-Sydney railway line. +Sir Donald Bradman AC, Australian cricketer said to be the greatest batsman of all time was born in Cootamundra. The town is very proud of Bradman, and uses this in signs and tourist information. The home where "The Don" was born is a fully restored visitor site open to the public seven days per week. +Cootamundra is the home of the Cootamundra Wattle (Acacia Baileyana). Every year there is a large 'Wattle Time' Festival (which happens when the wattle starts to bloom) with an art show and festivities. + += = = Acacia baileyana = = = +The Cootamundra Wattle is an Australian shrub or tree. It is in the Family Fabaceae. The tree's Latin name, "Acacia baileyana", is named after the botanist Frederick Manson Bailey. It is one of nearly 1000 species of "Acacia" found in Australia. The Cootamundra Wattle at first only came from a small area in southern New South Wales near Cootamundra. It has been widely planted all over Australia. In many areas of Victoria Cootamundra Wattle has become a weed. It is taking over from acacias that were only found in Victorian. +Almost all wattles have cream to golden colored flowers. The small flowers are arranged in round to cylindrical clusters. Only the stamens, the male part of the flower, stick out. Many wattles have been planted in New Zealand. +Uses. +"A. baileyana" is used in Europe in the cut flower industry. It is also used as food for bees in making honey. +Cultivation. +This plant is easy to grow. It can adapt and grow in different areas. Unfortunately it easily produces seeds and will start growing new plants in the surrounding area. It can also cross breed with other acacias, including the rare and endangered Sydney species "Acacia pubescens". +A low growing, weeping form, is being grown. The fine leaves of the original Cootamundra wattle is grey-green. A new type with blue-purple leaves, known as 'Purpurea' is very popular. + += = = Kermanshah = = = +Kermanshah or Kermashan (; ), is the capital city of Kermanshah Province, in Iran, in Iranian Kurdistan. Kermanshah is the largest Kurdish city in Iran. The city is 525 km from Tehran in the western part of Iran and it is about 120 km from the border of in Iraq. Kermanshah has a continental climate. +The estimated population of the city was 822,921 in the year 2005. The majority of the population speak a Kurdish language as well as the Persian language. The religion of the people is diverse, but there are more Muslims than any other religion. + += = = Rider Strong = = = +Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979) is an American movie and television actor. He became famous in the 1990s as the character Shawn Hunter in the television series "Boy Meets World". + += = = John O'Meally = = = +John O'Meally (1841 – 19 November 1863) was an Australian bushranger and criminal. He was one of Frank Gardiner's gang who robbed the gold escort coach at Eugowra. This was Australia's biggest gold robbery. +Early life. +O'Meally worked as a stockman, looking after cattle and sheep on his father's farm, Arramagong Station in the Lachlan River valley. His father, Paddy O'Meally, also ran a shanty (a very basic hotel), called "The Weddin Inn", on Emu Creek. The inn was the only hotel in the district. John OMeally, and another one of Gardiner's gang, Alex Fordyce, sometimes worked at the shanty. The gold escort robbery was planned there. +Bush ranger with Frank Gardiner. +On 15 June 1862 the gold escort coach that took the gold from the goldfields of Forbes to Bathurst was robbed. This was one of Australia's biggest robberies. O'Meally and several of his friends were in the gang led by Frank Gardiner. A week after the robbery the police, led by Sir Frederick Pottinger, captured two of the robbers, Henry Manns, and Charlie Gilbert. Charlie Gilbert was the brother of gang member John Gilbert. John Gilbert had nearly been captured but was able to escape. He went straight to "The Weddin Inn", and together with Ben Hall and O'Meally, captured the police and released the prisoners. +Bushranger with Ben Halls gang. +In July 1863, O'Meally and Gilbert tried to rob the bank at Carcoar in broad daylight. This is believed to be the first daylight bank robbery in Australia. +On 30 August 1863, O'Meally tried to rob John Barnes near Wallendbeen station (farm). Barnes owned shops in Cootamundra and Murrumburrah. O'Meally tried to take Barnes' saddle. Barnes rode off to try and get away, but O'Meally shot and killed him. Barnes is buried in the Cootamundra cemetery. +The battle of Goimbla. +O'Meally was shot and killed while trying to rob Goimbla station (farm) near Eugowra, on 19 November 1863. This event became known as the "Battle of Goimbla." The Campbell family fought off the Ben Hall gang in during a two-hour battle. The National Museum of Australia has several items in its collection about the battle. +John O'Meally is buried in an unmarked grave in the Anglican cemetery at Gooloogong. + += = = Goethe's Faust = = = +Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust is the most famous play in all German literature. It was published in two parts. Part One is very dramatic, and tells the main story. Part II is extremely long, and it is meant to be read rather than acted on stage. It is about Goethe’s philosophy as well as about history and politics. +What the story is about. +Goethe’s "Faust" is a re-telling of the Faust legend which was very famous in Germany. The legend tells of a man called Faust who is tired of studying and wants to have the greatest possible happiness. The devil (usually called Mephistopheles, as he is in Goethe’s play) tells Faust he can help him to do this, but that in the end Faust will have to give him his soul and go with him to hell. Faust makes a pact (an agreement) with Mephistopheles who promises him all his soul can wish for: fine living, gold, women and honour. Faust signs the pact with his blood. Faust uses magic in the hope that it will tell him everything about life. However, in the end Mephistopheles wins his bet. +How Goethe worked on the play. +The subject of "Faust" occupied Goethe all his life. The name of Faust is mentioned in a comedy he wrote in 1769: “Die Mitschuldigen“. In 1773, when he was 24, he first read the poetry of Hans Sachs, the medieval German poet. He immediately started to imitate the rhythm of Sachs’s poetry. This rhythm is known as “Knittelvers”. It had 4 accented syllables in each line and an AABB or ABAB rhyming pattern, e.g. +In 1887, long after Goethe’s death, it was discovered that he had made a version of “Faust“ which he never published but later decided to rewrite. This version is known as the “Urfaust” (“Ur” means “original”, i.e. the “Original Faust”). It was written between 1772 and 1775. He changed a lot of it and it became “Faust Part I“. A fragment (small part of it) was published in 1790. Then he finished it in 1806, published it in 1808 and changed it for a new edition in 1829. Part 2 was finished in 1831, a few months before he died, and was not published until a few months after his death. +Part One. +"Faust Part One" starts off in heaven. Mephistopheles makes a bet with God: he says that he can go down to earth and meet Faust and make him do bad things. +We then see Faust in his study. Faust is trying to get to know all possible things. He wants to know about science, humans and religion. He tries to use magic in order to understand everything there is to know, but he thinks he is not managing to do it. For a moment he thinks of killing himself, but then hears people celebrating Easter and decides to go for a walk with Wagner, his assistant. A poodle who has no home follows Faust back to his house. +In Faust’s study, the poodle changes into the devil (Mephistopheles). Faust makes an arrangement with the devil: the devil will do everything that Faust wants while he is here on earth, In exchange Faust will serve the devil in hell. Faust's arrangement is that, while Mephistopheles is serving Faust, if Faust is so pleased with anything the devil gives him, that he wants to stay in that moment forever, he will die that very moment (in German he says: “Verweile doch, du bist so schön” – “Stay a while, you are so beautiful”. It is perhaps the most famous quotation in all German literature.) +Mephistopheles persuades Faust to sign the agreement with his own blood. Faust has a few adventures and then meets Margaret (also known as Gretchen). He loves her, and by offering her jewellery, and with help of a neighbour, Martha, Gretchen lets herself into Faust's arms. Faust and Gretchen want to sleep together, so Gretchen gives her mother a sleeping potion so that she does not see Faust. Faust and Gretchen sleep together. Gretchen’s mother dies of the potion. Gretchen discovers she is pregnant. Gretchen’s brother says Faust is bad and challenges him, but Faust kills him (with the devil’s help, of course). Gretchen has given birth to a baby, but she drowns it. She is found guilty of murder and is sent to prison. Faust tries to save her from death, but he cannot free her from prison. Finding that they cannot free her, Faust and the devil run away from the prison cell, while voices from heaven say that Gretchen shall be saved. +Part Two. +"Faust Part Two" is very different from Part One. It keeps referring to classical literature. The romantic story of the first Faust is forgotten, and Faust wakes in a field of fairies. He has many adventures. The piece is in five acts which each tell of different things. In the end Faust goes to heaven, because he loses only half the bet. Angels, who arrive as messengers of God’s mercy, say at the end of Act 5: "He who strives on and lives to strive/ Can earn redemption still" (i.e. anyone who tries hard in life can still be saved). +People’s views about Goethe’s "Faust". +Goethe’s "Faust" had an enormous influence on all art in Western countries. In Germany many writers were fascinated by the legend. They often felt that Faust represented the spirit of the German people. Dramas, epic poems and novels were written about Faust. Composers wrote operas or orchestral music about him. Thomas Mann wrote a novel "Dr Faustus" which compares Faust’s pact with the devil to the way the German people supported Hitler. + += = = Nitric acid = = = +Nitric Acid (HNO3) is a very corrosive and toxic strong acid that can cause severe burns. It is also known as aqua fortis. Nitric Acid is used in rocket fuels, to help make wood look older, and is used in explosives. +It can react with metals such as copper to produce a brown toxic gas called nitrogen dioxide. It is made by reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water. +In alchemy, it is known as aqua fortis, or strong water. It can dissolve silver but leaves gold unharmed, making it a good test for gold. The term acid test came from this test. + += = = Killing of Peter Fechter = = = +Peter Fechter (14 January 1944 - 17 August 1962) is one of the best known victims of the Berlin Wall. Fechter was a bricklayer. Aged 18, he tried to cross the wall into the West, near Checkpoint Charlie, to live with his sister. He did this with his friend and colleague, Helmut Kulbeik. Both started to climb the wall at around 14:15. Kubelik was successful, and could escape. Fechter was hit by several gunshots, one of which pierced his lung, and fell back down, to what was called the "Death strip". He was unable to move, and started to cry for help. Crowds started to gather on both sides of the wall; on the east side, they were dispersed by police. +Police gathered on the west side threw medical kits to him; despite the crowd asking them, they would not do more. The DDR border guards did not do anything either; neither did the United States personnel on duty at the Checkpoint. +Fechter bled to death after about an hour. After reunification, two border police were found guilty of manslaughter. They were convicted and given suspended prison terms of 20 and 21 months respectively. Both had told the court they fired shots at Fechter, but did not want to kill him. The court also ruled that Fechter was killed by the shots, and not by the absence of aid. The evidence could not show who of three gunman (one had already died) was responsible for the bullet that killed Fechter. + += = = Manchester Metrolink = = = +Manchester Metrolink (or usually just Metrolink) is the name of the tram system in Greater Manchester, England. The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester, which used to be called the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive. It is operated under contract by the RATP Group. +History. +The construction of Manchester's railway network in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries had created a lot of termini around the City Centre. These were not linked together. This left a large amount of Manchester disconnected from the railway network. +For many years there had been plans to connect Manchester's two main railway stations. These are Piccadilly and Victoria. In the late 1960s and early 1970s there were plans for a "Picc-Vic tunnel". This tunnel would carry main-line trains under the city centre. The proposal was abandoned because it would cost too much. +Metrolink was created by converting two British Rail lines serving the suburbs of Manchester, one to the town of Altrincham to the south, and another to the town of Bury to the north, to light rail. These two lines were joined up in Manchester city centre, where trams run on the roads, and had a short branch to Piccadilly railway station. This first section of the new system opened in 1992, and a newer line to Eccles opened in 2001. +Lots of extensions to the system have opened since then, with more that are currently being built or proposed. Metrolink now has lines that serve Didsbury, Ashton-under-Lyne, Oldham, Rochdale, MediaCityUK and Manchester Airport. These expansions increased the system's length from 37 km to 97 km with 99 stops. In 2017 a second line through Manchester city centre serving Exchange Square, opened and later another line towards the Trafford Centre shopping mall. There are also plans for tram-train lines to Stockport and other places in Greater Manchester. By 2040 the intention is to double the size of the network. + += = = Nitrate = = = +Nitrate (NO31-) is a polyatomic ion. It is made up of one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms. It is part of many important molecules. Potassium nitrate is a common type of nitrate. It is often used in fertilizers because plants and crops need both potassium and nitrates to live and grow. Sodium nitrate is also used in preserving foods. +Some nitrates are explosive. People make large amounts of nitrates from ammonia. Nitrates are similar to nitrites. Many metal nitrates with thermal decomposition makes oxygen and metal nitrate. +Nitric acid has the formula HNO3 and has no overall charge, because the hydrogen ion is positive. +Nitrate has a group valency of 1. + += = = Supertram (Sheffield) = = = +Supertram is a tram network in Sheffield, England. The track and connected items are owned by South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive (SYPTE). Stagecoach Group run and look after the vehicles, through their Stagecoach Supertram branded company. + += = = Happy Xmas (War Is Over) = = = +"Happy Xmas (War Is Over)" is a Christmas song by John Lennon, Yoko Ono and The Plastic Ono Band. +The song is a protest about the Vietnam War in 1969. It has become a Christmas standard and has appeared on several Christmas albums. + += = = Nottingham Express Transit = = = +Nottingham Express Transit (or in short NET) is a light-rail tramway in the Nottingham area in England. The first line opened to the public on 9 March 2004. It cost £200 million to construct. It took 16 years from the first idea of the system until it was built. It is operated by Nottingham Tram Consortium, a 50:50 partnership between Transdev and Nottingham City Transport. + += = = Queanbeyan = = = +Queanbeyan is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is also the local government area called Queanbeyan City Council. It is very close to the Australian federal capital city of Canberra. It is really now a part of the capital city as it is on the Australian Capital Territory border and is only from Canberra's CBD. The border itself is marked by a railway line. The Queanbeyan River flows through Queanbeyan, near the centre of the city. +History. +The town grew from a farm owned by ex-convict inn keeper, Timothy Beard. It was on the banks of the Molonglo River. The original name was "Quinbean" which means "clear waters". +Queanbeyan became a township in 1838. There were about 50 people living there. Some of the important historic buildings still standing were built in the early days. Traces of gold were found in 1851. There were also some lead and silver mines. Settlers were often robbed by bushrangers including John Tennant, Jacky Jacky, Frank Gardiner and Ben Hall. In 1836, the government built a Post Office at Queanbeyan. +The first bank was opened in Queanbeyan on 19 September, 1859. This was the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney Limited which is now part of the National Australia Bank. "The Golden Age" now called "The Queanbeyan Age" was Queanbeyan's first newspaper started in 1860 by John Gale. In 1880 John James Wright, the first mayor of Queanbeyan, built a house on the banks of the Queanbeyan River. In 1982 house became the Queanbeyan Art Centre. +The railway reached Queanbeyan railway station in 1887 and it became the junction for the lines going to Canberra and Bombala. There are now two trains a day, the Countrylink Xplorer service between Canberra and Sydney. +Queanbeyan became an important country town, with 16 hotels and six flour mills powered by wind, water, horse and steam. Canberra was started as the national capital in 1911. There were no hotels, so people crossed the border to get a drink at Queanbeyan's hotels. When the Parliament moved to Canberra from Melbourne in 1926, Canberra got it's first hotel. +Queanbeyan became a city on 7 July, 1972. From 1982 to 1989, the Canberra Raiders rugby league team played their home games in Queanbeyan, at Seiffert Oval. + += = = Sarah Brightman = = = +Sarah Brightman (born 14 August 1960) is an English classical crossover soprano, actress, songwriter and dancer. +She is the best-selling soprano of all times. + += = = Philip IV of Spain = = = +Philip IV (, ; 8 April 1605 – 17 September 1665) was King of Spain between 1621 and 1665. He was also sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands and King of Portugal until 1640. +His daughter was Marie Thérèse of Austria, wife of Louis XIV. All but three of his children died in childhood. + += = = Mount Erebus = = = +Mount Erebus is a volcano on Ross Island in Antarctica. It is the most southern active volcano in the world. +Erebus is high. +History. +On November 28, 1979, an airplane, Air New Zealand Flight 901, crashed into Mount Erebus during a storm. All 257 people in the airplane died. + += = = Air New Zealand Flight 901 = = = +Air New Zealand Flight 901 was a flight that operated from 1977 to 1979. The flight did not stop in Antarctica. It was a sightseeing flight to Antarctica. It was supposed to loop between Auckland, New Zealand, and Antarctica. +The flight's route had been changed without the crew's knowledge shortly before the plane took off. Because the weather conditions of the Antarctic were so bad (severely limiting visibility), and the crew believed they were following the original flight plan-the plane crashed straight into Mount Erebus. None of the 257 people on board the plane survived the crash. The original investigation showed it was the pilot's fault, but people protested and it led to an inquiry into the crash. The conclusion was the accident was caused by a correction made to the route the night before the disaster, and they failed to inform pilot Captain Jim Collins and co-pilot Greg Cassin. + += = = Amborella = = = +Amborella trichopoda is a small, evergreen shrub. It occurs only in the moist, shaded understory of montane forests on the South Pacific island of New Caledonia. The genus is the only member of the family Amborellaceae and contains only this single species. +"Amborella" is of great interest to plant systematists because molecular phylogenetic analyses put it at or near the base of the flowering plant lineage. +The Amborellaceae are distinctive. They are sprawling evergreen shrubs or small trees. Their tissue is different from any other Angiosperm. The xylem of "Amborella" contains only tracheids; vessel elements are absent. Xylem of this form has long been regarded as a "primitive" feature of flowering plants. +Since "Amborella" is apparently basal among the flowering plants, the features of early flowering plants can be inferred. This is done by comparing derived traits shared by other angiosperms but not present in "Amborella". These traits are assumed to have evolved after the divergence of the "Amborella" lineage. +The Amborellaceae are a line of flowering plants that diverged very early on (about 130 million years ago) from all the other living species of flowering plants. Among living flowering plants, it is the sister group to all other flowering plants. +Its peculiarity. +"Amborella", an understory plant in the wild, is in contact with shade- and moisture-dependent organisms such as algae, lichens and mosses. Some horizontal gene transfer between these species is not surprising. But the scale of such transfer has caused great surprise. Sequencing the "Amborella" mitochondrial genome showed that for every gene of its own origin, it has about six versions from the genomes from other plants and algae growing with or upon it. The evolutionary and physiological significance of this is not yet clear. + += = = Sandon, British Columbia = = = +Sandon, British Columbia is a mining town in British Columbia, Canada. It is also the place where Cecil 'Tiny' Thompson was born. + += = = God is dead = = = +"God is dead" (German: ) is a phrase by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche. It is also known as the death of God. The phrase is not meant literally. Instead it is about what value destruction has done to people's belief in Christianity. Some religious thinkers do take it literally though. +Nietzsche wrote this phrase in his book "The Gay Science" (). He also used the phrase in his book "Thus Spoke Zarathustra" (). +The idea is written in "The Gay Science"'s section "The Madman" as follows: +Meaning. +"God is dead" does not mean that Nietzsche believed in an actual "God" who had died literally. Nietzsche is also not saying that atheists are right. Instead, the phrase means that everything built on Christianity will fall apart because "the belief in the Christian God has become unbelievable". He says it is impossible to have a Christian or pseudo-Christian morality without the belief in God. This was a problem he had with many modern sceptics. +The "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy" says that even though the basis of Christianity was meant to have been unbreakable, it is already broken. In fact, it has been much more than anyone could ever understand. This also means that without God, morals are not unquestionable or undoubtable anymore. Nietzsche says that when these morals are shown to be false they are also shown to be harmful. Also, trying to remove these harmful morals causes even more harm. This is because people have become dependent on them. He also says that the most harmful parts of morality have taken control of how we understand ourselves. Therefore, we don't know how to live without this harmful morality. Because of this, the death of God leads to many kinds of nihilism. Nietzsche says that Christianity itself is a kind of nihilism. + += = = Jean-François Le Sueur = = = +Jean-François Le Sueur (or Lesueur) (15 February 1760 — 6 October 1837) was a French composer, best known for his oratorios and operas. +Life. +Jean-François Le Sueur was born in a tiny village called Plessiel, near Abbeville. His great-uncle was the painter Eustache Le Sueur. He started his musical training by singing in the choir at the church of Abbeville, then at the cathedral of Amiens. Le Sueur became chorus master at the cathedral of Sées. He went to Paris to study harmony. His teacher was Abbé Nicolas Roze, chorus master at the church Saints-Innocents. Le Sueur got jobs at Dijon (1779), Le Mans (1782), Tours (1783) and then took over Roze’s job at the Saints-Innocents at Paris. In 1786 he was made music director at the famous church Notre-Dame de Paris. +At Notre Dame he started to use orchestras to play the music for some of the special services. The priests did not like this. Le Sueur replied by writing a little book about music for big religious celebrations. It was a bad time in France financially and the church had to make savings, so Le Sueur could not have his orchestra any more, so he resigned from his job. +Le Sueur spent some time in London, 1788–92, then returned to Paris where the revolution was going on. Three of his operas were performed, and he became professor at the École de la Garde Nationale, and then at the Conservatoire which was very new at the time. There he taught basic music theory. He was unable to get any more operas of his performed. He wrote a book saying how music should be taught in France, and criticizing the Conservatoire and its director. Because of that he lost his job at the Conservatoire. +Le Sueur now had no job and so he was very poor. Then, in 1804, Napoleon made him maître de la chapelle at the Tuileries in the place of Giovanni Paisiello. He was then able to have his most famous work performed at the Opéra. It was called "Ossian ou Les bardes". Napoleon liked it very much and gave Le Sueur the cross of the Légion d'honneur. Le Sueur composed the "Triumphal March" for the coronation of Napoleon. In 1813, he was given a position at the Académie des Beaux-Arts, replacing André Grétry. +At the Bourbon Restoration, he was named composer of the royal chapel and conductor of the orchestra of the Opéra. From the beginning of 1818, he taught composition at the Conservatoire. He stayed there many years. His most famous pupils were Hector Berlioz, Ambroise Thomas and Charles Gounod. +He died in Paris. + += = = Anton Reicha = = = +Anton Reicha (born 26 February 1770; died 28 May 1836) was a Czech-born composer who became naturalized French. He was a lifelong friend of Beethoven. +Reicha is now best remembered for the large number of quintets that he wrote for wind instruments, and for his work as a music teacher. Franz Liszt and Hector Berlioz were both pupils of Reicha. Reicha wrote several books about music theory and composition. + += = = British Rail Class 01 = = = +British Rail's Class 01 diesel locomotives were a short wheelbase 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical design intended for use in areas with tight curves and limited clearance. + += = = British Rail Class 02 = = = +The British Rail Class 02 were a class of twenty 0-4-0 diesel-hydraulic shunting locomotives. They were built by the Yorkshire Engine Company in 1960 (first ten, D2850-D2859) and 1961 (D2860-D2869). They were built for use in places of restricted loading gauge and curves such as docks. They had the door to the cab at the rear, with a railed veranda behind the cab. This feature was very unusual on British Rail locomotives. It was used on many Yorkshire Engine Co. designs and was/is quite normal in North American practice. + += = = British Rail Class 03 = = = +The British Rail Class 03 locomotive is, together with Class 04, one of BR's most successful smaller 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters. There are 230 members of the class and it was built by British Railways' Swindon and Doncaster works in 1957-1962. They are numbered D2000-D2199 and D2370-D2399 (later 03004 to 03399). D2370 and D2371 were used as departmental locomotives and originally numbered 91 and 92 respectively. + += = = British Rail Class 04 = = = +The British Rail Class 04 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunting locomotive class was built between 1952 and 1962. It was the basis for the later Class 03 built in the British Railways workshops. The Class 04 locomotives were supplied by the Drewry Car Co., which at the time (and for most of its existence) had no manufacturing capability. Drewry sub-contracted the construction work to two builders. Both of these built other locomotives under the same arrangement. Early locomotives were built by Vulcan Foundry and later examples were built by Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns. + += = = Tajik people = = = +Tajiks () are a Iranian ethnic group who are mostly found in Tajikistan, parts of Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Pakistan and China. Alternative names for the Tajiks are Eastern Persian, Dehqan, and Farsiwan. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979, many Tajik refugees migrated to live in neighboring Iran and Pakistan. Most Tajiks are Sunni Muslims, but a few in remote mountain areas follow Ismailism. +The name "Tajik" refers to the traditionally sedentary people who speak a form of Persian language called "Tajiki" in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, "Madaklashti" in Pakistan and "Dari" in Afghanistan. +It is generally accepted that the origin of the word "Tajik" is Middle Persian "Tāzīk" "Arab" (New Persian: "Tazi"), or an Iranian (Sogdian or Parthian) cognate word. Some Turks of Central Asia adopted a variant of this word, "Täžik", to designate the Persian Muslims in the Oxus basin and Khorasan, who were the Turks' rivals. +Historians believe that the Tajiks may be connected to ancient Aryans who lived in the region for thousands of years. They were the heirs and transmitters of the Central Asian sedentary culture that diffused in prehistoric times from the Iranian plateau into an area extending roughly from the Caspian Sea to the borders of China. The Aryans constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwarezm, Sogdiana and Bactria, which formed part of Transoxania. They were included in the empires of Persia and Alexander the Great, and they mixed with later invaders like the Mauryans, Kushans and Hepthalites. Over the course of time, the language that was used by these ancient people eventually gave way to Farsi, a western dialect now officially spoken in Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan. In the 13th century, Genghis Khan and his Mongol army settled in many of the popular Persian cities after wiping out the Persian population. These Mongols later adopted the Persian language and the religion of Islam, the Persian-speaking Hazaras claiming partial descent from them. Tajiks usually reject a Mongol or Turkic origin and claim to be descended from the ancient Iranians of Central Asia. However, historically, there has been heavy intermixing between the sedentary Turkic-speaking Central Asians and the Persian-speaking Central Asians + += = = Heart-Shaped Box = = = +"Heart-Shaped Box" is a song by the American grunge band Nirvana. It was written by lead singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain. It was released on August 23, 1993 as the first single from their third studio album "In Utero". +Cobain's wife Courtney Love thought the song was about her, although it was actually written about children with cancer. + += = = British Rail Class 05 = = = +The British Rail Class 05 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Hunslet Engine Company from 1955 to 1961. They were used on the Eastern and Scottish Regions of British Railways. At first they were numbered 11136-11176 and later on were numbered D2550-D2619. + += = = British Rail Class 06 = = = +The British Rail Class 06 is a class of 0-4-0 diesel-mechanical shunters built by Andrew Barclay from 1958 to 1960 for use on the Scottish Region of British Railways. They were originally numbered D2410-D2444 and later given the TOPS numbers 06001-06010. + += = = Paul Thompson = = = +Paul Ivan Thompson (born November 2, 1906 in Calgary, Alberta – September 13, 1991) was a Canadian ice hockey player. He was a left wing. +Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in 1926. He played for the New York Rangers and the Chicago Black Hawks. He stopped playing in 1939. +He was part of the All-Star team two times. He won the Stanley Cup three times. He won in 1928 with New York and in 1934 and 1938 with Chicago. +His brother was Tiny Thompson. + += = = Junior ice hockey = = = +Junior ice hockey, most often referred to as junior hockey, describes many levels of ice hockey play for players generally between the ages of 16 and 20 years old. + += = = British Rail Class 07 = = = +The British Rail Class 07 diesel locomotive is an off-centre cab dock shunter. They were used in Southampton Docks, to replace SR USA Class steam locomotives. It is a 0-6-0 diesel-electric shunter built by Ruston & Hornsby in 1962. They were originally numbered D2985-D2998 and later given the TOPS numbers 07001(D2985)-07013(D2997), D2998. + += = = Memorial Cup = = = +The 'Memorial Cup is the trophy for the winners of the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). Every year, winning teams from the three CHL leagues, the Western Hockey League (WHL), the Ontario Hockey League (OHL), and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL), and the hosting team, compete in a tournament. The Spokane Chiefs are the most recent winners. + += = = British Rail Class 08 = = = +The British Rail Class 08 is a class of diesel locomotive designed for shunting. It was the standard BR diesel-electric shunter. It was based on the LMS 12033 series (later TOPS Class 11). Production started in 1953 and when it finished in 1962, the class had become the most numerous of all British classes, numbering 996 in total. There were also 26 of the near-identical but higher geared Class 09, and 171 similar locomotives fitted with different engines and transmissions (some of which became Class 10), which together brought the total number of outwardly-similar machines to 1193. +Since their introduction, rail freight has primarily moved to fixed-rate bulk freight traffic and intermodal freight operations which reduce or remove the need for shunting, therefore only a few class 08 locomotives remain in service today. + += = = Yellow fever = = = +Yellow fever is an acute viral haemorrhagic disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes. The illness can cause bleeding problems. It is called yellow because it makes the skin and the eyes yellow in color, like jaundice. +There is a vaccine which can stop the disease, but many people in Africa and South America are not vaccinated against it. The World Health Organization say that 200,000 people are made ill with yellow fever every year, and that 30,000 people die from it. +Yellow fever peaked in 1842, killing hundreds of people. There was an outbreak in Philadelphia in 1793. +Yellow fever is spread through the bite of an infected mosquito. The name of the mosquito which commonly carries the virus is "Aedes Aegypti". The female carries the disease. +The yellow fever originated in Central Africa. + += = = Alexandra Burke = = = +Alexandra Imelda Cecelia Ewan Burke (born 25 August 1988 in Islington, London, England) is a British soul singer. She is known for winning the 2008 UK series of "The X Factor". She had the 2008 Christmas number one single in the United Kingdom with a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah". + += = = Opéra-Comique = = = +The Opéra-Comique is an opera house and opera company in Paris. Its full name is théâtre national de l’Opéra-Comique ("National Opéra Comic Theatre"). +The Opéra-Comique company was started in 1714 to give somewhere to perform French operas. At the time operas throughout Europe were nearly always in Italian. Opéra-comique (literally: Comic opera) was a French tradition. The operas in this tradition were performed with spoken dialogue between the musical numbers. This is why the opera house and company were given that name. +The Opéras-Comiques were more popular and less formal that the traditional Italian operas that were performed at the Académie Royale de Musique. During the three centuries of its existence there have been several changes to it. For a time the Opéra-Comique and the Opéra were organized by the same institution. +The Opéra-Comique put on first performances of many famous operas, especially Bizet's "Carmen" on 3 March 1875 and Debussy's only opera, "Pelléas et Mélisande", on 30 April 1902. Berlioz's "The Damnation of Faust" was also first performed there on 6 December 1846. That first performance was a disaster. +The building in which the Opéra-Comique performs is called the "salle Favart,". It is not the same building as in 1714. Two previous buildings were burnt down in 1838 and 1887. The present building was built in 1898. + += = = Walter Scott = = = +Sir Walter Scott, 1st Baronet, FRSE (15 August 1771 – 21 September 1832) was a Scottish historical novelist, playwright, and poet, widely popular in the first half of the 19th century. +Scott was the first English-language author to have a truly international career in his lifetime. As adventures, "Ivanhoe", and "Rob Roy" are very well-known, and both were made into films. "Waverley" is important because it is the first historical novel. It was, for most readers, their first encounter with Highland culture. Scott wove together history and fiction. What he started with "Waverley", he continued with his other novels. +Scott wrote very many books. Though many of his works are little read now, they sold well in their day, and paid for his great house, Abbotsford. Of his poetry "The Lady of the Lake" is best liked. +Scott was also an advocate, judge and legal administrator by profession. Throughout his career he combined his writing and editing work with his daily occupation as Clerk of Session and Sheriff-Depute of Selkirkshire. +A prominent member of the Tory establishment in Edinburgh, Scott was an active member of the Highland Society and served a long term as President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1820–32). +Education and early life. +Scott was educated at Edinburgh High and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1783. After spending some time in his father's office he became a barrister in 1792. In 1797 he married Charlotte Charpentier and in 1799 was appointed deputy Sheriff of Selkirkshire. He now began to write books in earnest. +In 1821 he was made a baronet. His house is now a public museum visited by many tourists each year. +Financial problems and death. +In 1825 and 1826, a banking crisis swept through the cities of London and Edinburgh. The Ballantyne printing business, in which he was heavily invested, crashed. Scott was ruined. He placed his house and income in a trust belonging to his creditors, and set out to write his way out of debt. +He kept up his huge output of fiction, as well as producing a biography of Napoleon Bonaparte. By 1831 his health was failing. Still, he did a grand tour of Europe, where he was welcomed wherever he went. He returned to Scotland and, in September 1832, died at Abbotsford, near Melrose in the Roxburghshire. Though he died owing money, his novels continued to sell well. The debts of his estate were eventually discharged. + += = = British Rail Class 09 = = = +The British Rail Class 09 is a class of 0-6-0 diesel locomotive designed primarily for shunting but also short distance freight trips along branch lines. For this reason, though similar to the existing Class 08 shunting locomotives, Class 09s were re-geared to give a maximum top speed of 27.5 mph (44 km/h) at the expense of a lower tractive effort. They originally operated in the Southern Region of British Railways, though following privatisation in 1997 they have been distributed much farther afield. + += = = British Rail Class 10 = = = +The British Rail Class 10 diesel locomotive was a version on the Class 08 diesel-electric shunter. A Blackstone diesel engine was fitted instead of one made by the English Electric company. Traction motors were by either the General Electric Company plc (GEC) or British Thomson-Houston (BTH). +The locomotives were built at the BR Works in Darlington and Doncaster over the period 1953-62. Early batches were classified D3/4 (those with GEC motors) and D3/5 (those with BTH motors). + += = = British Rail Class 11 = = = +The British Rail Class 11 is a diesel shunting locomotive built from April 1945 to December 1952. They are based on a similar earlier batch built by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) between 1934 and 1936. + += = = British Rail Class 12 = = = +The British Rail Class 12 is a diesel locomotive built mainly for shunting duties. +This was the second batch of standard Southern Railway shunters based on the English Electric 6KT 35 hp (260kW) diesel engine. These locomotives (BR numbers 15201-15203) were built by the SR in 1937 and were later classified D3/12. +The Class 12 locomotives were built at the BR Ashford Works over the period 1949–1952. They were numbered 15211–15236 and became Class 12. No locomotives survived long enough to acquire Class 12 TOPS numbers though. + += = = British Rail Class 13 = = = +The British Rail Class 13 was formed in 1965. The Tinsley Marshalling Yard needed more powerful shunters to move vehicles around. This was provided by permanently coupling together two Class 08 shunters as a ‘master and slave’ (or ‘cow and calf’) unit. The second of the two units had its cab taken off. Both units were ballasted to improve traction. At first the units were coupled cab-to-cab but it was easier to couple Master nose to Slave cab. The thinking behind adopting this dual locomotive design is that a larger, rigid locomotive could not be used due to the risk of grounding on the hump. + += = = British Rail Class 14 = = = +The British Rail Class 14 is a type of small diesel-hydraulic locomotive built in the mid-1960s. Twenty-six of these 0-6-0 locomotives were ordered in January 1963, to be built at British Railways Swindon railway works. The anticipated work for this class was yard shunting, trip work (between local yards) and short-distance freight trains. The order was expanded to 56 in mid-1963, before work had started on the first order. + += = = British Rail Class 15 = = = +The British Rail Class 15 diesel locomotives, also known as the BTH Type 1, were designed by British Thomson-Houston, and built by the Yorkshire Engine Company and the Clayton Equipment Company, between 1957 and 1961. + += = = British Rail Class 16 = = = +The British Rail Class 16, originally known as the North British Type 1 was a type of diesel locomotive ordered under British Railways' . Like other Type 1 designs, they were relatively small locomotives intended primarily for local freight traffic. + += = = British Rail Class 17 = = = +The British Rail Class 17, originally known as the Clayton Type 1, was a class of diesel locomotive operated by British Railways. + += = = British Rail Class 20 = = = +The British Rail Class 20, originally known as an English Electric Type 1, was a class of diesel electric locomotive. 228 locomotives in the class were built by English Electric between 1957 and 1968. The large number was partly to do with the failure of other early designs in the same power range, and reliable locomotives being needed. +The locomotives were originally numbered D8000–D8199 and D8300–D8327. They are known by railway enthusiasts as "Choppers", a name taken from the distinctive beat the engine produces under load which resembles the sound of a helicopter. + += = = Pawn (chess) = = = +The pawn (♙♟) is the weakest piece in the game of chess. They represent infantry. Each player starts the game with eight pawns, one on each square of the second row (or rank) from the view of the player. In the white pawns start on a2, b2, c2, ..., h2, while the black pawns start on a7, b7, c7, ..., h7. +Moving. +Pawns move differently than other pieces. Unlike all the other pieces, pawns cannot move backwards. Most of the time, a pawn moves by going up a single square, but the first time each pawn is moved from its starting place, it can go forward two squares. Pawns cannot use the first two-square move to jump over a square with another piece on it or to capture. Any piece in front of a pawn, white or black, stops its moving. If a pawn touches the other side it is exchanged by either a queen, a rook, a bishop or a knight. +Capturing. +The white pawn at e4 can capture either the black rook at d5 or the black knight at f5, but not the bishop at e5, which blocks its straight way forward. Unlike other pieces, the pawn does not capture in the same way as it moves. A pawn captures diagonally, one square forward and to the left or right. In the diagram to the left, the white pawn can capture either the black rook or the black knight. +En passant. +An even more unusual move is the "en passant" capture. +En passant happens when a pawn uses its first-move option to move two squares forward instead of one. If it passes over a square guarded by an enemy pawn, that pawn can take the first pawn "in passing" "as if" the first pawn had moved forward only one square. The taking pawn moves into the empty square over which the first pawn moved. The first pawn is removed from the board. To capture "en passant" can only be done on the move right after the double-square pawn advance. Otherwise the chance is lost. +The "en passant" move was added in late fifteenth-century Europe, to make up for the then newly added two-square first move rule. We have no record of why the rule was added, but it is easy to see that it works to prevent the position becoming blocked and uninteresting. +Promotion. +Once a pawn reaches the other side of the board and cannot move further, it is promoted, meaning it can become any other piece on the board, except the king. Players usually promote their pawns to a queen because it is the next most-powerful piece on the board. +History. +As the simplest piece in chess, the pawn was in the oldest version of chess, Chaturanga. It is present in all other types of chess around the world. +The changes which took place in the fifteenth century were aimed at allowing the pieces to develop faster, and make the game more exciting. + += = = British Rail Class 21 = = = +The British Rail Class 21, originally known as the North British Type 2 diesel-electric, was a type of diesel locomotive built by the North British Locomotive Company in Glasgow for British Railways in 1958-1960. +Starting in 2007, the classification has been reused for new Vossloh G1206 acquired by Euro Cargo Rail/EWS. + += = = British Rail Class 22 = = = +The British Rail Class 22, originally called the North British Type 2 diesel-hydraulic, was a class of diesel-hydraulic locomotives designed for the Western Region of British Railways and built by North British Locomotive Company. They were very similar in appearance to the Class 21 diesel-electrics. The Class 22 was nicknamed "Baby Warship" because of its similarity to the British Rail Class D20/2. +Category:Locomotives by builder + += = = British Rail Class 23 = = = +British Rail Class 23, originally called English Electric Type 2, was a class of ten diesel-electric locomotives built by the English Electric Company in 1959. They were numbered from D5900 to D5909. The power unit was a Napier Deltic T9-29 9 cylinder engine of 1,100 bhp. This drove an EE generator, which powered the four traction motors. The Class 23 was nicknamed "Baby Deltic" because of its similarity to the Class 55. + += = = British Rail Class 24 = = = +The British Rail Class 24 diesel locomotives, originally known as the British Railways Type 2, were built from 1958 to 1961. One hundred and fifty-one of these locomotives were built at Derby, Crewe and Darlington. The first twenty locomotives were part of the 1955 British Rail modernisation plan. This class was used as the basis for the more powerful Class 25 locomotives. +The final survivor, no. 24081, was withdrawn from Crewe depot in 1980. + += = = British Rail Class 25 = = = +The British Rail Class 25 diesel locomotives were originally known as British Railways Type 2. They were nicknamed Rats. 327 locomotives of this type were built between 1961 and 1967. + += = = British Rail Class 26 = = = +The British Rail Class 26 diesel locomotives, originally known as BRCW Type 2, were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) at Smethwick in 1958-59. Forty seven examples were built, and the last were withdrawn from service in 1993. + += = = British Rail Class 27 = = = +The British Rail Class 27 was a diesel locomotive built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company (BRCW) during 1961 and 1962. They were a development of the earlier Class 26. Both were originally classified as BRCW Type 2. There were 69 locomotives in the class. + += = = British Rail Class 28 = = = +The British Rail Class 28, originally known as Metropolitan-Vickers Type 2, diesel locomotives were built as part of the British Railways Modernisation Plan. The locomotives had a Co-Bo wheel arrangement. There was a 6-wheel bogie at one end a 4-wheel bogie at the other end. This wheel arrangement was unique in British Railways practice but not uncommon in some other countries, notably Japan. This affected their route availability, due to the different axle loading at each end of the loco, and made maintenance more complicated. The maximum tractive effort was unusually high for a Type 2 locomotive but, as there were five (not four) driving axles, the risk of wheelslip was minimal. +Preservation. +D5705 is preserved at the East Lancashire Railway. + += = = British Rail Class 29 = = = +The British Rail Class 29 consisted of 20 diesel locomotives which were rebuilt from the North British Class 21. The original licence-built MAN engines of the Class 21s had proved unreliable, so in 1963 locomotive D6123 was sent to Paxman's Colchester works to receive a new Paxman Ventura V12 engine. A further 19 were re-engined in 1964–1965 at Polmadie Works, with other changes made at the same time. This included the fitting of four-character headcode displays in the nose ends. After rebuilding, they returned to service from Eastfield depot in Glasgow. +Although these offered more power and much improved reliability over the original Class 21s, they did not survive much longer, due to their small class size and the use of a non-standard high-speed diesel engine. D6108 was withdrawn in May 1969 and scrapped by McWilliams of Shettleston in 1971, while the other 19 were withdrawn between April and December 1971 and scrapped at BR's Glasgow Works in 1971–72. No Class 21 or Class 29 locomotives survive today. + += = = Chess piece = = = +In the board game chess, the players each start with 16 Chess pieces. The way that the pieces move are defined by both tradition and by FIDE, the international chess federation. +The bottom-right square of the board for each player must be a light-square, Chess is a wonderful game that challenges the mind. +Summary. +Pawn - A pawn can only move ahead to the opponents side of the board. It cannot go back a square. A pawn is placed on each square in front of a player's pieces in the beginning of a game. All of White's pawns start on the second rank. All of Black's pawns start on the seventh rank. Each player begins with eight pawns. In most cases, a pawn can only move one square up. However, a pawn that has not moved at all during the game can move up by two squares. +If an enemy piece is straight in front of a pawn, the pawn cannot capture that piece. Pawns have a special way to capture. A pawn can capture an enemy piece which is on the diagonal square to the left or right of the square in front of it. This is the only time a pawn can move to a square that is not straight in front of it. +If a pawn reaches the end of the board, it is removed and replaced by any other piece the player chooses, except a king or pawn. +If a pawn moves two squares on its first move, it may be taken (on the opponent's next move only) by an enemy pawn as if it had only moved one square. This is called "en passant" (French for "in passing"). A pawn is worth 1 point. +Bishop - A bishop can move any number of squares "diagonally", meaning, if you pretend the bishop is in the middle of a big X, it can move to any square along the lines of the X. Because of this, a bishop will be on the same colored squares for the whole game. At the start, a bishop is placed on the third from the left and third from the right of the row of pieces closest to each player. A bishop is worth 3 points. +Knight - The knight is special because it is the only piece than can jump over other pieces. When a knight moves, first it goes two squares in one of the four ways a rook can move. Then the knight ends its move by going one square to the side. The knight is said to move in the shape of an L. See the picture "(picture is coming)". It "jumps over" the pieces on its way to its new square, and does not capture them, but the knight will capture an enemy piece if it lands on one. Knights are placed at the second and seventh squares on the rows closest to each player, between the rooks and the bishops. A knight is worth 3 points. +Rook - A rook can move any number of squares: left or right on the ranks, and up & down on the files. Rooks start at the far left and far right squares in the row closest to each player, next to the knights. A rook is worth 5 points. +Queen - The queen combines the moves of a bishop and a rook. The queen is placed next to the king "on a square of its own colour". Thus the two queens exactly face each other at the start. The queen is worth 9 points. +King - The king starts next to the queen. The king can move to one of the eight squares around it. It is limited as an active piece, but always is vulnerable to attack. No numerical value can be put on it. +A king may perform a special move known as "castling". This is when a king moves two spaces towards a rook, and the rook moves to the square on the other side of the king. This may not be done if: + += = = Solanales = = = +The Solanales are an order of flowering plants, included in the asterid group of dicotyledons. Some older sources used the name Polemoniales for this order. + += = = British Rail Class 31 = = = +The British Rail Class 31 diesel locomotives, also known as the Brush Type 2 and originally as Class 30, were built by Brush Traction from 1957 to 1962. + += = = British Rail Class 33 = = = +The British Rail Class 33 also known as the BRCW Type 3 or Crompton is a class of Bo-Bo diesel locomotives ordered in 1957 and built for the Southern Region of British Railways between 1959 and 1963. +A total of 98 class 33s were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, and they were called "Cromptons" after the Crompton Parkinson electrical equipment installed in them. +Like their lower-powered BRCW sisters (BR classes 26 and 27) their bodywork and cab ends were of all steel construction +The original (1957) number sequence was D6500–D6597. + += = = British Rail Class 35 = = = +The British Rail Class 35 is a class of mixed traffic B-B diesel locomotive with hydraulic transmission. On account of their Mekydro-design hydraulic transmission units, the design became known as the Hymeks. +The type was developed for the Western Region of British Railways, which had opted for lightweight locomotives with hydraulic transmission when allocated funds under the British Railways Modernisation Plan of 1955. One hundred and one of the class were built between 1961 and 1964 when it became apparent that there was a requirement for a medium power diesel-hydraulic design for both secondary passenger work and freight duties. +They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Cardiff Canton and Old Oak Common. None of the class was named. Withdrawal from service began in 1971, and by 1975 all had been withdrawn. Their early withdrawal was caused, primarily, by BR classifying the hydraulic transmission as non-standard. Four examples survived into preservation. + += = = British Rail Class 37 = = = +The British Rail Class 37 is a diesel-electric locomotive. It is also known as the English Electric Type 3. The Class was ordered as part of the British Rail modernisation plan. +The Class 37 became a familiar sight on many parts of the British Rail network. They were on Inter-City services in East Anglia and within Scotland. They also performed well on secondary and inter-regional services for many years. The Class 37 is known by railway enthusiasts as a "Tractor". This nickname came from the similarity of the sound of the locomotive. + += = = British Rail Class 40 = = = +The British Rail Class 40 is a type of British railway diesel locomotive. Built by English Electric between 1958 and 1962, and eventually numbering 200, they were for a time the pride of the British Rail early diesel fleet. Despite their initial success, by the time the last examples were entering service they were already being replaced on some top-link duties by more powerful locomotives. As they were slowly relegated from express passenger uses, the type found work on secondary passenger and freight services where they worked for many years, the final locomotives being retired from regular service in 1985. + += = = Asterids = = = +In the APG II system, for the classification of flowering plants, asterids are a clade of eudicots. That means they are a monophyletic group. +The clade includes 17 orders in the traditional Linnaean system. +Common examples include the forget-me-nots, nightshades, potatoes, eggplants, tomatoes, peppers, tobacco, petunias, morning glory, sweet potato, coffee, lavender, lilac, olive, jasmine, honeysuckle, ash tree, teak, snapdragon, sesame, psyllium, garden sage, and a number of table herbs such as mint, basil, and rosemary. + += = = Eudicots = = = +Eudicots or eudicotyledons are a group of flowering plants. They are one of two major clades, the "non-magnoliid dicots". Their sister group is the Magnoliids, a much smaller group. +The dicots and monocots are the flowering plants which took over in the long Cretaceous period. They largely replaced the earlier types of plants. Of the old forests of the Mesozoic era, only the conifers are still common today. +The big groups of eudicots are the rosids and asterids (together 70% of angiosperms). Monocots make up most of the rest. +A few examples of eudicots are forget-me-not, cabbage, apple, dandelion, buttercup, maple and macadamia. +The tree forms of flowering plants evolved during the Cretaceous period. These began to displace the conifers during the Tertiary era (66 to 2 million years ago). Forests covered much of the globe before the climate cooled. + += = = Caryophyllales = = = +Caryophyllales is a flowering plant order that includes the cacti, carnations, amaranths, ice plants, and most carnivorous plants. Many members are succulent, having fleshy stems or leaves. + += = = British Rail Class 41 = = = +There have been two distinct types of British Rail locomotive that are referred to as Class 41. + += = = British Rail Class 42 = = = +British Railways' (BR) Type 4 "Warship" class diesel-hydraulic locomotives were introduced in 1958. It was apparent at that time that the largest centre of expertise on diesel-hydraulic locomotives was in Germany. The Western Region of British Railways (in view of post-World War II sensibilities) negotiated a licence with German manufacturers to scale down the German Federal Railway's "V200" design to suit the smaller loading gauge of the British network, and to allow British manufacturers to construct the new design. The resultant design bears a close resemblance both cosmetically and in the engineering employed. They were divided into two batches: examples built at BR's Swindon works were numbered in the series D800 to D832 and from D866 to D870, had a maximum tractive effort of 52,400 pounds force and are the British Rail Class 42 of this article. 33 others, D833-865, were constructed by the North British Locomotive Company and became British Rail Class 43. They were allocated to Bristol Bath Road, Plymouth Laira, Newton Abbot and Old Oak Common. + += = = British Rail Class 43 = = = +There have been two types of British Rail locomotive that have been allocated Class 43. + += = = British Rail Class 44 = = = +The British Rail Class 44 or Sulzer Type 4 diesel locomotives were built by British Railways' Derby Works between 1959 and 1960. They were named after British mountains, and were then nicknamed Peaks. + += = = British Rail Class 45 = = = +The British Rail Class 45 also known as the Sulzer Type 4 diesel locomotives were built by British Rail at their Derby and Crewe Works between 1960 and 1962. They were the successors to the Class 44 locomotives. When initially put into service the locomotives were fitted with multi-unit working and steam heating boilers for passenger service. In the early 1970s fifty were fitted with electric train supply in place of their steam heating boilers, and assigned to work services on the Midland Main Line from London St Pancras to Nottingham, Derby and Sheffield. All were withdrawn from service by 1989. + += = = British Rail Class 46 = = = +The British Rail Class 46 is a class of diesel locomotive. They were built from 1961–1963 at British Railways' Derby Works and were initially numbered D138-D193. With the arrival of TOPS computer system they were renumbered to Class 46. Fifty-six locomotives were built. The first was withdrawn in 1977 and all of them were withdrawn by 1984. +The Class 46 design was structurally the same as the earlier Class 45 build, and had the same Sulzer engine. It differed in the fitment of a Brush generator and traction motors, in place of the Crompton Parkinson equipment fitted to the Class 45. + += = = British Rail Class 47 = = = +The British Rail Class 47 (Originally Brush Type 4) is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction. A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive. +They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C twelve-cylinder diesel engine producing (later derated to 2580 bhp to improve reliability), and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 40 years. Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, as of 2008 a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways. As of December 2008, 103 locomotives still exist, with 29 working on the mainline. + += = = British Rail Class 48 = = = +The British Rail Class 48 was a diesel locomotive class which consisted of five examples, built at Brush Falcon Works in Loughborough and delivered between September 1965 and July 1966. They were part of the British Rail Class 47 order, but differed from their classmates by being fitted with a Sulzer V12 12LVA24 power unit producing , as opposed to the standard 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit of the remaining fleet. + += = = British Rail Class 50 = = = +The British Rail (BR) Class 50 is a diesel locomotive built from 1967–68 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry Works in Newton-le-Willows. Fifty of these locomotives were built to haul express passenger trains on the, then non-electrified, section of the West Coast Main Line between Crewe, Carlisle and Scotland. They were originally hired from English Electric Leasings, not being purchased outright by BR until around 1973. Under the pre-1968 classification system these locomotives were known as the English Electric Type 4. The class were affectionately nicknamed "Hoovers" by rail enthusiasts because of their distinctive engine sound, caused by the centrifugal air filters originally fitted. These proved unreliable, and were later removed, but the "Hoover" nickname stuck. + += = = British Rail Class 52 = = = +British Rail assigned Class 52 to the class of 74 large Type 4 diesel-hydraulic locomotives built for the Western Region of British Railways between 1961 and 1964. All were given two-word names, with the first word being "Western", and thus the type became known as Westerns. + += = = British Rail Class 53 = = = +British Rail gave the name Class 53 to the single Brush Traction-built example train Falcon. Although it worked, the idea of Class 53 was made old by new locomotive technology (like the power from single low-speed diesel engines) and was never made twice. + += = = British Rail Class 55 = = = +The British Rail Class 55 is a class of diesel locomotive built between 1961 and 1962 by English Electric. They were designed for the high-speed express passenger services on the East Coast Main Line between London King's Cross and Edinburgh. They gained the name "Deltic" from the prototype locomotive, DP1 "Deltic", which in turn was named for its Napier Deltic power units. 22 locomotives were built, and they dominated services on the line until their withdrawal at the end of 1981. Six locomotives were preserved and are still running today. + += = = British Rail Class 56 = = = +The British Rail Class 56 is a type of diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work. It is a Type 5 locomotive, with a Ruston-Paxman power unit developing 3,250bhp (2,423kW), and has a Co-Co wheel arrangement. The fleet was introduced between 1976 and 1983. +The first thirty locomotives (Nos.56001-56030) were built by Electroputere in Romania, but these suffered from poor construction standards, and many were withdrawn from service early. The remaining 105 locomotives were built by BREL at Doncaster Works (Nos.56031 to 56115) and Crewe Works (Nos.56116 to 56135). Enthusiasts nicknamed them "Grids", likely due to the grid-like horn cover on the locomotive's cab ends. The 'Grid' name was given due to the fact that class 56 locomotives were the main motive power used on merry-go-round coal deliveries to national grid power stations. + += = = British Rail Class 57 = = = +The British Rail Class 57 diesel locomotives is a diesel locomotive that was built by Brush Traction between 1997 and 2004. They are rebuilds, with new engines, of older Class 47 locomotives, originally introduced in 1964–1965. They are known as "bodysnatchers", or "Zombies" to enthusiasts, because the shell (body) of the class 47 has been stripped, rewired and re-engined. The first ever class 57 named was “Freightliner Envoy” after the first one entering Freightliner. + += = = British Rail Class 58 = = = +The British Rail Class 58 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight. Introduced in 1982, they followed American practice of modularisation. From new they were painted in grey Railfreight Sector livery, instead of BR blue. EWS withdrew them in 2002 after 20 years in service, though 30 were subsequently hired abroad—four to the Netherlands, eight to Spain, and twenty to France. + += = = British Rail Class 59 = = = +The Class 59 Co-Co diesel locomotives were built and introduced between 1985 and 1995 by General Motors Electro-Motive Diesel (EMD) for private British companies, initially Foster Yeoman. They were designed for hauling heavy freight and designated JT26CW-SS. + += = = British Rail Class 60 = = = +The British Rail Class 60 is a class of Co-Co diesel locomotive designed for heavy freight work. While they remain the most powerful diesel locomotives in the UK fleet they have suffered from poor reliability throughout their service life. + += = = British Rail Class 66 = = = +The Class 66 locomotive is a development of the Class 59 and used both on British and European railway networks—where it is marketed as EMD Series 66. + += = = British Rail Class 67 = = = +The Class 67 locomotives are a type of Diesel electric locomotives built from 1999 to 2000 by Alstom in Valencia, Spain under sub-contract from General Motors Diesel in Canada. + += = = British Rail Class 70 = = = +The British Rail class 70 was a class of three 3rd rail Co-Co electric locomotives. The initial two were built by the Southern Railway at Ashford Works in 1941 and 1945 and were numbered CC1 and CC2. Electrical equipment was designed by Alfred Raworth and the body by Oliver Bulleid. CC2 was modified slightly from the original design by C. M. Cock who had succeeded Raworth as Electrical Engineer. The third was built by British Railways in 1948 and numbered 20003. + += = = Freightliner Project Genesis = = = +The Class 70 is a British designation for a type of diesel locomotive made by General Electric, which calls the type PowerHaul. The first were built for Freightliner (UK) by General Electric in a country in the USA. +On 10 January 2011, while being unloaded by a crane from a boat after delivery, locomotive number 70012 was dropped from about 13 feet in the air back into the boat. + += = = Balaenoptera omurai = = = +Balaenoptera omurai is a species of whale. Little is known about it. It is called the dwarf fin whale, the little fin whale, or Omura's whale. It gets up to 11. 5 meters (about 38 feet) long. It lives in the Indo-Pacific. +"Balaenoptera omurai" is one of the Bryde's whales, a group of closely related and similar whales. + += = = Rook (chess) = = = +A rook (from Persian �� "rokh") is a piece in the board game of chess. It gets its name from its name in the old Indo-Arabic game (see History of chess). Each player starts the game with two rooks. When recording games, it is shortened to R, and when printed a figurine is used. +Starting place and moving. +In chess notation, the white rooks start on the "a1" and "h1" squares, and the black rooks start on the "a8" and "h8" squares. +The rook moves forward or back on the files through any number of squares without other pieces on them, and sideways on the ranks. This is shown in the diagram below. Like other pieces, it captures by going into the square on which an enemy piece stands. +The rook and king also take part in a special move called castling. + += = = Angels & Airwaves = = = +Angels and Airwaves (AvA) is an American alternative rock band. It was formed by Blink-182 singer and guitarist, Thomas DeLonge. The band’s current active lineup as a core trio, consists of Delonge, guitarist David Kennedy and drummer and bassist Ilan Rubin. +DeLonge created the band angels and airwaves to bring good music to people ears. The band performed amazing live performances and was well liked by Delonge's fans. Most of the songs have long built up intros with guitars, synthesizer, drums and keyboards. Delonge showed over time that his live voice had improved since his time singing for Blink 182. +Angels and Airwaves released their first album, "We Don't Need To Whisper" in 2005. The second studio album, "I-Empire" was released in October 2007. It was a more lighthearted album with a faster beat. AvA has toured very much. They have said that they will be playing for the second year in a row at Vans Warped tour. They will be playing the entire tour. +Seven years after The Dream Walker (2014), Angels and Airwaves released their 6th album, Lifeforms. +DeLonge has covered a few songs from Blink 182 but he has never played the full song in respect to his former band mates. He has played slowed versions of "Down", "I Miss You", "Not Now", and "Reckless Abandon". He only plays these songs by himself with his guitar. + += = = Kolathur = = = +Kolathur () is a town in Salem district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. As of the 2001 India census, Kolathur had a population of 10,319. Males make up 53% of the population and females 47%. A total of 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. + += = = Martha Jones (Doctor Who) = = = +Dr. Martha Jones is a fictional character who is played by Freema Agyeman in the television series "Doctor Who" and its spin-off series, "Torchwood". She is a companion of the Tenth Doctor in "Doctor Who", replacing Rose Tyler in the role of the main companion. She made her first appearance in Series 3's "Smith and Jones", broadcast in the UK on 31 March 2007. +Appearances. +Television. +Martha Jones is introduced in the 2007 series of "Doctor Who", first appearing in the episode "Smith and Jones". When the hospital she works at is moved to the Moon, Martha helps save the day alongside an alien time traveller known only as the Doctor (David Tennant). To thank her for her help, the Doctor invites her to join him for one trip in his time machine the TARDIS, but he later accepts her as his full-time "companion", admitting that she was "never just a passenger", and he even gives her the key to the TARDIS. Nevertheless, she becomes frustrated because the Doctor does not realise her feelings for him, When the Doctor falls in love(while believing himself to be a human) in the "Human Nature"/"The Family of Blood" two-parter, a pained Martha claims "You had to go and fall in love with a human... and it wasn't me". In the last episode of the series she spends a year travelling the world in a plan which saves the Doctor and reverses time, undoing the Master's actions. +The character reappears in the 2008 series of the "Doctor Who" spin-off "Torchwood", which focuses on occasional "Doctor Who" companion Jack Harkness. She first appeared in the episode "Reset" as part of a three-episode story, +Later in the Fourth Series of Doctor Who, Martha returns for a three-episode arc beginning with "The Sontaran Stratagem" and ending with "The Doctor's Daughter", Agyeman appears in the role again for the final two episodes of the series, "The Stolen Earth"/"Journey's End",where she has been promoted to a US division of UNIT. +Other Appearances. +Aside from television appearances, the character of Martha also appears in "Doctor Who" novels and comic books, some of which it is unknown if they are canon or not. +In books, Martha appears in the "New Series Adventures" series of "Doctor Who" novels, published by BBC Books. The first book published was a "Quick Reads" novel, "Made of Steel" by Terrance Dicks (published before her first television appearance), and the character subsequently appeared in all novels in the series, starting with "Sting of the Zygons" by Stephen Cole and most recently in "The Many Hands" by Dale Smith. Freema Aygeman appears as the character on the cover of every novel. In late 2008 "The Story of Martha", a collection of stories focusing on Martha's adventures between "The Sound of Drums" and "Last of the Time Lords", will be published. +In comic strip apperences,Martha has appeared in the "Doctor Who Magazine" strips from #381 onwards and the "Doctor Who Adventures" comics from #28 onwards. The character also appears in the "Battles in Time" series of comic books periodically. In 2007, American comic book publisher IDW Publishing announced their plans to do a series of Tenth Doctor and Martha comics for a America. When asked about canonicity, IDW executive editor Chris Ryall dodged the issue by saying all the comics are "blessed" by Russell T Davies but it is up to the individual how canonical each story is. +Martha also appears in a Radio 4 "Torchwood" drama, "Lost Souls" which aired in Summer 2008. + += = = Louis Antoine Jullien = = = +Louis Antoine Jullien (23 April 1812 – 14 March 1860) was a French conductor who was famous for his showmanship. +Life. +Early years. +Jullien was born in Sisteron, in the French Alps. At his baptism he had 36 godfathers and was given 36 Christian names. He studied at the Paris Conservatoire. He was a good musician, but mostly he enjoyed popular dance music. He conducted a band, but had to leave Paris because he owed people a lot of money. +Career in England. +He went to London where he formed a good orchestra. His orchestra played at a series of summer concerts (called "Concerts d’été"). Later he conducted a series of winter concerts ("Concerts d’hiver"). Although he was a good conductor he was a great showman. He would make a big show of putting on his white gloves which were given to him on a silver plate. He used a special baton (conductor’s stick) which had jewels in it when he conducted Beethoven. He wore a white waistcoat and enormous wrist bands, and he had a huge moustache and long, black hair. He would throw himself around when conducting and finish by sinking into a velvet chair. The audience loved it, especially when he added military bands to his orchestra. He used to conduct facing the audience. He conducted concerts in the London theatres and parks (promenade concerts). +Jullien’s programmes included works by the great composers, e.g. Beethoven and Mozart, but they were always mixed with light music: dances, quadrilles, marches, etc. He often added lots of extra instruments to the great classics, e.g. when he conducted Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony he added four ophicleides, a saxophone and side drums. +Jullien travelled to Scotland, Ireland and America with his orchestra. In 1852 he produced an opera, "Pietro il grande", at Covent Garden, but it cost a ridiculous amount of money and he was financially ruined. +His final years. +Eventually he went back to France where he was arrested and put in prison because of his debts. He died in a lunatic asylum. His wife, to whom he had been happily married, lived on for many years, and their son Louis became a conductor and tried to conduct promenade concerts, but he did not have much success. +His reputation. +Jullien’s behaviour might seem strange to us today, but he lived at a time when the role of the conductor was becoming very important as orchestras had become much larger than they had been in the 18th century. He gave people who had never heard good classical music the chance to hear the music by the great composers. He had a very big influence on the musical scene in London and people talked about him for many years after his death. + += = = Parachutes (Coldplay album) = = = +Parachutes is the debut studio album by Coldplay. The album was released on 10 July, 2000. "Parachutes" includes the hit singles "Don't Panic", "Trouble", "Yellow", and "Shiver". + += = = A Rush of Blood to the Head = = = +A Rush of Blood to the Head is the second studio album by Coldplay. It was released on 26 August, 2002. The album includes the singles "In My Place", "The Scientist", "Clocks", and "God Put a Smile Up On Your Face". + += = = X&Y (album) = = = +X&Y is the third studio album by Coldplay, and was released on 6 June, 2005. + += = = Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends = = = +Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends (or short for simply Viva la Vida) is the fourth studio album by the rock band Coldplay. Released on 12 June 2008, Coldplay recorded "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends" from June 2007 - April 2008. In November Coldplay re-released "Viva la Vida" (album) and added more songs to the album from their EP called "Prospekt's March". The singles "Violet Hill", "Viva la Vida", "Lost!", "Lost+ (ft. Jay-Z)", and "Lovers in Japan" are featured in the album and including the extended edition of "Viva la Vida: Prospekt's March Edition". + += = = Lost! = = = +Lost is a series of songs/singles recorded especially by Coldplay. The songs are a part of the full extended version of "Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends" called "Prospect's March Edition". + += = = British Rail Class 71 = = = +The British Rail Class 71 was an electric locomotive used on the Southern Region of British Railways. Unlike most other Southern Region electric locomotives (such as the class 73s & 74s) they could not operate away from the electrified (750 V DC third rail) system. + += = = British Rail Class 73 = = = +The British Rail Class 73 electro-diesel locomotives are very unusual in that they can operate from a 750 V DC third-rail supply but also have a diesel engine to allow them to operate on non-electrified routes. This makes them very versatile, although the diesel engine produces less power than is available from the third-rail supply so they rarely stray from the former Southern Region of British Rail. Following the withdrawal of the more powerful Class 74 electro-diesels in 1977, the Class 73 is now unique on the British rail system. + += = = British Rail Class 74 = = = +British Rail class 74 was an electro-diesel locomotive that operated on the Southern Region of British Railways, rebuilt from redundant Class 71 locomotives in the late 1960s. An electro-diesel locomotive is one that can operate either from an electrical supply, such as overhead lines or an energized third rail, or from an onboard diesel engine. + += = = British Rail Class 76 = = = +The British Rail Class 76, also known as Class EM1, is a class of 1.5kV DC, Bo-Bo electric locomotive designed for use on the now-closed Woodhead Line in Northern England. + += = = British Rail Class 80 = = = +Class 80 was the TOPS classification allocated by British Rail to the prototype 25 kV AC electric locomotive. This locomotive was built by Metropolitan-Vickers, initially as a prototype Gas turbine-electric locomotive, numbered 18100. British Rail allocated the number E1000 (and later E2001) to the locomotive following its conversion from gas turbine propulsion. + += = = British Rail Class 77 = = = +The British Rail Class 77, also known as Class EM2, is a class of 1.5 kV DC, Co-Co electric locomotive. They were built by Metropolitan Vickers in 1953–1954 for use over the Woodhead Line between Manchester and Sheffield. + += = = British Rail Class 81 = = = +The British Rail Class 81 was an AC electric locomotive that operated on the West Coast Main Line on the London Midland Region of British Rail. Only one was preserved. + += = = British Rail Class 84 = = = +The British Rail Class 84 was a 25 kV AC electric locomotive that operated on the West Coast Main Line on the London Midland Region. + += = = British Rail Class 86 = = = +The British Rail Class 86 is a modern electric locomotive built during the 1960s, developed as a result of testing to replace the British rail Classes 81, 82, 83, 84 and 85. One hundred of these locomotives were built from 1965-1966 by either English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows, or British Rail (BR) at their Doncaster works. The class was built to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from London Euston, to Birmingham, Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston and Glasgow. They helped to replace steam locomotives, which were finally withdrawn by BR in 1968. Most have been scrapped after accidents and other uses. Some were also exported to Hungary and Bulgaria. 3 have been preserved as of 2017. + += = = British Rail Class 87 = = = +The British Rail Class 87 is a type of electric locomotive built from 1973 to 1975 by British Rail Engineering Limited (BREL). 36 of these locomotives were built to work passenger services over the West Coast Main Line (WCML). They were the flagships of British Rail's electric locomotive fleet until the late 1980s, when the Class 90s started to come onstream. The privatisation of British Rail saw all but one of the fleet transferred to Virgin Trains; they continued their duties until the advent of the new Pendolino trains, when they were transferred to other operators or withdrawn. The last Class 87 in UK mainline use was withdrawn from service on 31 December 2007. Most have now been sold for reuse in Bulgaria. + += = = British Rail Class 82 = = = +The British Rail Class 82 electric locomotives were built by Beyer, Peacock and Company between 1960 and 1962 as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification. + += = = British Rail Class 83 = = = +The British Rail Class 83 were electric locomotives built by English Electric at Vulcan Foundry, Newton-le-Willows as part of the West Coast Main Line electrification. + += = = British Rail Class 85 = = = +The British Rail Class 85 is an electric locomotive built during the early 1960s, as part of BR's policy to develop a standard electric locomotive. Five prototype classes (81-85) were built and evaluated, which eventually led to the development of the Class 86 locomotive. The locomotives of Class 85 were Originally fitted with germanium rectifiers which were eventually replaced by silicon rectifiers. Forty of these locomotives were built from 1961-64 by BR at Doncaster Works. The class were used to haul trains on the then newly electrified West Coast Main Line, from Birmingham, to Crewe, Manchester Piccadilly, Liverpool and later Preston. By 1965, electrification had spread south to London Euston. +Under the earlier BR classification, the type was given the designation AL5 (meaning the 5th design of 25 kV AC Locomotive), and locomotives were numbered E3056-E3095. In 1968, this was changed to Class 85, when BR introduced a new computer numbering system. From 1971 onwards, locomotives were progressively renumbered into the 85001-040 series. Fifteen locomotives were converted for freight only use, numbered in the 85/1 series. These locomotives were restricted to 80 mph. + += = = British Rail Class 89 = = = +The Class 89 is a prototype design for an electric locomotive. Only one unit was built, no. 89001, which was officially named "Avocet" by the then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher on January 16 1989 at Sandy, Bedfordshire - the home of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (whose logo is an avocet). It was built in 1986, by BREL at their Crewe Works, and was used on test-trains on both the West Coast Main Line and East Coast Main Line. It was fitted with advanced power control systems and develops over 6,000 bhp (4,500 kW). It was given the nickname "Aardvark" although the railfans used to call it "The Badger" owing to its sloping front ends. + += = = British Rail Class 90 = = = +The British Rail Class 90 electric locomotives are electric locomotives that were built by BREL at Crewe from 1987-1990. Each locomotive weighs 84.5 tonnes and has a top speed of . They operate from 25 kV AC overhead wires and produce . The class is employed on both express passenger services and heavy freight trains. + += = = Japan Cup = = = +The Japan Cup is the most important horse race in Japan. It is held at the end of November in the Tokyo Racecourse. The race is 2400 metres long and the winner gets about ¥533 million (about US $4.6 million) as an award (the highest reward for horse racing in the world). +Winners. + The 2002 race took place at Nakayama Racecourse over a distance of 2,200 metres. + += = = List of British Rail unbuilt locomotive classes = = = +There have been a number of TOPS class numbers assigned to proposed locomotives that have not been built for one reason or another. + += = = British Rail Class 91 = = = +The British Rail Class 91 is a class of 140 mph, 6,300 hp electric locomotives ordered specifically for the East Coast Main Line modernisation and electrification programme of the late 1980s. Built to replace the previous British Rail Class 43 (also called the InterCity 125) and British Rail Class 55, the Class 91s were given the auxiliary name of InterCity 225 to indicate their status as a new version of the 125 and their envisaged top speed of 225 km/h (140 mph). The other end of the InterCity 225 train set is formed of a Driving Van Trailer, built with a similar bodyshell to the Class 91 locomotives. + += = = Enchanted = = = +Enchanted is a 2007 American fantasy romantic comedy musical movie. It was produced and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures in association with Barry Sonnenfeld and Josephson Entertainment. The story is about Giselle, a typical Disney Princess, who is forced from her traditional animated world into the live-action world of New York City. +The movie was first shown on October 20, 2007, at the London Film Festival. It released on November 21, 2007 in the United States. "Enchanted" was well-received critically. It won the 2007 Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Motion Picture, received two nominations at the 65th Golden Globe Awards and three nominations at the 80th Academy Awards. The movie earned more than $340 million worldwide at the box office. +Cast. +Julie Andrews was the narrator of the story. +Video game. +A video game based on the movie was developed by Altron for Nintendo DS. It was released by Disney Interactive on November 7, 2007. + += = = British Rail Class 92 = = = +The Class 92 is a dual-voltage British railway locomotive which can run on 25 kV AC from overhead lines or 750 V DC from a third rail. It was designed specifically to operate services through the Channel Tunnel between Britain and France. Eurotunnel indicates the Class 92 locomotive as the reference for other locomotives which railway undertakings might want to get certified for usage in the Channel tunnel. + += = = British Rail Class 93 = = = +Class 93 is the traction classification assigned to the electric locomotives that were to enter service as part of British Rail's "InterCity 250" project on the West Coast Main Line. They would have been derived from the Class 91 locomotives that entered service on the East Coast Main Line in 1989. The locomotive would have been used along with a train of up to nine Mark 5 coaches and a DVT, similar to the "InterCity 225" sets. The locomotives would have been capable of up to 155 mph. Tenders to construct the locomotives and rolling stock were issued in March 1991, with an expected in service date of 1995; it was envisaged that up to 30 complete trains would be initially required, with a total cost estimated at £380 million. However, the InterCity 250 project was canceled in 1992, so the rolling stock orders were never made. Here is a picture of what the cab may have looked like. + += = = East Coast Main Line = = = +East Coast Main Line is an electrified main line between London and Edinburgh in United Kingdom. The trains on this line are operated by National Express East Coast. + += = = West Coast Main Line = = = +West Coast Main Line is a main line between London and Glasgow in United Kingdom. Train services are operated by Avanti West Coast and CrossCountry. + += = = Georg Michaelis = = = +Georg Michaelis (8 September 1857 – 24 July 24 1936) became the first Chancellor of Germany with a non-noble background. +Early life. +Michaelis was born at Haynau in Silesia. He studied law in Breslau, Leipzig and Wurzburg. He graduated from Göttingen University in 1884. +Career. +He was invited by the Japanese government to teach at the German school of law in Tokyo from 1885 to 1889. +When he returned to Germany, he joined the civil service. The Emperor appointed him Reich Chancellor ("Reichskanzler") from July to November 1917. + += = = 1994 Atlantic hurricane season = = = +The 1994 Atlantic hurricane season was the time from June 1 to November 30, 1994, when hurricanes officially formed in the Atlantic Ocean. Storms sometimes form before and after these dates but most storms form during the season. However, in this season no Tropical Cyclone formed after November 30, the end of the season because the last storm, Hurricane Gordon died on November 21, just nine days before the 30th. +The season was unusual in that it produced no major hurricanes, which are those of Category 3 status or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The strongest, Hurricane Florence, it's top winds were at a Category 2 storm with winds of 110 mph (175 km/h). Aside from Chris, Florence, and Gordon, none of the storms became hurricanes. A famous hurricane from 1994 would probably be Hurricane Gordon. Hurricane Gordon was a strange long lived November hurricane that killed at least 1,100 people in Haiti. +Storms. +Tropical Storm Alberto. +Alberto formed from a north-moving tropical depression north of the Yucatán Peninsula on July 2. Tropical Storm Alberto continued north, making landfall near Destin, Florida on July 3 as a moderately strong tropical storm. The storm weakened quickly to a tropical depression, which then moved around Georgia and Alabama until it dissipated on July 7. Damage was guessed at $500 million (1994 USD) and 30 deaths were caused by the effects of Tropical Storm Alberto. +Tropical Depression Two. +Tropical Depression Two formed near South Carolina on the 19th. The depression moved north making landfall in South Carolina and dissipated on July 23rd. No damage or deaths reported. +Tropical Storm Beryl. +Beryl formed off the Florida Panhandle on August 15, only twelve hours before it made landfall near Panama City, Florida. Beryl quickly strengthened before landfall and reached its top winds of 60 mph. Beryl caused inland flooding as it moved through Georgia, across the Carolinas, and all the way to Connecticut where it was absorbed by a frontal system. Damage was guessed at $73 million (1994 USD). Though it caused no deaths, a lot of people were injured by the 37 tornadoes Beryl produced as it weakened. +Hurricane Chris. +Chris formed midway between the Lesser Antilles and Cape Verde on August 17, and reached hurricane strength the next day. It moved to the northwest and turned north and brushed Bermuda as a weak tropical storm on the 21st. Chris continued north, and dissipated without causing any damage +Tropical Depression Five. +The wave that would become Tropical Depression Five was tracked beginning on August 17. The wave was upgraded into a depression on August 29 near the Yucatán Peninsula. Tropical Depression Five made landfall in Tampico on the 31st and dissipating the same day over Mexico. No damage was caused by Tropica Depression Five. +Tropical Storm Debby. +Tropical Storm Debby formed on September 10, just east of the lesser antilies. The storm crossed some of the islands, and dissipated south of Puerto Rico on the 11th. Nine people dead because of Tropical Storm Debby. Damage estimates are not available. It cause flooding and mudslides in Saint Lucia. +Tropical Storm Ernesto. +Ernesto formed southwest of Cape Verde on September 22 it became Tropical Storm Ernesto. It moved north for two days, and by the 24th had weakened to a tropical depression. Two days later Ernesto dissipated without affecting any land. +Tropical Depression Eight. +Tropical Depression Eight formed on September 19 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea. The wave strengthened into Tropical Depression Eight on September 24 near Honduras. Tropical Depression Eight made landfall in Mexico and dissipated the next day over Guatemala. Some reports show that the remnants of Eight became Tropical Depression Ten. +Tropical Depression Nine. +Tropical Depression Nine form off the coast of Africa on September 26. It was upgraded to the ninth depression of the 1994 season, 150 miles southeast from the Cape Verde Islands the next day. The depression moved north and dissipated on September 29. +Tropical Depression Ten. +An area of disturbed weather, related to Tropical Depression Eight, moved across the northwest Caribbean Sea and the Yucatán Peninsula. A tropical wave moved into the area, causing an increase in showers and cloudiness. The wave became Tropical Depression Ten on September 29 about 150 miles off the coast of Cuba. The system became better-organized and when the depression moved into the Gulf of Mexico, it was absorbed by a non-tropical system on 30th. Tropical Depression Ten caused $5 million in damage (1994 USD). +Hurricane Florence. +Florence, at first formed as a subtropical depression in the central Atlantic on November 2. As it northwest, it took on tropical characteristics and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Florence on the 4th. It reached hurricane strength, then turned to the northeast and on November 6, as it was picked up by a strong trough. Two days later Florence was absorbed by the same trough that made it turn northeast. There was no reported damage. +Hurricane Gordon. +Hurricane Gordon was a very deadly and damaging tropical storm for the Caribbean, Florida and parts of North Carolina. The storm was very slow moving on its path over the Caribbean. This storm killed over 1100 people (estimates range between 500 and 2300 people dead through Haiti and the central Caribbean islands, including Jamaica and Cuba). The storm's strange motion was making Hurricane Gordon hard to forecast where it would actually go and where it would reach land. Damage was guessed to be at $400 million (1994 US dollars). +Nor'easter. +Around Christmas in 1994 a nor'easter may have had tropical characteristics, though it was not called a tropical system. It affected the Mid-Atlantic and New England causing damage at $21 million. +Unused. +In 1994, only 7 out of 21 names were used. The following names were supposed to be used: +Retirement. +No names retired as a result all name would be used again in 2000 + += = = British Rail Class 100 = = = +The British Rail Class 100 diesel multiple units were built by Gloucester Railway Carriage & Wagon Company Limited from 1956 to 1958, designed and built in collaboration with the Transport Sales Dept. of T.I. (Group Services) Ltd. + += = = British Rail Class 101 = = = +The British Rail Class 101 diesel multiple units were built by Metro-Cammell at Washwood Heath in Birmingham from 1956 to 1959, following the construction of a series of prototype units. This class proved to be the most successful and longest-lived of all BR's "First Generation" DMUs, with the final five units being withdrawn on 24 December 2003. The oldest set was, by then just over 47 years old. + += = = British Rail Class 103 = = = +The British Rail Class 103 diesel multiple units were built by Park Royal Vehicles with diesel engines by British United Traction (BUT). Ordered in the first half of 1955, 20 of these sets were built by Park Royal at the Crossley Motors works in Stockport of the ACV Group. They consisted of a power car and a driving trailer. Standard BUT equipment was fitted, with 'A' type engines. +A two-car set with 16 first class and 100 second class seats weighed just under 60 long tons, representing 1,150 lb (520 kg) a seat and had 5 hp per ton of empty weight or 4.35 hp per ton when full. + += = = British Rail Class 104 = = = +The British Rail Class 104 diesel multiple units were built by Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company from 1957 to 1959. +The first units ordered were for the London Midland Region, with the majority of the class for use in North West of England with sets also in Tyneside (being made redundant by the opening of the Tyne & Wear Metro in 1980). In the mid-1980s a few units reallocated to Scotland, with one unit being repainted in a unique maroon and white livery for services to Oban - it became known as the "Mexican Bean". Other vehicles spent time in London and the last vehicles could be found there in the early 1990s. +The class was gradually taken of service from the early 1980s. The final vehicles were withdrawn in 1995. + += = = British Rail Class 105 = = = +The British Rail Class 105 diesel multiple units were built by Cravens Ltd. of Sheffield from 1956 to 1959. The class were built with a side profile identical to British Railways Mark 1 carriage stock, using the same doors and windows. None were selected for refurbishment. The last passenger car was withdrawn from service in 1988. + += = = British Rail Class 107 = = = +The British Rail Class 107 diesel multiple units were built by the Derby Works of British Railways and were introduced in 1960. The class looked similar to the later Class 108 units, but were heavier - having been built out of steel. + += = = British Rail Class 108 = = = +The British Rail Class 108 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1958 to 1961, with a final production quantity of 333 vehicles. +These units stayed in were used till the 1990s after which they were withdrawn from traffic. + += = = British Rail Class 109 = = = +The British Rail Class 109 is a class of 2-car diesel multiple units built in 1957 by Wickham & Co. Five two-car units were built featuring an unusual body design. +The units soon became non-standard and two were sold back to the manufacturer who exported them to Trinidad and Tobago. Another unit was converted into departmental service, and survived in BR ownership until the early 1980s. + += = = Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa = = = +Yeh Dil Aap Ka Huwa () is a 2002 Pakistani Urdu movie starring Sana, Moammar Rana and Saleem Sheikh among others. It was directed by Javed Sheikh and ran successfully in theaters across Pakistan. The movie's soundtrack composed by Amjad Bobby was a success prior to its release. + += = = British Rail Class 110 = = = +The Class 110 DMUs were built by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company in conjunction with the Drewry Car Co. to operate services on the former Lancashire and Yorkshire main line, and spent their entire careers based around this same area. This earned them the name of the 'Calder Valley' sets. They were an updated version of the Class 104, with a revised cab design and raised bodyside window frames. + += = = British Rail Class 111 = = = +The Class 111 DMUs were based on Class 101/2s, but with different engines. The only external body difference was on the final batch of cars where a four character headcode box was fitted above the front cab Windows with the destination indicator on top of a reduced height centre window. +The first cars built, part of an order for 339 Met-Camm cars, were 4 power/trailer sets for the LMR Manchester area built in early 1957. One of these had supercharged 230 hp 6-cylinder engines. This was followed by ten 3-car sets comprising DMBS/TS/DMC for the NER at Bradford, then a further twenty 3-car sets. + += = = British Rail Class 112 = = = +The Class 112 DMUs used the standard Cravens body used for Class 105s but had a single Rolls-Royce engine of 238 hp per car, and they were all formed into 'power twins'- two car sets with both vehicles powered. +There were two batches built, the first 50 vehicles (25 sets) had standard mechanical transmission via a gearbox and were allocated the Class 112. The second batch of 50 cars (25 sets) had hydraulic transmission, and became Class 113s. +The cars were built for services in the LMR Central Division and in the Liverpool - St Helens area, where the gradients in the Lancashire & Yorkshire area required more power. Both types also spent some time working from Cricklewood. +The gross weight of a set with all seats occupied was approximately 70 tons, giving 6.8 hp per ton. Empty, it was 8.1 hp/ton, which compared favourably with 5.7 hp/ton that the Cravens power/trailer had. Its sister class is the Class 113 + += = = British Rail Class 114 = = = +The British Rail Class 114 diesel multiple units were built by BR Derby from 1956 to 1957. Forty-nine 2-car units were built, numbered 50001-49 for driving motors (later renumbered 53001-49) and 56001-49 for driving trailers (later renumbered 54001-49). The units were used on services in the West Midlands, Lincolnshire and Humberside. + += = = 1995 Atlantic hurricane season = = = +The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was the time from June 1 to November 30, 1995 when hurricanes officially formed in the Atlantic Ocean. Storms sometimes form before and after these dates but most storms form during the season. No storms formed after November 30 in the 1995 season. +The 1995 season was extremely active, largely due to favorable conditions including a La Niña and warm sea surface temperatures. Nineteen named storms formed during the season, making it the third most active on record behind the 2005 and 1933 seasons and tied with 1887 season. There were also eleven storms that reached hurricane strength, again the third most hurricanes in one season after the 1969 and 2005 seasons. +This season broke the record for the most Tropical Cyclones at a time in the Atlantic with five storm at a time from August 22 to September 1 – Humberto, Iris, Jerry, Karen, and Luis, were the names of the storms at the same time. +Storms. +Tropical Depression Six. +On August 4, Tropical Depression Six formed in the Bay of Campeche. Six made landfall in over Mexico and dissipated on August 6, never reaching tropical storm strength. There were no reports of damage or deaths. +Tropical Storm Gabrielle. +Tropical Storm Gabrielle formed on August 9 and nearly became a hurricane but it made landfall in Mexico, near La Pesca, Tamaulipas, on August 11. Tropical Storm Gabrielle dissipated the next day without ever reaching hurricane status causing no damage or deaths. +Tropical Storm Jerry. +Tropical Storm Jerry formed just off the Florida coast near Andros Island on August 23 as Tropical Depression Eleven. Jerry made landfall at as a very weak tropical storm. Jerry made landfall in Jupiter, Florida. Jerry dissipated on the 28th over Georgia. +Hurricane Luis. +Hurricane Luis was one of the most powerful storms of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Luis was the strongest storm to hit the Leeward Islands since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Luis was one of the four tropical cyclones active from August 22 to September 1 along with Humberto, Iris, Jerry, and Karen. +Tropical Depression Fourteen. +Tropical Depression Fourteen started on September 9. Fourteen moved mostly to the northwest, which made it further from land. It never became a tropical storm before it died on September 13. +Hurricane Opal. +Opal started on September 27, just to the east of the Yucatan Peninsula. It soon made landfall before becoming a tropical storm. As soon as it enter the Gulf of Mexico it became a tropical storm. It soon became a hurricane and strengthened fast. Hurricane Opal was stopped at a category 4 hurricane. When it made landfall in Florida on October 3, it was a category 2 hurricane. +Tropical Storm Sebastien. +Tropical Storm Sebastien formed on August 20 from a tropical wave just east of the Lesser Antilles. Sebastien remained rather weak, moving northwest through light wind shear. Sebastien took a sharp turn and started moving south-southwest. On October 24, Sebastien weakened to a depression and made landfall in Anguilla. By this time, Sebastien had entered a low level flow as well as increasing wind shear. On October 25 Sebastien dissipated over the northern Caribbean Sea. Although its remnants still caused heavy rain over Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. +Hurricane Tanya. +The 1995 season ended with Hurricane Tanya, the first storm to be get a name beginning with 'T' since hurricane naming began in the Atlantic basin in 1950 it was the only until Tropical Storm Tammy in 2005. +Storm names. +This list is the names set aside for use in for Atlantic tropical cyclones in 1995. Notice that only Van and Wendy aren't used they are marked in . +Retirement. +In the Spring of 1996 the names Luis, Marilyn, Opal, and Roxanne were retired. Lorenzo, Michelle, Olga, and Rebekah were placed on the list in 2001 instead. + += = = Red giant = = = +A red giant is a giant star that has the mass of about one-half to ten times the mass of our Sun. Red giants get their name because they appear to be colored red and they are very large. Many red giants could fit thousands and thousands of suns like ours inside of them. +Right now, our Sun is a main-sequence star, not a red giant. However, five billion years from now, scientists believe our sun will become a red giant. It will be about 200 times bigger in diameter than it is now. It will become so big it will swallow up Mercury, Venus and possibly the Earth. +How a star becomes a red giant. +All new stars change hydrogen to helium through nuclear fusion. This makes a lot of energy (e.g. light and heat). In a normal star, like our Sun and all other main-sequence stars, this change happens at the very center of the star. Sooner or later, almost all of the hydrogen at the center has changed to helium. This causes the nuclear reaction to stop. The center will start to get smaller due to the star's gravity. This makes the layer just outside the center get hotter. This layer still has hydrogen. This hydrogen will fuse to make helium. +With this new source of power, the outer layers of the star will get much, much bigger. The star will get brighter, sometimes as much as ten thousand times as bright as when it was on the main sequence. Since the outside of the star is bigger, the energy will be spread over a much larger area. Because of this, the temperature of the surface will go down and the color will change to red or orange. +There are often three main parts of a red giant stage: firstly, the red giant's center is plain helium while the layer outside it has hydrogen fusing into helium. This is called the red giant branch or RGB phase of the star. Eventually, the helium in the center will ignite and start to turn into carbon. This ignition is called the helium flash, and after this happens, the red giant branch star becomes a horizontal branch star. For stars with the same mass than the Sun, the horizontal branch phase is called the red clump phase. Red clump stars are smaller and hotter than red giant branch stars, and can appear yellow or orange in color. For stars more massive than the Sun, they become much hotter so that their color will change from red, to yellow, and then to blue-white. Their horizontal branch phase is called a blue loop. +Soon (in only hundreds of millions of years) horizontal branch stars will start to fuse helium to make other elements like carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. They expand back into red giants even larger than the red giant branch phase. This is called the asymptotic giant branch or AGB phase. +The red giant phases are temporary. They are shorter than the billions of years a star spends on the main sequence. Some of their outer layers will blow away, leaving interstellar gas and dust circling the star. In time, most red giants will become white dwarfs. Very large red giants (red supergiants) become neutron stars or black holes. + += = = Hypergiant = = = +A hypergiant (luminosity class 0) is a star with an enormous mass and luminosity, It shows signs of a very high rate of mass loss. The exact definition is not yet settled. +Hypergiants are the largest stars in the universe, usually larger and brighter than supergiants. The hypergiant with the largest known diameter is WOH G64 which is about 1,540 times wider than the Sun. +Another large hypergiant is VY Canis Majoris, about 1,420 times wider than the Sun. It is one of the extreme luminous supergiant stars. +Just as supergiants evolve from massive stars that were once main sequence stars (between 8 to 22 solar masses, one solar mass being the mass of the Sun), hypergiants were once main-sequence stars that were more massive. +Hypergiants are very hard to find and they have a short lifespan because of their size. While the Sun has a lifespan of around 10 billion years, hypergiants will only exist for a few million years. +Spectrum. +There are two special groups: luminous blue variables (LBV), and yellow hypergiants. Both of these types are very rare, with only a few examples in the Milky Way galaxy. Their rareness is probably because each type passes through this stage quite rapidly. +Stability. +As luminosity of stars increases greatly with mass, the luminosity of hypergiants often lies very close to the Eddington limit. This is the luminosity at which the force of the star's gravity equals the radiation pressure outward. +This means that the radiative flux passing through the photosphere of a hypergiant may be nearly strong enough to lift away the photosphere. Above the Eddington limit, the star would generate so much radiation that parts of its outer layers would be thrown off in massive outbursts. This would effectively restrict the star from shining at higher luminosities for longer periods. +A good candidate for hosting a continuum-driven wind is Eta Carinae, one of the most massive stars ever observed. Its mass is about 130 solar masses and its luminosity four million times that of the Sun. Eta Carinae may occasionally exceed the Eddington limit. The last time might have been outbursts observed in 1840–1860. These reached mass loss rates much higher than stellar winds would normally allow. +Another theory to explain the massive outbursts of Eta Carinae is the idea of a deeply situated hydrodynamic explosion, blasting off parts of the star’s outer layers. The idea is that the star, even at luminosities below the Eddington limit, would have insufficient heat convection in the inner layers, resulting in a density inversion potentially leading to a massive explosion. The theory has, however, not been explored very much, and it is uncertain whether this really can happen. + += = = Shiver (Coldplay song) = = = +"Shiver" is a single released by rock band Coldplay. "Shiver" was released off the album "Parachutes" in March 2000. A re-release was released a year later in February 2001. +Format. +The format of the single by Coldplay is a CD. It plays as an Extended Play (or EP). + += = = Yellow (Coldplay song) = = = +"Yellow" is a song by English alternative rock band Coldplay. The band wrote the song and co-produced it with British record producer Ken Nelson. It was for their first album "Parachutes". The song's lyrics are a reference to band vocalist Chris Martin's unreturned love. +The song was released across the world in June 2000. It was the second single off the album following "Shiver". It was the lead single in the United States. The single reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. This gave the band their first top-five hit in the United Kingdom. +Helped by heavy rotation and usage in promotions, the song made the band very popular. Various recording artists worldwide have since made their own versions of "Yellow". It remains one of the band's most popular songs. +Background and inspiration. +"Yellow" was written in a Rockfield studio in Wales. The studio is called the Quadrangle. It is where Coldplay began working on their first album, "Parachutes". One night after finishing recording "Shiver", the lead single of the album, the band took a break and went out of the studio. Outside, there were few lights on and the stars in the sky were visible and "just amazing", according to the song's co-producer, Ken Nelson. He told the band to look at the stars. The band looked at the stars and felt generally inspired. The song's main melody popped into the head of Chris Martin, the band's vocalist. The melody was a chord pattern. At first, Martin did not take it seriously "as he relayed the tune to the rest of the band in his worst Neil Young impersonation voice". Martin has said, "The song had the word 'stars' and that seemed like a word you should sing in a Neil Young voice." The melody "started off a lot slower" according to Will Champion, the band's drummer, and sounded like a Neil Young song. Not long after, despite not taking the song seriously, Martin's idea worked out when he had developed the tempo of the verse. When Jonny Buckland, the band's guitarist, started playing it and added to it with his own ideas, they had created the riff, "and it sort of got a bit heavier". +While composing the song's lyrics, however, Martin could not find the right words. He was thinking of a specific word to fit the song's main idea and theme. He thought that this missing word was a key word in the lyrics. He looked around the studio and found the telephone directory "Yellow Pages". Martin later titled the song "Yellow" as a reference to the directory. But according to him, "In an alternate universe, this song could be called 'Playboy.'" The lyrics progressed from there with the band collaborating. The band's bassist Guy Berryman came up with the opening line "Look at the stars". That night, having quickly composed the song, the band recorded it. +Recording and production. +The band and Nelson produced the track. Nelson was introduced to the band's music through the band's manager. Nelson's manager gave him a copy of an EP and single by Coldplay. Nelson wanted to work them after seeing the band perform live. "Yellow" was first recorded upstairs in the project studio. This was a demo room in Liverpool's Parr Street Studios. +Nelson and the band had some problems when they were making some parts of the song. Champion said that "... it was really difficult to record, because it worked at about five or six different tempos. It was a tough choice of choosing which tempo to play, because sometimes it sounded too rushed, and sometimes it sounded as if it was dragging..." The band tried to get the tempo correct, according to Nelson, "because a beat either side of the tempo we picked didn't have the same groove". To improve the song, they recorded this part live and Buckland overdubbed his guitar. They recorded it two or three times until Nelson and the band were happy at the output. The band recorded backing vocals in the control room of Quadrangle. +Nelson used an analogue tape to record most of the tracks in the album. As recording progressed, "Yellow" was one of a couple of songs that they "couldn't quite get on analogue". They recorded different versions, but they did not satisfy their taste. So Nelson used Pro Tools "to get the feel of [the track] just right". Once all of the takes were recorded into the computer, "we then put it down to the 2-inch, which I found was a great way to do it", according to Nelson. +Composition. +The song opens with an acoustic guitar part. This is backed by an electric guitar copying the acoustic guitar. It then forwards to the lead guitar line. It then goes back to the acoustic section. Its instrumentation is varied, including the drums, cymbals, and the occasional hi-hat and ascending bass guitar. "Yellow" features Martin's falsetto, and nearly spoken-word whispers. Martin, after the song's mixing, felt that his voice was "too subdued, too quiet". +Martin has explained that "'Yellow' refers to the mood of the band. Brightness and hope and devotion." The references in some of the song's lyrics, including the swimming and drawing a line, "are all metaphorical slants on the extent of his emotional devotion". The drawing of a line refers to Martin's habit of writing lists and underlining those important things on the list. Martin has commented that the song is about devotion. He refers to his unreturned love (Martin was single at the time he wrote the song). Most people have considered "Yellow" as a happy song, even though the lyrics do not seem to be. +Release and reception. +"Yellow" and "Shiver" were first released as EPs in the spring of 2000. "Yellow" was later released as a single in UK on 26 June 2000. The single includes the songs "Help Is Round the Corner" and "No More Keeping My Feet on the Ground". The third song was taken from the band's first EP, "Safety". In the United States, however, the song was released as the lead single off the album. In October 2000, the track was sent to US college and alternative radio outlets. The band released a limited-edition CD of "Trouble", the third single off "Parachutes", which features a remix of "Yellow". It was pressed to 1,000 copies, and was issued only to fans and journalists. +The single received a massive radio airplay, particularly on BBC Radio 1. This was helped by its TV reception through its music video. The reaction was mostly positive. Even BBC Radio 2 played the track repeatedly. This heavy rotation continued for months after its release. "Yellow" eventually became 2000's most played song on the radio. The song is also regularly played at various British clubs, bars and sporting events. People often sing along when it is played. The song is often played during home games at English Championship club Watford. "Yellow" was used as the theme song for ABC fall television ads a month after the album was released in the United States. The song was also used as the theme music for The Cancer Council Australia's "Daffodil Day". This was in recognition of that organisation's official flower's yellow hue. +Critics were positive towards the song. Matt Diehl of "Rolling Stone" magazine has noted "Yellow" is "unrepentantly romantic". He added that "the band creates a hypnotic slo-mo otherworld where spirit rules supreme". "Yellow" won Best Single at the 2001 "NME" Carling Awards. It was nominated at the 2002 Grammy Awards for Best Rock Song and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal. "Billboard" said that "every time that electric-guitar riff barges in, you're hooked all over again." +Impact and legacy. +Brian Hiatt of "Rolling Stone" magazine has said that the song was a career-making record. Roach has claimed in his book, "Coldplay: Nobody Said It Was Easy", that although "Shiver" earned the band their first UK Top 40 single, it was "Yellow" that has changed "everything", and that it "exemplifies so much of what had made Coldplay so popular". In the US, after it was being used in promos of ABC, the band grew in popularity which continued in 2001. According to Barry Walters in his review of Coldplay's second album, "A Rush of Blood to the Head", for "Spin" magazine, the band is still known in the United States for their "surprise smash 'Yellow'". A "Billboard" magazine review said, "After one single ('Yellow') and its accompanying album ("Parachutes" ... ), Coldplay have already been anointed heir to the Brit-rock throne." The song has since been regarded as the centerpiece track on the album. +Following the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, "Yellow" was the first video played on MTV once normal programming resumed. + += = = Don't Panic (Coldplay song) = = = +"Don't Panic" is a single by British rock band Coldplay. +The single was recorded in 1996. Coldplay released the single off the hit studio album called "Parachutes" which was released on July 10, 2000. + += = = In My Place = = = +"In My Place" was released August 2002. The single was released off the hit album "A Rush of Blood to the Head"" released by rock band Coldplay in 2002. "In My Place" was well received by critics. The song was praised for its music and the deep meaning of its words. "In My Place" won Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 45th Grammy Awards. The music video was nominated for two MuchMusic Video Awards in 2003 in the categories of Best international video–group and People's Choice: Favorite international group. It begins with one crash of a cymbal. After that, there are two bars of 4/4 drumming, then a sad three-note guitar line, and Chris Martin's singing. + += = = List of video games featuring Mario = = = +Over the years, "Mario" has become a famous video game character. He stars in many video games and even has his own series of video games and its spinoff series, the "Donkey Kong," "Yoshi", and "Wario" series. The following course of video games Mario has appeared in over the years is listed below: + += = = Târgovişte = = = +Târgovişte is a city in the Dâmboviţa County of Romania. About 89,000 people lived in Târgovişte as of the year 2003. + += = = Antonio Machado = = = +Antonio Cipriano José María y Francisco de Santa Ana Machado y Ruiz, known as Antonio Machado (July 26, 1875 – February 22, 1939), was a Spanish poet and one of the leading figures of the Spanish literary movement known as the Generation of '98. + += = = Garcilaso de la Vega = = = +Garcilaso de la Vega (Toledo, c. 1501– Le Muy, Nice, France, October 14, 1536), was a Spanish soldier and poet. The prototypical "Renaissance man", he was the most influential (though not the first or the only) poet to introduce Italian Renaissance verse forms, poetic techniques and themes to Spain. His exact birth date is unknown, but estimations by scholars put his year of birth between 1498 and 1503. + += = = Nepenthes = = = +Nepenthes, often known as tropical pitcher plants or monkey cups, is a genus of carnivorous plants in the family of the Nepenthaceae consisting of about 120 species (this number is fast increasing, with one to two new species being described each year). Many hybrids exist, both natural and created by humans. These plants come from South China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines; westward to Madagascar and the Seychelles ; southward to Australia and New Caledonia ; and northward to India and Sri Lanka . Many are plants from hot humid lowland areas, but the majority are from high in the mountains where nights are cold. Nepenthes are often categorized as being lowland or highland varieties, depending on how high they live above sea level. Lowland varieties usually require high temperature and humidity levels. Highland varieties usually require warm days but cold and humid nights. The name "Nepenthes" was first published in 1737 in Carolus Linnaeus's "Hortus Cliffortianus". +Nepenthes traps contain a fluid of the plant's own production, which may be watery or syrupy and is used to drown prey. The trapping efficiency of this fluid remains high, even when significantly diluted by water, as inevitably happens in wet conditions. Many species of "Nepenthes" produce two different forms of pitchers. Near the base of the plant are the large lower traps, which usually sit on the ground, while the upper pitchers may be smaller, coloured differently, and have different shapes and features than the lower pitchers. +The lower part of the trap contains glands which take nutrients from captured insects. +One of the earliest pictures of "Nepenthes" appears in Leonard Plukenet's "Almagestum Botanicum" of 1696. The plant, called "Utricaria vegetabilis zeylanensium", is without doubt a "N. distillatoria". + += = = Kurohime (manga) = = = + is a manga series made by the mangaka . The manga began its run in 2002, monthly in "Monthly Shōnen Jump". The manga talks about the story and the adventures of Kurohime and the others friends to fight the Gods of their lands and to resurrect the true love of her, the man who sacrificed his life for her, "Zero". +Kurohime has 14 volumes (on 2008) and is ongoing. +Magic. +Magic in this world is used by Gods and by some kind of humanans, called witches (whether they are men or women). The magic used by th witches can be showed under many forms, for example can be mixed with human technology, for example a gun or a rifle. A common use of magic mixes with human technology for example is when Kurohime, shot with her gun, magic bullets, that can invoke magical beasts as dragon or a demon. +Characters. +Carter has been nominated nine times for the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for audio recordings of his books, and has won three times in 2007, 2016 and 2019. +The Souther Field Airport in Americus, Georgia was renamed Jimmy Carter Regional Airport in 2009. + += = = Cannes = = = +Cannes () is a commune and the prefecture of Alpes-Maritimes. +It is most famous for the Cannes Film Festival, which takes place every summer. Many famous people come to the movie festival from around the world to promote their movies and to see other peoples' movies. + += = = Theodore Roosevelt = = = +Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919) was an American politician and statesman. He was the 26th president of the United States from 1901 to 1909. Before becoming president, he was the 25th vice president under William McKinley from March to September 1901. Roosevelt is often ranked as one of the greatest presidents in American history. He earned the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906, making him the first president & American to do so, for setting the Russo-Japanese War. +Early life. +Theodore Roosevelt Jr. was born on October 27, 1858, in New York City. He was curious as a child, so he took up studying animals. He also took up boxing. He went to college at Harvard. He married twice, first to Alice Hathaway Lee and later to Edith Kermit Carow. He had six children: Alice, Theodore Jr., Kermit, Ethel, Archie and Quentin. +In politics. +After spending time in North Dakota, Roosevelt was elected into the New York State Legislature, and served, as a Civil Service Commissioner and New York City police commissioner (a non-police officer who is in charge of making the police department run smoothly). In 1897, he was appointed Assistant Secretary of the Navy, but gave up on that to fight in the Spanish American War. +Roosevelt became Governor of New York, then vice-president. After William McKinley was shot and killed, he became President of the United States. +Soldier. +Roosevelt joined the US Army in the Spanish-American War. He was a Lieutenant Colonel in the 1st U. S. Volunteer Cavalry. These horsemen were called the "Roughriders". +For his actions during the war, Roosevelt was recommended for the Medal of Honor. +In 2001, Theodore Roosevelt became the first President to receive the Medal of Honor. +Medal of Honor. +Roosevelt's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in Cuba in 1898. +The words of Roosevelt's citation explain: +Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt distinguished himself by acts of bravery on 1 July 1898, near Santiago de Cuba, Republic of Cuba, while leading a daring charge up San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt, in total disregard for his personal safety, and accompanied by only four or five men, led a desperate and gallant charge up San Juan Hill, encouraging his troops to continue the assault through withering enemy fire over open countryside. Facing the enemy's heavy fire, he displayed extraordinary bravery throughout the charge, and was the first to reach the enemy trenches, where he quickly killed one of the enemy with his pistol, allowing his men to continue the assault. His leadership and valor turned the tide in the Battle for San Juan Hill. Lieutenant Colonel Roosevelt's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the United States Army. +Presidency. +As president, Roosevelt worked to make the U.S. a world power, one of the most powerful countries in the world. Before, it had been the richest country in the world, but not a significant military power. Roosevelt's foreign policy was described by an African proverb as "speak softly and carry a big stick", meaning you do not have to make war, but should give that impression if you are to be respected. He increased the size of the United States' navy and sent all of the ships across the world to demonstrate to other countries that the United States was strong and could fight if needs be. +He continued the Monroe Doctrine and used the country's military might to influence Latin American politics. He had the Panama Canal built (which allowed ships to travel in less time by taking a shortcut). In doing so, he created the independent country of Panama, which before was part of Colombia, by invading it. He also took a part for the United States, which is where the canal was built. It was not turned over to Panama until 1999. As president, he was interested in what happened in other countries. In 1905, he helped to end the war between the Russian and Japanese empires. Everybody thought Russia would defeat Japan, but the result was the opposite. Roosevelt met both parties and convinced them to sign a peace treaty. He won a Nobel Peace Prize for this work in 1906. He was the first president of any country to win the prize. +At home, Roosevelt fought for all Americans having a "Square Deal", meaning an equal chance for all Americans to become successful. As part of his Square Deal, he regulated big businesses called trusts, and forced several of them to split up in several smaller companies. This should support competition, which he thought was important. Roosevelt supported labor laws for the working class, required meat and drugs to be inspected, and protected the environment. He created several nature reserves. These ideas would influence later presidents to expand the government's role in the economy and to help ordinary workers. Many in the Republican party opposed him because of this, however. +After being president. +Roosevelt did not run for president in 1908, as he had the office for nearly eight years. He wanted his Solicitor General, William Howard Taft to run for president instead. Taft was chosen, and Roosevelt went to Africa to hunt big game. However, when he came back, he thought Taft was not doing a good job and taking too little actions against so-called trusts. Taft was also more conservative and he did not continue all of Roosevelt's progressive policies. He decided to challenge Taft for the Republican nomination in 1912. He failed, but many Republicans preferred Roosevelt, and instead he launched his own party, the Progressive party. While running for president and holding a speech, he was shot, but lived and even finished his speech. Because the Republican voters split between Roosevelt and Taft, they both lost to Woodrow Wilson. Roosevelt also thought Wilson was not doing a good job, either, and wanted the U.S. to enter World War I after it broke out. He prepared to run again, for the third time, in 1920. Nobody had served more than eight years at the time. Roosevelt died, however, on January 6, 1919 of a Blood Clot in his sleep. Because he was so strong, a newspaper commented that "death had to take Roosevelt asleep", because if he had been awake there would have been a fight between him and death. +Other Information. +Besides being president, Roosevelt was an author and historian. He wrote 35 books about politics, ships, and hunting. He is thought to be one of America's presidents who read the most. He owned a large ranch in North Dakota. He also hunted large animals throughout the world and was active with the Boy Scouts of America. +Legacy. +Roosevelt is one of four Presidents to be carved in stone on Mount Rushmore. Historians consider him one of the best U.S. presidents. +Namesake. +Theodore Roosevelt is the namesake of many American schools. He has a national park in North Dakota named after him, a type of elk, as well as river in Brazil. The popular stuffed animal doll, the "Teddy bear", was named after Roosevelt. +Two US Navy ships are named after him: +References. +Notes + += = = Composer = = = +A composer is someone who writes (composes) music. Some composers work by writing music down on paper; this is called 'written notation'. Classical music writers work this way. Writers for TV and movie music also usually write this way, so that an orchestra or other players can read the music and play it. +Some musicians are very good at improvisation. This means that they think up (invent) the music as they play it. Some church organists are good at improvising. During a service they may need to play some organ music to fill in the gaps while people are collecting money or taking communion. Jazz musicians are usually excellent at improvising. Improvisation is not written down, so each time it is different. +Popular and rock or soul music writers are often not able to read and write music down. Many pop and rock composers compose their songs on a guitar or piano. Cole Porter and Irving Berlin usually composed at the piano. +Many songs are written by two or more people. It is common for two people to work together to write songs. Sometimes, one person writes the music and one writes the words (the lyrics). Some songs such as folk songs were composed many years ago and no one knows who wrote them. + += = = Cannes Film Festival = = = +The Cannes Film Festival is an event held every year in Cannes, France. The festival previews films from around the world. +Only those who are invited can attend the festival. The top film wins the Palme d'Or. The second most prestigious trophy is the Grand Prix. A jury selects which film earns the prizes. The jury is led by an internationally recognized personality of cinema. Being appointed to this position is the recognition of an outstanding career. +Other awards. +"Feature Movies" +"Short Movies" +"Other" + += = = Henry VIII = = = +Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was the King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547 +Henry VIII increased the power of the monarchy and government over the country. Many people he did not like were executed under his orders, including two of his own wives. He was easily led by whoever his favourite advisor was: Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, Thomas Cranmer and Richard Rich. More and Cromwell were also executed. He passed laws to merge Wales into England and was the first English monarch to be King of Ireland. +His government was able to raise more money because they stopped paying money to the Roman Catholic Church and because they closed down the monasteries. But he also spent far more money on his own enjoyment and on wars with France and Scotland. These wars did not achieve much. He made the Royal Navy much bigger and made other improvements to the armed forces. +Early in his reign he was seen as a very handsome young man who had studied a lot and enjoyed sports, music and writing. Later in his reign he became weak, ill and hugely obese. He also became unpredictable, bad-tempered and unable to admit to making mistakes. He died at the age of 55 in 1547. The next king was his son Edward VI. +Early life. +Henry was born at Greenwich Palace on 28 June 1491, and was the son of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. He was one of their seven children. Four of them survived infancy – Arthur, Prince of Wales; Margaret; Henry; and Mary . +He had his own servants and minstrels, including a fool named John Goose. He even had a whipping boy who was punished for Henry when he did something wrong. Prince Henry enjoyed music and jousting was very good at both of them. At the age of 10, he could play many instruments, including the fife, harp, viola and drums. Henry was a scholar, linguist, musician and athlete at his early age. He could speak fluent Latin, French and Spanish. He had the best tutors and he also had to learn jousting, archery, hunting and other military arts. Henry was very religious. +Henry's older brother Arthur was the heir to the throne. This means he would have become the king when Henry VII died. Arthur married a Spanish princess, Catherine of Aragon (her name in Spanish was Catalina de Aragon). Prince Arthur died a few months later. He was 15 years old, and Henry was 10 years old. After his brother died, Henry was the heir to the throne. +While his father was alive he was watched closely, because the King feared for the safety of his only remaining male heir. Henry could go out only through a private door, and then he was watched by specially appointed people. No one could speak to Henry. He spent most of his time in his room, which could only be entered through his father’s bedroom. Henry never spoke in public, unless it was to answer a question from his father. He kept his enthusiastic personality under control on public occasions because he feared his father's temper. He was given little training for his future role as King by his father and relied heavily on his counselors in the early years of his reign. In 1509, Henry VII died of tuberculosis as well and his son became King Henry VIII. He was 17 years old. +Reign. +Early years. +Three months after becoming king, Henry married Catherine of Aragon. They tried to have children, as Henry wanted a son who could be the next king. In 1511, she gave birth to a son who they named Henry, but he died seven weeks later. She later gave birth to a girl, the future Queen Mary I. All her other children were stillborn (died before birth). He did have one son (Henry Fitzroy) through a woman he was not married to. This son could not become king. +Early on, Henry had two of his father's advisors executed. They were not popular and Henry claimed they had been stealing from the money they had been looking after. Henry would often execute anyone he did not like during the rest of his reign. From 1514, Thomas Wolsey became an important advisor to Henry. Wolsey helped Henry change the government to give the king more power. Wolsey later became a cardinal, making him an important figure in the church. +At first, Henry wanted to be friends with the King of France. But soon, he instead joined with Spain, the Pope and the Holy Roman Empire to weaken France. He dreamed of gaining more lands in France. The results were mixed: England won some battles against France in 1513. The alliance weakened France`s power over the Pope. Scotland invaded England in 1514 but lost badly at the Battle of the Flodden. But Henry spent a lot of money and did not gain much land. +In 1520, an event named; 'The Field of the Cloth of Gold', took place in Calais (at the time, the city was part of England rather than France). It was held to celebrate peace between France and England because they had been at war for a long time. Loads of money was spent on it. People enjoyed music, dancing, food, wine and culture for two-and-a-half weeks. Henry famously wrestled King Francis I of France and lost. Despite this, England and France were soon fighting again. After they signed a treaty in 1525, there was less fighting. +Split with Rome. +The most important event that happened in England when Henry was the king was the country's change in religion. At first, there was no sign that Henry would do this. Eight years into Henry's reign, the Protestant Reformation began in Germany. Until then, all of Western Europe had been part of the Roman Catholic Church. When the Reformation began, some countries broke away from the Roman Catholic Church to form Protestant churches. At first, Henry was against this. The Reformation did not spread to England straight away. But by the 1530s, there were many powerful people in England who liked the idea of the Reformation. +Henry became desperate to have a son. By 1527, Henry was wanting to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn. The Roman Catholic Church said he could not divorce without asking the Pope. Henry asked the Pope, but the Pope would not do this. The Pope said it went against the teachings of the church. Henry blamed Wolsey for failing to change the Pope's mind. He sacked Wolsey and ordered him to be put on trial, though Wolsey died before the trial could happen. After that, Thomas More became his main advisor. But More opposed the divorce, so he was replaced a few years later by Thomas Cromwell. Henry also chose a man called Thomas Cranmer to be the Archbishop of Canterbury. Henry knew that Cranmer would do what he wanted, and Cranmer agreed that Henry could have a divorce from Catherine. The Pope did not know this, so he let Cranmer become the archbishop. +A powerful ruler might have forced the Pope to change his mind, but the most powerful rulers would have opposed the divorce. Catherine's nephew was Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and Catherine came from Spain, the largest Catholic country. In 1534, attempts to reach an agreement over the divorce failed. +Henry asked Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy, which meant that the king, not the pope, was the head of the church in England. This created the new Church of England. The Pope was so angry that he excommunicated Henry, meaning Henry was thrown out of the church. Henry then forced all priests and bishops to accept him as the new leader. Anyone who refused was punished. Among those killed were Thomas More and his old teacher John Fisher. +Henry was not a true Protestant. He wanted the Church of England to be similar to the Roman Catholic Church but under his control. Some Protestants were even executed, including Anne Askew. However, Henry was easily led by people like Thomas Crownell, Thomas Cranmer and Anne Bolyen, who secretly wanted the country to become Protestant. It was not until the reigns of Edward VI and Elizabeth I that the Church of England became fully Protestant. +Henry and Cromwell thought that monasteries, in which Roman Catholic monks and nuns lived, had more money and land than the monks and nuns needed. Henry forced the monks and nuns to move out of the monasteries. Then Henry gave their money and land to men who supported him. Most of the men who received money and land from the closed monasteries were Protestants. This event was called the dissolution of the monasteries. +Later marriages. +After his divorce from Catherine of Aragon, Henry VIII married Anne Boleyn, who was younger than Catherine and still able to have children. Henry soon became unhappy with the marriage. He and Anne did not get on well as they had before they married. Anne had many enemies in the government, including Henry's most loyal minister, Thomas Cromwell. Henry was also unhappy that Anne, just like Catherine, only had a daughter and no sons. Henry started looking for another wife. +In January 1536, Henry fell off a horse while jousting and was badly injured. He took a long time to wake up and his leg was wounded. The wound never properly healed, and he had painful ulcers on his leg for the rest of his life. This meant it was hard for him to do exercise, so after this he started to become obese. The head injury may have also caused him to become more bad-tempered. +Later that year, Cromwell helped Henry to find a way to get rid of Anne, by finding people who said that she had been the lover of several other men. Anne was put on trial and found guilty, and she was executed by having her head chopped off by a French swordsman. +Henry's third wife was Jane Seymour. She soon gave birth to a son called Edward. Although this made Henry very happy, a few days later Jane died. Henry had loved her very much and he never got over his sadness at her death. He lost interest in everything, and became bigger in size. He became angry with Thomas Cromwell when Cromwell suggested that he should get married again after Jane's death. +After a while, Henry changed his mind. As he still only had one son, he realised that it might be a good idea to marry again, and he agreed to marry Anne of Cleves, a German princess. When Anne arrived, Henry did not think she was as pretty as she looked in the pictures he had seen, and he was not satisfied with her. Anne was also unhappy and agreed to cancel the marriage after only a few months. Since Cromwell had helped arrange the marriage, Henry was angry and had him executed. +In the meantime, Henry had noticed a young lady at court, called Catherine Howard, and thought that she might make a good wife. Catherine Howard was a cousin of Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn. Henry and Catherine got married in 1540, but Catherine was much younger than Henry and she soon got tired of him and started to flirt with other men. After they had been married for just over a year, Henry found out that Catherine had been having an affair with Thomas Culpeper. She was found guilty of treason and was executed, just like Anne Boleyn had been a few years before. +Henry's sixth and last wife was called Catherine Parr. She was a woman in her thirties who had already been married twice. Her first two husbands had been much older than she was, and both had died. Henry thought that she would be more sensible and faithful than his other wives, and he turned out to be right. Catherine Parr stayed married to Henry for over three years until he died, but they did not have any children. +After divorcing Catherine of Aragon, Henry began to suffer many different ailments, he never again regained health. He died on 28 January 1547 at the age of 55 and was buried in Windsor Castle. Henry was the father of two queens and one king. They were Mary I of England, Elizabeth I of England, and Edward VI of England. None of them had any children of their own. +In 1536, the Act of Union was passed under Henry's rule which had a long-lasting effect on Wales as a nation. The Act of Union meant that Welsh people were forced to speak English and things such as road signs were translated into English. The royal family, who were based in London, were now officially in charge of Wales. However, the Act also meant that Welsh citizens were given the same legal rights as the English so there was an upside to this new law. +Personality. +Henry often liked to be captured in his portraits with either food or pets. He had many pets. Henry was often seen with his dog. He owned a white pug and was very aware of how much his dog represented him as a wealthy man. +Henry VIII spent a lot of time at a magnificent building named Hampton Court Palace that belonged to his friend, Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. After falling out with Wolsey, Henry took the palace for himself. He made the palace far larger, building things such as tennis courts and jousting yards. + += = = Orchestra = = = +An orchestra is a group of musicians playing instruments together. They make music. A large orchestra is sometimes called a "symphony orchestra" and a small orchestra is called a "chamber orchestra". A symphony orchestra may have about 100 players, while a chamber orchestra may have 30 or 40 players. The number of players will depend on what music they are playing and the size of the place where they are playing. The word "orchestra" originally meant the semi-circular space in front of a stage in a Greek theatre which is where the singers and instruments used to play. Gradually the word came to mean the musicians themselves. +The conductor. +The orchestra is directed by a conductor. He/she helps the players to play together, to get the right balance so that everything can be heard clearly, and to encourage the orchestra to play with the same kind of feeling. Some small chamber orchestras may play without a conductor. This was usual until the 19th century when the orchestras got very big and needed a conductor who made decisions and stood in front so that all the players could see him. +The instruments. +he instruments of the orchestra are divided into districts: the strings, woodwind, brass and percussion. Each section (group of instruments) will have a player who is the "Boss". The principals will make decisions about seating arrangements, and about technical ways of playing the music: for example the principal of the string sections will make sure all the players move their bows up and down in the same direction. The violins are divided into first and second violins. The first violins usually have the tune while the seconds, most of the time, are part of the accompaniment. The principal of the first violin is the leader (or concertmaster) of the orchestra. In a professional orchestra they will be the most highly paid member of the orchestra. +The string family. +The strings are the biggest section, although there are only five kinds of instruments: violin, viola, cello, double bass, and harp. This is because they are playing most of the time and usually form the basis of the music. If they are not playing the tune they will probably be accompanying. The first and second violins play different notes: the firsts usually have the tune. The strings sit at the front of the stage in a fan-shape in front of the conductor. The first violins are on the conductor's left, then come the second violins, then the violas and then the cellos. The double basses are behind the cellos. Some conductors prefer to have the second violins on their right and the cellos between the first violins and violas (see image of the Dohnanyi Orchestra). +The woodwind family. +The woodwind sit in one or two rows (depending on the size of the orchestra) behind the strings. There are five main woodwind instruments: flute, oboe, clarinet, saxophone, and bassoon. Each of these instruments also come in different versions: +The flute has a small version called the piccolo which plays an octave higher. It is the highest instrument in the orchestra. Occasionally there is an alto flute which is longer and plays a fifth (half an octave) lower than the flute. Most woodwind instruments need a reed, but the flute does not have a reed. +The bassoon has a larger version: the contrabassoon or double bassoon which sounds an octave lower. It is one of the lowest instruments in the orchestra. +The clarinet has a larger version as well; the bass clarinet. It reaches the same depth as a bassoon. Usually only one is found in a modern orchestra. There is also an alto clarinet but because it plays the same part an alto saxophone plays, it is typically regarded as an unnecessary instrument. +A formal orchestra will always consist of two of the four main instruments. The variations of the instruments are used where the piece asks for it. Usually, the newer pieces written after 1850 will have more instruments. +Sometimes a player will double on these extra instruments, for example: one of the flute players may also play the piccolo in the same piece. It depends on the piece of music. Obviously a player cannot play the flute and piccolo at the same time. If the two instruments do play at the same time an extra player will be needed for the piccolo. +The brass family. +The brass section has four sections: trumpet, trombone, French horn, and tuba. Some of these come in several sizes. The article on transposing instruments explains more about it. The trumpet may have several slightly different sizes. The lowest kind is a bass trumpet. The trombone may be an alto, tenor, bass or contrabass trombone. The French horn, like the other brass instruments, has changed over the years. Modern horns have at least three valves and are usually in F. They often sit in a different place to the other brass. The tuba comes in different sizes and the player or conductor must decide which to use for the piece they are playing. There are large ones called contrabass tubas. A small tuba is commonly also seen and is called a euphonium or a baritone horn. +The percussion family. +The percussion section has the largest variety of instruments. such as: the tambourine, the triangle, the fabulous loud gong, the crashing cymbals and the ringing bell. The timpani (or "kettle drums") can be tuned to particular notes. They are the most common percussion instrument. Composers such as Haydn and Mozart nearly always used them, even with their small orchestras. This is the most commonly used percussion instruments and is used in almost all pieces. +The rest of the percussion section can include tuned percussion instruments like the xylophone. Non-tuned percussion can be other kinds of drum like bass drum, snare drum, and a variety of others: simple to name the most common ones. The principal percussion player will have to decide which player will play which instrument(s). The percussionists have to work well together as a team so all parts can be covered. +The history of the orchestra. +It is difficult to say when the orchestra was invented because instruments have played together for many centuries. If we say that an orchestra is a group of string instruments with several players playing the same part, and that there may be wind instruments (i.e. woodwind and brass) or percussion playing as well, then the 17th century is the time that orchestras started. In Paris in 1626 King Louis XIII had an orchestra of 24 violins (called "24 Violons du Roi"). Later in the century the English king Charles II wanted to be like the French king and so he, too, had a string orchestra. Gradually the other instruments were added. At this time there was usually someone playing the harpsichord (the continuo part). It was often the composer himself, who would have conducted from the keyboard at important moments like the beginning and end of the piece. +Clarinets came into the orchestra at the end of the 18th century, and trombones at the beginning of the 19th century. Orchestras were still quite small, though. The saxophone was invented in the middle of the 19th century, but although they started to use it in orchestras, it soon became an instrument that was used in wind bands and later jazz bands. The opera composer Richard Wagner made the orchestra much bigger because he kept asking for extra instruments. He asked for a bass clarinet in his opera "Lohengrin", and for his cycle of four operas called "The Ring of the Nibelung" he asked for an exact number of players: 16 first violins, 16 second violins, 12 violas, 12 cellos, 8 double basses, 3 flutes and piccolo, 3 oboes and cor anglais, 3 clarinets and bass clarinet, 3 bassoons, 3 trumpets and bass trumpet, 3 tenor trombones and a double bass trombone, 8 horns with 4 of them playing a specially designed tuba, a bass tuba, percussion, and 6 harps. +Not all pieces written after that need quite such a large orchestra, but concert halls had become bigger and composers had got used to a bigger variety of sounds. Later composers sometimes added all sorts of unusual instruments: wind machine, sandpaper block, bottles, typewriter, anvils, iron chains, cuckoo, Swannee whistle etc. None of these are normal orchestral instruments. Sometimes a piano is used in the percussion section, e.g. Igor Stravinsky used one in "Petrouchka". Sometimes voices are also used. +The orchestra today. +Today orchestras can usually be heard in concert halls. They also play in opera houses for opera and ballet, or in a large stadium for huge open-air concerts. Orchestras may record in studios for making CDs or recording music for movies. Many of them can be heard easily and cheaply every summer in London at the BBC Proms. +Some of the greatest orchestras today include: the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the BBC Symphony Orchestra, the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, the , the St Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra, the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, and the NHK Symphony Orchestra (Tokyo). Opera houses usually have their own orchestra, e.g. the orchestras of the Metropolitan Opera House, La Scala, or the Royal Opera House. +In many countries there are opportunities for school-age children who play instruments well to play in youth orchestras in their areas. In Britain some of the very best are selected to play in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. Other world-famous youth orchestras include the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar, Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra, the European Union Youth Orchestra and the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra. + += = = Homosexuality = = = +Homosexuality is a sexual orientation. A homosexual person is romantically or sexually attracted to people of their own gender. Men who are romantically or sexually attracted to other men are called gay. Women who are romantically or sexually attracted to other women can be called gay as well, but are usually called lesbians. People who are romantically or sexually attracted to men "and" women are called bisexual. +Together homosexual, bisexual, and transgender people make up the LGBT community, which stands for "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender". It is difficult to say how many people are homosexual. Homosexuality is known to exist in all cultures and countries. +Other titles for homosexuality. +Definition. +One may say that homosexuality is the term used for people that feel romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, but other definitions also exist. When one views homosexuality as the term for people that feel romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, more people are gay than when one might view homosexuality as only a term for people who do "have" sexual relationships with their own sex. Usually, the term is used to view all the people who are romantically or sexually attracted to their own sex, as well as those with such attractions who have not had a sexual relationship with their own sex yet. Nonetheless, the most visible form of homosexuality is the actual relationship. Most 'evidence' of homosexuality in ancient cultures comes from drawings of the men in an intimate relationship or sex, because it's the most obvious. +The word "homosexual" comes from the Ancient Greek word "homo", meaning "same", and the Latin word for "gender". People in the LGBT community usually say "gay" instead of "homosexual." Some people also use the term "homophile" (from Greek ' ("homos", meaning "the same") and ' ("philein"; meaning "to love"). This term emphasizes romantic interest in the same sex, rather than sexual attraction. +Other names. +There are many different words to describe homosexual people. Some of these are used to insult homosexual people. However, the LGBT community sometimes uses these words to describe themselves because the word "homosexual" can sound too clinical. This is done to make the words less hurtful. Some words to describe homosexual men are "gay" and "queer". Words to describe homosexual women are "lesbian" and "dyke". "Lesbian" is used most often. "Dyke" is used less often and is sometimes used to describe lesbians who are more masculine (act or dress more like men). However, "queer" and "dyke" are sometimes used against gay people as insults, so they can sometimes be offensive. +Homosexual pride. +When homosexual people keep their sexual orientation a secret, they are said to be "in the closet". "Out" or "out of the closet" is a slang term that means a homosexual person is open about their sexual orientation. This means they do not hide the fact that they are homosexual. Some gay and lesbian people stay in the closet because of fear of what would happen or because they live in a place that is not safe for homosexual people. +Sometimes people who are 'out' also say they are 'proud'. "Out" means they are not hiding their sexual orientation. "Proud" means that they are pleased about it. "Proud" or "Pride" has a special meaning in the LGBT community. It means they are celebrating and being happy that they are homosexual. It is not 'pride' meaning that they have done something to be proud of, but 'pride' meaning the opposite of shame. Many cities have "Pride Parades". These used to be protest marches. Today, they are usually celebrations of the LGBT community. They usually occur in June, in memory of the 'Stonewall Riots' that happened in New York City in 1969. These riots happened because police harassed and arrested people for being homosexual. 'Stonewall' or the 'Stonewall Riots' are sometimes called the start of the LGBT rights movement. +Causes. +The causes of homosexuality and bisexuality are controversial (people do not agree on them). The causes of homosexuality are not all understood, but genetics and the effects of the prenatal environment and hormones (when a baby is growing in its mother) are thought to be causes. There is not much evidence that the social environment is a cause of homosexuality. Scientists also show that homosexuality happens not only in humans. Some animals (like penguins, chimpanzees, and dolphins) often show homosexuality, and some (rams) even for lifelong periods as is the case with humans. +Doctors used to treat gay people as if they had mental illnesses. However, homosexuality is no longer called a disease by doctors in many countries. There are some religious and non-religious groups who still try to 'cure' homosexuality. This is sometimes called 'conversion therapy'. In therapies like this one, homosexual individuals have tried to become heterosexual and have even claimed they were changed, but most people do not believe it is possible. +Conversion therapy or reparative therapy aims to change people's sexual orientation from homosexual to heterosexual. It is condemned by medical and psychiatry groups such as the American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric Association, Royal College of Psychiatrists, National Association of Social Workers, Royal College of Nursing, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. These scientific and educated groups are concerned that such therapy is a violation of the ethical principles of health care, and violates human rights. +Many people believe that it is unfortunate to discuss causes of homosexuality and bisexuality without discussing causes of heterosexuality, too. Although it is easy to understand why heterosexuality exists (heterosexual sex produces babies), that does not explain how the brain develops to produce heterosexual people. Heterosexuality, homosexuality, and bisexuality all have causes, and some people believe that to discuss only the causes of homosexuality and bisexuality suggests that there is something wrong with people who have those orientations. +Relationships. +Gay people can fall in love and have lifelong relationships. In most countries, they cannot legally marry their partners. However, they still have relationships in the same way as heterosexual people. +Some homosexual people have wedding ceremonies even though governments do not recognize or accept them. They may call their partner a spouse, wife, or husband despite the law. +But to them, the important part about marriage is not just the name. Married people get many benefits from being married. Depending on the country, these benefits can include paying less taxes, getting their spouse's insurance, inheriting property, social security benefits, having or adopting children together, emigrating to a spouse's country, being able to make choices for a sick spouse, or even being allowed to visit a sick spouse who is in a hospital. +Today there are numerous countries that allow homosexual people to marry, including: Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, Uruguay, the United States and Wales. The Netherlands was first in 2001. It is also legal in six Native American tribes. +Instead of marriage, some countries or states offer homosexuals civil unions or domestic partnerships. This gives them some of the protections and benefits of marriage, but not all. Civil unions and domestic partnerships are sometimes seen by the LGBT community as being 'second class' (not as good as 'first class'). They do offer some benefits for gay and lesbian couples, but they also suggest that these couples are not as important or valid as heterosexual couples. Some people even say this is like the "separate but equal" rules that were used to segregate people by race in the United States. They believe that separate is "never" equal and homosexuals should not accept being second class citizens. +Religion. +Many religions teach that homosexual sex is a sin. Such religions traditionally include Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Usually, it is only the act of sexual intercourse that is considered sinful and not natural. Not all believe the attraction, is sinful, just the actions in response to the desire. +However, some denominations (different parts) of these religions and some eastern religions now accept homosexuality. There are several other religions that are accepting of homosexuality, particularly new religions. There are also some religions which are indifferent to homosexuality, such as Zoroastrianism and Jainism. +Problems homosexuals face. +In many countries, homosexual people are discriminated against. A homosexual person can be fired from a job because they are gay, even if they are a good worker. Homosexual people can be denied renting a home or being able to eat in a restaurant because of their sexual orientation. +In some countries, homosexual people can experience violence. For example, Islamic law is used in some places to kill homosexuals or place them in jail. Some groups believe over 4,000 homosexual people have been killed in Iran since 1979 because of their sexual orientation. In 2005, after fourteen months of prison and torture, two teenage boys were hanged in Iran for homosexuality. +In modern times, homosexuality has become more accepted in Western countries. Most western countries have laws that protect homosexuals from violence and discrimination. +In the United Kingdom, homosexuality used to be a crime. Oscar Wilde, the famous Irish writer was imprisoned for it, and as a result, it destroyed his reputation and career as a wit and playwright. Alan Turing, the man who helped the Allies in World War II by breaking the Enigma Code used by the Germans, was convicted of this crime and according to some speculations he ultimately killed himself over the effects of the attempt to cure his homosexuality. +Today in the United Kingdom, homosexual people are safer. Homosexual sex between adults is not a crime. Gay and lesbian couples can marry. Gay people can be in the military. +In most of the world, homosexual people still do not have the same rights and freedoms that heterosexuals have. +Homosexual behaviour in animals. +Homosexual behaviour has also been seen in animals. Homosexual, transgender and bisexual behaviour includes sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting. Homosexual behaviour is widespread among animals. Bruce Bagemihl did research in 1999. It shows that homosexual behaviour has been observed in close to 1500 species, from primates to gut worms, and is well documented for 500 of them. The sexual behaviour of animals takes many different forms, even within the same species. The motivations for these behaviours are only partly known, mainly because the respecive species has not been fully studied yet. According to Bagemihl, "the animal kingdom [does] it with much greater sexual diversity—including homosexual, bisexual and nonreproductive sex—than the scientific community and society at large have previously been willing to accept." +Other websites. +There are national and international groups or organizations for the LGBT community. These organizations are often political. They fight for the rights and safety of homosexuals. +Some of the more important political organizations are: + += = = Dwight D. Eisenhower = = = +Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower( (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was the 34th president of the United States, from 1953 to 1961. He was known across the world for his help leading the Allied invasions in World War II. +Early life. +Dwight David Eisenhower was born on October 14, 1890, at 609 S. Lamar Avenue in Denison, Texas. He was the third of seven sons. His mother originally named him David Dwight, but she switched two names after his birth so that there wouldn't be two Davids in the family. +In 1892, the family moved to Abilene, Kansas, which Eisenhower considered his hometown. Dwight became very interested in exploring the outdoors. He learned about hunting and fishing, cooking, and card playing from a man named Bob Davis who camped on the Smoky Hill River. +Eisenhower went to Abilene High School. He graduated with the class of 1909. He and brother Edgar both wanted to go to college, but they did not have enough money. They decided to take different years at college while the other worked to earn money to pay the tuitions. +Edgar took the first turn at school, and Dwight was working a job as a night supervisor at the Belle Springs Creamery. When Edgar asked for a second year, Dwight accepted and worked for a second year. At that time, a friend named "Swede" Hazlett was applying to the Naval Academy. He wanted Dwight to apply to the school, since there was no tuition. Eisenhower asked for consideration for either Annapolis or West Point with his U.S. Senator, Joseph L. Bristow. Though Eisenhower was one of the winners of the entrance-exam competition, he was too old for the Naval Academy. He then accepted an appointment to West Point in 1911. +At West point, Eisenhower liked the traditions and the sports. In sports, Eisenhower later said that "not making the baseball team at West Point was one of the greatest disappointments of my life, maybe my greatest". He joined the varsity football team and was a starter as running back and linebacker in 1912. He tackled the legendary Jim Thorpe of the Carlisle Indians. Eisenhower got a torn knee while being tackled in the next game, which was the last he played; he re-injured his knee on horseback and in the boxing ring, so he turned to fencing and gymnastics. +Eisenhower later served as junior varsity football coach and cheerleader. He graduated in the middle of the class of 1915. That class became known as "the class the stars fell on", because 59 members became general officers. +Military career. +Eisenhower was born into a family which did not have much money. He joined the United States Military Academy at West Point as a cadet in 1911, and as an officer served in many different places including the Panama Canal Zone, Washington, D.C. and the Philippines. During World War II, he was a general. He directed the invasion of Morocco and Algeria during the North African Campaign. He became a 5-star general and was the Supreme Allied Commander for Operation Overlord (an attack on Germany which was one of the most important battles of the war). +After World War II ended, he was considered a war hero. In the 1952 U.S. presidential election, the American public begged Eisenhower to run for president. Eisenhower (whose political views were unknown at the time) joined the Republican Party. He chose Richard Nixon as his vice-presidential candidate and won the election by beating Adlai Stevenson II. +Presidency, (1953–1961). +He served two terms from 1953 to 1961. Eisenhower was the first President of the United States to be president of all 50 states. +During the beginning of his first term, he oversaw a ceasefire (which stopped the fighting) during the Korean War. He created NASA (the United States space program) which began a space race against the Soviet Union. Eisenhower believed that the United States should not try to fight wars overseas, but instead that United States should make more nuclear weapons so it could have an advantage in the Cold War. The United States was able to keep the Soviet Union in check without spending a lot of money. For this reason, the U.S. government had balanced budgets during his presidency and did not have to borrow money. +He intimidated the Soviet Union by making them believe that the United States would respond to any act of aggression with the use of nuclear weapons. That policy is called brinkmanship, new look, and massive retaliation. He also authorized planes to spy on the Soviet Union, but when a U.S. spy plane accidentally crashed into the Soviet Union near the end of Eisenhower's term, it hurt relations between the United States and the Soviet Union. +McCarthyism (when Senator Joseph McCarthy was accusing hundreds of people of being communist spies without evidence) was also an issue during his presidency. Eisenhower disliked Joseph McCarthy and tried to bring him down behind the scenes, but Eisenhower did not like to make enemies, so he did not talk about McCarthy much. +Domestically (in the country), the economy was doing very well and the nation was prosperous. Eisenhower supervised the creation of the interstate highway system and created the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Eisenhower was a moderate conservative (near the center of the political spectrum). He wanted to continue some New Deal programs such as Social Security, but at the same time, he wanted the government to be limited. At first, many criticized him for not doing enough to give civil rights to African Americans, but later during his presidency, he signed two civil rights acts and sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to make sure schools were desegregated. +Legacy. +When Eisenhower's presidency ended he was not very popular with scholars. Over time his reputation slowly improved and historians now generally consider him to be a good president. he died of heart failure in Washington D. C at age 78 +In September 2020, a presidential memorial was dedicated in Washington, D.C. honoring Eisenhower. + += = = Factor = = = +A factor can be: + += = = Ball = = = +A ball is a round object (usually spherical, but can sometimes be ovoid) with several uses. +Ball is used metaphorically sometimes to denote something spherical or spheroid, e.g., armadillos and human beings curl up into a ball, making a fist into a ball. + += = = Ferrocement = = = +Ferrocement is both a method and a material used in building or sculpting with cement, sand, water and wire or mesh material. It is often called the thin shell. Thin shell ferrocement offers strength and economy and can be used in many ways including: building homes, creating sculptures, or building boats and ships. + += = = Camera lens = = = +A camera lens is the part of a camera that directs light to the film or, in a digital camera, to a computer chip that can sense the light. Many cheap lenses are plastic but better ones are made from glass. The lens makes an image by focusing the light. +The majority of cameras only have one lens that users cannot change or take out. This is called a "fixed lens" design. More expensive cameras usually have lenses that come off, so anyone can take out one lens and put in another. A lens may be simple, or may actually be made of several lenses. +Photographers can use different lenses (objectives) to make different kinds of pictures. For example, a telephoto lens can take a picture of something far away. A wide-angle lens is the opposite. A zoom lens is more versatile; it can do both. There are many kinds of lenses. +The study of lenses and how they work is called optics. +Lenses for large sheet film cameras are especially difficult to design. Cameras and their lenses have been made since the 19th century. Some from before World War II, are still usable today. Computers now let engineers make better lenses, though, because they can calculate the way that light goes through the lens and find the best design for each task. Together with lenses, filters, macro lenses, teleconverters, wide-angle and tele attachments are used. + += = = Boy = = = +A boy is a young male human, either a child or teenager. Little boys still have the body of a child. It is not until they reach puberty (adolescence) that their bodies start to mature and they become a man. +The word “boy” was used a long time ago in Anglo-Saxon English. The opposite of a boy is a girl. +Culture. +The way boys are brought up will vary a lot between different cultures. Boys are supposed to be tougher than girls. It is their job to do work that is physically hard, including fighting in the army when they are grown up. However, people’s attitudes are changing and nowadays many girls like to do the same things as boys. In Western cultures boys traditionally wear trousers (pants) while girls wear dresses or skirts. However, many girls also wear trousers these days, like boys, especially when dressed informally. Boys often have shorter hair than girls, although this can vary a lot according to quickly changing fashions. +Traditionally boys like rough games (such as soccer or rugby) and enjoy playing with mechanical things such as toy cars and trains. People today have long discussions about whether this is because they are born like that, or because that is the way society expects them to behave. +The traditional color for a boy is blue. For girls, it is pink. When a baby is born in a hospital it usually gets a blue or pink tag on its wrist or ankle, according to whether it is a boy or a girl. +Names. +Some names are boys’ names, others are girls’ names. There are some names that can be for boys and girls (although they may be spelled differently, e.g. “Lesley” for a boy and “Leslie” for a girl). +In some countries such as Britain an “old boy” means a grown-up who used to be a pupil at a particular school (e.g. “He is an old boy of Cransbury High School”). The expression can also be used in a very informal, friendly way, e.g. “Nice to see you, old boy!”. + += = = Company clerk = = = +Responsible for performing clerical and administrative duties in an office setting. Assists executive assistants and secretaries by sorting mail, filing, answering phones, greeting clients, scheduling meetings, and restocking supplies. + += = = Paul McCartney = = = +Sir James Paul McCartney (born 18 June 1942) is an English singer, songwriter and composer. He is internationally known as a singer and bassist of the Beatles. With singer and guitarist John Lennon, he contributed music and lyrics to a lot of the band's songs. +Early Life. +Paul was born at Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery (Past is Walton Hospital) in Walton, Liverpool, England. His parents are Jim and Mary McCartney, he has a brother, Michael McCartney and a stepsister, Ruth. He was born James Paul McCartney, but goes by his middle name. His mother died of Breast Cancer in 1956. +The Quarrymen (1957–1962). +Paul first met John Lennon in 1957, after Paul saw John's band, The Quarrymen, playing a live performance. Paul auditioned for the band and joined instantly. A year later, Paul asked the band to have George Harrison audition, at first, they did not want George because he was 15 years old and was considered "too young". However, Paul convinced them to have George in the band. In 1960, the Quarrymen would change their name a lot, having names such as "Johnny and the Moondogs" and "The Silver Beetles". +The Beatles (1962–1970). +In 1962, The Beatles signed to Parlophone Records. They were found and managed by Brian Epstein from 1962, until Brian's death from an overdose of drugs in 1967. +Their first song released was Love Me Do. One year later, their first album, Please Please Me was made. +McCartney began writing songs before he was sixteen, and has written well over two hundred. His most famous song is "Yesterday", recorded by the Beatles in 1965. Since then around 2000 artists have recorded the song and currently holds the world record for the song that has been covered the most times. +Other songs written by McCartney for The Beatles include "Can't Buy Me Love", "Hey Jude", "Penny Lane", "Eleanor Rigby" and "Let It Be". +Often, Beatles songs would have "Lennon/McCartney" written on the record, and it would look like that they had written it together. In fact, most Lennon/McCartney songs were written by only one of them, or with one adding only small parts to the other's work. Each counted on the other to help make their songs better, so they agreed to share the credit equally. +After appearing on the television program, The Ed Sullivan Show, in the United States, The Beatles would gain great success. This would be known as Beatlemania. +The Beatles most well known albums are Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, The Beatles (known by fans as the "White Album"), and Abbey Road. The Beatles disbanded in 1970. +In the 1990s, the then-three living members, Paul, George Harrison, and Ringo Starr, would record a song called "Free as a Bird", originally made as an unfinished demo by John Lennon in the late 1970s, shortly before he died. They would finish the lyrics and record and release it. It was produced by musician Jeff Lynne, instead of the Beatles producer George Martin, who was hard of hearing due to old age. +Wings. +Since the Beatles had stopped working together in 1971, McCartney started a new band called Wings with his wife Linda. Wings also had many hit records, including "Band On The Run" and "Mull Of Kintyre". McCartney wrote "Live and Let Die", which became the theme song to a James Bond film with the same title. Wings disbanded in 1981. +Solo music. +McCartney had other hit songs, and also wrote and starred in the movie, "Give My Regards to Broad Street", with Linda. The theme song from the movie, "No More Lonely Nights", was also a hit, but the movie did poorly, and McCartney's popularity suffered. He had to work hard to prove his talent was still strong. He co-wrote new songs with Elvis Costello, and began touring more often than he had in years. +Along with popular music, McCartney also began composing classical music, including an oratorio about Liverpool. +Honours. +McCartney was knighted for his contributions to music and to British culture, and for his charity work. +He bought John Lennon's former school, Quarry Bank, which he then turned into a performing arts school. +In 1990, the minor planet 4148 was named "McCartney" in his honour. +In 2010, he was honoured by President Barack Obama with the Gershwin Prize for his contributions to popular music. He returned to the White House later that year as a recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors. +In 2012, he became the last Beatle to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. +Collaborations. +Later McCartney recorded a single called "Ebony and Ivory" with Stevie Wonder. +Paul recorded the songs "The Girl is Mine" and "Say, Say, Say" with Michael Jackson. +A song with Jackson called "The Man" was released on McCartney's fifth solo album "Pipes of Peace". He and Jackson became friends, but this ended after Jackson outbid McCartney for ownership of the publishing company which owned most of the Beatles's music. +Personal life. +McCartney married Linda Eastman, a photographer, in 1969. She had a daughter, Heather, whom he adopted. McCartney and Linda had three more children together, named Mary, Stella and James. Stella became a popular fashion designer after she grew up. +Linda died in 1998 of breast cancer (McCartney's mother also died from the same disease in 1956). He married model Heather Mills in 2002; the couple's child Beatrice was born in 2003. McCartney and Mills separated in 2006, and, after a long battle over a settlement, McCartney and Mills divorced in March 2008. +McCartney married New Yorker Nancy Shevell, 51, in a civil ceremony at Old Marylebone Town Hall, London, on 9 October 2011. The couple had been dating since November 2007. +Paul is dead. +There was an urban legend that said that McCartney died in a car crash in 1966 and was replaced by a look-alike called Billy Shears. +Discography. +Solo +<templatestyles src="Col-float/styles.css" /> + += = = Afrikaner people = = = +Afrikaners are white South Africans who speak Afrikaans as mother tongue and follow the Afrikaans culture. Most of them have Dutch, German, French Huguenot, ancestors. Also known as Boere, Voortrekkers and Burgers, although under slightly different contexts. In South Africa there are about 3 million white people with Afrikaans as mother tongue, that can be assumed to be Afrikaners if they chose to follow the Afrikaans culture. + += = = John Lennon = = = +John Winston Ono Lennon (born John Winston Lennon; 9 October 1940 – 8 December 1980) was an English singer and songwriter. He became famous as a singer and guitarist of the English rock band The Beatles. After the Beatles stopped making records in 1970, he lived in the United States with his wife Yoko Ono. He continued his music career up until his murder. +Biography. +John Winston Lennon was born on 9 October 1940 at Liverpool Women's Hospital in Liverpool. He was the son of Alfred Lennon and Julia Lennon. +He started the Beatles in his hometown of Liverpool, with Paul McCartney and George Harrison. After Ringo Starr joined the band, they started to be very successful. People were excited by their music, and their live performances always pleased audiences. Manager Brian Epstein and record producer George Martin helped the Beatles become the most popular act in entertainment. +Lennon played the guitar, and later learned to play the piano. Most of the songs the Beatles recorded were written by Lennon and McCartney. Their songs were always credited as by "Lennon/McCartney" on Beatles records, but in fact they usually wrote their songs on their own. The two men often helped to make each other's songs better, so they liked to share writing credit. Famous songs written by Lennon for the Beatles are "A Hard Day's Night", "Help!", "Strawberry Fields Forever", "A Day In The Life" and many others. +The Beatles grew apart as the members got older. Lennon divorced his first wife, Cynthia Powell, and married Yoko Ono, while McCartney married Linda Eastman. Each wife had different ideas, and encouraged their husbands to depend less on each other. Later, some fans blamed Yoko and Linda for breaking the Beatles up. +Lennon loved his wife so much that he added her surname Ono to his own name, since she became Yoko Ono Lennon when she married him. He had never liked his middle name Winston (given him by his mother after Winston Churchill) and wanted to change it, but was told he could not under British law. He could add a new name though, so he did that. He never used the name Winston again, unless he had to for legal reasons (such as when he travelled to America). Otherwise he gave his "full name" as John Ono Lennon. +Lennon recorded several albums and singles after the Beatles disbanded. The best-known one was "Imagine". He made many records with Yoko Ono. On some records they called themselves the Plastic Ono Band. Lennon and Ono worked with different musician friends, including Ringo Starr, Jim Keltner, Klaus Voormann, Harry Nilsson, Eric Clapton and Elton John. Lennon's solo music was different from his Beatles songs. He spoke more directly about his own feelings, and sometimes used harsh language or loud sounds. This upset a few fans, who wished for more Beatles music from him. +Lennon and Ono moved to the United States in 1971, and settled in New York City. Ono had a daughter, Kyoko Chan Cox, from an earlier husband, Anthony Cox, a filmmaker, who took her and disappeared. It was easier to look for Kyoko, and get the law's help to look, if they stayed in America. Ono and Lennon were also hurt emotionally by the way Ono was treated by many people in England. Some insulted Ono, and asked Lennon why he was with her. On the other hand, most of the people they met in America accepted them together. +Lennon and Ono were also campaigners for peace in the world. They used Lennon's famous name to talk to the media (television, radio and newspapers) about their beliefs. Lennon and Ono were sometimes in trouble with people like politicians, who did not like the things they said. President Richard Nixon's administration even tried to deport Lennon, because of his political views. +The two things Lennon and Ono wanted most were to live permanently in the United States, and to have a child together. Their lives were stressful in the early 1970s for several reasons. There were the problems with immigrating to the United States, and with the search for Kyoko. The public were also sometimes negative toward Ono, her music, and her ideas. The couple had several miscarriages, caused partly by the stress. +Lennon also had business problems, because leaving the Beatles was not as simple as quitting an ordinary job. The Beatles had signed many contracts. They promised to do things in a certain way, meet deadlines, and work together, to be paid as musicians and songwriters. Many business deals had to be finished or changed, and new deals had to be made, to continue their music careers apart. This took time, and meant making many hard decisions. The four former Beatles could not always agree on what to do with the things they owned together. It took years to work out what to still own in common, what to divide up, and what to let go. The choices they had to make sometimes hurt their friendship. +Lennon and Ono separated for over a year, from late 1973 until early 1975, because of the stress in their lives, and their relationship. Each of them dated another person (Lennon pairing off with May Pang, his and Ono's personal assistant, and Ono with guitarist David Spinozza), and they were nearly divorced. They spoke nearly every day by telephone, however, and tried to work things out. They decided that they wanted to be together more than anyone else could want them apart, and they reunited. +When Richard Nixon faced the Watergate crisis in 1974, it became more important than pushing Lennon out of the country. The deportation case against him was dropped. Lennon won the right to stay in America in 1975. Lennon and Ono also finally had a son, Sean Lennon, that October. Father and son shared the same birthday. +Lennon and Ono stopped making music for five years, to be able to spend more time together, and give Sean as much attention as he needed. They lived on Lennon's income from the music he already made. Ono became Lennon's business manager, and invested his money in real estate and organic farming. Her office was downstairs in the Dakota, the apartment building where they lived, so they were never far apart. Lennon became a full-time father to Sean, and he was proud to call himself a "househusband". They also visited Ono's family in Japan several times, and made other trips. +In 1980 Lennon and Ono began to write new music, as Sean got old enough to begin school. They recorded a new album titled "Double Fantasy" that year. A single from the album, "(Just Like) Starting Over", was a hit, and people welcomed Lennon back. Even people who had not liked Ono earlier now respected her, and more of them began to like her music. Lennon and Ono planned to start fresh, do a world tour, and record more albums. +Death. +On 8 December 1980, Lennon was fatally shot as he was going into his home by a man named Mark David Chapman who was mentally ill. Even though he was ill, Chapman was still prosecuted for murdering Lennon. Chapman pled guilty to the murder the next year, and is still in prison today. He admitted later he was jealous of Lennon's fame and success, while his own life disappointed him. Chapman thought that killing Lennon would give his own life more meaning. He is always refused for parole, and is infamous (hated by many people). +Fans all over the world mourned Lennon's death. It made them feel that a special part of their lives was gone. Many met in New York's Central Park, near where Lennon and Ono lived, to say their goodbyes. Some played recordings of Lennon's music. Politicians and celebrities everywhere were sorry Lennon had died, even if they disliked him, because his music meant so much to so many people. Radio stations in the Soviet Union, where rock music was rarely allowed to be played, gave an hour over to Beatles recordings. +There was no funeral for Lennon, but Yoko Ono asked people everywhere to observe ten minutes of silence and prayer for him on Sunday, December 14, 1980, at 2:00 PM. At two o'clock, the music playing in Central Park stopped, and people all over the world fell silent for ten minutes. Other tributes came later, including songs by George Harrison ("All Those Years Ago"), Paul McCartney ("Here Today"), Elton John ("Empty Garden (Hey Hey Johnny)") and Queen ("Life Is Real (Song for Lennon)"). +Legacy. +Lennon's music (with and after his Beatles years) is still played everywhere, and people are still touched by it. A series of radio programs were devoted to playing demoes of his songs. Young musicians play Lennon's records, and learn his music. Yoko Ono released an album of acoustic versions of many Lennon songs, to help musicians understand them better. +There is now a garden in Central Park in Lennon's memory called "Strawberry Fields" after one of Lennon's most popular songs, which in turn was named after a Salvation Army orphanage near his childhood home. On October 9, 1990, on what would have been Lennon's fiftieth birthday, "Imagine" was simulcast on radio and television stations all over the world, uniting people everywhere to remember Lennon and his music. +Awards. +With The Beatles. +BRIT Awards: + += = = Invention = = = +An invention is a new thing that someone has made. The computer was an invention when it was first made. We say when it was "invented". New things that are made or created are called inventions. Cars and plastics are inventions that everyone knows. Inventions are made by inventors. Many inventions are patented. +Ideas are also called inventions. Writers can invent characters, and then invent a story about them. +Inventing. +Over time, humans have invented objects which make life easier for themselves. Because of this, a quote "necessity is the mother of invention", was written. The quote means that a lack of something should inspire someone to create something to fill that empty space. However, not all people believe that this is true. They think that too much of something can lead to an invention. +Many inventions are just a variation of something that already exists. + += = = Genocide = = = +Genocide is the crime of trying to destroy an ethnic, racial, national or religious group. Genocides are done by killing and harming the group, preventing them from being able to live (like starving them), or by assimilating them, stopping them from having kids and destroying their identity. +Genocide is usually done by governments and large armies or paramilitaries. Genocide is often motivated by hatred or fear of the group, and for political reasons. +The word genocide was made up by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish Jew, in 1944, from the words "genos" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and "-cide" (from the Latin "occidere", to kill). It was first used to the Nazi Holocaust, when many groups, including Jews and others, were killed. +Ustashe of Croatia are another example of genocidial horror. About a million of Serbs were killed during WWII in Ustashe death camps especially in Jasenovac. Another example of genocide was when about a million of the Tutsi group of people of Rwanda were killed along with Hutus who were against the genocide in 1994. +In 1933 Lemkin made a speech to the Legal Council of the League of Nations conference on international criminal law in Madrid, for which he prepared an essay on the "Crime of Barbarity" as a crime against international law. The purpose of the crime, which later evolved into the idea of genocide, was based mostly on the experience of Assyrians massacred in Iraq on 11 August 1933. The event in Iraq reminded him of earlier similar events of the Armenian Genocide during World War I. +Today, any genocide is prohibited by the Genocide Convention and actor or inciter of genocide is judged by the International Criminal Court. +Examples. +Today most people see the following events as genocide. Note that the events listed are just examples. + += = = Yoko Ono = = = + is a Japanese musician and artist. She is the widow of John Lennon. Before she married Lennon she was married to Toshi Ichiyanagi from 1956 to 1963 and Anthony Cox from 1963 to 1969. She has two children, Kyoko Chan Cox (with Cox) and Sean Lennon (with Lennon). +Early life. +Both of her parents came from wealthy families. Her father, who was a descendant of a former Emperor of Japan, had been a concert pianist before giving up music to become a banker. Ono was tutored privately, then sent to exclusive private schools, studying classical music and art, and also learning English. She visited the United States before World War II with her family. Her father was on a business trip to the U.S. when the war began, and was detained with many other Japanese in the country. He was not able to communicate with his family for many years. Ono's mother took her, her brother and sister away from Tokyo, and they stayed in a rural area. +After the war ended, the family was reunited, and moved to New York for her father's job. Ono enrolled in Sarah Lawrence College, but quit during her third year. She became interested in avant-garde art and music, and began writing poetry. Many of her poems were instructions, for creating pieces of art. She later published some of these in a book, titled "Grapefruit". Her parents were not happy that Ono chose to make her own way, rather than following her family's wishes for her life. When she married Toshi Ichiyanagi, a young pianist, her parents disowned her. +The marriage did not work out, and Ono rented a loft apartment of her own. She became friends with local artists in New York, including Andy Warhol and a group called Fluxus. She hosted small parties and "happenings" for her artist friends, and began to do artwork of her own. This brought her some notoriety in time, but not fame. She remarried, to Tony (Anthony) Cox, and they had a daughter, named Kyoko. +Marriage to Lennon. +Ono went to London with Cox and Kyoko during 1966, to promote her career as an artist. John Lennon, who was a member of The Beatles, went to one of her art shows. He enjoyed the surreal (fantasy-like) quality of her work. Ono and Lennon became friends, and later lovers, as each lost interest in their spouses. Lennon wanted them to be together as much as possible. He broke a rule the Beatles had never to bring a wife or girlfriend to their recording sessions. He brought her along anytime he could. They were married in March 1969, after they were both divorced. +Many Beatles fans blamed Ono for "breaking up" the band through her influence on Lennon. He seemed to many people to have "gone crazy" since meeting her. Some suggest that Ono simply encouraged Lennon to do things he'd already wanted to do, but let himself be talked out of doing in the past – including quitting the Beatles. Ono and Lennon started a new, part-time group they called the Plastic Ono Band. They also tried to have a baby together. Ono miscarried several times, until their son Sean Lennon was born in 1975, on Lennon's 35th birthday. Ono was also able to reconcile with her family, during the 1970s. +Ono was Lennon's "muse", inspiring his music and his creative side, for the rest of his life. The two worked together on both his post-Beatles records, and Ono's wish to also have a music career. She was more interested in "experimental" music than in classical or popular music. Ono's songs and unique style sounded strange to most listeners. It was offensive to many people, who thought Lennon should have either stayed with the Beatles, or made more music in their style. Ono changed her style, and began to write and record more pop songs, but her music never became popular. Years later, some younger musicians (such as The B-52's) admitted they had liked Ono's music. They were inspired by it, as Lennon had been. +After Lennon's murder in 1980, Ono recorded several solo albums. The first was titled "Season of Glass". Her later records were praised by some music critics. +When Sean Lennon grew up, he also became a musician. He helped Ono to compile (collect and put in order) her old recordings, and make some new ones. She also revived some of her earlier artwork, and gave the money made from sales and exhibits to charities. Ono recently (2006) appeared at the opening of "Love", a Cirque du Soleil show featuring Beatles music, to help promote it. +Artworks & Critical Reception. +Mainstream attention tends to have focused on Ono's relationship with Lennon and side-lined her work as an important artist in her own right. +Her performance "Cut Piece" (1964) is one of the most influential feminist works from the 1960s. The audience are given scissors and invited to cut pieces off of Yoko Ono's clothes. It anticipated many later feminist artworks, including Marina Abramovic's performance work "Rhythm O" ten years later where Abramovic sat behind a table set with a range of 74 objects including scissors, a gun, a scalpel, a rose and a whip and invited the audience to use them as they wished. +In 2015, her work was subject to a retrospective at the MoMa which explored her relationship with the art movement Fluxus. In 2024, there was another major retrospective exhibition at the Tate, "Yoko Ono: Music of the Mind". The exhibition explores key moments in Ono’s influential and multidisciplinary career, from the mid-1950s onwards. Artworks include "Cut Piece" (1964), where people were invited to cut off her clothing, to her banned "Film No.4 (Bottoms)" (1966-67) as well as "Wish Trees for London," where visitors can contribute personal wishes for peace. + += = = Coast = = = +The coast is where land meets the sea. +The coast also means the land next to the sea, which can also be called the shore, or sea-shore. However, coast is not used to describe where rivers or lakes meet the land - it is only used to describe the sea meeting the land. +If a house is near to the coast we say it is "on the coast". When we talk about a long part of the coast we call it "the coast-line". +Sometimes, 'coast' can be part of a place name or the description of a large area. For instance, the East Coast of the United States describes the all of the Eastern side of the United States that is next to the Atlantic Ocean. +In some countries like England or Australia the people sometimes use the word sea-side for the coast. +Coasts often have many living things living there and provide habitat for many animals and plants. +An example of a coast in Great Britain is the Holderness Coast near Bridlington. This is one of Europe's fast eroding coasts. + += = = George Harrison = = = +George Harold Harrison (25 February 1943 – ) was an English musician. He is best known as the lead guitarist of the Beatles. After the group broke up in 1970, he had a solo career. He made many albums and worked with other musicians including Eric Clapton, Bob Dylan, Phil Spector, Roy Orbison, Tom Petty, and Ravi Shankar. He was also interested in Eastern mysticism and charitable causes. +Early life. +Harrison was born on 25 February 1943, at 12 Arnold Grove in Wavertree, Liverpool, He was youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves (or Hargrove) Harrison and Louise Harrison, He had one sister and two brothers. +Solo music. +George's best-known album was "All Things Must Pass," which he made just after the Beatles broke up. Harrison owned a mansion in England called Friar Park, where he lived from 1970 until he died. He built his own recording studio inside the mansion, which for a time was better than Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles had made their records. Having a private studio meant Harrison could work on songs and recordings anytime he wanted. +Ravi Shankar came to Harrison during 1971 with news about a war in Bangladesh, where thousands of people had died and millions more were refugees and starving. Shankar asked for Harrison's help to give a benefit show to buy food for them. Harrison called on many of his musician friends, who put together a charity concert with famous people to help the refugees. The "Concert for Bangla Desh", a live recording, became a best-selling album, raised money for the refugees, and brought worldwide attention to the problems in their country. It also inspired later benefits, including Live Aid in the 1980s. +Harrison found a new musical partner in the 1980s, when Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra began to write and record songs with him. The two men worked well together and became close friends. Harrison and Lynne formed another band, the Traveling Wilburys, with fellow musicians Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, and Roy Orbison. The Traveling Wilburys recorded two albums, which became hits. +Personal life. +In 1966, Harrison married a model, Pattie Boyd, but they were divorced in 1971, and had no children. Boyd left Harrison to be with his friend, guitarist Eric Clapton, but all three were never friends. Harrison married again in 1978, to American-born Olivia Trinidad Arias, who had worked for his record company. Arias became the mother of Harrison's son Dhani, whose name is comprised of the names of two notes in the Indian music scale. Dhani grew up to be a musician like his father, fronting the band thenewno2. He went to Brown University in the United States. +In the late 1970s Harrison formed a movie production company, Handmade Films, which produced movies including Monty Python's "Life of Brian" and Terry Gilliam's "Time Bandits". +The grounds of Harrison's home, Friar Park, had been more or less open to the public, until the murder of his former bandmate John Lennon late in 1980. Harrison was very hurt and shocked by Lennon's death, and was afraid someone might try to harm him or his family. Afterwards, the gates were locked, and no-entry notices were posted. In December, 1999, an intruder broke into his home, stabbing him with a knife. Harrison and his wife Olivia stopped the intruder and called the police. Harrison recovered. The man who attacked him is schizophrenic and was acquitted of attempted murder by reason of insanity in November 2000 at Oxford Crown Court. He was sent to a mental hospital and released in 2002. +Death. +In the 1990s, decades of smoking cigarettes caused Harrison to develop throat cancer. He later developed lung cancer, which caused his death in 2001. His family issued a last statement from him: "Everything else can wait, but the search for God cannot wait, and love one another." Even music was not as important to Harrison as his wanting people to learn to get along with each other, and to make the world a better place. +A year after Harrison's death, Jeff Lynne, Dhani Harrison, the two remaining Beatles (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr), and other musicians held the "Concert for George", which remembered Harrison's music, his life, and his gifts to humanity. All the profits from the concert were given to charity. + += = = Note (disambiguation) = = = +Note has several meanings. + += = = Ravi Shankar = = = +Ravi Shankar (7 April 1920 – 11 December 2012) was one of India's most famous musicians. Shankar was one of the first to bring aspects of traditional Indian music into Europe and United States|American culture in the 1960s. He was a major influence on George Harrison, who was a member of The Beatles. Shankar is famous for playing the sitar, an Indian stringed instrument. He performed until his death. In 2005 he played at The Proms. His daughters Norah Jones and Anoushka Shankar are also well-known musicians. + += = = Sentence = = = +A sentence is a group of words that are joined together to mean something. A sentence is the basic unit of language. It expresses a complete thought. It does this by following the grammatical basic rules of syntax. For example: "Ram is walking". +A complete sentence has at least a subject and a main verb to state (declare) a complete thought. Short example: "She walks". A subject is the noun (name) which is doing the main verb. The main verb is the activity that the subject is doing. +In English and many other languages, the first word of a written sentence has a capital letter. At the end of the sentence there is a punctuation mark depending on whether it is a statement, a question, a command, a request or an exclamation. +Phrases and clauses. +A "phrase" or "clause" is part of a sentence.p773–777 +This is an example of a sentence: +In this sentence, 'The dog' is the subject, and 'is' is the verb. +This is an example of a phrase: +There is no verb, so we do not know anything about what the happy dog is doing. Therefore, it is not a sentence. +A clause is a sentence within a sentence. Example: +Types of sentence. +Sentences have different purposes: +Basic English sentences. +Here are some sentences written in Basic English: +The sky is blue. +Today is Monday. +Tomorrow is Tuesday. +The baby is smiling. +Sheila is reading a book. +This is the road to take. +Read a book about the history of America. +There are beautiful flowers growing in the garden. +The cushions are new and I feel the comfort they give me. +They are playing in the grounds. +References. +TYpes of sentences worksheet + += = = James Joyce = = = +James Augustine Aloysius Joyce () (2 February 1882 – 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet of the modernist movement. He was from Dublin, Ireland. He wore an eyepatch, because of eye damage. He could not see well. +His books are written in a special style. At first he wrote in a way which describes very accurately how life is, in the short story collection called "Dubliners". In his next book, called "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man", he started a new style. It is called stream of consciousness, which is writing all the thoughts that a character has. His work influenced many other writers in the 20th century. +Some books that Joyce wrote are: +Early life. +James Joyce was the oldest of ten children. He went to a boarding school called Conglowes Wood College and later to Belvedere College. (College here refers to secondary school not to university as it can in the U.S.) Conglowes was run by Jesuit priests. +When he was very young, his family was rich. Later his father lost most of their money so he had to change schools and go to Belvedere College, which was cheaper. +Family life. +Joyce met Nora Barnacle in 1904 and they began to have a long relationship until his death in 1941. The couple moved out of Dublin to Zürich in 1904, then to Trieste, Paris then back to Zürich. They married in 1931. They had a son and a daughter. Their daughter had a mental illness later in her life. Because he was smart, his parents wanted him to go to college. He studied modern languages at University College Dublin. +Joyce became a very famous writer after he published "Ulysses". He also began to have a lot of problems with his eyes and his family. But he completed his last book, "Finnegans Wake" by 1939. He died in Zurich. + += = = Andes = = = +The Andes are a mountain range along the western coast of South America. +They stretch over 7,000 km / 4,400 miles from the south of Argentina and Chile to the north of Colombia. They are also found in Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador. +The Amazon river system has its sources in the eastern flanks of the Andes. +The Andes are the longest exposed mountain range of the world, and the second-highest after the Himalayas. The Andes mountain range is the highest mountain range outside Asia. +Aconcagua, the highest peak, rises to 6,962 m (22,841 ft) above sea level. The top of Mount Chimborazo in the Ecuadorean Andes is the point on the Earth's surface most distant from its center. Mount Chimborazo is an inactive volcano in Ecuador, which last erupted over a thousand years ago. +Geography. +The Andes has three sections: +The northern part has two parallel ranges. They are the "Cordillera Occidental" (western) and the "Cordillera Oriental" (eastern). The term "cordillera" comes from the Spanish word meaning 'rope'. +In Colombia, north to the border with Ecuador, the Andes split in three parallel ranges, western, central and eastern. +In the north the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Snowy Mountain Range of Saint Martha) is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. Reaching an altitude of 5,700 metres above sea level just 42 km from the Caribbean coast, the Sierra Nevada is the world's highest coastal range. +The western range of the eastern Cordillia Oriental is the only one which reaches Colombia . +The Andes range is about wide throughout its length, except in Bolivia where it is wide. The islands of the Dutch Caribbean Aruba, Bonaire, and Curaçao, which lie in the Caribbean Sea off the coast of Venezuela, represent the submerged tops of the northern edge of the Andes range. +Geology. +The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire. +The Andes are the result of plate tectonics processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American continental plate. South America, like North America, has been moving west since the Cretaceous period. Thus the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate formed the Andes. This was caused by the westward movement of South America. +The formation of the modern Andes began with the events of the Triassic and Jurassic when Pangea begun to break up and several rifts developed. It was during the Cretaceous period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rock of the ancient cratons to the east. The rise of the Andes has not been constant and different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and weathering. +Climate. +The climate in the Andes differs depending on which area, the altitude, and how close it is to the sea. The southern section is rainy and cool. The central Andes are dry. The northern Andes are normally rainy and warm, with an average temperature of in Colombia. The climate is known to change very much in rather short distances. Rainforests exist just miles away from the snow covered peak Cotopaxi. The mountains have a large effect on the temperatures of nearby areas. The snow line depends on the location. It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,800–15,800 ft) in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, going up to 4,800–5,200 m (15,800–17,060 ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S, then going down to on Aconcagua at 32°S, at 40°S, at 50°S, and only in Tierra del Fuego at 55°S; from 50°S, many of the bigger glaciers go down to sea level. +The Andes of Chile and Argentina can be put in two climatic and glaciological zones; the Dry Andes and the Wet Andes. +Plants. +Rainforests used to hold much of the northern Andes but are now reduced, especially in the Chocó and inter-Andean valleys of Colombia. Farming, deforestation, illegal crops, and population growth has done this. +A direct opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the mostly dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile and Argentina. That area, and many Interandean Valles, normally have deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric (dry) vegetation, up to the mostly lifeless Atacama Desert. +About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes. About half of those are endemic to the region: it is a hotspot. The small tree "Cinchona pubescens" is a source of quinine used to treat malaria. It is found widely in the Andes as far south as Bolivia. Other important crops that came from the Andes are tobacco and potatoes. +The high-altitude "Polylepis" forests and woodlands are found in the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Chile. These trees are called Queñua, Yagual and other names. They grow at altitudes of above sea level. It is still unclear if the patchy distribution of these forests and woodlands is natural, or the result of clearing which began during the Incan time. Regardless, in modern times the clearance has had a faster pace, and the trees are now endangered. Some think as little as 10% of the original woodland is still here. +Wildlife. +The Andes has a lot of wildlife. With almost 1,000 species, of which about 2/3 are endemic to the region, the Andes is the most important region in the world for amphibians. +Animal diversity in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of mammals (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of reptiles (45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (1/3 endemic). +The Vicuña and Guanaco can be found living in the Altiplano, while the closely related domesticated Llama and Alpaca are commonly kept by locals as pack animals and for their meat and wool. The nocturnal chinchillas, two threatened members of the rodent order, live in the Andes' alpine regions. The Andean Condor, the largest bird of its kind in the Western Hemisphere, lives throughout much of the Andes but mostly in very low numbers. Other animals found in the mostly open habitats of the high Andes are the huemul, cougar, and foxes in the genus "Pseudalopex". And for birds, some species of tinamous (they are members of the genus "Nothoprocta"), are the Andean Goose, Giant Coot, flamingos (mainly associated with hypersaline lakes), Lesser Rhea, Andean Flicker, Diademed Sandpiper-plover, miners, sierra-finches and diuca-finches. + += = = Meal = = = +A meal is a serving of food eaten by human beings. Meals usually include several different types of food, such as grains, vegetables, fruit, and in some cases, meat. Meals have different names by time they are taken or by the type of food that is eaten. +Types. +In North America and in Europe, people usually eat three meals a day. The morning meal is called breakfast. It usually includes foods made from grain (cereal, porridge, or bread), fruit (apple, banana, or an orange), and milk products (milk, yogurt, or cottage cheese). Many people drink coffee or tea with their breakfast. +Around noon, people eat their lunch. People who are working at jobs are given a break to eat their lunch. The lunch meal includes foods such as a sandwich, soup, vegetables, fruit, and milk. In some countries, such as Italy, people serve an alcoholic drink with lunch. In England, some people have a glass of beer with their lunch. +In the evening, people eat their supper or dinner. Dinners are different in different countries. Usually dinners include a "main course" such as roast beef, a grain (such as rice or pasta), a vegetable (such as carrots or cauliflower) and a dessert (called a "sweet" or "pudding" in England). +In some cases, a starter or appetizer is served before the dinner. Appetizers are a small serving of food such as olives, cheese, or bread. In many countries, people serve an alcoholic drink with dinner, such as wine or beer. + += = = Leipzig = = = +Leipzig (Upper Saxon: "Leibzsch" or "Leibz'sch") is the biggest city in the state of Saxony (eastern Germany). When Germany was divided into East and West Germany, Leipzig was one of the three biggest industrial cities in the East Germany. +Leipzig occupies and is still an industrial city. 510,651 people are living in Leipzig as of 29 February 2008. +History. +Its Latin name is "Lipsia" and the German name "Leipzig" came from this name. Leipzig has a long history. Its name was first recorded as Leipzig Castle (Leipziger Burg) in 1015, and the official founding of the city occurred later in 1165. It was an economic center of , famous with its market (Leipziger Messe). +In 1409, was started. Theology was its major faculty. In 1519, Martin Luther had a discussion in Leipzig against . Reformation came to Leipzig in 1539 and the city people became Lutheran. +It is famous for , where Johann Sebastian Bach worked as music director (Kantor) from 1723 until his death in 1750. +In 1813 near Leipzig, the Battle of Leipzig was fought between the French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte and the allied armies of Austria, Prussia and Russia. +In 1839, the railway between Dresden and Leipzig was opened. It was the first long distance railroad in Germany. +As a result of industrialization, the number of people living in Leipzig grew during the 19th century. Before World War II, there were about 750,000 people in Leipzig. +After the war, Leipzig belonged to the part of Germany occupied by the Soviet Union, and later to East Germany. +In 1989, the took place in Leipzig. Every monday after a Christian mass in the the Leipzig people demonstrate for freedom to travel and democracy. These demonstrations became bigger and bigger and reached their peak on 23 October when 320,000 people came. The demonstrations are one of the things that lead to the end of communist dictatorship in East Germany. +Today, Leipzig is still known as a city of fairs, media and university, but is less important than it was before World War II. +Economy. +Before World War II, Leipzig was a famous center of commerce (Leipzig exhibition) and industry. Now, there are big companies in Leipzig like Porsche, BMW, Siemens and DHL, as well as the . +Population. +With almost 511,000 people, Leipzig city proper is the 12th biggest city in Germany and the 2nd biggest in what was East Germany (DDR), smaller than East Berlin and bigger than Dresden. Leipzig urban has 567,000 people. The total population of Leipzig metropolitan area is 1,389,000. +Geography. +Leipzig, Chemnitz, Dresden, Halle, and Zwickau form an area called the , which has about 3,500,000 people. +Miscellaneous. +Leipzig has a university where famous people studied (e.g. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Edvard Grieg, Erich Kästner, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Angela Merkel, Friedrich Nietzsche, Robert Schumann and Richard Wagner.) The (Central Station) is the biggest terminal station in Europe. It sees about 150,000 passengers each day. It is 293 meters wide. + += = = 1351 = = = +1351 was a common year. + += = = Evil = = = +Evil means something which is morally bad or wicked. It is the opposite of good. People may say that an action which hurts people or breaks certain rules such as the Ten Commandments is evil. A person or a group that does evil things may also be called evil. +Logical problem of evil. +A version of the Problem of evil, perhaps by Epicurus, goes as follows: +Another argument goes: +Arguments such as these are about the "logical" problem of evil. They attempt to show that the assumed propositions lead to a logical contradiction and so cannot all be correct. +Theology. +A common response is that God can exist with and allow evil in order to achieve a greater good. Some philosophers accept that arguments such as "God allows evil in order to achieve the greater good of free will" are logically possible and thus solve the logical problem of evil. Since the aim is only to defeat the assertion that God and evil are "logically incompatible", even a highly implausible instance of God's coexistence with evil is sufficient for the purpose. +In theology, there is a question: "If there is a God, why does God let evil happen?" Some think that evil proves that there is not a God. Others think that God lets evil happen so that people can choose "not" to do evil. +Philosophies of science have approached the problem from the angle of empiricism. For logical positivism the issue with God is the lack of any independent method of verification. In their view, this makes the proposition "God exists", not true or false, but meaningless. A similar position points to the lack of any way the proposition might be falsified. +View. +The study of good and evil in philosophy is called ethics. Ethics tries to explain why some actions are good and other actions are evil. It attempts to give all kinds of answers for how to tell evil from good. Christians believe that at the Second Coming of Christ, God will put an end to evil and the works of the Devil- see the end of the Book of Revelation. In movies or TV series evil people are often called villains. Political actions are sometimes viewed as evil such as authoritarianism, ableism, corruption or censorship. People disagree on why people do evil things. Religious people may think that it is the result of listening to an evil being such as the devil or sin. Others think it happens because of mental issues like anger, mental illness or revenge. Certain types of behavior are also often seen as universally evil, such as killing, lying or stealing. Sex crimes such as rape, hebephilia or pedophilia are also often seen as evil in basically every culture or society. + += = = 1872 = = = +1872 was a leap year in the 19th century. + += = = Poznań = = = +Poznań (German name: "Posen") is the biggest city and capital of Greater Poland Voivodeship in Poland, one of the oldest and the biggest cities in Poland. Its population is about 560,000 and its area is 262 square kilometers. +Poznań was one of the 4 Polish cities where the UEFA European Football Championship matches were played in 2012. Poland co-hosted the championship together with Ukraine. + += = = Cartoonist = = = +A cartoonist is a person who draws cartoons. Cartoons can be pictures on a printed page (also called comics or comic strips) or moving pictures on film (also called animation). Both kinds of cartoons can be found on the internet. Examples of some famous cartoonists are: + += = = Jim Henson = = = +James Maury Henson (September 24, 1936 – May 16, 1990) was an American animator, artist and puppeteer. He was best known for his work with the Muppets, which he helped to create. +Henson's best known puppet is Kermit the Frog. As a puppeteer, Henson performed in various television programs, such as "Sesame Street" and "The Muppet Show", movies such as "The Muppet Movie" and "The Great Muppet Caper". He also made puppets for projects like "Fraggle Rock", "The Dark Crystal", and "Labyrinth". He died of Organ Failure in New York +Legacy. +The Jim Henson Company and the Jim Henson Foundation continued after his death, making new series and specials. Jim Henson's Creature Shop, founded by Henson, also continues to build creatures for a large number of other movies and series (e.g. the science-fiction production "Farscape", the movie adaptation of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy", and the movie "MirrorMask") and is said to be one of the most advanced and well respected creators of movie creatures. +His son Brian and daughter Lisa are the co-chairs and co-CEOs of the company. His daughter Cheryl is the president of the foundation. Steve Whitmire, a veteran member of the Muppet puppeteering crew, plays the roles of Kermit the Frog and Ernie, the most famous characters formerly played by Jim Henson. +One of Henson's last projects is a show attraction in Walt Disney World and Disneyland. It is called Muppet*Vision 3D. It opened in 1991, shortly after his death. + += = = Game Boy Advance Video = = = +Game Boy Advance Video is a format of cartridges for the Game Boy Advance. They work the same as normal cartridge but play television shows instead of games. They generally contain 45 minutes of TV, for example, a show from Nickelodeon or Cartoon Network. They were first made in early 2004, but gradually stopped being made shortly before there were no more Game Boy Advance games made in 2008, with the final game for it being Samurai Deeper KYO. + += = = Butterfly = = = +A butterfly is a (usually) day-flying insect of the order Lepidoptera. They are grouped together in the suborder Rhopalocera. Butterflies are closely related to moths, from which they evolved about 56 million years ago. The earliest discovered fossil moth was 200 million years ago. +The life of butterflies is closely connected to flowering plants. Their larvae (caterpillars) feed on plants, and their adults feed on flowers. They lay their eggs on the plants their caterpillars feed on. Butterflies have a long history of co-evolution with flowering plants. Many of the details of plant anatomy are related to their pollinators, and vice versa. The other notable features of butterflies are their extraordinary range of colours and patterns, and their wings. These are discussed below. +Angiosperms (flowering plants) evolved in the Lower Cretaceous, but did not become common until the Upper Cretaceous. Butterflies were the last major group of insects to appear on the planet. They evolved from moths in the latest Cretaceous or the earliest Cainozoic. The earliest known butterfly fossils date to the mid Eocene epoch, between 40 and 50 million years ago. +Like moths, butterflies have four wings covered with tiny scales. The front and back wings are usually zipped together, so that the insect looks as if it has only two wings. When a butterfly is not flying, its wings are usually folded over its back. The wings are patterned and are often brightly coloured. There are many different kinds of butterflies. The males and females of each kind are often slightly different from each other. Butterfly watching is a popular hobby. Some people also keep collections of dead butterflies that they have caught, but they find out that the colour fades. +Like all insects with complete metamorphosis, a butterfly's life goes through four distinct stages. It begins as an egg, which hatches into a larva (a caterpillar). After some time, the larva turns into a chrysalis. While it is in the chrysalis stage, it changes to become an adult butterfly. These changes are only beginning to be understood. To complete the cycle, adults mate and the females lay eggs. +Butterflies are any of the species belonging to the superfamilies Papilionoidea and Hedyloidea. Butterflies, along with the moths and the skippers, make up the insect order Lepidoptera. Butterflies are nearly worldwide in their distribution. +Predators and defences. +Predators. +The main predators of butterflies are birds, just as the main predators of the crepuscular moths are bats. Also monkeys and tree-dwelling reptiles are predators, and some insects and spiders. All reptiles have good colour vision, so that butterfly coloration works just as well on them as it does on birds. +Defences. +The extraordinary colours and patterns on the wings and body can only be understood in terms of their function. Some of the most obvious functions of colour are: +The details vary from group to group, and from species to species. The caterpillars also have colours with similar functions. The poisonous substances which make some butterflies noxious to eat are got from the plants eaten by their caterpillars. +Body. +Like most insects, butterflies have three main body parts. These parts are the head, the thorax, and the abdomen. The body is protected by the exoskeleton. The body is made up of sections, known as segments. In between the segments there are flexible areas that allow the butterfly to move. All three parts of the body are covered in very small scales. The scales give the butterfly its colour. +Wings and flight. +Butterflies have a very characteristic flying style. They usually do not fly in straight lines. Their style is well described by the children's version of their name: 'flutter-by'. The way they fly presumably makes them harder for birds to catch. +Some species are capable of strong, long flights (see monarch butterfly migration) and others never leave the woods they were born in. They can survive bird pecks on the wings. Late in the season damage to their wings can often be seen, though they continue flying quite well. +When they are alive, it is often difficult to see they have four wings. The wings on each side are linked by a row of little hooks. So in practice they fly as if they had one large wing on each side. +Head. +The head is the first part of the body. It has the eyes, mouth parts, and antennae. +The eyes of a butterfly are large. Like other adult insects, the eye is made up of many small lenses or "optical units". These are compound eyes. Butterflies do not see as many colours as humans, but they can see ultraviolet light. +The mouth of an adult butterfly does not have jaws. It has a kind of mouth that sucks liquids. This mouth is made of two hollow tubes. The tubes are locked together in the middle. When the butterfly is not drinking, the tubes are coiled up. It can uncoil them when it wants to drink. Like all insects, the adult phase is about reproduction. The main eating phase is done by the larvae, which usually eat plant food. +The antennae of a butterfly are used for smell and balance. The antenna in most butterflies is clubbed at the end. In some butterflies (like the skippers), there is a hook at the end of the antenna, instead of a club. +Thorax. +The thorax is the second part of the body. It is made up of three segments. The legs and wings are connected to the thorax. +The legs of a butterfly are made for walking, holding onto things, and tasting. There are three pairs of legs. There are four main parts of the leg. They are the trochanter, the femur, the tibia, and the foot. At the end of each foot, there is a pair of claws. Butterflies in the family Nymphalidae have very short front legs. They keep there front legs close to their bodies. This makes it look like they only have two pairs of legs. In some species, there is a movable body part on the tibia that is used to clean the antennae. +A butterfly has two pairs of wings. Each wing has hollow tubes called veins. The colors and patterns of butterflies are made by tiny scales. The scales overlap each other. They are connected to the wing. If a butterfly is handled, the tiny scales may rub off. +Abdomen. +The abdomen is the third part of the body. It is made up of ten segments. The abdomen is much softer than the head and the thorax. At the end of the abdomen are the reproductive organs. In the male, there is a pair of claspers. They are used to hold on to the female during mating. In the female, there is a tube to lay eggs (the ovipositor). +Life cycle. +Butterflies go through complete metamorphosis. This means that there are four parts in a butterfly's life. The first part is the egg. The second part is the caterpillar (sometimes called the larva). The third part is the chrysalis (sometimes called the pupa). The fourth part is the adult (sometimes called the imago). +Egg. +A female butterfly will lay her eggs on or near the food plant of the caterpillar (the food plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The female will choose a place to lay her eggs using smell, taste, touch, and sight. Most species will lay just one egg on the food plant. Others will lay groups of five to over 100 eggs on the food plant. Most species will lay their eggs on the leaves of the food plant. Others will lay them on the flowers, stems, bark, or fruit of the food plant. +The eggs come in many different shapes and colours. They may be round or oval, and flattened. In some species, the egg shell is ribbed. The most common colours in butterfly eggs are yellow and green. The eggs will turn dark just before hatching. Also, some butterflies take a day to come out of eggs, while others could take months. +Caterpillar. +Butterfly caterpillars can vary in size, colour, and shape. They may have spines, bristles, or soft body extensions. All caterpillars have 13 body segments. The first three segments make up the thorax. The thorax has three pairs of legs. These legs are called true legs. The other 10 segments make up the abdomen. The abdomen has five pairs of soft legs called prolegs. The prolegs have tiny hooks at the end of each of the foot. They are used to hold on to things. The hooks are called crochets. +A caterpillar's skin does not grow. As the caterpillar grows inside its skin, the skin becomes too tight. In order for the caterpillar to grow bigger, it sheds its too-tight skin. After the old skin is shed, there is a new, larger skin. This is known as moulting. A caterpillar will moult four to five times before turning into a pupa. Each stage between moults is called an "instar". +All caterpillars can make silk. The silk is made from the salivary glands. Silk starts out as a liquid in the salivary glands. The caterpillar draws out the silk into a small thread. The silk hardens as soon as it is exposed to the air. Caterpillars use silk to make nests or cocoons. +Most caterpillars feed on leaves of plants or trees. Most species of caterpillars will feed only on a small number of certain kinds of plants. If the caterpillar's food plant is not found, it may starve to death. +Some species of caterpillars (in the family Lycaenidae) are tended by ants. The caterpillars have special glands that make a sweet liquid called honeydew. The ants like the honeydew. In return for the honeydew, the ants protect the caterpillars from predators. The caterpillars also have special body parts that make sounds. The caterpillar will make sounds with the body parts and "call" the ants when the caterpillar is being attacked by predators. The ants hear the sounds and come to protect the caterpillar. +Caterpillars in the subfamily Miletinae eat insects in the order Hemiptera. This includes aphids, mealybugs, leafhoppers and treehoppers.p356 +Caterpillars in the family Papilionidae have a special organ. This organ is called an osmeterium. It is a bad-smelling gland that is shaped like a snake's tongue. It is kept behind the inside of the head. When a predator tries to eat the caterpillar, the caterpillar releases the osmeterium. This usually scares the predators away.p161 +Pupa. +The pupa (plural, pupae) is formed after the last moult. The caterpillar will find a special place to pupate (pupate means to turn into a pupa). The digestive tract is emptied. The caterpillar sheds its skin. The pupa is now exposed. The caterpillar's tissues are broken down and rebuilt into the butterfly's tissues. +The pupa cannot move. It is attached to an object by tiny hooks on the end of the abdomen. These hooks make up what is called the cremaster. There are many tiny holes on the pupa. They allow respiratory gases to move in and out of the pupa. +Many pupae are easy for predators to attack. Some caterpillars (in the family Hesperiidae and the subfamilies Parnassiinae and Satyrinae) make shelters out of silk and leaves to protect themselves when they become pupae. These shelters are called cocoons. Most butterfly pupae do not have cocoons to protect themselves. Instead, the pupae have brown or green colours to camouflage themselves among leaves and branches. Pupae that do not have cocoons are called chrysalids or chrysalises. +Survival. +Some butterflies may be in trouble because of habitat loss. Because of the destruction of forests and grasslands, some types of butterflies have nowhere to feed and lay eggs. To help, some people plant a butterfly garden with flowers having lots of nectar for butterflies to feed on. Some people also keep plants that butterflies lay eggs on, and enjoy watching the caterpillars hatch out and feed on the plant. Chemical sprays that are used to keep pests away from garden plants, also kill butterflies. +Fossils. +The earliest Lepidoptera fossils date to the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, about 200million years ago. Butterflies evolved from moths. The oldest known butterfly is "Protocoeliades kristenseni" from the Palaeocene of Denmark, about 55million years ago. It belongs to the family Hesperiidae (skippers). Molecular clock estimates suggest that butterflies originated sometime in the mid-Cretaceous, but only significantly diversified during the Cenozoic. Genetic data suggest they originated in North-America 102.5–100.0million years ago from a nocturnal moth ancestor that fed on legumes. Only about 17million years ago did they colonize Europe. The oldest American butterfly is from the later Eocene from the Florissant Formation fossil beds, about 34million years old. + += = = Nazism = = = +Nazism (or National Socialism; ) is a set of political beliefs associated with the Nazi Party of Germany. It started in the 1920s, but the Nazi Party gained power in 1933 and started carrying out their ideas in Germany, which they called the Third Reich. They stayed in power in Germany until 1945, when they lost World War II. +Nazism is an far-right, fascist, ideology that is heavily inspired from the works of Oswald Spengler. The Nazis believed that only the Aryan (German) race was capable of building nations and other races, notably the Jewish race, were agents of the corruptive forces of capitalism and Marxism, both of which the Nazis opposed. They considered the Aryan race the 'Master race', which meant that they thought that the Aryans were the most biologically evolved of humans. They adapted Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and applied it to humans, the practical application of this was called eugenics. +The leader of the Nazis Adolf Hitler wanted to a create a country where all Aryans were treated equally. They spent heavily on poorer people and began several huge government programs to help Germany deal with the unemployment and economic crisis caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression which followed it. Some Nazis, such as Ernst Röhm, wanted the reforms to go further and called for a revolution, eliminating economic classes in Germany and for the government to take control of major businesses. Many of these Nazis were murdered on Hitler's orders during the Night of the Long Knives because they were a threat to his leadership of the Nazi Party. +In a September 18, year 1939 editorial, "The New York Times" reacted to the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by declaring that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is red fascism" The editorial further opined: +The world will now understand that the only real 'ideological' issue is one between democracy, liberty and peace on the one hand and despotism, terror and war on the other. +The Nazis blamed the Jewish people for Germany's defeat in World War I. This is known as the Stab in the Back Myth. The Nazis also blamed the Jewish people for rapid inflation and practically every other economic woe facing Germany at the time as a result of their defeat in World War I. For this reason, the Nazis not only viewed the Jewish people as inferior to them, but as oppressors of the Aryan people who were creating inequality. The Nazis' tactic of lazily albeit effectively blaming the Jewish people for all of Germany's problems is a propaganda tactic known as scapegoating and was used to justify the great atrocities committed by the Nazis against the Jewish people. +To implement the racist ideas, the Nuremberg Race Laws (created in 1935) banned non-Aryans and political opponents of the Nazis from the civil-service. They also forbid any sexual contact between 'Aryan' and 'non-Aryan' persons. +The Nazis sent millions of Jews, Roma, and other people to concentration camps and death camps, where they were killed. These killings are now called the Holocaust. +The word "Nazi" is short for "Nationalsozialist" (supporter of the "Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei") in the German language. This means "National Socialist German Workers' Party". +Nazi rise to power (1919–1934). +Adolf Hitler, the leader of Nazi Germany, wrote a book called "Mein Kampf" ("My Struggle"). The book said that all of Germany's problems happened because Jews were making plans to hurt the country. He also said that Jewish and communist politicians planned the Armistice of 1918 that ended World War I, and allowed Germany to agree to pay huge amounts of money and goods (reparations). +In November 1923, the Nazis tried to overthrow the democratic German government that had been set up after WWI. Nazi thinking emphasises conflict and violence, and believes that these are the best way to sort out political problems. The Nazis had therefore set up their own private army, called the Sturmabteilung (SA) which were sometimes known as the 'Nazi stormtroopers' or simply the 'brownshirts'. Many political parties had their own private armies at this time in Germany to guard their events and meetings from the private armies of other political parties. The attempt to take power is referred to as the Munich Putsch or Beer Hall Putsch and was crushed after less than 24 hours. +After the Putsch, Hitler was imprisoned for six months and the Nazi Party briefly banned. It was allowed to exist again in if it promised to only be democratic. The Nazis agreed, but made it clear that if they took power in Germany, they would turn Germany into a dictatorship. The Nazis believed in something called the Führer Principle, which means that they believe that all groups should be organised like armies, with absolute loyalty shown to the leader of the group. They wanted to apply this principle to Germany. They disagreed with democracy, because they believed that it divided groups which made them weaker. +The Nazis performed very badly in elections until the early 1930s, where they became exceptionally popular. This can be partly explained by a massive increase in poverty in Germany caused by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, and Nazi promises to rebuild German strength and pride. However, this is not the only reason for the Nazis coming to power, because it still took more than three years for Adolf Hitler to become Chancellor of Germany after the Crash. +On the night of the 27 February 1933 and 28 February 1933, someone set the Reichstag building on fire. This was the building where the German Parliament held their meetings. The Nazis blamed the communists. Opponents of the Nazis said that the Nazis themselves had done it to come to power. On the very same day, an emergency law called "Reichstagsbrandverordnung" was passed. The government claimed it was to protect the state from people trying to hurt the country. With this law, most of the civil rights of the Weimar Republic did not count any longer. The Nazis used this against the other political parties. Members of the communist and social-democratic parties were put into prison or killed. +The Nazis became the biggest party in the parliament. By 1934, they managed to make all other parties illegal. Democracy was replaced with a dictatorship. Adolf Hitler became leader ("Führer") of Germany, and had the power to make any laws he wanted. +Life in Nazi Germany (1934–1945). +The Nazis changed Germany to fit their ideas of what a country should be like. They created a totalitarian state, which is a country where the government tries to have total control over ordinary people's lives. +In schools, several subjects were changed to fit a Nazi interpretation. History was taught to emphasise German military victories and blames Jewish people and Marxists for defeat in WWI. Children were also taught racial hygiene lessons, where pseudo-scientific racist principles taught to them. In 1936, all German children had to be members of the Hitler Youth which was a Nazi version of the Scouting movement, and was designed to prepare them to be soldiers in wars against other races. +People who opposed the Nazis were seen as traitors. The Nazis created a very effective police state, led by Heinrich Himmler and his deputy Reinhard Heydrich. They were in charge of an organisation called the Schutzstaffel (SS) that took control of all of the police forces in Germany. The SS also set up a new secret police organisation called the Gestapo which hunted down people who wanted to protest against the Nazi government. Enemies of the Nazis were regularly tortured, put in concentration camps or executed. +Attacking other countries. +As the German leader (Führer) of Nazi Germany, Hitler began moving Nazi armies into neighboring countries. When Germany attacked Poland, World War II started. Western countries like France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were occupied and to be treated by Germany as colonies. However, in Eastern countries, such as Poland and the Soviet Union, the Nazis planned to kill or enslave the Slavic peoples, so that German settlers could take their land. +The Nazis made alliances with other European countries, such as Finland and Italy. Every other European country that allied with Germany did it because they did not want to be taken over by Germany. Through these alliances and invasions, the Nazis managed to control much of Europe. +The Holocaust. +In the Holocaust, millions of Jews, as well as Roma people (also called "Gypsies"), people with disabilities, homosexuals, political opponents, and many other people were sent to concentration camps and death camps in Poland and Germany. The Nazis killed millions of these people at the concentration camps with poison gas. The Nazis also killed millions of people in these groups by forcing them to do slave labor without giving them much food or clothing. In total, 17 million people died, 6 million of them being Jews. +Victory of the Allies. +In 1945, the Soviet Union took over Berlin after defeating the German army in Russia. The Soviet Red Army met the American and British armies, who had fought right across Germany after invading Nazi Europe from Normandy in France on June 6,1944. The Nazis lost because the Allies had many more soldiers and more money than them. +During the invasion of Berlin, Hitler shot himself in a bunker with his new wife, Eva Braun. Other Nazis also killed themselves, including Joseph Goebbels just one day after Hitler named him as his successor. The Nazis surrendered after the Red Army captured Berlin. +Nuremberg Trials. +After the war, the Allied governments, namely the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, held trials of the Nazi leaders. These trials were held in Nuremberg, Germany. For this reason, these trials were called "the Nuremberg Trials." The Allied leaders accused the Nazi leaders of war crimes and crimes against humanity, including murdering millions of people (in the Holocaust), of starting wars, of conspiracy, and belonging to illegal organizations like the SS (called, "Schutzstaffel", in German). Most Nazi leaders were found guilty by the court, and they were sent to jail or sentenced to death and executed. +Nazis after the war. +There has not been a "Nazi" state since 1945, but there are still people who believe in those ideas. These people are often called "neo"-Nazis. Here are some examples of modern Nazi ideas: +After the war, laws were made in Germany and other countries, especially countries in Europe, that make it illegal to say the Holocaust never happened. Sometimes they also ban questioning the number of people affected by it, which is saying that not so many people were killed as most people think "who wrote this?" There has been some controversy over whether this affects people's free speech. Certain countries, such as Germany, Austria, and France, also banned the use of Nazi symbols. It is also banned to make a Nazi pledge position on a popular media source to stop Nazis from using them. + += = = Pork = = = +Pork is meat that comes from pigs. It is the most commonly consumed meat in the world Evidence of pig husbandry dates back to 5000 BC. +A simple meal to make which contains pork is afelia. Sausages, bacon and ham are the most common uses of pork in the United Kingdom, the United States, and other parts of the Western world. Pork is forbidden by the food taboos of kosher and halal. + += = = Mike Farrell = = = +Mike Farrell (born February 6, 1939) is an American actor, writer and producer. He played BJ Hunnicutt on the television series "M*A*S*H". He played Michael "Mike" Hawks in the television movie "Battered" in 1978. He played Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin in the limited crime series "". +Farrell was born in St. Paul, Minnesota. He was raised in Hollywood, California. He was part of the United States Marine Corps. Farrell was married to Judy Hayden from 1963 until they divorced in 1983. Then, he married Shelley Fabares in 1984. He has two children with Hayden. +Farrell is also an activist for various causes, including animal rights and world peace. He was Vice President of the Screen Actors Guild. + += = = David Ogden Stiers = = = +David Allen Ogden Stiers (October 31, 1942 – March 3, 2018) was an American actor, comedian, conductor, director, musician, singer and voice artist. He was most famous for his role as Charles Emerson Winchester III in "M*A*S*H". He also provided the voices in several Disney animated movies. This included playing Cogsworth in "Beauty and the Beast", John Radcliffe in "Pocahontas", and Jumba Jookiba in the "Lilo & Stitch" franchise. +He also played the voice of Escher in the "Myst V" (End of Ages) video game. +Early life. +Stiers was born in Peoria, Illinois on October 31, 1942. He attended Urbana High School at the same time as Roger Ebert. He went to Eugene, Oregon, where he graduated from North Eugene High School and attended the University of Oregon. +Personal life. +Stiers was openly gay. He was a Democrat. +Death. +On March 3, 2018, Stiers died at his home in Newport, Oregon of bladder cancer-related complications at the age of 75. + += = = Beauty and the Beast = = = +Beauty and the Beast is a French folk story. It tells the story of a merchant who is lost in the woods. He finds the palace of a beast who wants to kill him, and makes a deal with the beast, to have his daughter in exchange. The daughter goes to live in the Beast's castle; the two fall in love; and the beast turns into a prince. +The story has been published and revised in many versions, most notably Madame Gabrielle-Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve's 1740 retelling and its revision in 1756 by Madame Jeanne-Marie Leprince de Beaumont. +It was the inspiration for many other stories, as well as a 1980s TV series starring Linda Hamilton and Ron Pearlman. Several movies have been based on it, most famously Jean Cocteau's 1946 version and the 1991 animated version by Disney, which was nominated for the Best Picture Academy Award and inspired a long-running Broadway musical. + += = = Wayne Rogers = = = +William Wayne McMillan Rogers III (April 7, 1933 – December 31, 2015) was an American television and movie actor. He played the role of "Trapper" John McIntrye on the TV series "M*A*S*H". (The role was played by Elliott Gould in the 1970 movie version and Pernell Roberts on the 1979-1986 TV show, "Trapper John MD"). He left the show in 1975 and was replaced by Mike Farrell as BJ Hunnicutt. He graduated from Princeton University with a degree in history and served in the Navy before becoming an actor. +Since retiring from acting, Rogers works as an investor and appears on many financial news shows. +Rogers died from complications of pneumonia in Los Angeles, California on December 31, 2015 at the age of 82. + += = = McLean Stevenson = = = +McLean Stevenson (November 14, 1929 – February 15, 1996) was an American actor. He is best known for his role as Henry Blake on the TV show, "M*A*S*H". He left the show in 1975 and his character was killed off. +Stevenson was born in Normal, Illinois. +His grandfather Adlai E. Stevenson was Vice-president of the United States to Grover Cleveland, and his second cousin, once removed Adlai Stevenson II was Governor of Illinois and unsuccessfully ran for President twice in the 1950s losing to Dwight D. Eisenhower both times. +Stevenson, while recovering from bladder cancer, died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 68. Ironically, Roger Bowen, who played Henry Blake in the 1970 movie version of "M*A*S*H", died the day after Stevenson did. + += = = Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve = = = +Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve (15 April 1793 – 23 November 1864 (Julian calendar: 11 November)) was a German-born Russian astronomer. He was born in Altona (now an area of Hamburg), Germany, but later lived in Russia. He was an expert on double stars and one of the first astronomers to measure stellar parallax (closely related to the work by Friedrich Bessel). +While director of Dorpat Observatory (1817–39) he wrote "Stellarum Duplicum et Multiplicum" (1837), which proved that double stars are not exceptional and that star systems are governed by the laws of gravity. Struve added a lot to the study of galactic structure and also engaged in notable geodetic operations such as the triangulation of Livonia and the measurement of an arc of the meridian. In 1839 he became director of the new Pulkovo Observatory and was one of the first three astronomers who almost simultaneously obtained an approximate stellar parallax. (One of the others being Bessel) +In 1822 he published the first of many double-star catalogues, the identifying numbers of which are still used today. Struve's stars, however, are now often named in his honor (for example, Struve 2398), whereas the original catalogue prefix was the Greek letter sigma. In 1833 he moved to Russia to set up the Pulkovo Observatory near St. Petersburg, of which he was director until his retirement in 1862, when his son took over in the post. In total, Friedrich Struve produced 272 astronomical works and 18 children; his great-grandson Otto, by contrast, produced 907 works but zero children. +His son, Otto Wilhelm von Struve (1819–1905) succeeded him as director (1862–89) of the Pulkovo Observatory. + += = = Mario Party (series) = = = +Mario Party is a series of video games made by Nintendo. The idea of each game is that Mario and his friends must travel across a game board and earn stars and coins. Each new game in the series contains new characters, playing boards, and mini-games. Every few turns, each character must participate in a mini-game. The winner generally gets 10 coins. + += = = Helsinki = = = +Helsinki () is the capital city of Finland. Helsinki is the largest city in Finland. 604,380 (31.12.2012) people live in Helsinki, and 1,360,000 live in the Helsinki metropolitan area. +Helsinki is in the south of Finland, on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. The city is in the Uusimaa region. When one looks from Helsinki, Tallinn is on the opposite side of the sea, but it is too far away to see. A poetic name for Helsinki is "the daughter of the Baltic Sea". +History. +In 1550, Swedish king Gustav Vasa commanded people to build a new city and move there. His idea was to build a new place to trade, which would be more popular than Tallinn. The idea did not work well, and many people returned from Helsinki to their homes. Later Sweden built the fortress Suomenlinna in Helsinki. After Russia had taken Finland from Sweden in several wars, they started developing Helsinki. Helsinki became the capital of autonomous province of Finland. When Finland became independent in 1917, Helsinki stayed as the capital city. +Geography. +Helsinki spreads around several bays and over several islands. Some famous islands include Seurasaari, Lauttasaari and Korkeasaari - which is also the country's biggest zoo - as well as the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg). +The metropolitan area of Greater Helsinki also includes two of Finland's biggest cities, Espoo to the west of Helsinki, and Vantaa to the north. These two cities, along with Helsinki itself and the small town of Kauniainen (which is in fact surrounded by Espoo), make up the Capital Region ("Pääkaupunkiseutu" in Finnish or "Huvudstadsregionen" in Swedish). There are other towns nearby that are part of Greater Helsinki, including Järvenpää, Kerava, Tuusula, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Kirkkonummi, Mäntsälä and Vihti. They have become popular places for Helsinki commuters to live. +Transport. +The public transportation network in Helsinki and its area consists of +Helsinki Airport is located in Vantaa about 20 kilometers north of Helsinki city center. The airport offers both domestic flights within Finland and international flights to Europe, Asia and North America. +Helsinki offers several boat services to Tallinn and Stockholm every day, along with ferries to places including the island of Suomenlinna. + += = = Jehovah's Witnesses = = = +Jehovah's Witnesses is a religious group with more than eight million members around the world. They believe that God, who they call Jehovah, will end crime, violence, sickness and death by destroying all badness in the world. They say God's kingdom will restore God's original purpose for the earth: bringing about peace for all humans who live by Bible standards. +In the 1870s, a preacher named Charles Taze Russell started a Bible study group in Pennsylvania in 1876, which became known as the Bible Students. They started a religious magazine called "The Watchtower". After Russell died, Joseph Franklin Rutherford took over, and the Bible Students who stayed with him became known as Jehovah's Witnesses in 1931. +Some of their beliefs, especially about who God is and what his plans are for humans and the earth, are different from what is taught in most Christian churches. Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people will go to heaven and that all the other people who obey God will live forever in paradise on earth. They do not believe that God is a Trinity. They believe Jesus died on a single pole rather than a cross. They do not use images or symbols such as the cross. They teach that when people die, they remain in the grave until God resurrects them when God's kingdom rules over earth. +Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for preachingfrom door-to-door and in other public places, and offering their magazines, "The Watchtower" and "Awake!" They are also well known for refusing to join armies and refusing blood transfusions. +History. +In 1870 a young clothing shop owner named Charles Taze Russell heard an Adventist preacher speak. The preacher said the Bible contained clues that showed God was about to set up a kingdom over earth. He said the kingdom, which is mentioned in the New Testament of the Bible, would be based in heaven, and it would completely change the way of life for everyone in the world. Russell studied that preacher's teachings and looked through the Bible, and he ended up with some new beliefs. +Beginnings. +Using various Bible verses and events from history, Russell decided that God would soon call a group of "saints" to heaven to be kings there. Other faithful Christians who had since died would also make up a total of 144,000 kings in heaven. Churches at the time taught that humans were still waiting for Jesus to return to earth in his Second Coming, but Russell believed that Jesus returned in 1874. Russell believed that God would start Armageddon in 1914, starting with a complete breakdown of law and order on earth, when governments and people would fight among themselves. He believed that God would then end sickness and death and allow obedient Christians to live forever in perfect health. +Russell believed it was very important that all Christians, including those who were attending churches, should learn those "truths". He believed these "truths" had been hidden in the Bible for thousands of years. He started a publishing company called the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania. He wrote several books, set up Bible study classes for people to study his teachings, and started a magazine, "Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence", which taught that Christ was already present. +A new president. +By the time Russell died in 1916, he had written 50,000 pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world. Joseph Franklin Rutherford, one of his followers, took Russell's position as president of the Watch Tower Society. +Rutherford wrote many books as well. He made some changes to Russell's teachings and required all the study groups, or congregations, around the world to agree to the teachings and rules set by the Watch Tower Society in New York. He told members not to celebrate holidays, and they should not sing at religious meetings. He also told them to preach from door to door about God's kingdom and to sell Watch Tower Society publications so more people would hear the message. Many members did not agree with Rutherford's strict changes, and some started their own groups. In 1931 Rutherford called his group "Jehovah's Witnesses" to tell it apart from the other groups. By the time Rutherford died in 1942, the religion had a worldwide membership of 115,000. +Punishment and discrimination. +Some of the new teachings resulted in suffering for many Jehovah's Witnesses. Thousands were sent to prison, beaten or killed in countries during World War II because they refused to fight. In Germany, many were sent to concentration camps because they would not support the Nazi Party. Later, in the United States, many of their children were expelled from schools because they refused to salute the flag. Some countries still have laws against members practicing the religion. By 1977 they had more than two million members around the world. +Armageddon expected in 1975. +From 1966, the religion suggested that God could bring Armageddon in 1975, and that the kingdom would be set up very soon after. Some Witnesses sold their businesses and homes, gave up their jobs, delayed medical operations and decided against starting a family because they expected Armageddon to arrive. Many members who thought Armageddon would come in 1975 left, but many other people joined and the group kept growing. +Beliefs. +One God. +Like Jews, Muslims, as well as other Christians, Jehovah's Witnesses believe there is an all-powerful, all-knowing God who created everything. They also have some beliefs that are different from most Christians. They call God "Jehovah" (a translation of the Hebrew letters "YHWH") and they believe it is important to use that name. They believe Jesus is God's son, the first angel, and that he is also called Michael the Archangel. They say the holy spirit is God's power rather than a person. They do not believe in the Trinity. They believe the Bible is a book that God used humans to write and that it is completely true and the best guide for how people should live. +Adam and Eve. +Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God made Adam and Eve, the first humans, and put them in a garden called Eden. They believe that when Adam and Eve sinned, they no longer had God's approval so they began to get sick and die. They were not perfect anymore and could not have perfect children. They believe that Jehovah later sent Jesus to die on a pole (not a cross, as most Christians believe) to forgive people's sins. +Heaven. +Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only 144,000 people, a number found in Revelation chapters 7 and 14, will go to heaven to be kings and priests with Jesus. They say God will start a worldwide war called Armageddon, and the people who do not obey God or worship him the way he expects will be killed. The people who he approves will survive and be given the chance to live forever. Then God will begin to turn earth into a paradise without crime, sickness, pain, aging, wars or death. They say God will also bring back billions of people who died in the past so they can learn about God and possibly live in paradise as well. +Jehovah's Witnesses believe that only their religion really obeys God's instructions and that God does not approve of any other religions. They believe that Satan the Devil is the real leader of all other religions and makes them think they worship God the right way. So they believe that only Jehovah's Witnesses will be saved at Armageddon, but they say God will make the final choice. +What they do. +Door-to-door work. +Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching. They believe Jesus ordered them at Matthew 28:19 to "go make disciples of all the nations", warning people that the day of God's judgement, or Armageddon, will happen soon. Jehovah's Witnesses believe their preaching is a fulfillment of a prophecy at Matthew 24:14, "And this gospel of the kingdom will be preached in the whole world as a testimony to all nations, and then the end will come." All Witnesses are told to spend as much time as they can in public preaching work, usually offering "The Watchtower" and other Watch Tower Society publications. Since the Internet, Jehovah's Witnesses also preach online. They teach people their beliefs about Jehovah and his plans for the earth. Members are told to give a monthly written report on how much time they have spent publicly preaching. +Meetings. +The buildings where Jehovah's Witnesses meet to worship are called Kingdom Halls. Unlike many other churches, these halls do not have altars, statues, or symbols such as the cross. Each congregation has two meetings each week, which are open to the public: +Members who cannot go can listen to the meeting over the phone or by video streaming where available. They also attend one large convention and two smaller assemblies each year (some of them at hired sports arenas), where hundreds or thousands of members gather. +At their meetings, they consider what the Watch Tower Society says about the Bible and how to apply its teachings in life. At some meetings, people in the audience are invited to answer questions and make comments. The religion has elders who "take the lead" and ministerial servants who have various duties. They do not dress differently to other members and they are not paid. Most elders support themselves with their own jobs outside the religion. +Rules. +Members of the religion are expected to live up to high moral standards based on how they understand the Bible. They are told they should always be honest and obey the laws where they live (unless the law says not to follow their religion). +There are many things that are against the rules for Jehovah's Witnesses, including: +Vaccines and most medical treatments or surgeries are allowed as a personal decision. +Jehovah's Witnesses are told to marry only other baptized Jehovah's Witnesses. They believe God does not approve of divorce unless the husband or wife cheated. They can from a partner who hurt their family or refused to support them, but they would not be allowed to marry someone else while they are still legally married. They believe that when a spouse dies, the living widow or widower is allowed to remarry if they want to. Jehovah's Witnesses are not meant to make close friends with non-Witnesses because it could make it more difficult to follow their religion. +Membership. +Jehovah's Witnesses are strict about who can be a member. They only count people as members if they are baptized (or getting ready to be baptized) and they preach each month.. Like other Christian groups, they believe baptism represents devotion to God and their promise to live by his teachings. Unlike some Christian groups, Witnesses are not baptized as babies. There is no set age required for baptism, but they believe baptism should be a choice made by someone who is willing and understands what it means. However, it is common for young children and teenagers to be baptized. +If the elders think a baptized Witness has broken the rules of the religion, they will speak to the person and other people who know about it. That investigation is called a "judicial committee". If the elders decide the person is guilty and does not show they are sorry, he or she might be "disfellowshipped". This means the person is no longer a member of the group. When that happens, other Jehovah's Witnesses are told not to talk to or interact with that person (except in some situations such as living or working together) unless the disfellowshipped person repents and is allowed back in. When such a person is allowed back in, they have been 'reinstated'. While disfellowshipped, the person is expected to attend their religious services if they want to return to the religion, but none of the other members will speak to them. +Members may also resign from the religion, which is called "disassociating". This can happen by writing a letter, or if the elders decide the person has taken an action that is not allowed such as having a blood transfusion. People who "disassociate" are treated the same as a person who is "disfellowshipped". +Some people, including former Witnesses, have criticized these punishments as harsh and unfair. The style of leadership of the group has also been described by some authors as autocratic and totalitarian, because members have to be completely submissive to the organization. +Other websites. +Official. + Jehovah's Witnesses' brochures about the name Jehovah + += = = Wife = = = +A wife is a married woman. "Married" means that the law says two people are legally "joined". During the marriage ceremony, the wife is called the bride. +In countries and times it has been different how many wives a man can have legally. In old times there were no limitations in some countries. In Christianity and Judaism a husband (a married man) can have one wife (monogamy). In Islam a husband can have up to four wives (polygamy). +There are some names for special kinds of wives. For example, +a queen is a wife of a king. +A man whose wife is deceased is called a widower. + += = = Catherine Parr = = = +Catherine Parr (alternatively Katherine or Kateryn) (c. August 1512 – 5 September 1548) was Queen of England and of Ireland (1543–47). She was the last of the six wives of King Henry VIII. She married him on 12 July 1543, and outlived him by one year. She was also the most-married English queen, with four husbands. She was also the first woman to be queen of both England and Ireland. +Catherine had a close relationship with Henry's three children. She personally helped teach school for Elizabeth and Edward, both of whom became English monarchs. She helped get the Third Succession Act in 1543 passed. This placed Mary I and Elizabeth I, back into the line of succession to the British throne. +Henry died on 28 January 1547. Six months after Henry's death, she married her fourth and final husband, Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley. +Catherine gave birth to her only child — a daughter, Mary Seymour. She was named after Catherine's stepdaughter Mary – on 30 August 1548. She died only six days later, on 5 September 1548, at Sudeley Castle in Gloucestershire, from what was probably childbed fever (sepsis). This was common at that time, because births did not happen in clean conditions. +Many years later, in 1782, the coffin of Queen Catherine was found in the ruins of the Sudeley Castle chapel. + += = = Queen (band) = = = +Queen (not bebop either) are a British rock band formed in Baselstone in 1970. They are among the most commercially successful bands in history. They have sold over 300 million albums worldwide. The first members of the band were Freddie Mercury (lead vocals, piano), Brian May (lead guitar, vocals), Roger Taylor (drums, vocals), and John Deacon (bass guitar). Their current guest lead singer is Adam Lambert. +Freddie Mercury died of AIDS-related bronchopneumonia on November 24, 1991 at age 45. In 1997 John Deacon retired from music to spend more time with his family. The other two members toured with Paul Rodgers from 2005 to 2009. In December 2018 it was announced that Queen & Lambert would bring its Rhapsody Tour to The Forum in 2019. Three of Queen's biggest hits were"Bohemian Rhapsody”, "We Will Rock You", and "We Are the Champions". +Formation. +With his friend Tim Staffell, Brian May started a band called 1984 in the mid-1960s. The band broke up after a short time, then May started another band, teaming up with two fellow college students, Tim Staffell and Roger Taylor. They called themselves Smile with Roger Taylor on drums and vocals, Tim Staffell on vocals and bass, and Brian May on guitar and vocals. They had a few hits such as "April Lady". Tim Staffell became friends with another college student, Farrokh "Freddie" Bulsara (to be later known as Freddie Mercury) and Freddie became a big fan of Smile and encouraged them a lot. Later on, Tim left Smile to join Humpy Bong, and Freddie subsequently joined the band on vocals and piano in 1970. Freddie came up with the name Queen, so they changed it from Smile to Queen. They then started auditions for a new bassist. They were going through several bassists during this time and none of them stuck. None of the auditioners managed to suit the place of the new bassist, but finally, in 1971, John Deacon joined the band. Queen's first album was released in 1973 and it was called "Queen" with songs such as "Seven Seas of Rhye" and "Liar". Freddie then changed his name to Freddie Mercury after the lyrics "Mother Mercury, look what they've done to me" in the song "My Fairy King". + += = = Simon & Garfunkel = = = +Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel were an American folk and rock music duo. They were two childhood friends, who became famous in the 1960s. Their songs, including "Mrs. Robinson", "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright", "The Sound of Silence", and "Bridge Over Troubled Water", all composed by Simon, are still popular to this day. +Their free concert in New York City's Central Park in 1981 was the biggest concert ever, with 500,000 people (about the same number as Woodstock). +The band broke up in 1970. + += = = Madagascar = = = +Madagascar is a large island nation in the Indian Ocean. It is off of the East coast of Africa and its capital is Antananarivo. Twenty-two million people live there. It is the world's fourth largest island. +The official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy and French. +Pre-human history. +About two hundred million years ago, Madagascar was a part of a huge supercontinent called Pangaea. When this broke up, Madagascar was attached to what is now the Indian subcontinent. Madagascar broke away from India and moved closer to Africa. +The long history of separation from other continents has allowed plants and animals on the island to evolve in relative isolation. Many of its animals came from Africa, because the island is closer to Africa than to India. Many of these endemic Malagasy animals have died out since the arrival of humans, particularly the megafauna. +Despite this, and massive deforestation, Madagascar is still home to an incredible array of wildlife. Most of the wildlife is unique. +Environment. +Madagascar is home to many species that were not known to Europeans about until around 1679 when Dutch explorers went there. They do not exist elsewhere in Africa. They only exist in Madagascar. In fact, most of the mammals living in Madagascar do not live anywhere else in the world. +Many species in Madagascar are in danger because much of the forest has been cut down. Forests are cut down so the land can grow crops such as coffee, which is an important export crop for Madagascar. +Economy. +Agriculture is a big part of the economy in Madagascar, including the growing of coffee and vanilla. Madagascar sells more vanilla than any other country in the world. Madagascar also makes money from tourism. +Provinces. +In 2004 Madagascar was divided into 22 regions. It used to be divided into 6 provinces. +Human history. +People have probably lived in Madagascar for at least 2000 years. +France took over the city of Antananarivo in 1895, and added Madagascar as a colony two years later. Madagascar became independent on 26 June, 1960. + += = = Board game = = = +A board game is a game usually played with pieces on a board, or some area with marked spaces. +Most board games use pieces that may be moved, placed, or traded depending on the rules of the game. These pieces may be money, chips, pawns, or other objects. Board games may often involve some random chance with dice or cards. There are many board games with a long history in some cultures. Examples of these games are chess, checkers, backgammon, parqués, and go. There are also a great number of popular board games that have been created more recently, in the past hundred years. Among these games are Scrabble and Monopoly. +Chess, and most versions of checkers, are played on a 8x8 square board with 32 white squares and 32 black squares. International checkers is played on a 10x10 square board. +Older than chess, but not by much, is tafl (pronounced 'tabl'), later called "hneftafl". This is an old Norse board game with just two types of pieces. Its pieces, when found in Britain, have often been wrongly ascribed to chess. In chess, of course, the board is different, and there are six kinds of pieces. + += = = Aerosmith = = = +Aerosmith is an American rock band, formed in 1970 in Boston, Massachusetts. They have released many popular songs, including "Walk This Way" and "I Don't Want to Miss a Thing". They have their own Guitar Hero video game called . Their lead singer is Steven Tyler. + += = = Brighton = = = +Brighton is a city on the south coast of England. It was called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex. In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of Brighton & Hove. Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London. +History. +From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France. Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770. Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians. +From 1780, development of Georgian terraced houses started. The fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of Brighton. Growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the Royal Pavilion built during the early part of his Regency. +The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Some major attractions such as the West Pier and the Brighton Palace Pier were built for the growing number of tourists. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901. +In 1984, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing killed five people. +Modern-day Brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation. It has two universities: University of Sussex and the University of Brighton. It also has 54 other schools. +In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Brighton has a thriving LGBT community and every year in the first weekend in August Pride festivities are held. + += = = Vincent van Gogh = = = +Vincent Willem van Gogh (30 March 1853 – 29 July 1890) was a Dutch post-impressionist painter. His work had a great influence on modern art because of its striking colours and emotional power. He suffered from delusions and fits of mental illness. When he was 37, he died by committing suicide. +When he was a young man, Van Gogh worked for a company of art dealers. He traveled between The Hague, London and Paris. After that, he taught in England. He then wanted to become a pastor and spread the Gospel, and from 1879 he worked as a missionary in a mining place in Belgium. He began drawing the people there, and in 1885, he painted his first important work, "The Potato Eaters". He usually painted in dark colors at this time. In March 1886, he moved to Paris and found out about the French impressionists. Later, he moved to the south of France, and the colors in his art became brighter. His special style of art was developed and later fully grown during the time he stayed in Arles in 1888. +Early life. +He was born Vincent Willem van Gogh on 30 March 1853 in Groot-Zundert, Netherlands. His father, Theodorus van Gogh, was a pastor. His mother, Anna Cornelia Carbentus, was an artist. Van Gogh was brought up in a religious and cultured family. He was very emotional and he did not have a great deal of self-confidence. He was also a replacement child. He was born a year after the death of his brother, also named Vincent. He even had the same birthday. Living at the church rectory Vincent walked past the grave of his dead brother every day. There has been speculation that van Gogh suffered later psychological trauma as a result, but this cannot be proved. +Career. +Between 1860 and 1880, when he finally decided to become an artist, van Gogh had two sad romances. He also had worked unsuccessfully in a bookstore, as an art salesman, and a preacher. He remained in Belgium, where he had preached, to study art. The works of his early Dutch period are sad, sharp, and one of the most famous pictures from here is "The Potato Eaters", painted in 1885. In that year, van Gogh went to Antwerp where he found the works of famous artists and bought a lot of Japanese prints. +In 1886 he went to Paris to join his brother Theo, who was the manager of Goupil's gallery. In Paris, van Gogh studied with Cormon. He also met Pissarro, Monet, and Gauguin. This helped the colors of his paintings lighten and be painted in short strokes from the paintbrush. His nervous temper made him a difficult companion and night-long discussions combined with painting all day made him very unhealthy. He decided to go south to Arles where he hoped his friends would join him and help found a school of art. Gauguin did join him, but it did not help. Near the end of 1888, Gauguin left Arles. Van Gogh followed him with an open razor, but was stopped by Gauguin. Instead, he cut his own ear lobe off. After that, van Gogh began to get fits of madness and was sent to the asylum in Saint-Remy for medical treatment. He painted over 1,000 portraits. +Death. +In May 1890, he regained his health and went to live in Auvers-sur-Oise. However, two months later on 27 July, he shot himself in the chest with a revolver. He died two days later, with Theo at his side. Theo reported his last words as "La tristesse durera toujours", which meant, "The sadness will last forever" in French. +Legacy. +During his brief career he had only sold one painting. After his death, Van Gogh's finest works were all sold in less than three years. His mother threw away a lot of his paintings during his life and even after his death. But she lived long enough to see him become a world famous painter. He was not well known when he was alive, and most people did not appreciate his art. But he became very famous after his death. Today, many people consider him to be one of the greatest painters in history and an important influence on modern art. Van Gogh did not begin painting until he was almost 30. Most of his famous works were done in his last two years. He made more than 2,000 artworks, with 900 paintings and 1,100 drawings and sketches. Today, many of his pieces portraits, landscapes and sunflowers are some of the most famous and costly works of art in the world. Probably the most famous being "The Starry Night" done in 1889, which he is most known for. + += = = Rainbow = = = +A rainbow is an arc of colour in the sky that can be seen when the sun shines through falling rain. The pattern of colours, called a spectrum, starts with red on the outside and changes through orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet on the inside. Sometimes a second, larger, dimmer rainbow is seen. +A rainbow is created when white light is bent (refracted) while entering a droplet of water, split into separate colours, and reflected back. A rainbow is actually round like a circle. On the ground, the bottom part is hidden, but in the sky, like from a flying airplane, it can be seen as a circle around the point opposite the Sun. +Rainbows often appear after storms, and are popular symbols for peace in many cultures. +Cause. +The rainbow effect can be seen when there are water drops in the air and the sun is giving light at the back of the observer at a low distance up or angle. +Rainbows always appear opposite the Sun: they form circles around the shadow of your head (which is the point opposite the Sun). +While sunlight is white, all white light is actually a blend of many different colours. Water and other materials bend the different colours at different angles, some more strongly than others. This is called dispersion. By splitting up white light into its separate colours, rainbows appear colourful even though the source of light hitting them is white. +The rainbow displays with the deepest effect in our minds take place when: +Another common place to see the rainbow effect is near waterfalls. Parts of rainbows can be seen some of the time: +An unnatural rainbow effect can also be made by spraying drops of water into the air on a sunny day. +Colours of the rainbow. +"Main article: ROYGBIV" +The rainbow has no definite number of physical colours, but seven are traditionally listed. Below is a commonly used list of seven colors in the order seen in a rainbow. Computer screens cannot show them precisely but can make colors that look similar. (Each color shows the number codes used to tell a computer how to display the color.) +Gray rainbow colours. +<li style = "background-color: #755496;"> Violet-gray +(Hex: #755496) (RGB: 117, 84, 152)<li> + += = = Central Intelligence Agency = = = +The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is part of the US federal government and is located at the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia. The agency was formed in 1947 after World War II. Many of the people who started the CIA had been in the Office of Strategic Services, the main American spy agency during the war. General John K. Singlaub was one of the people who created the CIA. +The United States has a history in intelligence services dating back to its origins. During the American Revolution, George Washington and other Founding Fathers of the United States such as Benjamin Franklin, Robert Morris, and Patrick Henry used espionage networks. +The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency has been William Joseph Burns since March 19th, 2021. +The CIA is made up of four groups, which do different things. Its goal is to protect the US people. Many people feel that the CIA does more bad than good. Other people say that the CIA does good by finding out secret information about enemies of the United States. Others think those secrets should remain secret. American law makes it illegal for the CIA and other agencies to kill foreign leaders. +In 1992, Saddam Hussein tried to kill US President George H. W. Bush, who used to be director of the CIA, during a visit to Kuwait. The assassination plot failed. In revenge, President Bill Clinton ordered cruise missiles to be fired at the building of the Iraqi equivalent to the CIA. That occurred at night and so only the cleaners were killed, not those who had planned the assassination. +CIA has many clandestine, or secret, operations. Some CIA employees have been killed during their work. Their names are on a CIA memorial with a star for them, but some of the names are still secret. The number of stars is deliberately inaccurate. +The CIA also uses open sources to gather information. Analysts read foreign newspapers and watch foreign news broadcasts to learn information, which can be pieced together to make a conclusion. +The CIA used to report to the President. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, a reorganization made the CIA and other intelligence agencies report to a Director of National Intelligence. +The CIA has been featured in many television and film productions, including the American television show "The Agency," the American television mini-series "The Company," the film "Spy Game" that stars Robert Redford and Brad Pitt, "Night Flight to Moscow" that stars Yul Brenner, "Scorpio" that stars Burt Lancaster, "Clear and Present Danger" that stars Harrison Ford; "Ice Station Zebra," and several James Bond films that featured the CIA agent Felix Leiter. + += = = 1975 = = = +1975 (MCMLXXV) was . + += = = Thomas Dolby = = = +Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science". +He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together. + += = = Seismic retrofit = = = +Seismic retrofitting is the modification of buildings that already exist to make them resistant to earthquakes. Seismic retrofitting techniques can be applied to other kinds of natural disasters such as tornadoes and strong winds from thunderstorms. +Seismic retrofit performance objectives. +Main levels of retrofitted building structure performance objectives may vary, namely: + += = = Company (disambiguation) = = = +The word company has several meanings: + += = = Rio de Janeiro = = = +Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. It is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro. Until April 21, 1960 it was the capital city of Brazil. According to the 2000 Census, the city had 5,473,909 people, and an area of over 1,000 km2. In 2008 Eduardo Paes became Mayor. The city was started in 1565. +Copacabana Beach, Ipanema Beach, Sugar Loaf Mountain (in Portuguese, "Pão de Açúcar"), the statue of Christ the Redeemer (in Portuguese, "Cristo Redentor"), a harbor on Guanabara Bay, and Tom Jobim Airport are in Rio de Janeiro. It has much commerce and many industries, especially textiles, food, chemicals, and metallurgy. Most of these industries are in the northern and western suburbs of the city. Rio de Janeiro also has a small rural area, near the suburb of Campo Grande, where fruits and vegetables are grown. +Other cities near Rio de Janeiro, like Duque de Caxias, Nova Iguaçu, Queimados and São Gonçalo, that form the Metropolitan Region of Rio de Janeiro, also have a lot of industries and population. +The city is 420 kilometers (about 261 miles) away from São Paulo, the biggest city in South America. The cities of Rio and São Paulo are linked by the Presidente Dutra Highway (also known as "Via Dutra"). The region crossed by the Presidente Dutra Highway has been an important industrial zone since the 1950s. +In the city of Rio de Janeiro lies Tijuca National Park, created in 1961. This park contains some 33 km2, between the northern and the southern parts of the city. The district (in Portuguese, "bairro") of Santa Tereza can be reached by taking an electric tram (in Portuguese, "bonde") from central Rio de Janeiro (near "Largo da Carioca" subway station), crossing over the "Arcos da Lapa", an aqueduct built during the colonial period to provide water to the city. +The city hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 2016. + += = = Andrew Jackson = = = +Andrew Jackson Jr. (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845) was an American politician who was the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. He was the first president to be a Democrat and is on the twenty dollar bill. His nickname was "Old Hickory". He forced many Native Americans to leave their homeland so white people could live there, and many died and contracted diseases. This was called the Trail of Tears. He was also the first president to ride in a train. +Early life. +As a boy Andrew Jackson was a messenger for the Continental Army. The British caught him and mistreated him. +He was the first U.S. president who was not born into a rich family. He was not a rich man and did not have a college education. He moved to Tennessee and became a politician. +Military. +During the War of 1812, he became a general and won the Battle of New Orleans which made him very famous. He joined the war because of childhood trauma that he had endured during the Revolutionary War; both his mother and his brother died during the war, and Jackson blamed the British and wanted to avenge his late loved ones. +Marriage. +In 1791, he fell in love with Rachel Donelson Robards. They went through a marriage ceremony. However, the marriage was not legal because she had not been granted a divorce from her first husband. Therefore, they married legally three years later. They had no children, but they adopted several. He became rich and owned a large plantation. +Politics. +In the 1790s Jackson was a member of the United States House of Representatives, the United States Senate, and the Supreme Court of Tennessee. In 1823 he returned to the Senate. +Andrew Jackson reorganized the Democratic Party and was its leader. +In 1828, he defeated John Quincy Adams in the Presidential Election of 1828, he became president on March 4, 1829, and four years later he was re-elected to a second term as president. In the Nullification Crisis of 1832-1833, South Carolina declared secession from the United States. Jackson threatened war, and then compromised. +In January 1835, Jackson was almost assassinated when an unemployed painter wanted to shoot him but both his guns jammed. He is the first president to have had an attempted assassination. +In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act which allowed the U.S. government to violently force the Native Americans to move from their land and go west. Many Native Americans were killed and the path they walked to get to the west was called the Trail of Tears. +Andrew Jackson was against the national bank of the United States because he felt that banks and their banknotes were for rich and powerful people and did not serve the interests of the common man. The national bank expired during Jackson's presidency. Jackson chose not to continue the bank. +On March 4, 1837, Andrew Jackson finished his second term. After that, vice-president Martin Van Buren was elected president and continued many of the things Jackson did. Jackson was a big influence on other Democrats during the 1800s. He died in Nashville Tennessee at age 78 due to heart failure. +Legacy. +Jackson's legacy among historians is mixed and heavily debated. Some have liked him because he was against aristocrats, bankers, businessmen, the British Empire, cities, and paper money, and in favor of ordinary country people. Some have disliked him for the same reasons and because he was in favor of war and against Indians. + += = = Pillow = = = +A pillow is a soft cushion that a person puts under their head when they are sleeping in a bed. +A pillow is made from two pieces of cloth that are sewn together and stuffed with a soft material, such as feathers, duck down, or synthetic batting (man made soft stuffing). Pillows are usually rectangular. Pillows are covered with a fabric sheet called a pillowcase. The pillowcase protects the pillow from getting dirty. +The word "pillow" comes from Middle English "pilwe", from Old English "pyle" (akin to Old High German "pfuliwi") and from Latin "pulvinus". The word "pillow" was first known to be used before the 12th century. +History. +There is no clear inventor of the pillow. Millions of years ago, animals learned to use pillows. An early example is monkeys resting their heads on their arm. Many animals, including birds, use wood and stone nests as pillows. Many domesticated animals have also learned to make use of human-made pillows and cushions. They also rest on members of their own and other species for the same reason. +Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt. +In ancient Mesopotamia, people slept on stone pillows. Pillows were a status symbol. Early pillows were rectangular and had grooves shaped for the head. Pillows showed the wealth of a person — the more a person owned the wealthier they were. +Anicent Egyptians used pillows as a solution to back, neck and shoulder pain. They also prevented insects from crawling in their hair, mouth or nose at night. Anicent Egyptian pillows were made out of wood and stone and looked like stands. These pillows were mostly used for the deceased. + += = = Whaler = = = +A whaler is a person who hunts whales, or the boat they use. +They hunt whales for their oil, made from their fat, called "blubber", and the meat. Today, there is a treaty which bans the hunt of some whale species. Most countries signed the treaty. A few countries still hunt whales for research purposes. Among those countries are Norway, Iceland and Japan. + += = = Crayon = = = +A crayon (or wax pastel) is a stick of pigmented wax used for writing or drawing. Wax crayons differ from pastels, in which the pigment is mixed with a dry binder such as gum arabic, and from oil pastels, where the binder is a mixture of wax and oil. +Crayons are available in a range of prices, and are easy to work with. They are less messy than most paints and markers, blunt (removing the risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen), typically non-toxic, and available in a wide variety of colors. These characteristics make them particularly good instruments for teaching small children to draw in addition to being used widely by student and professional artists. + += = = Self-defence = = = +Self-defence means fighting off something or another person to protect yourself and maybe others. Ways of self-defence include martial arts or using a weapon. Sometimes, self-defense can cause serious harm to the other person. In most nations, you cannot be prosecuted for this harm. In the United States, an act of self-defence can only count as self-defence if the victim is in a situation that can cause them serious injury or death. In international law all persons have the right to self-defence. +Defence of others. +The law of self-defence is the same when you protect others. Generally, you must have a good reason or belief that you needed to defend yourself in self-defence. However, in many places, if the court decides that the defence may have been too extreme, the person may face criminal and civil charges. + += = = 1153 = = = +1153 was a common year. + += = = 1913 = = = +1913 (MCMXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar, and a common year starting on a Tuesday in the 13-day slower Julian calendar. It was the 913th year of the 2nd Millennium, 13th year of the 20th Century and the 4th year of the 1910s decade. + += = = 1469 = = = +1469 was a common year. + += = = Dodgeball = = = +Dodgeball is a sport played by throwing soft balls, or hard rubber balls, at people in a square court. The goal is to be the last one to be hit with the ball. Players may only throw balls at people who are not on their own team. If a player is hit by the ball,he or she should go to the outside of the court to the other team. From the outside, players throw the ball at players still on the inside. +Dodgeball is often played in elementary schools in physical education classes. Many school children play this game. In recent years, many adults who played it as children have formed adult leagues and clubs. Also, some schools have banned it (this means that made it against the rules to play it), because players can get hurt when playing the game. Tournaments are sometimes held in schools. +Dodgeball, because of its recent popularity, inspired a film "" (2004) starring Ben Stiller and Vince Vaughn, and a game show, "Extreme Dodgeball". + += = = Local area network = = = +A local area network (LAN) is a computer network in a small area like a home, office, or school. Many computers can be connected to share information and Internet connections. Most LANs use Ethernet to connect together. +Topology. +LAN topologies tell you how ROM devices are organised. Five common LAN topologies exist: bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh. These topologies are logical architectures. This means that they tell you the directions that signals go between devices, but that the actual cables that connect the devices might not be connected the same way. For example, logical bus and ring topologies are commonly organized physically as a star. + += = = Pharaoh = = = +As ancient Egyptian rulers, pharaohs were both the heads of state and the religious leaders of their people. The word “pharaoh” means “Great House,” a reference to the palace where the pharaoh resides. While early Egyptian rulers were called “kings,” over time, the name “pharaoh” stuck. +As the religious leader of the Egyptians, the pharaoh was considered the divine intermediary between the gods and Egyptians. Maintaining religious harmony and participating in ceremonies were part of the pharaoh’s role as head of the religion. As a statesman, the pharaoh made laws, waged war, collected taxes, and oversaw all the land in Egypt (which was owned by the pharaoh). +Many scholars believe the first pharaoh was Narmer, also called Menes. Though there is some debate among experts, many believe he was the first ruler to unite upper and lower Egypt (this is why pharaohs hold the title of “lord of two lands”). Pharaohs were typically male, although there were some noteworthy female leaders, like Hatshepsut and Cleopatra. Hatshepsut, in particular, was a successful ruler, but many inscriptions and monuments about her were destroyed after her death—perhaps to stop future women from becoming pharaohs. +After their deaths, many pharaohs were entombed and surrounded by riches they were meant to use in the afterlife. Explorers and archaeologists have discovered these tombs and learned a great deal about ancient Egyptian society from them. One very famous example was in 1922 when archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamen, a pharaoh who died when he was only nineteen. +Hatshepsut. +Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Hatshepsut was the second historically confirmed female pharaoh. She came to the throne in 1478 BC. This masks presents the idealized forms of Hatshepsut's face, perfect features with equal symmetry! +King Tutankhamun. +King Tutankhamun was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh who ruled between 1334 - 1325 BC. Tutankhamun was the last of his royal family to rule during the end of the 18th Dynasty. +Cleopatra VII. +Cleopatra VII was the queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt was an ancient Hellenistic state. Cleopatra’s leadership saw her forestall the fall of Egypt to the Roman Empire. +Amenhotep III. +Amenhotep III was the ninth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He ruled Egypt from June 1386 to 1349 BC. He reigned during the peak of Egypt's artistic and international power. +King Narmer. +King Narmer was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period. Scholars have considered Narmer the unifier of Egypt and founder of the First Dynasty. +Ramesses III. +Ramesses III was the second Pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. Ramesses III reigned from 1186 to 1155 BC and is believed to have been the last great monarch of the New Kingdom to wield power over Egypt. +Thutmose I. +Thutmose I was the third pharaoh of the eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. Thutmose I campaigned deep into the Levant and Nubia, pushing the borders of Egypt farther than before. +Pepi I Meryre. +Pepi I Meryre was an Ancient Egyptian pharaoh and the third king of the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled for over forty years during the 24th and 23rd centuries BC, towards the end of the Old Kingdom Period. +King Userkaf. +Userkaf was a pharaoh of ancient Egypt and the founder of the Fifth Dynasty. Userkaf reigned during the Old Kingdom Period for seven to eight years in early 25th century BC. It is believed that Userkaf may have been a high priest of Ra before ascending to the throne. +Djedefre. +Djedefre was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh king of the 4th Dynasty during the Old Kingdom. Djedefre was the son and immediate throne successor of Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza. +Queen Nefertiti. +Nefertiti was a queen of the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt and the Great Royal Wife of Pharaoh Akhenaten. Nefertiti and her husband were known to lead a religious revolution as the couple only believed in one god, Aten, the disc of the sun. + += = = Gilligan's Island = = = +Gilligan's Island is a 1964 American television series. The series is about seven people (two crew members and five tourists) who take a 3-hour sightseeing tour from a marina in Hawaii. This occurs on the boat, S.S. "Minnow". An unexpected storm sends the boat to an uncharted island. Now, the passengers of the boat have to live on the island and try to find a way home. Most of the episodes involved the characters trying to survive a problem or trying to contact help. + += = = Diaper = = = +A diaper (or nappy) is a piece of clothing. It is worn by those who cannot control their urine or feces. +Diapers can be made of cloth (usually cotton) that can be washed and used again. They can also be disposable (put in the garbage after they are used up). Disposable diapers are usually made of plastic or man-made (artificial) fibers and contain chemicals that are very absorbent. +Diapers that can be washed must be folded in intricate ways (like origami) before being put on. With the disposable you must constantly buy new ones. +Viewed as unpleasant by some, diapers are mostly used by children from birth until the child has learned to use a toilet. They are also used by older people. There are adult diapers for people with medical problems. +In the United Kingdom, Australia and several other countries, a diaper is called a nappy. +Sometimes adults who do not have medical problems also wear diapers. This can be for different reasons. Sometimes it is because they have a profession where they cannot always get to a bathroom, like astronauts. Some adults wear diapers for fun. This is usually a form of sexual pleasure, or for emotional reasons. These people are often called "diaper-lovers" or "adult-babies." The scientific term for liking to wear diapers is "Diaper Fetishists." + += = = Mork & Mindy = = = +Mork and Mindy is an American television sitcom which ran from 1978 to 1982. It stars Robin Williams and Pam Dawber as the title characters. The series was made by Garry Marshall. Comedian Jonathan Winters has a recurring role in the series. "Mork and Mindy" is a spin-off from Marshall's other popular TV series, "Happy Days". The plot of the series is that alien named Mork from a planet called Ork who travels to Earth and becomes friends with a woman named Mindy in Boulder, Colorado. + += = = 1954 = = = +1954 (MCMLIV) was . + += = = American Samoa = = = +American Samoa (; , ; also ' or ') is a territory of the United States. It is part of the Samoan Islands in the southern Pacific Ocean. +In 1899, Germany and the U.S. divided the Samoan group of islands. The U.S. got the smaller group of islands on the east side. These islands had a good harbor near the capital city, Pago Pago. The western islands were run by Germany and then by New Zealand and are now the independent country Samoa. +Officially, American Samoa is an "unorganized" territory. This means that the U.S. Congress has not passed an Organic Act. But the people who live in American Samoa rule themselves. Their constitution became effective on July 1, 1967. +The capital of American Samoa is Pago Pago, but the seat of government is Fagatogo. +Citizenship. +People who are born in American Samoa are called U.S. nationals, not U.S. citizens. This means they have some of the same rights as citizens but not all of them. Unlike people who are not Americans at all, American Samoans can go to any other part of the United States they want and live there for as long as they want. But they are not allowed to vote, to be on juries in court, to run for office, or to hold any job that the employee has to be a citizen to hold. For contrast, someone born in Puerto Rico or Guam is a citizen, so if they move to a state, they are allowed to vote in that state and in all federal elections. +Some American Samoans like that they are not American citizens and others do not. Some American Samoans say that being nationals and not citizens makes it easier for them to keep the fa'a Samoa, the Samoan way of life. In 2019, three American Samoans living in Utah sued the U.S. government to say they are citizens. The judge agreed with them. The judge said that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution says that anyone born in any part of the United States is a citizen, and that should mean American Samoans too. But the next day, he said they should not register to vote until after an appeal judge has seen the case. +In 2016, the United States Supreme Court decided they did not want to look at a case about whether American Samoans are citizens. +References. +Notes + += = = Disgust = = = +Disgust is an emotion. People feel it when they see, touch, hear, or taste something that they think is nasty or repulsive. It is also caused by scorn. For example, when one finds something dirty or not fit to eat. Levels of disgust vary based on cultural, religious, and personal backgrounds/experiences. Disgust can be deliberate as someone can do something on purpose to create this emotion. + += = = 1723 = = = +1723 (MDCCXIII) was a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar. + += = = Oven = = = +Ovens are closed, heated containers which are used for heating, baking, and drying. It is used the most often in cooking and pottery. They provide even, dry heat to all surfaces of food inside them. An indoor oven can have an electric heating element, or be fired by natural gas or coal. Outdoor ovens are often made of brick or clay and are buried in hot coals. An oven which is used for making pottery is called a kiln. An oven used for heating or industrial processes is called a furnace. They are hot inside, and often things come out of them hot. +History. +The people in the settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization were the first to have an oven inside of their mud-brick houses by 3200 B.C. +People who study the history of food give credit to the Greeks for making the baking of bread into an art. A type of oven called Front-loaded bread ovens were created in ancient Greece. + += = = Pot = = = +A cooking pot is a vessel to cook in. It is often larger than a pan, and will be taller than it is wide. +Pots are used for boiling liquids, like soups or stew. + += = = Liquid = = = +A liquid is a form of matter. It is settled between solid and gas. Liquid has an almost-fixed volume, but no set shape. +Every small force makes a liquid change its shape by flowing. Because of that, gravity makes liquids always take the shape of the container. The molecules that make up the liquid can freely move among themselves. +Fluids that flow slowly have a high viscosity. Some fluids like tar have such a high viscosity that they may seem solid. +It is difficult (near impossible) to compress a liquid. If a liquid is cooled down until it is colder than a certain temperature, it will become a solid. This temperature is called the melting point or freezing point and is different for every different type of liquid. If a liquid is heated up it becomes a gas. The temperature this happens at is called the boiling point. +Examples of liquid are water, oils, tar and blood. +In a liquid, the liquid on the top presses down on the liquid underneath, so at the bottom the pressure, "p", is bigger than at the top. The equation for working this out is: +where "z" is the depth of the point below the surface and "g" is how strong gravity is pulling on the liquid. "�" is a number that tells us how heavy a set amount of the liquid is. We call this the density and it is different for all liquids. + += = = 1806 = = = +1806 (MDCCCVII) was . + += = = 1836 = = = +1836 was a leap year. + += = = White = = = +White is the brightest color. White light can be made by putting all the other colors of light on the spectrum together. These other colors are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. +Meaning of white. +White is linked with light, goodness, innocence, purity, cleanliness and virginity. It is sometimes thought to be the color of perfection. The opposite of black, white usually has a positive connotation. White can stand for a successful beginning. In heraldry, white depicts faith and purity. +In advertising, white is linked with coolness and cleanliness because it is the color of snow. You can use white to show simplicity in high-tech products. White is an appropriate color for charitable organizations; angels are usually imagined wearing white clothes. White is associated with hospitals, doctors, and cleanliness, so you can use white to show safety when promoting medical products. White is often linked with low weight, low-fat food, and dairy products. + += = = French Guiana = = = +French Guiana () is an overseas department and region of France, on the north Atlantic coast of South America. By land area, it is the second largest region of France (after Nouvelle-Aquitaine) and the largest overseas department of France and of the European Union. +Its prefecture and largest city is Cayenne. +Name. +"Guiana" comes from an Amerindian language ("Arawak") that means "land of many waters". The addition of the word "French" in most languages other than French comes from colonial times when there were five in the region; they were, from west to east: +French Guiana and the two larger countries to the north and west, Guyana and Suriname, are still often collectively referred to as the "Guianas" and form the Guiana Shield. +Geography. +French Guiana borders two countries: Surinam to the west, and Brazil to the east and south. To the north is the Atlantic Ocean. There are two main geographical regions: a coastal strip where the majority of the people live, and a dense rainforest which gradually rises to the modest peaks of the Tumuc-Humac mountains along the Brazilian frontier. +The highest point in the department is Bellevue de l'Inini Bellevue de l'Inini in the Maripasoula "commune"; it is () high. Other mountains are "Mont Machalou" (), "Pic Coudreau" () and "Mont St Marcel" (). +Several small islands are found off the coast, the three Îles du Salut which include Devil's Island, and the isolated Îles du Connétable further along the coast towards Brazil. +The Petit-Saut Dam in the north of the department forms an artificial lake and provides hydroelectricity. There are many rivers in French Guiana. +It is the French department with more forests, 98% of the department is covered with an equatorial forest. +, the Amazon rainforest in the most southern part of the department, is protected as the Guiana Amazonian Park, one of the ten national parks of France. The territory of the park covers some in the "communes" of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie and Saül. +Climate. +The climate in Cayenne, at an altitude of above sea level, is of the subtype Af (Tropical Rainforest Climate also known as Equatorial Climate) in the Köppen climate classification. +The average temperature for the year in Cayenne is . The warmest month, on average, is September with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of . +The average amount of precipitation for the year in Cayenne is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is September with an average of . There is an average of 201.0 days of precipitation, with the most precipitation occurring in May with 27.0 days and the least precipitation occurring in September with 5.0 days. +Administration. +The department of French Guiana is managed by the "Collectivité territorial de la Guyane" in Cayenne. +Administrative divisions. +There are 2 "arrondissements" (districts) and 22 "communes" (municipalities) in French Guiana. The cantons of the department were eliminated on 31 December 2015 by the Law 2011-884 of 27 July 2011. +The 22 "communes" in the department are: +Demographics. +The inhabitants of French Guiana are known, in French, as "Guyanais" (women: "Guyanaises"). +French Guiana has a population, in 2014, of 252,338, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. The city with more people living in it is the capital, Cayenne (55,817 inhabitants). The subprefecture of Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni has 44,169 inhabitants. +Evolution of the population in French Guiana +Economy. +The main traditional industries are fishing, gold mining and timber. The Guiana Space Centre of the European Space Agency has played a significant role in the local economy since it was established in Kourou in 1964. +Devils Island Prison. +Three Islands off the coast were used by the French Government from 1852 to 1953 as Prison Islands. +They were: +<br>Convicts who were sentenced to more than 8 years and survived and served their terms could not return to France but were required to stay on as involunatary settlers for the rest of their lives.<br> +Famous Inmates: + += = = Nigger = = = +Nigger is a racist insult against black people. It is also known as the "hard R", because the word ends in 'er' instead of 'a', as in the word "nigga". The word "nigga" is used in pop culture slang by black people. However, it is commonly used by those who believe that their people are better than black people. +The word came from a slang way to say "negro". That is the word for the color black and for black people in Spanish and Portuguese. Before 1865, most black people in the United States were slaves. During that time, the word "nigger" commonly meant a slave. Writers such as Joseph Conrad, Mark Twain, and Charles Dickens often used the word in their stories and their other writing. +However, in the late 20th century, the word was seen as a hurtful racial slur in English. It was called hate speech. "Nigger" was seen as very offensive to say or hear which caused many to not use the word at all. They instead called the word "The N-Word" or "The Hard-R". +Later, the word started to become more popularized and less offensive to say since the "N-Word Pass" came to birth by Generation Z otherwise known as GenZ. More Non-African Americans started to say it. Since the "N-Word Pass" came to birth, the word has reemerged as a casual insult or in a "humorous" way by younger generations and is not seen as racist by the majority of youth. + += = = Biography = = = +A biography is the story of a person's life. The word comes from the Greek words "bios" (which means life) and "graphein" (which means write). When the biography is written by the person it is about, it is called an autobiography. +A written biography is a part of literature. Biographies can also be made as movies (often called biopics) or told as stories. +The oldest written biographies that historians have were written to record rulers' lives. Some were written in Assyria, ancient Babylonia, ancient Egypt and ancient Mesopotamia. Biographies were an early form of history. Another early form of biography was called "hagiography," meaning writing about holy people. +In ancient China, a biography was one of the basic forms of a history book. In India, biographies of Buddha and his reincarnated lives were written. In ancient Greece, people wrote biographies of people that were not rulers too. Xenophon wrote a biography of Socrates and gave this book the name "Memorabilia" (Memories). During the Roman Empire, Plutarch wrote "Parallel Lives" about ancient Greek and Roman politicians, and Suetonius wrote biographies of the Roman emperors. The Gospels were also biographies of Jesus Christ. +In West Africa, griots tell histories which often include biographies. +Many written biographies today are released by publishers as products for sale. + += = = Ralph Nader = = = +Ralph Nader (born February 27, 1934) is an American attorney, politician and political activist. He is best known for working for the rights of consumers, for his third party runs for President of the United States, and for helping George Bush get elected in the 2000 presidential election. He ran for president in 1996, 2000 and 2004, but failed to win. In the 2008 election, Nader placed third overall, with 660,094 votes, or about .38%. Nader was born in Winsted, Connecticut. His parents, Nathra and Rose Nader, were Lebanese immigrants. He is a fluent and native speaker of the Arabic language. + += = = Jamie Farr = = = +Jamie Farr (born July 1, 1934) is an American actor of Lebanese descent. He is best known for his role as Corp./later Sgt. Maxwell Q. Klinger on the 1970s TV show, "M*A*S*H". His real name is Jameel Joseph Farha and he was born in Toledo, Ohio. +Farr also appeared in movies like "The Blackboard Jungle" (1955) and "The Cannonball Run" (1980), was a regular "celebrity judge" on "The Gong Show" and has a golf tournament named after him. + += = = Free software = = = +Free software is software (computer program) that anyone may run, share and change, at any time, for any reason. In this case, "free" means "freedom-respecting" (we say "free as in freedom"). The opposite of free software is proprietary software. +In 1984, Richard Stallman started the free software movement when he began the GNU project. Examples of free software are Linux (the kernel), Blender, OpenBSD, Inkscape and others. Wikipedia also uses free software. +Free software and open source. +Free software is very similar, but different from open source software. +People who use the name “free software” think that computers should be more ethical and should try to help people who use computers. They think every human should have four basic rights for their programs. These are the rights to: +The Free software movement also says that all software should be free (as in freedom). It is because even a very small program that is proprietary can be very dangerous (it can for example spy on the user). +People who use the name “open source” refer to the same software following the same rules, but the community isn't as strict and doesn't say that everything should be open source. They avoid the ethics and instead say the rules are good because they help companies make business. +How free software works. +An author who wants to make his computer program free must allow other people to use it for anything (which doesn't break the law), study it, change it and share it without limits. The author does this by using a free license. +The author must not prohibit even selling his program by others or using his program for dangerous things or using it by people he doesn't like. This is not because the author supports bad things, but because he thinks that limiting user's rights is dangerous for them. +Free software and freeware. +The word “free” in “free software” means "freedom", not "price". People are allowed to sell Free software, but the person who buys the software can change it, give it away or sell it too. Free/Libre and Open-Source Software is sometimes abbreviated as FOSS or FLOSS to emphasize that it is about "free software", and not merely "freeware". +The words “free software” are sometimes used in English to just mean software that can be downloaded without paying money, which is confusing. Sometimes this software lets people make their own copies for other people, however it may not let people do all the things that they can do with real Free software, such as change it or sell it. In this case “free” means “free of charge”. To make the difference more clear, software that does not cost money should be called freeware; it is almost always proprietary software. + += = = 1804 = = = +1804 was a leap year. + += = = 1812 = = = +1812 was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. + += = = Zookeeper = = = +A zookeeper is a worker in a zoo, responsible for the feeding and daily care of the animals. As part of this, they clean the exhibits and report signs of bad health. They may also be involved in scientific research, and in public education, conducting tours or simply answering questions put by members of the public. +Qualifications and pay of zookeepers both vary widely. A junior keeper in a small zoo may have no qualifications other than an affinity for the job, while a senior keeper in a large zoo would most probably have both a relevant college degree and extensive experience. +Generally, a liking for animals and outside work and willingness to undertake moderate and sometimes dirty physical work are required. Many animals are themselves heavy and strong-smelling, as is the food some of them eat. Handling such is part of the job at times. + += = = Cage = = = +A cage is a box which is made to keep something inside of, without it being able to get out (such as an animal). Cages are usually made of many metal bars. +A cage which has birds in it is called a "birdcage". + += = = Toddler = = = +A toddler is a very young child who is learning how to use their hands, stand and walk, and also how to communicate with others. +Most children are toilet trained while they are toddlers. +Even when toddlers can walk, they are often transported in a stroller, buggy, or pushchair when the walk is a long distance or when they're tired. Toddlerhood typically begins after age one and is over by the time the child is 4, but this can differ depending on the child. + += = = Ronald McDonald = = = +Ronald McDonald is an American clown character who is a mascot of the McDonald's fast-food restaurant. +He wears yellow and red stripes and has wacky hair. He lives in McDonaldland, with lots of his friends. The first actor to play Ronald McDonald was famous weatherman and Bozo the Clown actor Willard Scott. Later the actor for Coco the Clown, Michael Polakovs, redesigned Ronald McDonald's outfit and make-up, which is the version still used by today's Ronald McDonald actors. The fictional character is a heroic magical adventurer that stands up good and freedom, such as saving the rain forest and supporting Ronald McDonald House Charities. +Actors. +McDonald's has many actors employed to portray Ronald McDonald in restaurants and events. It is assumed, however, that the company uses only one actor at a time to play the character in television commercials. +This is a list of these main actors: +An actor by the name of Joe Maggard stated in an interview of The Guardian in 2014 that he portrayed the Ronald McDonald character from 1995 to 2007. However, It was stated in a 2003 article by The Baltimore Sun that Maggard was only a stand-in actor for one commercial shoot in the mid 90s and stated that "he is definitely not Ronald McDonald", as Jack Doepke and David Hussey were the real current portrayers as Ronald throughout the time period Joe claimed he did. In 1998, he was charged of carrying a weapon in the New Hanover County, N.C., McDonalds and the next year he was convicted in making harassing telephone calls posing as Ronald. The judge ordered him to take anger management classes. + += = = Bob Marley = = = +Robert Nesta "Bob" Marley (February 6, 1945 May 11, 1981) was an important Jamaican singer-songwriter and musician in the 1970s and 1980s. He made the style of reggae music very popular all over the world. His music told stories of his home and the Rastafarian religion that he followed. Some songs were about religion and some songs were about politics like Get Up Stand Up. +Bob Marley was born on February 6, 1945 in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica to a black teenager, Cedella Booker, and a white man named Norvall Marley. When he was young, his friends gave him the nickname, "Tuff Gong". He started his music career in the 1960s with his group the Wailing Wailers (or simply the Wailers), that he formed with two friends, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. In 1962, Bob Marley and the Wailing Wailers recorded their first two songs called "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee". +Bob married Rita Anderson in 1966 and she joined the group as a back-up singer. They had five children together. One is Ziggy Marley, who is also a well-known reggae performer. +In 1974, the Wailers broke up because three of the band members wanted to pursue solo careers. Marley continued calling his band Bob Marley and the Wailers and joined together with new members to continue playing music. In 1975, Bob Marley had his first international hit called "No Woman No Cry". In Jamaica, he is considered a folk hero. Some other hits of his include "Three Little Birds", "Africa Unite", "Buffalo Soldier", and "One Love". His most popular studio album was called "Legend", which includes his greatest hits. +Bob Marley died on 11 May 1981, at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami, Florida, of melanoma. He was one of the followers of Rastafarianism + += = = Leonardo DiCaprio = = = +Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio (; ; born November 11, 1974) is an American celebrity, actor, movie director, producer and writer. He starred in almost every popular movie, including "What's Eating Gilbert Grape", "Romeo + Juliet", "Titanic", "The Man in the Iron Mask", "The Beach", "Catch Me if You Can", "Gangs of New York", "The Aviator", "The Revenant" and "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood". His first movie was "Critters 3". +In 2016, DiCaprio won his first Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Hugh Glass in The Revenant. +Personal life. +DiCaprio was born in Los Angeles. His father, George, is of Italian and German descent, and his mother, Irmelin, is of German and Russian descent. +Legacy. +Leonardo's name short form "Leo" was used in Thalapathy Vijay's "Leo" film official trailer and the film is set to release in North America theatres on 18 October 2023. +Awards and nominations. +Golden Globe Award. +! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | National Board of Review Award +! colspan="3" style="background-color: #DAA520;" | Golden Globe Award + += = = John Candy = = = +John Franklin Candy (October 31, 1950 – March 4, 1994) was a Canadian actor. He is known for his comic roles in many movies and television series. + += = = Erwin Rommel = = = +Field Marshal Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel, The "Desert Fox" (born : 15 November 1891 in Heidenheim Württemberg/died : 14 October 1944 in Herrlingen,Free People’s State of Wurttemberg) was an officer of the German Army in World War I and World War II. He died in 1944 at the age of 52 . +In WWII, he commanded the German Army in North Africa during the North African Campaign (1940-1943) in a long struggle against the British 8th Army. He was finally defeated at El Alamein. Later in the war, he commanded the German forces defending the French coast against the Allied Normandy invasion (1944). +Rommel was well liked by the German public and respected by the Allies. He was thought to be chivalrous and humane, when other German leaders were not. His famous "Afrikakorps" was not accused of any war crimes. Soldiers captured by his army were treated well and orders to kill captured Jewish soldiers and civilians were ignored. +Rommel knew of the plan by senior officers to assassinate Hitler in 1944. When it failed, all concerned were tortured and executed. Hitler offered him the choice of suicide or court-martial, and he committed suicide. His death was announced as the death of a hero in battle. +Early life and career. +Rommel was born in Heidenheim, Germany, 45 kilometers (28 mi) from Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg which was then part of the German Empire, on November 15, 1891. He was baptised on 17 November 1891. His father, Erwin Rommel (18601913) was a math teacher, and later a secondary school headmaster at Aalen. His mother was Helene von Lutz, the daughter of a local government official. Rommel was the second of four children; Karl, Gerhard, and Helene. Rommel wrote that his "early years passed very happily." +At the age of 14, Rommel and a friend built a full-scale glider that was able to fly short distances. Young Erwin thought about being an engineer, and he showed a talent with technical work; however, because of his father, young Rommel joined the local 124th Württemberg Infantry Regiment as an officer cadet in 1910 and, shortly after, was sent to the Officer Cadet School in Danzig. He graduated on 15 November 1911, and was a lieutenant in January 1912. +While at Cadet School, early in 1911, Erwin Rommel had met his future wife, 17-year-old Lucia Maria Mollin (also called "Lucie") (b. 6 June 1894 in Danzig; d. 26 September 1971 in Stuttgart). They married on November 27, 1916, in Danzig, and on December 24, 1928 had a son, Manfred, who would later become the mayor of Stuttgart. Manfred died in 2013. After having met Lucie, some historians think that Rommel also had an affair with a woman called Walburga Stemmer in 1913, and they had a daughter named Gertrud. +World War I. +In World War I, Rommel fought in France, as well as in Romania and Italy, first as a member of the 6th Württemberg Infantry Regiment, and then in the Württemberg Mountain Battalion of the "Alpenkorps." While serving with that unit, he gained a reputation for making quick tactical decisions and taking advantage of enemy confusion. He was wounded three times and awarded the Iron Cross; First and Second Class. +Rommel also received Prussia's highest medal, the Pour le Mérite after fighting in the mountains of west Slovenia, in Battles of the Isonzo–Soca front. The award came as a result of the Battle of Longarone, and the capture of Mount Matajur, Slovenia, and its defenders, numbering 150 Italian officers, 9,000 men, and 81 pieces of artillery. His battalion used gas during the battles of the Isonzo and also played a key role in the victory of the Central Powers over the Italian army at the Battle of Caporetto. While fighting at Isonzo, Rommel was taken prisoner by the Italians. He escaped, and because he spoke Italian, he was back to the German lines within two weeks. Later, when the German and Italian armies were allied during the Second World War, Rommel realised that their lack of success in battle was due to poor leadership and equipment, which when fixed, easily made them equal to German forces. +World War II. +Poland 1939. +Rommel was a commander of the "Führerbegleithauptquartier" (Führer escort headquarters) during the Poland campaign, often moving up close to the front in the "Führersonderzug" train, seeing much of Hitler. After the Polish defeat, Rommel returned to Berlin to organize the Führer's victory parade, taking part himself as a member of Hitler's entourage. During the Polish campaign, Rommel was asked to help one of his wife's relatives, a Polish priest who had been arrested. When Rommel asked the Gestapo for information, the Gestapo found no information about the man's existence. +France 1940. +Rommel asked Hitler for command of a panzer division. On 6 February 1940, three months before the invasion of France, Rommel was given command of the 7th Panzer Division, for "Fall Gelb" ("Case Yellow"), the invasion of France and the Low Countries. Some other officers did not agree with his promotion. Rommel's initial request for command had been rejected by the Chief of Army Personnel, who cited his lack of previous experience with armoured units and his extensive prior experience in an Alpine unit made him a more suitable candidate to assume command of a mountain division that had recent need to fill its commanding-officer post. Rommel had, however, emphasized the use of mobile infantry and recognized the great usefulness of armoured forces in the Poland campaign. He set about learning and developing the techniques of armoured warfare with great enthusiasm. The decision to place him in command of an armoured division was borne out to be an excellent one. In May, 1940 his 7th Panzer Division became known as the "Ghost Division" because its rapid advances and fast-paced attacks often placed them so far forward that they were frequently out of communication with the rest of the German army. +North Africa 1941–1943. +Rommel's reward for his success was to be promoted and appointed commander of the 5th Light Division (later reorganised and redesignated "21.Panzer-Division") and of the "15.Panzer-Division" which, as the "Deutsches Afrikakorps,"() were sent to Libya in early 1941 in Operation Sonnenblume to aid the Italian troops which had suffered a heavy defeat from British Commonwealth forces in Operation Compass. It was in Africa where Rommel achieved his greatest fame as a commander. +Attitude. +Rommel was well known not only by the German people but also by his enemies. Stories of his chivalry and tactical ability earned him the respect of many opponents, including Claude Auchinleck, Winston Churchill, George S. Patton, Hugh Dowding, and Bernard Montgomery (who named a dog after him). Rommel was also respectful of his enemies. Hitler considered Rommel among his favorite generals. +The "Afrika Korps" was never accused of any war crimes, and Rommel himself referred to the fighting in North Africa as "Krieg ohne Hass" — war without hate. Numerous examples exist of this such as his refusal to carry out an order from Hitler to execute Jewish prisoners. During Rommel's time in France, Hitler ordered him to deport the Jews in France; Rommel did not. Several times he wrote letters protesting the treatment of the Jews. When British Major Geoffrey Keyes was killed during a failed commando raid to kill or capture Rommel behind German lines, Rommel ordered him buried with full military honours. Also, during the construction of the Atlantic Wall, Rommel directed that French workers were not to be used as slaves but were to be paid for their labour. +Death. +Rommel was not one of the group who planned the attempt on Hitler's life. Actually, he was not in favour of assassinating Hitler. Rommel believed an assassination attempt could spark civil war in Germany and Austria, and Hitler would have become a martyr for a lasting cause. Instead, Rommel insisted that Hitler be arrested and brought to trial for his crimes. Later, though, Rommel made up his mind to support the plot. +After the failed bomb attack of 20 July 1944, many conspirators were arrested. Rommel was perturbed at this development. It did not take long for his involvement to come to light. +Under Gestapo torture, one of that group revealed the names of several higher army officers who were consulted beforehand. Rommel was one of those. +Even more damningly, Carl Goerdeler, the main civilian leader of the Resistance, wrote on several letters and other documents that Rommel was a potential supporter and an acceptable military leader to be placed in a position of responsibility should their coup succeed. Nazi party officials in France reported that Rommel extensively and scornfully criticised Nazi incompetence and crimes. That sealed his fate. +The release of the movie "" (1951) helped his reputation as one of the most widely known and well-regarded leaders in the German Army. In the movie Patton (1970) Rommel was mentioned by General Patton in North Africa was fighting against the Nazis during the North African Campaign from 1940 to 1943 . + += = = Fermentation = = = +Fermentation is when a cell uses sugar for energy without using oxygen at the same time. +'Fermentation' also describes growing microorganisms on a growth medium. This is done to get a chemical product. French microbiologist Louis Pasteur studied fermentation and its microbial causes. The science of fermentation is known as "zymology". +Yeast is an organism that ferments. When yeast ferments sugar, the yeast uses sugar and produces alcohol. The process uses the coenzyme NAD: In metabolism, NAD helps redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. Fermentation is a less efficient form of respiration than oxidative respiration (respiration using oxygen). +The ethyl alcohol produced by yeast is used to make beverages or biofuel. Yeast can be also used to grow bakery products like bread and cakes faster. In some cases yeast might be used to speed up the process of creation of wine. +Other cells make vinegar or lactic acid when they ferment sugar. In a different way, the fermentation process can continue and turn the alcohol into vinegar i.e. acetic acid. +Types of fermentation. +When yeast ferments, it breaks down the glucose (C6H12O6) into ethanol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide (CO2). + += = = Flower = = = +A flower is the reproductive part of flowering plants. Flowers are also called the bloom or blossom of a plant. Flowers have petals. Inside the part of the flower that has petals are the parts which produce pollen and seeds. +In all plants, a flower is usually its most colourful part. We say the plant 'flowers', 'is flowering' or 'is in flower' when this colourful part begins to grow bigger and open out. There are many different kinds of flowers in different areas in the world. Even in the coldest places, for example the Arctic, flowers can grow during a few months. +Flowers may grow separately on the plant, or they may grow together in an inflorescence. +Structure of flowers. +To investigate the structure of a flower, it must be dissected, and its structure summarised by a floral diagram or a floral formula. Then its family can be identified with the aid of a flora, which is a book designed to help you identify plants. +Four basic parts. +Flowers have four basic parts, from the outside in they are: +Although this arrangement is typical, plant species show a wide variation in floral structure. The modifications produced in the evolution of flowering plants are used by botanists to find relationships among plant species. +Flowers are an important evolutionary advance made by flowering plants. Some flowers are dependent upon the wind to move pollen between flowers of the same species. Their pollen grains are light-weight. Many others rely on insects or birds to move pollen. Their pollen grains are heavier. The role of flowers is to produce seeds. These are inside what botanists call the fruit. Fruits and seeds are a means of dispersal. Plants do not move, but wind, animals and birds spread the plants across the landscape. +Since the ovules are protected by carpels, it takes something special for fertilisation to happen. Angiosperms have pollen grains made of just three cells. One cell drills down through the integuments, to make a passage for the two sperm cells to flow down. The megagametophyte is a tiny haploid female plant which includes the egg. It has just seven cells. Of these, one is the egg cell; it fuses with a sperm cell, forming the zygote. Another cell joins with the other sperm, and forms a nutrient-rich endosperm. The other cells take auxiliary roles. This process of "double fertilisation" is unique, and is common to all angiosperms. +Evolution of flowers. +Flowers are modified leaves. They are only present in flowering plants (angiosperms), which are relatively late to appear in the fossil record. +Early fossils of flowers and flowering plants are known from 130 million years ago, in the Lower Cretaceous. However, flowers had a much longer history, the extent of which is not yet fully known. There were flowers from the early Jurassic, 50 million years earlier than was previously thought. +The flowering plants were thought to have evolved from within the gymnosperms. However, the known gymnosperms are a clade which is distinct from the angiosperms. Apparently, the two clades diverged (split) some 300 million years ago. That is about the boundary of the Carboniferous period with the Permian period. +Uses of flowers. +As decoration. +Flowers have long been admired and used by humans. Most people think that flowers are beautiful. Many people also love flowers for their fragrances (scents). People enjoy seeing flowers growing in gardens. People also enjoy growing flowers in their backyards, outside their homes. People often wear flowers on their clothes or give flowers as a gift during special occasions, holidays, or rituals, such as the birth of a new baby (or a Christening), at weddings (marriages), at funerals (when a person dies). People often buy flowers from businesses called florists. +As a name. +Some parents name their children, most often girls, after a flower. Some common flower names are: Rose, Lily, Daisy, Holly, Hyacinth, Jasmine, Blossom. +As food. +People eat some types of flowers. Flower vegetables include broccoli, cauliflower and artichoke. The most expensive spice, saffron, comes from the crocus flower. Other flower spices are cloves and capers. Hops flowers are used to flavor beer. Dandelion can be made into wine. +Honey is flower nectar that has been collected and processed by bees. Honey is often named by the type of flower that the bees are using (for example, clover honey). Some people put flowers from nasturtiums, chrysanthemums, or carnations in their food. Flowers can also be made into tea. Dried flowers, such as chrysanthemum, rose, and jasmine, can be used to make tea. +Special meanings. +Flowers were used to signal meanings in the time when social meetings between men and women was difficult. Lilies made people think of life. Red roses made people think of love, beauty, and passion. In Britain, Australia and Canada, poppies are worn on special holidays as a mark of respect for those who served and died in wars. Daisies made people think of children and innocence. + += = = Penelope Taynt = = = +Penelope is really Amanda Bines with a wig and glasses on. + += = = 1939 = = = + World War II started in this year. + += = = Square kilometre = = = +A square kilometer (British English spelling "square kilometre", in short "km2") is a unit of measurement of area. +It is based on the SI unit meter. +Equal areas. +A square that has a side length of 1 kilometer (1000 meters) has an area of one square kilometer. +There are 100 hectares in one square kilometer. +One square kilometer is just less than 0.39 square miles. +Use. +Square kilometer is often used to say how much surface something occupies on Earth. +It can, for example, be used to describe the area of a city or country. +These usually take more than 1 km2 on Earth. +The number of people living in a square kilometer is known as population density. + += = = Judge = = = +A judge is a person who is in control of a court of law. +The way to become a judge depends on each country. In some countries, judges must work with the law (often as a lawyer) for a number of years before they can "sit as a judge" in a courthouse. Judges are supposed to conduct the trial in an open courtroom and impartially. +In many English speaking countries, judges cannot make some decisions on their own. In these countries, juries are used, but not for all cases. The modern jury trial first developed in mid-12th century England during the reign of Henry II. Today, the details differ between one country and another. +If there is a jury, the judge has the job of making sure the person taken to court is treated in a fair way. Some courts will have more than one judge. For important decisions about the laws of a country, countries may have a "supreme court" or "high court" with many (nine or more) judges in it. In the United States, judges on a supreme court are called "justices" and are led by a "Chief Justice". +In many countries, judges wear special clothes while being in court. Often this is a black robe or cloak. Supreme or High Court judges often wear a red cloak. Judges in some countries also wear a special long wig. They also used to put a piece of black material on their head when they sentenced a person to die. + += = = Guilt (law) = = = +In criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. If a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime. +A person is guilty if a court says they are. The court has blamed them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called the sentence. + += = = Length = = = +Length is a measurement. The length of something is the distance between two ends of the thing. Short means a small length. Long means much length. Short and long are opposites. For two dimensional things, length is usually the longer side. +A ruler is a tool used to measure length. +Measuring. +All the sides on shapes have a length. The length is between the two points of the side. You can also find the length of any two points on a shape, even if they are not on one side. +A shape can have different lengths based on how many dimensions it takes. +Length of time. +Length can also mean an amount of time. The length is measured by looking at the time at the start, then looking at the time at the end. +You might sit down at one o'clock. If you stand up at three o'clock, you would be sitting for two hours. The length of time is two hours. + += = = Weight = = = +The weight of an object (or the weight of an amount of matter) is the measure of the intensity of the force imposed on this object by the local gravitational field. Weight should not be confused with the related but quite different concept of mass. For small objects on Earth, the weight force is directed towards the center of the planet. For larger objects, such as the Moon orbiting around the Earth, the force is directed towards the center of mass of the combined system. +In common language, the weight of something is typically understood to be the value measured at or near the Earth's surface. Unfortunately the common terms used to describe the weight of an object are units of mass such as kilograms or pounds. For almost all of human history, weight has been measured on the surface of the Earth. Here, the weight is proportional to the mass. Objects which have the same mass have the same weight. An object with the twice the mass of another will also have twice the weight. As a consequence it is common practice to use the two words, mass and weight, as if they mean the same thing and to use kilograms and pounds as the units for both mass and weight. Using the same terms to describe and measure the two different properties has led to confusion between these two properties, mass and weight. Mass and weight are not the same thing. +Units of weight. +The unit of weight in the International System of Units is the newton, which is represented by the symbol 'N'. +Other units have been in use in the past but have been abandoned, such as the dyne (the unit of force in the old CGS system) or the kilogram-force, which is the force exerted on a +kilogram of matter by a 'standard' Earth: a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of about 9.81 N at sea level. +Measuring weight. +The weight of an object, or of an amount of matter, is typically measured with an instrument such as a spring scale. The scale includes a spring which provides a force to oppose the gravitational force on the object which is being weighed. The gravitational force pulls down, the spring pushes or pulls upwards. Typically, the scale has a readout which gives not the weight (which is a force) but rather the mass of the object. Spring scales are made with the assumption that they are being used on the surface of the Earth. If a spring scale was taken to the Moon it would give a misleading reading. +A balance style weighing scale is a device that compares the weights of two object in the same gravitational field: it determines whether one object is heavier or lighter than the other. +Weight is variable. +Weight is not an intrinsic property of matter because the local gravitational field that generates the force called weight is variable in space and time: + += = = Truth = = = +The truth is what is true. It may be everything that is true (reality) or just a part of it (a fact). It may also be a statement that is true: a truth. Things or statements that are not true are untrue or false. True things exist (or have existed); false things do not (or never have). +Aristotle said: "To say of what is that it is not, or of what is not that it is, is false, while to say of what is that it is, and of what is not that it is not, is true." However, a statement may be about how things once were; this would be a true statement if it is clear that it is not a statement about how things are now. Most often, the tense of the verb will indicate this, but there may be other ways in which the statement is qualified: for example, by saying when the statement was true. +Truth is a noun, and the corresponding adjective is true. The word "true" also functions as a noun, a verb and an adverb. The English word "truth" is from Old English "tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ", Middle English "trewþe". +Most of the discussion on truth is about one of two things: +Many philosophers have given opinions on these issues. +In Other words. +Something untrue is false. A half truth is something true mixed with something false, or something partly true with key information omitted. +If the things one says are true, then they are speaking the truth, or speaking truly. Saying something that is untrue can be called a lie, if the person who is saying it knows it is untrue. A person who says something untrue is often called a "liar". +True and false in logic and philosophy. +"True" is also one of the two basic values of logic. The other such value is usually called "false". In symbols, "true" is written as, T or 1. +Aristotle was the first to put logic into a formal framework. His version is called propositional logic (see also syllogism and deductive reasoning). Other forms of logic use types of mathematics (mathematical logic) or symbols. Boolean algebra is about things being true and false. +The relationship between verbal claims and external reality is handled by epistemology and the philosophy of science. +Philosophers argue over what makes up truth and how to define and identify truth. + += = = Zimbabwe = = = +The Republic of Zimbabwe is a country in the southern part of the continent of Africa. Its capital city is Harare. +Geography. +Zimbabwe is surrounded by other countries, and so it has no coast on the sea. This type of country is called "landlocked". The countries that surround Zimbabwe are Zambia, Botswana, South Africa and Mozambique. +Zimbabwe is home to the famous waterfall, Victoria Falls, which are a feature of the river Zambezi and also the Great Zimbabwe, the ancient architectural monument from which the country was named after. +Vegetation (Fauna and Flora). +The country is mostly savanna. In the east it is moist and mountainous with tropical evergreen and hardwood forests. Trees include teak and mahogany, knobthorn, msasa and baobab. Among the many flowers and shrubs are hibiscus, spider lily, leonotus, cassia, tree wisteria and dombeya. +There are around 350 species of mammals in Zimbabwe. There are also many snakes and lizards, over 500 bird species, and 131 fish species. +History. +The area that is now Zimbabwe was added to the British Empire around 1890. Zimbabwe is also known by its old name of Rhodesia. In 1965, it became an independent country when Prime Minister Ian Smith announced the Unilateral Declaration of Independence(U.D.I). The government was mostly controlled by the white population, similar to South Africa at the time. African citizens were given full equality in 1980, and the country's name was officially changed to Zimbabwe. Robert Mugabe led the country as the Prime Minister and President for 37 years. Though Mugabe was elected fairly at first, he became a dictator, and had put in place a number of cruel and disastrous laws. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned as President of Zimbabwe. +Language. +The country Zimbabwe has a mixture of languages; Shona, Ndebele, Venda, Manyika, Nyanja, Chagani, and a unique-unified Zimbabwean English. +Economy. +Zimbabwe uses the currencies of several other countries. The government uses the United States dollar. The economy is currently in a bad situation. Foreign currency reserves are at very low levels, and the Zimbabwean Dollar has become very devalued. Just recently, three zeroes were taken off the Zimbabwean dollar (for example, $1,000,000 (one million dollars) would become $1000 (one thousand dollars)). Many observers link this to Mugabe's controversial Land Reform programme. +2017 coup d'état. +On November 15, 2017, President Robert Mugabe was placed under house arrest as Zimbabwe's military took control in a coup. On November 21, 2017, Mugabe resigned the Presidency. +Provinces. +Zimbabwe is divided into 8 provinces and 2 cities that are the same as a province. +Cities. +The largest cities are: +Sports. +Football is the most popular sport in Zimbabwe. Rugby union and cricket are also popular. Zimbabwe has won eight Olympic medals. +Zimbabwe has also done well in the Commonwealth Games and All-Africa Games. Kirsty Coventry won 11 gold medals in swimming. +Zimbabwe has also been at Wimbledon and the Davis Cup in tennis. Zimbabwe has also done well in golf. Other sports played in Zimbabwe are basketball, volleyball, netball, and water polo, as well as squash, motorsport, martial arts, chess, cycling, polocrosse, kayaking and horse racing. Most of these sports don't have international representatives but instead stay at a junior or national level. + += = = Monaco = = = +Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco), is the second smallest country in the world after the Vatican City. Monaco is a city-state, meaning that the entire country is just one city. +Monaco is located south-east of France, on the Mediterranean Sea in Western Europe. Monaco's official language is French while the language of Monégasque is also a national language. Monaco's population is around 38,000 but under 10,000 of its citizens are Monégasque nationals. +The currency is the Euro, even though Monaco is not part of the European Union. Monaco is considered a tax haven and is often regarded as one of the wealthiest countries in the world because many rich people live there. +Monaco is famous for the Monte Carlo Casino and the Monte Carlo Opera, is in the north-east of the country. Monaco is also famous for two car races: the Monte Carlo Rally and the Monaco Grand Prix. +History. +Monaco began as a city named Monoikos and was under the control of the Holy Roman Empire, which later gave it to the Republic of Genoa. +In 1297, Francesco Grimaldi and his army captured the fortress on the Rock of Monaco, but they were evicted by the Geonoese army. However, the Grimaldi family continued to fight for Monaco over the next century. Rainier I was the first Grimaldi ruler of Monaco. +The Republic of Genoa eventually lost Monaco while fighting the Crown of Aragon. In 1419, the Grimaldi family purchased Monaco from Aragon. In 1642, Honoré II, gave himself the title "Prince of Monaco". Until then, the rulers of Monaco were called the "Lords of Monaco". +In 1793, Monaco was invaded by France. In 1814, the principality became independent again. However, a year later, the Congress of Vienna designated Monaco as a protectorate of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1860, Monaco became a French protectorate once again. +At the time, the towns of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin were part of Monaco. However, the citizens of these towns wanted to be part of France. Charles III gave the towns to France in exchange for Monaco's full independence. A treaty was signed in 1861 which said that France would protect Monaco in case of a war. +In the early 1900s, Monaco became very popular among wealthy people because of the Monte Carlo casino. In 1910, there was a revolution in Monaco because the people wanted a democracy. Because of this, the powers of the Prince of Monaco were reduced. During World War II, Monaco was occupied by Italy. +Prince Rainier III famously married American actress Grace Kelly, who died in a car crash. In 2005, Albert II became the new Prince of Monaco. +Geography. +Monaco is entirely an urban area, meaning that it is all one city. There is only one natural resource in Monaco, which is fishing. The climate is a Mediterranean climate. There are land reclamation projects ongoing. +Its surface area is 2.02 square kilometres, of which approximately 0.4 were recovered from the sea since 1980. +Politics. +Monaco is a constitutional monarchy, meaning that the head of state is a monarch with little to no say in the way the country is governed. Monaco is a principality, which is a type of monarchy where the monarch holds the title of Sovereign Prince. +The constitution of Monaco designates three councils to run the country. The three councils are: +In addition, Monaco is divided into ten administrative wards. +Monaco has no military and is protected by France. However, it does have a police force of around 515 members. +Economy. +Tourism is the main industry. Tourism is extremely popular during the Monaco Grand Prix. People in Monaco pay no income tax. Many rich people live in Monaco and it is known for being very wealthy. Another large industry is gambling due to the Monte Carlo Casino. +Culture. +Monaco's culture is heavily influenced by its surrounding countries such as France and Italy. The main religion is Catholicism. The cuisine is influenced by that of northern Italy and southern France. +In terms of music, Monaco has an opera house, a symphony orchestra and a classical ballet company. Monaco has participated regularly in the Eurovision Song Contest, winning in 1971. +There are three museums in Monaco. +The Principality of Monaco hosts major international events such as : +Monaco also has an annual bread festival on 17 September every year. +Education. +Monaco has ten state-operated schools, including: seven nursery and primary schools; one secondary school; one "lycée" that provides general and technological training and one lycée that provides vocational and hotel training. +There are also two grant-aided denominational private schools. +There is one university located in Monaco, namely the International University of Monaco (IUM). + += = = Graal = = = +Graal can be: + += = = Supermarkets in the United Kingdom = = = +The main supermarket chains in the United Kingdom are: + += = = Jettingen = = = +Jettingen is a village in the south-west of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. +There are 7,657 people living in "Jettingen". + += = = Ken Jennings = = = +Kenneth Wayne Jennings III (born May 23, 1974) is the highest money earning contestant on the American television game show "Jeopardy!". He won a total of 74 times, earning $2,522,700. His winning streak lasted from June 2, 2004 through November 30, 2004. He lost after that time to a player named Nancy Zerg, who lost within a day to Katie Fitzgerald. He was brought back to appear in the final three games of the show's Ultimate Tournament of Champions. In the tournament, he lost to Brad Rutter, who became the highest money winner on "Jeopardy!". +According to the introduction given at the start of the show, Jennings is a "Software Engineer from Salt Lake City, Utah" His highest one day total was a record $75,000, which was later broken by Roger Craig in 2010. Jennings is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, or Mormon. +In February 2005, Ken started appearing in Cingular commercials as himself. +In October 2008, Jennings appeared on an episode of "Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?". He won $500,000, making him the highest winner in game show history once again. +In February 2011, Jennings, along with Rutter, competed in the "IBM Challenge" against an artificial intelligence computer named Watson. Jennings placed second, losing to Watson. He won half of a $300,000 prize; with the other half going to charity. +In the spring of 2014, Jennings and Rutter competed in the Jeopardy! Battle of the Decades tournament. They faced off in the finals alongside Roger Craig. Rutter won the tournament with the $1,000,000 top prize, reclaiming the game show record from Jennings. +In January 2020, Jennings beat Rutter and James Holzhauer in Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time, claiming the $1,000,000 first place prize. +During Season 37 of "Jeopardy!", Jennings became a consulting producer and records video clues. In January 2021, he became a guest host after the death of longtime host Alex Trebek. And during the show's 38th Season, Jennings and Mayim Bialik are co-hosting the show after Mike Richards resigned. + += = = Sublimation (phase transition) = = = +Sublimation is how a solid becomes a gas without becoming a liquid first. It happens when the particles of a solid absorb enough energy to completely overcome the force of attraction between them. Most substances can sublimate only at low pressure. Many can sublimate in space. +Sometimes snow sublimates. This is usually on sunny winter days when the air is very dry. Snow may look like it disappears on a cold sunny day, but this is not sublimation because it forms a thin layer of liquid water first. +At normal atmospheric pressure on the surface of the Earth, only some compounds like dry ice (solid carbon dioxide) can go through this process. CO2 changes from dry ice, a solid to a gas without being a liquid. Also diamond, graphite, iodine, ammonium chloride and aluminium chloride sublime rather than melt at atmospheric pressure. + += = = Malcolm McDowell = = = +Malcolm McDowell (born Malcolm John Taylor; 13 June 1943) is an English actor and producer. He has been in many films, including: "A Clockwork Orange", "O Lucky Man!" and "Caligula". +McDowell lives in Ojai, California. + += = = MAD Magazine = = = +MAD Magazine is a humor and satire magazine that started in 1952 as a 10 cent comic book parody of other comics. For its 25th issue it converted to a 25 cent magazine. It remains popular in the United States. +Each issue features the grinning red-headed mascot, Alfred E. Neuman on the cover, and comic-like articles making fun of recent movies, television series, music, trends, etc. as well as regular monthly features (Spy Vs. Spy, Monore, etc.) + += = = Traverse City, Michigan = = = +Traverse City is a town in the northern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, United States. Traverse City is famous for its cherries. It has a beautiful beach, world-class hotels, but the zoo has been closed because not many people visited it. + += = = Will Smith = = = +Willard Carroll Smith II (born September 25, 1968) is an American actor, producer and rapper. He got his start as part of the rap duo DJ Jazzy Jeff and the Fresh Prince. He became an actor when he starred on the television show "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" as Will Smith, a teenager from Philadelphia sent to live with his rich relatives in Southern California. He has appeared in many movies including "Independence Day", "Men in Black", "Ali", "Wild Wild West", "The Pursuit of Happyness", "I Am Legend", and in "Suicide Squad". +In 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award, BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award for his role as Richard Williams in the 2021 drama movie "King Richard". He is the first rapper to win an acting Oscar. +Personal life. +Smith married actress Jada Pinkett in 1997. They have three children, including Jaden and Willow. +At the 94th Academy Awards in March 2022, Smith slapped comedian Chris Rock after he made a joke about his wife, Jada's, bald head. Smith was criticized for his violent reaction and on April 1, 2022 Smith resigned his membership from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and said he would support any punishment by the academy. Smith has been banned from going to the Oscar ceremonies for 10 years. + += = = Vladimir Putin = = = +Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (, ) is the current President of Russia. Putin was born in Leningrad, now Saint Petersburg, on the 7 of October in 1952. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from 1999 to 2000, then President of Russia from March 2000 to May 2008, and Prime Minister again from 2008 to 2012. He became president again in 2012. He originally trained as a lawyer. +Early life. +Putin was born on 7 October 1952, in Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia) during the rule of Joseph Stalin. His parents were Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina ("née" Shelomova; 1911–1998). Spiridon Putin, Vladimir Putin's grandfather, was a cook to Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. +Early career. +From 1985 to 1990, Putin worked for the KGB, the Soviet Union's secret spy service. Putin worked in Dresden, which was part of the former East Germany. After East Germany collapsed in 1989, Putin was told to come back to the Soviet Union. He chose to go to Leningrad, which is where he went to university. In June 1990, he started working in the International Affairs section of Leningrad State University. In June 1991, he was appointed head of the International Committee of the Saint Petersburg Mayor's office. His job was to promote international relations and foreign investments. +Putin gave up his position in the KGB on August 20, 1991, during the putsch against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. In 1994, he became First Deputy Chairman of the city of Saint Petersburg. In August 1996, he came to Moscow, and served in a variety of important positions in Boris Yeltsin's government. He was head of the FSB (a secret spy service in modern capitalist Russia) from July 1998 to August 1999, and he was Secretary of the Security Council from March to August 1999. +President of Russia. +Putin became President of Russia in May 2000. +Putin is the leader of the ruling United Russia party. This party has been winning the Russian elections ever since the fall of the Soviet Union. +Critics of Putin say that he has taken away people's freedoms, and that he has failed to make the country more developed. Russia makes lots of money from selling oil and gas to other countries, but because of corruption, this money is not used for improving living conditions. +Recently, the Russian opposition has held anti-government rallies, campaigned against Putin on the Internet, and published independent reports for the general public. Because of censorship in the mass media, it's very difficult to get different information out to the public. +Putin was against invading Libya in 2011. He is also against invading Syria and Iran. +On March 24, 2014, Putin and Russia were suspended from the G8. This was because the United States thought that the Ukraine crisis was Putin's fault. +According to the Constitution of Russia, no-one can be president three times in a row. Because of this, Putin didn't put himself forward for the March 2008 election. However, you're allowed to be president as many times as you want, as long as it's not for more than two times in a row. In March 2012, Putin put himself forward for the elections, and won 64% of the vote. This means that he was the president of Russia until 2018. +On December 6, 2017 Russia President Vladimir Putin announced he would run for a fourth term in the upcoming election, 2018 Russian Presidential Election. +In July 2020, Russian voters backed a referendum that would allow Putin to serve as president until 2036. +On 24 February 2022, Putin announced that his military was going to invade Ukraine with the goal of protecting Russian citizens in Ukraine. This happened after a year of tension and military buildup between the two countries. It led to him being called a war criminal by the international community. +Personal life. +He is a member of the Russian Orthodox Church, and is divorced with two daughters. + += = = Henry VII of England = = = +Henry VII or Henry Tudor (28 January 1457–21 April 1509) was King of England from 1485 to 1509. He founded the Tudor dynasty by winning the battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. His son became king Henry VIII of England. +Biography. +Henry VII was born in 1457 to Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort. His father died two months before he was born, leaving his 13-year-old mother as his only parent. After Henry's birth, he spent a lot of time with his uncle Jasper Tudor. Jasper took Henry to France, where he spent most of his youth. Henry had a claim to the throne of England, but it was not a very good one, and he had to wait a long time for a chance to take the throne. +In 1483, a new king came to the throne in England, called Richard III. King Richard was not popular with everyone. Some thought he had stolen the throne from his young nephews and had killed them. This gave Henry the chance he had been waiting for. With help from the French, he raised an army. They landed at Dale in Pembrokeshire, close to where Henry had been born, so he was able to gather more supporters on the way. +The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) had been going on for years. They were fought over the throne of England between supporters of the House of Lancaster and supporters of the House of York. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing their descent from King Edward III. +King Henry VI and his family the House of Lancaster fought against their enemies for many years. The wars finally came to an end when King Henry VII of England came to the throne in 1485. +On 22 August 1485, Henry's army defeated Richard III's army at the Battle of Bosworth Field. When Richard III died in this battle, Henry VII became king. Other people also had a claim on the throne, and Henry did his best to stop them from taking it from him, either by executing them, putting them in prison, or trying to make friends of them, as he did with the Earl of Lincoln. Another step he took was to marry Elizabeth of York, the niece of King Richard III, who would herself have been the heir to the throne if she had not been a girl. +There were also people who pretended to be long-lost members of the royal family, so that they could try to take the throne. One of these was a little boy called Lambert Simnel, who looked very like Edward, Earl of Warwick. The real Earl of Warwick was Henry's prisoner, but this did not stop other people from believing that Lambert was him. The Earl of Lincoln rebelled against King Henry and raised an army to make Lambert king, thinking that he himself could rule the country. There was a battle, and the Earl of Lincoln was killed. Lambert Simnel was captured, but, because he was only a child, Henry spared his life and he became a royal servant. +Children. +"See also: List Of Henry VII’s Children" +Henry married Elizabeth of York, and by this action put an end to the Wars of the Roses. They had seven children, but only four survived infancy: +Henry VII increased taxes so future kings would have enough money. People disliked that. +Death. +Henry VII died of tuberculosis in 1509 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. He was succeeded by his son, Henry VIII on 21 April 1509. + += = = Dover, Kent = = = +Dover is a town on the coast in Kent, in the United Kingdom. It was built by the Romans. There is a castle in Dover, called Dover Castle. It is the largest castle in England. The population is about 39,078. Throughout history, it has been an important port of Britain because it is the closest port to mainland Europe. The sea between Dover and the French port of Calais is called the Strait of Dover. It is the narrowest part of the English Channel at only wide. +The ferry port in Dover has ferries to Calais, France and Ostende, Belgium. Almost 45,000 people and 15,000 vehicles pass through the port every day. On of the largest tourist attractions around Dover are the White Cliffs of Dover. +Dover District Council is responsible for checking food for diseases when it comes through the port. +Dover History. +The Romans first tried to invade Dover in 55BC, under Julius Caesar. They were forced back by the Celts, who fiercely defended the coastline. It was not until 43 AD, under the rule of Emperor Claudius, that Roman forces landed on British soil at Richborough and took control of the land as far as the northern border. Dover, then called DVBRIS, became the Romans' most important naval town. + += = = Tonbridge = = = +Tonbridge is a town in Kent in England. The River Medway runs through the town. A castle stands on the northern river bank in the middle of Tonbridge. +Tonbridge is linked by railways to London and Dover. +There are many secondary schools in the area. such as Tonbridge Grammar School + += = = Inverness = = = +Inverness is a city in the northern part of Scotland. It is often called the capital of the Highlands. It is on the A9 road. Inverness Airport is an important way to get to the Scottish Highlands. + += = = Boycott = = = +A boycott is a protest where the protesters do not buy a product or give money to a company. Instead of buying a certain product, they might also buy another, very similar product from a different company. +The word was made during the "Irish Land War"'. It comes from the name of Captain Charles Boycott. Boycott was in charge of looking after the land of a landlord in County Mayo, Ireland. In 1880, the tenants (those who rented) wanted their rent lowered. Boycott refused, and threw them out of the land they had rented. The Irish Land League then proposed that instead of becoming violent, everyone in the community should stop doing business with Captain Boycott. The captain was soon isolated. No one helped him with the harvest, no one worked in his stables or his house. Local businessmen no longer traded with him, the postman no longer delivered his post. +To get his harvest done, he had to hire 50 people from other counties, the counties Cavan and Monaghan. They were escorted to and from their work by 1000 policemen. Of course, this cost far more than what the harvest was worth. + += = = Artificial = = = +When something is artificial, or man-made, it has been made by humans, not nature. For example, an artificial satellite is one made by humans, while a natural satellite is a satellite that was not made by humans. Many artificial things imitate or copy things found in nature. The imitation may use the same basic materials as those in the natural object; or it may use quite different materials, as in Artificial leather. These are concepts in defining reality. There are different ideas about what can be considered artificial and what is natural. +The word "artificial" comes from the Latin words "art" (meaning "skill") and "fex" ("to make"). +Artificial does not necessarily mean "synthetic" (that is, created by synthesis). An artificial sweetener imitates sweetness using a chemical formula that is not found in nature; it is therefore both artificial and synthetic. +Some disasters are natural, but some are man-made, like the Dust Bowl disaster in the United States. + += = = King Arthur = = = +King Arthur was a mythical king in the mythology of Great Britain. He lived in the medieval times, in his famous castle, Camelot. He possessed a sword known as Excalibur, given to him by the Lady of the Lake. +King Arthur is a fabled ruler of Sub-Roman Britain who defended his kingdom from the Anglo-Saxons. He is a popular fictional character in modern literature. He won several battles, and had many homes. However, his favorite home was in Camelot. In one of the most famous tales of King Arthur, he pulls a sword out of a stone, making him King of the Britons. +The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work "Historia Regum Britanniae" ("History of the Kings of Britain"), completed . +Camelot. +Many castles claim to be Arthur's Camelot, but the most likely one is Tintagel Castle, Cornwall (though there is no evidence for this). In Camelot sat the famous Round Table, where Arthur, his queen Guinevere, Merlin, Morgan le Fay, Sir Lancelot, Sir Gawain, Percival and many other valiant knights sat. Arthur and his knights went on many quests including The Quest For The Holy Grail, The Green Knight, The Black Knight and more. +Death. +After King Arthur's many adventures, his son Mordred seized his kingdom and queen, forcing Arthur to fight for what was truly his. They fought for a long time. Mordred hit King Arthur in many places, but in the end Arthur killed Mordred. After this victory, King Arthur was weak and died of blood loss from battle wounds. As his knights rode back to Camelot, they threw Excalibur into the lake so that it could return to where it came from. One legend says Arthur never died, and will return when the British need him. +Books, poems and movies. +Many books have been written about King Arthur. Most of them involve Merlin, the Knights of the Round Table, and Morgan le Fay. +Geoffrey of Monmouth wrote the first book about Arthur in the 12th century. In the 15th century, Sir Thomas Malory wrote one of the best-known books about Arthur, called "Le Morte d’Arthur" ("The Death of Arthur"). Later, in the 19th century, Alfred, Lord Tennyson visited Tintagel, the mythical Camelot, twice. He wrote a series of poems about Arthur. +Some stories about Arthur say he tried to find the Holy Grail, the cup that Jesus drank from at the Last Supper. +There are also many movies about Arthur. These include Disney's "The Sword in the Stone; Monty Python and the Holy Grail; King Arthur (2004); King Arthur, The Kid Who Would Be King (2019); the Legend of the Sword (2017)"; and the musical "Camelot". + += = = Johnny Appleseed = = = +John "Johnny Appleseed" Chapman (September 26, 1774 - March 11, 1847) is an American folk hero. He was a Christian missionary and pioneer. His nickname came from the fact that he planted apple trees throughout the American Midwest. Many people consider him an early conservationist or "tree-hugger". He wandered the country, usually barefoot, and with a cooking pot on his head for most of his adult life, planting apple trees, teaching the Bible, telling stories, and befriending Native Americans, wild animals, and other settlers. Many stories have been told about him and his journeys, as well as art, books, and later movies, which makes him a folk hero. He was born in Leominster, Massachusetts and is buried in Johnny Appleseed Park in Fort Wayne, Indiana. +Facts. +John Chapman is said to have been in the Wilkes-Barre region some time in the 1790s, practicing his profession as a nurseryman, but just when he embraced the Swedenborgian faith and began his missionary activities we cannot be sure, though it is probable that it was before he ever reached western Pennsylvania. There are some early accounts of John speaking of his own activities as "a Bible missionary" on the Potomac when he was a young man, and Johnny was seen for two or three consecutive years along the banks of the Potomac in eastern Virginia, picking the seeds from the pomace of the cider mills in the late 1790s.The apple seeds that Johnny obtained were free, as the cider mills wanted there to be more apple trees planted to improve their business. +At the time of his death, Johnny Appleseed left an estate of more than 1,200 acres of nurseries, and he left these to his sister. He additionally had four plots located in Allen County, Indiana, which was a nursery that included 15,000 trees. +Records show that John Chapman appeared on Licking Creek, in what is now Licking County, Ohio, in 1800, when he was twenty-six years old. He had probably come up the Muskingum River to plant near the Refugee Tract, which would soon fill up with settlers, when Congress actually got around to granting the lands. In April, 1798, the Continental Congress had ratified resolutions to donate public lands for the benefit of those who had left Canada and Nova Scotia to fight against the British in the Revolutionary War. The lands were actually set apart in 1801 and patents issued in 1802. Grants of land ranging from 160 acres to 2,240 acres were awarded according to the exertions of the patentee in the War. Johnny, with true Yankee enterprise, went ahead and planted his nurseries before the refugees arrived. Licking County, then a part of Fairfield, contained only three white families. By the time families were ready to settle the area, Johnny's tracts of land were ready for market. + += = = Compact disc = = = +A compact disc, also called a CD is a storage device in the form of small plastic discs which store and retrieve computer data or music using light. Compact Discs replaced floppy disks because they were faster and could hold more information. The CDs made floppy disks become obsolete. CDs were invented by both Philips and Sony at the same time, but not together. Sony and Philips did work together to create a standard format and the technology to read CDs in 1982. CDs can hold up to 700 MB worth of data, which is about 80 minutes of music. Mini CDs were also made for special small programs like drivers. CDs that have computer information on them are called CD-ROMs, or Compact Disc - Read Only Memory. The diameter of a normal CD is 120 mm. The middle hole in a CD is about 1.5 cm). + += = = Maidstone = = = +Maidstone is a town in Kent, in England. It stands on the River Medway. Maidstone is the county town of Kent, meaning the local government is based there. Its name means "stone of the maidens". The town of Maidstone is within the borough of Maidstone, which also includes several surrounding villages. In 2001, 75,070 people lived in the town of Maidstone, and there were 138,959 in the whole of the Borough. +History. +During the Civil War a battle took place in 1648, which was won by Oliver Cromwell's soldiers. A year later, Andrew Broughton, who was then Mayor of Maidstone (and also Clerk to the High Court of Justice) gave the death sentence to Charles I. Today there is a plaque in Maidstone Town Centre describing Andrew as 'Mayor and Regicide' (a killer of kings). +Maidstone used to be an industrial area, with paper making and brewing being two of the most important industries, although both have mainly died out in recent years. Until 1998, Sharps Toffee factory was where Bassets liquorice allsorts and other sweets were made. Most of the heavy industry has now been replaced by light and service industries. +Today. +Today, Maidstone is one of the top five shopping centres in the south east of England, with more than one million square feet of retail space. Most of this is in two shopping areas, "Fremlin Walk", which was built on the site of one of the old breweries, is , and "The Mall Maidstone" provides another . Both include multi-story car parks. + += = = Redhill = = = +Redhill can mean several things: + += = = C. S. Lewis = = = +Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963), usually called C. S. Lewis, was a British scholar who wrote about 40 books. He was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. +are usually apologetics, the defence of Christianity. Some of his most popular Christian writings were "Mere Christianity" and "The Screwtape Letters". His works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Lewis was a professor of literature at the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge. +Lewis was married to American writer Joy Davidman (1915–1960) from 1956 until her death from bone cancer. He died of renal failure in Oxford. +His writing is popular with many people, and many of his books were made into movies. His most famous and popular fantasy work is "The Chronicles of Narnia", which is a series of seven books. +He died in Oxford, Oxfordshire, England on 22 November 1963. + += = = The Corrs = = = +The Corrs is a folk pop rock band from Ireland. There are three sisters and one brother in the quartet. They became very popular in the late 1990s. +The group. +They were all born in Dundalk, Republic of Ireland, the children of Gerry and Jean Corr. +Jim Corr. +Jim Corr (born 31 July 1964) is the oldest member of the group. He mainly plays the guitar, but he can also play the on the keyboards and the piano. +Sharon Corr. +Sharon Corr (born 24 March 1970) plays the violin, keyboards, and does backing vocals and vocals on her own (vocals means "singing"). +Caroline Corr. +Caroline Corr, (born 17 March 1973) plays the drums, the "percussion", the bodhran, the piano, and also does backing vocals. +Andrea Corr. +Andrea Corr (born 17 May 1974) plays the tin whistle and does the lead vocals. +Early history. +The Corrs created themselves in 1991 to try to get in the movie "The Commitments". Jim, Sharon, and Caroline got a small part as musicians, while Andrea got a speaking part as Sharon Rabbitte, sister of the main character. It was while they were trying out for this movie that they were noticed by their manager, John Hughes. +Their music has been released through Atlantic Records, a music company. +Their first album, "Forgiven, Not Forgotten", was most popular in Australia. They then did another album called "Talk On Corners", which was very popular in Ireland and Britain. + += = = Aaron = = = +Aaron is a person described in the Bible and the Qu'ran. He was the older brother of Moses. He helped Moses lead the Hebrews out of Egypt. In the Bible, he appeared very much in Exodus. +Moses' helper. +Aaron spoke for Moses, when he went to tell Pharaoh the King of Egypt everything God wanted Moses to say. The Lord said to Moses (Exodus 7:1 to 3), "See, I have made you like God to Pharaoh, and your brother Aaron will be your prophet. You are to say everything I command you, and your brother Aaron is to tell Pharaoh to let the Israelites go out of his country...". + += = = Paula Abdul = = = +Paula Julie Abdul (; born June 19, 1962) is an American singer and dancer. She had a string of hit songs and choreographed (planned) many dances for herself and others, including singer-songwriter Janet Jackson. Musically, she is known for her late-1980s number-one singles "Straight Up" and "Cold Hearted", along with the 1990s number-one hit "Opposites Attract". She won a Grammy Award for "Best Music Video – Short Form" for "Opposites Attract". She was a judge on the television show "American Idol" for its first eight seasons. She has a mezzo-soprano vocal range. +Abdul is Jewish. +Tours and residencies. +Headlining +Co-headlining +Residency + += = = Douglas Adams = = = +Douglas Adams (11 March 1952 – 11 May 2001) was a British writer. He is most famous for his "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" series. +Adams was born in Cambridge. When he was a few months old he moved to East London and a few years later to Brentwood, Essex. He originally received attention when he wrote for the popular TV shows "Monty Python" and "Doctor Who" in the 1970s. In 1978 he wrote a science-fiction radio series called "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". It was later turned into a novel. In the early 1980s, it became a television series and in 2005 it became a movie produced by Disney. Adams also wrote several sequels for radio and as novels. He was also known for his humorous detective novels starring Dirk Gently, and for his efforts to conserve endangered species. He was an atheist. In 2001, Adams died of a heart attack while he was working out at the gym in Montecito, California, United States. + += = = Tom Arnold = = = +Tom Arnold (born March 6, 1959) is an American actor and comedian. He was born in Ottumwa, Iowa. He became famous when he married Roseanne Barr in 1990, another comedian and star of the popular sitcom, "Roseanne", who he divorced in 1994. Recently, he was one of the original hosts of the talk show, "The Best Damn Sports Show Period!" on Fox Sports. In November 2009, he married Ashley Groussman. + += = = Bea Arthur = = = +Beatrice "Bea" Arthur (May 13, 1922 - April 25, 2009) was an American actress, comedian, and singer, best known for her roles in "Maude" and "The Golden Girls". She was Jewish. +Early life. +Arthur was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Her parents were Philip and Rebecca Frankelin. She grew up in Cambridge, Maryland. After high school and the junior college she did an apprenticeship as a Medical Laboratory Technician and she was as a volunteer for the United States Marine Corps. +Career. +Theater. +In 1946 she moved back to New York and studied acting with Erwin Piscator. +Personal life. +In the 1940s, she was married to author and producer Robert Alan Arthur. +In 1950, she married Gene Saks. + += = = Dave Attell = = = +Dave Attell (born January 18, 1965) is an American comedian and host of the TV show "Insomniac with Dave Attell", shown on Comedy Central in the United States. + += = = Karel Appel = = = +Christiaan Karel Appel (; 25 April 1921 – 3 May 2006) was a Dutch painter. He painted in the abstract expressionist style. He was known for his childlike style. + += = = Randy Bachman = = = +Randall Charles Bachman (born September 27, 1943 in Winnipeg, Manitoba) is a Canadian musician. He was a member of the rock groups The Guess Who and later Bachman–Turner Overdrive. + += = = J. M. Barrie = = = +Sir James Matthew Barrie, 1st Baronet, OM (9 May 1860 – 19 June 1937) was a Scottish writer. His best-known work is "Peter Pan". +Barrie was born in Kirriemuir. He died of pneumonia in London. + += = = Charon = = = +Charon can mean: + += = = Riga = = = +Riga is the capital city of the European country of Latvia. Riga is on river Daugava near the Baltic Sea. The historical center of Riga is in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List and is notable for its Art Nouveau architecture, which, according to UNESCO, has no equal in the world. +The mayor of Riga was Mārtiņš Staķis. He resigned in July 2023. +The current mayor of Riga is Vilnis Ķirsis. He became the mayor on July 5, 2023. +History. +Founding. +The location of Riga was nearby a trade route from the Vikings to the Byzantine Empire. A sheltered harbor near the current location of Riga was created in the 2nd century. It was settled by a Finnic tribe called the Livonians. +During the early Middle Ages, Riga began to develop as a center for Viking trade. In 1158, Germans began visiting Riga. They created an outpost nearby. +The monk Meinhard of Segeberg arrived and tried to convert the Livonian pagans to Christianity. +founded in 1201. It was a castle of the Teutonic Order. He built a castle and a church close to Riga. Meinhard died in 1196, and the Livonians continued to practice Paganism. In 1198, Bishop Berthold arrived with some Crusaders and tried to force the Livonians to become Christian. However, Berthold soon died and the Crusaders were defeated. +Pope Innocent III declared a crusade against the Livonians. Bishop Albert became Bishop of Livonia in 1199. In 1200, Albert landed in Riga with 23 ships and 500 crusaders. +In 1282, Riga joined the Hanseatic League. This gave Riga economic and political stability. +Holy Roman Empire. +In 1522, Riga joined the Protestant Reformation, which ended the power of the archbishops. After the end of the Livonian Order, Riga because a free imperial city as part of the Holy Roman Empire. +Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Swedish Empire. +Riga came under the influence of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Treaty of Drohiczyn in 1581. In 1621, Riga became part of the Swedish Empire after the Polish-Swedish War (1621-1625). Riga resisted a Russian siege during the Russo-Swedish War (1656–1658). +The Russian Empire. +Between 1709 and 1710, the Russian Empire captured Riga, forcing the city to surrender. Riga retained most of their autonomy. +World War I. +The German Army marched into Riga and captured it in 1917. In 1918 after the Russian surrender, Riga was made a part of the German Empire. On 11 November 1918, Germany surrendered and gave up Latvia. Latvia declared independence on 18 November. The United Kingdom and Germany were Latvia's main trading partners. +World War II. +In 1940, Latvia was occupied by the Soviet Union. A rigged election took place in Latvia. Many anti-Soviet men were arrested and many others were deported. Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, and occupied Riga. During the invasion, Latvian Jews were brought into concentration camps. By the end of the war, most Jews were brought to Germany. The Soviet Union reclaimed Riga in 1944. Riga was made part of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic. Latvia gained independence from the Soviet Union in August of 1991. Riga became the capital of Latvia. +People. +The Riga inhabitants are named “Rīdzinieki” on Latvian and “������”(rizhani) on Russian. +Most of the people by ethnic origin are Latvian (45%) and 40% are Russian. Historically the city had large German population. Among other ethnic groups there are Byelorussians, Poles and Jews. +In the 16th century, Riga was one of the largest cities on the Baltic Sea coast, with a population of about 16,000. The population fell to about 6000 in 1720, but grew rapidly later, reaching 517,000 in 1913. The world wars reduced the population. It reached its peak in 1990 — 909,135 people. +Economy. +During the Soviet period the Riga wagon building factory made a very big number of local trains. +The Latvian National Theatre is in Riga. +Transportation. +The are 8 tram and 18 trolley routes run by Rīgas Satiksme. + += = = Pope John Paul II = = = +Pope John Paul II (; ; ), sometimes called Saint John Paul or John Paul the Great, born Karol Józef Wojtyła (; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005), was the 264th Pope of the Catholic Church from 16 October 1978 to his death on 2 April 2005. He was the third longest-serving pope in history. As a Pole, he was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. The last non-Italian pope was Pope Adrian VI, who died in 1523. +He is the first pope to have visited the White House, and a mosque. He traveled more than any other pope before him, visiting many of the countries of the world. He is also famous for starting the annual World Youth Day. His last youth day was Cologne, Germany in 2005. After he was beatified, his title was changed to Blessed John Paul II. John Paul II was canonized by Pope Francis on 27 April 2014 which means that the Polish Pope is now known as Saint John Paul II. +Early life. +Karol Józef Wojtyła was born on 18 May 1920 in Wadowice, Poland. His parents were Karol Wojtyła, who was a military officer, and Emilia Kaczorowska, who was a seamstress. He was the youngest of three children. He was nine years old when his mother died in 1929. His father supported him so that he could study. His brother was a doctor. He died when Wojtyła was twelve. He lost everyone in his family - a sister, brother, mother, and father - before he became a priest. He played sports. He liked football (soccer) as a goalkeeper. +Wojtyła went to Marcin Wadowita high school in Wadowice. In 1938, he studied drama at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków. He worked as a volunteer librarian. He was an athlete, actor, and playwright. He did two months military training in the Academic Legion. This training was compulsory. He would not hold or fire a weapon. +When he was young, he met many Jewish people. They lived in that area. In 1939, Nazi forces closed the Jagiellonian University. All men, except for the disabled, had to have a job. From 1940 to 1944, Wojtyła worked in a restaurant. He also worked in a limestone quarry, and then as a salesman for a chemical factory. He did not want to be sent to Germany. If he was sent, he would be made to join the German army. His father died of a heart attack in February 1941. +On 29 February 1944, Wojtyła was knocked down by a German truck (lorry). He thought he would be badly treated. The German officers sent him to a hospital. He spent two weeks there with head and shoulder injuries. It was at this time that he decided that he must become a priest. When he left hospital, the young Polish men were being sent to Germany for training. He escaped to the house of the Archbishop. He hid there till after the war. On the night of 17 January 1945, the Germans left the city. The priests and teacher and students went back to the seminary. There was a big clean-up to be done. Wojtyła offered to clean out the lavatories. +That month, Wojtyła found a fourteen-year-old Jewish refugee named Edith Zierer. She was trying to reach her parents. She had collapsed from hunger. He gave her food and helped her go to the railway station. She did not hear of him again until the day came when he was elected Pope. +Priest. +Karol Wojtyła was ordained as a priest by Cardinal Adam Stefan Sapieha on 1 November 1946. +Bishop. +In 1958, Wojtyła then became the youngest bishop in Poland at the age of 38. In 1962 he took part in the Second Vatican Council and helped write two very important documents. One was about Religious freedom and the other one was about the work of the church in the Modern World. +In 1963 Bishop Wojtyła became Archbishop of Kraków. +Cardinal. +On 26 June 1967, Pope Paul VI raised Archbishop Wojtyła's rank to the rank of a cardinal. +Pope. +John Paul II became Pope on 16 October 1978. John Paul II was the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. He was pope for 26 years, making him the second longest serving pope after Pope Pius IX who held the office for 31 years and seven months. He was also the first and only Slavic pope. John Paul II was the most traveled pope in history with 104 international trips. +During his lifetime he learned many foreign languages. He spoke Polish as his native language, and learned Latin and Ancient Greek in school. On the day that he officially became Pope, he spoke to people in Italian, English, German, French, Spanish, Czech and Portuguese. He also spoke a little Lithuanian, Hungarian, Russian and Ukrainian. +John Paul II beatified many people. This means that the Pope gave these people the title of "Blessed". One example is the painter Fra Angelico, who lived in the 1400s. After studying his life and teaching, it was decided that he should officially be called "the Blessed Fra Angelico". John Paul II gave more people the title of "Blessed" than any other pope in history. He also made many saints. +In 1984 John Paul II started World Youth Day which was first held in Rome and attended by about 300,000 people. Since then it has been held in a different country every year. It encourages young people to be faithful to God, and to live together in peace. Many millions of people have attended. +Pope's travels. +The first pope who traveled a lot was Pope Paul VI. Like him, John Paul II liked to travel. While he was pope, he made 105 trips, visiting 117 countries. In total he travelled more than 1.1 million km (725,000 miles). Wherever he went, he attracted large crowds. All these travels were paid by the money of the countries he visited and not by the Vatican. +One of John Paul II's earliest official visits was to his home country of Poland, in June 1979. There, he was always surrounded by happy, cheering crowds. The Pope wanted to bring freedom and human rights to his country. His visit encouraged Poles to oppose the communism, and in 1980 the Solidarity movement was born. On later trips to Poland, he made his message of support stronger. The Soviet Union had controlled Eastern Europe for many years. In 1989, Poland was the first country to begin to break free from the Soviet Union. +John Paul II went to places where other popes before him had already been, such as the United States, or The Holy Land. He also went to many countries that no pope had ever visited before. He was the first reigning pope to travel to the United Kingdom, where he met Queen Elizabeth II, the Supreme Governor of the Church of England. +In 1982, the Pope made a visit to Japan, and in 1984 to South Korea and Puerto Rico. He was the first pope to visit Cuba. During his visit in January 1998, he sharply criticized Cuba for not allowing people to freely express their religion. He also criticised the United States embargo against Cuba. In 2000, he became the first modern Catholic pope to visit Egypt, and met with the Coptic Pope, and the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria. He was the first Catholic Pope to visit and pray in an Islamic mosque, in Damascus, Syria in 2001. He visited Umayyad Mosque, where John the Baptist is believed to be buried. +In 1988 he made a trip to Lesotho to beatify Joseph Gérard. On 15 January 1995, during the 10th World Youth Day, he offered Mass to an estimated crowd of between four and eight million in Luneta Park, Manila, Philippines. This is considered to be the largest single event in Christian history. +After the attacks on 11 September 2001, even though people were worried about his safety, the Pope traveled to Kazakhstan and spoke to large audiences including many Muslims. He also went to Armenia, to participate in the celebration of the 1700 years of Christianity. He said Mass in local languages during some visits, including Kiswahili in Nairobi, Kenya in 1995 and in an Indonesian language in East Timor. +During his trips, the Pope always showed his devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary. He visited many shrines consecrated to her, notably Knock in Ireland, Licheń Stary in Poland, Fátima in Portugal, Guadalupe in Mexico and Lourdes in France. +Assassination attempt. +On 13 May 1981, the Pope was shot twice in the abdomen by a Turkish national, Mehmet Ali Ağca. The pope was gravely injured. He barely survived the assassination attempt, and had to be treated in hospital for 20 days. The pope later visited Ağca in prison. He had forgiven him already. Exactly one year later he traveled to Fatima to thank Mary, Mother of God for saving his life. +On this trip there was a second attempt to his life. A follower of the French archbishop Marcel Lefebvre tried to hurt the Pope with a bayonet. He was overpowered by the bodyguards of the Pope. Lefevbre and his followers were against the decisions of the Second Vatican Council. After this the Pope often travelled in a bullet-proof trailer known as the "popemobile." +Death. +John Paul died on Saturday, on the eve of the Divine Mercy Holiday, 2 April 2005. The official time of death on his death certificate was 9:37 pm, but a few sources reported 9:33 pm. The death certificate stated that when the Pope died, he had Parkinson's disease, with serious breathing difficulties. The Pope had tracheotomy surgery in mid February but it did not help and he lost weight. He also had an enlarged prostate, urinary infection and other problems. The cause of death were that his kidneys failed, causing blood poisoning and infection brought by septic shock. John Paul II spoke his final words, “pozwólcie mi odejść do domu Ojca”, (“Let me depart to the house of the Father”), to his aides, and fell into a coma about four hours later. +The Pope's medical team used heart-monitoring machinery for more than 20 minutes, so his real and true time of death was at 9:15 PM Vatican time. As tradition demands, his name was called three times. When there was no reply, his papal ring was broken, which meant the end of John Paul II's papacy (reign as pope). +Many people claimed to have been specially blessed by the reign of Pope John Paul II. Many people thought he should be given the title "Blessed". This usually takes at least five years (and may take hundreds of years). On 13 May 2005, Pope Benedict XVI cut short the usual 5-year wait for the beatification process to begin. The only other time (in recent history) that this has happened was for Mother Theresa, who was made Blessed Mother Theresa by John Paul II. It was announced on 14 January 2011, that John Paul II would be beatified on 1 May 2011 (Divine Mercy Sunday). +According to the Vatican, Pope John Paul II's remains (which will not be exhumed and exposed) will be moved from the grotto beneath St. Peter's Basilica, where he is presently buried, to a marble stone monument in Pier Paolo Cristofari's Chapel of St. Sebastian, which is where Blessed Pope Innocent XI is currently buried; Blessed Pope Innocent's remains will likely be moved. This more prominent location, next to the Chapel of the Pieta, the Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament and statues of Popes Pius XI and Pius XII, will increase the number of pilgrims capable of viewing his memorial. +“ It will be a great joy for us when he is officially beatified, but as far as we are concerned he is already a Saint. ” —Stanisław Dziwisz [189] +On 30 September 2013, Pope Francis said that John Paul, together with Pope John XXIII, would be made saints on 27 April 2014. This was the first time two popes have been made saints on the same day. +His feast day is celebrated on 22 October. +Teachings. +John Paul II was generally against communism. He was also a critic of capitalism that was not controlled and he did not want people's basic rights to be oppressed by world governments. He officially condemned aspects of Liberation theology. He was against abortion and contraception in general. As head of the largest Christian group, John Paul II taught a conservative theological view of human sexuality. On the subject he wrote 130 topics called the Theology of the Body. He was against homosexuality, and in favour of people starting families as one husband and one wife. But he said that homosexuals have the same inherent dignity and rights as everybody else. On 30 April 2000, John Paul instituted a Divine Mercy Holiday, according to the teachings of Saint Faustyna Kowalska and on that day she was also proclaimed a Saint of the Catholic Church. The Feast of the Mercy of God is continuously growing worldwide. John Paul is also remembered for his devotion to the Consecrated Holy Communion, the Holy Body and Blood of Christ. +Child abuse scandals. +During John Paul's time as pope, the church was involved in a large number of claims about child sexual abuse by priests. There are many people who believe that the Church, and therefore the Pope, knew about these claims and tried to cover them up. For example, in 1996 the Irish bishops decided that priests suspected of child abuse must be reported to the police. The Vatican sent a letter to the bishops that they were not to report such cases. The letter was from future Pope Benedict XVI - whom John Paul II had asked to handle such cases. John Paul II is also claimed to have got a cardinal to send a thank you letter to a French bishop who had refused to report a priest to the police. In 2001 John Paul II sent out a special letter saying that the abuse of children by priests was a very serious crime, and should be strictly punished. Some Catholics wanted the process for making John Paul II a saint stopped, until there was an investigation into his role in keeping secret information about bad priests. + += = = Marvel Comics = = = +Marvel Comics is an American comic book company that makes "superhero" comic books. Marvel was started in 1939 by Martin Goodman as Timely Comics, and by 1951 had generally become known as Atlas Comics. The Marvel era began in 1961, the year that the company launched "The Fantastic Four" and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company bought Marvel for US$4 billion. Its top rival is DC Comics (the publications of Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman). +The company is known for featuring such well-known characters as Spider-Man, Hulk, Wolverine, X-Men, Captain America, Iron Man, Thor, Fantastic Four, Daredevil, Punisher, the Avengers, among others. The majority of its publications take place within the fictional Marvel Universe, with most locations mirroring real-life places; many major characters are based in New York City. Additionally, Marvel has published several licensed properties from other companies. This includes "Star Wars" comics twice from 1977 to 1986 and again since 2015. +Marvel Comics has adapted its characters to different forms of media, including action figures, movies, television series, and video games, which have made them even more popular. +History. +Marvel Comics began life as "Timely Publications" in 1939, with comic books featuring Captain America, Namor the Sub-Mariner and an early version of Human Torch. Legendary comics writer Stan Lee was hired as an office assistant in 1939. Within two years, the 19-year-old Lee was promoted to editor of the Marvel Comics line, a post that he would keep until 1972. +Everything changed in 1961, when Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby ushered in "The Marvel Age of Comics" by creating "The Fantastic Four" which brought a new style of superhero comic that focused on the characters' internal drama as well as their heroic adventures. The style was a huge success, and the Lee/Kirby team went on to create the Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, the Mighty Thor, the X-Men, the Avengers, and the Inhumans. The prolific Lee worked with artist Steve Ditko to create Marvel's greatest success story, Spider-Man. Stan Lee's Marvel revolution extended beyond the characters and storylines to the way in which comic books engaged the readership and built a sense of community between fans and creators. +Marvel Comics have been translated all over the world, and in many languages, most notably in Europe ("Arédit" and "Marvel France" imprints) and Québec, Canada ("Éditions Héritage"). +Adaptations. +Today, Marvel's heroes are blockbuster stars on the silver screen; with Spider-Man, Iron Man, the X-Men, Wolverine, Deadpool, Captain America, the Hulk, the Avengers, the Guardians of the Galaxy, Ant-Man and numerous others becoming regular features of the summer movie season. Additionally, heroes like the Defenders, the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Runaways, Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, the Punisher and others have found success on the small screen. +Offices. +Located in New York City, Marvel has had successive headquarters: +References. + += = = Lincoln, Nebraska = = = +The city of Lincoln is the capital city of Nebraska, United States. Only Omaha has more people of any city in Nebraska. Lincoln is also the county seat of Lancaster County and the home of the University of Nebraska. Lincoln's 2020 Census population was 291,082. +Lincoln was founded in 1856 as the village of Lancaster. It became the county seat of the newly created Lancaster County in 1859. The capital of Nebraska Territory had been Omaha since the start of the territory in 1854. Most of the territory's population lived south of the Platte River. After much of the territory south of the Platte became a part of Kansas, the legislature voted to move the capital south of the river and as far west as possible. They made the village of Lancaster the new capital, in part due to the salt flats and marshes. +People from Omaha tried to stop the move by renaming Lancaster after the recently killed President Abraham Lincoln. Many of the people south of the river had wanted the Confederate to win the recent Civil War. These people thought that the legislature would not approve the move if the future capital were named after Lincoln. The plan did not work, as Lancaster was renamed Lincoln and also became the state capital upon Nebraska's admission to the Union on March 1, 1867. The people either liked or disliked the new name depending on how they felt about the Civil War. +Nebraska State Capitol was designed by Bertram Grosvenor Goodhue and constructed between 1922 and 1932. The capitol building is a skyscraper topped by a golden dome. The tower is crowned by a 6-meter (20 ft) statue of a farmer sowing grain on a pedestal of wheat and corn, to represent the state's agricultural heritage. City zoning rules prevent any other building from rivaling it in height, making it a landmark not only within the city but for the surrounding area. Inside, there are many paintings and iridescent murals showing Native American heritage and the history and culture of the early pioneers who settled Nebraska. It is the second tallest U.S. State Capitol building behind the Louisiana State Capitol building in Baton Rouge. +In March of 2023, Red Way was announced to start operating from Lincoln Airport, but, in August of 2023, because the airline was running out of money, the airline decided to shut down. +Lincoln has a humid continental climate ("Dfa" in the Köppen climate classification). + += = = Nuclear fission = = = +Nuclear fission is a kind of nuclear reaction. It is when an atom splits apart into smaller atoms. Some fission reactions give off a lot of energy, and are used in nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors. Nuclear fission was discovered in December 1938 by physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch, who observed a uranium nucleus splitting in two. Although they originally thought the two tiny resulting nuclei were barium isotopes, what Meitner and Frisch truly saw was a process that would revolutionize nuclear chemistry: nuclear fission +An atom is the smallest particle which makes up a chemical element (e.g. hydrogen, oxygen, magnesium). All atoms are very small. Atoms are made of three components or particles: Protons, neutrons and electrons. The protons and neutrons are clumped together in a ball called a nucleus, at the center of every atom. The electrons orbit around the nucleus in its 'electron cloud'. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission. +If a (relatively) very large atomic nucleus is hit by a slow-moving neutron, it will sometimes become unstable and break into two nuclei. When the nucleus breaks apart (or fissions) it releases energy, mostly as gamma rays and heat. It also causes some neutrons to be released from the nucleus. +For a few isotopes (an atom with the same amount of protons but a different amount of neutrons) such fission can release many neutrons. If those neutrons then hit other atoms, they will make the other atoms split. This can happen again and again. This is called a nuclear chain-reaction, and it can release huge amounts of energy. Nuclear chain-reactions occur most commonly with Uranium-235. The splitting of Uranium-235 is started when a neutron is slammed into its positively charged nucleus. This results in two lighter isotopes (Barium-141 and Krypton-92), whose total mass is less than that of the original Uranium isotope. The “mass defect” is converted into various forms of energy. A neutron is also released, triggering the chain reaction as each additional neutron causes further collisions with existing Uranium isotopes. +This reaction can occur "spontaneously" if the original nucleus is highly unstable. The resulting products are radioactive isotopes, but do not release enough energy to generate usable power or make a bomb due to the lack of a chain reaction. +In a nuclear bomb, this must happen very quickly to make a very big explosion. The amount of energy released in the explosion is measured in kilotons. One kiloton is the same as the energy of one thousand tons of trinitrotoluene. +In a nuclear reactor this must happen slowly to make heat. The heat is used to boil water into steam, which turns a steam turbine to generate electricity. + += = = 1903 = = = +1903 (MCMIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. + += = = Fantastic Four = = = +The Fantastic Four is a team of superheroes. The team originally first appeared in a series of comic books created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. It was published by Marvel Comics starting in 1961. They also appeared in several cartoons and films as well. +The members of the group are scientist Reed Richards, his girlfriend/wife Sue Storm, her teenage brother Johnny Storm, and Ben Grimm, a friend of them. While test flying a rocket ship, they are affected by cosmic rays, and gain superpowers. Richards becomes "Mr. Fantastic" who can stretch his limbs and body for long distances and sizes. Sue became the "Invisible Girl/Woman" who could make herself invisible, create force fields, and other things. Johnny transformed into the "Human Torch" who can become a giant ball of fire. Ben turned into a rock-like creature with super-strength, called "The Thing". +They decide to use these powers for good and work from their laboratory in a New York City skyscraper. +The team has been featured into differents forms of media, including, toys, television series, movies, and video games. Live-action movies include "Fantastic Four" (2005), "" (2007), and "Fantastic Four" (2015). + += = = Bob Barker = = = +Robert William "Bob" Barker (December 12, 1923 – August 26, 2023) was an American television game show host and animal rights activist. He was best known for hosting CBS's "The Price is Right" from 1972 to 2007 and for hosting "Truth or Consequences" from 1956 to 1974. +Early life. +Barker was born Robert William Barker on December 12, 1923 in Darrington, Washington. He was of Sioux descent. +Barker met his future wife, Dorothy Jo Gideon, at an Ella Fitzgerald concert while he was attending high school in Missouri; they began dating when he was 15. He went to Drury College (now Drury University) in Springfield, Missouri. +Career. +Barker started hosting "Truth or Consequences" on December 31, 1956. He continued with the program until 1974. On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived "End of the Rainbow" for NBC. +On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of "The Price Is Right". On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: he stopped using hair dye and allowed his hair to turn gray. +On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from "The Price Is Right" in June 2007. He taped his last episode on June 6, 2007. The show aired twice on June 15. +Barker acted as himself in the 1996 Adam Sandler comedy movie "Happy Gilmore". +Barker won nineteen Daytime Emmy Awards. +Barker broke Johnny Carson's record for continuous performances on the same network television show, appearing for a total of twenty-nine years. At the time of his retirement at aged 83, Barker held the record of oldest person to host a regularly scheduled game show. +Personal life and death. +Barker married Dorothy Jo Gideon in 1945. He had no children. Despite retiring from television, Barker was an active animal rights activist. In 1993, Dian Parkinson sued Barker for sexual harassment and the lawsuit was dropped in 1995. +Barker was a skin cancer survivor. On September 17, 2010, Barker collapsed at an L.A. shooting range. He was treated at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center for an adverse drug reaction and released. +Barker died on August 26, 2023 in Los Angeles, California at the age of 99. The cause of death was problems caused by Alzheimer's disease. + += = = Connect Four = = = +Connect Four is a simple game. To win, players must put four of the same color markers in the yellow square so that they touch. +Gameplay. +Example: +0= White Marker +o= Black Marker +An example of winning connect four: the player can see the 4 o's all connected together in a pattern. +oooo +An example of a move that does not let the player win: +0oo0 + += = = Nintendo DS = = = +The Nintendo DS (also known as the DS, or NDS) is a handheld game console from Nintendo. Development began in mid-2002 and it was first released in 2004. The DS is a small machine that can fold open to reveal two screens. One screen is a touchscreen, which lets people play video games made just for the Nintendo DS. The system comes with two styluses, which are used to touch the screen. +The Nintendo DS was discontinued in 2013. +The games are stored on small cartridges, which are like memory card chips from digital cameras. Like most Nintendo game systems, the DS loads a game quickly. The "DS" has many new features. It has a new surround sound system. The "DS" (as well as the DS Lite) also plays games made for the Game Boy Advance (only single-player mode). However, the "DS" cannot play Game Boy or Game Boy Color games. +The Nintendo DS has a successor, the Nintendo 3DS, which has two screens like the Nintendo DS. It can also play games made for the Nintendo DS. +Competition. +The Nintendo DS was a rival of Sony's PlayStation Portable. They fought for sales in the seventh generation era. However, both Nintendo and Sony have said that their products were aimed at different people. The DS has currently sold more units than the PSP has. In 2011, the DS briefly held the record for best-selling game console. +Another rival was the iPod touch made by Apple. Unlike Nintendo and Sony, Apple said that the iPod touch is better than the other systems, because it has more multimedia features along with being a game system. The Nintendo DS is used mainly to play games. +Handheld revisions. +Nintendo DS Lite. +Nintendo later made a newer version of the Nintendo DS, known as the Nintendo DS Lite. It was first announced on January 26, 2006 and released on March 2, 2006 in Japan, on June 1, 2006 in Australia, on June 11, 2006 in North America, on June 23, 2006 in Europe, and on January 18, 2007 in South Korea. +The DS Lite can play the same games as the DS. It is smaller, lighter, and has brighter screens. Because of its design, the Game Boy Advance games stick out when they are put in Slot 2. The second slot also comes with a cover for players to put inside when they are not using the slot. The DS Lite was made in white, black, pink, blue, red, and silver colors. This console was later made in other colors, such as metallic rose, metallic silver, and black with white. +Nintendo DSi. +On October 2, 2008, Nintendo announced a third model, the Nintendo DSi. It was released in Japan in 2008 and in 2009/2010 worldwide. It is bigger, thinner, and brighter than the DS Lite. It has an SD card slot, which is used to download games online. The Game Boy Advance slot was removed, which caused some disappointment when it came out. +Nintendo DSi XL. +Nintendo announced another model in the DS family called the Nintendo DSi XL (called Nintendo DSi LL in Japan). Announced on October 29, 2009, it was released in Japan in 2009 and in 2010 worldwide. It is the biggest, heaviest, widest, and brightest of the Nintendo DS systems. It has the same features as the DSi. +Games. +The Nintendo DS has had many games made for it. Some games, such as Super Mario 64 DS, came out on the same day as the Nintendo DS. Some of the "DS"'s best-selling games are "Nintendogs", "Super Mario 64 DS", "Mario Kart DS", "New Super Mario Bros.", "Brain Age", "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, and ". +Accessories. +There are many accessories for the Nintendo DS, including different coloured styluses and protective cases. Some protective cases include the highly durable Nerf cases. Most "DS" systems have a screen protector and a car adapter used to charge the "DS" in a car. +Sales. +In total, the "DS" family had sold 154.9 million units as of July 15, 2021, making it the best-selling handheld system of all time, and the best-selling Nintendo console. Overall, it is the second best-selling system behind the PlayStation 2. + += = = Sam Neill = = = +Nigel James Dermot "Sam" Neill (born 14 September 1947) is a New Zealand actor. He has been in lots of movies. Neill has been in "Jurassic Park", "Dead Calm", "Event Horizon", "Sirens" and lots of other very famous movies. In recent years, he appeared in "" (2017) and "Peter Rabbit" (2018). +Neill was born on 14 September 1947 in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland to a New Zealander father and English mother. He moved to New Zealand in 1954. He studied at Christ's College, Canterbury and at University of Canterbury. Neill was married to Lisa Harrow until they divorced in 1989. Then he was married to Noriko Watanabe. He has two children. Neill has New Zealand and Irish citizenships. +In March 2023, Neill revealed that he had been having chemotherapy treatment after being diagnosed with stage 3 T cell lymphoma, a type of blood cancer. + += = = 1928 = = = +The year 1928 (MCMXXIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar. It was also a leap year starting on Saturday on the Julian calendar. This is before Tuesday, January 1, 1929, with an adoption of the Gregorian calendar from every state in the entire world. + += = = Meteor = = = +A meteor is what you see when a space rock falls to Earth. It is often known as a shooting star or falling star and can be a bright light in the night sky, though most are faint. A few survive long enough to hit the ground. That is called a meteorite, and a large one sometimes leaves a hole in the ground called a crater. +A rock that has not yet hit the atmosphere is called a meteoroid. Meteoroids may range in size from large pieces of rock to tiny dust particles floating in space that did not form planets. When the meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere they are usually going faster than the Earth's escape velocity of 13 km/sec or Mach 40. This makes them heat up and usually break apart. When the heat makes them glow, they are known as meteors. +Meteors are distinct from comets or asteroids, but some, especially those associated with meteor showers, are dust particles that came out of comets. +There are several types of meteorites including: stony, carbonaceous chondrites, and iron-nickel. Stony meteorites are named because they are largely made up of stone-like mineral material. Carbonaceous chondrites have a high carbon content. Iron-nickel meteorites are mostly iron often with significant nickel as well. +Meteorites happened often during the Late Heavy Bombardment. Nowadays they sometimes hurt people and property. The 2013 Russian meteor event did the most damage. Large meteorite strikes may have played a part in several of the mass extinctions, and so indirectly on the course of evolution. (see K/T extinction event; List of extinction events; Chicxulub crater) +Meteorite types. +Chondrites. +Chondrites are stony (non-metallic) meteorites that are as old as the Solar System: 4.55 billion years. They sometimes contain amino acids and other organic molecules. +They have not been modified due to melting or other disturbances. They are formed when various types of dust and small grains that were present in the early solar system accreted to form primitive asteroids. They are the most common type of meteorite that falls to Earth: they are about 85 or 86 percent of all meteorites. +Their study gives clues about the origin and age of the Solar System, the synthesis of organic compounds, the origin of life or the presence of water on Earth. Chondrites can be differentiated from iron meteorites by their low iron and nickel content. +Carbonaceous chondrites. +In 2021, a meteorite crashed on the Gloucestershire town of Winchcombe. It contained water that was a near-perfect match for that on Earth. The meteorite was picked up soon after it landed. This is a suggested source for the water on Earth. +Achondrites. +About 8 percent of meteorites show signs of melting and recrystallizing. They look rather like basalt or granite. +Iron meteorites. +Iron meteorites are meteorites made of an iron–nickel alloy. They are about 6 percent of all meteorites. This comes from the inner cores of early small proto-planets. The iron found in iron meteorites was one of the earliest sources of usable iron, before humans invented smelting. That signalled the beginning of the iron age. Iron meteorites are easily found, because they are very different from Earth rocks. +Siderolites. +Siderolites are stony-iron meteorites that have almost equal parts of iron and silicates. They are quite rare: only about 1 percent of all meteorites are siderolites. + += = = Similarity = = = +Similarity can mean: +In mathematics: +In computer science: +In other fields: + += = = Notepad = = = +Notepad is a word processing program, which allows changing of text in a computer file. Notepad was created by the Microsoft corporation. It is a text editor, a very simple word processor. It has been a part of Microsoft Windows since 1985. The program has options such as changing the font, the font size, and the font style. The most common use for Notepad is to view or change (edit) text (.txt) files, though .dat and .ini files can be changed in Notpad as well. Many users find Notepad a simple program for creating webpages. +Unlike using special software programs to create webpages, a Notepad user must write their webpages directly in the HTML markup language. + += = = Max Planck = = = +Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck (April 23, 1858 in Kiel – October 4, 1947 in Göttingen) was a physicist from Germany. He discovered quantum mechanics. He won the Nobel Prize in physics. +Life. +Planck came from an old fashioned, intelligent family. His great-grandfather and grandfather were both theology professors in Göttingen; his father was a law professor in Kiel and Munich; and his paternal uncle was a judge. +Planck was born in Kiel, Holstein, to Johann Julius Wilhelm Planck and his second wife, Emma Patzig. He was baptised with the name of "Karl Ernst Ludwig Marx Planck"; of his given names, "Marx" (a now not used variant of "Markus" or maybe simply an error for "Max", which is actually short for "Maximilian") was indicated as the primary name. However, by the age of ten he signed with the name "Max" and used this for the rest of his life. +He was the sixth child in the family, although two of his brothers and sisters were from his father's first marriage. Among his earliest memories was the marching of Prussian and Austrian troops into Kiel during the Danish-Prussian war of 1864. In 1867 the family moved to Munich, and Planck enrolled in the Maximilians gymnasium school, where he came under the tutelage of Hermann Müller, a mathematician who took an interest in the youth, and taught him astronomy and mechanics as well as mathematics. It was from Müller that Planck first learned the principle of conservation of energy. Planck graduated early, at age 17. This is how Planck first came in contact with the field of physics. + += = = Jay Leno = = = +James Douglas Muir "Jay" Leno (; born April 28, 1950) is an American comedian, actor, screenwriter, producer, television host and television presenter. +Early life. +Leno was born James Douglas Muir Leno in New Rochelle, New York on April 28, 1950. His mother Catherine (née Muir; 1911–1993) was a homemaker. She was born in Greenock, Scotland and came to the United States at the age of 11. Leno's father, Angelo (1910–1994), was an insurance salesman, who was born in New York, to immigrants from Flumeri, Italy. Leno grew up in Andover, Massachusetts and even though his high school guidance counselor recommended that he drop out of school, he later obtained a Bachelor's degree in speech therapy from Emerson College, where he started a comedy club in 1973. Leno's only sibling was his late older brother Patrick, who was a Vietnam veteran and a lawyer. +Career. +"The Tonight Show". +Leno worked on late night television. He became host of "The Tonight Show" in 1992 when Johnny Carson retired. In 2007, during the writer's strike, Leno sided with the writers, even though he returned to his show after two months (without the writers besides himself) so that his staff would not be out of work. Despite leading the late-night ratings, he was forced out as host of the Tonight Show in 2009 to make way for Conan O'Brien. On March 1, 2010, became "The Tonight Show" host once again, because of poor ratings with both himself and Conan O'Brien. Leno hosted his last episode of the Tonight Show on February 6, 2014. +"The Jay Leno Show". +He was a star of a primetime comedy show, "The Jay Leno Show", which ran from September 14, 2009 to February 9, 2010. +Acting. +He guest-starred twice on the Nickelodeon TV series "The Fairly OddParents" as the Crimson Chin. His character's name uses the fact that Leno has a large and square chin. +Personal life. +Since 1980, Leno has been married to Mavis Leno; they have no children. Leno is dyslexic. +Other websites. +<br> + += = = Vancouver = = = +Vancouver is a coastal city and major seaport on the mainland of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. The city has a population of over 630,000 and is the largest city in British Columbia. Metro Vancouver has a population of over 2 million people. That makes it the third largest metropolitan area in Canada. Vancouver has a mix of people from different cultures. Fifty-two percent of city residents have a first language that is not English. +History. +Native People began living in this area around 10,000-8,000 years ago. These people were part of three main groups: the Squamish, Musqueam, and Tsleil-Waututh. +Vancouver was founded in 1886, and is named after British naval captain George Vancouver. Captain Vancouver explored the area around Vancouver and Vancouver Island in the 1790s. +Buildings and information. +The University of British Columbia is in Vancouver. +Vancouver also has Stanley Park which has beaches and totem poles. Nearby is Grouse Mountain which has good skiing and has a 2.9 km (1.8 mi.) hiking trail which is known as the Grouse Grind. Grouse Mountain also has an animal sanctuary, including wolves and bears. +The Lions Gate Bridge is also in Stanley Park, Vancouver. +Sports. +Vancouver has two ice hockey teams, the Vancouver Canucks (who play for the National Hockey League) and the Vancouver Giants (who play for the Western Hockey League). +The BC Lions of the Canadian Football League are based in Vancouver. The team has won 6 Grey Cups. +In soccer, Vancouver is home to the Vancouver Whitecaps FC. They play in the Major League Soccer (MLS). +The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver and it was the first time Canada won a gold medal on Canadian soil. +Geography. +Vancouver is on a peninsula on the West Coast of Canada, less than a one-hour drive north of the Canada-U.S. border. +Between Vancouver and the Pacific Ocean to the west is a large island called Vancouver Island. Until the city was named in 1885, "Vancouver" referred to Vancouver Island. Some people mistakenly think that the city is on Vancouver Island. +On the south shore of Vancouver is the Fraser River, which flows west into the Strait of Georgia. The water along the north shore is called Burrard Inlet. +The city has an area of 114 square kilometres (44 sq mi). The larger metropolitan area is 2,878 square kilometres (1,111 sq mi). +As with most of British Columbia, Vancouver is in the Pacific Time Zone (UTC−8). +Climate. +Vancouver has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Köppen climate classification). The average precipitation per year is 1189 mm, mostly from October to April. High temperatures in the summer average 22 °C. The highest temperature ever recorded was 34.4 °C on July 30, 2009. On average, snow falls on only 11 days per year. The snow is usually wet, not very deep, and melts in the rain. On average, on only 4.5 days a year does the temperature not rise above freezing. +Housing in Vancouver. +Vancouver has had a housing affordability crisis for many years. It came in as the second-least affordable housing market compared with 90 other metropolitan areas in different countries. The only place considered less affordable was Hong Kong. +Vancouver has been criticized for saying that it provides many social housing units to residents. However "social housing" can refer to small apartments renting for $1,700 per month. There are people with household incomes of up to $120,000 living in "social housing" in Vancouver. +The government has been attempting to address the housing crisis situation by imposing a series of taxes such as the Foreign-buyers tax and Empty Homes Tax in 2016 and Speculation tax in 2018. +Rents in Vancouver were very high, and apartment vacancies were very low in 2019. + += = = Halifax = = = +Halifax (demonym Haligonian) may refer to: + += = = Nunavut = = = +Nunavut is a territory in Canada. It is the newest, largest, and northernmost territory of Canada. It was founded in 1999 when many Inuit living in the Northwest Territories wanted to have an independent province and government. Its capital is named Iqaluit. It is in the north of Canada, and has a particularly cold climate for much of the year. It has many native people (mainly Inuit). +The main form of transportation is the snowmobile. For the first week of being a separate unit, it was the Province of Nunavut, but after a week it was renamed Nunavut Territory. +A symbol of the territory is the Eskimo Dog (""). Even today, some people still use these dogs. + += = = Steve Martin = = = +Stephen Glenn Martin (born August 14, 1945) is an American comedian, actor, writer, producer, and musician. +Early years. +Martin was born in Waco, Texas to Glenn Vernon Martin, a real estate salesman and aspiring actor, and Mary Lee Stewart, a housewife. Martin was raised in Inglewood, California and Garden Grove, California. He is of English, French, German, Irish and Scottish descent. +As a teenager, Martin started out working at the Magic Shop at Disneyland. There he developed his talents for magic, juggling, playing the banjo and creating balloon animals. He teamed up with friend and Garden Grove High School classmate Kathy Westmoreland to do a musical comedy routine. They performed at local coffee houses and at the Bird Cage Theater in Knott's Berry Farm. Martin attended Santa Ana College at the same time as actress Diane Keaton. +Martin majored in philosophy at California State University, Long Beach, but dropped out. His time there changed his life: +"It changed what I believe and what I think about everything. I majored in philosophy. Something about non-sequiturs appealed to me. In philosophy, I started studying logic, and they were talking about cause and effect, and you start to realize, 'Hey, there is no cause and effect! There is no logic! There is no anything!' Then it gets real easy to write this stuff, because all you have to do is twist everything hard—you twist the punch line, you twist the non-sequitur so hard away from the things that set it up, that it's easy... and it's thrilling." +Martin's girlfriend in 1967 was a dancer on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". She helped Martin get a writing job with the show by submitting his work to head writer Mason Williams. Williams initially paid Martin out of his own pocket. Along with the other writers for the show, Martin won an Emmy Award in 1969. Martin also wrote for John Denver (a neighbor of his in Aspen, Colorado at one point), The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, and The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour. He also appeared on these shows and several others, in various comedy skits. +Martin also performed his own material, sometimes as an opening act for groups such as The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band and The Carpenters. He appeared at San Francisco's The Boarding House among other places. He continued to write, earning an Emmy nomination for his work on Van Dyke and Company in 1976. +Influences. +Martin says comedians like Smothers Brothers, George Carlin, Jerry Lewis, Redd Foxx, Woody Allen, George Burns, Jack Benny, Monty Python and Richard Pryor are influences. +Fame. +In the mid-1970s, he made appearances as a stand-up comedian on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. That exposure, together with appearances on HBO's On Location and NBC's Saturday Night Live led to his first of four comedy albums, "Let's Get Small". The album was a huge success. His next album, "A Wild and Crazy Guy", was a bigger success. It reached the #2 spot on the sales chart in the United States. It created a catch phrase (the album's title). It was based on a skit in which Martin and Dan Aykroyd played a couple of bumbling Czechoslovakian playboys. The album was a million seller. Both albums won Grammys for Best Comedy Recording in 1977 and 1978 respectively. +Movie career. +Martin's first movie was a short, "The Absent-Minded Waiter" (1977). The seven-minute long movie, also featuring Buck Henry and Teri Garr, was written by and starred Martin. The movie was nominated for an Academy Award as Best Short Film, Live Action. His first feature movie appearance was in the musical "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". He sang the Beatles' "Maxwell's Silver Hammer". +In 1979, Martin wrote and starred in his first full-length movie, "The Jerk", directed by Carl Reiner. The movie was a huge success, grossing over $73 million. Martin was in three more Reiner-directed comedies after "The Jerk": "Dead Men Don't Wear Plaid" in 1982, "The Man with Two Brains" in 1983 and "All of Me" in 1984. In 1986, Martin joined fellow Saturday Night Live veterans Martin Short and Chevy Chase in "¡Three Amigos"!, directed by John Landis. +In 1986, Martin was in the musical movie version of the hit off-Broadway play "Little Shop of Horrors" as a sadistic dentist, Orin Scrivello. +In 1987, Martin joined comedian John Candy in the John Hughes movie, "Planes, Trains and Automobiles". That same year, the Cyrano de Bergerac adaptation "Roxanne" won him a Writers Guild of America award. In 1988, he did "Dirty Rotten Scoundrels" with Michael Caine and directed by Frank Oz. +In 2005, Martin wrote and starred in "Shopgirl". Martin played a wealthy businessman who strikes up a romance with a Saks 5th Avenue counter girl (Claire Danes). He also starred in "Cheaper by the Dozen 2" that year. He was in the 2006 remake of "The Pink Panther". + += = = Richard Attenborough = = = +Richard Samuel Attenborough, Baron Attenborough, (; 29 August 1923 – 24 August 2014) was an English movie producer, director and actor. +Early life and education. +He was born in Cambridge, England. Attenborough left his home when he was 17 to attend the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts in London. He earned his first West End theatre role, then went to national stardom in the play "Brighton Rock". +Career. +Attenborough later became a producer and director. He produced and directed the movie "Gandhi". Attenborough said that the movie "Gandhi" was his dream project and waited years to make it. "Gandhi" won 5 British Academy Awards and 8 American Oscars. In 1983 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. In his movie roles, he is mostly known for his roles in "The Great Escape" and in "Jurassic Park". He was the older brother of naturalist David Attenborough. +After years of poor health, Attenborough died in London of heart failure on 24 August 2014, five days before his 91st birthday. + += = = Robin Williams = = = +Robin McLaurin Williams (July 21, 1951 – August 11, 2014) was an American actor and stand-up comedian. He first became famous on the television show "Mork and Mindy". He starred in many movies. +On August 11, 2014, Williams was found dead in his home. His death was believed to have been a suicide by asphyxiation. +Early life. +Williams was born in Chicago, Illinois on July 21, 1951. His father Robert Fitzgerald Williams (September 10, 1906 – October 18, 1987) worked for Ford Motor Company. His mother Laura McLaurin (née Smith, September 24, 1922 – September 4, 2001) was a former model from New Orleans, Louisiana. His great-great-grandfather on his mother's side was Mississippi senator and governor Anselm J. McLaurin. Williams' ancestors were English, Welsh, Irish, Scottish, German, and French. +When he was young, Williams lived in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan and in Marin County, California. He studied at Redwood High School and at Claremont McKenna College. He studied to become an actor at the Julliard School in New York City and at the College of Marin. +Career. +After his family moved to Marin County, Williams began his career doing stand-up comedy shows in the San Francisco Bay Area in the mid-1970s. His first performance took place at the Holy City Zoo, a comedy club in San Francisco, where he worked his way up from tending bar to getting on stage. +Williams became famous for his role as Mork in the television series "Mork & Mindy" (1978–1982). His idol Jonathan Winters also appeared in the show. Williams went on to a successful career in both stand-up comedy and movie acting. +He acted in the movies "The World According to Garp", "Good Morning, Vietnam", "Dead Poets Society", "Awakenings", "The Fisher King", "Good Will Hunting", "Popeye", "Hook", "Aladdin", "Mrs. Doubtfire", "Jumanji", "The Birdcage", "Night at the Museum", and "Happy Feet". +Williams appeared in the music video for "Don't Worry, Be Happy" by Bobby McFerrin. In 2013, Williams starred as President Dwight D. Eisenhower in Lee Daniels' "The Butler". +Before his death, Williams starred in the short-lived comedy "The Crazy Ones". It was cancelled shortly before his death. +Once Williams got angry with Disney for using his voice as the Genie in "Aladdin" to sell merchandise for the movie. Disney tried to apologize to Williams. The Disney company bought a Picasso painting for him. +Awards. +Williams was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor three times. He received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in "Good Will Hunting". He received two Emmy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and five Grammy Awards. +Personal life. +Williams married Valerie Velardi in 1978. They divorced in 1988. In 1989, Williams married Marsha Garces. She divorced him in 2008. Williams married Susan Schneider in 2011. Their marriage lasted until Williams' death in 2014. Williams had a son with Velardi. He had a daughter and son with Garces. His son, Zak Williams, is an actor, businessman, and filmmaker. His daughter, Zelda Williams, is an actress. +Williams lived in San Francisco and Paradise Cay in California. +Health. +Williams was an alcoholic. He was also addicted to cocaine. He had strong depression in the final years of his life. On March 13, 2009, he had surgery to fix an aortic valve. The surgery was successful. One month before his death, Williams went to rehab for his alcoholism. Williams' widow stated that he had been diagnosed with early stage Parkinson's disease before his death, but the actor was "not yet ready to share publicly" this information. In November 2014, it was revealed that Williams had Lewy body dementia. +Death. +On August 11, 2014 at about 11:45 am, Williams was found at his home by his personal assistant. About ten minutes later, a 911 call was made saying that Williams was not reacting or breathing. He was pronounced dead at 12:02 pm, shortly after emergency personnel arrived. +The Marin County Sheriff's department said the cause of death was probably asphyxia by hanging. Williams was also found with cuts on his wrist. +Williams was cremated. His ashes were scattered in the San Francisco Bay. On December 16, 2014, it was revealed that, as a result of his death, Williams was the fastest growing search term on Google in 2014. + += = = Bamboo = = = +Bamboo is a name for over 1,400 species of giant grasses in 115 different genera. All bamboos have wood-like stems. Bamboo mainly grows in Africa, America and in Asia but can easily grow in Europe. +Bamboo grows in clumps (although running varieties exist). The runners can be up to 40 metres (130 feet). David Farrelly, in his book "The Book of Bamboo", says that bamboo has been measured to grow 1.21 meters (47.6 inches) in a 24-hour period. However, most bamboos (used for gardening) will grow more like 3 cm to 5 cm (1-2 inches) a day. +Almost all species of bamboo have hollow stems divided into nodes or joints. The stem can be up to 30 cm (a foot) in diameter. Each of the nodes has one side bud. Not all of those buds develop into branches, but some do. This makes bamboo one of the few grasses that have a branch structure. Bamboo rarely flowers. Some species only flower once, and then die off. The distance of two joints in a bamboo is the basis of a traditional Japanese unit of measurement, "shaku". +Uses. +Bamboo is used to make lots of things and is a construction material. The stems of larger trees are used to build houses, bridges, and other things that have to be constructed such as boat and wickerwork. It can be used for scaffolding. Bamboo is an easy construction material and not expensive. +Bamboo is almost the only food of giant pandas. The shoots can also be used as human food. Bamboo shoots are usually cooked before being eaten. Most temperate bamboos can be eaten without cooking if they are not too bitter. +As some may contain cyanogens, cooking is better. The only "Phyllostachys" known to have potentially toxic concentrations of cyanogens is "Ph. heterocycla pubescens". + += = = Trojan War = = = +The Trojan War was one of the most important wars in the history of Ancient Greece. It happened between the Trojans and the Greeks. It is mostly known through the "Iliad," an epic poem written by the Ancient Greek poet Homer. +In the middle 19th century scholars thought Troy and the war were mythical; that they never existed. However, Heinrich Schliemann discovered the site of ancient Troy, across the Aegean Sea on Asia Minor. The war may have taken place in the 12th century BC. +Bronze Age and Troy. +The Bronze Age was the first era known for humans to create tools and weapons made out of metal. Previously they had used stone tools. Beginning in about 3,300 B.C throughout the Middle East and parts of Asia, humans made many technical advances. Bronze Age civilizations interconnected through trade, war, migration, and innovation. However, the age ended quickly in the Bronze Age collapse after 1200 B.C., when many civilizations fell at once. +One of the most well known ancient civilizations to fall was the city of Troy. Branching off of the Mycenaean civilization and located in Histarlik, the northeast coast of Turkey, this ancient city dates back to over 2,700 years ago. Believed to be inhabited for almost 4,000 years beginning in 3,000 B.C., this civilization developed grand palaces by building on top of one city after another was destroyed. This formed into a human-made mound called a “tell”. Gert Jan van Wingaarden, in his book “Troy: City, Homer and Turkey,” writes, “ There is no one single Troy, there are at least 10, lying in layers on top of each other.” He says that the city of Troy contains many layers which is why archeological excavators have yet to reach the remains of the first settlement. Along with enhancing their city the Trojans developed their own writing system and occupied the Dardanelles, a narrow water channel connecting the Aegean Sea to the Black Sea. The writing system and water channel advanced the city of Troy into a powerful civilization which allowed for many allies to be made but also an arising rivalry. +According to Homer’s story, "Iliad", the civilization was doomed to fall as long as the Trojan King’s son, Alexander, remained alive due to a curse placed upon him at birth by Zeus. The story of the Trojan war concludes to why such an advanced and powerful civilization like Troy was able to be completely destroyed. +Mythic origin of the war. +The origins of the war (in the "Iliad") started at the wedding of King Peleus and the nereid (sea-nymph) Thetis. They had invited almost all the gods to their wedding. But they did not invite Eris, goddess of strife. She was angry and she threw a golden apple among the guests on which was written "To the Fairest". The goddesses Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite caught the apple at the same time and fought over who was the most beautiful. Because they could not end the fight by themselves, they went to Zeus, the king of the gods. Zeus chose Paris to decide, and give the apple to who he wanted. Each of the three goddesses offered Paris gifts so he would choose her. Hera offered Paris all of Asia. Athena offered wisdom. +Then Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman. Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite. Of course, Aphrodite had not thought about the fact that the most beautiful woman, Helen, Queen of Sparta, already had a husband (King Menelaus of Sparta). But Aphrodite had her son, Eros, shoot Helen with a golden arrow so she fell in love with Paris. They left for Troy. Menelaus, Helen's husband, declared war on Troy to retrieve his queen, now called Helen of Troy. This began the Trojan war. +Homer's Greek Gods. +Greek gods play a large role in the myth of how the Trojan War was started. The reason gods were introduced to the Greek culture was to serve as an answer to the origin of man, as well as to offer authority figures that could be summoned when the Greek needed help. The Greek gods were believed to have a divine presence and were worshipped by many. They were an important aspect of Greek culture that flowed over into literature, art, and other topics. Many of Homer’s works include the involvement of Greek gods and goddesses. The gods that are seen throughout Homer’s works are immortal and they hold a lot of power. They have the power to know just about everything and are the highest in authority without any other power above them. The greatest of the gods is the family in which Zeus is the father. Throughout the majority of Homer’s writings, Zeus is so supreme that he is used to represent the collective power of gods and Zeus is so commonly mentioned. This is why in the origin of the Trojan War, the gods go to Zeus for resolutions of conflict. Unlike some works of writing and some cultures, the gods throughout Homer’s work have no relation to religion but are rather their own separate thing. +The Trojan horse. +The war went on for ten years swinging to one side and then the other. Some of the leading fighters were Achilles, Paris, and Hector. The Greeks won by building a big wooden horse, which we now call the Trojan Horse. Greek soldiers hid inside the horse, and others put the horse on the shore and left in their boats. The Trojans saw the horse and thought that the Greeks had given up and left. They thought the horse was a gift in their honour. They dragged the horse into Troy and celebrated their victory. When night fell, the Greeks hiding inside the horse opened the city gates and set fire to the houses. The Greeks who had left in their boats had just pretended to leave, to trick the Trojans. They returned and won the war. The trick was thought up by Odysseus, King of the small island of Ithaca. +Allusions of the Trojan War. +There are many versions to the story of the Trojan War. Two of the most famous of these stories are Homer’s poetry about this war in his books, the Iliad and the Odyssey. Full of exaggerations, distortions, contradictions, and pure fictions, these two books do not give a clear indication whether or not the Trojan war actually occurred. Homer wrote these stories based on the oral tradition of storytelling. Oral tradition has a tendency to not contain precise memories and can morph into different claims based on different cultural influences and intentions. For example, the Iliad is shown to have many similar aspects to characters and wars originating from stories throughout the Hellenic world, like the duel between Lycian Sapedon and Rhodian. These similarities in stories are not originally connected with Troy. This creates fundamental distortion which contains three principles. First, a heroic tradition may be constructed to seem as an event that holds more significance than it truly does. In Herodotus’s version of the Trojan War, he says “his narrative is presented as belonging to the realm of ‘what is said’ rather than ‘what is known.” He tries to present a credible source of the story by eliminating the gods by making Helen be the daughter of a human, Tyndareus, rather than the daughter of a god. He also makes Alexander (Paris) not judge on the beauty of the three goddesses and become convinced by Aphrodite’s promise to marry Helen. Instead, he steals Helen. He does this because humans decide on their own what is and is not credible about ancient civilizations. He knew the popular opinion would be that people do not see supernatural as credible but instead as fiction. Secondly, tradition may be picked up by regions and people who have no relation to the event. For example, different civilizations would use the information as “propagandistic purposes” to make their civilization look heroic or enemy civilizations remain monstrous. The process of passing down stories through word of mouth as the only source leads to inevitable change to the truth in the story through the different cultural influences of those telling the story. For example, if the Spartans were telling their perspective of the Trojan war compared to the Trojans, then the two stories will most likely be very different. Thirdly, the traditions may become distorted in time including the original main idea so that it is not recognizable from the rest of the evidence. This means that there most likely was a Trojan war. However, the war was not the same as what Homer states. The story is known to be part of "spatium" "histoicum" which is the clear belonging of a deep past in which accurate knowledge is difficult to obtain. For example, there is also no written evidence to validate the Trojan war and archeologists can not yet provide evidence of who attacked Troy. This makes the storyline much easier to change and is why many researchers believe the Trojan war stories are about war with enemies created as a result of a copper shortage in Greece. At the time, the Trojans were the only ones that would have access to the copper supply in the Back Sea. Overall, these variations in the story of the Trojan war are not reliable sources to aid figuring out whether the Trojan war happened or not; however, they help give an understanding of the cultural background and intentions of the people during this era. +What really happened? +There is no evidence proving the Trojan War did occur. If the Trojan War did occur, Hisarlik was most likely the site. Hisarlik consists of an ordinary low lying mound with some bits of broken pavement, building foundations, and walls. Visitors who visit Hisarlik can see a large wooden horse, built in more recent years, that serves as an aid in convincing individuals Hisarlik is the true site of Homer’s Troy. The origin of how the Trojan War was started lies in Homer’s poem, the Iliad. +Hiller, the author of "Two Trojan Wars? On the destructions of Troy VI and VII" reminds us that our trust in a historical Trojan War is rooted in Homer. Homer is not a historian but, rather, a poet. Hiller also said that because Homer is a poet, part of his role in creating content is exaggerating for better effect, and therefore evidence in support of a Trojan War needs to be independent of Homer’s epic. It was extremely unlikely that a civilization would declare war and gather a fleet of hundreds of ships over a dispute of a woman, the original belief of the spark of conflict However, Bronze Age kings occasionally were willing to go to war over the abduction of one of their subjects, and even more so when that subject was a family member. Excavations were done. The first step in establishing the physical location of the war is to find a clearly identifiable location for the war. This has not been done, although, currently Hisarlik is seen as the most identifiable. Even so, Heinrich Schliemann favored other locations as the official site of Troy before settling on Hisarlik. Schliemann, perhaps the archaeologist most involved with the search of Troy, began excavations in Hisarlik in 1871. Because Troy is made of several settlements, another challenge was finding which of the layers were the most likely to match up with the war. Schliemann believed one of the earliest layers would have to be the site of Troy. Without much prior knowledge on excavation, Schliemann had his crew dig a trench through the site, which resulted in the destruction of several of the upper layers. +The dwellings and what could be found on that level of the mound did not add up with Homer’s description with Troy, which then required excavation into the later layers. However, because Schliemann had destroyed most of the newer layers, there was only a little bit of the sixth settlement that survived, which does not provide for a large representation of the settlement. However, it was the sixth settlement that provided the best evidence of Troy’s existence. Pottery found on the site of Hisarlik showed that Troy VI most likely ended around the first of the thirteenth century. This sets the date for the war around 1250 BC, if the war and Troy were to coincide. The date of 1250 is in very close proximity to the date given by Herodotus, a Greek historian and as well as given by other Classical Greek sources. This level also represented a peak period of the layers, once again supporting the idea that it truly was the site of the Trojan War. However, even with these pieces of evidence, the similar accounts between Homer’s Troy and Hisarlik are still generally slight and do not show any significant evidence. Another indication that the Trojan War may have occurred is that the excavation of Troy VI provided evidence that signified violent destruction. However, yet again there is no way to be certain whether the destruction was caused by humans or the environment, or both. +Trojan War in Pop Culture. +Over the years, the story of the Trojan War has become an icon as an action-packed TV show like "Troy: Fall of a City" as well as a binge worthy fictional novel like "Daughter of Troy" by Dave Duncan. In order for creators to make these films and books portray as authentic, they add archeological information to aid the culture, history, clothing and supplies used to relate to the ancient civilization. Some examples include bronze blades and weapons which were artifacts introduced within the Bronze Age, a walled city to portray the structure of the ancient cities within Greece, and the incorporation of the references to the Greek gods and goddesses watching every action they make to show their cultural beliefs. The incorporation of archeological information within pop culture is very relevant and an important aspect to making any type of film, image or novel a success. +Stories, books, movies. +These are stories, books, movies, etc., that are about the Trojan War, or tell parts of its story: + += = = Cruise ship = = = +A cruise ship (or cruise liner or ocean liner, though the latter mainly refers to large vessels designed for mass leisure travel which cross the ocean) is a large ship with sleeping cabins and other facilities that takes people on holiday and vacation trips. Hundreds of thousands of people take cruises each year. +Today's cruise ships are like floating hotels. They have a complete "hospitality staff" (to serve food and help passengers in other ways) as well as the usual ship's crew. The largest cruise ships have casinos, shops, many restaurants, theaters for both live entertainment and movies, several pools, day care, a gym, and a running track. The most expensive cruises often have more crew and staff than passengers. This means that the people who control the cruise can give many personal services. +Today, hundreds of cruise ships sail all over the world. Some carry over 3,000 passengers. These are some of the largest ships ever built. For some places, such as Antarctica, because it lacks other methods of regular transport, cruise ships are one of the few ways for tourists to visit. +There's also cruise type vessels that have permanent residences. Like the World Ship and MS Utopia. + += = = Windows Media Player = = = +Windows Media Player is a digital media player made by Microsoft. It is already installed on Microsoft Windows operating systems, and an older version is available for some Apple Macintosh operating systems. The program allows people to watch certain video files and play music files that are in a compatible file format. How the program looks can also be changed with skins, and it can be made small enough to fit on the taskbar. + += = = Listen Up = = = +Listen Up! was a 2004 CBS television series. It was a sitcom starring Jason Alexander as Tony Kleinman, a sportscaster from the fictional "Listen Up!" His cohost is named Bernie, and is a hall of famer. Jason has a wife, Dana, and two kids, one named Mickey. Mickey is very good at golf, but gets low grades. +The series only lasted for one season, 22 episodes. + += = = Jurassic Park III = = = +Jurassic Park III is a 2001 American movie and the third "Jurassic Park" movie. It follows "". Paul Kirby, who says he is a rich business owner, convinces Dr. Alan Grant and his assistant, Billy Brennan, to take him and his wife to Isla Sorna as a vacation and serve as a guide. Actually, Kirby and his wife want to search for their son, who was stranded on Isla Sorna while on a parasailing trip. After crashing on the island, they are attacked by a Spinosaurus, who kills several members of their party. After escaping, the remaining people start hiking for the coast, fighting many dinosaurs, including the Spinosaurus, along the way. +"Jurassic Park III" is followed by "Jurassic World". + += = = Laura Dern = = = +Laura Elizabeth Dern (born February 10, 1967) is an Academy Award-winning American actress. Born in Los Angeles, she is the daughter of Bruce Dern and Diane Ladd. +She received an Oscar and Golden Globe Award for her performance as Rose in "Rambling Rose". For the HBO film "Afterburn", she received an Emmy Award nomination and a Golden Globe Award. She has also won Independent Spirit Awards for "Blue Velvet" and "Smooth Talk". She is perhaps most famous for playing Dr. Ellie Sattler in "Jurassic Park". She used to date Jeff Goldblum. In 2020, she won another Oscar for her role in "Marriage Story". + += = = Trailer (movie) = = = +A movie trailer (also called a preview or coming attraction) is a short showing of a future (not yet released) movie. They are shown in a theater before the current movie starts. They are often later shown in advertisements for DVD releases, and broadcasts of the movie on television. + += = = Michael Crichton = = = +Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author of many books. His books were usually in the science fiction, medical fiction, and thriller genres. He was also a producer, director, and doctor. +Crichton is well known for writing novels that later became well-known Hollywood movies. His most famous work was "Jurassic Park." Other examples of Crichton's novels that later went on to become big-budget films include Congo, The Lost World, Rising Sun, and Sphere. +Crichton has also created the "ER" television show. +Crichton was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was 69" tall. He was married five times. He had a daughter from his fourth marriage. +On November 4, 2008, he died of throat cancer and lymphoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 66. He was looked down on by some as a climate change denier In February 2009, his widow gave birth to his only, posthumous son, John Michael Todd Crichton. + += = = Andreas Baader = = = +Andreas Bernd Baader (6 May 1943-18 October 1977) was a German terrorist. +He was born in Munich and was one of the first leaders of the Red Army Faction (RAF). It was often called the "Baader-Meinhof gang" +Start of the Baader-Meinhof gang. +In 1968, Baader and his girlfriend Gudrun Ensslin were convicted of the setting fire to a department store in Frankfurt am Main. +They were arrested and sent to jail, but Baader escaped. He was caught in April 1970, but in May 1970, he was allowed to go a library outside the prison. Journalist Ulrike Meinhof and two other women were allowed to join him. They let a masked man into the library who fired shots at a 64-year-old librarian. Baader, the three women and the masked man fled through a window, and the group soon became known as the "Baader-Meinhof Gang". +Baader and others then spent some time in a Palestinian military training camp in Jordan before being thrown out. Back in Germany, Baader robbed banks and bombed buildings from 1970 to 1972. On 1 June 1972, he and fellow RAF members Jan-Carl Raspe and Holger Meins were caught after a gunfight in Frankfurt. +Meins died during a hunger strike in Stammheim Prison, Stuttgart, in 1974. This was when philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre visited Baader. He described Baader as "incredibly stupid" and "an asshole". +Stammheim. +From 1975 to 1977, there was a long and expensive trial in a specially fortified building on the grounds of Stammheim. Their jailers said Baader and the others kept their cells as dirty and disgusting as possible in stop searches for things that might be smuggled in; at this time lawyers and defendants were not separated by panes of glass during unsupervised meetings. +Meinhof was found dead in her cell in Stammheim on 9 May 1976, hanging from the ceiling. RAF members and others claimed that she was killed by the German government. The so-called "second generation of the RAF" committed several kidnappings and murders in a campaign in support of the prisoners. The three remaining defendants were convicted in April 1977 of several murders, attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organization, and were sentenced to life imprisonment. +Businessman Hanns Martin Schleyer was kidnapped in Cologne on 5 September 1977. Lufthansa Flight 181 was hijacked in mid-October to try to force the release of Baader and ten other RAF members. +After several weeks that were called "the German Autumn", the passengers of the aeroplane were freed in an assault carried out by German GSG 9 special forces in the early hours of 18 October 1977. On the same day, the RAF killed Schleyer in France. +Next morning, Andreas Baader and Jan-Carl Raspe were found in their prison cells, dead from gunshot wounds. Gudrun Ensslin was found hanging. RAF member Irmgard Möller was found with four stab wounds to her chest, but survived. +All the official inquiries said that Baader and the others two committed suicide. Möller insists that the deaths and her injury were extrajudicial executions. +In fiction. +In 2002, director Christopher Roth released a film about Baader titled "Baader". + += = = Meher Baba = = = +Meher Baba (25 February 1894 31 January 1969) referred to himself as the Avatar of the Age. His birth name was Merwan Irani and his parents' names were Sheriar and Shireen Irani. His family lived in Poona (Pune) India, but they were of Persian descent. Today Persia is called Iran. They were not Hindus or Muslims, but were of the Zoroastrian religion. +Merwan had a normal childhood and liked poetry and sports, especially cricket. When he was thirteen years old he started a boy's club with his best school friends called "The Cosmopolitan Club". The boys in the club kept up on the news, practiced public speaking at their clubhouse, and raised money to give to the poor. He graduated from St. Vincent's High School and attended Deccan College. In 1913, when Baba was nineteen, he was coming home from college riding a bicycle. A very old Muslim woman named Hazrat Babajan, referred to as a Perfect Master (God Realized), was sitting under a Neem tree, called for him to come over to her, he said he was drawn to her like iron to a magnet. He began spending time visiting with her and serving her. In 1914 she kissed him on the forehead, he then went home. Baba later said that he became so dazed after this kiss that he could barely find his way home, and that when Babajan kissed him, initially he lost all consciousness of the world, he then realized God within himself. He was so dazed he neither ate or slept for several weeks. Moving about semi-autonomously in 1915 Merwan was drawn to the other five Perfect Masters, beginning with Sai Baba of Shirdi who upon seeing Merwan called out to him "Parvardigar!" (Divine Sustainer). Upasni Maharaj, also a Perfect Master on seeing Merwan thru a stone, hitting him on the forehead where Babajan had kissed Merwan. He often went to live with Upasni at Sakori. The five Masters assisted Merwan in regaining his integration of the physical world of duality with the Divine Oneness that is the Avatar's natural state. Merwan served as their disciple while in fact he was already fully God Realized. +The process of integration took 7 years during which Merwan often stayed at Upasni's ashram. He also visited with Babajan and stayed with his family, as his integration became more functional he began taking on jobs such as working at his father's toddy shop, and managing a group of performers. In 1921 Upasni told some of his followers that Merwan was the Avatar of the Age and that they should now follow Merwan. In 1921 one of these early disciples began calling Merwan "Meher Baba" which means "Compassionate Father". In 1922 Meher Baba and a group of male disciples walked from Ponna (Pune) to Bombay (Mumbai) where he established his first ashram, Manzil-e-Meem (House of the Master) where over the next year he trained them as his disciples, from then on Baba would be their spiritual guide. Baba eventually took these new followers to Ahmednagar, to a place now called Meherabad. There he gave discourses on spirituality, worked with the local poor villagers, established a dispensary and hospital, cared for the God-mad "masts", and started boarding school for children of all faiths and castes, all free of charge. Gradually his following grew. +In 1925 Meher Baba began keeping silent and for the rest of his life Baba did not speak. He communicated first by writing on slates but then adapted an English alphabet board by pointing to letters painted on it. Years later he stopped using the alphabet board and used his own form of hand gestures. He kept silent until his death in 1969. Some people called him "The Silent Master" and there is a book by that title. +Meher Baba traveled around the world many times. He visited many countries. He spent several months in England, Australia and the United States. Many thousands of people came to see him. Some of them became his followers. +In 1954, when Baba was sixty years old, he said publicly for the first time that he was the Avatar. In the ancient language of Sanskrit, the word "Avatar" means one who has come down from God. Baba said that the Avatar is born on Earth every 700–1400 years, and comes to help others find God. Meher Baba said that in the past the Avatar had been on Earth as Zoroaster, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad. +Meher Baba's most famous quote is "Don't Worry, Be Happy," partly because it appeared in a popular song. Others know of him because of the song "Baba O'Reilly" written by Pete Townshend who is a follower of his and named the song partly after Baba. +Regarding publications, there are two of major significance. In "Discourses", messages that were given by Meher Baba concerning many areas of the spiritual life are clearly presented. In "God Speaks", Meher Baba dictated and explained the complete journey of the incarnate soul from stone to man, over thousands of years and many lifetimes, culminating in God Realization; the goal of life. He said, "Real happiness lies in making others happy." He showed his followers that the best path is to love God at all times by loving your fellow man, exemplified by his own life of Selfless Service. +He also said he had not come to start a new religion—but to revitalize all religions: "I shall revitalize all religions and cults, and bring them together like beads on one string". His followers come from all religions: Zoroastrians, Christians, Jews, Hindus, Muslims, Sufis, Buddhists, and Sikhs, as well as from no religion, there are atheists and agnostics who may not necessarily believe in God, but who are attracted purely to his honest and loving way of life. + += = = Trailer = = = +Trailer has the following definitions: + += = = Uno (card game) = = = +Uno (stylized on usual branding as UNO) is an American card game that was made by Merle Robbins in 1971. It has since been bought by a company named Mattel. It uses 108 special ca made just to play "Uno". It is similar to Crazy Eights. +The cards are put into 4 different groups: Red cards, green cards, blue cards and yellow cards. There are also some other cards calleds". Skip, Reverse, Draw +2(This the way), Wild, and Wild +4 cards allow you to do something you cannot normally do, such as pick up two more card +Each player starts off with 7 cards, randomly assigned. A card from the main deck is then placed in the center for everyone to see. The first player must put down a card that is either the sane color or number, or a willayer puta down a regular card, the next person has to put down another card of the same color or number, and it keeps on going in order. When a skip cad. A reverse card reverses the order of the game. A wild card "(Card with 4 col' can be placed above any color, and the player chooses what color they want everyone to continue with until someone puta down a card with the same number but a different color or a wild card. +2 cards force the next player to draw 2 cards, but +4 cards force the next player to draw 4 cards and the current player gets to pick a new color of their choice. + += = = UNO = = = +Uno can mean: +UNO is an acronym for: + += = = Electrical engineering = = = +Electrical engineering is a subject of engineering. Its goal is to develop (think and make) different things that use electricity in a helpful way. Electrical engineers fix or design new and better ways of using devices that use electricity. +Big subjects in electrical engineering include power generation, automation and control of robots, digital systems, and information technology (using radio and computers to move and use data). To meet new needs, electrical engineering produced new specialties, such as electronic engineering and software engineering. +History. +Early universities taught this as philosophy and later as science. As the industrial revolution began they had to start teaching new parts of these sciences to keep up with the demand for new resources. +When the industrial era began, we needed to study mathematics, physics and chemistry to help support it. These subjects are "applied" (or, used in the real world) using engineering. In the late 19th century when electricity was used to make electric motors and to send messages to far away places, a new branch called electrical engineering was invented. When radio became important, many engineers worked at it, and their branch was later expanded to cover electronic engineering. + += = = Design = = = +Design is the visual appearence or shape given to an object. Design aims to make things prettier, more comfortable, or better in some way by making them work well and look good. +Good design decisions can make a space, for example, a hospital or an airport, more accessible or an image more attractive for advertisements, adding value in the market. +Designers use knowledge and rules from geometry and art to create their designs. +Design is sometimes divided to sub-categories, including graphic design, interior design, vehicle design, furniture design, product design, type design, fashion design and web design, to name a few. +Design doesn't always lead to physical objects; it can involve applications, websites, prototypes, presentations, or serve as a plan for creating something else. +Design is also a concept used to create an object (virtual or not). Design is picturing things using the imagination; as to using perception or memory. +Related pages. +<br> + += = = Star Trek = = = +Star Trek is an American media franchise owned by Paramount and CBS, as well as various spin-offs. +The main parts of the "Star Trek" franchise are: +Other parts of the franchise are: books (both fiction and non-fiction), magazines, comics, action figures, model toys and computer video games. +"Star Trek" was created as a TV series in 1966 by Gene Roddenberry. He and the other authors of "Star Trek" have, over time, developed a whole fictional universe set in the future. Following this fictional universe is the way they have chosen to maintain continuity between the various TV series and the movies. +"Trekkies" or "Trekkers" may refer to the many fans who love the series and support this "Star Trek Universe". Many conventions and newsletters exist to serve these fans. There are even amateur movies made by the fans. +Creation. +In the 1960s, Gene Roddenberry created "Star Trek". He sold it as a western (a television genre about cowboys), but in space, and compared it to the television show "Wagon Train". He also based it on "Gulliver's Travels". After two pilots (test episodes), "Star Trek" was first shown on television in 1966. +History of "Star Trek". +In 2053, World War III ended on Earth. In 2063 Zefram Cochrane, invented the warp drive, a way to travel faster than the speed of light. Because of this invention, Vulcans came to Earth to meet the humans. This is shown in "". The Vulcans helped humans fight disease and hunger. In 2150 humans created a United Earth Government that combined all the old governments into one. +A war between Earth and the Romulans made species from different planets work together, and the Coalition of Planets was started in 2156. In 2161, the planets Vulcan, Earth, Andoria and Tellar started the United Federation of Planets. +Television series. +"The Original Series" (1966–1969). +"" is sometimes abbreviated to TOS. In it, the Starship Enterprise travels through space to discover new places - "to boldly go where no man has gone before". The show was set in the 23rd century. +The main characters are: +It was shown on television for three years. It was cancelled in 1969. +"The Animated Series" (1973–1974). +"" is also called "TAS". It is an animated version of "The Original Series". The crew are the same, and most are voice-acted by the same actors. Because it was animated, the planets and species could look more interesting. +Gene Roddenberry asked for the stories in "TAS" to be removed from "Star Trek"'s canon (the official history of "Star Trek" that is the same in all series). It is still argued about if they are part of canon or not, but usually agreed that they are not. The official Star Trek website has added some things from "TAS" to their library. +"The Next Generation" (1987–1994). +"" is also called "TNG". It is set 70 years after "The Original Series", in the 24th century. The crew travel on a new starship called the "Enterprise-D". The stories are also about exploring, and often about fighting hostile (violent or angry) ships. The crew has many different races. +The main characters are: +It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1987 to 1994. +"Deep Space Nine" (1993–1999). +' is also sometimes called "DS9". It is set in the late 24th century, at the end of "The Next Generations time line and the start of Voyager's. It is not like "TOS" and "TNG" because it is set on a space station and is not about exploring. This means it has more soap opera elements (lots of stories about the characters). Most of the stories are about the Cardassian race and the war with the Dominion. +The main characters are: +It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1993 to 1999. +"Voyager" (1995–2001). +"" is set in the late 24th century. It is different from the other series because it takes place in the Delta Quadrant. The ship Voyager was trapped there after a chase by the Maquis (Starfleet rebels). The stories are about them trying to find their way home. This is a long journey, and will take them 75 years. +The main characters are: +It was shown on television for seven seasons, from 1995 to 2001. It was made to help start a new television channel, UPN. +"Enterprise" (2001–2005). +"" is set in the 22nd century, which means it is before all the other series on the "Star Trek" timeline. It is about the humans and the Vulcans working together after first contact. The ship, Enterprise, was the first Warp 5 ship made by the humans (with some Vulcan assistance). The first season famously had many continuity errors (events and technology that did not match what happens in the other series). +The main characters are: +It was shown on television for four seasons, from 2001 to 2005. +"Discovery" (2017-). +"Star Trek: Discovery" is the newest "Star Trek" series. It is set in the 23rd century, ten years before the original "Star Trek" series. The first season is about a war between the Federation and the Klingons. +The main characters of the first season are: +The first season was streamed online starting in 2017 on CBS' online streaming service in the United States, and on Netflix outside of the United States. There will be another season premiering in late 2018. +"Other Star Trek Series". +Since Discovery was added here, other series have been produced and released. In no particular order, they are: +Culture. +The "Star Trek" franchise is a multibillion-dollar industry (a very large business). It has influenced (affected) many things in real life. +Trekkies. +"Star Trek" has a large following of fans who are very enthusiastic (care a great deal) about the show. They are usually called Trekkies. The word was first used by Arthur W. Saha when he saw people wearing fake Vulcan ears at a convention (an event where lots of people interested in the same thing organise to meet) in 1967. Some fans like to be known as Trekkers instead. +Two documentaries (factual television shows) have been made about them, called "Trekkies" and "Trekkies 2". +Enterprise. +In 1976, NASA made a prototype (test) space shuttle. It was first going to be called "Constitution", but Star Trek fans wrote letters to NASA asking for it to be called "Enterprise" instead. "Enterprise" was used for flight tests, although it was never sent into space. It is now displayed (put on show) at the Smithsonian Institution. +Parodies and tributes. +The movie "Galaxy Quest" is a "Star Trek" parody, which means it was made to be like "Star Trek" in a funny way. +There have been parodies on television in the cartoons "Futurama", "The Simpsons" and "Family Guy". +The video games company Blizzard Entertainment puts references to "Star Trek" in many of its games, like "Starcraft" and "World of Warcraft". +Fans of the show made a new episode, "Pilgrim of Eternity", in 2013. The crew were also professional film and TV people. +Themes. +"Star Trek" episodes often tell a moral story. philosophical and moral questions are common. In the "Star Trek: Voyager" episode "Tuvix", a transporter accident puts two characters, Tuvok and Neelix, into one body. This makes a new person, Tuvix, who has his own personality. The crew of the Voyager must decide what to do: they can kill Tuvix by separating him back into Tuvok and Neelix, or they can kill Tuvok and Neelix by letting Tuvix live. In the end, Captain Janeway decides to save Tuvok and Neelix, although the Doctor thinks this is wrong. +"Star Trek" episodes also often reflect (copy) what is happening in the real world. One example is the episode "A Private Little War" in "Star Trek: The Original Series". This is said to be like the Vietnam War. In the episode, the Klingons threaten innocent people. Captain Kirk has to decide whether to give the people guns so that they can defend themselves. The episode asks whether you can fight evil without doing evil yourself. +One focus of all the "Star Trek" franchises is a Federation law called "The Prime Directive." The Prime Directive states that advanced civilizations should not change more primitive ones; societies should be allowed to develop on their own. The Prime Directive often makes for a moral conflict—for example, the Prime Directive might forbid using advanced technology to save an intelligent race. + += = = Tunnel = = = +A tunnel is an underground passage. Some tunnels are used for cars, and others are used for trains. Sometimes, a tunnel is used for movement of ships. Some tunnels are built for communication cables and some are built for electricity cables. Other tunnels are built for animals. +Tunnels are dug in different kinds of grounds, from soft sand to hard rock. The way of digging is chosen by the type of ground. There are two additional ways of digging : quarry and 'cut and cover'. In quarry, the tunnel path is drilled in a horizontal way. +This system requires a deep tunnel that's built in a firm rock. In the 'cut and cover' system, a tunnel is dug in the ground and, afterwards, a roof is built above the tunnel. This system fits tunnels that are close to the ground like road tunnels and infrastructure. +Building tunnels is a large civil engineering project that could cost very high sums of money. The planning and building of a long tunnel may take many years. +The Channel Tunnel between France and England is one of the longest tunnels in the world. It is 50 kilometers long. The longest tunnel in the world, the "Gotthard Base Tunnel", is being dug in Switzerland. +Cut-and-cover. +Cut-and-cover is a simple way of making hollow tunnels where a trench is hollowed out and roofed over with an overhead support system strong enough to carry the load of what is to be built above the tunnel. +Two basic forms of cut-and-cover tunneling are available: + += = = The Salvation Army = = = +The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian organization William and Catherine Booth founded it in the East End of London, England in 1865. It was called the Christian Mission to start with, but in 1878, the name was changed. The Booths came from a Methodist tradition, but today the teachings of the movement are mainstream Protestant. They focus on preaching, and on helping those in need. They also actively help in disaster relief. +Overview. +The Salvation Army operates in over 100 countries today. Its members devote themselves to teaching Christian morals, helping those in need, like the homeless, the sick, the poor, and others. It operates facilities like shelters, , orphanages, , and a , and offers Sunday church services. It is one of the largest charitable organisations in the world, which means that it relies on people to give it money to use. +Eurovision Song Contest. +People from the Swiss branch of the Salvation army qualified for the Eurovision Song Contest, 2013 in Malmö. At first, they were refused at the ESC. They could participate, but they had to change their name (to Takasa), and they also had to agree not to wear the typical uniforms on stage. They didn't qualify for the final round, though. + += = = Orphanage = = = +An orphanage is an institution that takes in and cares for orphans. It can also mean the state of being an orphan. +Historically it was very often the church or the state who cared for orphans. Children in orphanages may have suffered from child abuse or trauma from their parents. + += = = London Underground = = = +The London Underground is a form of public transport in London. It is a rapid transit system that uses electric trains. It is the oldest underground railway in the world. It started running in 1863 as the "Metropolitan Railway". After the opening the system was copied in many other cities, for example New York and Madrid. Even though it is called "the Underground" about half of it is above the ground. The "Tube" is a slang name for the London Underground, because the tunnels for some of the lines are round tubes running through the ground. The Underground serves 270 stations and over 408 km of track. From 2006 to 2007 over 1 billion passengers used the underground. +Underground train systems in other cities may be called "metros" (like the Tyne and Wear Metro in North East England) or "subways" (Glasgow Subway in Scotland and in most of North America). "Subway" is also used across Britain to refer to underground walkways. +History. +Beginnings. +The Metropolitan Line was the first part of the Underground to be made. It was opened in 1863. It then ran between Paddington and Farringdon. It took 40,000 passengers per day. Later it was made longer. The District Line was built by a different company. In 1884, the Circle Line was finished. All these lines used steam engines at first. +In 1890, a line using electric trains was opened. It was much deeper below ground than the other lines. Now it is part of the Northern Line. More lines like this were opened. People liked them, so in 1905 the lines that used steam engines were changed to use electric trains. +Into the 20th century. +Because the different lines were run by different companies, changing lines was difficult. Between 1900 and 1902, Charles Yerkes bought most of the companies and formed a company named Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd, short UERL. +In the 1930s and 1940s. +In 1933, a company was formed of all the bus, tram and underground companies, called London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB). It planned to make the network longer, but the Second World War stopped this. In the war, some Underground stations were used as shelters against bombs. +After the war. +After the war more passengers used the underground. Minor changes were made: Victoria Line was opened in the 1960s, and currently the Piccadilly Line was extended to Heathrow Airport in 1977. The Jubilee Line was opened in 1979, and extended to Stratford 20 years later. Night Tube was introduced in 2016. +Network. +Trains. +The system uses two kinds of trains, a big type - called sub surface trains and a smaller type - deep level trains. The big ones are used for the rectangular tunnels (District Line, Metropolitan Line, Circle Line), the small ones for the round tunnels. Most lines have different trains, although they fit into one of the two categories. +Stations. +The Underground's trains usually drive to 270 stations. 14 Stations are outside of London. +Tickets. +The Underground uses zones to collect fares. There are 9 zones. Zone 1 is the most central zone. The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park, outside Greater London. Some stations are in two zones, and the cheapest fare applies. +Paper tickets or the contactless Oyster card can be used for travel. The Oyster Card is a plastic card which stores credit (money and Travelcards) which the owner uses to pay for Underground travel. The user must "charge" (put money onto) their card at a ticket machine. They then touch the card on a yellow reader to pay for their journey. Since its introduction in 2002 it has become very popular with regular travelers, as the prices are much cheaper if you use an Oyster card. +There are ticket offices, some open only in the rush-hour, and ticket machines, which can be used at any time. Some machines take coins only, other touch-screen machines take coins and English notes, and usually give change. These machines also take credit and debit cards: some newer machines accept cards only. +Summary of ticket types. +The following tickets are available from London Underground and TfL ticket offices to use on the Underground: +Station access. +When most of the stations in the London Underground system were built, disabled and wheelchair access was not considered. While many above-ground stations have only a few steps to the platform, nearly all Underground stations have some of the systems's 410 escalators and 112 lifts (elevators). Newer stations include disabled access, and many older stations install disabled access when they are refurbished or rebuilt. Since 2004, maps inside the trains show which stations have step-free access from street level. Transport for London plan to have a network of over 100 fully accessible stations by 2020, which means that 75% of Tube journeys can be made with step-free access. +The escalators in the London Underground system are some of the longest in Europe. They run 20 hours a day, 364 days a year and are used by 13,000 people per hour, with 95% of them running at one time. +Safety. +Accidents. +There have been relatively few accidents in the Underground's history. Most happen if people accidentally fall onto the tracks. In some stations there are pits in the middle of the track to stop people being injured if they fall onto the track. Newly rebuilt parts of the system, especially on the Jubilee line, have platform doors. These doors only open when a train stops and prevent people falling or jumping onto the tracks. +Platform doors. +The below-ground Jubilee Line extension (Westminster to North Greenwich) stations have sliding platform doors installed to prevent people falling off the platform onto the tracks, and discourage/prevent suicides. +Bomb attacks. +In the 1930s, 1970s and 1990s, the Underground was bombed many times by the IRA, and for this reason there have been no wastebins in or around stations until very recently, when clear plastic sacks were introduced in some parts of the system. On 7 July 2005, there were three attacks by radical Islamic terrorists on two Circle Line trains and on one Piccadilly Line. +Smoking. +Smoking is not allowed in any part of the underground. It was banned after a fire in King's Cross Station in 1987. +Criticism. +The commuters of London often complain about the Underground. Even newspapers, especially the Evening Standard, often criticise the system. +Usually the complaints are about delays, overcrowding and the fares. Sometimes strikes of London Underground staff occur. +Fares. +London Underground fares are now the most expensive of any rail system around the world, including the luxurious Orient Express, and they continue to rise at very high levels. Concern has also been raised over the huge difference between oyster card fares and cash fares, with the criticism that the high cash fares will discourage tourists and day visitors to London from traveling around the city. +Delays. +Because the underground is a very old system, engineering work is often needed and often causes delays. There can be other reasons as well, for example signal failures or other breakdowns. Customers can claim a refund if their tube journey is delayed for more than 15 minutes due to problems within the control of Transport For London. +Overcrowding. +Because many more commuters use the underground than planned, overcrowding often happens. This can cause stress and frustration with the underground system among commuters. According to a report by MPs, commuters face "a daily trauma" and are often forced to travel in "intolerable conditions". +Industrial action. +Because so many passengers travel on the London Underground network every day, strikes or industrial actions on the Underground network have a very high impact on London's traffic and can impact on London's economy. London Underground and the rail unions claim to be under high pressure from the working public, private businesses and government departments. +Strike actions on the London Underground occur for a number of reasons, including health and safety, working conditions and pay levels. There were several such strikes in the late 1970s. + += = = Democracy Now! = = = +Democracy Now! is a radio and TV program. It is entirely paid for through donations from listeners, viewers, and foundations and does not accept advertisers, corporate underwriting, or government funding. It is one of the biggest independent news organizations in the United States. + += = = Socialist Party (England and Wales) = = = +The Socialist Party is a Trotskyist political party active in England and Wales and part of the Committee for a Workers' International. They publish a weekly newspaper entitled "The Socialist" and a monthly "Socialism Today". As an organisation, it has evolved from the Militant Tendency, who in the early 1980s started to be expelled from the Labour Party, for organising a mass campaign against the Poll Tax. +There was a debate with the Militant Tendency whether or not to cease working within the Labour Party and the majority of the group decided to leave, although a minority around Ted Grant broke away to form Socialist Appeal. This debate ran alongside a parallel debate on the future of Scottish politics. The result was that the experiment of operating as an "open party" was first undertaken in Scotland under the name of Scottish Militant Labour. This would eventually lead to the foundation of the Scottish Socialist Alliance. The majority of Scottish members, after forming the Scottish Socialist Party, left the Committee for a Workers' International in early 2001 as they moved away from traditional Trotskyist politics. +For a while, the party was known as "Militant Labour". In 1997, the group changed its name to the Socialist Party, but the ownership of this name has been contested by the much older Socialist Party of Great Britain. As a result, the new party is frequently known as "The Socialist Party of England and Wales". In elections, it has had to use the name "Socialist Alternative". They were one of the founders of the local Socialist Alliance groups, but they left in 2001. +Since leaving the Socialist Alliance, the Socialist Party has run candidates in elections as "Socialist Alternative". Following the UK local elections in 2006, it had three councillors in Coventry, one in Stoke, two in Lewisham, South London and one in Huddersfield. In February 2005, the Socialist Party announced plans to contest the 2005 parliamentary elections as part of a new electoral alliance called the Socialist Green Unity Coalition. Several former components of the Socialist Alliance that did not join Respect also joined this coalition. +The Socialist Party is a smaller organisation than the Militant of the 1980s, but has influence in some trade unions. In 2005, 23 Socialist Party members were elected members of trade union national executive committees. Under the leadership of Peter Taaffe, their policies have remained close to the Trotskyist mainstream. Their demand for the nationalisation of the one hundred and fifty top British companies and their longstanding practice of running in elections has led some critics to label them as reformists though the party insists that their method is based on Trotsky's Transitional Programme. +The Socialist Party is affiliated to the Committee for a Workers International, and is the largest of its forty members. The party participates also in the broader European Anticapitalist Left. +In November 2005 at its annual 'Socialism' event, the Socialist Party formally launched the 'Campaign for a New Workers' Party' with the aim of persuading individuals, campaigners and trade unions to help set up and back a new broad left alternative to New Labour that would fight for working class people. The National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT union) held a conference in January 2006 to address what it calls 'The crisis in working class representation', in which Dave Nellist was invited to speak. Most of the speakers were in favour of a broad left alternative to New Labour. The remaining speakers, such as MP John McDonnell, wished it well. + += = = Socialist teachers = = = +Socialist Teachers are a group of members of the Socialist Party (England and Wales) in the National Union of Teachers(NUT). +It is associated with CNWP teachers and its members work with other socialists and trade union activists in the STA (Socialist Teachers' Alliance) and CDFU (Campaign for a Democratic and Fighting Union). +Socialist Party teacher Martin Powell-Davies stood for the general secretary of the NUT in 2004 and polled 6,482 first-preference votes. + += = = National Union of Teachers = = = +The National Union of Teachers was the largest teachers' union in the United Kingdom. It has a policy of campaigning on educational issues as well as the conditions of service of its members. +In 2017 it joined with the Association of Teachers and Lecturers to form the National Education Union. + += = = Socialist Party = = = +Socialist Party is the name of several different political parties around the world with a variety of different political views. These include: + += = = Dave Grohl = = = +David Eric "Dave" Grohl (born January 14, 1969) is an American rock musician and singer. He is best known as the lead singer, occasionally drummer, and guitarist of rock band Foo Fighters and the drummer of the grunge band Nirvana from 1990 to 1994. He has also been part of thirty different bands in his life, including one from the 1980s called Scream. Other bands he has played in include Nine Inch Nails and Tenacious D. +Biography. +Early life. +Dave Grohl lived most of his early life in Springfield, Virginia. He played in many local punk bands, on guitar. By 15 years old he was a drummer in the hardcore punk band, Scream. Scream toured all over the United States and Europe but broke up in 1989. After they broke up he tried out to be a drummer in a small band called Nirvana. +Nirvana. +Grohl joined Nirvana in 1990, along with Krist Novoselic and Kurt Cobain. They went on to be one of the most successful bands of the decade, selling over 50 million albums worldwide. Grohl joined shortly before the release of "Nevermind". "Nevermind" proved to be a classic album, one that is still a big influence on the alternative metal and alternative rock scene. The band only recorded one more studio album though, In Utero in 1993. On April 8, 1994, Kurt Cobain's body was found at his home in Seattle. He had shot himself in the head with a shotgun. This event ended Nirvana and Grohl started his own band Foo Fighters in 1995. +Foo Fighters. +The original Foo Fighters album was recorded entirely by Grohl himself. He recorded the parts for each instrument one at a time and then combined them. Foo Fighters are now a multi Grammy Award winning rock band and sell out huge arenas when they are on tour. + += = = 1740 = = = +1740 was a leap year. + += = = Embryo = = = +An embryo is the earliest stage in the development of a fertilised egg (the zygote). It is the term used for any animal or plant, from the first cell division until birth, or hatching, or germination in plants. +In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilization, and from then until birth it is called a foetus (US: fetus). +The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis, and the study of embryos is called embryology. The development of an embryo passes through various stages: the blastula, a hollow ball of cells; the gastrula, migration of cells; morphogenesis; tissue differentiation, and so on. +In organisms that reproduce sexually, once a sperm fertilizes an egg cell, the result is a cell called the zygote, which has DNA from each of the two parents. In plants, animals, and some protists, the zygote divides by mitosis to produce an embryo. + += = = WordPad = = = +WordPad is a word processor application. It is made by Microsoft. WordPad is a basic word processor. It has simple formatting functions. The software comes free with Microsoft Windows operating systems. WordPad is similar to Notepad but lets the user format text, something users cannot do in Notepad. However, WordPad is very basic compared to normal word processors like Microsoft Word or OpenOffice Writer. Wordpad saves documents in Rich Text Format, unlike Notepad's use of simple text files, allowing users to change the alignment and color of the font, and add things like bullets and font effects. + += = = Microsoft Paint = = = +Microsoft Paint, also called MS Paint or simply Paint is a computer program made by Microsoft. It allows people to create picture files as well as edit picture files saved on their computer. Microsoft Paint is also a program for adding texts to images saved on a computer. There are various tools to help people edit photos, including: +The program has a color palette displayed on the bottom left of the screen, as well as an "Edit Colors..." menu, allowing users to create all the shades they need. +Using the selection tools (the 2 tools at the top if the tools bar), users can select all or part of an image and then cut, copy, delete and paste it. +Many digital artists or editors prefer programs like Photoshop, but many on a tighter budget or with less time on their hands use Paint. Because of this, there are many Internet tutorials to help enhance the creative skill of every Microsoft Painter. + += = = My Computer = = = +My Computer is seen on the Microsoft Windows computers. My Computer allows the user to access the local drives, such as the local disk, also known as the C: Drive. The user can also access external drives. Examples of an external drive are a floppy disk drive (A: Drive) and the CD Drive (D:). My computer also lets the user access My Documents and other files. +Whenever any external drive is attached to the computer, the user can directly access that drive from My Computer menu. "My Computer" gives us an overview about different types of drives present in the computer. The My Computer folder is a gateway to all the data stored on the computer, attached devices, and the network -- as well as a shortcut to most of your system information. + += = = Trilogy = = = +A trilogy is a series with three parts. For example, The Godfather series of movies is a trilogy because there are three movies in the series: "The Godfather", "The Godfather Part II", and "The Godfather Part III". +The trilogy was originally a tradition of Ancient Greek theatre, where three plays and one satyr play would be played. + += = = Series = = = +A series is a group of similar things that are all related to the same topic. +In mathematics, a series is the adding of a sequence, a list of (usually never-ending) mathematical objects (such as numbers). It is sometimes written as formula_1, which is another way of writing formula_2. +For example, the series formula_3 corresponds to the following sum: +Here, the dots mean that the adding does not have a last term, but goes on to infinity. +If the result of the addition gets closer and closer to a certain limit value, then this is the sum of the series. For example, the first few terms of the above series are: +From these, we can see that this series will have 2 as its sum. +However, not all series have a sum. For example. a series can go to positive or negative infinity, or just go up and down without settling on any particular value. In which case, the series is said to diverge. The harmonic series is an example of a series which diverges. + += = = Synesthesia = = = +Synesthesia, or synaesthesia, is a condition where the brain mixes up the senses. People who have synesthesia are called synesthetes. +Synesthesia is usually inherited (called congenital synesthesia), but exactly how people inherit it is unknown. +Synesthesia is sometimes reported by people using psychedelic drugs, after a stroke, or during an epileptic seizure. It is also reported to be a result of blindness or deafness. Synesthesia that comes from events unrelated to genes is called adventitious synesthesia. This synesthesia results from some drugs or a stroke but not blindness or deafness. It involves sound being linked to vision or touch being linked to hearing. +Synesthesia was investigated a lot in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but in the middle of the 20th century, it was less studied. Only recently has it been studied again in much detail. +Some musicians and composers have a form of synesthesia that allows them to "see" music as colors or shapes. This is called chromethesia. Mozart is said to have had this form of synesthesia. He said that the key of D major had a warm "orangey" sound to it, while B-flat minor was blackish. A major was a rainbow of colors to him. This may explain why he wrote some of his music using different colors for different music notes, and why much of his music is in major keys. +Another composer who had color-hearing was the Russian composer Alexander Scriabin. In 1907, he talked with another famous composer, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, who had synesthesia, and they both found that some musical notes made them think of certain colors. Scriabin worked with a man named Alexander Mozer who made a color organ. +Experiences. +The same type of synesthesia may have different effects (pronounced and less pronounced) on different people. +Synesthetes often say that they did not know their experiences were unusual until they found out that other people did not have them. Others report feeling as if they had been keeping a secret their entire lives. Most synesthetes consider their experiences a gift—a "hidden" sense. Most synesthetes find out in their childhood that they have synethesia. Some learn to apply it in daily life and work. For example, they might use their gift to memorize names and telephone numbers or do mental arithmetic. Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to help them be more creative, for example, in making drawings and music. +More than 60 types of synesthesia have been reported, but only a small number have been studied by scientists. +Some common types of synthesia include: + += = = Moose = = = +A moose ("Alces alces"; called elk in Europe) is a large deer. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, "Alces americanus". +A male moose is called a "bull", a female moose is called a "cow", and a young moose is called a "calf". A group of moose is called a "herd". The plural form of moose is "moose”. +Moose live in northern Europe, Asia, and in North America. Moose usually live in areas with lakes, marshes and swamps. They also live in mountain ranges. +Range. +Moose live in North America and also range from northern Europe to Siberia. In Europe they live in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland and the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). In North America they live in Canada, Alaska and northern parts of the United States. In 2008 they were re-introduced to Scottish Highlands from Scandinavia. +Population. +There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. Alaska has about 200,000. Canada and Russia each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the continental United States. The animal is widely distributed. +Life. +Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in winter they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat grass, leaves, twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a pregnancy of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves. +Predators. +A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. Siberian tigers prey on adult moose. Wolves also pose a threat, especially to females with calves. Brown bears are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own. American black bears and cougars can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows. Wolverine are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions. Killer whales are the moose's only known marine predator. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast. +Moose and humans. +Moose have been hunted by humans since the Stone Age. +Because of their dark coloured fur, moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by cars. In some countries like Canada, Finland and Sweden there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced. + += = = Stanley Kubrick = = = +Stanley Kubrick (July 26, 1928 – March 7, 1999) was an American movie director. Kubrick is thought to have been one of the great directors of the 20th century. +He was born in New York City but lived most of his life in England. His movies are respected for their great amount of detail and symbolism. Some of his movies were controversial when they were first shown. For example, the sex and violence in his movie "A Clockwork Orange" was very disturbing to many people who saw it when it was released in 1971. The reaction to the movie in the United Kingdom became so great that Stanley Kubrick stopped showing the movie there for over 25 years. Other famous movies that Kubrick made include "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned To Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb", "" and "The Shining". Stanley Kubrick died from a heart attack on March 7, 1999. +Stanley Kubrick's filmmaking style is characterized by meticulous attention to detail, iconic imagery, a unique and uncompromising vision, a wide range of genres, symmetrical framing, use of music, subtle satire, memorable characters, and bold stylistic choices, leaving a profound impact on cinema. +Early life and work. +Kubrick was born in Manhattan, New York City and grew up in the Bronx during his youth. Stanley was a poor student in school but his father, who was a doctor, taught Stanley how to play chess and gave him a camera. Kubrick finished high school in 1946 and could not get into a college. This was because of his poor grades in school and because colleges were full with many American soldier's who returned from World War II that same year. During this time, Kubrick played games of chess with people for money. He was a good chess player and won many games. He used the money he won from playing chess to buy food and photography equipment. Kubrick got a job at a magazine in New York City that was called Look Magazine. Kubrick also enjoyed watching movies and thought that he could make better movies than the movies that were being made at the time. He first made two small documentaries. One of them was about a boxer and was called "Day of the Fight". The other documentary was about a religious man and was called "Flying Padre". He then made two full-length movies (called feature films) that made other people interested in his work. The first feature film was called "Fear and Desire" and the other was called "Killer's Kiss." His third feature film, called "The Killing", was a success. The success of "The Killing" allowed Stanley to work on a bigger movie, called "Paths of Glory", that was about World War I and was made with the famous actor Kirk Douglas. At this time Kubrick became well known in the movie industry and had started to create his own style. +Big movies. +Spartacus. +After Stanley Kubrick completed "Paths of Glory", he worked on a big Hollywood movie named "Spartacus" in 1960. The movie is about a gladiator who fights Rome. It made a lot of money and was a success but Kubrick did not enjoy working on it. He did not enjoy working on it because of problems he had with the other people working on the movie who controlled it. Kubrick desired to have a lot of control in making his movies, and after making "Spartacus" he only worked on movies that he had full control over. +Lolita. +Kubrick moved to the United Kingdom in 1962, to make his next movie, "Lolita". He liked the United Kingdom very much and decided to live there for the rest of his life. The movie "Lolita" was the first movie that Kubrick made that created a lot of controversy. The movie was based upon a book by the Russian author Vladimir Nabokov that was also very controversial at the time. The movie shows the relationship between a very young woman and an older man. This is a forbidden topic in the United States and most of the world. +Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. +For the movie "Lolita", Kubrick hired the talented and famous actor Peter Sellers. Kubrick respected Peter's acting and asked him to act as three different characters in Kubrick's next movie, "", which was released in 1963. "Dr. Strangelove" was a comedy but it was about very serious topics. These are called black comedies. The movie was about the Cold War and was very controversial but also very successful. The movie had a large cultural influence and created some images that became very famous in the years to follow. The most famous image from the movie was of an American pilot sitting on a nuclear bomb as it fell to earth from an airplane. +Kubrick's success with "Dr Strangelove" convinced the movie studios that he was talented and that he could be trusted to make good, popular movies. Kubrick entered into a positive relationship with the movie studio, Warner Brothers. Warner Brothers gave him almost full artistic control on all of the movies he was to make in the future. A director being given so much control is rare. Such directors are called "auteurs". +2001: A Space Odyssey. +Kubrick took five years to develop and plan his next movie. It was a science fiction movie called "" and it was released in 1968. Kubrick based the movie on a short story called "The Sentinel" that was written by the science fiction author Arthur C. Clarke. Kubrick worked with Arthur C. Clarke to make the movie. The movie used many new ideas and techniques and had special effects that no other movie at the time had. The great special effects used in the movie won Kubrick his first and only Oscar award. "2001" was made during the end of the 1960s and was very popular with members of the Hippie Counterculture. This was because of the movies strange and dream-like visuals. When the movie was released it was both loved and hated by many movie critics. Many of the movie critics who did not like the movie when they saw it in 1968 have changed their opinions. Some of them have written a second, positive review of the movie many years later. +A Clockwork Orange. +His next movie was one of his most famous and also his most controversial. The movie was titled "A Clockwork Orange" and was released in 1971. The movie was darker than "2001" and was originally released with an "X" motion picture rating in the US. The movie was based on a novel of the same title by the author Anthony Burgess. The novel and movie are about a criminal who is given a new and experimental 'cure' for his violent nature. The story asks questions about how society defines morality. The movie had an amount of sex and violence that was not often seen in big Hollywood movies at the time. The controversy of the movie increased when other people copied some of the acts that were committed by the characters in the movie. Kubrick and his family received violent threats from people, called death threats. These threats were serious enough that Kubrick took the movie out of theaters in Britain. The movie was not shown again in Britain until the year 2000, after Kubrick's death. +Barry Lyndon. +Kubrick's next movie was to going to be about Napoleon but he canceled it after another similar movie was released before his own. Kubrick worked very hard researching and learning about Napoleon and about the world at that time. Kubrick chose to make another movie set in that time that was titled "Barry Lyndon". The movie was based a book by William Makepeace Thackeray and was about an 18th-century gambler named Barry Lyndon. The movie was not as well liked as his previous movies but, like "2001: A Space Odyssey", it convinced people over time. +After "Barry Lyndon", Kubrick made movies at a much slower rate than before. He only made three more movies in the next twenty-five years. He was still very popular and respected. Each of the movies he released became an event that many people waited for and celebrated. +The Shining. +"The Shining" was Kubrick's next movie. It was based on the book of the same name by the American author, Stephen King and was released in 1980. It was a horror movie and starred Jack Nicholson and Shelley Duvall. The movie was one of Kubrick's most mainstream movies and was very popular. It was different from the other horror movies at the time and the catch phrase, "Here's Johnny!" (which was also used on the TV's The Tonight Show hosted by Johnny Carson at the time) was made very popular after Jack Nicholson's character said it during an important scene in the movie. The author of the book Stephen King hated the movie and did not like that Kubrick changed many things from the book. King made his own version, a TV mini-series in 1997, which was much more like the book. +Full Metal Jacket. +"Full Metal Jacket" was Kubrick's next movie and was released in 1987. It was one of several movies that were made in the 1980s that were about the Vietnam War. The movie was most famous for its drill instructor character, played by R. Lee Ermey, who was very cruel to his soldiers. After the movie was released, the United States Armed Forces changed some of its rules about how their drill instructors should behave. +Eyes Wide Shut. +"Eyes Wide Shut" was Kubrick's last movie and was released in 1999. He completed editing the movie just before his death in March. The movie starred Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, who were married to each other in real-life at the time. It was based on the novel "Traumnovelle" by the Austrian writer Arthur Schnitzler. The movie took over 16 consecutive months (a world record) to complete and was released in July 1999. According to R. Lee Ermey, of Full Metal Jacket Fame, Kubrick revealed to him that he was rather disappointed with his work. Kubrick supposedly went further, saying that both Kidman and Cruise "had their way with" him. Apparently a reference to a clashing of large-Hollywood personas to Kubrick's more reserved demeanor. +Kubrick's death and influence. +Just a few days after completing the editing of "Eyes Wide Shut", Kubrick died from a heart attack in Harpenden, Hertfordshire. +In the year 2001, the American movie director Steven Spielberg filmed "A.I.: Artificial Intelligence". "A.I" was a movie that Stanley Kubrick had worked on before "Eyes Wide Shut", but did not finish. Steven Spielberg based his movie on Kubrick's plans. The movie received a poor response from audiences and did not make as much money as expected. The movie was thought to be more Spielberg's movie than Kubrick's movie. +Awards and nominations. +All of Stanley Kubrick's later movies, except for "The Shining", were nominated for Oscars or Golden Globes. "2001: A Space Odyssey" had many technical awards, including a BAFTA award for cinematographer and an Academy Award for best visual effects. As director of special effects on the movie, Kubrick got the award. This was Kubrick's only personal Oscar win among 13 nominations. Nominations for his movies were mostly in the areas of cinematography, art design, screenwriting, and music. Only four of his movies were nominated by either an Oscar or Golden Globe for their acting performances: "Spartacus", "Lolita", "Dr. Strangelove", and "A Clockwork Orange". +Personal awards for Kubrick: +Kubrick received two awards from major film festivals: "Best Director" from the Locarno International Film Festival in 1959 for "Killer's Kiss", and ""Bastone Bianco" Award" at the Venice Film Festival in 1999 for "Eyes Wide Shut". The Venice Film Festival awarded him the "Career Golden Lion" in 1997. He received the D.W. Griffith Lifetime Achievement Award from the Directors Guild of America, and another life-achievement award from the Director's Guild of Great Britain, and the "Career Golden Lion" from the Venice Film Festival. In 2000 he received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award. After he died, the Sitges - Catalonian International Film Festival awarded him the "Honorary Grand Prize" for life achievement in 2008. He also received the Hugo Award three times for his work in science fiction. + += = = Kyoto Protocol = = = +The Kyoto Protocol is a plan created by the United Nations for the "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming. The plan says that countries that adopt (follow) the Kyoto Protocol have to try to reduce how much carbon dioxide (and other "greenhouse gases" that pollute the atmosphere) they release into the air. +Establishment. +The full name of the Kyoto Protocol is the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It is called the "Kyoto" Protocol because it was made in Kyoto, Japan. The Kyoto Protocol was officially put into "full force" on February 16, 2005. On February 16, Russia began to follow (ratify) the Kyoto Protocol and it was decided to be put into "full force". As of 2020, 192 countries have agreed to follow the Kyoto Protocol. +Adoption status. +There are still 29 countries which have not yet adopted it. Croatia and Kazakhstan have signed the treaty, but have not ratified it (made it a law they have to follow). Donald Trump and The United States of America has signed it but said that they will not ratify it. Australia has only recently ratified the Kyoto Protocol under the previous Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd. Both of these countries have said that the fact that China and India are using exceptions to the treaty (those countries believe parts of the treaty do not apply to them and they will not follow those parts) in the name of industrialization is unfair and that they will not ratify because of this, although it is believed that the U.S. and Australia are protecting their economic interests by not ratifying. The countries' leaders say that changing their use of greenhouse gases will make their people lose jobs. The twenty four other countries have neither signed nor ratified the treaty. + += = = Movie director = = = +A movie director is a person who leads the making of a movie (or "film"). They take care of the artistic things in the movie. They give instructions to the actors and direct the people that work on the movie. +Directors give many of their responsibilities to other members of their movie-making team (called a movie crew). For example, the person who is responsible for the lighting is told by the director what style of lighting he wants and he then creates the lighting for him. It is common for movie directors to work closely with a movie producer. Movie producers are people who control the non-artistic side of movie making. For example, they control all the money that is used for making the movie. +The amount of control a director has in creating their movie is different for each director. It is most common for directors to have some control, while the rest of the movie-making is controlled by the movie studio, and by the people who pay for making the movie. This was very common for American movies made in the 1930s to 1950s. There are a small number of directors who are given complete control over making their movies. For example, Stanley Kubrick, Jean-Luc Godard, Steven Spielberg and James Cameron all had a great amount of control in making their movie. + += = = Jack Nicholson = = = +John Joseph Nicholson (born April 22, 1937) is an American retired actor, director, producer and writer. He started out as a writer and part-time actor. He became a star in 1969 when he had a small part in the movie "Easy Rider". He has won three Oscars, for "As Good as it Gets", "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", and "Terms of Endearment". He is one of the fans for Los Angeles Lakers. Nicholson is one of only two actors who have been nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to 2000s; the other is Michael Caine. Nicholson received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 1999. He has won seven Golden Globe Awards. He received a Kennedy Center Honor in 2001. Nicholson dropped out from the remake movie "Toni Erdmann". +Early Life. +Nicholson was born at Jersey Shore University Medical Center in Neptune City, New Jersey, He is son of showgirl June Frances Nicholson. +Personal life. +Nicholson has been linked to many actresses and models, including Michelle Phillips, Bebe Buell and Lara Flynn Boyle. He had a intimate relationship with Anjelica Huston from 1973 to 1989. The relationship ended when the media reported Rebecca Broussard was pregnant with their child. Nicholson and Broussard had two children together, Lorraine and Raymond. Nicholson's other children are Jennifer (born with Sandra Knight) and Honey Hollman (born with Winnie Hollman). Susan Anspach says that her son, Caleb Goddard, was fathered by Nicholson. He is not sure that he is the father. Nicholson describes himself as a "lifelong Irish Democrat", although he says he supports every President, and he is staunchly pro-life. He is Roman Catholic. In 2020, Nicholson endorsed Bernie Sanders's second presidential campaign for the 2020 nomination. + += = = 1860s = = = +The 1860s was the decade that began on January 1, 1860 and ended on December 31, 1869. +Sports. +College football is first played in 1869. + += = = Autism spectrum = = = +The autism spectrum, often called just autism or autism spectrum disorder, refers to a disorder of brain development caused by differences in the structure of the brain. Autism changes how someone thinks, understands the world, moves, communicates, and socializes. Autism is a spectrum disorder, which means that every person with autism will have different symptoms and different severity of symptoms. Some autistic people may need a lot of help with one thing. Other autistic people may not need help with the same thing. It may be easy to tell when someone is autistic, or it may not be. +The main areas of difference from non-autistic people is thinking differences (how people think and understand the world), sensory processing differences (how people react to stimuli), motor differences, communication differences, developmental differences, and socializing differences. +Signs of autism are usually present when a child is around two or three, but some people are not diagnosed until later. Some people are not diagnosed until they are adults. There is no cure for autism and many autistic people do not want a cure. They want to be accepted as different. This is called neurodiversity. Autistic people who want their differences to be accepted may be part of the autism rights movement. +History. +Early history. +The word “autism” comes from the Greek word “autos”, meaning “self.” The term describes conditions in which a person is removed from social interaction: an “isolated self”. The term "autism" was first used by a psychiatrist named Eugen Bleuler in 1911 to describe one group of symptoms of schizophrenia. Sigmund Freud considered this idea and thought it was related to narcissism. +Discovery. +In the 1940s, two researchers were studying autism in different countries; Hans Asperger in Austria and Leo Kanner in the United States. +In 1943 Kanner (a doctor from Johns Hopkins University) did a study of 11 children. He found out that they had difficulties such as changing environments, being sensitive to certain stimuli, having speech problems, and allergies to food. Later he named the children’s condition “early infantile autism”, now called "autism" spectrum disorder. +Hans Asperger was doing a similar study in Austria He found they also had “[...] a lack of empathy, little ability to form friendships, one-sided conversation, intense absorption in a special interest and clumsy movements”. It used to be thought that Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner were looking at different children and that Hans Asperger found a "mild form" of autism. This was the initial justification for Asperger syndrome. However, later research found that they were doing research on similar populations. Hans Asperger was also doing research in Nazi-controlled Austria, which believed in eugenics. Eugenics is the idea that some people are better than others. In Nazi-controlled Europe, people who were considered inferior could be killed, imprisoned, and discriminated against. Hans Asperger sent children with disabilities to be murdered. +The "refrigerator mother" theory. +In 1943 and 1949, Kanner described the children he studied in scientific papers. He thought the children's parents were not loving them enough. He wrote that this might be part of the reason why the children had autism. In 1949 he wrote that the children's parents showed no warmth, or love, to their children. He thought the parents were so "cold" that he compared them to refrigerators:"“[The children] were left neatly in refrigerators which did not defrost. Their withdrawal seems to be an act of turning away from such a situation to seek comfort in solitude”."This idea became known as the "refrigerator mother theory". For decades parents were blamed for causing their children's autism by not loving their children enough. Now we know this is not true. +Later history. +Schizophrenia and autism were linked in many researchers’ studies. It was in the 1960s when medical professionals started to see these two disorders as separate conditions. Since 1980, Kanner’s so-called "early infantile autism" is listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). It had a more accurate definition of autism in 1987. Since then, early infantile autism is called autism disorder. For the first time the DSM also introduced standardized criteria to diagnose autism. The fourth edition expanded the definition of autism and included milder cases of autism. Asperger’s syndrome was added as a type of autism in 1994. +Recent history. +Autism used to be considered many different conditions. Some diagnoses in the past include: Classical autism, Asperger's syndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). However, none of these separate diagnoses exist anymore. Both the US DSM-V (2013) and the ICD-11 (2022) have only one diagnosis: Autism spectrum disorder. This happened because doctors found that these diagnoses were frequently used in different ways. For example, one person could get a diagnosis of classical autism from one doctor, Asperger's from a second doctor, and PDD-NOS from a third doctor. This was hurting people's ability to access services and support. +Symptoms. +Persistent deficits. +Both the ICD-11 and the DSM-5 define autism by deficits. Deficits are areas where autistic people are not as good at something as non-autistic people. Autistic people have disagreed with how autism is defined by deficits and not by differences. In Welcome to the Autistic Community, a Simple English book, about being autistic, they refer to differences, rather than symptoms or deficits. Researchers and autistic advocates are working together on creating a way to diagnose that is based on autistic people's experiences of autism and is not deficit based. +The symptoms or characteristics of autism can look different depending on how old you are. Doctors are supposed to keep that in mind while diagnosing autism. For example, a toddler and an adult, while they both are autistic, would express it very differently. +These symptoms must be persistent. Persistent means that these symptoms must keep happening over a long span of time. If a symptom only happened once, it wouldn't be persistent. Autism is life-long. +Onset (when symptoms start). +These are the two areas where symptoms must be present to diagnose autism spectrum disorders. Both the ICD-11 and DSM-5 say that there have to be some symptoms in childhood, but that sometimes symptoms won't fully manifest until later. +Social Interaction and communication. +Difficulty in social interactions and communicating with each other. +Some examples are: +Restricted, repetitive and inflexible behavior. +This means behavior that happens over and over again and it is difficult to change. This can happen in many different situations: talking, routine, body movements, and others. +Some examples include: +Affects the persons life. +For a diagnosis, the symptoms must affect the person's life. This can include social, school, job, or other areas. For example, someone having trouble making friends, or having trouble getting a job. +In 2021, an online survey of 16-90 year-olds showed that autistic men are more likely to be bisexual, while autistic women are more likely to be homosexual. +NHS England calculated in 2022 that autistic people, without a learning disability, were more likely to die and lived, on average, about 5 years less than other people. +Frequency. +There are many studies on how many autistic people there are. In the United States, the CDC does studies. In 2018, they found that 1 in 44 children are autistic. That is about 2%. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 1 in 100 children worldwide are diagnosed with autism. This number keeps going up. Many people wonder why there are more and more autistic children. Some people think that something is causing it. But most scientists think that we are getting better at diagnosing autism. More doctors know about autism and can diagnose children that they see. More people have access to medical care and can get a diagnosis. +Under-diagnosis. +In the past, autism was considered a disorder for white boys. Still, more white boys are diagnosed, and it is 4 times more diagnosed in boys than in girls.Girls and children of color are under-diagnosed. Under-diagnosed means that girls and people of color are not diagnosed as often as they should be. They may receive a different diagnosis, or they may not receive any diagnosis at all. Now, more girls and children of color are getting diagnosed. Many women and people of color also get a diagnosis or realize they are autistic as adults. Another reason might be that girls are more likely to mask or camouflage their autism to fit in. +Causes. +Scientists do not know exactly what causes autism. There may be many different causes for autism. Scientists do know about some things that make a person more likely to have an Autism Spectrum Disorder. +Genes. +Autism may be caused by genes. Genes are passed on from parents to children. If you have an autistic family member, you are more likely to be autistic. Some doctors look for the genes that cause autism. This is criticized by some autistic people. +Differences in the brain. +Some researchers think that differences in the brain may cause autism. However, no one type of abnormal functioning of the brain is the only cause of autism. Still, scientists found some differences between the brains of autistic people and the brains of people who are not autistic. Autistic people and non-autistic people might use their brain differently. Autistic people might use certain parts of the brain more than non-autistic people. +A study by a group at Stanford Medicine found that there are structural and functional differences in the mesolimbic reward pathway of children with autism, particularly in the connections between the nucleus accumbens and the ventral tegmental area. The mesolimbic reward pathway is the pathway that allows people to find social interactions and other stimuli rewarding. In this pathway, the nucleus accumbens are involved in processing social stimuli and the ventral tegmental area is where dopaminergic neurons, the neurons that respond to dopamine, are concentrated. The abnormalities in this pathway prevent children on the autism spectrum from finding social interactions rewarding, which can contribute to how they interact with others. This means that they are less motivated to interact with other people which can contribute to their deficits in social interaction. Furthermore, these differences contribute to the severity of their symptoms. +Risk Factors During Pregnancy. +There are some factors during pregnancy that can make autism more likely. The likelihood of autism increases if the mother uses thalidomide, valproic acid or drinks too much alcohol during pregnancy. The risk for autism also increases with the age of father and mother at the time of pregnancy. +Maternal folate deficiency is also a prenatal and perinatal factor that is a risk factor for autism. Folate (Folic Acid) is a micronutrient that is a type of B vitamin. This nutrient can play a vital role in a uterus’s development and the production of healthy red blood cells. A person can get folate in by eating fruits and vegetables. It was hypothesized that maternal supplementation of folate can help reduce a baby’s risk of developing ASD. Research on the relationship between folate and Autism Spectrum Disorder has had mixed results. Studies conducted by Raghavan et al. (2017) and Levine et al. (2018) found that when a mother was exposed to folate through supplements before and/or during pregnancy, there was a reduced risk of the child having Autism. However, in Egorova et al.’s (2020) study of the biomarkers found in the blood serum samples of mothers of children with Autism, it was found that higher levels of folate were correlated with an increased risk of ASD. +Debunked Theories. +Some things don't cause autism but people used to think they did. +"Refrigerator Mother" Theory. +Scientists used to think that the parents caused autism by not loving their child enough. This is not true. Scientists know that parents do not cause their children's autism. +Vaccines. +Scientists do know for sure that vaccines do not cause autism. Vaccines do not even make a person more likely to have autism, even if they are already likely to have autism before they get their vaccines. +One paper said in 1997 that vaccines caused autism. This study did not do research the right way. Many studies have shown that this is not true. Vaccines do not cause autism. This paper was retracted because it was incorrect. +Diagnosis. +Diagnosing autism can be hard because there is no medical test like a blood test. Instead, an evaluation is made by a team of doctors and other health professionals who are experienced in autism and know the person trying to get diagnosed. +Diagnosis in children. +A reliable diagnosis can first be given at the age of two. At the age of 18 and 24 months, children should get a check-up. If anything wrong is noticed, a further evaluation is done. In this, a team of professionals will talk to the child’s guardians about the child’s behaviour and see what they are like in different settings. This may also include behavioural or physical assessments as well as intelligence tests or developmental tests. A good, detailed history of the child is often very useful in getting a diagnosis. +Diagnosis in adults. +Autism can be diagnosed in adults as well as children. This can be difficult because autism has symptoms that can also be a part of other disorders, such as OCD, that may have appeared by adulthood. An expert will usually ask the adult about concerns, challenges in life (such as socially or behaviourally) as well as standardised testing in these areas. They also often ask for a developmental history. +Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5). +In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V). In order to be diagnosed with autism, a person must have two standardized criteria. It is important that individuals must show symptoms from early childhood, even if those symptoms are recognized later. These symptoms have to limit everyday functioning. These symptoms also cannot be explained by an intellectual disability or a developmental delay. +Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviours. +Co-occurring conditions. +Autism spectrum disorder includes a wide range of symptoms, skills and levels of disability. Some autistic people also have learning disabilities, mental health issues or other conditions. This means that autism can also co-occur with other conditions and symptoms: +In the DSM-V, making a diagnosis of autism means a formal diagnosis of other psychiatric disorders cannot be made. Therefore, other mental health conditions may be undiagnosed in an autistic person, because it is impossible to make a comorbid clinical diagnosis. +Treatment. +Since autism is a spectrum, every person with autism is different. Different treatments help different people. There are a few different categories of treatment. The main ones are medication, different therapies and diets. The treatment is fitted depending on what a person with autism needs. +Medication. +It is still unclear what causes autism. There may be a few causes. At the moment, it is only possible to lower the symptoms of autism. A full recovery from autism is not possible. If therapies cannot reduce the symptoms of autism, medications are used additionally. Often, several medications are used at the same time to treat different symptoms of autism. +Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI). +Serotonin is a chemical messenger that transports signals between cells and is very important for normal function, such as with sensory perception, memory, learning, and sleep, all of which are impaired in autistic people. +Researchers have not yet found a link between autism and serotonin, although they have been successful in treating autism with SSRIs, which stop cells from absorbing serotonin, meaning more is used for signals. +They can be used to treat repetitive behaviour, aggression, hyperactive behaviour and outbursts of anger. The SSRIs can have many side-effects. Usually the medication is better tolerated by adults than by children. Examples of SSRIs are Clomipramine, Fluvoxamine, Sertraline, Venlafaxine, Trazodone and Mirtazapine. +Antipsychotic medication. +Dopamine is a chemical messenger in the brain. It helps to do movements, release hormones and strengthen cognitive abilities. Researchers found that increasing the amount of dopamine in the brain will worsen the symptoms of autism. Substances that help to reduce symptoms of autism are the antipsychotic drugs. There are two types of antipsychotic medications. One of the types is typical antipsychotics. They block the sites where dopamine would bind to a cell. Atypical antipsychotic drugs block the sites where dopamine or serotonin would bind to a cell. Antipsychotic medicine is the most successful treatment for excitability in autism. It can also help to reduce aggression, self-injury, hyperactivity and repetitive behaviours, although it may have many side-effects. Originally, antipsychotic medications were used to treat mental disorders like depression, bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Examples of antipsychotic drugs are Haloperidol, Clozapine, Risperidone and Paliperidone. +Psychostimulants. +In the beginning, psychostimulants were only used for patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Researchers found out that they can also help patients with autism. The medication can reduce hyperactivity and inattention in people with autism. The medication can have many side-effects. Examples are Methylphenidate, Clonidine and Guanfacine. +Diet. +People with autism often have problems with their digestive organs like the stomach or gut. These problems could be inflammations, abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea or bacterial overgrowth. The reasons may be malnutrition, food intolerances or allergies. Specific food products causing these problems are left out from the diet. In many cases, products containing gluten or casein, the main protein occurring in dairy products, are excluded. In many cases vitamins, minerals as well as essential fatty acids are additionally provided. A big problem is that many autistic people cannot tell that they have pain. Because of this, many problems concerning the digestive organs are not noticed. +Therapies. +Applied Behavioral Analysis +Applied Behavior Analysis uses research-supported data to design treatment protocols that aim to reduce problematic behavior among individuals with autism and build habits and skills to help them live more independently. It often includes different types of therapies including occupational therapy, speech therapy, etc. +Occupational therapy. +Therapy can be used to minimize distress caused by sensory overload. Special therapy plans are created for each autistic person. What is part of these plans depends on what the autistic person needs help with. The therapist tries to help the autistic person in many different aspects. One part of this is sensory integration. The therapist will help the patient to make sense of different sensory inputs. For example, they may ask a child patient to play with finger paints or collect objects from a bag of dried beans.Another part is the training of daily life activities. The therapist may help the patient to get used to things like getting dressed, eating, hygiene, shopping and financial management. These may be done one step at a time if the activity involves multiple steps, such as cooking. Play therapy is also helpful, especially for children. It can be useful to learn about certain emotions, which can be hard for autistic people. This can also be used to help learn social conventions, such as shaking hands instead of hugging when meeting a stranger. +Therapy with animals. +Often animals are used to help autistic people. Most often dogs or horses are used. The people diagnosed with autism can care for these animals, pet them, and, in the case of the horse, even ride on them. Studies showed that the interaction between an autistic person and animals can increase communication, reduce stress, fear, and aggression, and reduce the severity of the symptoms of autism. +Music therapy. +Music therapy has two parts. One is an active listening part. Here, the therapist is making music himself or playing music from a record. In the other part, the autistic person can make music himself like playing an instrument or singing. Music therapy will improve different aspects of communication. +Art therapy. +Different materials and techniques are used to draw pictures. The aim of art therapy is to make the autistic person more flexible and relaxed and to improve communication skills, self-image and learning skills. The effects of the therapy can be long lasting and transferred to the school, work or home setting. +Other websites. +Scientific studies + += = = Italian language = = = +The Italian language is a Romance language spoken in Italy. Other countries that use Italian as their "official language" are San Marino, Vatican City and Switzerland. Slovenia, and Croatia also use Italian as an official language, but only in some regions. Italian is spoken by about 70 million people in several countries, including some parts of Monaco, Malta, Albania, Montenegro, Dodecanese (Greece), Eritrea, Libya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tunisia. The standard version from Tuscany is used for most writing but other dialects are sometimes written. +It is mostly derived from Latin, with some words from Greek, Etruscan and elsewhere. It is called an inflected language - that means that the meaning of words can be changed by changing their endings. Italian nouns are either masculine or feminine in gender (these usually have little to do with natural genders). +Most singular masculine nouns end in -o, and most plural masculine nouns end in -i. +Most singular feminine nouns end in -a, and most plural feminine nouns end in -e. +So: +The ending of verbs are quite complicated because of conjugation. The endings depend upon the "tense" of the verb (past, present, future and so on) and on the "person" of the verb (I, you, they etc.). Because Italian grammar uses endings for these inflections, the personal pronoun is not always needed (in the following example it is in parenthesis). +So: +There are very many of these endings to learn - it is one of the more difficult parts of the Italian Grammar. But pronunciation is simple - there are just a few rules to learn, and hardly any difficult sounds. +Many Italian words for food have entered the English language, such as: pizza, spaghetti and ravioli. Many technical words in music are Italian, such as forte and allegro. Many musical instrument names are also Italian, such as cello and tuba. Mafia and vendetta come from the darker side of Italian culture. +Pidgin versions of the Italian language were developed in the colonies of Italy: the most important were in Eritrea, Somalia and Libya. + += = = Namibia = = = +The Republic of Namibia is a country in southern Africa on the Atlantic coast. It is bordered by Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south. It does not border Zimbabwe, but it is very close to it. It gained independence from South Africa in 1990. Before that it was called South West Africa. Its capital is Windhoek. +Before World War I Namibia was a German colony. German is still widely spoken in the country, although English is the official language. +Namibia has a population of 2.1 million people. +The name of the country is from the Namib Desert. This is said to be the oldest desert in the world. +History. +The dry lands of Namibia were lived in since early times by Bushmen, Damara and Nama. About the 14th century AD, Bantu came to the area from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River. They moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. The nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries with the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was given. On their way further north, the Orlams met clans of the Herero tribe. They were not as friendly. The Nama-Herero War started in 1880. They did not stop until Imperial Germany sent troops. +The first Europeans to explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486. Like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not largely explored by Europeans until the 19th century. At this time traders and settlers arrived, mostly from Germany and Sweden. +German rule. +Namibia became a German colony in 1884. This was to stop the British. The country was called German South-West Africa. From 1904 to 1907, the Herero and the Namaqua took up arms against the Germans. In the following , 10,000 Nama (half the population) and about 65,000 Hereros (about 80% of the population) were killed. +South African rule. +South Africa began to rule the land in 1915. They defeated the German force during World War I. It was a League of Nations mandate territory from 1919. In 1946 the League was replaced by the United Nations. South Africa would not give up their rule of the land. Many people thought the land should be independent from South Africa. In 1971 South Africa was told their hold on the country was illegal. They still did not leave. +The country officially became independent on 21 March 1990. Sam Nujoma became the first President of Namibia. +Administrative divisions. +Namibia is divided into 14 regions and subdivided into 121 constituencies. Regional councillors are directly elected through secret ballots. +Tourism. +Tourism is a major contributor (14.5%) to Namibia's economy. It creates tens of thousands of jobs (18.2% of all employment). There are over a million tourists per year. The country is among the main tourist places in Africa and is known for ecotourism which features Namibia's extensive and diverse wildlife. +There are many lodges and reserves for tourists. Sport Hunting is also a large, and growing part of the Namibian economy. It was 14% of total tourism in the year 2000. Namibia has numerous species wanted by international sport hunters. In addition, extreme sports such as sandboarding and 4x4ing have become popular. Many cities have companies that provide tours. The most visited places include the Caprivi Strip, Fish River Canyon, Sossusvlei, the Skeleton Coast Park, Sesriem, Etosha Pan and the coastal towns of Swakopmund, Walvis Bay and Lüderitz. +Education. +Namibia has required free education for 10 years between the ages of 6 and 16. Grades 1–7 are primary level, grades 8–12 secondary. +Most schools in Namibia are state-run. There are a few private schools. There are four teacher training colleges, three colleges of agriculture, a police training college, a Polytechnic at university level, and a National University. +Sport. +The most popular sport in Namibia is football. The Namibia national football team qualified for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations. They have yet to qualify for any World Cups. The Namibian rugby team has been in four separate World Cups. Namibia were participants in the 1999, 2003, 2007 and 2011 Rugby World Cups. Cricket is also popular. The national team played in the 2003 Cricket World Cup. +Inline Hockey was first played in 1995. It has become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's Inline Hockey National Team were in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. +The most famous athlete from Namibia is certainly Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996). He also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and further. + += = = Jubal Early = = = +Jubal Anderson Early (November 3, 1816 – March 2, 1894) was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. He commanded a corps in Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. He invaded the north in 1864. After the war, he was one of the major defenders of the Confederate. + += = = Lewis Carroll = = = +Lewis Carroll was the pen name of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Daresbury, Cheshire, 27 January 1832 – Guildford, Surrey, 14 January 1898). Dodgson was an Oxford don, a logician (mathematics expert), a writer, a poet, an Anglican clergyman, and a photographer. He is most famous for his story "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" which he told to a young friend, Alice Liddell, when he took the girl and two sisters on a boat trip. Alice enjoyed the story and asked Dodgson to write it down. Carroll then wrote a second story about Alice called "Through the Looking-Glass". Both stories are still popular all over the world. +Dodgson was a Fellow of Christ Church, Oxford, specialising in logic and mathematics. He wrote a number of books and pamphlets on the subject. He died of pneumonia in Guildford, Surrey. + += = = Belize = = = +Belize () is a country in Central America. It used to be called "British Honduras", but changed its name in 1973. Long before that it was part of the Mayan Empire. Belize is the only English-speaking country in Central America. +Some people in Belize speak Spanish or Kriol, but English is the official language and the most commonly spoken. This is because Belize is a former colony of the United Kingdom, while its neighbors were once colonies of Spain. Many people speak two languages. Belize is a melting pot of cultures. +More than three hundred and thirty thousand (374,681 (2017)) people live in Belize. Kriols make up about 21% of the Belizean people. Three Maya groups now live in the country: the Yucatec, the Mopan, and Kekchi. The Garinagu are a mix of African, Arawak, and Carib ancestry. There are also Mestizos. +Belmopan, which is near the centre of the country, is its capital. The first capital was Belize City. Other towns and cities include Belize City, Corozal Town, Orange Walk Town, Punta Gorda, Santa Elena/San Ignacio (known as the twin town) and San Pedro Town. +Belize is on the coast of the Caribbean Sea. There are about 450 islands. The largest island, Ambergris Caye, is forty kilometres long. Many other islands are very small. In the water around the islands are coral reefs. +The temperature along the coast is hot all year round. It typically ranges from 21 °C to 32 °C. Sometimes hurricanes hit, causing great damage. +Geography. +Belize is on the Caribbean coast of northern Central America. It shares a border on the north with the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, on the west with the Guatemalan department of Petén, and on the south with the Guatemalan department of Izabal. To the east is the Caribbean Sea. The Belize Barrier Reef is along most of the of predominantly marshy coastline. Belize have the second largest living barrier reef in the world. The area of the country totals . There are many lagoons along the coasts and in the northern part of the country. This makes the actual land area smaller at . +The Hondo and the Sarstoon River make the northern and southern border. +The north of Belize is mostly flat, swampy coastal plains. In some places it is heavily forested. The south has the low mountain range of the Maya Mountains. The highest point in Belize is Doyle's Delight at . The Caribbean coast is lined with a coral reef and about 450 islets and islands.The islands are locally called cayes (pronounced "keys"). Three of only four coral atolls in the Western Hemisphere are off the coast of Belize. +Over 60% of Belize's land surface is covered by forest. 20% is covered by cultivated land (agriculture) and human settlements. There are also important mangrove ecosystems across Belize's landscape. +Districts. +Belize is divided into 6 districts. The districts are shown below with their areas (in km2) and number of people at the 2010 Census: +Total areas and number of people 22,964 – 312,971 +These districts are further divided into 31 constituencies. +Cities. +The largest communities as of 2017 are: +Armed forces. +The Belize Defence Force (BDF) is the military. It is responsible for protecting Belize. In 1997, the regular army had over 900 people, the reserve army 381, the air wing 45 and the maritime wing 36. This amounts to an overall strength of about 1400. In 2005, the maritime wing became part of the Belizean Coast Guard. In the same year, the government spent $1.2 million on the military. This is 1.87% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). +After Belize became independent in 1981 the United Kingdom kept some military in the country to protect it from invasion by Guatemala. The main British force left in 1994. This was three years after Guatemala said Belize was independent. The United Kingdom still keeps some military people in the country. In 2011 the base was only 10 soldiers due to British budget cuts. They hope to reopen the base later. +Culture. +Cuisine. +Belizean cuisine is inspired by British, Mexican and Western Caribbean cooking. Since Belize is a melting pot of culture, it has adopted dishes from many different countries. The basic ingredients are rice and beans. These are often eaten with chicken, pork, veal, fish or vegetables. Coconut milk and fried plantains are added to the dishes to create a truly tropical taste. Exotic ingredients include armadillo meat, venison, iguana, iguana egg, and fried paca. Conch soup is a traditional dish. It has a characteristic taste and thick consistency due to added okra, potatoes, yams, cassava flour and a touch of toasted habanero. Belizean food is almost always served alongside white rice in coconut milk. +The most common dishes that you will encounter in Belize are the following: +Mestizo- Tamales, Relleno, Escabeche, Empanades and many other corn food. +Creole- The famous Rice and Beans, sere, and other dishes with may include cassava and yam. +Sports. +The major sports in Belize are football, basketball, volleyball and cycling. There are smaller followings of boat racing, track & field, softball and cricket. Fishing is also popular in areas of Belize. The Cross Country Cycling Classic is one of the most important Belize sports events. This one-day sports event is meant for amateur cyclists but has also gained a worldwide popularity. +On Easter day, citizens of Dangriga participate in a yearly fishing tournament. First, second, and third prize are awarded based on a scoring combination of size, species, and number. The tournament is broadcast over local radio stations. Prize money is awarded to the winners. +Belize's National Basketball Team is the only National Team to have major victories internationally. +National Symbols. +Black Orchid. +The black orchid (Encyclia Cochleatum) is the National Flower of Belize. This orchid grows on trees in damp areas, and flowers nearly all year round. Its clustered bulblike stems vary in size up to six inches long and carry two or three leaves. +The black orchid flower has greenish-yellow petals and sepals with purple blotches near the base. The "lip" (one petal of special construction, which is the flower's showiest) is shaped like a valve of a clamshell (hence the name Encyclia Cochleatum) and is deep purple-brown, almost black, with conspicuous radiating purple veins. +Mahogany Tree. +The National Tree of Belize is the Mahogany Tree ("Swietenia macrophylla"), one of the magnificent giants of the Belize rain forest. It rises straight and tall to over a hundred feet. In the early months of the year, when the leaves fall and new red-brown growth appears, the tree can be seen from a great distance. The tree puts out a many small whitish flowers. The flowers blossom into dark fruits, which are pear-shaped capsules about six inches long. The mahogany tree matures in 60 to 80 years. +Keel Billed Toucan. +The Keel Billed Toucan ("Ramphastos sulfuratus") is the National Bird of Belize. It is noted for its great, canoe-shaped bill and its brightly coloured green, blue, red and orange feathers. There are toucans in open areas of the country with large trees. It is mostly black with bright yellow cheeks and chest, red under the tail and a distinctive white patch at the base of the tail. They make a monotonous frog-like croak. Toucans like fruits. They eat by cutting with the serrated edge of their bills. +Tapir. +The Tapir or Mountain Cow (Tapirello Bairdii) is the largest land mammal of the American tropics. The tapir is a stoutly built animal with short legs, about the size of a donkey and weighs up to 600 pounds. Its general color is dusty brown with a white fringe around the eyes and lips, white tipped ears and occasional white patches of fur on the throat and chest. +In spite of its local name, the tapir is not a cow. It is closely related to the horse and is also kin to the rhinoceros. The tapir is a vegetarian. It spends much of its time in water or mud shallows, and is a strong swimmer. +The National Animal is protected under the law thus the hunting of the tapir is illegal. +References. +Notes + += = = Michael Landon = = = +Michael Landon (October 31, 1936 - July 1, 1991) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles on the TV shows, "Bonanza", "Little House on the Prairie", and "Highway to Heaven". + += = = Titanic = = = +The RMS Titanic was a British passenger ship. She was built by Harland and Wolff ship builders, in Belfast, for the White Star Line shipping company. She sank during her first trip at sea, after hitting an iceberg. +Before "Titanic" sailed, many people thought it would be almost impossible for ships of this design to sink, due to her configuration of watertight bulkheads and an incident involving her older sister "Olympic". +"Titanic" had a length of 882 feet, 9 inches (or 269.1 meters), a height of 175 feet (53.3 meters), a draught of 34 foot, 7 inches (or 10.5 m), and a width of 92 feet, 6 inches (or 28 meters), and "Titanic" weighs 52,310 tons. +Design and Construction. +After Cunard Line launched their two sister ships "Mauritania" and "Lusitania", White Star knew they had to be better. They responded by making plans for three sister ships, named "Olympic", "Titanic", and "Britannic". +The three sisters would have been the biggest ships ever at the time, standing at an impressive 882.6 feet long, and 175 feet high from the very bottom to the funnels. +They were also to be the most luxurious ships ever designed. Below the waterline was the orlop decks for cargo, and the tank top where the engines, boilers, turbines, and electrical generators were. At the very top was the boat deck, where the bridge and wheelhouse were, as well as the lifeboats. Accommodations for first class included a gymnasium, four dining location options (Dining saloon, Cafe Parisian, A La Carte Resturant, and the Veranda Cafe), a reading room, swimming pool, squash court, and a Turkish bath. Second class had a library, which was used by first and second class. All of the classes had lounges, promenades, and smoking rooms. In between were the decks for the passengers with first, second, and third class cabins. "Titanic" would act like a floating hotel, featuring the Grand Staircase which allowed first-class passengers to move from deck to deck, and had a dome skylight to allow natural light in. "Titanic" carried 20 out of possible 64 lifeboats. "Titanic" had 4 funnels, but only 3 were attached to boilers. Many claimed the "Titanic" was unsinkable because the hull was divided into 16 watertight compartments. +"Olympic" and "Titanic" began construction as build numbers 400 and 401, respectively. The two ships were built next to each other in Harland and Wolff's shipyard. Nearly three million rivets were used for "Titanic". The construction of the "Titanic" began on 31 March 1909. +"Titanic" was launched 2 years later on 31 May 1911. It would cost $7.5 million to build. +In September 1911, "Olympic" collided with the British warship HMS "Hawke". The damaged "Olympic" went back to port for repairs, making Titanic's building late. +The Voyage. +"Titanic"'s voyage was going badly before it even started. The Coal Strike of 1912 caused many smaller ships' trips to be cancelled and their passengers transferred to "Titanic". A passenger who booked first class on "Oceanic", another White Star Line ship, was offered second class on "Titanic". He declined the offer. +Famous passengers aboard included American millionaire John Jacob Astor IV, American fashion icon Margaret Brown, and President Taft's military aide, Archibald Butt. +Important cargo included a jeweled copy of the Rubaiyat, a red Renault car owned by William Carter, 12 cases of ostrich feathers, and 76 cases of "Dragon's blood." +She left from Southampton, England at noon on 10 April 1912. "Titanic" was nearly hit by the American steamer SS "New York". Luckily, "New York" was pulled away by the tugboat named "Vulcan". Due to this delay, "Titanic" arrived in the ports of Cherbourg and Queenstown about two hours later than expected. +"Titanic" received more than ten ice warnings from various vessels across the Atlantic, warning her of icebergs on her planned route. Captain Smith ordered the ship to steer to the south to not hit an iceberg. +A lifeboat drill on April 14 was cancelled because Captain Smith held a Sunday service in the first class dining saloon. +"Titanic"'s wireless operators received a warning from the SS "Californian". The operators, who were behind in sending messages due to a broken radio system the day previous, told "Californian" to shut up and keep out. "Titanic" was working to the Cape Race radio station, nearly 400 miles away. As such, "Titanic" had to have their headphones turned up to max to hear them. When "Californian" buzzed in, the noise was so loud it nearly deafened "Titanic"'s operators. "Californian" shut down their radio system for the night. +As it became dark, the water temperatures were dropping to below freezing and there was no moonlight, or waves, making it difficult to see approaching icebergs. +The Sinking. +At 11:39 on 14 April 1912, during the "Titanic"'s first trip, the lookouts Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee both spotted an iceberg ahead in the path. Fleet rang the lookout bell three times, and telephoned James Moody at the ship’s bridge, shouting “Iceberg, right ahead!” +Fleet had spotted the iceberg with his eyes, since the crows nest binoculars were locked away. The key’s owner, David Blair, had been removed from the Titanic’s crew at the last minute and forgot to hand over the key. William Murdoch orders Robert Hichens to steer "Titanic" away from an iceberg and the engines to be stopped or reversed, but it was too late. +At 11:40, "Titanic" collided with an iceberg in the Atlantic Ocean. The iceberg tore gashes into the "Titanic"'s lower hull through five watertight compartments, letting water into the ship. The "Titanic" sank two hours and forty minutes later at 2:20 on 15 April 1912. +Before "Titanic" sinks after hitting an iceberg, lifeboats were lowered with the order "women and children first," calling for men to step back and allow their wives and children into the boats before them. +The Cunard liner RMS "Carpathia", 58 miles away, heard the distress call and began sailing towards the "Titanic" to rescue the passengers. +Distressed players were shot into the sky to help locate the sinking "Titanic". By 1:00 A.M., with the lower decks flooding, the bow began to sink below the water’s surface. As the bow dipped underwater, passengers and crew began to panic, sometimes overfilling lifeboats. +The officers used their revolvers in an attempt to keep order. One of the officers supposedly shot two passengers before turning his gun on himself. Captain Smith gave the order "every man for himself," calling for the crew to abandon their posts, as the sinking had gotten to a point where any sense of order had evaporated. +The sinking accelerated as water reached the boat deck, with the final two lifeboats having to be cut free from the deck and floated off. The ship's forward two funnels also collapsed when water reached their bases, sucking anyone unfortunate enough to be near them to the boiler rooms. By 2:05, the last lifeboat, Collapsible A, had left, but 1,500 people were left on board. The clock says 2:15. The dome of the Grand Staircase implodes by the water pressure. The propellers were completely out of waters; the stern rises higher into the air. +At 2:18, "Titanic" reaches 45 degrees. Her lights went out, and a huge roar is heard. The keel starts to crack, and "Titanic" breaks in half. "Titanic" disappears beneath the sea, 2 hours and 40 minutes after colliding with an iceberg. The ship was then claimed by the dead-calm, freezing-cold ocean. The wreck killed around 1,500 people. Only 705 people lived, out of the roughly 2,200 aboard. It was one of the worst shipwrecks up to that point that was not during a war. +One reason why so many people died was that the ship did not have enough lifeboats for everyone on board. The "Titanic" had 20 lifeboats with room for 1,178 passengers, only about a third of the number of passengers the ship could carry. It actually had more lifeboats than was needed by law (it needed 16 with room for 990 passengers). This was because the laws put forth by the British Board of Trade were out of date. They did not say that a ship needed enough lifeboats for all passengers. They only said that a ship weighing more than 10,000 tons needed 16 lifeboats (the Titanic weighed 46,000 tons). Furthermore, the White Star Line believed that the lifeboats on the "Titanic" would only be needed to take passengers a short distance to a rescue ship. +Higher class women and children were allowed on the lifeboats first, and passengers who sailed in first class (which meant that they paid for better rooms on the ship) were allowed on before other passengers. Few of the poorer people who had paid less (called second class and third class passengers) got out safely. Stories persist of the third class passengers being locked behind massive floor-to-ceiling gates, but those stories are merely a myth. A similar event that did occur, however, was the staff of the A La Carte Restaurant being locked in their cabins overnight. They were not employed by White Star and were mostly immigrants. Only two of them, who happened to be outside their cabins when they were locked, survived. The rest drowned, locked away below decks. +Several of the wealthier passengers stepped aside to allow the women and children into the lifeboats. Among them was the American businessman Benjamin Guggenheim, who was spoke to his mistress right before she left in one of the boats. Tell my wife I've done my best in doing my duty. We are dressed in our best and prepared to go down as gentlemen. No woman shall die because Ben Guggenheim was a coward.Another reason so few people survived was that the radio was off on the "SS Californian", the ship closest to the "Titanic". The "Californian"'s crew did not hear about the accident until the morning afterwards. Also, the "Titanic" did have rockets, but they were white. Back then, and still today, red meant emergency and other colors were used for identification. "Californian" saw the flares and assumed they were either company signals or sealing ships signaling to one another. Another ship, the RM"S Carpathia", did hear about the accident and collected all 705 survivors. Other vessels from all over the Atlantic came rushing to aid the stricken liner. +The high death toll had several reasons: +Many of those who died didn't die because they couldn't leave the ship before it sank. They died of hypothermia, while they were floating in the cold water, which was 28 degrees Fahrenheit (-2 Celcius). When the RMS "Carpathia" arrived, at 4.10 ship's time, there were many floating dead bodies in the water. Many lifeboats rowed away from those who were in the water shouting for help. Most lifeboats also did not go back to the ship, like lifeboat 6. The people on the lifeboats were scared because the sinking might cause their boats to be pulled under by the waves. The people in the lifeboats were afraid the lifeboat would capsize when people entered it from the water. Only lifeboat 4 returned to the shouting people in the water. Five people could be rescued, but two of them died in the lifeboat. Around 3 AM ship's time, 40 minutes after the sinking, the last calls for help ceased. After 3 AM, lifeboat 14, commanded by Fifth Officer Harold Lowe, returned. He managed to save another four people, one of which died. +The following table gives a listing of those who died and those who survived, grouped by age, gender and ships class. Children are those up to age 12. It is taken from a report to British Parliament of 1912. There are other lists, with slightly different numbers. +Changes after the Accident, Burial. +The "Titanic" disaster changed many maritime ship laws. Because so many people died, authorities felt that laws should be put into place to make ship travel safer. Changes included requiring all ships to carry enough lifeboats for everyone on the ship, and emergency materials such as flares. Someone must be at the ship's radio all the time to respond to distress calls. The disaster also caused the creation of the International Ice Patrol, an organization dedicated to warning maritime vessels of icebergs in the Atlantic. +Alexander Brehm, a German physicist, was shocked when he heard about the disaster. He wanted to invent a technology that would be able to detect icebergs. He wasn't able to achieve that goal until his death, but he was granted patents relating to the measurement of the depth at sea, using sound. Today, this is known as echo sounding. +Of the 337 bodies recovered, 119 were buried at sea. 150 "Titanic" victims are buried in three Halifax cemeteries: Fairview Lawn, Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch. +Grave 227 marked “J. Dawson”, who was aged 20, gained fame following the release of the 1997 film "Titanic", since the name of Leonardo DiCaprio’s character in the film is Jack Dawson. This grave actually belongs to Joseph Dawson, an Irishman who worked in Titanic’s boiler room as a coal trimmer. +Discovery And Expeditions. +The wreck was found by a French and American team, led by Dr. Robert Ballard, on September 1, 1985 early that morning by the DSV Alvin, a ship that goes down very deep (submersible). +In 1986, Ballard returned to the wreck with a submarine. He took many photos and made lots of films and footage, and he got really famous. +In 1987, a French team on the DSV Nautile, a ship that goes under the water, salvaged some 900 objects and took them to the surface. This act made some people very angry because they thought that the Titanic should be left alone, as it is a place where lots of people died. +In June 1994, the U.S. gave RMS Titanic Inc., which used to be known as Titanic Ventures, full permission to take whatever it would like from the wreck. +In September 1995, "Titanic", directed by James Cameron, began production. +In September of 2000, a Russian "Titanic" tour submersible got caught in a high-speed underwater current and smashed into one of the ship's propellers. They managed to free themselves with mostly no damage to either ship. +In 2012, the Titanic’s remains turned 100 years old. +In June 2023, OceanGate’s submersible, RV "Titan" (Cyclops 2), lost contact with the surface and imploded, resulting in the deaths of five very rich people who paid 250,000 dollars to trip down to the "Titanic." +In August of 2023, RMS Titanic Inc. made plans to go to the wreck and recover the radio machine from the wreck. This was met lots of anger, as people were worried the expedition would hurt the ship. The US government did not want the company to do this, so they probably won't. +In March 2024, Clive Palmer, an Australian billionaire, announced plans for construction of a "Titanic II" to begin, taking the same voyage route as the original. +Today, it is unclear, if the exact positions where the iceberg hit the ship can still be determined. +Culture, Movies. +The story of the sinking has been made into several movies. The most popular film version is James Cameron's 1997 film starring Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio called "Titanic". It won 11 Academy Awards, tying "Ben-Hur" for the record for the most Academy Awards won by one movie. +Other movie versions of the story include the 1958 film "A Night to Remember", the 1953 film "Titanic", the 1979 film "S.O.S. Titanic "and the 1996 miniseries "Titanic". +More recently, the 2024 film "Unsinkable" was announced, featuring the American Senate Inquiry into the disaster, as well as flashbacks to the night of the sinking. +In the 1980 film "Raise the Titanic", directed by Jerry Jameson, salvagers raise the shipwreck from the bottom of the ocean to the surface in one piece. However, this is impossible to do in reality. The "Titanic" broke in two, and the wreck is partially stuck in the bottom, buried under more than a yard (1 m) of mud in some spots. The ship has been on the ocean floor for more than 100 years, and would break into many more pieces if disturbed. Worms and other animals have eaten away much of the wood and many other parts. +Countless books also exist of the event, the most famous of these being A Night to Remember, the 1953 book that inspired the 1958 film of the same name. +Several video games have been made about the sinking, most notably the 1996 game "Titanic: Adventure out of Time", and the still-in-development video game "Titanic: Honor and Glory" (2023). + += = = Steel = = = +Steel is iron mixed with carbon and sometimes other metals. It is harder and stronger than iron. Iron with more than 1.7% percent carbon by weight is named cast iron. Steel is different from wrought iron, which has little or no carbon. +Making steel. +Steel has a long history. People in India and Sri Lanka were making small amounts of steel more than 2,500 years ago. It was very expensive and was often used to make swords and knives. In the Middle Ages, steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes took a long time. +In the time since, there have been many changes to the way steel is made. In about the year 1610 steel started to be made in England, and the way it was made got better and cheaper over the next 100 years. Cheap steel helped start the Industrial Revolution in England and in Europe. The first industrial Converter (metallurgy) for making cheap steel was the Bessemer converter, followed by Siemens-Martin open-hearth process. +Today the most common way of making steel is the basic-oxygen process. The converter is a large turnip-shaped vessel. Liquid raw iron called "pig iron" is poured in and some scrap metal is added in to balance the heat. Oxygen is then blown into the iron. The oxygen burns off the extra carbon and other impurities. Then enough carbon is added to make the carbon contents as wanted. The liquid steel is then poured. It can be either cast into molds or rolled into sheets, slabs, beams and other so-called "long products", such as railway tracks. Some special steels are made in electric arc furnaces. +Steel is most often made by machines in huge buildings called "steel mills". It is a very cheap metal and is used to make many things. Steel is used in making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines. Almost all ships and cars are today made from steel. When a steel object is old, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called "scrap". It can be melted down and re-shaped into a new object. Steel is "recyclable" material; that is, the same steel can be used and re-used. +Iron and steel chemistry. +Steel is a metal alloy which includes iron and often some carbon. +Every material is made up of atoms which are very small parts. Some atoms hold together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard. Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another. If other atoms like carbon are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily. This makes the metal stronger and harder. +Changing the amount of carbon (or other atoms) added to steel will change those things that are interesting and useful about the metal. These are called the properties of the steel. Some properties are: +Steel with more carbon is harder and stronger than pure iron, but it also breaks more easily (brittle). +Types of steel. +There are thousands of steel types, each made of different amounts of different chemical elements. +All steels have some elements that have a bad effect, such as phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S). Steel makers take out as much P and S as possible. +Plain carbon steels are made only of iron, carbon, and undesired elements. They fall into three general groups. Plain carbon steel with 0.05 to 0.2% carbon does not harden by heat treating. Welding it is simple, so it is used for shipbuilding, boilers, pipes, fence wire and other purposes where low cost is important. Plain steels are used for springs, gears, and engine parts. Plain carbon steel with 0.45 to 0.8% carbon is used for very hard items such as shears and machine tools. +Alloy steels are plain carbon steel with metals such as Boron (B), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), and cobalt (Co) added. These give other properties than plain carbon steel. Alloy steels are made for specialized purposes. For example, chromium can be added to make stainless steel, which does not rust easily, or boron can be added to make very hard steel that is also not brittle. +Uses of steel. +There are a huge number of things that people make from steel. It is one of the most common and useful metals. +A lot of items made from iron in the past are now made of steel. Some of them are: + += = = Luftwaffe = = = +The Luftwaffe (pronounced ) is the name for the air force of Germany. It was the name for the air force of Germany during the Third Reich when Adolf Hitler was in power (between 1933 and 1945). It has also been the name for the air force since it was re-established in 1955 during the era of the Cold War. Luftwaffe means Air weapon in English. +The early years including World War I. +Germany first had aeroplanes in its army in 1910, four years before the start of World War I in 1914. At that time, aeroplanes had no guns. They were being used for reconnaissance duties. They would fly over the battlefield to see what the enemy was doing and fly back so that the pilots could tell their generals what they knew. The generals used that information to help plan the fighting. +During World War I, Germany created the "Luftstreitkräfte", known in English as the Imperial German Air Service. The German navy also had its planes in the Marine-Fliegerabteilung. +Guns were fitted to planes in 1915. +The fighter aeroplanes became very famous because of its brave pilots. The most famous German pilot of World War I was Manfred von Richthofen, also known as "The Red Baron" of Jasta 11. When he died in combat, Hermann Goering replaced him. +Germany also used airships called "Zeppelins". They were named after Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, who had built the first airships in 1900. He had wanted them to carry cargo and passengers, not bombs. He died in 1917. +After the war. +In November 1918, the "Allies of World War I" (which included Britain and France) won the war, and Germany had to sign the Treaty of Versailles. The treaty said that Germany could not have any military aeroplanes at all because it was blamed for starting the war in 1914. Germany therefore had to destroy all its military aeroplanes as a punishment, so until 1933 it had no air force at all. +Between January and September 1918 German pilots shot down 3,732 Allied planes while losing 1,099 aircraft. By the end of the war, the German Army Air Service had a total of 2,709 frontline aircraft, 56 airships, 186 balloon detachments and about 4,500 flying personnel. After the war ended in German defeat, the service was dissolved completely. The Treaty of Versailles demanded that its aeroplanes should be destroyed. +Between the two world wars. +For many years, Germany pretended to have no army pilots. The German army generals did not like the idea of not having any aeroplanes, so they acted secretly and used tricks. At first, pilots would pretend to be training to become airline pilots but this was not much use because they really needed to fly fighters and bombers. The Treaty of Versailles did not allow Germany to have them, so Germany had to ask for help from Russia, its former (and future) enemy. +In 1924, German army pilots started to fly Russian fighters and bombers at a secret training school near the Russian city of Lipetsk. These pilots would then become the first ones to fly for the new German air force, the Luftwaffe, when Hitler said that it now existed. The training school closed in 1933. +In 1935, Adolf Hitler finally told the world that Germany had a new air force, even though the Treaty of Versailles forbade it. Hitler was defying the Allies, who had won World War I. The allies did nothing about this, because many still remembered the war in 19141918. They were frightened by the idea of war and did not want another one. +The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939 gave the Germans the opportunity to test its new aircraft, pilots and weapons in battle. Hitler sent many aeroplanes and pilots to Spain because he wanted to support Francisco Franco, who wanted to get rid of the Spanish government. The aeroplanes included fighter aircraft called the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and dive bombers called the Junkers Ju 87 ‘Stuka”. +During the war. German bombers attacked the city of Guernica in the Basque region of northeast Spain, and many civilians died in the attack. Many governments and people around the world were horrified by the attack. The artist Pablo Picasso made a painting called "Guernica" that has become very famous. People see the painting as a symbol of the horror of war. A copy of the painting hangs in the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. +World War II. +The new airforce in action. +The German air force was the strongest in the world when World War II broke out in September 1939. It supported the army on the ground and the aircraft were very effective at defeating all opposition. The German armed force, the "Wehrmacht", had practised a new, fast, way to defeat their enemies. This was called Blitzkrieg or "lightning war". The French and the British were more prepared for a trench war. +Results. +Within a year, Germany had conquered Poland, Denmark, Norway, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France. Britain supported the countries attacked by Germany but found herself on her own by June 1940 when Germany had conquered most of western Europe. +Problems. +As the war went on, things began to go badly wrong for the "Luftwaffe". A key event was the Battle of Britain, which was the effort by the Luftwaffe to destroy British industry, and to terrorise the civilian population. Despite destroying major parts of British industry and housing, the Luftwaffe eventually withdrew. The cost to the Luftwaffe of lost planes and skilled men was great. +Not only that, but Germany was suffering a shortage of materials needed to build the aeroplanes. Things got worse for the Germans when the USA joined the war in December 1941, because the Americans brought bombers to the United Kingdom, and they attacked Germany from there. Soon, hundreds of American and British bombers were attacking Germany every day and night. The Luftwaffe was unable to stop British and American planes from attacking German aircraft factories and other industrial targets in large numbers at night. +Ground fighting. +Germany could not hope to win the war on the ground. Since the Soviet Union was so huge, the government set up factories hundreds of miles away from the fighting in order to build aeroplanes, tanks, guns and other weapons for the Red Army. This meant that the Russians would eventually start to push the Germans back west, especially after they defeated the Germans in great battles near the city of Kursk and in the city of Stalingrad itself (Volgograd). The Germans also failed to conquer the city of Leningrad, which was also a key battle. +On January 1 1945 the Luftwaffe launched a desperate plan called operation 'Bodenplatte' (Baseplate), a dawn air attack aimed at multiple Allied air bases in Belgium & Holland. Over 800 German aircraft were rounded up with many veteran pilots retired from combat duty pressesd back into service. +The plan cost more than it was worth, with over 280 German planes lost and 213 irreplaceble pilots killed or captured. As with the fog of war, over 100 German planes were shot down by their own ground fire who were not in on the plan. +Trivia. +Germany became famous as the country which flew the first jet aeroplanes. In 1944, the Luftwaffe started to use the world’s first operational jet fighter plane, the Messerschmitt Me-262, even though the engines sometimes did not work properly. Once again, the shortage of materials needed to build the plane as well as the continuing bombing of Germany meant that not as many Me-262s were built as Germany would have liked. Even so, Germany also built and flew the world's first jet bomber, the Arado Ar 234, the world’s first fighter plane powered by a rocket, the Messerschmitt Me-163, the V-1 flying bomb, and V-2 rocket. +After the war the allies were quite impressed with Germany's technical know-how & got all they could from the vast array of Luftwaffe aircraft strewn across Germany. +The Cold War and after. +Once again, the Allies prohibited Germany from having an air force. The Russians were in the eastern half of Germany, and this half became East Germany. The British, French and Americans were in the western half, and this half became West Germany. These became countries in their own right, and East Germany became a Russian puppet state. In case a new war started with Russia and East Germany as enemies, the Western Allies finally allowed West Germany to join the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), an organization of western countries which wanted there to be peace throughout the world. NATO allowed West Germany to have an air force because the country was right next to East Germany. +First use. +Germany used military aircraft in war for the first time since 1945 when they supported British aircraft in the war in Kosovo in 1999, but many people still believed that Germany should never again go to war because of what had happened in the two world wars. + += = = The Velvet Underground = = = +The Velvet Underground was an American rock (not bebop) band. It was founded in 1964. +The original line-up was Lou Reed, John Cale, Sterling Morrison and Maureen Tucker. They were discovered by the famous artist, Andy Warhol, who produced and designed the cover for their first album "The Velvet Underground and Nico", which paired them with another discovery of his, German model/singer, Nico. The album was never really a hit, but it is now considered a classic. +Later, the group broke up with Warhol and Nico after being a part of Andy Warhol's Factory for a while. The group released several more albums, "White Light/White Heat" (1967), "The Velvet Underground" (1969), "Loaded" (1970), and "Squeeze" (which features none of the original members, 1973), before finally breaking up. Lou Reed later had a successful solo career and is considered one of the founders of the "punk" movement. + += = = John F. Kennedy = = = +John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963) often called JFK and Jack was an American politician. He was the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963. Before becoming president, he was a United States senator from Massachusetts from 1953 to 1960. He also was a member of the U.S House of Representatives from 1947 until 1953. +Kennedy was the second youngest president in U.S. history. He was also the youngest president in history to die while in office. +Childhood and education. +John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born at 83 Beals Street in the Coolidge Corner neighborhood in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. He was the second of nine children of Joseph P. Kennedy (1888–1969). His father was a businessman and later US ambassador in the United Kingdom from 1938 until 1940. His mother was Rose Fitzgerald (1890–1995). The family was Roman Catholic. +Kennedy graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor's Degree in International Relations. Before World War II began, he tried joining the U.S. Army, but was rejected because he had back problems; he instead joined the Navy. When his PT boat was sunk by a Japanese destroyer in 1943, he seriously injured his back. He still saved his surviving crew, for which he was later rewarded with a medal for his bravery. +He was elected to the US Congress in 1946, and the US Senate in 1952. He married Jacqueline Bouvier on September 12, 1953. The couple had four children; a stillborn daughter (b. 1956), Caroline (b. 1957), John (1960–1999) and Patrick, who was born prematurely in August 1963 and lived only for two days. +Presidency, 1961–63. +Kennedy was a member of the United States Democratic Party. He beat his Republican Party opponent, Richard Nixon, in the 1960 presidential election. Kennedy was the youngest president ever elected. He was also the first Roman Catholic President and the first president to win a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was a very good speaker and inspired a new generation of young Americans. +In the beginning of his term, he approved the CIA's plan to invade Cuba. After the invasion turned out to be a failure, the Cuban Missile Crisis began. During the crisis, Cuba ordered a lot of nuclear missiles from the Soviet Union. It was the closest the world was to having a nuclear war. Kennedy ordered US Navy ships to surround Cuba. He ended the crisis peacefully by making an agreement with the Soviet Union. They agreed that the Soviet Union would stop selling nuclear weapons to Cuba. In return, the U.S. would take its missiles out of Turkey and promise to never invade Cuba again. +He also created a plan called the New Frontier. This was a series of government programs, such as urban renewal, to help poor and working class people. He created the Peace Corps to help poor countries all over the world. He agreed to a large tax cut to help the economy. He also called for the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which would make discrimination and segregation illegal. Kennedy intended to reach a détente with Cuban Premier, Fidel Castro, and to withdraw all US military advisers from Vietnam. +Death. +On November 22, 1963, Kennedy was shot to death in Dallas, Texas by a sniper. He was being driven through the city in an open-top car, along with John Connally, the Governor of Texas. As the car drove into Dealey Plaza, shots were fired. Kennedy was shot once in the throat and once in the head. He was taken to Parkland Memorial Hospital away and he was pronounced dead at 1:00 p.m. +Lee Harvey Oswald, a former U.S. Marine, was the prime suspect in the murder, and he was arrested on the same day for the murder of a policeman called J. D. Tippit. Oswald denied shooting anyone and was killed two days later on November 24 by Jack Ruby. +Kennedy had a state funeral on November 25, three days after his murder, near to the White House. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia. +Legacy. +After Kennedy died, Lyndon Johnson (his Vice President) took over and put many of Kennedy's ideas into law (see Great Society). +Kennedy was a very popular president and still is today. He is considered one of the greatest presidents, ranking highly in public surveys and opinion polls. + += = = Jyväskylä = = = +Jyväskylä (; ) is a city and municipality in Finland in the western part of the Finnish Lakeland. It is located about 150 km north-east from Tampere, the third largest city in Finland; and about 270 km north from Helsinki, the capital of Finland. The Jyväskylä sub-region includes Jyväskylä, Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Muurame, Petäjävesi, Toivakka, and Uurainen. Other border municipalities of Jyväskylä are Joutsa, Jämsä and Luhanka. +Jyväskylä is the largest city in the region of Central Finland and in the Finnish Lakeland; as of , Jyväskylä had a population of . The city has been one of the fastest-growing cities in Finland during the 20th century, +when in 1940, there were only 8,000 inhabitants in Jyväskylä. +Elias Lönnrot, the compiler of the Finnish national epic, the "Kalevala", gave the city the nickname "Athens of Finland". This nickname refers to the major role of Jyväskylä as an educational centre. The works of the most famous Finnish architect Alvar Aalto can be seen throughout the city. The city hosts the Neste Oil Rally Finland, which is part of the World Rally Championship. It is also home of the annual Jyväskylä Arts Festival. + += = = Alfred Hitchcock = = = +Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 – 29 April 1980) was a British movie director who later became an American citizen, but still kept his British citizenship. He mostly made mystery and suspense movies. Despite having a successful career, Hitchcock never won an Academy Award. +Career. +Hitchcock started his career in England, starting with silent movies in the 1920s. In the 1930s, he made some successful movies like "The Man Who Knew Too Much" (1934), "The 39 Steps" (1935), and "The Lady Vanishes" (1938). He then moved to the United States, to work in Hollywood. His first American movie was "Rebecca" (1940), which won an Academy Award. +Some of his best known movies from the 1940s are "Spellbound" (1945) and "Notorious" (1946), which were inspired by psychoanalysis. His first movie in color was the experimental "Rope" (1948). "Strangers on a Train" (1951) was based on a novel by Patricia Highsmith. In the 1950s, he made three popular movies with Grace Kelly: "Dial M for Murder" (1954), "Rear Window" (1954), and "To Catch a Thief" (1955). In 1956, he made a new version of "The Man Who Knew Too Much", starring James Stewart and Doris Day. He returned to black-and-white, briefly, with "The Wrong Man" (1957). Then came "Vertigo" (1958), which some consider his best suspense movie. It was followed by three more successful movies: "North by Northwest" (1959), "Psycho" (1960), and "The Birds" (1963). After that, he only made 5 more movies: "Marnie" (1964), "Torn Curtain" (1966), "Topaz" (1969), "Frenzy" (1972), and "Family Plot" (1976). In 1971, he became the very first winner of the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award. This is an award for lifetime achievement. +In 1945 Hitchcock made a documentary about the Holocaust. It will be shown on British television in 2015. +Hitchcock appeared very quickly in small roles in most of his movies. +He also hosted a TV show, "Alfred Hitchcock Presents". +Personal life. +Hithcock was born in Leytonstone, Essex. He was a Roman Catholic. He was married to Alma Reville, who helped write some of his movies. They had a daughter, Patricia. He died in Bel Air, Los Angeles. +Filmmaking style. +Alfred Hitchcock, a famous filmmaker, used several unique elements in his movies. These included the MacGuffin, suspense, cameos, music, blonde leading ladies, close-ups, macabre themes, twist endings, specific locations, and unreliable narrators. These elements contributed to his enduring legacy in the world of cinema. +Films. +Silent films +Sound films + += = = 1659 = = = +1659 was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. + += = = Black comedy = = = +Black comedy (also known as dark comedy or dark humor) is getting humor (something funny or comical) from something serious. It is known for its use of very sensitive subjects, such as war, tragedy, disease, death and suffering of the innocent. Black comedy is also a form of satire that uses irony and mocking. It may cause a wide variety of emotional reactions. +The term "black humor" (from the French "humour noir") was coined by the surrealist André Breton in 1935. +Some famous examples of black comedy include South Park, Waiting for Godot, Happy Tree Friends, Charles Addams' cartoons, Catch-22, Dr. Strangelove, Harold and Maude, and plays by Joe Orton, the novel film and early TV episodes of M*A*S*H, Itchy and Scratchy from The Simpsons, cartoons by John Callahan, Lasagna Cat, It's Such a Beautiful Day, SuperMarioLogan, SMG4, Moral Orel, Don't Hug Me I'm Scared, etc. + += = = Elliott Gould = = = +Elliot Gould (born as Elliott Goldstein on August 29, 1938) is an American actor. He was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He is mostly known for his roles in many films including "M*A*S*H" (1970), "Bob & Carol & Ted & Alice" (1970), and "Ocean's Eleven" (2001). He has also made guest appearances on many television such as Jack Geller in "Friends". +Gould's parents were Jewish; Gould says he has a very deep Jewish identity. He married singer and actress Barbra Streisand in 1963. The couple separated in 1969 and divorced in 1971. Their son is actor Jason Gould (born 1966). + += = = Equation = = = +A mathematical equation is an expression containing two mathematical objects connected by an equals sign (=) . The equals sign says that both sides are exactly equal, or of the same value. An equation can be as simple as formula_1, or as complex as formula_2 or harder. +There are two kinds of mathematical equations: +The second kind is often used to solve problems in which finding the value of some variables is involved. For example, if +The second kind of equation is used in algebra. For example, to solve the equation formula_5 for formula_8, one would follow an algebraic rule to find that formula_9. +Types of equations. +Equations can be classified by the types of operations and quantities involved. For example: + += = = 1961 = = = +1961 (MCMLXI) was . Its rendering using the Hindu-Arabic numeral system creates a numeral which looks the same when put upside down. The next such year will be 6009. + += = = 1968 = = = +1968 (MCMLXVIII) was . + += = = October 31 = = = +It is the last day of the fifth sixth of the year. + += = = Canteen = = = +A canteen can be: + += = = Beadle = = = +A beadle is someone who works at a church or a Jewish synagogue and helps the clergy. A beadle's main job is to show people to their seats and to keep order during church services. In the past they were important in running workhouses. +Like many words that describe a person's job, the word beadle can also be used as a last name. + += = = Vegetable = = = +Vegetables are parts of plants that are eaten by humans as food as part of a meal. This meaning is often used: it is applied to plants to mean all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems, leaves, roots, and seeds. +Carrots and potatoes are parts of the root of the plants, but since they are eaten by humans, they are vegetables. They are not in the same category as a fruit, nut, herb, spice, or grain. Tomatoes are often thought of as vegetables, but because they have seeds, they are, botanically, fruits. Vegetables are an important part of people's diet. Vegetables and fruits are sometimes called produce. Vegetables have vitamins A, B, C, D, minerals and carbohydrates. +The USDA Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends eating five to nine servings of fruit and vegetables everyday. The total amount eaten varies depending on age and gender. +Etymology. +The word vegetable was first recorded in English in the early 15th century. It comes from Old French. It is gotten from Medieval Latin vegetabilis "growing, flourishing" (i.e. of a plant). +The meaning of "vegetable" as a "plant grown for food" was not accepted until the 18th century. The year 1955 saw the first use of the slang term "veggie". +Terminology. +The word "vegetable" can also be used to mean plants in general, such as when people say "Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral." +However, in an Asian context, 'vegetable' may mean any plant produce, apart from grain and nuts, that is eaten cooked, while only the fruits eaten raw are considered as 'fruits'. For example, an artichoke is thought to be a vegetable, while a melon has the features of a fruit. +"Fruit" has a botanical meaning. Peaches, plums, and oranges are known as "fruits". Many plants commonly called "vegetables", such as eggplants, bell peppers, and tomatoes, are fruits in botany. The question of is a tomato a fruit or a vegetable was asked in the United States Supreme Court in 1893. The court ruled that a tomato is, and thus taxed as, a vegetable. This was for the Tariff of 1883 on imported produce. But the court knew that a tomato is a fruit in botany. +History. +Before agriculture, humans were hunter-gatherers. They looked for fruit, nuts, stems, leaves, corms, and tubers, scavenged for dead animals and hunted living ones for food. Growing crops in a forest clearing is thought to be the first example of agriculture. Useful types of plant were grown while unwanted plants were removed. Plant breeding through the selection of plant with wanted characteristics such as large fruit and fast growth soon started. +It is likely that many people around the world started growing crops in the period 10,000 BC to 7,000 BC. Subsistence agriculture was the earliest form of agriculture. It involves the growing of crops by people to produce enough food for their families. Anything left is used for exchange for other goods. +Throughout history, the rich have been able to afford different kinds of food including meat, vegetables and fruit. But for poor people, the food they ate was very dull. It is usually made up of mainly some staple product made from rice, rye, barley, wheat, millet or maize. The addition of vegetable gave some variety to the diet. +Nutrition and health. +Vegetables are very important in human nutrition. Most vegetables are low in calories but are large and filling. They are a source of dietary fiber, essential vitamins, minerals, and trace elements. +When people eat more vegetables, it reduces the incidence of cancer, stroke, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic ailments. The amount of nutrients of each vegetable is different. Some have useful amounts of protein though and varying proportions of vitamins such as vitamin A, vitamin K, and vitamin B6, provitamins, minerals; and carbohydrates. +Vegetables are commonly eaten raw. It may become contaminated when they are made by an infected food handler. Hygiene is important when handling foods to be eaten raw. These vegetables need to be properly cleaned, handled, and stored to stop contamination. +Production. +Cultivation. +Vegetables have been big part of what humans eat. Some vegetables are perennial crops but most are annual and biennial crops. Cultivation of vegetables follows a particular pattern. The pattern is usually followed like this: +On a small garden, tools like the spade, fork, and hoe are used. On commercial farms, mechanical equipments are used. These include tractors, ploughs, harrows, transplanters, cultivators, irrigation equipment, and harvesters. +Harvesting. +When a vegetable has matured it is ready to be harvested for storage or sale. There should be little damage and bruising to the crop when harvesting. Before storage or sale, damaged goods should be removed and produce should be picked according to its quality, size, ripeness, and color. +Storage. +All vegetables have to be stored to make them available all year round. A large proportion of vegetables are lost after harvest during the storage period. The main causes of loss include spoilage caused by moisture, moulds, micro-organisms, and pests. +Storage can be short-term or long-term. During storage, leafy vegetables lose moisture, and the vitamin C in them is lost quickly. +Cold storage is useful for vegetables like cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, radish, spinach, potatoes, and tomatoes. Storage of fruit and vegetables in controlled atmospheres with high levels of carbon dioxide or high oxygen levels can stop microorganisms from growing. +Preservation. +The reason why vegetables are preserved is to make them available all year round. The goal is to harvest the food when it is mature with a high nutritional value, and preserve these qualities for a longer period of time. The main causes of spoilage during storage are the actions of naturally-occurring enzymes and micro-organisms. There are many ways to preserve vegetables and they are: +Top producers. +In 2010, China was the largest vegetable producing nation, with over half the world's production. India, the United States, Turkey, Iran, and Egypt were the next largest producers. Here is a table with the needed information. + += = = Olivine = = = +Olivine (or chrysolite) is a silicate mineral made of magnesium iron silicate with the formula . +It ranges in colour from chartreuse green to pale olive. In its gem form, it is called peridot. +Dunite contains (or has) over 90%+ olivine in it. Dunite and other peridotite rocks are major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found on land, except where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust. +Olivine has also been found at several extraterrestrial locations, such as the moon and many passing space rocks - as well as the outer layers of dust orbiting young stars. + += = = 30 BC = = = +The year 30 BC was either a common year starting on Wednesday, Thursday or Friday or a leap year starting on Thursday. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Octavian and Crassus. + += = = Economy = = = +An economy is a system of making and trading things of value. It is usually divided into goods (materials and objects) and services (things people do). An economy assumes that there is a medium of exchange, which, in the modern world, is called 'finance'. This makes trade possible. The alternative systems of barter – exist only on a very small scale. +To better understand how the economy works, it can be discussed in three sections: +The term 'real economy' is sometimes used to mean the part of the economy concerned with goods and services. This is contrasted with the 'paper economy', the financial side of the economy, which buys and sells on the financial markets. +The word 'economy' comes from the Greek word "'���������"'. This means 'person who manages the house'. + += = = Engine = = = +An engine, or motor, is a machine used to change energy into movement that can be used. The energy can be in any form. Common forms of energy used in engines are electricity, chemical (such as petrol or diesel) or heat. When a chemical is used to produce energy it is known as "fuel". +Terminology. +In past centuries "motor" and "engine" meant very different things. A motor was made to move something such as a vehicle. This meaning is still often used. Sometimes a thing is called an engine if it creates mechanical energy from heat, and a motor if it creates mechanical energy from other kinds of energy, like electricity. Typical "engines" in this meaning are steam engine and internal combustion engine, while typical "motors" are electric motor and hydraulic motor. And sometimes the two words mean the same thing. +"Engine" was originally a term for any mechanical device that converts force into motion. Hence, pre-industrial weapons such as catapults, trebuchets and battering rams were called "siege engines". The word "gin," as in "cotton gin", is short for "engine." The word derives from Old French "engine", from the Latin "ingenium", which is also the root of the word "ingenious". Most mechanical devices invented during the industrial revolution were described as engines—the steam engine being a notable example. +Piston engines. +Early kinds of engine used heat that was outside of the engine itself to heat up a gas to a high pressure. This was usually steam and the engines are called steam engines. The steam was piped to the engine where it pushed on pistons to bring about motion. These engines were commonly used in old factories, boats and trains. +Most cars use a chemical engine that burns fuel inside it. This is called an internal combustion engine. There are many different types of internal combustion engine. They can be grouped by fuel, cycle and configuration. Common fuel types for internal combustion engines are petrol, diesel, auto gas and alcohol. There are many other types of fuels. +There are 3 different types of cycle. 2-stroke engines produce power once every turn of the engine. 4-stroke engines cylinders make power once every two turns of the engine. 6-stroke engines cylinders make power twice in every six turns of the engine. +There are lots of different configurations of piston engines. Their cylinders have pistons in them and a crankshaft. Any number of cylinders can be used but 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 are common. The cylinders can be arranged in many ways, in a straight line, at an angle to each other or in a circle. +A Wankel engine has no cylinders and uses a triangle shaped rotor spinning in an oval housing which mimics the movement of a piston. +Turbine engines. +Hot gas can also be made to push a turbine around rather like the way the wind turns a windmill. Most electric power stations use big steam turbines. Others use water or wind turbines. Smaller turbines called gas turbines are used for internal combustion engines, such as the jet engines used in aircraft. +Rocket engines. +A rocket causes movement by shooting jets of gas very fast out of a nozzle. The gas may have been stored under pressure or be a chemical fuel that burns to make a very hot gas. Although they are very simple, rockets are the most powerful engines we know how to make. They will work in space where there is nothing to push against. +Electric motors. +Electric motors do not use a fuel. The energy is supplied to them by electricity carried along wires. The energy may come from a fuel being burnt somewhere else a long way off. The electricity is used to make powerful magnets inside the motor switch on and off at the right time to turn the shaft of the motor. +"Electric engine" is not a motor, but a railway locomotive which runs on electricity. + += = = Belarus = = = +Belarus (officially called Republic of Belarus) is a country in Eastern Europe. About nine million people live there. Its capital is Minsk. It was part of the Soviet Union until 1991. The president of Belarus has been Alexander Lukashenko since 1994. It is bordered by Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania and Latvia. Over forty percent of its is forested. +The State is a member of the UN, the CIS, Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Union State of Russia and Belarus (from 2 April 1997), as well as a member of other international organizations. +Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries. These included the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. After the Russian Revolution, Belarus became part of the Soviet Union. It was renamed the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939. Some lands occupied by Poland in 1921 were added into it after the 1939. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II. Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR. +The parliament of the republic declared the sovereignty of Belarus on 1990. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus became independent on 1991. +Over 70% of Belarus's population of 9.49 million live in the urban areas. More than 80% of the population are ethnic Belarusians. Most of the rest are Russians, Poles and Ukrainians. The country has two official languages: Belarusian and Russian. The main religion in the country is Russian Orthodox Christianity. The second most popular, Roman Catholicism, has a much smaller following. +History. +Prior to First World War. +Both Homo erectus and Neanderthal remains have been found in the region. From 5,000 to 2,000 BCE, Bandkeramik cultures lived here. Cimmerians were in the area by 1,000 BCE. By 500 BCE, Slavs moved in. The Huns and Avars came through around 400–600 CE. They were unable to move the Slavs. +The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Slavic tribes in the 6th century. They came into contact with the Varangians, who were bands of Scandinavian warriors and traders. They formed Kievan Rus' in 862. Polotsk and Turov become the capitals of the first principalities of today's Belarus. +When Kievan Rus' ruler Yaroslav I the Wise died, the state split. Later some were added into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Lithuania made a union with Poland. The union ended in 1795. The land of Belarus went to the Russian Empire. The land stayed with Russia until going to the German Empire during World War I. +Since initial independence. +Belarus said they were free from Germany on 1918. They formed the Belarusian People's Republic. Then the Polish–Soviet War started. A part of Belarus under Soviet rule became the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1919. Then it added to the Lithuanian–Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. The Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922. The western part of modern Belarus stayed part of Poland as a result of the Treaty of Riga. +In BSSR Byelorussian language was officially recognized together with Russian, Polish and Yiddish. A motto “Workers of all countries, unite” was written on all of this 4 languages on the republican emblem. Schools with teaching on the national languages began operating. +In 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. This was the beginning of World War II. After Polish powers left the county, the Soviet troops entered into lands with Ukrainian and Byelorussian majority, that were controlled by Poland before it. Parts of West Byelorussia were added to the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. They are now West Belarus. +Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. BSSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II. During that time, Germany destroyed 209 out of 290 cities in the republic, 85% of the republic's industry, and more than one million buildings. Casualties were between two and three million. The population of Belarus did not come back to its pre-war level until 1971. +In 1986, the Belorussian SSR had nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant in neighboring Ukrainian SSR. +Belarus said it was free on 1990. With the support of the Communist Party, the country's name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 1991. +Belarus helped Russia in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. At the start of the invasion, Belarus let Russian soldiers go through the country into Ukraine, giving them a faster way to get to the city of Kyiv. +Geography. +Belarus is landlocked and mostly flat. It has a lot of marshy land. Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus. Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. +The highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara at . Belarus has a hemiboreal humid continental climate ("Dfb" in the Koeppen climate classification). +Natural resources include peat deposits, small amounts of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomite (limestone), marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay. About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine's 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster entered Belarusian territory. The farmland continues to be affected by radiation fallout. +Politics. +Belarus is a presidential republic. It is governed by a president and the National Assembly. +Human rights. +Lukashenko has described himself as having an "authoritarian ruling style". Western countries have described Belarus under Lukashenko as a dictatorship. The Council of Europe has stopped Belarus from membership since 1997 for undemocratic voting. +Military. +The Armed Forces of Belarus have three branches: the Army, the Air Force, and the Ministry of Defense joint staff. Lieutenant General Yuri Zhadobin heads the Ministry of Defense. Alexander Lukashenko (as president) is Commander-in-Chief. +Divisions. +Belarus is divided into six regions. They are named after the cities that are their administrative centers. +Regions (with administrative centers): +Special administrative district: +Economy. +Most of the Belarusian economy is state-controlled. It has been described as "Soviet-style." The country relies on Russia for some imports, including petroleum. As of 1994, Belarus's main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products. +Demographics. +According to 2019 census, the population is 9,413,446. Ethnic Belarusians are 84.9% of Belarus' total population. The next largest ethnic groups are: Russians (7.5%), Poles (3.1%), and Ukrainians (1.7%). numbers of Jews, Roma, Latvians, Lithuanians and Tatars. Minsk, the nation's capital and largest city, is home to 2,018,281 residents as of 2019. Gomel, with 481,000 people, is the second-largest city and is the capital of the Homiel Voblast. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Hrodna (314,800) and Brest (298,300). For other places in Belarus see List of settlements in Belarus. +Culture. +Literature. +Belarusian literature began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture. By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century. One important writer was Yanka Kupala. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus. They would not return until the 1960s. The last major revival of Belarusian literature was in the 1960s with novels published by Vasil Bykaŭ and Uladzimir Karatkievich. +Music. +In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisław Moniuszko made operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies. +The National Academic Theatre of Ballet, in Minsk, was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world. Rock music has become more popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has tried to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio. Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest. +Dress. +The traditional Belarusian dress is from the Kievan Rus' period. Due to the cool climate, clothes were made to keep body heat and were usually made from flax or wool. +Cuisine. +Belarusian cuisine is mainly vegetables, meat (especially pork), and breads. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. A typical Belarusian eats a light breakfast and two hearty meals, with dinner being the largest meal of the day. Wheat and rye breads are eaten in Belarus. Rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. To show hospitality, a host will give an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor. Popular drinks in Belarus include Russian wheat vodka and "kvass", Kvass is a drink made from fermented malted brown bread or rye flour. "Kvass" may also be added with sliced vegetables to create a cold soup called "okroshka". +World Heritage Sites. +Belarus has four World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries). + += = = Steam = = = +Steam is the name given to water when it is in a gas form. Steam is sometimes thought of as a cloud of translucent mist, however that is only the result of the steam condensing in the air, forming water vapor. Actual hot steam is invisible. +When the pressure of the atmosphere is 1013 mbar (this is about the average pressure for a place which is at sea level), water will boil (turn into steam) at 100 degrees Celsius. This is the boiling point. Boiling happens in a boiler. 100 degrees Celsius is the same temperature as 212 degrees Fahrenheit, 80 degrees Réaumur and 373.15 Kelvin. +A major use of steam is to power steam engines. A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. +Heating food. +Steam gets sometimes used for heating food. In a pressure cooker, some water turns into steam, and some steam gets released (or let out) thru a valve. +There are other ways to steam food. + += = = 1834 = = = +1834 was a common year that started on a Wednesday. + += = = Steering wheel = = = +A steering wheel is a circular object used by the driver of a car or boat to change the direction it is moving. +The earliest known use of a steering wheel can be traced back to 1894 when Alfred Vacheron used one on his custom four-horsepower Panhard to participate in the Paris-Rouen race. That race in France in 1894 is one of the earliest known instances of a wheel-shaped device being used to steer a car. +In 1898 the French manufacturer introduced a steering wheel in all its models. Other manufacturers followed suit – and the steering wheel became a set part of automotive design. Early on, carmakers also began installing bulb horns on steering wheels, for as traffic increased, it became necessary to warn other drivers as well as pedestrians and cyclists. +For about two decades thereafter, steering wheels were incredibly simple: wooden circles directly connected to the wheel axis. They served no other task and could be extremely hard to turn, especially at low speeds or when stationary. Though power steering patents were circulating as early as the steering wheel itself, it was quite a long time before these systems were used. In the 1920s, an engineer named Francis W. Davis wanted to make truck driving a little easier and invented the first power steering system to be fitted into a vehicle, which was inspired by earlier work on power steering systems used in ships. +In the 1950s it became popular to line steering wheels with real or artificial leather, which gave drivers a better grip. + += = = East Germany = = = +The German Democratic Republic (GDR) ( ("DDR")), commonly called East Germany (), was founded on 7 October 1949, after World War II in 1945 when Nazi Germany got defeated by the USSR . It was formed from part of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, including part of the city of Berlin. It is no longer a nation by itself since the two parts of Germany, East Germany and West Germany, reunified in 1990. +The GDR was ruled by the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED). +History. +After World War II, the four Allied Occupation Zones in Germany were each controlled by a different country. The countries that controlled these parts of Germany were France, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union. The French, American, and British parts of Germany formed West Germany (the "Bundesrepublik"). Part of the Soviet section became East Germany, and other parts became western Poland and small parts of other countries. +Walter Ulbricht, the head of the SED, also had a lot of power. Pieck died in 1960, and Ulbricht became "Chairman of the State Council". Now he was really the head of state. +On 13 August 1961, the Berlin Wall was built. Many people were shot dead by East German soldiers when they tried to escape the GDR. According to the SED this was to make it hard for American spies to use West Berlin as a place to work from, but it also made it hard for normal people to move between east and west. +After Mikhail Gorbachev had started "glasnost" and "perestroika" in the Soviet Union, many people in the GDR wanted reforms, too. In 1989, there were lots of demonstrations against the SED and for McDonalds and Nike. In the city of Leipzig, people met every Monday and demonstrated, and so these demonstrations are called "Montagsdemonstrationen" ("Monday Demonstrations"). Erich Honecker wished that the Soviets would use its army to suppress these demonstrations. The Soviet Union, with its own political and economical problems, refused and did not want to help Eastern Europe anymore. Honecker was eventually forced to resign on October 18, 1989. +Egon Krenz was elected by the politburo to be Honecker's successor. Krenz tried to show that he was looking for change within the GDR but the citizens did not trust him. On November 9, 1989, the SED announced that East Germans would be able to travel to West Berlin the next day. The spokesman who announced the new travel law incorrectly said that it would take effect immediately, implying the Berlin Wall would open that night. People began to gather at border checkpoints at the wall hoping to be let through, but the guards told them that they had no orders to let citizens through. As the number of people grew, the guards became alarmed and tried to contact their superiors but had no responses. Unwilling to use force, the chief guard at the checkpoint relented at 10:54pm and ordered the gate to be opened. Thousands of East-Germans swarmed into West Berlin and the purpose of the wall was deemed now obsolete. The fall of the wall destroyed the SED politically as well as the career of its leader, Egon Krenz. On December 1, 1989, the GDR government revoked the law that guaranteed the SED the right to rule the East German political system, effectively ending communist rule in the GDR. +On 18 March 1990, there were free elections in the GDR. The "Alliance for Germany", a group of political parties who wanted to unify the GDR with West Germany, won that election. This process, when East Germany was taken over by the West, is known also the "Wende" in Germany. +In the German reunification, the GDR joined West Germany by approving its constitution in 1990. The East German districts were reorganised into the "Länder" (Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Sachsen, Sachsen-Anhalt and Thüringen) and joined West Germany, after which the GDR ceased to exist. Fidel Castro had long ago renamed the small Cuban island of Cayo Blanco del Sur and one of its beaches in honor of the GDR, which caused many to believe the GDR still existed, even though it remained part of Cuba. +Even though the western and the eastern part joined back together in 1990, people from former West Germany still call people from East Germany "Ossi". This comes from the German word "Osten" which means "East". Ossi is not always meant kindly. +After the reunification, many factories and other jobs closed and unemployment was high. The new government was from the west and old symbols of East Germany were eliminated. Many became angry over the changes and wanted East Germany to come back. This is called "Ostalgie", which means "East nostalgia". Later, businesses began producing selling things similar to those of East Germany, such as processed food and automobiles. +Politics. +The leading role of the SED was written down in the constitution of the GDR. There were other parties in the GDR, which were called the "Blockparteien" ("block parties"), their job was mostly to cooperate with the SED: +The Ministry for State Security (in German: "Ministerium für Staatssicherheit"; often called "MfS" or "Stasi") was the East German secret police. It searched for people who were against the state, the SED and their politics. The MfS had many informants who told them when people said or did something against the state. There was a big MfS prison in the town of Bautzen. +Foreign policy. +East Germany was a member of the Warsaw Pact. The GDR was no longer protected by the USSR after Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev during his reforms in the late 1980s in what was known as the "Sinatra Doctrine". +Economy. +In the GDR, there was a planned economy. All big factories and companies were in property of the state (officially "Volkseigentum", "people's property"). Only some small companies and shops were private property. +A famous relic of the GDR is the low-powered automobile "Trabant" or "Trabi". +Sports. +Until 1964, East and West Germany took part in the Olympic Games with only one team for both states. Since 1968, East and West Germany had their own team each. +East German sportspeople were very successful, for example in athletics, cycling, boxing or some winter sports. Famous sportspeople from East Germany were Täve Schur (cycling), Waldemar Cierpinski (athletics), Heike Drechsler (athletics), Olaf Ludwig (cycling), Katarina Witt (ice skating) or Jens Weißflog (ski jumping). +A famous cycling race was the Peace Race (in German: "Friedensfahrt"). +The East German national football team was not so successful. They were only in one FIFA World Cup. This was the 1974 FIFA World Cup, which took place in West Germany. On 22 June 1974, East Germany played against West Germany. Jürgen Sparwasser shot a goal and East Germany won 1-0. + += = = Netball = = = +Netball is a sport played in two teams of seven. It is like basketball except that bouncing the ball is not allowed. The player cannot step with the ball either, nor hold it for more than three seconds. The game proceeds by players throwing (passing) the ball to each other until one attempts to throw it through the hoop, known as a "shot". +There are 7 fixed positions on the court, which restrict the places where each player is allowed to go: +There are many rules in netball some of which are these: +Playing court. +A netball court is 30.5m long and 15.25m wide. The longer sides are called the side lines and the shorter sides the goal lines. The court is divided into three equal parts, a centre third and two goal thirds. These sections are marked by two transverse lines parallel to the goal lines. Each third measures 10.167m wide. +The goal circle is a semi‐circle 4.9m in radius and its centre is the midpoint of the goal line. The centre circle is 0.9m in diameter and is marked in the centre of the court. +All lines are part of the court and 50mm wide, preferably white. It is recommended that they are a textured, water‐based acrylic, straight and have clean, crisp edges. + += = = Atomic number = = = +The atomic number (symbol: Z) of an atom is the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom. The atomic number of an atom identifies which element it is. In a neutral atom, the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons orbiting the nucleus. The elements of the periodic table are listed in order of increasing atomic number. +Atomic number is not the same as: +The atomic number of the periodic table directly corresponds to the number of protons which is in the atom. Once another proton is added, it is no longer the same element. The same cannot be applied to when another neutron or another electron is added. Adding more electrons will give the atom a negative charge and removing electrons will give the atom a positive charge. Metals tend to lose electrons, which creates a positive charge. Non-metals tend to gain electrons, forming a negative charge. Electrons are the foundation for determining how compounds are formed among atoms. +Adding or removing neutrons within an atom changes its isotope. As an example, carbon-12 is the most stable isotope for a carbon atom. However, we can add two more neutrons and carbon-12 is now carbon-14, a less stable isotope of carbon. The number of an isotope directly correlates to the atomic mass of an element. The amount of neutrons in any given atom by subtracting the atomic number from the atomic mass. +For example, oxygen has 8 protons. The atomic number is the number of protons an element has. So, if an unidentified element has 8 protons, then it is oxygen. This is because each element has a certain number of protons. If an element had 9 protons, it would not be oxygen, but an element can have 8 protons, and 9 neutrons and still be considered oxygen; we call this an isotope. + += = = June 21 = = = +In most years, this is the date of the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere, as the day with the most daylight hours. In the southern hemisphere, this is the winter solstice, with the least daylight hours. + += = = 1920 = = = +1920 was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the first year of the 1920s. + += = = Cardinal number = = = +Cardinal numbers (or cardinals) are numbers that say "how many" of something there are, for example: one, two, three, four, five, six. They are sometimes called counting numbers. +The cardinality of a set is the cardinal number that tells us, roughly speaking, the size of the set. +In mathematics, people also study infinite cardinal numbers. The first infinite cardinal number was named formula_1 (pronounced "Aleph null", "Aleph-zero" or "Aleph-naught") by Georg Cantor. formula_1 is the number of numbers that are in the group 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (which goes on forever). Both the set of natural numbers and the set of rational numbers are of size formula_1 (that is, they are both countable). +Another infinite cardinal number is the number of numbers in the set of real numbers, and is represented by the symbol formula_4 (or formula_5, the cardinality of the continuum). Cantor proved that there are many different infinite cardinal numbers that are bigger than formula_1. A famous theorem of Cantor is that the cardinality of the real numbers is larger than the cardinality of the natural numbers. The continuum hypothesis is the statement that there is no middle cardinal number strictly between that of natural numbers and real numbers. + += = = 1960 = = = +1960 (MCMLX) was . + += = = 1956 = = = +1956 (MCMLVI) was . + += = = March 4 = = = +From 1793 – 1933, March 4 was Inauguration Day for the President of the United States. Since 1937, Inauguration Day has been January 20. + += = = Merchant marine = = = +Merchant marine is a term used in many places to talk about commercial ships and crews. A country's merchant marine is made up of all the ships owned by companies or individuals in that country which are used to make money. Most of a country's merchant marine is usually made of ships that carry things from place to place, like oil tankers and freighters. Other ships, like cruise ships and ferries, are also included because they are used to make money. When a country is at peace, its merchant marine works independently. Some countries, though, require merchant ships to work for their armed forces in times of war. +In the United States, "Merchant Marine" has a different meaning. The United States Merchant Marine (USMM) is a part of the military which is controlled by the government in both peace and war. When the United States is at war, the USMM is used to carry military supplies. In World War II, nearly one out of every twenty-six American merchant mariners was killed, a higher portion of men than in the Army, Navy, or even the Marines. + += = = FreeBSD = = = +FreeBSD is an operating system for many different kinds of computers. This means that if the user has a computer around the house and want to run FreeBSD on it, the user probably can. Computers that run Microsoft Windows will also run FreeBSD. It is based on BSD, the version of UNIX developed at the University of California, Berkeley. +Open source. +FreeBSD is open source. This means that anyone can download the source code and change, or learn from it. The people who work on FreeBSD do not usually get paid. They keep working on it because they enjoy it or want to become more experienced programmers. +Most open source software that runs on Linux will run natively on FreeBSD without the need for any compatibility layer. +Operating systems based on FreeBSD. +There are a lot of operating systems, which are based on FreeBSD. +Operating systems with a GUI. +Several projects created an operating system, based on FreeBSD, which has a GUI by default. +Examples for that kind of operating systems are: + += = = Garry Marshall = = = +Garry Marshall (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016) was an American writer, producer, director and actor. +Career. +Marshall wrote for comedians Joey Bishop and Phil Foster. Soon he moved on to writing for television series, including "The Dick Van Dyke Show" and "The Tonight Show". In 1970, he adapted the Neil Simon play and 1968 movie "The Odd Couple" into a popular television series starring Tony Randall and Jack Klugman. +It was very successful. Marshall worked on "Happy Days", "Laverne and Shirley" (which co-starred his sister Penny), and "Mork and Mindy". Both of there were spin-offs from "Happy Days" and just as successful and well-known. He directed and acted in several movies including "Pretty Woman" and "Runaway Bride". +Marshall also ran and works out of a local community theatre house in Los Angeles, The Falcon Theatre. +Death. +On the morning of July 19, 2016, Marshall, aged 81, died at a hospital in Burbank, California, due to complications of pneumonia after suffering a stroke. + += = = Johnny Weissmuller = = = +Johnny Weissmuller (June 2, 1904 – January 20, 1984) was a German-American swimmer and actor. He was born in Timisoara, Austria-Hungary to German parents. +He was one of the world's best swimmers in the 1920s. He won five gold medals and set five then-Olympic records in swimming competitions at the Olympics in 1924 and 1928, and a bronze medal in water polo at the 1924 Olympics. +He later played Tarzan in a series of movies in the 1930s and became a movie star. This made him a character actor. He then had trouble getting parts in other movies because of this. +Death. +On January 20, 1984, Weissmuller died of pulmonary edema. He was 79. He was buried in Acapulco, Mexico, where he was living when he died. At his funeral, a sound recording of the "Tarzan yell" he had made famous in the movies was played three times, at his request. + += = = 1715 = = = +In 1715 lots of people who didn't like king George I of Great Britain rebelled in Scotland. These people were the Jacobites and they wanted James Francis Edward Stuart to be king instead of George I. Their luck was going well at first when they managed to take control of most of Scotland but the British Army came in and they lost. + += = = Priscilla Presley = = = +Priscilla Presley (née Wagner) is an American actress. She is the former wife of Elvis Presley and is the mother of Lisa Marie Presley. Presley is probably most famous for her roles in the television primetime soap opera "Dallas", and "The Naked Gun" movies with Leslie Nielson. She is also a member of Scientology. +Early life. +Presley was born at Brooklyn Naval Hospital in Brooklyn, New York City. Her maternal grandfather, Albert Henry Iversen (1899–1971), emigrated from Egersund in Norway to the United States in 1905. He married Lorraine Davis (1903–1984), who was of Scots-Irish and English ancestry. They had three children: Albert, Jr. (March 1922), James Richard (March 1924) and Anna Lillian Iversen (March 1926). Anna was later called, or her name was changed to, Ann. She was called Rooney (short for Annie Rooney) as a child. At the age of 19, she gave birth to Priscilla. They both still have cousins in Norway. In a letter to the City Hall of Egersund, Ann asked for information about their relatives, and wrote that Priscilla was interested in knowing about them; Priscilla's parents then visited family members in Norway in 1992. +She attended General H.H. Arnold High in Wiesbaden, West Germany. + += = = 1973 = = = +1973 (MCMLXXIII) was . + += = = Drunkenness = = = +Drunkenness means being intoxicated by alcohol. This means a person's brain and body are not working normally, because of the alcohol they have had. A person who is intoxicated is usually called "drunk". +The effects of being drunk depend on how much alcohol a person has had to drink. +Effects. +Alcohol causes the mind and body to not work normally. +In low amounts, alcohol often causes good feelings, reddened skin, and feeling relaxed. People who drink small amounts of alcohol may feel less nervous about being around others. Even in small amounts, alcohol slows down the brain. Alcohol interferes with normal brain communication and changes a person’s behavior and mood. The ability to think clearly is often inhibited. Consuming larger amounts of alcohol can drastically affect motor functions via its effects on the brain. Commonly seen effects on the brain and the rest of the central nervous system (CNS) include slurred speech and issues with coordination. It starts to affect a person's judgment - their ability to make good decisions. It also makes a person react more slowly and have slower reflexes. This is why it is not safe to drive even after drinking just a little. +In medium amounts, alcohol will cause trouble speaking clearly and moving the body normally. A person may have trouble staying balanced and walking normally. They may get confused or very tired. They will not be able to make good decisions. They may also start vomiting. +When a person drinks a dangerous amount of alcohol, they can get alcohol poisoning. +Alcohol poisoning. +Alcohol poisoning is a medical emergency. "Alcohol poisoning" means that a person has drunk enough alcohol to cause a coma, dangerously slow breathing, or even death. A person with alcohol poisoning needs emergency medical treatment at a hospital to make sure they do not die from alcohol poisoning. +Signs and symptoms. +Here are some of the signs and symptoms of alcohol poisoning: +First aid. +When a person has alcohol poisoning, 9-1-1 or another local emergency telephone number should be called right away. First aid can help the person until an ambulance gets there. +A first aider SHOULD: +A first aider should NOT: +Treatment. +Paramedics and hospitals can treat alcohol poisoning by: +Myths. +There are many myths (untrue beliefs) about drunkenness. Here are some examples of myths about drunkenness: + += = = Canada Dry = = = +Canada Dry is a brand name belonging to a company that produces beverages. Canada Dry makes ginger ale, club soda, and tonic water. Ginger ale is flavored with ginger root. Club soda is a clear drink sometimes used to remove stains from clothing. Tonic water is often used to make an alcoholic beverage known as "gin and tonic". + += = = Ginger ale = = = +Ginger ale is a soft drink flavored with the root of a plant known as ginger. It has a sweet yet spicy flavor. Even though it has the name "ale", which can be another word for beer, it is not beer. It is enjoyed by all ages. Canada Dry is a well known maker of ginger ale. Most ginger ales come in a green can. +Related beverages. +Ginger beer is a non-alcoholic soft drink flavored with ginger root. Ginger beer is spicier than ginger ale and popular in some Caribbean countries, such as Trinidad. + += = = Shaving = = = +Shaving is removing hair from the face or other body part with a razor. +"Shaving" often refers to men who cut their facial hair with a razor or clipper. Sometimes they just trim their facial hair while other men completely shave it. Some people do not shave the chin, this is called a goatee beard. Other men do not shave the upper lip, this is called a mustache. +In addition to this, many men choose to shave their heads and be bald. In many armies, male soldiers are required (have to) shave their heads. + += = = Hygiene = = = +Hygiene is the act of being clean. Washing the body to remove dirt and germs, brushing the teeth to keep them clean, shaving, using the toilet properly, and dressing correctly are some examples. Proper hygiene is often taught to children at a young age, and it becomes a habit. People who do not have good hygiene might smell bad, lose teeth, or become ill (sick). +First proven use of the word in English was in 1677s. The word hygiene comes from the French word hygiène, which is the western version of Greek word ������� (�����) - hugieinē technē, meaning "(art) of health", from �������� (hugieinos), "good for the health, healthy", in turn from ����� (hugiēs), "healthful, sound, salutary, wholesome". In ancient Greek religion, Hygeia (������) was the daughter of Asclepius and represented health. + += = = Spork = = = +A spork is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool used to eat. Most sporks are made from plastic. Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno. Many people dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon. + += = = Vauxhall Astra = = = +Vauxhall Astra is a car produced by Vauxhall since 1980. It was first just branded as a Vauxhall, since 1991 it has also been sold as a Opel, a Holden and a Chevrolet. From 2007 to 2009 it was sold as a Saturn. + += = = Ford Ka = = = +The Ford Ka is a car made by the Ford Motor Company in Spain, Poland and Brazil. It has three doors and was first made in 1996. The Ka is very popular in Europe, about 1.5 million cars have been sold. A new model has been released in Brazil in 2008, in Europe a new model has been introduced in 2009. +Engine data. +4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves; electronic multipoint fuel injection +48 kW (65 HP) at 6.000 rpm +87 Nm at 3.250 rpm +44 kW (60 HP) at 5500 rpm +99 Nm at 2500 rpm +51 kW (70 HP) at 5500 rpm +106 Nm at 3000 rpm +70 kW (95 HP) at 5500 rpm +135 Nm at 4250 rpm +Second Generation. +The second generation of the Ka was released in the beginning of 2009. The car is build in cooperation with Fiat, the technic is the same as used in the Fiat 500. +For the first time, a Diesel engine is available for the Ford Ka. +Engine data. +4 cylinders in line; SOHC; 8 valves +51 kW (69 HP) +102 Nm at 3.000 rpm +55 kW (75 HP) +145 Nm at 1500 rpm + += = = Tower Bridge = = = +Tower Bridge is a drawbridge in London. It crosses the River Thames near the Tower of London. It allows ships through the bridge deck when is raised at an angle in the centre. +The north side of the bridge is Tower Hill, and the south side of the bridge comes down into Bermondsey, an area in Southwark. Tower Bridge is far more visible than London Bridge, which people often mistake it for. Many tourists go to London to see the Tower Bridge. It has its own exhibition centre in the horizontal walkway. This gives one of the best vantage points in London. +The "bascules" are the surfaces raised to allow tall ships to pass through: this happens about 900 times per year. The bridge's decks (bascules) can be raised to 83o from the horizontal. +History. +The City of London Corporation held a competition for the design in 1876. Over 50 designs were entered, and in 1884 Horace Jones and John Wolfe Barry's design was chosen. +Workers began to build the Tower Bridge in April 1886 and the bridge was opened on 30 June 1894. +In June 2012, the bridge was highlighted on the route of Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Pageant on the Thames. +Design. +The bridge is in length with two towers, each high, built on piers. The central span of between the towers is split into two equal bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83o to allow river traffic to pass. The bascules, weighing over 1,100 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimize the force required and allow raising in five minutes. The bascules are raised by huge hydraulic pumps which were first powered by steam engines. In 1976 these were replaced by oil and electricity. The bridge is made from more than 11,000 tons of steel, and covered with Cornish granite and Portland stone. +The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge's upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are above the river at high tide. These walkways allow people to still cross the river, even when the bridge is raised. They were closed in 1910 because not enough people used them, but were reopened in 1982. + += = = Waiter = = = +A waiter is a person who serves people often at a restaurant or at a café. They are usually called a waiter because they wait for the order. A female waiter is called a waitress. They will take orders and deliver food to customers. A good waiter can also help the customers by recommending the best food in the restaurant or café. +Many waiters and waitresses are required by their employers to wear a uniform. Most uniforms used are black and white or all black. Historically the term waiter was used to describe customs officers who waited on the tide for vessels to come in carrying goods to tax. + += = = Steven Spielberg = = = +Steven Allan Spielberg (born December 18, 1946) is an American filmmaker. +He was born at The Jewish Hospital-Mercy Health in Cincinnati, Ohio. He is from Ukrainians Orthodox Jewish family, His parents were pianist Leah Adler (1920–2017) and engineer Arnold Spielberg (1917–2020). He started his movie career learning to direct in 1975. He was raised in Haddon Township, New Jersey. Spielberg studied at Saratoga High School. He went to California State University, Long Beach. +Spielberg started his career learning how to direct in 1963. His first movies include "Jaws", "Jurassic Park", "Indiana Jones", and "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial". His later movies include "Saving Private Ryan" and "Munich". +Spielberg helped establish the PG-13 rating for the Motion Picture Association of America. +Spielberg married Amy Irving in 1985. They divorced in 1989. He married Kate Capshaw in 1991. +Spielberg won two Academy Awards for best director. These two awards were for "Schindler's List" and "Saving Private Ryan". In 1986, he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a Lifetime Achievement Award. He has been nominated and has won several other awards. In 2023, Spielberg was nominated for another Academy Award for his movie "The Fabelmans". +In Oscar acceptance speeches given since 1966, Spielberg holds the record for being thanked the most at 43 mentions, more than God and beating Harvey Weinstein who was thanked 34 times. + += = = Variable = = = +A variable is a special type of amount or quantity with an unknown value. The opposite of a variable (that is, a known value) is called a constant. +Variables in math. +In mathematics, a variable is usually given a letter, such as "x" or "y". Other letters are often used for particular kinds of variable: +Most letters are used in equations to show numbers that are unknown (an exception is "e", which is a constant). Using a type of math called algebra, one can find the value of the variable. +Any number cannot change its value. This is true whether the number is rational (such as -8.625) or irrational (such as 2√3, which is 2 multiplied by the square root of 3), or whether the number is real (such as formula_1) or imaginary (such as formula_2). +Variables are also common in science, where they usually represent physical properties that do not stay the same. For example, if a person stands 5 feet away from a building, the "distance" variable compared to the building does not change over time. 5 feet is called a "fixed amount", which is the opposite of a variable amount. But if a person walks away from the building, the distance variable compared to the building is increasing. So it does not have the same value and we cannot use the same number for it, as the distance might be 1 foot now, but 2 feet a second later. +Variables in computer science. +In computer science, a variable is a value in a program that can change. It does not have to be a number. In fact, it can be a string (text value), a date, an amount of money, an object such as a picture, or simply (which means it has no content). The value that is stored in a variable can change the behavior of a program when it is run. Because of this, variables are commonly used to store input and output values. +Each programming language works differently with variables. Most of them allow any character string that is not "reserved" (that is, has a special meaning) to be the name of the variable. It is good in computer programming to use names that tells what will be stored in the variable (such as "person", "age", "total", and so on). Also, some languages like C and Java require the data type of the variable (that is, the kind of content that will be stored in it) to be declared (written) when the variable is created. Others, like Python and Visual Basic, do not have this rule, which allows the type of variable to be changed when a new value is stored in it. + += = = Salvador Allende = = = +Salvador Allende Gossens (June 26, 1908 – September 11, 1973) was a physician, senator, minister of health and the 28th President of Chile from November 3, 1970 until his death on September 11, 1973. He was a socialist and the first socialist president elected democratically (voted for by people) in South America. +Salvador was in politics for nearly forty years, having been a senator, deputy, and cabinet minister. He had run for president in 1952, 1958 and 1964, but had failed. He won as the leader of the Popular Unity coalition (a group of political parties) in a very close race. +Biography. +Early life. +Allende was born on June 26, 1908 in the port city of Valparaiso, Chile to a well-to-do family. Like many Chileans, Allende had a mestizo (mixed) racial background (European and other races mixed with Native Americans). His father Salvador Allende (senior), a lawyer, was of Basque background and his mother Laura Gossens had a Belgian Jewish background (though converted to Catholicism). +School. +In 1918 his father sent Allende to study at the "Instituto Nacional" (National Institute) in Santiago. He then did his compulsory military service and entered the University of Chile to study medicine. Allende was a gifted, friendly and popular student; a great debater and public speaker and quickly becomes a student leader and vice-president of the FECH. (Student Federation of Chile). As an undergraduate student Allende requested to his parents to let him earn his own livelihood and he started to work as a paramedic in the ambulance services and as an assistant in pathology. He graduated with a medical degree in 1933. +Politics. +He was one of the founders of the Socialist Party of Chile and in 1938 became a minister of health. He was a senator from 1945 until 1969 and was President of the Chilean Senate from 1966 until 1969. +Elections. +Allende first ran for the presidency in the 1952 elections but failed. Determined to succeed he tried again in 1958 and then in 1964. In both instances he failed again. +Allende would tour Chile from Iquique to Magallanes, for example one end to the other, speaking to peasants in the south and miners in the north and held rallies in the big cities. Allende found it hard to win an election because of the successful scare campaigns launched by opposing parties, many financed by large multi-national corporations and powerful national institutions such as private banks and schools. +Results. +Finally, and to the surprise of many working people - who had voted for him in previous elections and felt he would never win - in 1970 he won and became the President of Chile. +Goals. +Allende always ran for election on the same socialist platform (plan) proposing the same resolutions (things to be done), focusing on the persistent inequality in the country and the underdevelopment (poverty for large part of the population) which Allende saw as being rooted in the lack of control the Chilean people had over their natural resources and vital industries. (e.g. banks, copper mines, electricity companies etc.). +Allende promised that he would nationalize (put under control of government) vital industries and then create an advanced public health system and educational system that would be free and accessible to all. During the cold war (between the U.S. and the former U.S.S.R) many people feared that Chile would fall under the influence of the USSR and after the 1960s under the influence of Cuba. +Revolutionary change. +Allende’s speeches were said to be very radical (extreme) and Allende’s vision for Chile seemed completely different to the Chile that most people were familiar with. For example: Allende was said to be an atheist and Marxist. He was a non-practicing Catholic. This was considered odd in a country that was very Catholic, held traditional family values, and in which people were taught that political freedoms (the freedom to elect politicians from different parties) was more important than solving problems such as extreme poverty or economic inequality (division between the poorest and the wealthiest people). +Allende also wanted revolutionary change, i.e. he wanted deep changes to Chilean society very quickly, such forms of changes have been said to have tended to cause great divisions in society between those who oppose the changes (called reactionaries) and those who support the drastic changes (revolutionaries). Through history such situations tend to end up resolved violently. For example, civil war (where one group of people fight another group of people of the same country), or military coup (when a government is overthrown before it finishes its term). +Results. +As a result, many Chileans, especially professionals like University professors, doctors and business people left the country–this had a negative effect on Allende’s reforms. E.g. Allende increased health services and places at Universities for the underprivileged while many professors, specialists and doctors were leaving the country. +Peaceful revolution. +However, Allende was unique in that he did all he could to prevent this sort of violence, calling his revolution a “peaceful one within democracy” or calling it “the Chilean road to socialism.” In 1973 Allende’s enemies accused him of preparing a secret war and that his supporters were hoarding stocks of illegal weapons (in shanty towns and in rural areas) that were being sent from communist Cuba. To prove that this was not true, Allende allowed the Chilean Army to enforce a “weapons control’s law” that allowed the Chilean military to search and comb for any illegal weapons anywhere in the country. The Chilean army confirmed that after thoroughly searching for such weapons throughout the country they had found no significant stocks as the opposition was claiming. This ended up creating more support for Allende and allowed Allende to begin to focus on the upcoming election. +Allende's mandate. +Allende came to power with a socialist plan. His vision for Chile was one in which the country's resources and wealth would be owned by Chileans and distributed more democratically. Allende started his program by nationalizing (put under control of government) major industries. Such as, Chile's copper mines (Chile had one of the largest copper mines in the World) but these mines were not owned by Chileans but by very powerful U.S. business people. +This created a serious problem with the U.S. government who saw Allende's nationalisation as an attack on U.S. interest and a threat to U.S. money investments in South America. +The coup, September 11, 1973. +The American Central Intelligence Agency was said to be involved in the overthrowing of his government on September 11, 1973. Allende was a socialist. Many of his reforms and programs revolved around socialism. He created universal health care for all, made education better, and took a stronger level of control within the economy. He died in 1973. His death has been disputed for years; some feel that he killed himself by committing suicide, but others feel that he was murdered by Augusto Pinochet's soldiers. Pinochet would then become the military dictator of Chile until 1990. +Death and myth. +Allende was replaced by those who overthrew him as president. Allende committed suicide by shooting himself. The new ruling Junta justified their coup claiming that “Chile could no longer tolerate the cancer of Marxism”. The Pinochet regime claimed Allende had violated the Chilean Constitution even though Pinochet ended up writing a completely new one. +Also, after the coup many rumors and myths emerged about Allende’s death and life. Many of these myths attempted to discredit the character of Allende i.e. make him appear as a coward, weak or cruel person: +Legacy and place in history. +Allende became of interest to people all over the world because he was the first democratically elected socialist in Chile and the first democratically elected Marxist in the world. Many people felt Allende was the beginning of a new era in which great changes to society - especially in developing countries - could be brought about peacefully through an election. +Allende has become one of the most commemorated Latin American polital figures in history. Since his death monuments, statues, parks and streets have been named in his honour all over the world. In France alone there are more than 320 public places named in honour of Allende. Ministries and municipalities in many countries have also officially approved the naming of schools and educational departments in his honour. +Despites Pinochet’s 17 years of military rule and an attempt to deny Allende his proper place in Chilean history, he was officially honoured in Chile as a defender of representative democracy (i.e. people’s right to elect their political representatives through free and fair elections) with a state funeral in 1990. A monument was also erected outside the "Moneda Presidential Palace" (Chile's house of Government) where he died defending the democratically elected Popular Unity government he lead. + += = = Authority = = = +Authority is the ability of a person or an organization to conduct a certain lifestyle for another person or a group. Authority is known as one of the basis of society and stands against cooperation. Adopting lifestyle patterns as a result of authority is called obedience and authority as a concept includes most leadership cases. +Although authority is usually described as human there is also frequent mention of divine authority. +Authority is made by a certain social power. This power might be materialistic (such as a threat to harm someone) or fictitious (such as belief in a certain person's power). The power exists because of the possible use of sanction : An action who harms a person who's not obeying the authority or threatening it in order to conduct a social power. +Authority may exists in a direct way by virtue of an actual power (such as a threat of imprisonment), which is called "forcing", or by legitimization that the subject gives to the authority (such as recognition of aristocratic authority). In most cases both types exist. +Only a few authorities are based on physical power, most are based on an organizational authority system. In this way, the authoritys ability to act depends on her existence. +For example: the authority of a state leader takes part when there is some sort of a police that punishes individuals that do not obey him. The policeman are subordinated to the leader and his rules because they are also under the police threat. If all citizens of the state choose to deny the leader and his rules, the authority will be lost, but the very fact that the authority semi-exists allowes it to be full. +Obedience. +Obedience, as said, is the sign that means authority is being enforced. While obedience is the law, disobedience, insubordination and crime are a violation and resistance to the authority. +Theoretically, violation of the authority drags with it a sanction or punishment that's given by the authority owner. The severity of the sanction and the threat it presents are based on the particular social situation, on the balance of power, on the local norms and so on. +Stanley Milgram was a psychologist who was interested in obedience. He designed an experiment to measured how willing people were to do what an authority figure told them to do. The experiment had three participants. The person running the experiment told one participant, the volunteer, to pretend to be a teacher. Another participant was an actor, but the volunteer didn't know this. The actor's role was to be the teacher's student. The actor and the volunteer were separated with a wall. The person running the experiment told the volunteer to test their "student"'s ability to remember pairs of words. When the teacher's "student" remembered a pair of words incorrectly, the experimenter told the teacher to give the student an electric shock from an electroshock generator. The electric shocks were not real, but the volunteer did not know this. Every time the student got a question wrong, the voltage of the shock went up by 15 volts. In Milgram's first set of experiments, 65% of the volunteers gave the highest shock. It was 450 volts. Milgram had two theories for why he got the results he did. +Criticism. +Many people criticize people in authority, and some even criticize the existence of authority. Anarchism is a philosophy that opposes all forms of authority. + += = = Musical instrument = = = +Musical instruments are things used to make music. Anything that somehow produces sound can be considered a musical instrument, but the term generally means items that are specifically for making music. +Musical instruments can be divided by type into: +An orchestra has instruments from four families: +Some people think that the voice is a "natural musical instrument" because singing is a way to make music without any instrument at all. + += = = Pupil = = = +There are different types of pupils: + += = = Winston Churchill = = = +Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill (30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965) was an English politician. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, once during World War II, and again in the early 1950s. +Churchill was the only person to have been a member of the British Government during both World Wars, and the last commoner (non-royal) to be granted a state funeral. He was also a soldier, journalist, and writer. He won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1953. +Churchill featured in two media polls. He was ranked as the greatest British prime minister of the twentieth century by 20 prominent historians, politicians and commentators. They were asked by BBC Radio 4's "The Westminster Hour" to rank the 19 prime ministers from Lord Salisbury at the turn of the century through to John Major in the 1990s. In a 2002 BBC 2 television poll, Churchill was ranked as the greatest Briton in history. A million votes were cast, and the voting was heavily influenced by public campaigns from various candidates. +He is the only British Prime Minister to have received the Nobel Prize. +Personal life. +Winston Churchill was born on 30 November 1874 at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, England, the home of the Dukes of Marlborough. His father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was a younger son of the 7th Duke, and a leading Tory politician. His mother (née Jenny Jerome) was American. +As a boy, Churchill went to the famous Harrow School. He did not get good results, but said he was good at fighting. +He joined the British Army in 1893. In 1896, he was transferred to Bombay, in what was the Indian Empire (British India). He fought in what is now Pakistan. After this, he fought in a war in Sudan, in 1898 as an officer in the cavalry. In 1899, he went to the Second Boer War in South Africa, to be a newspaper reporter. He was captured by the Boers, but managed to escape. +In 1900, he became a politician in the Conservative Party, and was elected to Parliament. In 1904, he changed parties and joined the Liberal Party, but later returned to the Conservative Party. +He married Clementine Hozier in 1908, and had five children named Diana, Randolph, Sarah, Marigold and Mary. +World War I. +In 1910 Churchill became Home Secretary, one of the most important members of the government. In 1911 he was made First Lord of the Admiralty, which put him in charge of the Royal Navy. When World War I broke out, he stayed in that job. He organized an invasion in Gallipoli which went wrong, and because of this, he was made to leave the government. He joined the army and was sent to fight in France, although he was still a Member of Parliament. In 1917 he was made minister in charge of military supplies (Minister of Munitions). +Between the wars. +After World War I, in 1919, Churchill was made Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Air (aircraft). In 1920, Winston ordered the first air bombing in Africa when he bombed the Darwiish State, (also called Daraawiish State). +In 1921 he was in charge of the colonies as Secretary of State. Soon after, in 1922 he lost in an election. In 1924 he became a member of Parliament again, this time not as a member of any party. In 1925 he joined the Conservative Party again. He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (Minister of Finance) in 1924. +After 1929, Churchill disagreed with many things the Conservative party believed in. He was not given any job in the government. Instead he wrote books. One was called "Marlborough: his life and times", about his famous ancestor John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough; another was "A History of the English Speaking Peoples", which was not published until after World War 2. +When Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany, Churchill warned that Britain should strengthen its military and oppose Hitler. However, very few leaders agreed with him. +World War II. +At the start of World War II, Churchill was again put in charge of the Navy. In 1940 the war was going badly for Britain. Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain resigned on May 10 and Churchill was given the job. Some people thought that Britain could not win the war, and that the British government should make peace with Hitler. Churchill was sure that Britain could win, and promised to continue the fight. He made famous speeches that are still remembered today. +He was friends with the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. He persuaded Roosevelt to give supplies to Britain, and to help Britain. He had many meetings with Roosevelt and with Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet Union, after they came into the war. They were called the "Big Three". +After the war. +In 1945, his party lost an election, and he stopped being Prime Minister. However, he became Prime Minister again in 1951, which he was until 1955. +He was knighted in 1953, and became Sir Winston, and also won the Nobel Prize in Literature. +In 1955, he retired from being Prime Minister. In 1964, he retired from Parliament. +In 1963, President John F. Kennedy named him 'Honorary Citizen of the United States' but too ill to attend a White House ceremony, his son and grandson accepted the award. +Sir Winston died of a stroke at the age of 90, in 1965. When he died, his wife Lady Clementine Churchill and other members of the family were at his bedside. +Books. +Title (US Title) (Year of publication) + += = = Golan Heights = = = +The Golan Heights is a plateau and a disputed land between Syria and Israel, which captured the area in the Six Day War of 1967. The United Nations has voted to ask Israel to pull its troops out of the Golan Heights. Syria and Israel still have not signed a peace treaty from that war, mostly because of the issue of the Golan. They almost reached a peace deal but they could not agree on where to draw the line, and what Syria would have to do in return. The Golan Heights and Mount Hermon was annexed by Israel in 1981. On the western edge of the Golan Heights is a range of dormant and extinct volcanos. +In January 2013, the Israeli government said it planned to build a wall along the eastern edges of the Golan Heights, on its ceasefire line with Syria. +References. +Notes + += = = 1650 = = = +1650 was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar. + += = = Pupil (eye) = = = +The pupil is the opening in the centre of the eye. Light enters through the pupil and goes through the lens, which focuses the image on the retina. +The size of the pupil is controlled by muscles. There is a circular group, which squeezes the iris smaller, and another group which pulls the iris wider. When more light is needed, the pupil is made larger. In brighter light, the pupil is made smaller. The pupil can be compared with the aperture of a camera. It is surrounded by the iris which is the colored part of the eye. +The lens changes its shape depending on how far away the eye focuses. The focus point is where the eye is focusing on. The light makes the pupil change its size. When it is darker, the pupils will dilate (get bigger) because they need to allow more light into the eye to see. When it is bright, the pupil will constrict (get smaller) to restrict the amount of light there is getting into the eye so we can see. The pupil is normally black in most animals, but in some reptiles, it can be a different colour. +The main reason why we have a pupil is to regulate the light which travels to the retina. The reason why it has no colour is because the light that travels through the pupil is absorbed by the tissues in the inside of the eye. In humans, the pupil is round, but in some other animals, like cats, it is shaped like a slit. +Pupils and health. +In humans, the pupils can tell us many things about how healthy a person's brain is. For example: +Size. +Normal pupils are about 4mm across. Pupils that are a normal size are called "regular." +Pupils that are both "pinpoint" (the size of the point of the end of a pin - about 1mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems: +A person's pupils may also be smaller than usual if they are in very bright light. +Pupils that are both "dilated" (larger than usual, up to 8mm across) are a sign that a person may have one of these problems: +A person's pupils may also be dilated if they are in a dark place, or if they have used some kinds of eyedrops. +Equality. +In most healthy people, the pupils should be the same size ("equal"). Pupils that are "unequal" (one is bigger than the other) are usually a sign that something is wrong with the brain. For example, their brain may be injured, or they may have had a stroke. +However, up to 20% of healthy people have pupils that are different sizes. In these people, this is normal and does not signal a problem. Usually, there is only a small difference in size. +Shape. +Healthy pupils are round. When one pupil is a different shape, usually the person has had an injury to the eye. +Reactivity. +When a light is shined in one pupil, both pupils should get smaller at the same time. When the light is taken away, both pupils should get bigger at the same time. This is called being "light-reactive" (the pupils are reacting to changes in light). +If both pupils change size at the same time, but the change happens slowly, the pupils are called "sluggish." This can be a sign of illegal drug use, hypoxia (not getting enough oxygen to the brain), or injury. +If only one pupil changes size, there is usually a problem with the brain, or with the optic nerve (the nerve that runs from the brain to the eye). +If neither pupil changes shape when light is shined in it, the pupils are called "fixed." This is a sign of a very serious brain problem. The brain is supposed to make the pupils change shape, so if this is not happening, it means the brain is not working normally. When a person is in a coma or has died, their pupils will be both fixed and dilated (large). +Healthy pupils. +Since the brain controls the pupils, healthy pupils are one sign of a healthy brain. Medical professionals describe healthy pupils with the abbreviation PERRL: + += = = Translator = = = +A translator works with different languages. They may read something written in one language and speak it or write it in another language or vice versa. For example, they might read a book in French and then "translate" it into English. See translation for more information. +In order to convert meanings from one language into another one, translators must be able to know the target language "deeply". They are conveying the original meaning of the source text or material to a second language. As a result, translators do not only convert words, which makes it more like an art than a science. +Translators also work to convert speech as well as writing. The United Nations debates are translated as they are spoken, one individual translator for every individual language if it is the General Assembly. +One advantage of professional translation is that it reduces the problems of understanding what is said. On the other hand, there is often a loss of nuance (subtlety) in a translations, especially one done immediately the text is spoken. For this reason, many translators do a rough version immediately, and then work it over later on. + += = = Cambodia = = = +Cambodia or Kampuchea (officially called Kingdom of Cambodia) is a country in Southeast Asia. It is near Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. About 13 million people live in Cambodia. The people of Cambodia are called "Cambodians" or "Kampuchea". Khmer is the official language. The country has recently emerged from a long civil war and the rule of the Khmer Rouge. It is part of ASEAN, Association of South East Asian Nations. +History. +The ancestors of Cambodia had an empire called Angkor centered in the northwest of present-day Cambodia. The Angkor civilization is the world's largest pre-industrial civilization. One of the buildings from Angkor is a Hindu/Buddhist temple called Angkor Wat which is the world's largest religious structure. This empire was later destroyed due to ecological and environmental problems as well as failing infrastructure. Theravada Buddhism came to the country in the 13th century via monks from Sri Lanka. Since then, Buddhism has been the official religion. +Geography. +Cambodia is set entirely in the tropic zone. The Mekong River runs through the middle of the country and is the most important source of water in the country. The country is the size of Missouri. +Sports. +In Cambodia, people play many sports. Some sports that are enjoyed that come from the West include golf, rugby and soccer. Traditional Cambodian sports are buffalo racing, dragon boat racing and bokator Khmer martial art also known as pradal serey. Cambodia attended its first Olympic Games in 1956 and participated in two more before warfare and civil strife interrupted its attendance. The country returned to regular participation with the 1996 Summer Games. Cambodia managed fourth in soccer in the 1972 Southeast Asian games. +Cambodia hosted the GANEFO games in the 1960s. +Culture. +The culture of Cambodia has been influenced by Hinduism. Today most people in Cambodia practice Buddhism. A lot of their customs revolve around Buddhism. +The food of Cambodia includes tropical fruits, rice, noodles and various soups. Cambodians like to eat a rice noodle soup called 'kah-tieu' in the morning. Cambodians are famous for a type of 'kah-tieu' called 'kah-tieu Phnom Penh' which has shrimp, beef balls, fried garlic, pork broth and chicken. Cambodians also eat a red curry noodle soup with rice vermicelle noodles. Curry is also eaten with rice or French bread in Cambodia. Cambodian food is similar to Vietnamese and Southern Thai food. +Cambodia also has a mystical tattoo called a yantra tattoo that is popular with soldiers. A yantra tattoo has ancient Khmer and Pali (An ancient Indian language) writing. A yantra tattoo is usually done by a religious person or monk. The tattoo artist guarantees that the person cannot receive any physical harm as long as they follow certain conditions. A person is supposed to not talk to anyone for three days and three nights. Another alternative is to follow the five Buddhist percepts. Movie star actress Angelina Jolie is known to have a yantra tattoo. +Cambodians celebrate the Cambodian New Year in April. It is based on Theravada Buddhism. The date depends on astrological signs but are usually are on April 13-15 or April 14-16. +Flag. +The Cambodian flag includes a three-towered temple called Angkor Wat. It is the most famous monument in the country. Many tourists visit the temple. The Cambodian flag has three horizontal bands. There are two blue bands on the top and the bottom. There is a red band that is twice the height of each blue band. The red band represents the nation. The temple represents the structure of the universe. +Provinces. +Cambodia is divided into 25 provinces including the capital. The provinces are divided into 159 districts and 26 municipalities. The districts and municipalities are then divided into communes and quarters. +Transportation. +People in Cambodia use many different types of transportation. Transportation in Cambodia include: boat, car, motorcycle, elephant, train and airplane. +Economy. +The Cambodian economy has been growing rapidly in recent years. Cambodia is set to build its first skyscraper, Gold Tower 42. Cambodia is also building a satellite city next to Phnom Penh which is called Camko City. Camko City is being constructed by Korean companies to modernize Phnom Penh so as to make it appealing to foreign investors and businesses. Cambodia is also one of the most corrupted nations in the world and has been pressured by international communities to fix it. +Foreign relations. +Cambodia has foreign relations with most nations. It is part of ASEAN. Cambodia has border issues with Vietnam and Thailand over lost territories. Cambodia is one of a few nations with good relations with both Koreas. South Korean president Lee Myung Bak was an economic advisor to Cambodian prime minister Hun Sen and former Cambodian King Norodom Sihanouk was a good friend with former North Korean leader Kim Il-sung. +Ethnic groups. +The Khmer (Cambodians) account for the vast majority of the population. Ethnic minorities include Chinese, Vietnamese, Muslim Cham-Malays, Laotians, and various native peoples of the rural highlands. +Land. +Although much of Cambodia is heavily forested, the central lowland region is covered with rice paddies, fields of dry crops such as corn (maize) and tobacco, tracts of tall grass and reeds, and thinly wooded areas. Savanna grassland occur in the plains, with the grasses reaching a height of 5 feet (1.5 metres). In the eastern highlands the high plateaus are covered with grasses and deciduous forests. Broad-leaved evergreen forests grow in the mountainous areas to the north, with trees 100 feet (30 metres) high emerging from thick undergrowths of vines, rattans, palms, bamboos, and assorted woody and herbaceous ground plants. In the southwestern highlands, open forests of pines are found at the higher elevations, while the rain-drenched seaward slopes are blanketed with virgin rainforests growing to heights of 150 feet (45 metres) or more. Vegetation along the coastal strip ranges from evergreen forests to nearly impenetrable mangroves. + += = = 1466 = = = +Year 1466 (MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. + += = = Teenager = = = +A teenager, or teen, is someone who is 13 to 19 years old. They can also be called "adolescents". The laws on what teenagers may do vary between countries. +The term “teenager” became widely used for people who are old enough to have their own money to spend, but are not yet adults (legally, not biologically), after the scientist Mark Abrams wrote a research paper called “The Teenage Consumer” in 1959. The paper defined this group to be people 13–25 years old (despite ages 20–25 not being within the teens anymore). +A person becomes a teenager when they become 13 years old. It ends when they become 20 years old. Teenagers who are between 14 and 17 years old are considered both children (in English-speaking countries) and teenagers in most countries. Teenagers who are 18 and 19 years old may be considered both teenagers and adults, although they're considered biologically adults before that, around the 16 years (counting both sexes together). +The way the word is used varies. Some societies have rites of passage to mark the change from childhood to adulthood. These ceremonies may be very complicated. During puberty, rapid mental and physical development can occur. Adolescence is the name for this transition period from childhood to adulthood. +"Teenager" is an English word, as many foreign languages do not include a suffix "teen" in their translations of the numbers 13 to 19. In non-English speaking countries, people between these ages may be called adolescents, youths, young adults, depending on the culture. +The law of each country may set an age of majority when teenagers can do things. So, in the United States, alcoholic drinks are not served to people under 21. Younger people on licenced premises (such as bars) need to carry identity cards (ID cards) to verify their age. Teenagers, however, gradually obtain various rights depending on the states or countries and their laws, rights like getting a driver licence and start driving or consenting to sexual activity. +The life of a teenager can change every day. Constantly exposed to new ideas, social situations and people, teenagers work to develop their personalities and interests. Before their teenage years, they focused on school, play, and gaining approval from their parents. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines a teenager as someone between the ages of 12 and 19. +Changes in time. +If by "teenager" we mean adolescents, then we have to realise that children today develop faster on average mainly because of modern nutrition. No matter where the "teens" start linguistically, their sexual development starts earlier than it did a century ago. That affects many things. An example is the change from primary education to secondary education. In many countries, children go to different schools when they are 11 or 12. The change to single-sex classes is often done at the age of 11. If a country decides to educate girls and boys separately after puberty, then it may be necessary to change schools a year earlier than previously. + += = = Age = = = +Age might mean: + += = = 1546 = = = +1546 (MDXLVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. + += = = 1598 = = = +1598 was a common year. + += = = 1600 = = = +1600 (MDC) was a leap year starting on Saturday in accordance the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday in the Julian calendar. The year 1600 was also a century leap year; the next one occurred in 2000. It was the last year of the 16th century as well. There is an article about it on English WIkipedia. + += = = Adult = = = +An adult may mean different things. In law and social norms, an adult is a human who has reached the age of majority. The age of majority is the age at which an individual will be legally considered an adult. That age varies: in most countries, an adult is a person who is 18 years old or older. Once someone is adult, they no longer have to take directions from a parent or guardian but can make decisions for themselves, and "be held responsible for their own actions". Legal penalties for crimes are different before and after the age of majority. +There are many factors that constitute being an adult. An adult is much more than turning the age of 18. The definition in the dictionary states an adult means being completely grown: fully developed and mature. I think there is much more that defines an adult. In the United States an adult is considered to be someone who takes responsibility for themselves and their actions. An adult has stability in their life and is able to take care of themselves physically, mentally, financially and emotionally. In other countries and cultures their definition of an adult differs. Adults are unique in many ways. Every person is an entity having their own identity, thought process, and way they see things. +In contrast, a person who has not yet reached the age of majority is a minor. +There are additional laws that decide from what age a person is allowed to do something; for example, vote, drink alcohol, and have sexual intercourse. For example, in the United States, a person becomes an adult on their 18th birthday, but they cannot buy alcoholic beverages until they turn 21. To verify their age, a young person must have an I.D. card for inspection by the bartender. +There are also some cultures that says a person is an adult from an age of 13 years on, for example see Bar Mitzi, which usually corresponds to puberty. +In biology, an animal is an adult when they are sexually mature. This means that they are able to sexually reproduce. + += = = Colony = = = +A colony is a piece of land controlled by another country. The metropolitan state is the country that owns the colony. The phrase "dependent territory" is now used instead of "colony". Colony can also refer to a commune or a currently hypothetical human settlement in the sea (ocean colony) or outer space (space colony). +A country that has many colonies is often called an empire. A colonist is a person from the metropolitan state who lives in a colony. +Colonial means having to do with a colony. Colonial land is land that belongs to the colony. A colonist is sometimes called a colonial. The philosophy of having colonies is called colonialism. There must be many people to start a colony. There are many colonies, or countries that were once colonies, in the world. Most countries that were once colonies of Britain are part of the British Commonwealth. + += = = Sonic boom = = = +A sonic boom is created when an object travels faster than the speed of sound. When an airplane reaches the speed of sound, it makes a bang sound or an explosive noise. This is often called "breaking the sound barrier." The visible part of a sonic boom is actually air that becomes squashed by sound waves, which is known as a vapor cone. The thunder you hear when lightning strikes near enough, is also a sonic boom, caused by the lightning moving faster than the speed of sound, and making a sonic boom. +The first plane to fly at a level altitude above the speed of sound was the Bell X-1 in 1947 and was piloted by Chuck Yeager. + += = = Sikkim = = = +Sikkim () has been a state in India since 1975. It has the smallest number of people and second smallest land size () of any major divisions in the Republic of India. The third highest mountain in the world, Mt. Kanchenjunga ( above sea level), is in Sikkim. Its neighbours are Bhutan to the east, Nepal to the west, the Tibet Autonomous Region of P.R.C. to the north and the Indian province of West Bengal to its south. The state capital is Gangtok and other big towns are Gayzing, Pelling, Yuksam and Jorethang. The languages spoken here are Sikkimese, Lepcha, Tibetan, Nepali, Hindi and English. Tourism makes a lot of the money in this small organised state of India, because it is not close to the sea. +Sikkim has been cut off from the outside world for a long time. It was settled by Tibetans in the 16th century. It became a British Protectorate in 1890. Sikkim was transferred to India in 1949 by the British. It was annexed in 1975. +The majority is formed of Bhutias (Tibetan and Bhutnese in origin) and aboriginal Lepchas, who are mainly pastoral nomads. The Sikkimese predominantly practice Hinduism, but the former Chogyal House (“King under the religious laws”) and the official class are Buddhist. Sikkim is known for its Buddhist monasteries. Tibeto-Burmese languages and dialects are commonly spoken. Sikkim is bordered by the Tibet autonomous region of China to north +Physical features. +Sikkim is the second smallest state after Goa, but it has many physical features like forests, rivers and mountains around its edges. Most of the mountains are above 6100 metres (20000ft) are near the west of the occupied territory, like Mt Kanchendzonga. Other mountains that are over 6100 meters (20000ft)tall are Kabru (the second tallest), Sinilchu, Pandim, Rothong, Kokthang, Talung, Kanglakhang, Simvo & Jonsang. On the east side the tallest peak is Paunhri, which is about 6700 meters(22000ft) tall. The other mountains that are a little bit shorter than 6100 meters (20000ft) are Masthonangye, Yabukjakchen, Narsing and Lamaonden. Most of the mountains in Sikkim have never been climbed, because the Sikkimese consider them sacred. They feel that when the mountains are climbed, they will not be holy anymore. +Sikkim has many hot springs which are known to be good for health. The most important hot-springs are at Phurchachu (Reshi), Yumthang, Borang, Ralang, Taram-chu and Yumey Samdong. All these hotsprings have a lot of sulfur and are near the river banks. The average temperature of the water in these hot springs is 50 °C. +Lakes. +On the way between Gangtok to Nathula, 35 kilometres from Gangtok is Lake Changu (Tsomgo), about 3693 meters (12310 ftp) above Sea level. +Two other lakes nearby are the Bidangcho and the Mememcho. Lake Kechopari is another well-known lake. It is between Gyalshing and Yoksum. +Many of the lakes in Sikkim are on the western border, north of Chiwabhanjang towards the Base Camp. Laxmipokhari, Lampokhari, Majurpokhari, Dud Phokhari, Samiti Lake, and the twin lakes of Ram-Laxman are a few of the lakes in this area. +Gurudogmar, which is the largest lake, is in North Sikkim. +Food. +Sikkimese people usually eat rice, green vegetables, potatoes, dal, and sinky, Kenama and Gundruk. +Momo is a very popular Tibetan treat in Sikkim. It is prepared by stuffing meat and vegetable ingredients in flour dough then making them into dumplings. Momos are eaten with soup and chilli sauce. This dish can be found in almost every local restaurant and fast food shop. +Thukpa is a noodle soup with vegetables and beef which is also very popular. +Seal Roti is made by grinding rice and water into a paste, then deep fried. It is normally eaten with potato curry. It is prepared during Dasai and Tihar (local festivals). +Gundruk is the leaves of the mustard oil plant that are dried in the sun, then boiled with ingredients. +Geography. +Max- 21 °C ; Min - 13 °C +Max -13 °C ; Min - 0.48 °C +Rainfall : 325 cm every year + += = = Spelling bee = = = +A Spelling bee is a spoken spelling competition. In a spelling bee, children are asked to spell words. The child who spells the most words correctly is the winner. Schools hold spelling bee competitions to encourage children to learn to read. As well, spelling bees encourage children to learn about spelling words and improve their vocabulary. One type of spelling bee is the Scripps National Spelling Bee, in Washington, D.C. +The United States National Spelling Bee was started in 1926 by "The Courier-Journal", the newspaper of Louisville, Kentucky. Contests may have been held before that year. A key impetus for the contests was Noah Webster's spelling books. Webster's spelling books were an essential part of the curriculum of elementary school children in the United States for five generations. They were first published in 1786 and known as "The Blue-backed Speller". Now the key reference for the contests is the Merriam-Webster unabridged dictionary. +In a Spelling Bee it is actually best to go first rather than last because words usually go by levels in a school competition, so if it goes from easiest to hardest you will most likely get the less difficult words. +Type of game: Nytimes Spelling Bee for free online. + += = = Birth control = = = +Birth control, also known as contraception or family planning, is a way for a man and woman to have sexual intercourse without the woman getting pregnant. +Some contraceptives, such as condoms, also protect a person from sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). When people use contraception to prevent STDs and pregnancy, it may be called "safe sex". +Birth control is also sometimes called "family planning". It means people can have babies or not as they wish. That way, babies and families do not happen by accident. +The need for birth control. +Birth control lets a man and woman have sexual intercourse but makes pregnancy less likely. +During intercourse, a man places his penis in a woman's vagina and moves it in and out while the woman moves her hips. The vagina is warm and soft, and it places pressure on the man's penis. These sensations, combined with the in-and-out movements, stimulate the penis, which causes the man to have an orgasm. During orgasm, the man's penis spasms and experiences a series of rhythmic contractions during which he ejaculates (releases semen into the vagina). The semen can make the woman pregnant. Because intercourse is usually very enjoyable, men and women often want to have intercourse a lot more often than they want to have a baby. Birth control lets them have intercourse while greatly reducing the chances of the woman getting pregnant. +People may use birth control for several reasons. Perhaps a man and woman wish to have only a few children so they will have enough money to give those children good food, clothes, and education. More children might mean less for each child, so the parents use birth control to limit the number of children they have. Or maybe a man and woman do not want any children at all in order to focus on their own lives, jobs, or each other. Other couples may use birth control to make sure that they do not have too many children in too short a time, an idea that is called "spacing" their children. This may help them take better care of their children. Still another reason is that a young couple may not be able to afford having a baby until they are older and have more money or better jobs. This may be especially true of younger people who are still in school and probably not married. By using birth control, the couple can grow closer and strengthen their relationship by having sexual intercourse frequently so that when they are ready to have a baby their relationship is strong and stable. In most of these cases the man and woman want to have sex to be close, to feel good with each other, and to make their relationship stronger. Contraception lets them have intercourse while greatly reducing the chances of a pregnancy. +Birth control may be used by married couples, or by couples who live together but are not married, or by a man and woman who are engaged, or by a couple who are merely boyfriend and girlfriend, or even by single people who are not in a relationship at all but who may have casual sex with others. +Types of birth control. +There are many types of birth control. Some of these have been done for a long time, but many of them were only discovered in the last eighty years. Each type of birth control has advantages and disadvantages. Another word for a type of contraception is a "method". +Barrier methods. +A "barrier" is something that stands between two things. So barrier methods stand between the sperm and the ovum (egg). Some barrier methods help prevent many sexually transmitted diseases (STDs): +Some barrier methods only protect a small amount against STDs: +Barrier methods can be easy to use and have few side effects (bad things that happen if you take a medicine). Some of them can be bought without a doctor's prescription. Since they are easy to get and can help stop disease from spreading from one partner to the other, they are popular with younger couples or those who are early in a relationship. But sometimes they can be messy or interfere with the pleasure and sensation of sex. +Hormonal methods. +These can only be used by women. Doctors are trying to find a way to use hormonal methods for men. Hormonal methods change the woman's reproductive cycle in different ways so that it is safe for her man to ejaculate inside her. +Hormonal birth control is extremely effective if it is used in the right way. Many hormonal birth control methods also make women's menses shorter and with less bleeding, which most women like. And unlike barrier methods, hormonal methods do not interfere with sex. When a woman is using hormonal birth control, she and her man are usually not even aware of it during intercourse, which seems and feels very natural. The couple can have sex at any time they wish; they don’t need to interrupt foreplay to put birth control in place, and they can feel the physical sensations and emotional closeness of intercourse without interference from a make or female condom. Unlike coitus interruptus (see below), when a woman is on the Pill or using some other form of hormonal birth control, intercourse usually ends with her man reaching orgasm while inside the vagina, which both the man and woman usually find very pleasurable. For all of these reasons, hormonal methods are very popular, especially with women who are married or in steady relationships who are having sex often. +Hormonal birth control methods have some slight risks for side effects. They may make a very small increase in the risk of blood clots in the lungs, strokes, heart attacks, and breast cancer. Most of these risk are small. Some women may experience mood swings, weight gain, or loss of sex drive. Sometimes, but rarely, these side effects are serious enough to make a woman decide to stop using hormonal birth control. +Intrauterine methods. +This is where an object is put in the woman's uterus (womb, where the fetus grows when she is pregnant). This object is called an "intrauterine device" or IUD (acronym). +There are two types of IUD: the copper IUD or an IUD with hormones implanted on it. The hormonal IUD has better protection against pregnancy but costs more. +There are many good things about them: +The worst part about IUDs is that they have to be put in by a doctor. There is some risk of infection of the uterus after the IUD is put in, but this is only for 1-2 months after. +Copper IUDs can also be used as a "day-after" method to prevent pregnancy after the woman and man already had sex. +IUDs do not prevent STDs. +Sterilization. +This is when a man or woman has surgery to make them not able to make babies. +Men can get a "vasectomy". This is a small surgery where the tube that carries sperm from the testicles is cut. +Women can get "tubal" surgeries. These are ways that the fallopian tubes are cut or clipped so that eggs cannot go down them to the uterus. (The fallopian tube is the tube that carries the egg from the woman's ovary). +Sterilization is extremely effective, and they allow a man and woman to have intercourse that seems and feels very natural. But sterilization does involve surgery, which can cost more than other types of contraception and can be unpleasant, and unlike other methods it is very hard to reverse if a couple changes their minds and want to have children later. +Other surgeries will make a woman sterile (not able to get pregnant). These are not done only for contraception, but they are done for other reasons. +Traditional contraception. +These have been used for a very long time. They were used before modern medicine. Some of them were used before scientists even discovered how "reproduction" (making babies) happens. +Many methods can reduce the risk of STDs, but only abstinence is 100% effective. +Periodic abstinence. +This means a man and a woman practice abstinence (not having sex) when the woman is fertile. When the woman is not fertile, she will not get pregnant when she has sex. +Lactational Amenorrhea Method. +This is when a woman is breastfeeding (using her breasts to make milk for her baby). There are certain rules the woman can use to know if she is not fertile. Chances that this method will fail are about 10% (which means 10% chance she can get pregnant) +Induced abortion. +Induced abortion (sometimes called just "abortion") is when a doctor gives a pregnant woman a medicine or does a surgery to stop the pregnancy. Some people do not call abortion a kind of contraception. This is because contraception means preventing pregnancy, but abortion is stopping a pregnancy that has already started. +Abortion is not a good birth control method. If a woman does not want to get pregnant, other methods are more safe and inexpensive (cost less money). So many doctors who do abortions for women help women find a better way to not get pregnant the next time. +Religion and contraception. +Some religions do not like contraception. Some of them teach that contraception is a sin. +Religions ideas about contraception: +Religious beliefs that contraception is a sin also keep people from doing "safe sex". Some groups who are opposed to this belief say it is dangerous in places where there is a lot of HIV and AIDS, because condoms make people much less likely to get HIV, but at the same times many feel that they can practice extra marital sex since they are "safe" from HIV/AIDS. +Other websites. +These may be unsimple: + += = = Role-playing game = = = +A role-playing game (also called an RPG) is a game in which one plays the role of one or several characters (people), either verbally (traditional RPGS), in a computer or video game, or alone (gamebooks). Often the characters gain experience (EXP) during the game, which makes them stronger. +Traditional RPGs. +A traditional role-playing game, or tabletop role-playing game, is a form of role-playing game (RPG) in which each person playing the game will make-believe that he or she is a character in the game. A person playing the game will tell the action of his or her character, and a system of rules will tell whether the action can be done or not. The game will happen in a made-up world that is controlled by another person playing the game, called a gamemaster (GM). The gamemaster tells the game's story to the players, tells them where they are in the game world, and plays the part of all the Non-Player Characters (NPCs) and monsters that the players meet. +The gamemaster will also give quests or tasks for the characters to complete. Characters usually have things about them that limit their actions, such as strength or speed, and as the character completes the quests, he or she is awarded experience points which can be used to make the character better. +Most tabletop RPGs use dice rolls when a player tries to do something hard in the game (Like attacking a monster, or jumping over a gap). This means that there is luck in the game, as well as skill. Most games have a system of bonuses so that they can succeed more often. +A short example: +GM: "You enter a small room. It is wet and smells bad. You hear water dripping from somewhere. You see a small, shaking pile of gray jelly in the middle of the room." +Player: "I touch the pile with the tip of my sword." +GM: "The jelly starts to move up your sword." +Player: "I drop my sword." +GM: "The jelly starts to eat your sword, but you are safe." +Good GMs balance challenges and rewards, giving the players the chance to recover from mistakes, but at the same time providing consequences for the player's actions. One example of this type of RPG is Dungeons & Dragons +Computer and video game RPGs. +Graphical. +There are also computer and videogame RPGs, where the player controls one or more characters. A good example is the Final Fantasy series of games. Just like the pre-computer RPGs, the characters in the games level up when they get EXP. They also usually contain a main quest which cannot be completed without completing smaller side quests. These computer RPGs are easier to play because they only need one person, but they also lack the freedom of the older games, where new quests can be made up whenever you want. MMORPGs (Massively-Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game), are computer games where many players meet online in one large game world, and go on quests together. Some examples of these games are World of Warcraft, Everquest, or Runescape. +Text-Based. +Text Based RPGs are not too different from Traditional RPGs, generally based on the Dungeons and Dragons game. However some Text Based RPGs are not for combat, but are for socializing and meeting others. +With many Text Based RPGs you need a client, a program to send what you say to the server, which can be located in another country. Many clients are basic and display text in one colour, but there are others that use colours, enhancing the readability of the contents. +Live action role-playing game (LARP). +In LARP, the people play their characters themselves, much like a play. They act out the things their character does, dress like their character, and often talk in the way their character would. + += = = Arabic language = = = +Arabic (�������, "al-ʿarabiyyah") is a Semitic language, like Hebrew and Aramaic that first appeared in the mid-ninth century BCE in Northern Arabia and Sahara southern Levant. Unlike the latter two, where the former derives from the other, however, Arabic is itself a root language, like Latin. Unlike Latin, it is still widely used and spoken today. Around 292 million people speak it as their first language. Many more people can also understand it as a second language in the Maghreb. The Arabic language is written from right to left in a consonant alphabet, which is also called an abjad. Since it is so widely spoken throughout the world, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. The other official languages of the UN are: English, French, Spanish, Russian and Chinese. +Many countries speak Arabic as an official language, but not all of them speak it the same way. The language has many dialects, or varieties, such as Modern Standard Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, Gulf Arabic, Maghrebi Arabic , and many others. Some of the dialects are spoken so differently from one another that some speakers have a hard time understanding the other. Many dialectic words however are nonetheless still rooted in the original, or classical language. +Most of the countries that use Arabic as their official language are in the Middle East. They are part of the Arab World, the largest religion in the region is Islam. +Arabic is very important in Islam because Muslims believe that Allah (God) used it to talk to Muhammad through the Archangel Gabriel (Jibril), giving him the Quran in the language. Many but not all Arabic-speakers are Muslims. The miracle of the Quran is believed to be in its language. +Arabic is also becoming a popular language to learn in the Western world even though its grammar is sometimes very hard to learn for native speakers of Indo-European languages. Many other languages have borrowed words from Arabic because of its importance in history. Some English words that can be traced to Arabic are sugar, cotton, magazine, algebra, alcohol and emir. +Arabic is an official language of these countries: +It is also a national language of: +Abjad. +The Arabic alphabet is a consonant alphabet with 28 letters, as listed below: + += = = Dresden = = = +Dresden () is the capital of the Free State of Saxony. It is in the southeast of Germany, on the River Elbe near the border with the Czech Republic. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification). +History. +Dresden was already settled in the Neolithic part of the Stone Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1206, when Dresden began to develop as a royal residence. +Dresden was bombed a lot at the end of World War II. It was bombed by American and British bombers between 13 February and 15 February 1945. Most of the city's buildings were damaged beyond repair after the bombings. The city had to rebuild most of its buildings after the war. +In 2002 Dresden was flooded in Germany's so-called "century flooding". +Politics and cultural. +Dresden is the political and cultural centre of Saxony. It is the seat of the governmental district of Dresden and of many universities. The city had a popiulation that exceeded 100,000 around 1852. +Dresden has about 488,000 inhabitants (2005). Dresden forms the core of the densely-populated area of the same name in Central Europe and is a traffic junction and an economic centre. Together with the population centres of Chemnitz, Zwickau and Leipzig, it forms the population centre known as the "Metropolregion Saxonia Triangle" . +Traffic. +Dresden has got an international airport "(Flughafen Dresden-Klotzsche)" which has about 2 million passengers/year. This Airport has got daily flight connections to Frankfurt and Munich (Lufthansa), Moscow (Aeroflot), Cologne and Stuttgart (germanwings), Düsseldorf (germanwings) as well as to Zurich (InterSky), Hamburg (eurowings on behalf of germanwings) and London-City (CityJet). The biggest station is "Dresden Hauptbahnhof" (Dresden Main station) with an ICE (InterCityExpress) connection to Leipzig, Erfurt, Frankfurt and Wiesbaden. There's an EuroCity connection to Prague, Graz and Vienna just as an InterCity connection to Berlin and Hamburg. The metropolitan of Dresden has got four highwas: +Dresden has 3 S-Bahn (Metropolitan overground railway) lines and a big tram network. + += = = Free will = = = +Free will is being able to choose between different actions. If we judge an action (for example, as good or bad) it only makes sense if the action is freely chosen. +Things like advice, persuasion, and prohibition, are pointless unless people have some kind of free will. Free will means people can do different things. Different results come from different courses of action. Traditionally, only actions that are freely willed deserve credit or blame. If there is no free will, there is no sense or justice in rewarding or punishing anybody for any action. +Free will is a major problem in ethical philosophy, and is also relevant to the philosophy of science. +In ordinary life, and in law, people are generally assumed to have free will, and are responsible for what they do. +In philosophy. +Determinism. +Determinism comes from the idea that our world – and the universe – is in some way rather like a machine. This idea goes back a long way in history (at least 2,500 years). +Hard determinism. +There is more than one kind of determinism, but essentially it is the idea +that events in the past fully decide (cause) events in the future. It is the same as saying "the universe is like a clockwork instrument". If you knew everything about it, you could predict exactly what will happen. To illustrate this Pierre-Simon Laplace proposed a thought experiment in 1814, which he called Laplace's demon. If determinism is the case, then there can be no free will. +The view that a deterministic universe means people do not have free will is called "incompatibilism". It means if determinism is true, it is incompatible with free will, and so free will does not exist. +Soft determinism. +Many thinkers do not like what follows from hard determinism, and ideas have been put forwards as to why we do have free will. Here we give just one of these ideas. +Soft determinism (or "compatibilism") tries keep determinism, but still claims that free will is possible. David Hume had this position. According to Hume, free will is not the ability to make a different decision under the same circumstances. Because there may be slight differences in the circumstances, a different decision can be reached. Chrysippos. a stoic philosopher gives the example of a dog which is tied to a cart. This dog can freely decide to follow the cart. William James coined the term "soft determinism" in "The dilemma of determinism" in 1884. There, James writes "A common opinion prevails that the juice has ages ago been pressed out of the free-will controversy". James went on to argue, just as did Plutarch, that events fall into two groups: the causally determined and the rest. +In law. +The law assumes we have free will. The job of courts is to find out when people do things and what they were thinking when they decided to do it. For example, think of someone who kills someone else. A court tries to figure out (1) if he or she actually killed the other person, and (2) if he or she decided to do it. The courts do not ask the philosophical question above. +In science. +Physics. +In the past, people such as Democritus saw the universe as deterministic. Some people thought that getting enough information would allow them to predict perfectly what will happen in the future. Modern science, however, is a mixture of deterministic and stochastic theories. + += = = Irrigation = = = +Irrigation is when people add water to plants, to help them grow when there is not enough rain. Irrigation water can be pumped from rivers, natural lakes or lakes created by dams, from wells or allowed to flow to the fields by or open canals. +Types of Irrigation. +There are many different types of irrigation methods. The most common ones are: +Sprinkler irrigation mimics natural rainfall where water falls on the plants. +In sprinkler irrigation, water is moved through pipes to sprinklers scattered around and within the field. The Sprinklers shoot water from pressurized outlets or guns from pipes into the air which then fall on the plants. Center pivot irrigation is a type of sprinkler irrigation. It's basically, sprinklers on wheels. +In drip irrigation, water drips directly to the roots of plants from pipes which have small holes or special emitters spaced along the pipe. Drip irrigation is more efficient than other irrigation methods because water is applied directly or close to plants' roots i.e. where it is needed. Thus, it uses less water, reduces leeching of soil nutrients and erosion of top soil. +In Surface irrigation, water from a source such as rivers, pipes, dams, canals e.t.c. floods the soil surface. Surface irrigation uses a lot of water compared to other irrigation methods. It could also drain nutrients beyond the reach of the plant roots. If the water is excessive, it could cause damage to the plant. However, surface irrigation is used extensively in rice farming. This is because the permanent flooding acts as a natural pest control method and rice can survive waterlogged soil. +Sub-Surface irrigation is when water comes from below the surface of the soil. Sub-surface irrigation create an artificial water table to place water right within reach of plants. Water seeps through the walls into the soil of farms from canals passing through and/or around the farm. Drip irrigation becomes sub-surface irrigation when the pipes are placed underground. +With Manual irrigation irrigation is done by humans using buckets, pipes or watering cans. It is labor-intensive and inefficient. +Impacts. +Irrigation can let more crops be grown on the same land, or allow a crop to grow in a dry period. It is expensive and care should be taken to ensure that the benefits from increased crop yields are not exceeded by the installation and operating costs of the irrigation scheme. +Irrigation causes a subsequent rise in water-tables. If saline water is below, it may rise to the surface. Sometimes salinity becomes high enough to kill the plants. Irrigation water itself can carry salt and sometimes other toxic materials that hurt the plants. To prevent this, irrigation projects must also assure good drainage. + += = = Glastonbury Festival = = = +The Glastonbury Festival is a very big music festival. It is held at Worthy Farm near Glastonbury, Somerset, England, most years, during the last weekend in June. About 100,000 people come to the festival every time. The festival is hosted and organized by local farmer Michael Eavis. It is a widely known festival with many big and popular bands playing there every year. +Controversy. +In Glastonbury 2009, there was a great deal of controversy when Jay-Z was asked to headline the festival. The most infamous response to this was when Noel Gallagher from Oasis said that Glastonbury should only be for rock musicians. + += = = Detroit = = = +Detroit ( , ; , ) is the most populous city in the state of Michigan in the United States. In 1950, Detroit was the fifth most populous city in the United States, with 1.8 million people. It was the 10th most populous city in the United States at the time of the 2000 census, with 950,000 people. By the 2020 census, Detroit fell to the 27th largest, because people moved away, and it had 640,000 people. Over four million people live in Detroit and its surrounding counties. The city borders Windsor, Ontario in Canada. The international border between Detroit and Windsor is one of the most crossed in the world. +The person who started the city was Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac. He was from France. Detroit was made a city in 1701. From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan. +Detroit ran out of money in March 2013. On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed for bankruptcy. This was the largest bankruptcy case of any city in U.S. history. +Sports. +Detroit is a city where many automobiles are made and this is why it is sometimes called the "Motor City", or "Motown". Many people call it the car capital of the world. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have their offices and many of their plants in and around Detroit. +Detroit is the home of many sport teams including the Detroit Lions (NFL), Detroit Red Wings (NHL), Detroit Tigers (MLB) and the Detroit City Soccer Club. +In 2006, the Super Bowl was played at Ford Field in Detroit. +Media. +WXYZ American Broadcasting Company +People. +Detroit is home to one of the largest black communities in the United States, with 77% being African-American. Detroit also has a large Arab population. Many Arabs live in metro Detroit. The Arab-American community in Detroit began with a small group of Syrian and Lebanese merchants who immigrated to Detroit in the late 1800s. Mexicans have recently replaced the shrinking population. +Violent crime rate is one of the highest in the USA. +Climate. +Detroit has a humid continental climate ("Dfa" in the Köppen climate classification), and is influenced by the nearby Great Lakes. Detroit usually has around 38 days of snow every year. + += = = War communism = = = +War communism is the name for the economic policies that introduced to Russia in 1918 by Vladimir Lenin, leader of Russia from 1917 to 1924. The policy was ended in 1921 because it was not successful. Instead, he introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921. +War Communism was introduced for many reasons. However, the most important ones were: +It was bad for the Russian economy because the government took away extra grain produced by the peasants. This was known as grain requisitioning. Peasants were not allowed to sell their extra food, so they stopped producing more than they needed to eat. This created a Russian famine with millions of people foodless and starving. + += = = New Economic Policy = = = +New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy introduced by Lenin after the failed methods of War communism. These New Economic Policies were to revive the Russian economy. The new policy was a combination of private enterprise and state socialism. This is because the people did not believe in War communism. +The New Economic Policies meant that Russia returned to a partly capitalist society. This sorted out the problems of mass starvation and Famine which War communism had caused. +Lenin did not want Russia to stay in this way, he only introduced them to be supported again by the Russian people, and to revive the economy. In 1928 Joseph Stalin abolished the NEP. + += = = Foreign aid = = = +Foreign aid is a country helping another country by giving money or things or sending people. That is especially needed when a disaster happens in a poor country. The help is sometimes comes from a country's government, but the country's ordinary people sometimes give money. Foreign aid may help by giving food and clean water to people who need them. A charity usually donates to the developing countries. Some aid is for economic development. +The poorer countries are called LEDCs (Less Economically Developed Countries). The richer countries are called MEDCs (More Economically Developed Countries). +The United Nations and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development also work for such aid for poorer countries. + += = = Hydroelectricity = = = +Hydroelectricity is electricity made by generators that are turned by the movement of water. It is usually made with dams that partly block a river to make a reservoir of water. Water is released, and the pressure of the dam (potential energy stored in the dam) forces the water down pipes that lead to a turbine. This causes the turbine to turn, to turn a generator which makes electricity. +This renewable energy method makes about one sixth of the world's electricity. It produces less pollution than the fires of steam engines do. Some places such as Norway and Quebec get most of their electricity this way. +Because all methods have advantages and disadvantages, most countries have several ways to generate electricity. For example, hydroelectric methods have certain advantages, and atomic energy has quite different advantage.For most countries today, hydroelectric energy is the preferred, or one of the preferred methods. Mainly because it is a renewable energy which means that you can reuse it and it will never run out. +Advantages. +The way the electricity is produced does not harm the environment as much as fossil fuels like oil or coal do. Hydroelectricity is very powerful and safe, and produces no waste. +An important advantage of hydroelectric dams is their ability to be used as a peaking power plant. When the electricity demand declines, the dam simply stores more water. Water that has been stored in a reservoir can be released (let go) when needed, so the energy can be made quickly. Some hydroelectricity generators use pumped storage to store excess energy (often during the night), by using the electricity to pump water up into a basin. Electricity can be generated when demand increases. This flexibility also makes hydroelectricity a good match for less controllable intermittent energy sources. When the wind is not blowing or the sun is not shining, hydroelectricity can be created. +Using stored water in river dams is sometimes complicated by irrigation needs which may happen out of phase with peak electrical demands. +Another advantage is that hydroelectricity cannot run out as long as there is a good water supply. Once the dam is built, the electricity costs very little, no waste or pollution is produced, and electricity can be generated whenever it is needed. +A few hydro turbines do not have a dam but instead use the current of the "run of the river". They produce less electricity and cannot store energy for later use. +Disadvantages. +The building of large dams to hold water can damage the environment. In 1983, the Australian government stopped the Tasmanian state government from building a dam on the Gordon River in Tasmania after a huge public protest. The dam would have flooded the Franklin River. The Three Gorges Dam in China is the world's largest hydroelectricity project, and the world's largest power plant of any kind. The dam has flooded a huge area, meaning that 1.2 million people had to be moved. Scientists are concerned about many problems with the dam, such as pollution, silt, and the danger of the dam wall breaking.Also it doesn’t provide many jobs for people, is expensive to run and set up and is a real danger to marine life. + += = = Mallaig = = = +Mallaig is a small town in Scotland. It is also a port. Ferries link Mallaig, which is on the mainland, to some islands. About 797 lived there in 2001. + += = = Cramlington = = = +Cramlington is a town in the county of Northumberland, in the north-east of England. +Cramlington is about five miles from the coast. The nearest beach is at Blyth, which is to the east. The county town of Morpeth is rather nearby. +Newcastle city is also close, which people of Cramlington can go and enjoy. +Cramlington is rather new, with lots of parks. The bicycle track system means cyclists can travel around the entire town without having to travel on the roads. The underpasses under the major roads mean children can walk around safe from traffic. +History. +It was thought the Vikings were the first to settle in Cramlington. Until relatively recently it was made up of a few small mining villages, but was chosen to be a new town and since the 1960s, builders have enlarged the town to become the town of 40,000 it is today. +Facilites. +The headquarters of The Officers Club menswear store is in Cramlington. +A large indoor shopping mall, Manor Walks, serves as the main shopping centre, next to the old village centre. There is a large leisure centre, Concordia, next to the shopping centre which has an indoor pool, climbing wall and well-equipped gym. +There are lots of Christian churches in the town including two Methodist, an Anglican church with two plants, as well as a Catholic church and a few Pentecostal and charismatic churches. +Cramlington Community High School is the only secondary school in the town, which passed the recent OFSTED inspection with 'outstanding' grades. The school system is about to be replaced with the two tier system, in which the high school will cater for 11-18 year olds. +Famous People. +The comedian Ross Noble grew up in Cramlington. + += = = Belfast = = = +Belfast (Irish: "Béal Feirste") is the capital of Northern Ireland. It is the second largest city in Ireland, after Dublin. About 270,000 people live in the city. It became capital of Northern Ireland when Northern Ireland was created in 1921. A lot of famous ships were built by the Belfast shipyard Harland and Wolff. In 1911 they built the RMS Titanic. + += = = Dungeness = = = +Dungeness is a place on the coast in Kent, England. There are two power stations there called Dungeness Nuclear Power Station. There are also two lighthouses. + += = = Power station = = = +A power station (or power plant) is a place where electricity is produced. Most do this by a big spinning electrical generator. In big powers stations the spinning is usually driven by a steam turbine. The steam may come from: +Some do not use steam engines to spin the generator. Rather they use: +A few power stations use the sun's rays to generate solar power without motion. There are many power stations around the world, because many things need electricity to work. +Stations may be operated as Load following power plant, peaking power plant, or base load power plant. +Energy sources. +Non-renewable energy resources. +These all use heat as a source of energy. +Solid-state electricity sources. +These sources have no moving parts. They are more expensive than generators, and are used where other questions are more important. + += = = Mind = = = +The mind is a general term for the way a person thinks, reasons, perceives, wills, has ideas, and has emotion. For science, what others call the mind is "entirely" caused by workings of the brain. The philosopher Gilbert Ryle called mind the "Ghost in the Machine". He said the idea that it was separate from the brain was the mistaken "Official Doctrine". However, some think that mind is separate from the body and is called a soul (see dualism). +Many people argue about what makes up the mind. Some say that only reason and memory are part of the mind, because they are conscious. In this view the emotions like love, hate, fear and joy are different from the mind. Some people with this view say the emotions are part of the heart. Others argue that our rational and emotional states cannot be separated and should all be part of what we call the mind. +People often use "mind " to mean the same as "thought": the way we talk to ourselves "inside our heads". This is where the sayings "make up our minds," "change our minds" and "of two minds" come from. One of the important things of the mind in this sense is that it is private. No one else can "know our mind." +History of the word. +The original meaning of the Old English "gemynd" was memory. This explains the sayings "call to mind", "come to mind", "keep in mind", "to have mind of", and so on. Old English had other words to express what we call "mind" today, such as "hyge", meaning "mind, spirit". +The word mind gradually grew to mean all conscious thought over the 14th and 15th centuries. +Studying the mind. +Aspects of the mind. +Thought is when we absorb what happens around us so that we can deal with it effectively according to our plans and desires. Thinking is using information, like forming concepts, problem solving, reasoning and making choices. +Memory is when we store information in our minds, and can later recall it. +Imagination is the ability to invent worlds inside the mind, complete or not. The mind makes these by drawing on experience in the shared world. +Consciousness is knowing that we exist and the world exists, and being able to understand what happens around us. +Mental health. +Just like the body, a mind can be healthy. The measure of this is called mental health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there is not one way to measure mental health in all people, because there are many things in our environment that might make what is mentally healthy different from one person to another. In general, most experts agree that "mental health" and "mental illness" are not opposites. In other words, not having a mental illness does not mean you are in good mental health. +One way to study mental health is by looking at how well a person lives. Signs of mental health include: feeling capable and happy, being able to handle normal levels of stress, making and keeping friends, leading an independent life, and being able to recover from difficult situations. +Philosophy. +Philosophy of mind is the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind and how it is linked to the body. The main problem is how the mind is related to the body, but there are also questions about the nature of the mind that do not talk about its relation to the physical body. +"Dualism" and "monism" are the two main ways people try to solve the mind-body problem. Dualism is when people believe that the mind and body are in some way separate from each other. It can be traced back to Plato, Aristotle, and the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy, but it was most precisely formulated by René Descartes in the 17th century. +"Monism" is the belief that mind and body are not physiologically and ontologically distinct kinds of entities. This view was first seen in Western philosophy by Parmenides in the 5th century BC and was later held by the 17th-century rationalist Baruch Spinoza. According to Spinoza, mind and body are two parts of a larger being. +"Idealists" think that the mind is all that exists and that the outside world is actually made up by the mind. Physicalists think that everything can be expressed by what is physical. "Neutral monists" believe that everything can be either mental or physical depending how you see it. For example, a red spot on a wall is physical, because it is an actual thing depending on the physical wall, but it is mental because our brain responds to the colour. The most common monisms in the 20th and 21st centuries have all been different kinds of physicalism, including behaviorism. +Psychology. +Psychology is the study of the way we think, feel and act. It involves the scientific study of processes such as perception, cognition, feelings, personality, as well as things around us that might affect the way we think. From this study, psychologists try to form rules for why we act the way we do. Psychology also includes using this knowledge to help solve problems of everyday life and treat mental health problems. +Social psychology and group behaviour. +Social psychology is the study of how we think, feel and act in groups of other people. Most people who study social psychology are either psychologists or sociologists. +Mind's eye. +The phrase Mind's eye refers to the ability to see things with the mind. + += = = Reality = = = +Reality means any of the plot elements of the live action role play known as real life. Despite the high level of detail, it is fiction. Reality does not include any of the totally 100% factual things you see on the internet, because all of that stuff really truly happened. +Reality is the state of things as they are, rather than as they may appear or might be imagined. In a wider definition, reality includes everything that is and has been, whether or not we can see it and understand it. An even wider definition includes everything that has existed, exists, or will exist. +Reality is often contrasted with what is imaginary, delusional, in the mind, dreams, what is false, what is fictional, or what is abstract. +All the same, what is abstract plays a role in everyday life and in academic research. For instance, causality, virtue, life and justice are abstract concepts. They are difficult to define, but they are not pure delusions. +Television programs that are not scripted are called Reality TV. + += = = Mary Shelley = = = +Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (30 August 1797 – 1 February 1851) was an English writer. She is best known for writing the novel "Frankenstein". She was in her teens when she wrote the book. She later edited the poems of her husband, Percy Bysshe Shelley. +Early life. +After her mother's death, Shelley lived with her older half-sister Fanny Imlay and their father. Fanny Imlay was Wollstonecraft's daughter from an affair she had with a soldier. Shelley's father married Mary Jane Clairmont in 1801. Clairmont already had two children and later had a son with Shelley's father. During that time, Shelleys's stepmother thought Shelley did not need be educated. Shelley did not give up because of that. She used her father's library and was often found reading by her mother's grave. Shelley's father often had visitors like Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth. She used those times to learn from them. +During May 1816, Mary and her husband Percy Bysshe Shelley traveled to Lake Geneva. They spent the summer near the famous poet Lord Byron. In terms of English literature, it was a great summer. Percy began work on "Hymn To Intellectual Beauty" and "Mont Blanc". Mary was inspired to write her classic work. +Frankenstein. +One evening, the group of young writers decided to have a contest telling horror stories. Another guest, Dr. Oliver Polidori, came up with The Vampyre. This later had a strong influence on Bram Stoker's Dracula. Other guests told scary stories, but Mary could not think of one. But that night, she dreamt of the story she had wanted to tell. She wrote it down, and in time, her story would be published as Frankenstein. It became more successful than any of the other writings produced that summer. +The year she published "The Modern Prometheus", known as Frankenstein was 1818. Mary was only 20 years-old. It is sometimes called the world's first science fiction novel. The ideas for both "Frankenstein" and Polidori's "The Vampyre" were from the famous poet, Lord Byron. The books "Frankenstein" and "The Vampyre" were both published on the same year. Once Mary Shelley published Frankenstein, her life became more interesting +Mary had many different sources for her work; one was the Promethean myth from Ovid. The influence of John Milton's "Paradise Lost" (the book the 'monster' finds in the cabin) is also seen in the novel. Also, she had read William Beckford's "Vathek". +Marriage and Family Life. +In Mary Shelley's life, her romances led her father to disown her. When she was sixteen, Shelley met Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was 22 at the time. They both fell in love and ran away in 1814. By the time they returned to England, Mary was pregnant and her father wanted nothing to do with her. Returning to England in September 1816, Mary and Shelley stunned their two families. First, in November, Mary's older half-sister, Fanny Imlay, left the Godwin home and took her own life at a distant inn. Only weeks later, Shelley's first wife drowned herself in Hyde Park, London. She did not welcome Shelley's invitation to join Mary and himself in their new household. +Shortly after Harriet's death, Shelley and Mary married, now with Godwin's blessing. Their attempts to gain custody of Shelley's two children by Harriet failed. Even though this happened, their writing careers enjoyed more success. In the spring of 1817, Mary finished "Frankenstein". Mary had two sons and a daughter. The daughter died in infancy and the elder son when he was two. Mary and Percy were both vegetarians, and strong advocates for animal rights. One can see references to vegetarianism in her writing. For example, in her novel "Frankenstein", the 'monster' was a vegetarian. After Percy's death in 1822, she returned to England to finish Shelley's writings and educate their only surviving child. +End Of Life. +Mary Shelley died of brain cancer on February 1, 1851 in London. Her body was buried at St. Peter's Churchyard in Bournemouth, in the English county of Dorset. +In Popular Culture. +Four films have shown Mary Shelley, and the basic idea of the "Frankenstein" story in 1816: "Gothic" directed by Ken Russell (1986), "Haunted Summer" directed by Ivan Passer (1988), "Remando al Viento" (English title: "Rowing with the Wind") directed by Gonzalo Suárez (1988) and "Mary Shelley" directed by Haifaa al-Mansour (2017) + += = = Sum = = = +The sum of two numbers is their value added together. This operation is called additive summation or addition. There are many ways of writing sums, including: +Sigma notation. +Sigma notation is a mathematical notation to write long sums in a short way. Sigma notation uses the Greek letter Sigma (formula_3), and takes upper and lower bounds which tell us where the sum begins and where it ends. The lower bound usually has a variable (called the index, often denoted by formula_4, formula_5 or formula_6) along with a value, such as "formula_7". This tells us that the summation begins at 2, and goes up by 1 until it reaches the number on the top. +Applications. +Sums are used to represent series and sequences. For example: +The geometric series of a repeating decimal can be represented in summation. For example: +The concept of an integral is a limit of sums, with the area under a curve being defined as: + += = = Nelson Mandela = = = +Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African politician and activist. On 27 April 1994, he was made the first President of South Africa elected in a fully represented democratic election. He was also the first black President of his country, South Africa. +Mandela was born in Mvezo, South Africa to a Thembu royal family. +His government focused on throwing out the legacy of apartheid by ending racism, poverty, inequality, and on improving racial understanding in South Africa. Politically a believer in socialism, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997 and adopted new Constitution of South African in 1996 that prohibits all discrimination, based on language, religion, handicap and sexual orientation, not only on racism. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. +Mandela received more than 250 honors, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the Soviet Order of Lenin. He is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"). Mandela was described as a hero, and his actions gave thousands of people hope. +Mandela was sick for several years during his retirement. He was hospitalized in late summer of 2013 from a continuous lung infection. Mandela died on 5 December 2013 in Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from a respiratory tract infection. He was 95 years old. +Early life. +Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Mvezo, Umtata (now Mthatha), Transkei, South Africa. He had thirteen siblings by the same father, and two mothers. His parents were Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa and Nosekeni Nonqaphi . His given name was Rolihlahla, a Xhosa name meaning "pulling the branch of a tree" or informally, "troublemaker". He was a member of the Thembu royal family. On his first day of school, he was given the name Nelson by his teacher Miss Mdingane. Giving children in Africa English names was a custom among Africans during that period. +Mandela's father died when he was twelve. Mandela then lived with the local regent who sent him to school. He was the first member of his family to go to a school. He was expelled from Fort Hare University in 1941, because he led a group of students on political strike. After he was expelled, Nelson found a good job as a night watchman. +Anti-apartheid activity. +In 1944, Mandela helped start the African National Congress Youth League. He was soon a high-ranked leader of the group. +He wanted to free South Africa without violence, but the government started killing and hurting protesters. He then started Umkhonto we Sizwe with Walter Sisulu and other people in the African National Congress that he admired, such as Mahatma Gandhi. +A trial was later held and became known as the Rivonia Trial. Mandela was on trial because of his involvement in sabotage and violence in 1962. He was sentenced to life in prison, and was sent to Robben Island, but was transferred to Victor Verster Prison in 1988. In 1990, he was let out of Victor Verster Prison after 26.5 years. He left prison after de Klerk removed a ban on the African National Congress. He ordered Mandela's release. He then received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993, with former State President of South Africa, Frederik Willem de Klerk. +Presidency. +Mandela won the general election in April 1994. His inauguration was in Pretoria on 10 May 1994. Many people around the world saw his inauguration on television. The event had 4000 guests, including world leaders from different backgrounds. Mandela was the first South African President elected in a completely democratic election. () +As South Africa's first black President, Mandela became head of the Government of National Unity which was under controlled by the African National Congress (or ANC). The ANC had no knowledge in politics, but had representatives from the National Party and Inkatha. In keeping with earlier promises, de Klerk became first Deputy President, while Thabo Mbeki was chosen second. +Although Mbeki had not been his first choice for president, Mandela soon trusted Mbeki throughout his presidency. This allowed Mbeki to organize policy details. Mandela moved into the presidential office at Tuynhuys in Cape Town. He would settle into the nearby Westbrooke Manor. Westbrooke was renamed "Genadendal". Preserving his Houghton home, he also had a house built in his home village of Qunu. He visited Qunu regularly, walking around the area, meeting with local people who lived there, and judging tribal problems. +He faced many illness at age 76. Although having energy, he felt left out and lonely. He often entertained celebrities, such as Michael Jackson, Whoopi Goldberg, and the Spice Girls. He became friends with a number of rich business people, like Harry Oppenheimer and British monarch Elizabeth II on her March 1995 state visit to South Africa. This resulted in strong judgment from ANC anti-capitalists. Despite his surroundings, Mandela lived simply, donating a third of his $552,000 wealth to the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund, which he had founded in 1995. In that same year, Mandela published his autobiography, "Long Walk to Freedom". +Although in favor of freedom of the press, Mandela was important of much of the country's media because it was owned and run by many middle-class whites. Mandela became known for his use of Batik shirts, known as "Madiba shirts", even on normal events. Mandela had never planned on serving a second term in office. Mandela gave his farewell speech on 29 March 1999, after which he retired. Mandela's term ended on 14 June 1999. Thabo Mbeki succeeded Mandela as President of South Africa. +Nobel Prize. +He won the Nobel Peace Prize for his leadership for his anti-apartheid activism in 1993. After receiving the prize he said: +"We stand here today as nothing more than a representative of the millions of our people who dared to rise up against a social operation whose very essence is war, violence, racism, oppression, repression and the impoverishment of an entire people." +Personal life. +Mandela was married three times and has six children. He had seventeen grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren. Though physically non-emotional with his children, he could be stern and demanding. +Mandela married Evelyn Ntoko Mase in October 1944. They had two children. Mandela remained married to Evelyn until they divorced in 1957. Evelyn died in 2004. He then married Winnie Madikizela in 1958. They had two daughters. The couple filed for separation in 1992. They divorced in 1996. Mandela married again to Graça Machel, on his 80th birthday in 1998. She was the widow of Samora Machel. Machel was the former Mozambican president and ANC ally who was killed in an air crash 12 years earlier. +Though publicly criticizing him on several events, Mandela liked United States President Bill Clinton. Mandela personally supported him during his impeachment trial in 1998. +Public retirement. +In June 2004, Mandela announced that he was retiring from public life. Mandela said "Don't call me, I will call you". Although continuing to meet with close friends and family, the Nelson Mandela Foundation denied invitations for him to appear at public events and most interview requests. +Health. +On 27 March 2013, Mandela was hospitalized in Pretoria from a lung infection. It was reported on 28 March that he was responding well to treatment. Mandela was again hospitalized on 7 June from another lung infection, On 23 June, his condition was announced to be critical. On 26 June, it was announced that Mandela was put on life-support. On 4 July, Mandela's family announced that Mandela was under life-support and he was in a permanent persistent vegetative state. The next day, the South African government denied the fact that Mandela was in a vegetative state. Mandela was discharged from the hospital on 1 September 2013. +2013 death rumor. +Many South Africans thought that Mandela died overnight on 26 June after he was removed from his life support. The South African government said that Mandela is still alive despite the rumor that he died. It was later reported that the rumor was just a death hoax. CNN also reported that Mandela died, but later fixed the report soon afterwards. Photos were taken with Mandela and First Lady Michelle Obama as proof that Mandela was still alive. +Death. +Mandela died on 5 December 2013 at his home at Houghton Estate, Johannesburg from complications of a respiratory tract infection, aged 95. He was surrounded by his family when he died. His death was announced by President Jacob Zuma. +On 6 December, Zuma announced a national mourning for ten days. An event for an official memorial service was held at the FNB Stadium in Johannesburg on Tuesday 10 December. He declared Sunday 8 December a national day of prayer: "We call upon all our people to gather in halls, churches, mosques, temples, synagogues and in their homes to pray and hold prayer services and meditation reflecting on the life of "Madiba" and his contribution to our country and the world." +Funeral. +Mandela's body lay in state from 11 to 13 December at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. A state funeral was held on Sunday 15 December in Qunu. David Cameron, Barack Obama, Raul Castro, Bill Gates, and Oprah Winfrey were there. +Burial. +On 28 June Mandela's family were arguing about where to bury Mandela. On 29 June the South African government announced that a memorial service for Mandela will be held 10 to 14 days after his death at Soccer City. On 1 July it was announced that if Mandela were to die he might become the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey. Queen Elizabeth II honored Mandela with a thanksgiving service at Westminster Abbey in early 2014. This made Mandela the first non-British person to be honored at Westminster Abbey. Mandela was buried in the village of Qunu in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Qunu is where he grew up. +Honors. +In South Africa, Mandela is sometimes called by his Xhosa clan name of Madiba. +Nelson Mandela was honored with the following: +Movies. +Mandela has been portrayed in movies and television. In the 1997 movie, "Mandela and de Klerk", Sidney Poitier plays Mandela. Dennis Haysbert plays Mandela in "Goodbye Bafana" (2007). In the 2009 BBC television movie, "Mrs Mandela", Nelson Mandela is played by David Harewood. In 2009, Morgan Freeman plays Mandela in "Invictus" (2009). Terrence Howard also plays Mandela in the 2011 movie "Winnie Mandela". Mandela appeared as himself in the 1992 American movie "Malcolm X". In "" he was played by Idris Elba. +Legacy. +By the time of his death, Mandela had come to be widely considered "the father of the nation" within South Africa. He is also seen as "the national liberator, the savior, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one". Throughout his life, Mandela had also faced criticism. Margaret Thatcher attracted international attention for describing the ANC as "a typical terrorist organization" in 1987. She later made favors to release Mandela from prison. Mandela has also been criticized for his friendship with political leaders such as Fidel Castro, Muammar Gaddafi, Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, and Suharto. + += = = Mario Party 6 = = = +Mario Party 6 is a party board video game for the Nintendo GameCube. It is the sixth game in the "Mario Party" series. It was released in Japan on November 18, 2004, in North America on December 6, 2004, and in Europe on March 18, 2005. It is the first "Mario Party" game to use the Nintendo GameCube's microphone add-on. +Gameplay. +"Mario Party 6" plays the same as previous games in the "Mario Party" series. Players go around on boards to collect coins, which they can use to buy stars. Movement is done with the use of a dice block with the numbers one through 10. After all four players take their turns, a mini-game is played. The player who wins the mini-game wins coins. The winner is the player with the most stars at the end of the game. In multiplayer, the sun will rise and fall every three turns. Changes that happen include spaces moving, new characters appearing, and changes to mini-games. +Six boards are in the game. The last one has to be unlocked. Players can play as 11 characters. One of them, Toadette, makes her first playable appearance in a "Mario Party" game in this game. + += = = Don Quixote = = = +Don Quixote is a novel by Miguel de Cervantes. The book was published in two parts (1605 and 1615). It was first written in Spanish. Soon afterwards it was translated to English by Thomas Shelton. It is considered by many scholars to be the first modern novel. The main character, Don Quixote, is a paragon of chivalry, but in a deeply flawed and impractical way. Don Quixote is so influential as a character that the word "quixotic" is used to describe his type of behavior. +The story is about Alonso Quixano, a rich middle-aged man. Quixano, having read many tales about chivalry and knights, goes crazy and believes that he is a knight named Don Quixote. He rides around the country with his squire, Sancho, having adventures. He believes his adventures are real, but everyone else laughs at him. +One of the most famous stories in the book is Don Quixote's fight with windmills. He sees some windmills and thinks they are giants. When he rides to fight with them, he is knocked off his horse. Sancho tells him they are only windmills, but Don Quixote does not believe him. He is sure a magician changed windmills into the giants to hurt him. +At the end of the book, Don Quixote (Alonso Quixano) returns home, hurt badly from a fight with another knight. He becomes sane (sane means to see reality) again, then dies from a high fever. + += = = Swim = = = +For living creatures, a swim or swimming is a way of moving in water. Swimming is an activity that can be both useful and recreational. Its primary uses are bathing, cooling, fishing, recreation, exercise, and sport. +Human swimming. +Swimming has been known amongst humans since prehistoric times; the earliest record of swimming dates back to Stone Age, from around 7,000 years ago. Competitive swimming started in Europe around 1800 and was part of the first modern 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, though not in a form comparable to the contemporary events. It was not until 1908 that regulations were implemented by the International Swimming Federation to produce competitive swimming. + += = = Archimedes = = = +Archimedes of Syracuse () was a Greek scientist. He was an inventor, an astronomer, and a mathematician. He was born in the town of Syracuse in Sicily. +His father was Phidias, an astronomer, and he may have been in the family of a king of Syracuse. Syracuse was a rich Greek city, on the seashore in Sicily. When Archimedes was about ten years old, he left Syracuse to study in Alexandria, Egypt. He was in the school of Euclid, a famous mathematician. Not much is known about the personal life of Archimedes, for example, whether he was married or if he had children. +When the Romans invaded Syracuse, they captured Archimedes so they could learn all of the things he knew. About two years after he was drawing a mathematical diagram in the sand and enraged a soldier by refusing to go to meet the Roman general until he had finished working on the problem. The Roman killed him. His last words are supposed to have been "Do not disturb my circles!" +Spherical geometry. +"On the Sphere and Cylinder" is a work that was published by Archimedes in two volumes in about 225 BC. On the sphere, he showed that the surface area is four times the area of its great circle. In modern terms, this means that the surface area is equal to: +The surface area of a cylinder is equal to: +The volume of the cylinder is: +The volume of the contained ball is two-thirds the volume of a "circumscribed" cylinder. meaning that the volume is +A sculpted sphere and cylinder were placed on the tomb of Archimedes at his request. +Archimedes the scientist. +Archimedes is also well known for being the first person to understand statics, which is a part o f applied mathematics. It has to do with loads that do not move, for example in buildings or bridges. He also understood and wrote about what happens when things float in liquids, which is called buoyancy. +Archimedes' principle. +Archimedes' principle: the weight of water displaced by an object equals the amount of buoyancy it gets. It has practical uses. It can be used to measure the density of an object, and hence whether or not it is made of gold. +The story of the golden crown does not appear in the surviving works of Archimedes. Archimedes may have got a solution known in hydrostatics as Archimedes' principle, which he describes in his treatise "On Floating Bodies". This principle states that a body immersed in a fluid experiences a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces. Using this principle, it would have been possible to compare the density of the golden crown to that of solid gold by balancing the crown on a scale with a gold reference sample, then immersing the apparatus in water. The difference in density between the two samples would cause the scale to tip accordingly. Galileo considered it "probable that this method is the same that Archimedes followed, since, besides being very accurate, it is based on demonstrations found by Archimedes himself". +Archimedes, the inventor and engineer. +Archimedes is also famous as an inventor because he made new tools and machines. For example, he made a machine to lift water that could be used by farmers to bring water to their crops. This is called Archimedes' screw. +Archimedes probably also invented a machine to measure distance, an odometer. A cart was built with wheels that turned four hundred times in one mile. A pin on the wheel would hit a 400-tooth gear, so it turned once for every mile. This gear would then make a small stone fall into a cup. At the end of a journey one could count the number of stones in the cup to find the distance. +Archimedes also made a system which one person could pull a large ship with just one rope. This was called the compound pulley. This is an important machine which is even today helps people in everyday life, although the versions we now use are much more complicated. They still work by the same principle, through. +Archimedes at war. +Archimedes also invented or made many machines used in war, for example he made better catapults. This was during the Punic Wars, which were between Rome in what is now Italy and the city of Carthage in what is now North Africa. For many years he helped stop the Roman army from attacking Syracuse, his city. One war machine was called the "claw of Archimedes", or the "iron hand". It was used to defend the city from attacks by ships. Ancient writers said that it was a kind of crane with a hook that lifted ships out of the water and caused their destruction. +Another story about Archimedes is that he burned Roman ships from far away using many mirrors and the light from the sun. This is perhaps possible, but it is perhaps more likely that this was done with flaming missiles from a catapult. +Tributes to Archimedes. +Archimedes is thought to be so important as a mathematician that scientists have honoured him: + += = = Radio = = = +Radio is a way to send electromagnetic signals over a long distance, to deliver information from one place to another. A machine that sends radio waves is called a transmitter, while a machine that "picks up" the signals is called a receiver or antenna. A machine that does both jobs is a "transceiver". When radio signals are sent out to many receivers at the same time, it is called a broadcast. +Television also uses radio signals to send pictures and sound. +Airplanes and other things may be used under radio control. Radio signals can be used to lock and unlock the doors in a car from a distance. +Sound can be sent by radio, sometimes through Frequency Modulation (FM) or Amplitude Modulation (AM). +History of radio. +Many people worked to make radio possible. After James Clerk Maxwell predicted them, Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in Germany first showed that radio waves exist. Guglielmo Marconi in Italy made radio into a practical tool of telegraphy, used mainly by ships at sea. He is sometimes said to have invented radio. Later inventors learned to transmit voices, which led to broadcasting of news, music and entertainment. +Uses of radio. +Radio was first created as a way to send telegraph messages between two people without wires. Then two-way radio brought voice communication, including walkie-talkies and eventually mobile phones. +Radio waves are still used to send messages between people. Talking to someone with a radio is different than "talk radio". Citizens band radio and amateur radio use specific radios to talk back and forth. Policemen, firemen and other people who help in emergency use a radio emergency communication system to communicate (talk to each other). It is like a mobile phone, (which also uses radio signals) but the distance they reach is shorter and both people must use the same kind of radio. +The word "radio" is sometimes used to mean only voiceband broadcasting. Most voiceband broadcasting uses lower frequency and longer wavelength than most television broadcasting. Voiceband broadcasting sends music, news and entertainers including "talk radio". Radio shows were used before there were TV programs. In the 1930s, the US president started sending a message about the country every week to the American people. Companies that make and send radio programming are called radio stations. These are sometimes run by governments, and sometimes by private companies, who make money by sending advertisements. Other radio stations are supported by local communities. These are called community radio stations. In the early days, manufacturing companies would pay to broadcast complete stories on the radio. These were often plays or dramas. Because companies who made soap often paid for them, these were called "soap operas". +Microwaves have even higher frequency; shorter wavelength. They also are used to transmit television and radio programs, and for other purposes. Communications satellites relay microwaves around the world. +A radio receiver does not need to be directly in view of the transmitter to receive programme signals. Low frequency radio waves can bend around hills by diffraction, although repeater stations are often used to improve the quality of the signals. +Shortwave radio frequencies are also reflected from an electrically charged layer of the upper atmosphere, called the Ionosphere. The waves can bounce between the ionosphere and the earth to reach receivers that are not in the line of sight because of the curvature of the Earth's surface. They can reach very far, sometimes around the world. +Radio telescopes receive radio waves from the sky to study astronomical objects. Satellite navigation uses radio to determine location, and radar uses it to find and track things. + += = = Vandalism = = = +Vandalism is a crime that is done by destroying or damaging the property of someone else. This can include graffiti and website damage. +A person that does this is called a vandal. The name comes from the Vandals, a tribe that attacked and damaged the city of Rome in 455 CE. +Examples. +Examples of physical vandalism include salting lawns, cutting trees without permission, egg throwing, breaking windows, arson, spraying paint on others' properties, and tagging. +On the internet. +Many websites, such as wikis (like Wikipedia), forums, and blogs, can be changed by anyone. Because of this, they can be "vandalized" by adding comments or replacing everything on the page with spam, nonsense or other silly content. It is a kind of trolling, and these websites have special users, called administrators, whose job is to remove the vandalism and to block users who do not stop vandalizing. + += = = Monopoly (game) = = = +Monopoly is a board game played by two to eight players. In the game, players move around the spaces of the board, buying and selling land and buildings to try to become the richest player. When all the other players run out of money, you win the game. +Many books give advice on how to win the game. An early book, "1000 Ways to Win Monopoly Games" was written by Jeffrey S. Lehman (who later became President of Cornell University) and Jay S. Walker (founder of priceline.com.) +History. +"Monopoly" was created by Elizabeth Magie as a teaching tool based on the economic concept of land monopoly. Magie created the game in 1903, to explain the single tax theory of Henry George. She wanted her game to be an educational tool to highlight the negative aspects of concentrating land in private monopolies. Her game, which she called "The Landlord's Game", was self-published, beginning in 1906. The original rules included several ways to play the game, including one where players could agree to share the land rents and everyone would win. +In 1934, Charles Darrow in Philadelphia found The Landlord's Game and thought that the game was more exciting when players didn't share their land rents. He published his own version of the game where making money was the focus of the game, and called it "Monopoly." Later on, he sold his game to Parker Brothers, who falsely credited Charles Darrow as the creator of the game. +The Board. +On the Monopoly board are 40 spaces. In the four corners of the board are "GO", "Free Parking", "JAIL", and "Go to Jail". Along the sides of the board are properties (streets and businesses) for sale. The properties are: 22 "streets" (each marked with one of eight colors), 4 "railroad stations", the "Electric Company" and the "Water Works". There are also spaces called "Income Tax", "Luxury Tax", "Community Chest" and "Chance". +In the original version, the properties and railroad stations were named after the streets in Atlantic City in New Jersey in the United States. In the British original version, they are named after streets in London. +Setting up the Game. +To prepare for the game, the board is put in position. The Chance and Community Chest cards are shuffled and placed face down on the board. Each player chooses a token (a playing piece), such as a thimble, a rocking horse, a boot, a dog, etc. (the tokens vary depending on the edition), and places it on "GO". One player is chosen to be the banker - this player is trusted with handing out money from the bank and collecting players' spent money during the game. +The banker gives each player $1500 to start with. Each player rolls the dice, and the player who rolled the highest total takes the first turn. +Rules. +The object of the game is to own as much land (property) and to be the richest player. +The rules can be found in every "Monopoly" box, but a summary is listed here. +Moving Around The Board. +On your turn, you roll the dice and move your token forward (clockwise around the edge of the board) the same number of spaces as the sum of the dice you rolled. You must then follow the instructions of whatever space your token lands on. +If you roll doubles (the same number on both dice), you get to take another turn after this one is over. However, if you roll doubles three times in a row, you don't get your third turn but you must go directly to Jail (see below). +Jail. +The Jail space has two sections, labeled IN JAIL and JUST VISITING. If you land on Jail by your normal roll of the dice, place your token on JUST VISITING and nothing bad (or good) happens to you. But there are three ways to be placed IN JAIL: +If you are put into Jail, take your token from wherever it is and place it directly on IN JAIL. This does not count as a move, so even if this takes your token past GO, you do not collect $200 from the Bank. If you are put in Jail, your turn ends immediately, even if you rolled doubles and would get to take another turn. +While you are in Jail, you still roll the dice on your turn but you don't get to move your token. There are three ways to get out of Jail: +Note that being in Jail doesn't prevent you from doing anything else in the game, such as collecting rent or trading with other players - it just stops your token from moving around the board. +Different editions. +There are many editions of Monopoly. Officially-licensed editions are produced by Hasbro itself or by USAopoly, and unofficial editions are published by Toy Vault. Official versions are named "____ Monopoly" (such as "Star Wars Monopoly") and feature the Monopoly logo, and unofficial versions are named "____-Opoly" (such as "Python-Opoly") and do not feature the Monopoly logo. +Milton Bradley has produced editions to symbolize the decades of popular culture in America. For example, The 1970s Monopoly has spaces depicting the fashion of the time. Players can purchase bell bottom blue jeans instead of street properties. +A number of video game adaptations have been made. In addition, many electronic editions exist that use credit cards instead of paper money. +In India, a similar game is called Business. +In Egypt, a similar game is called ��� ���� (The Bank of Luck). +Acquire is another game with rules for more advanced business practices with stocks, but has similar basic concepts of Monopoly (owning properties of the same color, buying land and building on it, making the most money, etc.). +Uses for Monopoly. +People play Monopoly for different reasons. Some may play for family game night, others use it as a learning tool at school, and others play it just to have fun. +Monopoly may be used as a teaching tool to teach children a variety of lessons while having fun. It teaches how to make deals when trading, playing fair (because cheaters never win), knowing the value of money, addition and subtraction, good sportsmanship, the thrill of competition, strategies and organization. At an elementary level, “it offers a marvelous vehicle for teaching mathematics”. Through the game, children explore different areas of mathematics: not only adding and subtracting but also probability, percentages, and patterns. At a higher level, teachers can use Monopoly to teach microeconomics principles. After the success of Monopoly, another upgraded Monopoly Go game was released on 11 May 2023 by Scopely. + += = = Still Standing = = = +Still Standing is a CBS sitcom starring Mark Addy. It is about a working-class couple who live in Chicago, Illinois. Addy's character is a father of three with a wife named Judy (Jami Gertz). Judy and Addy's character, Bill Miller, deal with having an annoying relative, Aunt Linda (Jennifer Irwin), and with having children of different ages. It was first shown in September 2002. Lifetime had the rights to have the show in 2005. It ended in March 2006. + += = = IGN = = = +IGN is a gaming website that was first launched in 2000. It has FAQ's, guides, and walkthroughs about many of the games on GameCube, PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and the PlayStation 4, as well as older systems. IGN's main competitor is GameSpot, another gaming website. +IGN also features a popular message board, with a lot of members. + += = = Sock = = = +Socks are often worn on a person's feet. They absorb sweat and help to keep the foot dry. Socks also give comfort to people's feet and keep them warm in cold weather. They are usually made of cotton or wool. Some socks can cover only the foot and ankle, and others may be long enough to cover the entire lower leg up to the knee. Toe socks are socks that wrap each toe separate from the others. Socks can be worn on the feet. Socks come in an array of different colors. Generally, white socks are worn for everyday or athletic use, and dark socks (black, brown, gray, or navy blue) are worn with business or formal wears. Some dress socks have patterns on them; these are called "argyles". +Phone socks. +People often refer to sleeves that cover phones as 'socks'. These come in many different forms, colourful or plain. They help to protect the mobile phone whilst also being a stylish addition. Not many people use phone socks anymore because they seem to be old and out of use however some people still prefer to use them + += = = Everybody Loves Raymond = = = +Everybody Loves Raymond is an American television series. It stars Ray Romano. The series was a popular sitcom on the CBS network. +Overview. +Ray Romano plays Ray Barone, a sports writer in Lynbrook, New York. Patricia Heaton plays his wife, Debra. Ray and Deborah have a fun set of neighbors: Ray's parents. Robert, Ray's "loser" brother, is a police officer, and is very unlucky in love. By the end of season seven, however, he marries a woman named Amy. The show aired from September 13, 1996 to May 16, 2005. + += = = Lighthouse = = = +A lighthouse is a tall building that sends out light for use in navigation. Lighthouses are built on the coast of an ocean or lake. The lighthouse protects ships from crashing into shore, by sending the light out towards the sea. When sailors see the light, they know to avoid hitting the shore. The light usually turns in a circle so that ships see a flashing light. The light is usually covered by a Fresnel lens. This lens enables the light to travel a far distance. +One of the most famous lighthouses was the Lighthouse of Alexandria. It was on an island near the coast. That island was called "Pharos". Even today, in many languages, the word for "lighthouse" comes from the name of the island. +Almost all lighthouses are automatic now. + += = = Joan of Arcadia = = = +Joan of Arcadia was a CBS drama television series. It starred Amber Tamblyn. Tamblyn's character was Joan Girardi, a teenager with the ability to talk to God. +In its second season, the show had 8.5 million viewers per episode. However, after declining ratings the show was canceled. A third season was never made. + += = = Lunchbox = = = +A lunchbox is used to carry a person's lunch. They can come in many shapes and sizes and by a number of manufacturers. They can also be in the form of a brown paper bag. +The first aluminium lunch box was created in 1954 by a man by the name of Leo May when he happened to crush his tin lunch box. + += = = The Game of Life = = = +The Game of Life is a popular board game. Players spin a spinner, which tells them where to go next. They then go through an imaginary "life," getting married and having kids. The object of the game is to have more money than the other players by the end of the game. + += = = Poster = = = +A poster is a large piece of printed paper that has a message, usually with picture of something. Posters are made to be shown in public on a wall or other flat surfaces. They were the main form of public advertising before the web, and they are still used. +Posters are used for advertising, education, propaganda, and decoration. They may also be copies of famous works of art. +Chromolithography and the poster. +Chromolithography (color lithography) was invented by Engelmann & Son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development. +Because of its low production costs, over the 50 years after the American Civil War, millions of chromolithographs were printed and were sold for under $10. Louis Prang, a Bostonian, produced fine-art subjects, such as still lifes, landscapes, and classical subjects. Nevertheless, it was only after 1847 that the Jules Chéret posters showed their real potential. +Posters in the first half of the 20th century. +Posters were used for war propaganda, to encourage young people to enlist in the army, and to sell government war bonds. From a strictly artistic view, the posters were unimaginative and far from the masterpieces of the late 19th century posters. The posters almost all came with a caption to bang the message home. + += = = Gretchen Wilson = = = +Gretchen Wilson (born June 26, 1973) is an country music singer. +In 2004 she had her first number one album on Billboard's Hot Country Songs music chart. As late as 2013 she had a song on Billboard's Country Airplay music chart. +Career. +Wilson got a contract with Epic Records in 2003. + += = = Blue Balliett = = = +Elizabeth "Blue" Balliett Klein (born in 1955) is an American writer. Her first book is "Chasing Vermeer". "Chasing Vermeer" made the Children's bestseller list in 2004. In the story, two sixth graders help solve a mystery involving a Vermeer painting. The story has to do with pentominoes, patterns, and coincidences. The sequel to "Chasing Vermeer" is "The Wright 3," a mystery centered around the Robie House designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and his talisman- a superstitious good luck object- that is a jade Japanese fish. This time, the two main characters, Petra and Calder, are joined by Calder's old friend, Tommy Segovia. The sequel, called The Wright 3, was published in April 2006. + += = = Eyelash = = = +An eyelash is a hair that grows at the edge of the eyelids. They protect the eye from small things like dust. The average person has hundreds of eyelashes. They have a life span of about 3 months. + += = = Prague = = = +Prague (Praha in Czech) is the capital and the largest city of the Czech Republic. 1.4 million people live there. +Prague has been known as one of the most beautiful European cities since the Middle Ages. It is often called the "City of 100 Towers", the "Rooftop of Europe" or the "Heart of Europe." Prague was a place where many merchants, artists and inventors met. +Prague is full of historical monuments in all major artistic styles. The historic center of Prague is on both banks of the Vltava river. This historical center has six districts, which were once independent cities that joined in the 18th century. These districts are Staré Město (Old Town), Pražský hrad (Prague castle), Josefov (Old Jewish Town), Nové Město (New Town), Malá Strana (Lesser Town), Hradčany (Prague Castle Quarter) and Vyšehrad. It was Prince Bořivoj who established Prague Castle. There are also lots of museums, galleries, theaters, concert halls, and other historic buildings. +History. +The earliest inhabitants of the area lived in the valley of the Vltava river around 500 BC. Slavonic tribes came to Bohemia in about 500 AD. There is a legend about how the town of Prague started. Princess Libuše, the leader of a Slavonic tribe, chose a simple peasant Přemysl to be her husband. She told him to go and find a village on the banks of the Vltava and to start a town there. The town became Prague, ruled by the Přemyslid family.In the second half of the 9th century the castle’s original fortifications were built. During the reign of Wenceslas I (Václav in Czech) in the 10th century the church of St Vitus was built at Prague castle. Wenceslas was murdered by his brother when he was going to church. He was later made a saint. In the early 11th century the Přemyslid family got power in Moravia, too. Vratislav II was the first monarch to be called King of Bohemia. +Another ruler, also called Wenceslas I, ruled as King of Bohemia from 1230. He encouraged the arts. Many Germans came to live in Prague. In 1257 King Otakar II founded the area of Prague called the Lesser Quarter for the Germans to live in. The last of the Přemyslid kings was King Wenceslas III. He was murdered in Moravia. +During the Middle Ages Prague became very important as the capital of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by Charles IV (1316-1378) who was the most powerful ruler in Europe at the time. Charles made Prague a great city, building St Vitus Cathedral, a university, and a famous bridge called Charles Bridge which still exists. +After Charles IV there were many arguments and fights in Prague. A priest called Jan Hus said that the Catholic Church had become too powerful. He was arrested and burned at the stake in 1415. A lot of people agreed with what Hus had been saying. These people were called Hussites. They threw a lot of important Catholic people out of the window (called "defenestration"). A lot more fighting followed, and for many years Bohemia was ruled by kings who lived in other countries. +From 1526 the Habsburg family ruled Bohemia. They were Catholics and ruled the Holy Roman Empire. In 1576 the Emperor Rudolph II moved the capital from Vienna to Prague. Prague became a rich town again, and people were free to worship as Catholics or Protestants. After Rudolph II there were a lot of religious fighting and more people were thrown out of windows. Eventually the fighting became part of the Thirty Years’ War. When Ferdinand II won the fighting a lot of Protestants left the country. New buildings in Prague were built in the Baroque style. The German language, not Czech, was spoken at court. Maria Theresa was the only queen to reign over Prague. One of her 16 children was Marie Antoinette who became queen of France. When her son Joseph II ruled, people stopped fighting about religion. The people were free to speak what they thought, and there was no more serfdom. Prague now had three parts: the Old Town, the Lesser Quarter and the New Town. Famous people such as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart visited the town often. +In the 19th century industry came to Prague. Factories were built, a railway was built between Prague and Vienna. The Czech nationalist movement became very strong after 1848. They wanted to use their own language instead of German. The composers Smetana and Dvořák wrote music about their country, often using Czech folksongs. The National Theatre was opened in 1881. +In June 1914 the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Habsburg throne, was murdered. This led to World War I. After the war an independent republic called Czechoslovakia was formed with Prague as its capital. Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia were part of it. In 1938 Hitler invaded the country. It was liberated by Soviet troops in May 1945. However, the communists soon seized power and the country was ruled by communists who had to obey the Soviet Union. The prime minister Alexander Dubček gradually tried to make reforms. This period of time is called the "Prague Spring". In 1968 the Soviet Union sent tanks into Prague to Wenceslas Square to restore their power. +Democracy gradually came to Prague in 1989 when the Velvet Revolution happened. In 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia split into two countries. Today both these countries are part of the European Union. +Cultural sights. +Since the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1990 Prague has become one of Europe's most popular tourist places. It has buildings dating from the 13th century to the present day. The castle looks very important on the hillside. Charles Bridge is now closed to traffic so that pedestrians can walk across the bridge and buy souvenirs from the stalls. There are many museums, palaces and theatres. Tourists often go to the Old Town Square in the centre of Prague. There are lots of buildings there from different periods of history. The statue of Jan Hus stands high above the square. There is a famous Astronomical Clock on the wall of the Old Town Hall. There are museums dedicated to famous people including Smetana, Dvořák and Franz Kafka. The Estates Theatre is one of Europe’s oldest theaters. It was built in the 1780s and Mozart conducted the first performance of his opera "Don Giovanni" there. +Prague is on the list of World Heritage Sites. +Economics. +Prague has been important in the economy of what is now the Czech Republic since the region developed industry in the 19th century. Textiles and machinery are made and exported to many countries. Food, electronics and chemicals are produced. Nearly half the people who work are women. +Prague is becoming a city where many international companies have their headquarters. Since the late 1990s, Prague has become a popular filming location for international productions and Hollywood motion pictures. +There are no ghettos in Prague. +Colleges and universities. +The city contains several universities and colleges including the oldest university in Central and Eastern Europe: the Charles University, founded in 1348. +Transport. +Prague has three metro lines, 20 tram lines, and buses that connect to the suburbs. There is also a funicular rail link to the top of the Petřín Hill and a chairlift at Prague Zoo. All these services have a common ticketing system. +Prague metro is one of the best in Europe for quality and speed. It has got 3 lines (A, B, and C), 65 kilometers and 61 stations. +Trains from Prague connect to major cities in neighbouring countries. +There is a modern airport, Václav Havel airport Prague, used by many airlines including Czech Airlines. +Sport. +Prague has many parks and gardens, including a park for culture, sports and entertainments which is named after Julius Fučík, a resistance leader of World War II. It has three stadiums, the largest of which, Spartakiádní stadion, holds 250,000 people. They have a good Soccer team and play many sports. + += = = Wallet = = = +A wallet is a small flat container, mostly of leather or fabric, that a person uses to hold cash, credit cards, identification cards, etc. Most men usually keep their wallets in their pockets, while women usually keep them in larger bags called purses. +Wallets, particularly in Europe, where larger coins are prevalent, contain also a coin purse compartments. Some wallets have built-in clasps or bands to keep them closed. +As European banknotes, such as Euros and Pounds, are typically larger than American banknotes in size, they do not fit in some smaller American wallets. +A cryptocurrency wallet is a device, program, or service that stores public and/or private keys for cryptocurrency transactions. In addition to this basic function, a cryptocurrency wallet most often also offers provides encryption and/or the use of a digital signature. + += = = Memory card = = = +A memory card is a form of flash memory that is used in a range of electronic devices such as a digital camera or video game console. The memory card stores data, images, music, saved games or other computer files. +Flash memory devices like this contain no moving parts so they are not easily damaged. This means that they are ideal for use in portable devices such as MP3 players, digital cameras, mobile phones etc. +The amount of data memory cards can store depends on the "capacity" of the card. Currently (in 2017) the largest memory cards can store 1 terabyte of data. As the technology improves, larger capacity cards are expected. +There are many different types of memory cards, for example MultiMediaCard or CompactFlash, but the majority are SD cards or MicroSD. + += = = Computer printer = = = +A computer printer is a piece of hardware for a computer. It allows a user to print items on paper, such as letters and pictures. Usually a printer prints under the control of a computer. Many can also work as a photocopier or with a digital camera to print directly without using a computer. +Types of printers. +Today, the following types of printers are in regular use: +Producing output. +Printers are programmed using a programming language. The printer interprets the program, and the outputs the result. There are two big classes of such languages: Page description languages, and Printer Control languages. A page description language describes what a page should look like. The program in a page description language is sent to the printer, which interprets them. Printer command languages are at a lower level than Page description languages, they contain information that is specific to the printer model. +Common programming languages for printers include: +Cost of printers. +When comparing the cost of a printer, people often talk about how expensive it is to print one page. This cost usually has three components: +Printers that are more expensive to buy will usually be less expensive in the consumables (the ink, toner, or ribbon used by the printer). Therefore, laser printers are often more expensive to buy than inkjet printers, but are not as expensive to use over a long period of time. Inkjet printers on the other hand cost more to use because the ink tanks they use are more expensive than the toner for a laser printer. +Laser printers that can print in color are usually more expensive than those that only print in black and white. Some expensive printers can do other things such as print on both sides of the paper, automatically sort the output, or staple the pages. + += = = Chasing Vermeer = = = +Chasing Vermeer is a children's novel. It is about two children noticing strange coincidences relating to art. The book was written by Blue Balliett and published (printed) by Scholastic in 2003. It says many things about the Dutch painter Johannes Vermeer. +The sequel to the book is "The Wright 3". + += = = Great Wall of China = = = +The Great Wall of China is an ancient wall in China. The wall is made of cement, rocks, bricks, and dirt. It was finished in 1878 and it was meant to protect the north of the empire of China from enemy attacks. It is the longest structure humans have ever built. It is about 21,196 kilometers long, wide and 20 metres high. The earlier sections on the wall are made of compacted dirt and stone. Later in the Ming Dynasty they used bricks. There are 7,000 watch towers, block houses for soldiers and beacons to send smoke signals. +Nineteen walls have been built that were called the Great Wall of China. The first was built in the 7th century BC. The most famous wall was built between 226 and 200 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang (Qin Pronounced as Chin), during the Qin Dynasty. Not much of this wall remains as people have been stealing from it. It was much farther north than the current wall. The current wall was built during the Ming Dynasty. +History. +Great Wall of Qi was started in 685 BC. The state of Qi made a fortified wall for protection against the Southern states Ju and Lu and later from the kingdom Chu. +The state of Yan built walls during the rule of King Zhao of Yan (311–279 BC). +The state of Zhao built walls during 325–299 BC, during the rule of king Wuling of Zhao. +Walls on the periphery of the Northern states Yan, Zhao, and Qin became linked together, because all those states came under the rule of emperor Qin Shi Hong, during his rule (221–206 BC). +The First Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang also called Shi Huangdi, started the Qin Dynasty. The Xiongnu tribes in the north of China were his enemies. The land in some parts of China is easy to cross, so Qin Shi Huang started building the Great Wall to make it more difficult for the Xiongnu to invade China. +By 212 BC, the wall went from Gansu to the coast of South Manchuria. +Other dynasties in China had worked more on the wall and made it longer. The Han, Sui, Northern and Jin Dynasties all repaired, rebuilt or expanded the Great Wall. During the Ming Dynasty, major rebuilding work took place. Sections of the wall were built with bricks and stone instead of earth. It took more than 2000 years for building and completion of the Great wall. +The Great Wall of China is a series of fortifications that were built across the historical northern borders of ancient Chinese states. It is the longest structure humans have ever built. It is about 21,196 kilometers long, 9.1 metres (30 feet) wide and 15 metres high. It is made over the course of hundreds of years, the wall was built by over 6 different Chinese dynasties, and is over 2,300 years old. +The wall was built to help keep out northern invaders like the Mongols. Smaller walls had been built over the years, but the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, decided that he wanted a single giant wall to protect his northern borders. The most well-known sections of the wall were built by Ming Dynasty. Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, was the only one who breached the Great Wall of China in its +2,700-year-history. +The Great Wall was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1987. The Great Wall was declared as one of the Seven Wonders of the World in 2007. +Construction and rebuilding of the Great Wall. +Builders used materials that were nearby. Some parts of the wall were made of mud, straw, and twigs. Thousands of workers died from giant falling stones, exhaustion, disease, animal attacks, and starvation. Workers dying and being buried in and under the Great Wall is a myth. +Visibility from space. +Rumours about astronauts being able to see the Great Wall from the moon are scientifically not proven. The Great Wall has shown up in radar images taken from space, but scientists are sure it is not possible for astronauts to see the wall with a naked eye. One astronaut who spoke about the visibility of the Great Wall from space was Neil Armstrong. He said that on the moon, it was very clear that the wall was not visible. However, astronaut William Pogue was able to see the wall from a Low Earth Orbit distance (300–530 km height), but only with binoculars and with lots of practice. + += = = Amazon River = = = +The Amazon River (also called "Rio Amazonas" in Portuguese and Spanish) is the largest river in the world by the amount or volume of water it carries. It flows through the tropical forests of South America, mainly in Brazil. Its headwaters are in the Andes Mountains in Peru, on the western edge of South America and flows eastward into the Atlantic Ocean near the equator. +The Amazon River moves more water than the next eight largest rivers of the world combined and has the largest drainage basin in the world. It accounts for about one fifth of the world's total river flow. During the wet season, parts of the Amazon exceed in width. Because of its size, it is sometimes called "The Sea", but it is not the world's "longest" river system. The world's longest river is the Nile River, with the Amazon being second-longest. +Overview. +All the main tributaries to the Amazon River have their own names. They start in the mountains (Andes) as clear water with high oxygen content, and connect with the other rivers as they all flow towards the mouth of the Amazon. +The water of the Amazon ends up full of mud. This is especially true of its Rio Negro tributary). In the nutritious mud live a huge number of insects, small crustacea, parasites. On these small fry live predators, birds, fish and life generally. The mud is what causes this huge array of life. The mud has nutrients, and on this the flies and fish all the other animals depend. +Size and path. +It is one of the longest rivers in the world. There have been different studies that have tried to measure its exact length. As the studies have come up with different numbers, it is therefore difficult to give an exact number. The length also changes in the rainy season. Several studies from Brazil, Spain and Chile say it is the longest river in the world, longer than the Nile. The Nile has a length of . The Amazon may have a length of . The Spanish daily newspaper El País gives its length at . In 2007, scientists from Peru and Brazil calculated a length of . +A study done in 1969 says that the Amazon has a length of . This was measured from a part of the River Apurimac. Until the 1970s, it was thought that the Marañón River was the source of the Amazon. In 2001, an expedition found that Nevado Mismi was in fact the source of the Amazon. Another document of the Geographic society of Lima gives the length of the Amazon at over . +The source of the Amazon is in the Andes Mountains of western South America. It flows east from there to the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the huge river and its many tributaries are in the country of Brazil. There are many places on the Amazon where a person on one side of the river cannot see the other side. The Brazilians call the Amazon the "River Sea." The Amazon is navigable from the ocean to Peru. Ocean ships can travel on the Amazon all the way across Brazil, and most of South America, to the city of Iquitos in Peru. +One characteristic of the Amazon river is the "Brazo Casiquiare", a water connection to the Orinoco river into Venezuela, that connects the two basins. +Estuary. +The estuary of the Amazon is about wide. The width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo do Norte to Punto Patijoca. Generally, the outlet of the Para River is included. It is wide, and forms the estuary of the Tocantins. The estuary also includes the island of Marajó, which lies in the mouth of the Amazon. This means that the Amazon is wider at its mouth than the entire length of the Thames river in England. +Along the coastline, near Cabo do Norte, there are many islands partially covered with water. There are also sandbanks. The tides of the Atlantic generate a wave that reaches into the Amazon river. This wave goes along the coast for about . The phenomenon of this wave generated by the tides is called a tidal bore. Locally it is known as "pororoca". The pororoca occurs where the water is less than deep. It starts with a loud noise, and advances at a speed of . The bore is the reason the Amazon does not have a delta. The ocean rapidly carries away the large amount of silt brought by the Amazon. This makes it impossible for a delta to grow past the shoreline. It also has a very large tide, that can reach . The place has become popular for river surfing. +Uses. +The Amazon River has many uses: +"Uses" suggests that the wonders of the Earth are there for our taking. They are not. It is up to us what we do, and the Amazon has already been greatly damaged by greed and corruption. Logging its trees and changing the ecosystem to farmland is already far advanced. +Bridges. +There are no bridges across the entire width of the river. This is not because the river would be too wide to bridge; for most of its length, engineers could build a bridge across the river easily. For most of its course, the river flows through the Amazon Rainforest, where there are very few roads and cities. Most of the time, the crossing can be done by a ferry, so there is no need to build a bridge. The Manaus Iranduba Bridge linking the cities of Manaus and Iranduba spans the Rio Negro (a tributary of the Amazon). +The river is the main route of traffic in the region. Most cities are on the banks of the river. The biggest city on the river is Manaus, which is also the capital of the Brazilian State of Amazonas. Many native people live in the Amazon, such as the Urarina who live in Peru. +Trade route. +Big ocean boats can get up the river until Manaus, which is almost 1500 kilometers (900 miles) from its mouth. Smaller ocean ships of 3,000 tons and 7.9 m (26 ft) draft can reach as far as Iquitos in Peru, 3,700 km (2,300 miles) from the sea. Smaller riverboats can reach 780 km (486 mi) higher as far as Actual Point. Beyond that, small boats frequently go up to the Pogo Ode Escherichia's, just above Actual Point. + += = = Pyramid = = = +A pyramid is a structure, usually made of stone, built in the shape of a pyramid. From ancient to modern times people in many different parts of the world have built such structures. +The word "pyramid" comes from the Greek word "pyramis" which meant "wheat cake." The ancient Egyptian word for them was something like "Mer". The Great Pyramid of Giza was one of the Seven Wonders of the ancient world. +The first pyramids were built in 2630 B.C. The oldest known pyramid was made for king Djoser of the third Dynasty. +Egyptian pyramids. +In Egypt, kings and queens, called Pharaohs, were buried in the tombs of huge square-bottomed pyramids built of stone. They were usually built to be used as tombs for Pharaohs. The ancient Egyptian pyramids are very well built. Some of the pyramids still stand today. +The oldest man-made pyramid found is called the Step pyramid. It is in the Giza Necropolis in Saqqara, near Cairo, Egypt. It was built for King Djoser thousands of years ago. Later pyramids were built much larger. The largest one was the Great Pyramid of Giza. It is near Cairo. It was the tallest building in the world until the Eiffel Tower was built in Paris, in 1889. The Great Pyramid was built by the pharaoh Khufu (= Cheops) from the Ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom. Herodotus was told by his Egyptian guides that it took twenty years for a force of 100,000 slaves to build the pyramid (with another ten years to build a stone causeway that connected to a temple in the valley below). +People once thought pyramids were built by slaves. More recent evidence suggests that the workers who built the pyramids were paid and well-cared for. They were loyal to the Pharaoh. Inside the Great Pyramid, famous man-made objects have been found from ancient times. Many valuable items were buried with the dead Pharaohs, in the hope that they would take them to the afterlife. Pyramids usually had traps to stop thieves from escaping easily. Tomb thieves were punished by death if they were caught. However, by 1000 BC, many of the pyramids had been robbed of their precious treasures. +A large statue of a Sphinx stands near the pyramids at Giza. It has the body of a Lion and the head of a Pharaoh. +The ancient Greeks called the Great Pyramid one of the seven wonders of the world. There are over 100 pyramids in Egypt. Most of them are on the western side of the River Nile. Some Egyptologists have different opinions on why the ancient Egyptian Kings built pyramids as their tombs. Pyramids have been excavated for about the last 200 years. +The ancient Egyptians believed that the Egyptian pharaohs went to the stars to join their gods in the afterlife. +Pyramids in the Americas. +The Aztecs and Mayans also built many massive pyramids. None are as old or big as the oldest or biggest Egyptian pyramids. Most of them are step pyramids. +Unlike Egyptian pyramids, which were used as tombs for rulers and wealthy people, Aztec and Mayan pyramids are believed to have been used for public displays of human sacrifice. +Other pyramids. +There are also ancient pyramids in other parts of Africa, Central America, Europe, North America, and Asia. There is a famous modern glass pyramid in front of the Louvre Museum in Paris. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada is also a glass pyramid. + += = = Care Bears = = = +The Care Bears are a very successful toy franchise from the 1980s. Over forty million of these stuffed teddy bears, made with a variety of colours, were sold from 1983 to 1987. Each Bear had a name, a job, and a symbol tied to it. For example, Funshine Bear makes sure people have a good time, no matter what they are doing and has a sun on his stomach. +The toys were first made as characters on cards in 1981; the original artwork was done by James Lewis. Later, other toys called the Care Bear Cousins were introduced. +They also gave way to three animated movies for the cinema in the mid-1980s. A related TV series from DIC and, later, Canada's Nelvana Limited came out at almost that same time. +Recently, Care Bear toys have been brought back in a new edition for the twenty-first century. As part of this comeback, the Bears have appeared in their first two DVD movies (both computer-animated), as well as a few video games. + += = = Bolzano = = = +Bolzano (; ; , Southern Bavarian: "Bozn") is the capital city of the province of Province of Bolzano-Bozen in northern Italy's Alto Adige. +Its population is 98.057 (March 2005) and the area of the municipality is 52.34 km2. Bolzano has had Italian-speaking inhabitants since the Middle Ages. +City districts and neighboring communities. +Bolzano has five city districts: +Communities next to Bozen are: Eppan, Karneid, Laives, Deutschnofen, Ritten, Jenesien, Terlan, and Vadena. +Other important towns near Bozen are: Brixen, Bruneck and Merano. + += = = Flubber = = = +Flubber is a 1997 American science-fiction comedy film directed by Les Mayfield (who had previously directed another John Hughes scripted remake, "Miracle on 34th Street") and written by Hughes, based on an earlier screenplay by Bill Walsh. A remake of "The Absent-Minded Professor" (1961), the film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and stars Robin Williams, Marcia Gay Harden, Christopher McDonald, Ted Levine, Raymond J. Barry, Wil Wheaton, and Clancy Brown with Madeline Kahn providing a voice. The film grossed $178 million worldwide despite negative reviews. In selected theaters, the "Pepper Ann" episode "Old Best Friend" was featured before the film. + += = = Mary Wollstonecraft = = = +Mary Wollstonecraft (27 April 1759 – 10 September 1797) was a British writer. She was born in Spitalfields, a daughter of a rich farmer who inherited his fortune. Her father was known because he was sometimes violent towards her, her four siblings, and their mother when his farms failed. Mary Wollstonecraft was the second oldest child in her family. She was the oldest female child. She left home at the age of nineteen to work and become independent. +Working in the English city of Bath, Somerset, she developed a disliking for the upper class and their social lives. In 1784 she experienced the near death of her sister Eliza who was also the victim of abuse at the hands of her husband. She escaped with her sister to London to preserve her life. Soon after, her good friend Fanny Blood, died of complications in childbirth. Wollstonecraft suffered depression following this and being in financial straits, she began to write her first book "Thoughts on the Education of Daughters". Then she wrote "". +Wollstonecraft was not only a writer, she was an early feminist and social campaigner. She wrote a children's book as well as her two most famous books "A Vindication of the Rights of Man" (1790), a response to the French Revolution, and "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" (1792) which argued that women should have the same rights and education as men. She called for equal education for boys and girls, believing that education gives the tools necessary to compete with men in public and economic life. +She followed writers such as Catherine Macaulay who wrote "Letters on Education" in 1790, Thomas Paine, and John Locke. One of her most well-known books was "An Historical and Moral View of the Origin and Progress of the French Revolution (1794). She also wrote "The Wrongs of Women", a novel telling of the confines and illusion of marriage and child rearing as the only happiness for women. She was revolutionary in arguing for education and the need for autonomy for women. +Wollstonecraft travelled to Paris in 1792 to take notes on the Revolution. While in Paris, she fell in love with Gilbert Imlay, an American who she later followed to London. She tried to commit suicide when their relationship ended but was rescued from the Thames. She wrote a book titled "Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark" (1796) from a series of letters written to Imlay, to support their daughter Fanny Imlay, born in 1794. In the same year, Wollstonecraft met an old acquaintance and philosopher, William Godwin. They later married. +Wollstonecraft gave birth to their daughter on 30 August 1797. They named her Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin. The child later became wife of Percy Shelley. Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin became Mary Shelley, the author of "Frankenstein". +Wollstonecraft died of complications after labour due to a blood clot. Mary Wollstonecraft died of sepsis in London after her birth and suffered a similar fate as her best friend Fanny Blood whose death inspired her fight for women's rights and her first book. +Her husband William Godwin published "Memoirs of the Author of "A vindication of the Rights of Women"" in memory of her in 1798. + += = = Isle of Wight = = = +The Isle of Wight is an island county that is just off the south coast of England. It is about 40 kilometres (25 miles) by 20 kilometres (13 miles) in size. About one hundred and twenty thousand people live on the island. +The Isle of Wight is a county. This means that it has a council of people who make decisions about some things that affect the people who live there. Until 1890 it was part of the administrative county of Hampshire. The county town of the island, which is the place where the council work, is "Newport". +Many people like to go on holiday on the island. There are many hotels and tourist attractions. Queen Victoria often visited the Isle of Wight where she owned a large mansion called Osborne House. Tourism is the most important industry on the island. +Over half of the island is officially designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It is widely recognised as the most important site in Europe for finding dinosaur remains, and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. +From 2024 health services on the island will be delivered by the newly formed ‘Hampshire and Isle of Wight Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust’, made by joining the Solent NHS Trust, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust and Isle of Wight Trust. + += = = Socks (disambiguation) = = = +Sock or socks could mean: + += = = Alzheimer's disease = = = +Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a brain disease that slowly destroys brain cells. As of now, there is no cure for Alzheimer's disease. With time, the different symptoms of the disease become more marked. Many people die because of Alzheimer's disease. The disease affects different parts of the brain but has its worst effects on the areas of the brain that control memory, language, and thinking skills. Alzheimer's Disease is the most common form of senile dementia accounting for up to 70% of cases. +The clinical symptoms of AD usually occurs after age 65, but changes in the brain which do not cause symptoms and are caused by Alzheimer's, may begin years or in some cases decades before. Although the symptoms of AD begin in older people it is not a normal part of aging. +At this time there is no cure for Alzheimer's, but there are treatments that can help some patients with the signs and symptoms so they do not affect them as badly. There are also treatments which slow down the disease so the damage to the brain does not happen as quickly. There are also certain personal habits that people can learn which may help to delay the onset of the disease. +While it is not yet known exactly what causes Alzheimer's disease, there are a number of risk factors which may make a person more likely to get it. Some of these risk factors are genetic; changes to four different genes have been found which increase the risk. +The current lifetime risk for a 65-year-old person to get Alzheimer's disease is estimated to be at 10.5%. It is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States causing about 83,500 deaths a year. In 2007, there were over 26.6 million people throughout the world who were affected by AD. +Alzheimer's disease was named after Alois Alzheimer, a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist who first described the disease after studying the case of a middle-aged woman, Auguste Deter, who was a patient at a hospital in Frankfurt, Germany in 1906. The disease was named "Alzheimer's disease" in 1910 by Dr. Emil Kraepilin a co-worker of Alzheimer. +Tangles and plaques. +Two of the main features found in the brains of people with of Alzheimer's disease, are "neurobrillary tangles" ('tangles' for short), which are made up of a "protein" called "tau", and "senile plaques" (which are made mostly from another protein called "beta-amyloid", they are also sometimes called "beta-amyloid bundles" or 'bundles' for short). The tau proteins that form the tangles previously held together a structure inside the neurons called a "microtubule" which is an important part of the neuron; it forms part of the "cytoskeleton" (cell skeleton) which is what maintains a cell's shape, and microtubules plays a part in cell communication. +Both tangles and plaques may be caused by other diseases, such as Herpes simplex virus Type 1 which is being investigated as a possible cause or contributor in developing Alzheimer's. It is not known for sure if tangles and plaques are part of what causes Alzheimer's, or if they are the results. +Microtubules +Microtubules are made of a protein called "tubulin". The tubulin is "polymerized", which is when molecules form the same shapes over and over again that are linked together in groups, and these groups are linked together. They can form long chains or other shapes; in this case the polymerized tubulin forms microtubules. The microtubules are rigid tubes like microscopic straws which are hollow inside. Microtubules help keep the shape of the neuron, and are inolved in passing signals through the neuron. +Tau +Tau is a protein that is found mostly in the neurons of the central nervous system. They help hold together the "microtubules" within the neurons. and when changes happen in the way the tau proteins are supposed to work the microtubules break apart. The tau proteins which are no longer holding the microtubules together form strands called "fibrils", which then clump together inside the neuron to make what are called neurofibrillary tangles . These clumps, also known as 'tau tangles', are all that remain after a neuron has died. +Beta-amyloid +Beta-amyloid(A�) (also called 'amyloid beta') plaques start with a protein called amyloid precursor protein (APP). APP is one of the proteins that make up a cell's membrane or outer covering, that protects the cell. In this case a neuron.. As it is made inside the cell, APP sticks out through the membrane of the cell. +In different parts of the of cell including the outermost part of the cell membrane, chemicals called enzymes snip the APP into small pieces. These enzymes that do the snipping are alpha-secretase, beta-secretase, and gamma-secretase. Depending on which enzyme is doing the snipping and what parts of the APP are snipped, two different things can happen. One that is helpful and one that causes the formation of beta-amyloid plaques. +The plaques are formed when beta-secretase snips the APP molecule at one end of the beta-amyloid peptide, releasing sAPP� from the cell. Gamma-secretase then cuts the pieces of APP that is left and, still sticking out of the neuron’s membrane, at the other end of the beta-amyloid peptide. After this snipping the beta-amyloid peptide is released into the space outside the neuron and begins to stick to other beta-amyloid peptides. These pieces stick together to form "oligomers". Different oligomers of various sizes are now floating around in the spaces between the neurons, which may be responsible for reacting with receptors on neighboring cells and synapses, affecting their ability to function. +Some of these oligomers are cleared from the brain. Those that are not cleared out clump together with more pieces of beta-amyloid. As more pieces clump togther the oligomers get bigger larger, and the next size up are called "protofibrils" and the next size after that are called fibrils. After a while, these fibrils clump together with other protein molecules, neurons and non-nerve cells floating around in the space between the cells and form what are called plaques. +Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) +Deposits of beta-amyloid also form in the walls (in the "tunica media", the middle layer, and "tunica adventitia" or "tunica externa", the outer layer) of small and mid-sized arteries (and sometimes veins) in the cerebral cortex and the "leptomeninges" (the "leptomeninges" are the two inner layers - pia mater and arachnoid - of the "meninges", a protective 3-layer membrane covering the brain.) +CAA is found in 30% of people over the age of 60 years who do not have any dementia but is found in 90%-96% of people with Alzheimer disease and is severe in one third to two thirds of these cases. +Stages. +The first area of the brain to be affected by Alzheimer's is the "transentorhinal region" which is part of the "medial temporal lobe" located deep within the brain. Neurons start dying in this area first. It then spreads into the adjacent entorhinal cortex (EC) which acts as a central hub, for a widespread network that handles signals for memory and movement(like a main train station with train tracks going to different areas). +The EC is the main area for communication between the hippocampus, and the neocortex - which is the outer portion of the brain responsible for higher functioning such as how the brain perceives information from the five senses; (smell, sight, taste, touch and hearing; Ex. seeing a person's face and recognizing them,) generating motor commands (Ex, moving and arm or leg, walking, running) spatial reasoning, conscious thought and language. +The disease then spreads into the hippocampus which is part of the limbic system. The hippocampus is the part of the brain that is involved in forming new memories, organizing them, and storing them for later recall. It is also where emotions and senses, such as smell and sound are attached to specific memories. Example 1.: A memory might make you happy or sad. Example 2.: A smell might bring up a certain memory. +The hippocampus then sends memories to the different parts of the cerebral hemisphere where they are placed in long-term storage and it helps retrieve them when necessary. Example: An adult trying to remember the name of a classmate from kindergarten. +In addition to handling memory the hippocampus is also involved in emotional responses, navigation (getting around) and spatial orientation (knowing your sense of place as you move around Example: Knowing your way around your bedroom even with the lights off). +There are actually two parts of the hippocampus which is shaped like a horseshoe with one in the left part of the brain and the other in the right part of the brain. +Diagnosis. +Preclinical +Red Blue Green Purple Orange Purple Orange Green Blue Red +Blue Orange Purple Green Red Purple Green Red Blue Orange +The Stroop Color–Word Test +This is a short example of the test. The test is used to measure different "cognitive functions" such as "selective attention". +Naming the colors of the first set of words is easier and quicker than the second, because in the first set, the colors match the words, in the second set they do not. So a person has to pay more attention. +People having problems with attention as may happen in early-stage Alzheimer's tend to do poorly on this test. +With current research using advances in neuroimaging such as FDG-PET and PIB-PET scans, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assays, it is now possible to detect the beginning processes of Alzheimer's disease that occur before symptoms begin. The research suggests that clinically normal older people (no symptoms at all) have "biomarker" evidence of amyloid beta (A�) build-up in the brain. This amyloid beta (A�) is linked to changes in the structure of the brain and how it works that is the similar to what is seen in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) - which may lead to Alzheimer's - and people with Alzheimer's. +These small preclinical changes (no symptoms) in the brain may occur many years, to even a few decades before a person is diagnosed with Alzheimer's. With a stage where there is some memory loss, or mild cognitive impairment. These changes put a person at risk of developing the clinical symptoms of full-blown Alzheimer's but not everyone who has these changes will get the disease. Even though there is no cure for Alzheimer's, there are new treatments which are being developed which would work better in the very first stages of the disease. +At this time exactly what makes up the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's is still being researched, such as why some people with go on to develop Alzheimer's and others do not. So the term "preclinical phase" is being used for research only. There is a worldwide effort in various countries doing research in this area known as the World Wide Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (WW-ADNI) which is the umbrella organization for neuroimaging studies being carried out through the North American ADNI, European ADNI (E-ADNI), Japan ADNI, Australian ADNI (AIBL), Taiwan ADNI, Korea ADNI, China ADNI and Argentina ADNI. +Beginning stages +"Misdiagnosis in very early stages of Alzheimer's is a significant problem, as there are more than 100 conditions that can mimic the disease. In people with mild memory complaints, our accuracy is barely better than chance," according to study researcher P. Murali Doraiswamy, MBBS, professor of psychiatry and medicine at Duke Medicine, "Given that the definitive gold standard for diagnosing Alzheimer's is autopsy, we need a better way to look into the brain." +History. +In 1901, a 51-year-old woman named Auguste Deter, was committed to the City Asylum for the Insane and Epileptic, ("Städtischen Anstalt für Irre und Epileptische") in Frankfurt am Main, Germany which had the nickname "Irrenschloss" (Castle of the Insane). She was married and had a normal life until eight months prior to her commitment, when she started having psychological and neurological problems, such as problems with memory and language, paranoia, becoming disorientated and having hallucinations. +She was studied by a doctor on staff named Alois Alzheimer (1864–1915). Alzheimer became interested in her case because of her age; while the effects of senile dementia were known at the time, they usually did not start until a person was in their early to mid-sixties. Her case was also notable because of the rapid onset of dementia, only eight months, from the first reported symptoms, until she was committed. +While conducting one of his examinations of Ms. Deter, he asked her to perform a series of simple writing tasks. Unable to do what was asked such as write her name, she said "I have lost myself, so to speak" ("Ich habe mich sozusagen selbst verloren"). +Alzheimer left the hospital in Franfkurt in 1902 to begin working with Emil Kraepelin at the Psychiatric University Hospital in Heidelberg-Bergheim, and in 1903 both he and Kraepelin began working at Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich. +When Ms. Deter died of septicemia on 8 April 1906, Alzheimer was informed and her brain was sent to Munich for him to study. Studying samples of her brain under a microscope he noticed neurofibriallry tangles and bundles made up of beta-amyloid plaque, which are two of the main features of the disease. On 3 November 1906, Alzheimer presented the results of his findings in Auguste's case at the Conference of South-West German Psychiatrists in Tübingen, and he published his findings in the case in 1907. +In 1910, Emil Kraepelin named the disease 'Alzheimer's disease'. Alzheimer's disease usually beigins affecting people between ages 60–65, in Ms. Deter's case - who was 55-years-old when she died - she had a form of what is now known as "Early-onset Alzhiemer's disease". +Famous cases. +Anyone can get Alzheimer's disease, rich people or poor famous people and unfamous people. Some of the famous people who have gotten Alzheimer's disease are former United States President Ronald Reagan and Irish writer Iris Murdoch, both of whom were the subjects of scientific articles examining how their cognitive capacities got worse with the disease. +Other cases include the retired footballer Ferenc Puskás, the former Prime Ministers Harold Wilson (United Kingdom) and Adolfo Suárez (Spain), the actress Rita Hayworth, the Nobel Prize-winner Raymond Davis, Jr., the actors Charlton Heston and Gene Wilder, the novelist Terry Pratchett, politician and activist Sargent Shriver, the Blues musician B.B. King, director Jacques Rivette, Indian politician George Fernandes, +and the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physics recipient Charles K. Kao. In 2012, Nobel Prize writer Gabriel García Márquez was diagnosed with the disease. Former Finnish President Mauno Koivisto died of the disease in May 2017. Country singer Glen Campbell died of the disease in August 2017. + += = = Elaine Paige = = = +Elaine Paige OBE (born Elaine Jill Bickerstaff, 5 March 1948) is an English actress and singer. She was born and raised in Barnet, Hertfordshire. She is known for her roles in musical theater. +Life. +She worked in the theatre from a young age. She quickly became famous in the role of Eva Perón in the musical "Evita" in 1978. She studied acting at the Aida Foster stage school in London and then played roles in the British tour of the show "The Roar of the Greasepaint, the Smell of the Crowd" and the first London production of "Hair". She played Sandy in the London production of "Grease" and appeared as one of Michael Crawford's girlfriends in "Billy". She has since said she was about to leave the world of acting, possibly to become a teacher, but then the role in "Evita" was offered to her. +After "Evita", she did not have any work for a period. She thought that her musical career had seen its best. When the actress Judi Dench had an injury during rehearsals for "Cats", the producers asked Paige play the role in stead of Dench. They stated that the role "was not another "Evita"" and that her role only had one and a half songs. Fortunately, the song was "Memory", which was a top 10 hit for Paige and has become her signature song. +After "Cats", she appeared in "Abbacadbra", an ABBA compilation, and "Chess", also written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus of ABBA but with lyrics by Tim Rice, co-writer of "Evita". Paige then scored a number 1 single, "I Know Him So Well", a song from "Chess", as a duet with Barbara Dickson. +In 1989, she co-produced and starred in a production of Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" in London, which made a star of John Barrowman. In the early 1990s, her relationship with the lyricist Tim Rice stopped and Paige tried an image change by recording an album with a California-based producer in the Bette Midler style entitled "Love Can Do That". Her solo albums had so far been a variety of songs, including the very successful "Stages" in 1983, with songs from musical theatre. In 1993, she returned to the United States to work with Peter Matz on an album called "Romance and the Stage" featuring songs from earlier days of musical theatre. The following year, she recorded, "Piaf", which had music from the role she was playing in the Pam Gems play, also called "Piaf". Critics were impressed by her acting skills in that play. +However, in 1995 she had a role in another musical, playing Norma Desmond in Andrew Lloyd Webber's "Sunset Boulevard". She had always wanted to perform on Broadway and "Sunset Boulevard" now made this possible. For more than a year she played the role. She later had another role in 2000 with the "King and I". She has recently moved more into television and radio work. +Paige was awarded an OBE in 1995. Now she is hosting a Sunday afternoon BBC Radio 2 show which plays music from the stage and film. + += = = Marti Webb = = = +Marti Webb is a British actress and singer born in London in 1944. +She has notably played roles in musical theatre including "Evita", "Cats", "Godspell", "The King and I", "Annie", "Thoroughly Modern Millie", "The Goodbye Girl" and "Song and Dance". +She first came to prominence with the song cycle "Tell Me on a Sunday" which was written for her by Don Black and Andrew Lloyd Webber. Webb recently returned to the show after it was revamped for Denise Van Outen in the West End before she took it on a UK tour. + += = = Yahtzee = = = +Yahtzee is a popular dice game that is well-known all over the world. The object of the game is to roll five dice (up to three times) to create certain combinations such as: +Most of these combinations come from poker. + += = = Tim Rice = = = +Sir Timothy Miles Bindon "Tim" Rice (born 10 November 1944) is an English songwriter and writer. He was born in 1944. Rice is probably best known for his work with Andrew Lloyd Webber on the shows "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", "Jesus Christ Superstar", and "Evita". He also co-wrote the shows "Blondel", "Chess" and the English lyrics for "Starmania". +He had a long-term relationship in the 1980s with the actress Elaine Paige. +In 2018, Rice became one of fifteen people to win an Oscar, Grammy, Tony and Emmy Award. + += = = Evita (musical) = = = +Evita is a musical. The lyrics were written by Tim Rice. The music was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber. The musical is based on the life of Eva Perón (1919-1952), the wife of Argentinian President Juan Perón, which Che is telling. +"Evita" opened on the West End in 1978, and on Broadway in 1979. It won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical and the Tony Award for Best Musical. In 1996, a movie version was released starring Madonna. + += = = Sunset Boulevard (movie) = = = +Sunset Boulevard is a 1950 American black comedy film noir movie about a screenwriter (William Holden) accompanying a retired Hollywood silent movie actress (Gloria Swanson) who wants to return to acting in movies. It was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won three. For Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical theater, it starred Patti LuPone, Glenn Close, Betty Buckley and Elaine Paige. + += = = 1785 = = = +1785 was a common year. + += = = Molière = = = +Molière (1622 – 17 February 1673) was a French actor, director and writer. His real name was Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, Molière was his stage name. He wrote some of the most important comedies in human history. +He was born in Paris where his father owned a carpet shop. As a young person, Molière decided to live an artist's life. At the age of 21, he founded a theatre company that soon went bankrupt. From 1645 to 1658, he toured France with some of his friends. +Later, King Louis XIV made Molière responsible for the entertainment at the court of Versailles near Paris. Molière was happy to have the king among his friends, because he had many enemies, especially important people in the Roman Catholic church. Molière's comedies deal with human weaknesses: jealousy, meanness, hypocrisy, fear of death. By putting his characters in ridiculous situations, Molière wants to entertain and educate his audience. +One of his most important plays is "Tartuffe", showing a bigoted man stealing his way into a rich family. Molière's last play was "Le Malade Imaginaire", called in English "The Hypochondriac". As in many of his comedies, Molière played the main role. He died due to pulmonary tuberculosis on stage during the fourth performance. Because of his problems with the church, he was not allowed to be buried in a church cemetery. + += = = Principality of Sealand = = = +The Principality of Sealand is an unrecognized micronation that claims HM Fort Roughs (also known as Roughs Tower) as its territory. Roughs Tower is an offshore platform in the North Sea around off the coast of Suffolk. Roughs Tower was used as a sea fort in international waters during World War II. Since 1987, the tower has been occupied by the family and associates of Paddy Roy Bates, a former British Army major. Bates took the tower from pirate radio broadcasters in 1967. Sealand was invaded by mercenaries in 1978. Sealand was able to defeat the attack. The platform has been in British territory since 1987, when the United Kingdom made its territorial waters larger. +History. +In 1943, during World War II, HM Fort Roughs (sometimes called Roughs Tower) was built by the United Kingdom as one of the Maunsell Forts. Its main goal was to protect the nearby shipping lanes from German mine-laying vehicles. It held 150–300 Royal Navy personnel throughout World War II. The last time it was used by the Royal Navy was in 1956. +Occupation and creation. +Roughs Tower was used in February and August 1965 by Jack Moore and his daughter Jane. They used it as a base for Wonderful Radio London. +Major Paddy Roy Bates took the fort on 2 September 1967 to use it for his own pirate radio station (Radio Essex). However, he never starting broadcasting. Instead, he declared the independence Roughs Tower as the Principality of Sealand. +In 1968, British workmen entered the claimed territorial waters of the Principality of Sealand to fix a buoy near the platform. Michael Bates (son of Patty Roy Bates) tried to scare the workmen off by firing warning shots from the platform. As Bates was a British subject at the time, he was called to court on firearm charges after the incident. However, the court said that the platform was outside of British waters and the case could not continue. +In 1975, Bates introduced a constitution for Sealand, followed by a national flag, a national anthem, a currency and passports. +1978 attack. +In August 1978, Alexander Achenbach, who said he was the prime minister of Sealand, hired many Dutch and German mercenaries to attack Sealand while Bates and his wife were in Austria. They took the platform and took Bates' son Michael hostage. Michael was able to escape and take back Roughs Tower using weapons stored on the platform. Achenbach was charged with treason. He was held there unless he paid DM 75,000 (more than US$35,000 or £23,000). Germany sent a diplomat from its London embassy to Sealand to negotiate for Achenbach's release. He was released after many weeks of negotiation. Roy Bates claimed that the diplomat's visit meant that Germany had "de facto" recognized Sealand. +2006 fire. +On the afternoon of 23 June 2006, the top platform of Roughs Tower caught fire because of an electrical fault. A Royal Air Force helicopter took one person to Ipswich Hospital. The Harwich lifeboat stayed nearby Roughs Tower until a local fire tug extinguished the fire. All damage was repaired by November 2006. +Attempted sale. +In January 2007, The Pirate Bay, an online media index founded by the Swedish think tank Piratbyrån, tried to buy Sealand after harsher copyright laws forced them to look for a new headquarters. Between 2007 and 2010, Sealand was offered for sale through the Spanish estate company ImmoNaranja at a price of €750 million (£600 million, US$906 million). +Death of founder. +Roy Bates died at the age of 91 on 9 October 2012. He had been suffering from Alzheimer's disease for many years. He was succeeded by his son Michael. Michael Bates lives in Suffolk, where he and his sons run a family fishing business called Fruits of the Sea. Joan Bates, Roy Bates's wife, died in an Essex nursing home at the age of 86 on 10 March 2016. +Legal status. +In 1987, the UK increased its territorial waters from . Sealand is now in British territorial waters. +Administration. +Sealand is ruled by the Bates family as its royal family. Roy Bates called himself "Prince Roy" and his wife "Princess Joan". +At a micronations conference hosted by the University of Sunderland in 2004, Sealand was represented by Michael Bates's son James. The facility is now occupied by one or more caretakers representing Michael Bates, who lives in Essex. +Sealand holds the Guinness World Record for "the smallest area to lay claim to nation status". +Sports. +The Sealand National Football Association is an associate member of the Nouvelle Fédération-Board. The Nouvelle Fédération-Board is a governing body for football for non-recognised states and states that are not members of FIFA. It administers the Sealand national football team. In 2004 the national team played its first international game against Åland Islands national football team, drawing 2–2. +In 2004, mountaineer Slader Oviatt carried the Sealandic flag to the top of Muztagh Ata. Also in 2007, Michael Martelle represented the Principality of Sealand in the World Cup of Kung Fu, held in Quebec City, Canada. Martelle won two silver medals, becoming the first-ever Sealand athlete to be on a world championship podium. +In 2008, Sealand hosted a skateboarding event with Church and East sponsored by Red Bull. +In 2009, Sealand announced the revival of the Sealand Football Association and their plan to compete in a future Viva World Cup. Scottish writer Neil Forsyth was made President of the Association. Sealand played the second game in their history against Chagos Islands on 5 May 2012, losing 3–1. The team included actor Ralf Little and former Bolton Wanderers defender Simon Charlton. +In 2009 and 2010, Sealand sent teams to play in many ultimate frisbee club tournaments in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands. They came 11th at UK nationals in 2010. +On 22 May 2013, the mountaineer Kenton Cool placed a Sealand flag at the summit of Mount Everest. +In 2015, the runner Simon Messenger ran a half-marathon on Sealand as part of his "round the world in 80 runs" challenge. +In August 2018, competitive swimmer Richard Royal became the first person to swim the from Sealand to the mainland, finishing in 3 hrs 29 mins. Royal visited the platform before the swim, getting his passport stamped. He went into the water from the bosun's chair, signaling the start of the swim, and finished on Felixstowe beach. Royal was awarded a Sealand Knighthood by Michael Bates. +An American football team called the Sealand Seahawks was formed in 2021, announcing a game in Ireland against the South Dublin Panthers on 19 February 2022. The Seahawks won the game 42–13. + += = = Sticky note = = = +A sticky note (or Post-it note) is a small piece of paper with a strip of glue along one edge that make it "sticky," so you can stick it to things. It was invented by Arthur Fry. +The most common sticky note is the Post-it, which is made by a company called 3M. In 1974 a man named Arthur Fry came up with the idea for the sticky note. He used a glue that was originally too weak to be used for anything else, so the notes would come off easy. 3M started to sell Post-Its in 1980. +In 2001, the patent for the glue that 3M uses on Post-it notes expired, so many other companies now make similar sticky notes. + += = = Becker (TV series) = = = +Becker was a 1998 American television series. It was a sitcom on the CBS network. It starred Ted Danson as Dr. John Becker, a very grumpy family doctor who is unhappy with his life in The Bronx, New York. Becker became famous for his witty responses and constant negative outlook on all situations. The show aired on Wednesdays, and was cancelled in January 2004. +Characters. +For the first four seasons, the main characters were: +Becker, a Harvard Medical School graduate, runs a neighborhood medical practice. He is easily annoyed by things, and is a very angry person. He has been married and divorced twice. +Becker's office manager, and one of the few people who can not get annoyed by Becker and his ways. Margaret is a motherly-like figure to Becker and Linda. She is married. +A muddle-headed girl whose surname is never revealed. She works at the doctor's office to establish independence from her wealthy parents. +The owner and worker of a diner she inherited from her late father. Reggie is a former model and is unhappy being stuck running a diner. +Becker's best friend. Jake also works at the diner selling newspapers and miscellaneous items such as candy, magazines, cigarettes, gum, etc. Jake is blind following a car accident several years before. +Bob loiters at the diner and is Italian. He is an old high school classmate of Reggie's who is short, annoying, and refers to himself in the third person. + += = = Ted Danson = = = +Edward Bridge "Ted" Danson III (born December 29, 1947) is an American actor and producer. Danson was born in San Diego, California and raised in Flagstaff, Arizona. He is best known from his work on television. His roles include: +Ted Danson was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in 2018, 2019 and 2020 for playing Michael on "The Good Place". "The Good Place" won a Peabody Award in 2019. + += = = Digital camera = = = +A digital camera is a camera that stores pictures in electronic memory instead of film. Because of this, a digital camera can hold many more pictures than a traditional film camera. A digital camera can sometimes hold hundreds or thousands of pictures. Many use a memory card to store them. Most digital cameras can use a USB cable that connects into a computer to send pictures that are in the camera to the computer. +Digital photography is a kind of photography where a digital camera is used to take photos. Digital cameras use an image sensor instead of photographic film. Very often, they also use a memory card to store the photos in a digital format. Most photography is digital, though some photographers still use the old film cameras. +The majority of cameras are part of a mobile phone, called a "camera phone". They can send their pictures to other phones and other devices. Most camera phones do not make as good pictures as larger separate cameras do, especially where light is not bright. +Most digital cameras can serve as Video cameras. Some have a direct link to another computer where the data may be stored. +Data storage. +When you take a picture or a video, it is saved on a memory device. The memory device can be internal - flash memory inside the camera, or external - memory cards, microdrives and so on. The most used method for saving pictures and videos from a camera is a SD card. +The picture can be saved in a compressed file (JPEG, TIFF) or in an uncompressed, proprietary RAW file. The compressed picture is lower quality but the RAW picture has to be processed with a special computer program. +A video is usually saved as an AVI, MPEG or MOV file format (it depends on the producer of the camera). +Most modern cameras also put Exif information in the picture file. This metadata information usually includes the date of taking the picture, the camera type, and its settings. Some cameras include GPS coordinates. + += = = Cheers = = = +Cheers is a long-running American sitcom made by Charles-Burrows-Charles Productions in association with Paramount Television for NBC. The show premiered on September 30, 1982 and had its widely watched series finale on May 20, 1993, followed by a long and ongoing run in syndication. In eleven seasons, there were 270 episodes. +Setting. +"Cheers" was set in a Boston bar. This bar was where a group of friends would come to sit, drink alcohol, complain, and make practical jokes on a rival bar in town. +The show's main theme in its early seasons was the romance between Diane Chambers (Shelley Long) and ex-baseball pitcher and bar owner Sam Malone (Ted Danson). Long's departure from the show in 1987 shifted the emphasis to Sam's relationship with a new character, Rebecca Howe (Kirstie Alley). Diane returned for the finale. +The show also created the character Frasier Crane. Frasier got his own show ("Frasier") the season after "Cheers" ended. Frasier's love interest Lilith Sternin appeared on both shows but Frasier and Lilith were no longer married in "Frasier". +The producers, not wanting the show to be construed as promoting drinking, had Sam's character written as an ex-alcoholic. Most of the early episodes took place entirely within the confines of the bar. When the series became popular, some scenes were outside the bar. +The outer shots of the bar were actually the Bull and Finch pub, north of Boston Common, which has become a tourist attraction because of its association with the series. It is said to be the bar that the series creators saw and wanted to model the bar in their show after. It has now been renamed Cheers on Beacon Hill, though its interior is quite different from the TV bar. +Ratings. +It was nearly cancelled during its first season (in which it ranked dead last among 63 shows). But it eventually became one of the most popular shows on TV because it had a top-ten rating during seven of its eleven seasons. The show earned 26 Emmy Awards out of a total of 111 nominations. +Cancellation and spin-off. +In June 1993, the series was canceled after 11 seasons. A spin-off, "Frasier", premiered in September 1993. + += = = Jackie Chan Adventures = = = +Jackie Chan Adventures is an American of The Walt Disney Company animated television series. Episodes were first broadcast on the WB television network, and later syndicated on other networks such as the Cartoon Network. It features fictionalized Jackie Chan and his niece Jade on their adventures trying to stop evil. + += = = Stapler = = = +A stapler is an office tool that is used to place thin items such as paper together. It uses a small piece of wire (a staple) to put them together. The ends of the staple are pointed and go into the paper. There is also a chain of stores called "Staples", which sell office supplies. +When you press the stapler down, it will release a staple. The staple is pressed into the paper, and then bent. That way the pieces of paper get stuck together. + += = = Pixar = = = +Pixar Animation Studios () or simply Pixar, is an American animation studio. It is known for its advanced CGI productions. It has been a partner of Disney for many years. In 2006, Disney bought the company. The company’s studio lot is located in Emeryville, California. +Pixar started as a division of George Lucas' Lucasfilm in early 1979. In 1986, Apple Inc. founder Steve Jobs bought it for $10 million. He worked as a chairman and CEO until 2011. +The company has made a total of 28 movies and short films based on the characters, starting with "Toy Story" which was released on November 22, 1995, "Toy Story 2" was premiered in 1999 and "Toy Story 3" was made in 2010. The fourth film of the franchise is "Toy Story 4" which released in 2019. The "Toy Story" franchise has globally become the highest-grossing animated films of all time and has also released several short films and several television series. + += = = Finding Nemo = = = +Finding Nemo is a 2003 American computer-animated comedy adventure movie written and directed by Andrew Stanton, released by Walt Disney Pictures, and the fifth film produced by Pixar Animation Studios. It tells the story of the over-protective clownfish named Marlin (Albert Brooks) who searches for his captured son Nemo (Alexander Gould), along with a regal blue tang named Dory (Ellen DeGeneres) in Sydney Harbour. Along the way, Marlin learns to take risks and let Nemo take care of himself. It is Pixar's first film to be released in cinemas in the northern hemisphere summer. The film was re-released for the first time in 3D on September 14, 2012, and it was released on Blu-ray on December 4, 2012. A sequel, "Finding Dory", was released on January 12, 2016. +The film received extremely positive reviews and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. It was the second highest-grossing film of the year, earning a total of $921 million worldwide. "Finding Nemo" is also the best-selling DVD of all time, with over 40 million copies sold as of 2011, and was the highest money making G-rated film of all time before "" overtook it. It is also the 22nd highest money making film of all time, as well as the 3rd highest money making animated film. In 2008, the American Film Institute named it the tenth greatest animated film ever made during their Top 10. +The movie itself is dedicated to the memory of Glenn McQueen, who died in 2002, before the movie was released. +Plot. +Two clownfish, Marlin and his wife Coral are admiring their new home in the Great Barrier Reef and their clutch of eggs that are due to hatch in a few days. Suddenly, a barracuda attacks them, and Marlin tries to defend and save his eggs, leaving Marlin unconscious. Coral and all but one of their eggs are also eaten. Marlin names this egg Nemo, a name that Coral liked. +The movie next shows Nemo's first day of school. Nemo has a tiny right fin, because his egg was injured by the barracuda attack. This makes it difficult for him to swim. After Marlin embarrasses Nemo during a school field trip by mistake, Nemo refuses and sneaks away from the reef towards a boat. So he gets captured by scuba divers. As the boat sails away, one of the divers accidentally knocks his diving mask into the water. +While trying to save Nemo, Marlin meets Dory, a good-hearted and optimistic Regal blue tang with short-term memory loss. While meeting three sharks on a fish-free diet, Bruce, a great white shark; Anchor, a hammerhead shark; and Chum, a mako shark, Marlin discovers the diver's mask that was dropped from the boat and notices an address written on it. However, when he angrily argues with Dory and accidentally gives her a nosebleed, the scent of blood causes Bruce to lose control of himself and attempt to eat Marlin and Dory. The two escape from Bruce but the mask falls into a trench in the deep sea. During a hazardous struggle with an anglerfish in the trench, Dory realizes she is able to read the address written on the mask, which leads to Sydney, Australia, and manages to remember it. She repeats " P. Sherman 42 Wallaby Way Sydney" to keep it in her memory. After receiving directions to Sydney from a large school of Silver moony, Marlin and Dory accidentally run into a bloom of jellyfish that nearly sting them to death; Marlin falls exhausted after the risky escape and wakes up to see a surf-cultured Green sea turtle named Crush, who takes Dory and him on the East Australian Current, referred to as the EAC by the animals. In the current, Marlin shares the story of his journey with a group of young sea turtles who spread the story around the ocean. +Meanwhile, Nemo's captor - P. Sherman, a dentist - places him into a fish tank in his office on Sydney Harbour. There, Nemo meets a group of aquarium fish called the "Tank Gang", led by a crafty and ambitious moorish idol named Gill. The "Tank Gang" includes Peach, a starfish; Bloat, a puffer fish; Bubbles, a Yellow tang; Deb, a Blacktailed humbug Gurgle, a Royal gramma; and Jacques, a pacific cleaner shrimp;. The fish are frightened to learn that the dentist plans to give Nemo to his niece, Darla. She is infamous for killing a goldfish given to her previously by constantly shaking the bag. In order to avoid this fate, Gill gives Nemo a role in an escape plan, which involves jamming the tank's filter and forcing the dentist to remove the fish from the tank to clean it manually. The fish could be placed in plastic bags, at which point they could only roll out the window and into the harbor. After a friendly pelican named Nigel visits with news of Marlin's adventure, Nemo succeeds in jamming the filter, but the plan backfires when the dentist installs a new high-tech filter. +While leaving the East Australian Current, Marlin and Dory get lost in the blooms of plankton and krill and are caught by a blue whale. Inside the whale's immense mouth, Marlin tries to escape while Dory talks with it in whale-speak. So, the whale carries them to Sydney Harbour and expels them through his blowhole. They are met by Nigel, who recognizes Marlin from the stories he has heard and rescues him and Dory from a flock of hungry seagulls by scooping them into his beak and taking them to the dentist's man's office. By this time, Darla has arrived and the dentist is prepared to give Nemo to her. Nemo tries to play dead in hopes of saving himself, and, at the same time, Nigel arrives. Marlin sees Nemo and mistakes this act for the actual death of his son. After a struggle, Gill helps Nemo escape into a drain through a sink. +Sad, Marlin leaves Dory and begins to swim back home. Poor Dory then loses her memory and becomes a little worried, but meets Nemo, who has reached the ocean, has no memory of him. As you know, Dory's memory is restored again after she reads the word "Sydney" on a nearby drainpipe and, remembering her journey, she guides Nemo to Marlin. After the two joyfully reunite, Dory is caught in a fishing net with a school of grouper. Nemo bravely enters the net and directs the group to swim downward to break the net, reminiscent of a similar scenario that occurred in the fish tank earlier. The fish, including Dory, succeed in breaking the net and escape. After some days, Nemo leaves for school once more and Marlin who is no longer overprotective after all. +Back at the dentist's office, the high-tech filter breaks down and The Tank Gang escape into the harbor. But, they realize that they are trapped in the bags of water that the dentist put them into when cleaning the tank. +Reception. +"Finding Nemo" currently holds a 99% fresh rating at Rotten Tomatoes with 100% by top critics, and an average of 89% on Metacritic. Roger Ebert gave the film four stars, calling it "one of those rare movies where I always wanted to sit in the front row and let the images wash out to the edges of my field of vision." The late broadway stars Paul Winchell, John Fiedler, and Ken Sansom who were the voices of three of Pooh's friends, Tigger, Piglet, & Rabbit in the "Winnie the Pooh" franchise, said "Finding Nemo" was their favorite animated film. +The film's use of clownfish prompted mass purchase of the animal as pets in the United States, even though the movie portrayed the use of fish as pets negatively and suggested that saltwater aquariums are notably tricky and expensive to maintain. The demand for clownfish was supplied by large-scale harvesting of tropical fish in regions like Vanuatu. +At the same time, the film had a quote that "all drains lead back to the ocean" (Nemo escapes from the aquarium by going down a sink drain, ending up in the sea). Since water typically undergoes treatment before leading to the ocean, the JWC Environmental company quipped that a more realistic title for the movie might be "Grinding Nemo". However, in Sydney, much of the sewer system does really pass directly to outfall pipes deep offshore, without a high level of treatment (although pumping and some filtering occur). Additionally, according to the DVD, there was a cut sequence with Nemo going through a treatment plant's mechanisms before ending up in the ocean pipes. However, in the final product, logos for "Sydney Water Treatment" are featured prominently along the path to the ocean, implying that Nemo really did pass through some water treatment. +The Australian Tourism Commission (ATC) launched several marketing campaigns in China and the USA in order to improve tourism in Australia, many of them using "Finding Nemo" clips. Queensland also used "Finding Nemo" to draw tourists to promote its state for vacationers. +On the 3-D re-release, Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly wrote that its emotional power was deepened by "the dimensionality of the oceanic deep" where "the spatial mysteries of watery currents and floating worlds are exactly where 3-D explorers were born to boldly go." +The 3-D re-release also prompted a retrospective on the film then nine years after its initial release. Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star-Ledger described it as "A genuinely funny and touching film that, in less than a decade, has established itself as a timeless classic," with Roger Moore of the McClatchy-Tribune News Service calling the movie "the gold standard against which all other modern animated films are measured." +Home media. +"Finding Nemo" was released on DVD and VHS on November 4, 2003. The film was also released on DVD in a "Gold Edition", which came with a "Finding Nemo" stuffed toy character. The film had a home video release on both Blu-ray and Blu-ray 3D on December 4, 2012, with both a 3-disc and a 5-disc set and was released on 4K Ultra-HD on September 10, 2019. +Production. +The inspiration for Nemo was made up of multiple experiences. The idea goes back to when director Andrew Stanton was a child, when he loved going to the dentist to see the fish tank, assuming that the fish were from the ocean and wanted to go home. In 1996 shortly after his son was born, he and his family took a trip to Six Flags Discovery Kingdom (which was called Marine World at the time). There he saw the shark tube and various exhibits he felt that the underwater world had bene done beautifully in computer animation. Later, in 2001 he took his son for a walk in the park, but found that he was over protecting him constantly and lost an opportunity to have any "father-son experiences" on that day. In an interview with "National Geographic" magazine, he stated that the idea for the characters of Marlin and Nemo came from a photograph of two clownfish peeking out of an anemone:"It was so arresting. I had no idea what kind of fish they were, but I wasn't taking my eyes off them. And as an entertainer, the fact that they were called clownfish—it was perfect. There's almost nothing more appealing than these little fish that want to play peekaboo with you." Also, clownfish are very colourful, but don't seem to tend to come out of an anemone very often, and for a character who has to go on a dangerous journey, Stanton felt a clownfish was the perfect kind of fish for the character. +Pre-production of the film took place in early 1997. Stanton began writing the screenplay during the post-production of "A Bug's Life". As such, it began production with a complete screenplay, something that co-director Lee Unkrich called "very unusual for an animated film." The artists took scuba diving lessons so they could go and study the coral reef. The idea for the initiation sequence came from a story conference between Andrew Stanton and Bob Peterson while driving to record the actors. Ellen DeGeneres was cast after Stanton was watching "Ellen" with his wife and seeing Ellen "change the subject five times before finishing one sentence" as Stanton recalled. There was a pelican character known as Gerald (who in the final film ends up swallowing and choking on Marlin and Dory) who was originally a friend of Nigel. They were going to play against each other as Nigel being neat fastidious while Gerald being scruffy and sloppy. However the filmmakers had not found an appropriate scene for them that didn't slow the pace of the picture down, so Gerald's character was minimized. +Stanton himself provided the voice of Crush the sea turtle. Stanton originally did the voice for the film's story reel, and assumed they would find an actor later. When Stanton's performance was popular in test screenings, Stanton decided to keep his performance in the film. Stanton recorded all his dialogue while lying on a sofa in co-director Lee Unkrich's office. +Crush's son Squirt was voiced by Nicholas Bird, the young son of fellow Pixar director Brad Bird. According to Stanton, the elder Bird was playing a tape recording of his young son around the Pixar studios one day. Stanton felt the voice was "this generation's Thumper" and immediately cast Nicholas. +Megan Mullally revealed that she was originally doing a voice in the film. According to Mullally, the producers were dissatisfied to learn that the voice of her character Karen Walker on the television show "Will & Grace" was not her natural speaking voice. The producers hired her anyway, and then strongly encouraged her to use her Karen Walker voice for the role. When Mullally refused, she was dismissed. +The film was dedicated to Glenn McQueen, a Pixar animator who died of melanoma in October 2002. +Finding Nemo shares many plot elements with "Pierrot the Clownfish", a children's book published in 2002, but allegedly conceived in 1995. The author, Franck Le Calvez, sued Disney for infringement of his intellectual rights. The judge ruled against him, citing the color differences between Pierrot and Nemo. +To ensure that the movements of the fish in the film were believable the animators essentially took a crash course in fish biology and oceanography. They visited aquariums, went diving in Hawaii and received in-house lectures from an ichthyologist. +Box office. +"Finding Nemo" earned $380,673,009 in North America, and $540,900,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $921,573,009. It is the second highest-grossing film of 2003, behind '. In North America, outside North America, and worldwide, it was the highest-grossing film, up until 2020 when ' surpassed it. +"Finding Nemo" set an opening-weekend record for an animated feature, making $70,251,710 (first surpassed by "Sausage Party"). It became the highest-grossing animated film in North America ($339.7 million), outside North America ($528.2 million) and worldwide ($867.9 million), in all three occasions outgrossing "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh". In North America, it was surpassed by both "Sausage Party" in 2016, and "The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge On the Run" in 2020. After the re-release of "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" in 2016, it stands as the fourth highest-grossing animated film in these regions. Outside North America, it was surpassed by "Sausage Party", "The Tigger Movie", and "". Worldwide, it now ranks third among animated films. +The film had impressive box office runs in many international markets. In Japan, its highest-grossing market after North America, it grossed $102.4 million becoming the highest-grossing Western animated film until it was out-grossed by "The Tigger Movie" ($126.7 million). Following in biggest grosses are the UK, Ireland and Malta, where it grossed £37.2 million ($67.1 million), France and the Maghreb region ($64.8 million), Germany ($53.9 million), and Spain ($29.5 million). +3D re-release. +After the success of the 3D re-release of "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" on February 8, 2013, Disney and Pixar re-released "Finding Nemo" in 3D on September 14, 2012, with a conversion cost estimated below $5 million. For the opening weekend of its 3D re-release in North America, "Finding Nemo" grossed $16.7 million, debuting at the No. 2 spot behind "". From seven foreign markets, it earned a total of $5.1 million. +Accolades. +Finding Nemo won the Academy Award and Saturn Award for Best Animated Film. It also won the award for best Animated Film at the Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards, the Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards, the National Board of Review Awards, the Online Film Critics Society Awards, and the Toronto Film Critics Association Awards. +The film received many awards, including: +"Finding Nemo" was also nominated for: +In June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its "Ten top Ten", the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. "Finding Nemo" was acknowledged as the 10th best film in the animation genre. It was the most recently released film among all ten lists, and one of only three movies made after the year 2000, the others being "" and "Shrek". +Video game. +A video game based on the film was released in 2003, for PC, Xbox, PS2, GameCube and GBA. +Sequel. +In 2005, after disagreements between Disney's Michael Eisner and Pixar's Steve Jobs over the distribution of Pixar's films, Disney announced that they would be creating a new animation studio, Circle 7 Animation, to make sequels to the seven Disney-owned Pixar films (which consisted of the films released between 1995 and 2011). The studio had put "Toy Story 4" and "Monsters at Work" in development, and had also hired screenwriter Laurie Craig to write a draft for "Finding Nemo 2". Circle 7 was subsequently shut down after Robert Iger replaced Eisner as CEO of Disney and arranged the acquisition of Pixar. +In July 2012, it was reported that Andrew Stanton is developing a sequel to "Finding Nemo", with Victoria Strouse writing the script and a schedule to be released in 2016. However, the same day the news of a potential sequel broke, director Andrew Stanton posted a message on his personal Twitter calling into question the accuracy of these reports. The message said, "Didn't you all really learn from "Toy Story 4"? Everyone calm down. Don't believe everything you read. Nothing to see here now. #skyisnotfalling" According to the report by Hollywood Reporter published in August 2012, Ellen DeGeneres is in negotiations to reprise her role of Dory. In September 2012, it was confirmed by Stanton saying: "What was immediately on the list was writing a second "Carter" movie. When that went away, everything slid up. I know I'll be accused by more sarcastic people that it's a reaction to "Carter" not doing well, but only in its timing, but not in its conceit." + += = = Fibonacci = = = +Fibonacci, also known as Leonardo Pisano (c. 1170 - c. 1250 AD), was a famous Italian mathematician. +Probably born in Pisa, Italy, Fibonacci was raised and educated in North Africa. This was because his father was a diplomat for the Republic of Pisa. While in North Africa, Fibonacci studied mathematics with an Arab teacher. Later, Fibonacci traveled to many different places, including Egypt, Syria, Sicily, and Greece, "where he studied different numerical systems and methods of calculation." +After his travels, Fibonacci returned to Pisa. He wrote many mathematical texts, including "Liber Abaci." This text became very famous and popularized the Hindu-Arabic numeral system in Europe. He also introduced the Fibonacci Sequence to Europe. +The Fibonacci Sequence is infinitely large, but it begins like this: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, etc. Each number is the sum of the two numbers that come before it. Also, when one number is divided by the one that comes right before it, the result gets closer and closer to the golden ratio. + += = = Richard Stallman = = = +Richard Stallman (born March 16, 1953) is the founder of the free software movement, the GNU project, and the Free Software Foundation. He is also a famous hacker. He created GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, and the GNU Debugger. He is one of the main authors of the GNU General Public License ("GNU GPL" or "GPL"), the most used free software license, which pioneered the concept of the copyleft. +Since the mid-1990s, he has spent most of his time as a political campaigner, talking about free software and campaigning against proprietary software, software idea patents and expansions of copyright law. The time that he still spends on programming is spent on GNU Emacs. He is currently supported by various fellowships and maintains a modest standard of living. + += = = National Hockey League = = = +The National Hockey League or NHL, is the highest-level ice hockey league in the world. It has 32 teams - 7 from Canada and 25 from the United States. The championship trophy is the Stanley Cup. +The NHL were founded in 1917. There were five original teams in 1917: +They played 22 games a year. The Wanderers had to stop playing in the first year because their arena burned down. Over the years some teams died out, and others were created: the Boston Bruins, New York Americans, Montreal Maroons, Pittsburgh Pirates (later Philadelphia Quakers), New York Rangers, Chicago Black Hawks and Detroit Cougars (later Falcons, then Red Wings). +Some teams folded during the Great Depression, so by 1942 there were only six teams: +There were only these six teams for 25 years, so they became known as the "Original Six". +By the 1940s, they were playing 50 games a year, but this increased slowly to 80 games by the 1970s. In 1967, the league increased to 12 teams. By 1979 it had 21 teams, and today it has 32. Some of the teams that no longer exist are the Oakland Seals, Minnesota North Stars (now the Dallas Stars), Winnipeg Jets (now the Arizona Coyotes), Kansas City Scouts (which became the Colorado Rockies and are now the New Jersey Devils), Hartford Whalers (now the Carolina Hurricanes), Quebec Nordiques (now the Colorado Avalanche) and Atlanta Thrashers (now the current Winnipeg Jets). +Today they play 82 games a year, plus four rounds of playoffs. The players make a lot of money (many make over a million dollars a year). Because they could make so much money, many Europeans came over to North America to play in the NHL. Today almost all the world's best hockey players are in the NHL. +References. +Notes + += = = Isaac Asimov = = = +Isaac Asimov ( – April 6, 1992) was a writer of science fiction. He was also a biochemist with a PhD from Columbia University. +Life. +Asimov was born in Petrovichi, Smolensk Oblast, Russian SFSR to a Jewish family, on an unknown date between October 4, 1919 and January 2, 1920. Asimov celebrated his birthday on January 2. He was taken to the United States when he was three, and learned English and Yiddish as his native languages. He wrote many books. People know about Isaac Asimov because of his science fiction books and his science books for non-scientists. +Writing. +Asimov's most famous books were the Foundation series. He also wrote the "Galactic Empire," the "Robot" Series, mystery, fantasy, and non-fiction books. He wrote the Norby series with his wife, Janet Asimov. He wrote or edited over 500 books and about 90,000 letters. Other subjects he wrote about were history, the Bible, literature, and sexuality. +Many of Asimov's early writings were short stories published in cheap science fiction and fantasy magazines. Years later, most of them were collected and republished as collections. Well-known collections include "I, Robot", "The Rest of the Robots", "Earth is Room Enough" and "The Early Asimov". +Asimov's reading list. +Asimov made a list of 15 of his science fiction books, which he advised should be read in this order: +Numbers 1–5 are 'Robot' books; 6–8 are 'Galacticos Empire' books; 9–15 are Foundation series books. +Asimov's novels have influenced science fiction on television and movie. Especially his 'Three Laws of Robotics' is a lasting contribution to our thinking. +Beliefs. +Although ethnically a Jew, Asimov was an atheist: +Death. +When he had heart surgery in 1983, he received blood infected with HIV. He developed AIDS, and died of the effects of the medical condition in 1992. His widow did not speak of this until years later. + += = = 1980 = = = +1980 (MCMLXXX) was . + += = = 1963 = = = +1963 (MCMLXIII) was . + += = = 1977 = = = +1977 (MCMLXXVII) was . + += = = 1907 = = = +1907 (MCMVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. + += = = 1911 = = = +1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. + += = = 1962 = = = +1962 (MCMLXII) was . + += = = Evolution = = = +Evolution is a biological process. It is how living things change over time and how new species develop. The theory of evolution explains how evolution works, and how living and extinct things have come to be the way they are. The theory of evolution is an essential idea in biology. Theodosius Dobzhansky, a well-known evolutionary biologist, said: "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution". +Evolution has been happening since life started on Earth and is happening now. Evolution is caused mostly by natural selection. Living things are not identical to each other. Even living things of the same species look, move, and behave differently to some extent. Some differences make it easier for living things to survive and reproduce. +Differences may make it easier to find food, hide from danger, or give birth to offspring which survive. The offspring will have some of the things which made it easier for their parents to have and raise them. Over time, these good differences continue and are spread through the population. Many generations pass and living things change enough to become new species. +Individuals who have differences that make it harder to find food, have offspring or avoid being eaten are likely not to have offspring at all and so will not give rise to future generations. +It is known that living things have changed over time, because their remains can be seen in the rocks. These remains are called 'fossils'. This proves that the animals and plants of today are different from those of long ago. The older the fossils, the bigger the differences from modern forms. This has happened because evolution has taken place. That evolution has taken place is a fact, because it is overwhelmingly supported by many lines of evidence. At the same time, evolutionary questions are still being actively researched by biologists. +Comparison of DNA sequences allows organisms to be grouped by how similar their sequences are. In 2010 an analysis compared sequences to phylogenetic trees, and supported the idea of common descent. There is now "strong quantitative support, by a formal test", for the unity of life. +Evidence. +The evidence for evolution is given in a number of books. Some of this evidence is discussed here. +Fossils show that change has occurred. +The realization that some rocks contain fossils was a very important event in natural history. There are three parts to this story: +1. The realization that things in rocks which "looked" organic actually "were" the altered remains of living things. This was settled in the 16th and 17th centuries by Conrad Gessner, Nicolaus Steno, Robert Hooke and others. +2. The realization that many fossils represented species which do not exist today. It was Georges Cuvier, the comparative anatomist, who proved that extinction occurred and that different strata contained different fossils.p108 +3. The realization that early fossils were simpler organisms than later fossils. Also, the later the rocks, the more like the present day are the fossils. +Geographical distribution. +Where species live is a topic which fascinated both Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. When new species occur, usually by the splitting of older species, this takes place in one place in the world. Once it is established, a new species may spread to some places and not others. +Australasia. +Australasia has been separated from other continents for many millions of years. In the main part of the continent, Australia, 83% of mammals, 89% of reptiles, 90% of fish and insects, and 93% of amphibians are endemic. Its native mammals are mostly marsupials like kangaroos, bandicoots, and quolls. By contrast, marsupials are today totally absent from Africa and form a small portion of the mammalian fauna of South America, where opossums, shrew opossums, and the monito del monte occur (see the Great American Interchange). +The only living representatives of primitive egg-laying mammals (monotremes) are the echidnas and the platypus. They are only found in Australasia, which includes Tasmania, New Guinea, and Kangaroo Island. These monotremes are totally absent in the rest of the world. On the other hand, Australia is missing many groups of placental mammals that are common on other continents (carnivora, artiodactyls, shrews, squirrels, lagomorphs), although it does have indigenous bats and rodents, which arrived later. +The evolutionary story is that placental mammals evolved in Eurasia, and wiped out the marsupials and monotremes wherever they spread. They did not reach Australasia until more recently. That is the simple reason why Australia has most of the world's marsupials and all the world's monotremes. +Evolution of horses. +The evolution of the horse family (Equidae) is a good example of the way that evolution works. The oldest fossil of a horse is about 52 million years old. It was a small animal with five toes on the front feet and four on the hind feet. At that time, there were more forests in the world than today. This horse lived in woodland, eating leaves, nuts and fruit with its simple teeth. It was only about as big as a fox. +About 30 million years ago the world started to become cooler and drier. Forests shrank; grassland expanded, and horses changed. They ate grass, they grew larger, and they ran faster because they had to escape faster predators. Because grass wears teeth out, horses with longer-lasting teeth had an advantage. +For most of this long period of time, there were a number of horse types (genera). Now only one genus exists: the modern horse, "Equus". It has teeth which grow all its life, hooves on single toes, great long legs for running, and the animal is big and strong enough to survive in the open plain. Horses lived in western Canada until 12,000 years ago, but all horses in North America became extinct about 11,000 years ago. The causes of this extinction are not yet clear. Climate change and over-hunting by humans are suggested. +So, scientists can see that changes have happened. They have happened slowly over a long time. How these changes have come about is explained by the theory of evolution. +Hawaiian "Drosophila" (fruit flies). +In about , the Hawaiian Islands have the most diverse collection of "Drosophila" flies in the world, living from rainforests to mountain meadows. About 800 Hawaiian fruit fly species are known. +Genetic evidence shows that all the native fruit fly species in Hawaii have descended from "a single ancestral species" that came to the islands, about 20 million years ago. Later adaptive radiation was caused by a lack of competition and a wide variety of vacant niches. Although it would be possible for a single pregnant female to colonise an island, it is more likely to have been a group from the same species. +Distribution of "Glossopteris". +The combination of continental drift and evolution can explain what is found in the fossil record. "Glossopteris" is an extinct species of seed fern plants from the Permian period on the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana. +"Glossopteris" fossils are found in Permian strata in southeast South America, southeast Africa, all of Madagascar, northern India, all of Australia, all of New Zealand, and scattered on the southern and northern edges of Antarctica. +During the Permian, these continents were connected as Gondwana. This is known from magnetic striping in the rocks, other fossil distributions, and glacial scratches pointing away from the temperate climate of the South Pole during the Permian.p103 +Common descent. +When biologists look at living things, they see that animals and plants belong to groups which have something in common. Charles Darwin explained that this followed naturally if "we admit the common parentage of allied forms, together with their modification through variation and natural selection".p402p456 +For example, all insects are related. They share a basic body plan, whose development is controlled by master regulatory genes. They have six legs; they have hard parts on the outside of the body (an exoskeleton); they have eyes formed of many separate chambers, and so on. Biologists explain this with evolution. All insects are the descendants of a group of animals who lived a long time ago. They still keep the basic plan (six legs and so on) but the details change. They look different now because they changed in different ways: this is evolution. +It was Darwin who first suggested that all life on Earth had a single origin, and from that beginning "endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved".p490 Evidence from molecular biology in recent years has supported the idea that all life is related by common descent. +Vestigial structures. +Strong evidence for common descent comes from vestigial structures.p397 The useless wings of flightless beetles are sealed under fused wing covers. This can be simply explained by their descent from ancestral beetles which had wings that worked.p49 +Rudimentary body parts, those that are smaller and simpler in structure than corresponding parts in ancestral species, are called vestigial organs. Those organs are functional in the ancestral species but are now either nonfunctional or re-adapted to a new function. Examples are the pelvic girdles of whales, halteres (hind wings) of flies, wings of flightless birds, and the leaves of some xerophytes ("e.g." cactus) and parasitic plants ("e.g." dodder). +However, vestigial structures may have their original function replaced with another. For example, the halteres in flies help balance the insect while in flight, and the wings of ostriches are used in mating rituals and aggressive displays. The ear ossicles in mammals are former bones of the lower jaw. +In 1893, Robert Wiedersheim published a book on human anatomy and its relevance to man's evolutionary history. This book contained a list of 86 human organs that he considered vestigial. This list included examples such as the appendix and the 3rd molar teeth (wisdom teeth). +The strong grip of a baby is another example. It is a vestigial reflex, a remnant of the past when pre-human babies clung to their mothers' hair as the mothers swung through the trees. Human babies' feet curl up when they are sitting down, while primate babies can grip with their feet as well. All primates except modern man have thick body hair which an infant can grasp, unlike modern humans. The grasp reflex allows the mother to escape danger by climbing a tree using both hands and feet. +Vestigial organs often have some selection against them. The original organs take resources to build and maintain. If they no longer have a function, reducing their size improves fitness. There is direct evidence of selection. Some cave crustacea reproduce more successfully with smaller eyes than do those with larger eyes. This may be because the nervous tissue dealing with sight now becomes available to handle other sensory input.p310 +Embryology. +From the eighteenth century, it was known that embryos of different species were much more similar than the adults. In particular, some parts of embryos reflect their evolutionary past. For example, the embryos of land vertebrates develop gill slits like fish embryos. Of course, this is only a temporary stage, which gives rise to many structures in the neck of reptiles, birds, and mammals. The proto-gill slits are part of a complicated system of development: that is why they persisted. +Another example is the embryonic teeth of baleen whales. They are later lost. The baleen filter is developed from different tissue, called keratin. Early fossil baleen whales did actually have teeth as well as the baleen. +A good example is the barnacle. It took many centuries before natural historians discovered that barnacles were crustacea. Their adults look so unlike other crustacea, but their larvae are very similar to those of other crustacea. +Artificial selection. +Charles Darwin lived in a world where animal husbandry and domesticated crops were vitally important. In both cases, farmers selected individuals for breeding that had desirable characteristics and prevented the breeding of individuals with less desirable characteristics. The eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw growth in scientific agriculture. Some of that growth was due to artificial breeding. +Darwin discussed artificial selection as a model for natural selection in the 1859 first edition of his work "On the Origin of Species", in Chapter IV: Natural selection: +Nikolai Vavilov showed that rye, originally a weed, came to be a crop plant by unintentional selection. Rye is a tougher plant than wheat: it survives in harsher conditions. Having become a crop like wheat, rye was able to become a crop plant in harsh areas, such as hills and mountains. +There is no real difference in the genetic processes underlying artificial and natural selection, and the concept of artificial selection was used by Charles Darwin as an illustration of the wider process of natural selection. There are practical differences. Experimental studies of artificial selection show that "the rate of evolution in selection experiments is at least two orders of magnitude (that is 100 times) greater than any rate seen in nature or the fossil record".p157 +Artificial new species. +Some have thought that artificial selection could not produce new species. It now seems that it can. +New species have been created by domesticated animal husbandry, but the details are not known or not clear. For example, domestic sheep were created by hybridisation, and no longer produce viable offspring with "Ovis orientalis", one species from which they are descended. Domestic cattle, on the other hand, can be considered the same species as several varieties of wild ox, gaur, yak, etc., as they readily produce fertile offspring with them. +The best-documented new species came from laboratory experiments in the late 1980s. William Rice and G.W. Salt bred fruit flies, "Drosophila melanogaster," using a maze with three different choices of habitat such as light/dark and wet/dry. Each generation was put into the maze, and the groups of flies that came out of two of the eight exits were set apart to breed with each other in their respective groups. +After thirty-five generations, the two groups and their offspring were isolated reproductively because of their strong habitat preferences: they mated only within the areas they preferred, and so did not mate with flies that preferred the other areas. +Diane Dodd was also able to show how reproductive isolation can develop from mating preferences in "Drosophila pseudoobscura" fruit flies after only eight generations using different food types, starch, and maltose. +Dodd's experiment has been easy for others to repeat. It has also been done with other fruit flies and foods. +Observable changes. +Some biologists say that evolution has happened when a trait that is caused by genetics becomes more or less common in a group of organisms. Others call it evolution when new species appear. +Changes can happen quickly in smaller, simpler organisms. For example, many bacteria that cause disease can no longer be killed with some antibiotic medicines. These medicines have only been in use since the 1940s, and at first, they worked extremely well. The bacteria have evolved so that they are less affected by antibiotics. The drugs killed off all the bacteria except a few which had some resistance. These few resistant bacteria reproduced, and their offspring had the same drug resistance. +The Colorado beetle is famous for its ability to resist pesticides. Over the last 50 years it has become resistant to 52 chemical compounds used in insecticides, including cyanide. This is natural selection sped up by artificial conditions. However, not every population is resistant to every chemical. The populations only become resistant to chemicals used in their area. +History. +Although there were a number of natural historians in the 18th century who had some idea of evolution, the first well-formed ideas came in the 19th century. Four biologists are considered the most important. +Lamarck. +Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744–1829), a French biologist, claimed that animals changed according to natural laws. He said that animals could pass on traits they had acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, using inheritance. Today, his theory is known as Lamarckism. Its main purpose is to explain adaptations by natural means. He proposed a tendency for organisms to become more complex, moving up a ladder of progress, plus "use and disuse". +Lamarck's idea was that a giraffe's neck grew longer because it tried to reach higher up. This idea failed because it conflicts with heredity (Mendel's work). Mendel made his discoveries about half a century after Lamarck's work. +Darwin. +Charles Darwin (1809–1882) wrote his "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. In this book, he put forward much evidence that evolution had occurred. He also proposed natural selection as the way evolution had taken place. But Darwin did not understand genetics and how traits were actually passed on. He could not accurately explain what made children look like their parents. +Nevertheless, Darwin's explanation of evolution was fundamentally correct. In contrast to Lamarck, Darwin's idea was that the giraffe's neck became longer because "those with longer necks survived better".p177/9 These survivors passed their genes on, and in time the whole species got longer necks. +Wallace. +Alfred Russel Wallace OM FRS (1823–1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, biologist, and social activist. He proposed a theory of natural selection at about the same time as Darwin. His idea was published in 1858 together with Charles Darwin's idea. +Mendel. +An Austrian monk called Gregor Mendel (1822–1884) bred plants. In the mid-19th century, he discovered how traits were passed on from one generation to the next. +He used peas for his experiments: some peas have white flowers and others have red ones. Some peas have green seeds and others have yellow seeds. Mendel used artificial pollination to breed the peas. His results are discussed further in Mendelian inheritance. Darwin thought that the inheritance from both parents blended together. Mendel proved that the genes from the two parents stay separate, and may be passed on unchanged to later generations. +Mendel published his results in a journal that was not well-known, and his discoveries were overlooked. Around 1900, his work was rediscovered. Genes are bits of information made of DNA which work like a set of instructions. A set of genes are in every living cell. Together, genes organise the way an egg develops into an adult. With mammals, and many other living things, a copy of each gene comes from the father and another copy from the mother. Some living organisms, including some plants, only have one parent, so get all their genes from them. These genes produce the genetic differences that evolution acts on. +Darwin's theory. +Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" has two themes: the evidence for evolution, and his ideas on how evolution took place. This section deals with the second issue. +Variation. +The first two chapters of the "Origin" deal with variations in domesticated plants and animals, and variations in nature. +All living things show variation. Every population which has been studied shows that animals and plants vary as much as humans do.p90 This is a great fact of nature, and without it evolution would not occur. Darwin said that, just as man selects what he wants in his farm animals, so in nature the variations allow natural selection to work. +The features of an individual are influenced by two things, heredity and environment. First, development is controlled by genes inherited from the parents. Second, living brings its own influences. Some things are entirely inherited, others partly, and some not inherited at all. +The colour of eyes is entirely inherited; they are a genetic trait. Height or weight is only partly inherited, and language is not at all inherited. The fact that humans can speak is inherited, but what language is spoken depends on where a person lives and what they are taught. Another example: a person inherits a brain of somewhat variable capacity. What happens after birth depends on many things such as home environment, education, and other experiences. When a person is an adult, their brain is what their inheritance and life experience have made it. +"Evolution only concerns the traits which can be inherited", wholly or partly. The hereditary traits are passed on from one generation to the next through genes. A person's genes contain all the characteristics that they inherit from their parents. The accidents of life are not passed on. Each person lives a somewhat different life, which increases the differences. +Organisms in any population vary in reproductive success.p81 From the point of view of evolution, 'reproductive success' means the total number of offspring which live to breed and leave offspring themselves. +Inherited variation. +Variation can only affect future generations if it is inherited. Because of the work of Gregor Mendel, we know that much variation is inherited. Mendel's 'factors' are now called genes. Research has shown that "almost every individual in a sexually reproducing species is genetically unique".p204 +Genetic variation is increased by gene mutations. DNA does not always reproduce exactly. Rare changes occur, and these changes can be inherited. Many changes in DNA cause faults; some are neutral or even advantageous. This gives rise to genetic variation, which is the seed corn of evolution. Sexual reproduction, by the crossing over of chromosomes during meiosis, spreads variation through the population. Other events, like natural selection and drift, reduce variation. A population in the wild always has variation, but the details are always changing.p90 +Natural selection. +Evolution mainly works by natural selection. What does this mean? Animals and plants which are best suited to their environment will, on average, survive better. There is a struggle for existence. Those who survive will reproduce and create the next generation. Their genes will be passed on, and the genes of those who did not reproduce will not. This is the basic mechanism which changes the characteristics of a population and causes evolution. +Natural selection explains why living organisms change over time, and explains the anatomy, functions, and behavior that they have. It works like this: +Selection in natural populations. +There are now many cases where natural selection has been proved to occur in wild populations. Almost every case investigated of camouflage, mimicry and polymorphism has shown strong effects of selection. +The force of selection can be much stronger than was thought by the early population geneticists. The resistance to pesticides has grown quickly. Resistance to "warfarin" in Norway rats ("Rattus norvegicus") grew rapidly because those that survived made up more and more of the population. Research showed that, in the absence of "warfarin", the resistant homozygote was at a 54% disadvantage to the normal wild type homozygote.p182 This great disadvantage was quickly overcome by the selection for "warfarin" resistance. +Mammals normally cannot drink milk as adults, but humans are an exception. Milk is digested by the enzyme lactase, which switches off as mammals stop taking milk from their mothers. The human ability to drink milk during adult life is supported by a lactase mutation which prevents this switch-off. Human populations have a high proportion of this mutation wherever milk is important in the diet. The spread of this 'milk tolerance' is promoted by natural selection, because it helps people survive where milk is available. Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations causing lactase persistence only reached high levels in human populations in the last ten thousand years. Therefore, lactase persistence is often cited as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, that is gene–culture coevolution. +Adaptation. +Adaptation is one of the basic phenomena of biology. Through the process of adaptation, an organism becomes better suited to its habitat. +Adaptation is one of the two main processes that explain the diverse species we see in biology. The other is speciation (species-splitting or cladogenesis). A favourite example used today to study the interplay of adaptation and speciation is the evolution of cichlid fish in African rivers and lakes. +When people speak about adaptation they often mean something which helps an animal or plant survive. One of the most widespread adaptations in animals is the evolution of the eye. Another example is the adaptation of modern horses' teeth to grinding grass. Camouflage is another adaptation; so is mimicry. The better-adapted animals are the most likely to survive and reproduce successfully (natural selection). +An internal parasite (such as a fluke) is a good example: it has a very simple bodily structure, but still the organism is highly adapted to its particular environment. From this we see that adaptation is not just a matter of visible traits: in such parasites, critical adaptations take place in the life cycle, which is often quite complex. +Limitations. +Not all features of an organism are adaptations.p251 Adaptations tend to reflect the past life of a species. If a species has recently changed its life style, a once valuable adaptation may become useless, and eventually become a dwindling vestige. +Adaptations are never perfect. There are always tradeoffs between the various functions and structures in a body. It is the organism as a whole that lives and reproduces, therefore it is the complete set of adaptations that is passed on to future generations. +Genetic drift and its effect. +In populations, there are forces that add variation to the population (such as mutation), and forces that remove it. Genetic drift is the name given to random changes which remove variation from a population. Genetic drift gets rid of variation at the rate of 1/(2N) where N = population size.p29 It is therefore "a very weak evolutionary force in large populations".p55 +Genetic drift explains how random chance can affect evolution in surprisingly big ways, but only when populations are quite small. Overall, its action is to make the individuals more similar to each other, and hence more vulnerable to disease or to chance events in their environment. +Species. +How species form is a major part of evolutionary biology. Darwin interpreted 'evolution' (a word he did not use at first) as being about speciation. That is why he called his famous book "On the Origin of Species". +Darwin thought most species arose directly from pre-existing species. This is called "anagenesis": new species by older species changing. Now we think most species arise by previous species splitting: "cladogenesis". +Species splitting. +Two groups that start the same can become very different if they live in different places. When a species gets split into two geographical regions, a process starts. Each adapts to its own situation. After a while, individuals from one group can no longer reproduce with the other group. Two separate species have evolved from one. +A German explorer, Moritz Wagner, during his three years in Algeria in the 1830s, studied flightless beetles. Each species is confined to a stretch of the north coast between rivers which descend from the Atlas mountains to the Mediterranean. As soon as one crosses a river, a different but closely related species appears. He wrote later: +This was an early account of the importance of geographical separation. Another biologist who thought geographical separation was critical was Ernst Mayr. +One example of natural speciation is the three-spined stickleback, a sea fish that, after the last ice age, invaded freshwater, and set up colonies in isolated lakes and streams. Over about 10,000 generations, the sticklebacks show great differences, including variations in fins, changes in the number or size of their bony plates, variable jaw structure, and colour differences. +The wombats of Australia fall into two main groups, common wombats and hairy-nosed wombats. The two types look very similar, apart from the hairiness of their noses. However, they are adapted to different environments. Common wombats live in forested areas and eat mostly green food with lots of moisture. They often feed in the daytime. Hairy-nosed wombats live on hot dry plains where they eat dry grass with very little water or nutrition in it. Their metabolic rate is slow and they sleep most of the day underground. +When two groups that started the same become different enough, then they become two different species. Part of the theory of evolution is that all living things started the same, but then split into different groups over billions of years. +Modern evolutionary synthesis. +This was an important movement in evolutionary biology, which started in the 1930s and finished in the 1950s. It has been updated regularly ever since. +The synthesis explains how the ideas of Charles Darwin fit with the discoveries of Gregor Mendel, who found out how we inherit our genes. The modern synthesis brought Darwin's idea up to date. It bridged the gap between different types of biologists: geneticists, naturalists, and palaeontologists. +When the theory of evolution was developed, it was not clear that natural selection and genetics worked together. But Ronald Fisher showed that natural selection would work to change species. Sewall Wright explained genetic drift in 1931. +Some areas of research. +Co-evolution. +Co-evolution is where the existence of one species is tightly bound up with the life of one or more other species. +New or 'improved' adaptations which occur in one species are often followed by the appearance and spread of related features in the other species. The life and death of living things is intimately connected, not just with the physical environment, but with the life of other species. +These relationships may continue for millions of years, as it has in the pollination of flowering plants by insects. The gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators. The association between beetles and angiosperms during the Lower Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects into the late Cretaceous. The evolution of nectaries in Upper Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenoptera and angiosperms. +Tree of life. +Charles Darwin was the first to use this metaphor in biology. The "evolutionary tree" shows the relationships among various biological groups. It includes data from DNA, RNA and protein analysis. Tree of life work is a product of traditional comparative anatomy, and modern molecular evolution and molecular clock research. +The major figure in this work is Carl Woese, who defined the Archaea, the third domain (or kingdom) of life. Below is a simplified version of present-day understanding. +Macroevolution. +Macroevolution: the study of changes above the species level, and how they take place. The basic data for such a study are fossils (palaeontology) and the reconstruction of ancient environments. Some subjects whose study falls within the realm of macroevolution: +It is a term of convenience: for most biologists it does not suggest any change in the process of evolution.p87 For some palaeontologists, what they see in the fossil record cannot be explained just by the gradualist evolutionary synthesis. They are in the minority. +Altruism and group selection. +Altruism – the willingness of some to sacrifice themselves for others – is widespread in social animals. As explained above, the next generation can only come from those who survive and reproduce. Some biologists have thought that this meant altruism could not evolve by the normal process of selection. Instead a process called "group selection" was proposed. Group selection refers to the idea that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups, regardless of the alleles' effect on the fitness of individuals within that group. +For several decades, critiques cast serious doubt on group selection as a major mechanism of evolution. +In simple cases it can be seen at once that traditional selection suffices. For example, if one sibling sacrifices itself for three siblings, the genetic disposition for the act will be increased. This is because siblings share on average 50% of their genetic inheritance, and the sacrificial act has led to greater representation of the genes in the next generation. +Altruism is now generally seen as emerging from standard selection. The warning note from Ernst Mayr, and the work of William Hamilton are both important to this discussion. +Hamilton's equation. +Hamilton's equation describes whether or not a gene for altruistic behaviour will spread in a population. The gene will spread if rxb is greater than c: +where: +Sexual reproduction. +At first, sexual reproduction might seem to be at a disadvantage compared with asexual reproduction. In order to be advantageous, sexual reproduction (cross-fertilisation) has to overcome a two-fold disadvantage (takes two to reproduce) plus the difficulty of finding a mate. Why, then, is sex so nearly universal among eukaryotes? This is one of the oldest questions in biology. +The answer has been given since Darwin's time: because the sexual populations adapt better to changing circumstances. A recent laboratory experiment suggests this is indeed the correct explanation. +In the main experiment, nematode worms were divided into two groups. One group was entirely outcrossing, the other was entirely selfing. The groups were subjected to a rugged terrain and repeatedly subjected to a mutagen. After 50 generations, the selfing population showed a substantial decline in fitness (= survival), whereas the outcrossing population showed no decline. This is one of a number of studies that show sexuality to have real advantages over non-sexual types of reproduction. +What evolution is used for today. +An important activity is artificial selection for domestication. This is when people choose which animals to breed from, based on their traits. Humans have used this for thousands of years to domesticate plants and animals. +More recently, it has become possible to use genetic engineering. New techniques such as 'gene targeting' are now available. The purpose of this is to insert new genes or knock out old genes from the genome of a plant or animal. A number of Nobel Prizes have already been awarded for this work. +However, the real purpose of studying evolution is to explain and help our understanding of biology. After all, it is the first good explanation of how living things came to be the way they are. That is a big achievement. The practical things come mostly from genetics, the science started by Gregor Mendel, and from molecular and cell biology. +Evolution gems. +In 2010 the journal "Nature" selected 15 topics as 'Evolution gems'. These were: +Responses to the idea of evolution. +Debates about the fact of evolution. +The idea that all life evolved had been proposed before Charles Darwin published "On the Origin of species". Even today, some people still discuss the concept of evolution and what it means to them, their philosophy, and their religion. Evolution does explain some things about our human nature. People also talk about the social implications of evolution, for example in sociobiology. +Some people have the religious belief that life on Earth was created by a god. In order to fit in the idea of evolution with that belief, people have used ideas like "guided evolution" or "theistic evolution". They say that evolution is real, but is being guided in some way. +There are many different concepts of "theistic evolution". Many creationists believe that the creation myth found in their religion goes against the idea of evolution. As Darwin realised, the most controversial part of the evolutionary thought is what it means for human origins. +In some countries, especially in the United States, there is tension between people who accept the idea of evolution and those who do not accept it. The debate is mostly about whether evolution should be taught in schools, and in what way this should be done. +Other fields, like cosmology and earth science also do not match with the original writings of many religious texts. These ideas were once also fiercely opposed. Death for heresy was threatened to those who wrote against the idea that Earth was the center of the universe. +Evolutionary biology is a more recent idea. Certain religious groups oppose the idea of evolution more than other religious groups do. For instance, the Roman Catholic Church now has the following position on evolution: Pope Pius XII said in his encyclical "Humani Generis" published in the 1950s: +Pope John Paul II updated this position in 1996. He said that Evolution was "more than a hypothesis": +The Anglican Communion also does not oppose the scientific account of evolution. +Using evolution for other purposes. +Many of those who accepted evolution were not much interested in biology. They were interested in using the theory to support their own ideas on society. +Racism. +Some people have tried to use evolution to support racism. People wanting to justify racism claimed that certain groups, such as black people, were inferior. In nature, some animals do "survive" better than others, and it does lead to animals better adapted to their circumstances. With humans groups from different parts of the world, all evolution can say is that each group is probably well suited to its original situation. Evolution makes no judgements about better or worse. It does "not" say that any human group is superior to any other. +Eugenics. +The idea of eugenics was rather different. Two things had been noticed as far back as the 18th century. One was the great success of farmers in breeding cattle and crop plants. They did this by selecting which animals or plants would produce the next generation (artificial selection). The other observation was that lower class people had more children than upper-class people. If (and it's a big if) the higher classes were there on "merit", then their lack of children was the exact reverse of what should be happening. Faster breeding in the lower classes would lead to the society getting worse. +The idea to improve the human species by selective breeding is called eugenics. The name was proposed by Francis Galton, a bright scientist who meant to do good. He said that the human stock (gene pool) should be improved by selective breeding policies. This would mean that those who were considered "good stock" would receive a reward if they reproduced. However, other people suggested that those considered "bad stock" would need to undergo compulsory sterilization, prenatal testing and birth control. The German Nazi government (1933–1945) used eugenics as a cover for their extreme racial policies, with dreadful results. +The problem with Galton's idea is how to decide which features to select. There are so many different skills people could have, you could not agree who was "good stock" and who was "bad stock". There was rather more agreement on who should "not" be breeding. Several countries passed laws for the compulsory sterilisation of unwelcome groups. Most of these laws were passed between 1900 and 1940. After World War II, disgust at what the Nazis had done squashed any more attempts at eugenics. +Algorithm design. +Some equations can be solved using algorithms that simulate evolution. Evolutionary algorithms work like that. +Social Darwinism. +Another example of using ideas about evolution to support social action is social Darwinism. Social Darwinism is a term given to the ideas of the 19th century social philosopher Herbert Spencer. Spencer believed the "survival of the fittest" could and should be applied to commerce and human societies as a whole. +Again, some people used these ideas to claim that racism, and ruthless economic policies were justified. Today, most biologists and philosophers say that the theory of evolution should not be applied to social policy. +Controversy. +Some people disagree with the idea of evolution. They disagree with it for a number of reasons. Most often these reasons are influenced by or based on their religious beliefs instead of science. People who do not agree with evolution usually believe in creationism or intelligent design. +Despite this, evolution is one of the most successful theories in science. People have discovered it to be useful for different kinds of research. None of the other suggestions explain things, such as fossil records, as well. So, for almost all scientists, evolution is not in doubt. +Further reading. +Evidence for evolution. +These books are mostly about the evidence for evolution. +The process of evolution. +These books cover most evolutionary topics. + += = = December 31 = = = + This date is well known for New Year's Eve as it is the last day of a given calendar year, as the following day is January 1st, the first day of the following year. + += = = December 25 = = = + Christmas is celebrated on this day in many Christian and Western countries. + += = = Bedfordshire = = = +Bedfordshire is a county of England. Its county town is Bedford. It borders Cambridgeshire, Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire (with the Borough of Milton Keynes) and Hertfordshire. The highest elevation point is 243 m (797 ft) on Dunstable Downs in the Chilterns. The county motto is "Constant Be", which is taken from the hymn "To Be A Pilgrim" by John Bunyan. +SSSIs. +There are forty Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) in Bedfordshire, designated by Natural England. Thirty-five are listed for their biological interest, and five for their geological interest. +Three of the sites are also National nature reserves, twelve are in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, and eleven are managed wholly or partly by the Wildlife Trust for Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire and Northamptonshire. + += = = March 20 = = = +March 20 is usually the first day of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and the first day of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. + += = = American football = = = +American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport. It is played by two teams with 11 players on each side. American football is played with a ball with pointed ends. Points are scored in many ways, usually by one team getting the ball into the end zone of the other team. The game started in the late 19th century as college football, an American version of rugby football. +The main leagues that play American football are the professional National Football League (NFL), and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which plays college football. In the National Football League, players can be paid millions of dollars. In the National Collegiate Athletic Association, players simply play for the pride of their school, scholarships, or for the chance to join a national team. Over a million boys (and a number of girls) play high school football. There is also a closely related sport called Canadian football (CFL). +Gameplay. +An American football game is played with a ball called a football. The sport is played on a grass (or artificial turf) field. The field is exactly long and wide. The end zones, one at each end of the field, are long. The players wear protective equipment, including a helmet with face mask, shoulder pads, thigh pads, and often a mouth guard. A team has four chances, or "downs", to advance the ball while the opposing team tries to stop it. Certain players advance the ball by carrying or throwing it. Teams can score by advancing the ball to the other team's end zone or by kicking the ball through a goalpost placed at the back of the end zone. American football is carefully regulated by time and rules, which are enforced by officials, who also determine when a team scores. +A college or professional football game is 60 minutes long, and is divided into 15-minute quarters. In some high schools, the quarters are 12 minutes long, and games for younger children are often shorter still. After the first two quarters, the teams rest during halftime. +In NFL football, if the game is tied after the four quarters, the two teams compete in at least one more 15-minute period called overtime. During overtime, the first team to score points is usually the winner. However, under the current rules, first used for the 2011 postseason, if the team that has the ball first ends its possession by scoring a field goal, the other team has a chance to score. If that team does not score, or if it scores a touchdown, the game ends. If it scores a field goal, the game continues, and the next team to score wins. During the regular season, only one overtime period is played—if neither team scores, or if both teams score field goals when they first have the ball, the game ends in a tie. During the playoffs, the game will continue with as many overtime periods as needed to decide a winner. If the game is tied after each team has had the ball once in overtime, the first team to score wins. +In NCAA football overtime, which is based on the system used for high school football in most U.S. states, the teams take turns trying to score. The game ends when one team scores, and the other team fails to score as many points during its chance. +Field. +American football is played on a field long by wide. Most of the game is played on in the middle. It is divided by 20 lines drawn every . The field has two other sets of markings, running between the two end zones along the length of the field, known as "hashmarks". All plays must start between the hashmarks—if the last play ended outside the hashmarks, the ball is moved to the nearest hashmark. At the ends of the field there are scoring areas, called the end zones. +There are also two yellow poles on the end of each field called uprights. Sometimes, if the team can not score a touchdown they might want to kick it through the uprights for three points. The uprights are also used for scoring one point after a team scored a touchdown. +Players. +There are many types of players on a football team. For the offensive part of the team, a quarterback throws the football to wide receivers while offensive linemen block to protect him from defensive players. The offensive linemen also block when a running back runs to advance the football. Players on the Defensive line, a linebacker, and defensive backs (cornerbacks and American football safeties) attempt to tackle the offensive player who carries the football. +Some team members only play during certain times. These players belong to the Special Teams. The kicker can kick the ball to the other team or between the uprights, while the placeholder holds the ball steady. The kick returner runs the ball down the field in an attempt to score points after catching the ball. +Scoring. +Touchdown (6 points). +A touchdown is achieved when a player has legal possession of the ball and the ball crosses an imaginary vertical plane above the opposing team's goal line. After a touchdown, the scoring team attempts a try for 1 or 2 points (see below). A successful touchdown is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head. +Field goal (3 points). +A field goal is scored when the ball is place kicked between the goal posts behind the opponent's end zone. The most common type of kick used is the place kick. For a place kick, the ball must first be snapped to a placeholder, who holds the ball upright on the ground with his fingertip so that it may be kicked. Three points are scored if the ball crosses between the two upright posts and above the crossbar and remains over. +Extra point (1 or 2 points). +Immediately following a touchdown, the scoring team can attempt to kick the ball between the goal posts for 1 extra point. The team can also run or pass the ball into the end zone for 2 points. This is not done very often, although it does happen if the game situation calls for it. +College football has unique rules regarding extra point attempts in overtime. Teams that score touchdowns are required to attempt a two-point conversion during the second overtime. Starting with the third overtime, the two teams alternate two-point conversion attempts, with the game ending when one team scores and the other does not. +Defensive conversion (2 points). +In the NFL, college football, and high school football in Texas (whose rules are based on the NCAA set), if the defense takes possession of the ball during an extra point (via fumble, interception, or blocked kick) and returns the ball into the opponent's end zone, the defensive team receives 2 points. (In high school football outside of Texas, if the defense takes possession during an extra point, the play is dead at that moment and the conversion is ruled "no good".) +Safety (2 points). +A safety is scored if a player causes the ball to become dead in his own end zone. When this happens two points are awarded to the opposing (usually defending) team. This can happen if a player is either downed or goes out of bounds in the end zone while carrying the ball. It can also happen if he fumbles the ball, and it goes out of bounds in the end zone. A safety is also awarded to the defensive team if the offensive team commits a foul which is enforced in its own end zone. +American Professional Seasons. +Exhibition season. +Exhibition season (better known as Pre-Season) is in August. In the exhibition season, the teams get ready for the regular season by having training. Teams have practices to help the team get better and see who will make the team. All of the teams play 3 games before the regular season starts, and the games do not change what team gets to the post season. Because of it, teams do not use their best players much, and use the games as more practice. +Regular season. +The 32 NFL teams are divided into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). Each of them is divided in four divisions: North, South, West and East. Each division includes four teams. +The season lasts 18 weeks. Each team plays 17 games and has one week off. This week of rest is called a "bye week". +NFL playoffs. +At the end of the regular season, the winners of each division and the next three best teams in each conference play in a tournament. The NFC's champion and The AFC's champion play the NFL's final game, the Super Bowl. The event is often treated as a National holiday as many stores close for the event. The day of the event is commonly known nationwide as Super Bowl Sunday. +References. +Notes + += = = The Ugly Duckling = = = +"The Ugly Duckling" () is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. Andersen lavished great care on this story, spending a year perfecting it. It was first published in 1844 with "The Angel", "The Sweethearts", and "The Nightingale" in "New Fairy Tales". The critics liked these stories. Andersen considered the story "a reflection of my own life." The moral of the tale: "it does not matter if you were born in a duck yard if you have lain in a swan's egg." The tale has been adapted to various media such as animated movies. +Story. +A mother duck hatches six pretty little ducklings. A seventh bird is hatched. He is homely. The other ducks abuse him. He runs away. He is given a home by an old woman. Her cat and hen do not like him. He runs away again. Winter comes and a kind farmer gives him a home. The little bird almost dies. Spring comes. The "ugly duckling" has grown into a beautiful swan. The other swans welcome him as their own. They bow to him. He is happy for the first time in his life. + += = = General relativity = = = +General relativity is a theory of space and time. The theory was published by Albert Einstein in 1915. +The main idea of general relativity is that space and time are two different parts of spacetime. In general relativity, gravity doesn't work the same way that Sir Isaac Newton said was how gravity worked. According to Einstein, gravity changes not only space, but also time. (Time dilation) +Idea. +An important idea in general relativity is the "principle of equivalence". An example is that two people, one in an elevator on the surface of the Earth, and the other in an elevator in outer space but accelerating upwards at the will each observe the same behavior of an object they drop from their hands. The object will accelerate to the floor at 9.8 m/s2 in either case. +This makes it it impossible for either to distinguish whether or not they are at rest in a gravitational field. Other versions of this type of "thought experiment" were used to show that light would curve in an accelerating frame of reference. +The force pulling the Earth towards the Sun is about the same as a second force. This second force is called the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force exists because the Earth moves sideways. This sideways motion makes the distance between the Earth and Sun increase. Since the Earth is being pulled towards the sun and moving away at the same time, it stays at about the same distance. This is also how the Moon orbits the earth. In this second case, Earth is the ball and the Moon is the object. +The Sun and other objects with mass curve four dimensional spacetime fabric. +Predictions. +General relativity has predicted many things which were later seen. These include: + += = = Rutland = = = +Rutland is the smallest county of England. It is surrounded by the counties of Leicestershire, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire. +The main towns of Rutland are Oakham and Uppingham. +In the mid-1970s, it was the inspiration for Eric Idle's TV show, Rutland Weekend Television. + += = = Adlai Stevenson I = = = +Adlai Ewing Stevenson (October 23, 1835 – June 14, 1914) was an American politician. He was vice president of the United States under Grover Cleveland, and ran for President and several other political offices, but lost. He was also first assistant Postmaster General and a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois, as well. His grandson of the same name also was a notable politician and writer. Another grandson, McLean Stevenson was an actor. His other grandson was Illinois Senator Adlai Stevenson III. + += = = Toledo, Ohio = = = +Toledo is the fourth largest city in Ohio, USA. It was named after Toledo, Spain. It is a large industrial city and has many factories that make things like car parts and glass. Toledo is about an hour (by car) south of Detroit, Michigan. The main highways in and out of Toledo are Interstate 75, Interstate 80, Interstate 90, and U.S. Highways 20, 23, and 24. It is the 79th largest city in the United States. +Location. +Toledo is in the Northwest part of Ohio. The city is at the west end of Lake Erie, where the Maumee River meets the lake. The area of Ohio where Toledo sits is very flat and is known for its many farm fields. +History. +Toledo was started as a village in Michigan in 1833. In 1835 and 1836, Ohio and Michigan both claimed to own the city and surrounding territory. Michigan gave up its claim and got the Upper Peninsula in exchange. In 1837, Toledo was made part of Ohio. The city first started growing because it was on a canal and had many railroads. +Later, Toledo became the home of factories and industry. The city grew much more in the 20th century and had its highest population in 1950. By the end of the century, factories closed and jobs were lost, causing Toledo to lose people. Its population in the year 2020 was 270,871. +Economy. +The economy of Toledo is still based on factories and industry. Car assembly, glass, iron ore, oil refining, and solar panels are important parts of the area economy and provide many jobs. Also, many warehouses and trucking companies are in Toledo because of its location in the midwestern United States. +A large port on the Maumee River handles a variety of cargo, such as iron ore, grain, salt, and industrial equipment. It is the 5th largest port on the Great Lakes. +Transportation. +Toledo has many highways and railroads. Travelers can use interstate highways, Amtrak passenger trains, or the major airport near Detroit to get in and out of the area. Toledo is within a five-hour drive of major cities such as Toronto, Chicago, Columbus, Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Indianapolis, and Cincinnati. +Culture. +Toledo is well known for minor league sports. Teams such as the Mud Hens (baseball) and Walleye (hockey) draw many fans each year. The city is also very proud of its zoo, art museum, and parks, all of which are ranked among the best in the country. +Certain things are well known as being from Toledo, such as the famous restaurant Tony Packo's (made famous in the TV show M*A*S*H) and the Jeep brand of automobiles. +Climate. +Toledo has a humid continental climate ("Dfa" in the Köppen climate classification). This means that the city experiences all four seasons and the weather has differences in temperature and rain/snowfall through the year. +In the Winter, Toledo gets about three feet of snow through the season, and it can sometimes get very cold air from the north. In the Spring, it gets warmer and a lot of rain can fall. The Summer in Toledo can be hot and humid, with strong storms. Fall is more pleasant, with cooler winds and less rain. + += = = The Carpenters = = = +The Carpenters were an American musical duo. The members were Richard Carpenter and his sister Karen. Starting in 1969, the duo had many popular songs including "We've Only Just Begun", "Close to You", "Sing", "Rainy Days and Mondays", "Calling Occupants of Interplanetary Craft" and others. They continued until Karen's death in 1983 of bulimia in Downey, California. They sold over 100 million albums. + += = = Jerry Reed = = = +Jerry Reed (March 20, 1937 – September 1, 2008) was an American country music singer and actor. Best known for his songs "Amos Moses", "When You're Hot You're Hot" and "Eastbound and Down", he also acted in several movies including "Smokey and the Bandit" and "The Waterboy". He was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He died in Nashville, Tennessee due to complications from emphysema. + += = = 1990 = = = +1990 (MCMXC) was . + += = = Bee Gees = = = +The Bee Gees were a British–Australian pop group. For most of its history, the band consisted of three brothers all of whom were born on the Isle of Man, a British Crown dependency. The brothers, Barry Gibb (born 1 September 1946), and twins Maurice Gibb (22 December 1949 – 12 January 2003) and Robin Gibb (22 December 1949 – 20 May 2012), started singing at a young age when living in Manchester. In the late 1960s, the band briefly expanded to include Australian born Vince Melouney and Colin Petersen. When the band reformed after splitting in 1969, Australian born Geoff Bridgford briefly became a member. The Bee Gees existed for almost 40 years They are most famous for their album, "Saturday Night Fever", the soundtrack for the movie of the same name. They stopped performing after Maurice died. The two other brothers reunited as a duo in 2009. In 2012 Robin died. They had a younger brother, Andy Gibb (1958–1988), who was also a singer. +Group history. +The Gibb brothers were born on the Isle of Man, then lived in Manchester, England, before moving to Australia in 1958. It was in Australia that the Bee Gees' band was formed. In January 1967, the Gibb brothers returned to England where their band the Bee Gees started to become internationally famous. In 1967, Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney joined the band but by the end the decade both had left and the brothers themselves had briefly gone their separate ways, only to reform in 1970. Between 1970 and 1972, Geoff Bridgford was a member of the Bee Gees. In 1975, the brothers relocated to the United States. + += = = Improverts = = = +The Improverts are an improvised comedy group based in Edinburgh, Scotland. They are a part of the Edinburgh University Theatre Company. Their home is the Bedlam Theatre. It has been their home since they were created 18 years ago. The group is similar to "Who's Line is it Anyway?", Comedy Store Players, and Keith Johnstone in that they use short improvised games. +They have taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe Festival almost every year since they were formed. Also they have played every Friday night during the school year (as their main audience is Edinburgh University students). +Because they are always in Bedlam Theatre, the theatre technicians improvise the sounds, music and lights along with the scenes the performers are doing. The sounds can be loud and annoying at times. The technicians show off their very big iTunes library of songs and sound effects. British 80's children's programmes' themes are a favourite of theirs. +Past players have gone on to many different things. They have created an improv group in London, joined the Stand Players' "Who's Lunch is it anyway" free improv show at Edinburgh's The Stand comedy venue and become successful stand up comedians. Some have starred in British sitcoms, television dramas, movies and popular children's programmes + += = = Taipei 101 = = = +Taipei 101 () is a 101-floor building in Taipei, Taiwan. In 2004, it replaced the Willis Tower (which used to be called the Sears Tower) as the tallest completed building in the world. However, in 2010, it was surpassed by the Burj Khalifa in Dubai. +Taipei 101 holds records for: +Taipei 101 does not hold the record for tallest building from ground to pinnacle. The Willis Tower has two television antennas on top of it, making its height from the ground to the top of the taller antenna 527 m (1,729 ft). +Effect on Taipei's economy. +Taipei 101 is the recognized symbol of Taipei city, it brings a lot of tourists every day. The location of Taipei 101 is at the southern end of the Xinyi District, the newest area of Taipei city. Besides the tower, the base of the building houses includes a multi-level shopping mall, food court, various restaurants and stores, and an global grocery store. Every New Year's Eve, Taipei 101 is host to an impressive fireworks display that attracts people from all over Taiwan and other neighboring countries like Japan and Singapore to the area. +Observatory Information. +The Taipei 101 Observatory is open every day from 9AM to 10PM. The observatory is spread over 4 floors where visitors can enjoy the fantastic scenery and learn about the engineering marvel that is Taipei 101, the tallest green building in the world. Visitors can buy the tickets on the 5F Taipei 101 Mall, the general ticket costs NT$500 per each and the student ticket (with valid ID) costs NT$450 per each, all children (under 115 cm) are free. After purchasing the tickets, visitors may take the Guinness World Record breaking high-speed elevator to the observatory on the 89TH floor. +The 88th floor is the Beauty of Taiwan Multimedia Corridor, Super Big Wind Damper, Treasure Sky, the hallway connecting the two decks is designed to setting the natural beauty of Taiwan, providing 270-degree views of well-known scenic locations in Taiwan, leading to the engineering marvel known as a wind damper, a 5.5 meters diameter, 660 ton weight suspended within the building to offset the force of wind and help 101 stand upright. Also included is Treasury Sky, a collection of unique jewel crafts. +The 89th floor is the Indoor Observatory, visitors can learn about the design process and construction of Taipei 101 and other similar large-scale building projects around the world, including a free audio tour in eleven languages, as well as high-powered field glasses, snacks, and professional photography service. +The 91st floor is an outdoor Observatory. The outdoor observatory is accessible by stairs from the 89th floor. From the outside, it's possible to view the spire at the 508-meter-high apex, but tourists need to be careful of the strong winds. Inside the building, on the 91F, is a small theater showcasing films about the building and the annual New Year fireworks display. The 91st floor is only open on days with good weather conditions. +Survive ways from earthquake and typhoons. +Taipei 101 has some of the most modern safety security of anything ever built, requiring a challenging combination of strength and flexibility, which allow it to withstand winds up to 216 km/h (134 mph), and earthquakes of a magnitude of 9.0. It has higher safer ratings than Taiwan’s nuclear power plants. +The "double stairstep" design reduce the potentially dangerous oscillations caused by high winds by about 30-40%, allowing the structure to stand, even under the force of relentless typhoons. And by now, they’ve become a recognizable design element of the structure. + += = = Sergio Aragonés = = = +Sergio Aragonés Domenech (; born September 6, 1937) is a popular cartoonist. He was born in Spain and grew up in Mexico. He is most famous for his cartoons for "MAD Magazine" and the comic book "Groo the Wanderer". + += = = Lisa Bonet = = = +Lisa Bonet (born Lisa Michelle Bonet; November 16, 1967), also known as Lilakoi Moon, is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Denise Huxtable on television series, "The Cosby Show" and "A Different World". She was also married to singer Lenny Kravitz from 1987 to 1993. She is of African American and Ashkenazi Jewish descent. + += = = Tobacco = = = +Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them. The plant is part of the genus "Nicotiana" and of the Solanaceae (nightshade) family. It is used as a drug, mostly by inhaling the smoke of, but also by using snuff or chewing. People use cigarettes, cigars, and pipe to make tobacco smoke. Tobacco contains the chemical nicotine, which causes pleasure as a stimulant drug. It also causes addiction — after people start using nicotine, it is difficult to stop. Tobacco use can cause diseases, such as many types of cancer. +History. +Native Americans used tobacco before Europeans arrived in the Americas. The earliest know use of tobacco comes from nicotine residue from a pipe in the Southeastern United States. It is Radiocarbon dated at 1685-1530 BC. Europeans in the Americas began to smoke and brought it back to Europe, where it became fashionable. At that time tobacco was usually smoked in a pipe. +The Europeans who moved to America started to farm tobacco so that they could sell it in Europe. This became one of the main causes of the African slave trade. In 1610 a European man called John Rolfe arrived in the American state of Virginia and set up a tobacco farm which made him very rich. Rolfe was the first non-native farmer to use "nicotiana tabacum", which is the type of tobacco most commonly smoked today. +In the 17th and 18th centuries tobacco made farmers very rich and towns quickly grew in the states of Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1883 one third of United States tax money came from tobacco. +In 1864 the first American tobacco factory opened to produce 20 million cigarettes annually. By 1964 the cigarette contained over 500 added chemicals. Today tobacco manufacturers are still not required by law to list the 500+ ingredients. +Tobacco and health. +Tobacco users (especially those who inhale) and people around them (with passive inhalers) risk many very serious and often deadly illnesses, such as cancer, strokes, heart disease, and lung disease. The United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention describes tobacco use as "the single most important preventable risk to human health in developed countries and an important cause of premature (early) death worldwide". There are over 4800 chemicals in tobacco, including arsenic. Sixty-four of them are known to cause cancer. Smoking can also make men lose erections, and make their penises a bit smaller. Tobbaco however has been used as a cure for Alzheimer's and the nicotine in tobbaco has been used to treat ADHD. + += = = Jerusalem = = = +Jerusalem (; ; ) is one of the oldest cities in the world that people have lived in continuously. It is important to many major religions. Jews consider Jerusalem a holy city because it was their religious and political center during Biblical times and was the place where the Temple of God stood. Christians consider Jerusalem holy because many events in the life of Jesus took place there. Muslims believe that Muhammad rose to heaven from Jerusalem, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque is the first Qibla of Muslims after Mecca. +Jerusalem is the capital city of both Palestine and Israel, under their laws. Most other countries disagree. Most countries have their embassies with Israel in Tel Aviv. +Jerusalem is about 40 miles (64 kilometers) east of the Mediterranean Sea. It is a hilly city with many valleys around it. +History. +Jerusalem is a very old city. It has great importance for three religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The Bible says King David, the second king of Israel, took this city from pagans and settled his palace there. King Solomon, David's son and the next king, built the Temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. Later, as capital of Judah, Jerusalem was destroyed by Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylon. The Palace of King David and the Temple of Solomon were burned, and the Jews were captured and taken to Babylon. Seventy years later, the Persian King Cyrus allowed them to return to Jerusalem and to rebuild the Temple. +Later the area was occupied by Romans. King Herod the Great, who ruled for the Roman Emperor, made the Temple larger to try and win Jewish favor. The Temple was famous for its greatness and beauty. +Jesus died in Jerusalem around 33 CE. In 70 CE, the Jews rebelled against the Romans, but the Romans destroyed the city and the Temple. Jewish people who lived in Jerusalem were caught and became slaves. The Romans renamed Jerusalem with a Latin name. Since then, the Temple has not been rebuilt, and only a part of its wall remains until today. +After the Roman Empire was split into two, the Byzantine Empire ruled Jerusalem. Later, Muslims took over the city from them. The Muslims believed Muhammad went to heaven from Jerusalem. +Later, the Pope in Rome sent the Crusaders from Western Europe to try and take Jerusalem back. They succeeded for a while, but eventually the city fell again to the Saracens. Until the 20th century, Jerusalem was a part of the Ottoman Empire. There were some Jews in Jerusalem all along, even though they were ruled by other people. +The "New City" of Jerusalem is the part outside the old stone walls. People started building the new city in the 1800s. Mishkenot Sha'annanim, Mea Shearim, and the Bukharan Quarter are some of the first neighborhoods in the new city. +After World War I, the Ottoman Empire had been defeated. In June 1922, the League of Nations approved the British Mandate of Palestine. This gave control of the area to the United Kingdom. The land west of the Jordan River was known as Palestine. It was under direct British control until 1948. The land east of the Jordan River was known as Transjordan, and was governed by the Hashemite family. Transjordan gained independence in 1946. +The mandate in Palestine ended at midnight on 14 May 1948. On the next day, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began. Israel declared independence, the West Bank was annexed by Jordan, and Egypt took control of the Gaza Strip. +In 1949, at the end of the first Arab-Israeli War, Jerusalem was divided between Israel and Jordan. Israel controlled the western part of the city. Jordan controlled the eastern section, including the Old City, a walled section of Jerusalem dating from Biblical times. Israel took control of the entire city during the Six-Day War in 1967. +Jerusalem today is claimed by the state of Israeli as its capital. The United Nations does not agree to Israel saying that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. +Religious significance. +Jerusalem has been sacred to Judaism for roughly 3000 years, to Christianity for around 2000 years, and to Islam for approximately 1400 years. The 2000 Statistical Yearbook of Jerusalem lists 1204 synagogues, 158 churches, and 73 mosques within the city. Despite efforts to maintain peaceful religious coexistence, some sites, such as the Temple Mount, have been a continuous source of friction and controversy. +Jewish. +According to Jewish tradition, Jerusalem is where God told the patriarch Abraham to sacrifice his son, Isaac, to Him. The Jews built the Temple, the centre of Jewish worship in ancient times, at the site of Abraham's sacrifice on the Temple Mount in the Old City. Two buildings, one after the other, the First Temple and the Second Temple, stood at the site. The First Temple housed the Ark of the Covenant, a sacred box holding the tablets inscribed with the Ten Commandments. +The Western Wall is a part of the Second Temple and Judaism's most sacred shrine. It is a stone wall that strengthened the western side of the Temple Mount in ancient times. The wall is sometimes called the Wailing Wall because of the sad prayers Jewish people said there to mourn the destroyed Temple. +Other sites in the city that are sacred to the Jews include King David's tomb on Mount Zion, and the Jewish Cemetery and the Tombs of the Prophets on the Mount of Olives, a hill just east of the Old City. Many sites associated with Biblical figures are sacred to Christians, too. +Christian. +Many monasteries, convents, shrines, and religious seminaries in Jerusalem mark events in the life of Jesus and in the formation of the Christian Church. According to the Bible, Jesus taught in Jerusalem and performed numerous miracles there. The Last Supper supposedly took place in a room known as the Cenacle (also called Coenaculum) on Mount Zion. The Church of the Holy Sepulcher in the Old City is said to be the place of Jesus's Crucifixion (called Calvary or Golgotha), as well as His burial and resurrection. Several Christian sects own the church, which was originally built by Constantine the Great, then rebuilt and dedicated by the Crusaders in 1149 CE. The building stands at the end of the Via Dolorosa (Way of Sorrows), believed to be the path over which Jesus carried His cross to Calvary. Jesus was last seen by His followers on the Mount of Olives before He went up to heaven. All of these sites attract many religious pilgrims each year. +Islamic. +Jerusalem is Islam's third holiest city, after Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia. According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad originally selected Jerusalem as the qibla: the direction Muslims should face during prayer. However, he later told his followers to face Mecca instead of Jerusalem when praying. Muhammad is said to have gone up to heaven from a stone now covered by a golden-domed shrine called the Dome of the Rock. The Dome of the Rock and the ancient Al-Aqsa Mosque are among the holiest sites in Islam. They are the main buildings on the Temple Mount, which Muslims call "Haram al-Sharif" (Noble Sanctuary). +Architecture. +Jerusalem's architecture is a mixture of old and new. The Old City contains architectural examples from each major period in the city's history. Many ancient historical sites and places of worship stand near modern shopping centers and industrial zones. Architecture from the late 1800s and early 1900s shows European influences. Usefulness rather than style characterizes new apartment buildings constructed by the government as housing for immigrants. Many buildings, old and new, have matching exteriors because all construction is required to be faced with a cream-colored limestone called Jerusalem stone, produced by nearby quarries. +Religion in Jerusalem. +Belz Beis HaMedrash HaGadol is the largest synagogue in Jerusalem. + += = = Rocky Mountains = = = +The Rocky Mountains (often called The Rockies) are a range of mountains in the western United States and Canada. They stretch from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States. Part of the mountain range in Colorado is a national park, called Rocky Mountain National Park. The Rocky Mountains are more than 3,000 miles long (4,800 kilometers). +The highest point in the Rocky Mountains is Mt. Elbert. Mt. Elbert is 14,433 ft tall (4,401m). +The Rocky Mountains are relatively new, formed from 55 million to 80 million years ago (mya) during the Laramide orogeny. North America began to move westwards as Pangaea broke up. A number of tectonic plates began to slide under the North American plate. The angle of subduction was shallow, resulting in a broad belt of mountains running down western North America. Since then, further tectonic activity and erosion by glaciers has sculpted the Rockies into dramatic peaks and valleys. +The rocks in the Rocky Mountains were formed long before the mountains were raised. The oldest rock is Precambrian metamorphic rock that forms the core of the North American continent. There is also Precambrian sedimentary argillite, dating back to 1.7 billion years ago. During the Paleozoic, western North America lay underneath a shallow sea, which deposited many kilometers of limestone and dolomite. +In the southern Rocky Mountains, near present-day Colorado, these ancestral rocks were disturbed by mountain building about 300 mya, during the Pennsylvanian. This mountain building produced the ancestral Rocky Mountains. They consisted largely of Precambrian metamorphic rock forced upward through layers of the limestone. The limestone had been laid down in a shallow sea. The mountains eroded throughout the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic, leaving extensive deposits of sedimentary rock. + += = = Brooklyn = = = +Brooklyn is one of the five boroughs of New York City. It also covers the same area as Kings County. Brooklyn is New York City's second largest borough in land area (after Queens). +As of 2020, about 2.7 million people live there. This is more than in any of the other four boroughs. +Brooklyn is the west end of Long Island. The East River separates it from Manhattan in the north. Brooklyn's only land boundary is with Queens in the east. Jamaica Bay separates Brooklyn from Rockaway in the south. The Narrows separates Brooklyn from Staten Island in the west. +Coney Island is the south end of Brooklyn. The Brooklyn Museum is near the middle of Brooklyn, near Prospect Park. +History. +Brooklyn is named after a Dutch town called "Breukelen". Dutch people were the first people from Europe to live in the area. When they got there, there were already some Native American people living there called the Lenape. The Dutch started the town in 1634 as part of the colony of New Netherland. +During the 19th century Brooklyn expanded and filled Kings County. It remained a separate city before the people there voted to join New York City in 1898. Today, many parts of Brooklyn are home to people who are mostly from one culture or ethnicity. Other parts are mixed. +The Brooklyn Bridge is old and famous. It goes over the East River and connects Downtown Brooklyn to Lower Manhattan. The longest bridge in New York, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in Bay Ridge connects Brooklyn to Staten Island. + += = = Cornish language = = = +Cornish (Cornish: Kernewek) is a very old language from Cornwall in the southwest of England. Cornish is a Celtic language and is very similar to Welsh and is related to Gaelic. +History. +A long time ago, Cornish was the only language spoken in Cornwall, but more and more people began to speak English, instead of Cornish. In 1550, when the prayer book was written in English instead of Latin, the Cornish people got angry and there was a rebellion. Because many Cornish-speakers died and they would now hear the Bible in English, Cornish was used less and less. +By 1800, only a few people could speak Cornish, and since no one spoke it to one another any more, Cornish became endangered. +People say that a woman called Dolly Pentreath was the last person who could speak Cornish. That is not quite true, but she was one of the last people to use it instead of English. +How old is the Cornish language? +Cornish started to diverge from Welsh towards the end of the 7th century AD and the earliest known examples of written Cornish date from the end of the 9th century AD. These were in the form of glosses scribbled in the margins of a Latin text –Smaragdus' Commentary on Donatus. +The origins of the Cornish language. +Derived from the Brythonic languages, the Cornish language has common roots with both Breton and Welsh. The words 'Cornwall' and 'Cornish' are derived from the Celtic Cornovii tribe who inhabited modern-day Cornwall prior to the Roman conquest. +Methods of spreading. +Some people learned about Cornish by traveling around talking to people who could still speak it and by reading old plays and books. Some people wanted to learn the language and speak it and so in 1904 a learned man, Henry Jenner, wrote a book to help people. Some people then began to learn the language and speak it again. +Today. +No one knows how many Cornish-speakers there are now. People think that about 300 people probably speak Cornish. Some young people have grown up speaking it. Most people in Cornwall know a few sentences or words in Cornish. In 100 years, Cornish has grown from almost no speakers to many thousands, which is very exciting for many people. +There are now many new books, films and songs in Cornish. The Bible has now been translated into Cornish. There is an event, the open Gorseth, with a story and poetry competition. Sometimes, Cornish is used in churches. +There used to be a problem with Cornish: three different dictionaries had different spellings, and people did not agree about how to write words or say them. That was confusing for people when they have not been speaking for long. In 2008, people who used different types of Cornish came together and agreed on a new standard form of Cornish to be used everywhere. + += = = Welsh = = = +Welsh could mean many different things: +Welsh could also mean: +Places in the United States (US) +People + += = = Watergate scandal = = = +The Watergate scandal was a serious scandal during and after the 1972 presidential election. +A United States President, Richard Nixon was running for election against Democrat George McGovern. Afterwards, Frank Wills, a security guard, discovered clues that former FBI and CIA agents broke into the offices of the Democratic Party and George McGovern months before the election. They secretly listened to phone lines and stole several important documents. +When these men were found, they were discovered to have been associated with Nixon. He had helped them cover all the evidence of the scandal, and may have even hired the men to begin with. "The Washington Post" was a newspaper which played a big role in exposing the misdoings, specifically aided by reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein. This showed the public that Nixon was not as trustworthy as he seemed. +Nixon chose to resign from office on August 9, 1974 because he wished not to be impeached. This means that he might have been charged with crimes. The U.S. Congress could not impeach him if he resigned. After this, Gerald Ford became his vice-president because Spiro T. Agnew (Nixon's first vice-president) had to resign as well after unrelated charges of accepting bribes and avoiding taxes. Ford then became the President by default of Nixon using his power under the 25th Amendment to the U.S Constitution. Ford pardoned Nixon for all of his crimes later on. The name "Watergate" comes from the hotel in Washington, D.C. where the first crime and break in took place, and is often associated with political scandals. + += = = Cyan = = = +Cyan is the color halfway between blue and green on the color wheel. It is one of the primary (main) colors of ink in an inkjet printer, along with black, yellow and magenta. +Cyan is a secondary color of light, along with magenta and yellow. The primary colors of light are: blue, red and green. Cyan is made by mixing green and blue light. +Cyan is the opposite of red and is halfway between green and blue. + += = = Purple = = = +Purple is a color that is made of two primary colors, blue and red. +The first written use of "purple" as a color name in English was in 975. +Tones of Tyrian purple. +These Tyrian purple colors, all of which are also shown in the color chart above, show the original purple of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. The color "imperial" shown below was made by mixing Tyrian purple with indigo dye. + += = = La Liga Filipina = = = +La Liga Filipina was a political group created by Doctor Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892 in the Philippines. The aims were: +Jose Rizal tried very hard to make it a peaceful group. But the Spanish authorities considered it dangerous. On the night of July 7, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested four days after its creation. The following day, Governor-General Eulogio Despujol ordered Rizal to be deported to Dapitan. +After Rizal's arrest, La Liga Filipina became inactive. Then it was reorganized by Domingo Franco and Andres Bonifacio. The society broke apart into two separate groups: the Cuerpo de Compromisarios which promised to continue supporting the La Solidaridad in Spain and the Katipunan in the Philippines. + += = = March 31 = = = +It is the last day of the first quarter of the year. + += = = Elton John = = = +Sir Elton Hercules John (birth name Reginald Kenneth Dwight, born 25 March 1947) is a retired English singer, songwriter, pianist and composer. He started his music career immediately after leaving school. Elton John was the biggest music star of the 1970s. +Early life. +Reginald Kenneth Dwight was born at 55 Pinner Hill Road, Pinner, Middlesex. He is the eldest child of Stanley Dwight and Sheila Eileen. He was educated in Pinner. +Career. +John became famous in the early 1970s when he and lyricist Bernie Taupin wrote several songs which he performed and recorded. John became a huge star, not only for his musical abilities, but for his flamboyant stage personality. He composed several musicals. He also composed the music for the animated movies "The Lion King" (1994) and "The Road to El Dorado" (2000). He is active in charity work. In 1997, in honor of Diana, Princess of Wales, John co-wrote and released a version of his hit "Candle in the Wind". That became the world's best-selling single of all time. It sold 37 million copies within two months. +Outside of music, John has raised millions of pounds for people living with HIV and AIDS through the "Elton John AIDS Foundation". +Awards. +John has received the following awards: +Personal life. +John has had treatment for alcoholism, drug abuse and bulimia nervosa. In 1984, he was married to Renate Blauel. +In 2005, John entered a civil partnership with David Furnish. They had been together for over 16 years. On 21 December 2014, John and Furnish married. Guests at their wedding included English former footballer David Beckham along with his wife Victoria Beckham and their younger sons and their daughter. Their eldest son, who is also John's godson, was not present. + += = = The Who = = = +The Who are an English rock band formed in 1964. The main lineup from 1964 to 1978 was guitarist Pete Townshend, vocalist Roger Daltrey, bassist John Entwistle and drummer Keith Moon. They became known for their high energy live shows. The Who have sold about 100 million records. Many people think that The Who are the greatest live band of all time. +The Who rose to fame in the United Kingdom with a series of top ten hit singles including: "I Can't Explain", "The Kids Are Alright", "My Generation", "Who Are You", and "Love Reign O'er Me". The albums "My Generation", "A Quick One" and "The Who Sell Out" followed. Their fame grew with memorable shows at the Monterey Pop and Woodstock music festivals. "Tommy," released in 1969, was the first in a series of top ten albums in the United States. +Keith Moon died in 1978. The band released two more studio albums with drummer Kenney Jones before disbanding in 1983. They re-formed at events such as Live Aid and for reunion tours such as their 25th anniversary tour and the Quadrophenia tours of 1996 and 1997. In 2002 planning for recording an album of new material was put on hold after John Entwistle's death at the age of 57. Townshend and Daltrey continued to perform as The Who and in 2006 they released the studio album titled "Endless Wire." +The Who were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1990. + += = = Led Zeppelin = = = +Led Zeppelin was an English rock band. The group was started in 1968 and broke up in 1980. The members were Robert Plant (vocals), Jimmy Page (lead guitar), John Paul Jones (bass), and John Bonham (drums). Led Zeppelin ended in 1980 after the accidental death of John Bonham. After Bonham's death, the band believed that nobody could take his place and decided not to continue. The band played together again in a tribute concert in London on 10 December 2007 with Jason Bonham, John's son, playing the drums. The band is one of the most influential rock bands of all time and one of the most successful music artists in history, selling 300 million albums around the world. + += = = Closed source = = = +Closed source (or proprietary software) means computer programs whose source code is not published. The source code is not shared with the public for anyone to look at or change. Closed source is the opposite of open source. +Most companies who sell their software for money make it closed source so people cannot easily change it or copy it for free. +Even some who give their software for free do not show the source code, because they think it looks bad, or that somebody will change the authors' names to their own (a kind of plagiarism) without making the program better. Some programs called “freeware” are given away for free, but they are not the same as free software that anyone can do whatever they want with. + += = = Flag of Cyprus = = = +The flag of Cyprus is the flag of the country of Cyprus. It features a map of the whole island, with two olive branches below the map (a symbol of peace) on a white background. The map on the flag is a copper-yellow color to show Cyprus has large amounts of copper, from which the name Cyprus comes from. +The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is only recognized by Turkey, uses a different flag similar to the flag of Turkey. + += = = Simon Barere = = = +Simon Barere (September 1, 1896–April 2, 1951) was a Russian pianist. He was born in Odessa, Ukraine. +Barere died of a massive bleeding in brain during a performance of Grieg's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall with Philadelphia Orchestra. + += = = Tomsk = = = +Tomsk ( "�����") is a Russian city, the administrative center of Tomsk Oblast. One of the largest cities in Siberia. Population 575 352 (2019). +History. +Established under a decree from Tsar Boris Godunov in 1604. +In 1804, the government selected Tomsk to become the center for a new governorate which would include the modern cities of Novosibirsk, Kemerovo, Altai, Krasnoyarsk and eastern Kazakhstan. +Education. +Tomsk State University is the first university in Siberia (founded in 1878, opened in 1888). The Tomsk State University Library book reserve is considered to be among the richest in Russia. +Tomsk Polytechnic University is the first (founded in 1896 and opened in 1900) technical university in Siberia. +Siberian Medical University is one of the oldest (founded in 1930) and highest rated medical schools in Russia. +Climate. +Continental climate, transitional from subarctic to sharply continental climate. +The annual average temperature is 0.9 °C. Winters are severe and lengthy (from the end of October to the beginning of April), and the lowest recorded temperature was −55 °C in January 1931. + += = = Intelligent design = = = +Intelligent design is the idea that life, or the universe, cannot have arisen by chance and was designed and created by some intelligent entity. It believes that the universe is so complex that it must have been designed by a higher intelligent being. This theory is that life did not evolve by natural selection. +Intelligent design was developed by a group of American creationists to get around legal judgements like Edwards v. Aguillard, which said that creationism could not be taught in schools because of the First Amendment. The first use of the term in this form was in the creationist textbook "Of Pandas and People", published in 1989. +Concepts. +Intelligent design suggests that life is too complex to have evolved. Scientists have discovered that even a single cell is complex. The genes in a cell code have a huge amount of information. Therefore that information, like computer programming, has to come from an intelligent source and cannot be made randomly. This is thought to be because the properties of entropy say things cannot grow in complexity by randomness. Law professor Phillip E. Johnson was seen as the father of the intelligent design. +It is also argued that although an amino acid could be made randomly, a protein (a long, shaped string of amino acids) is such a precise sequence and structure that it would be impossible to make by chance. Also, a protein or DNA would not be alive by itself; so a whole life form would have to be made all at once. This argument can be seen as a way of saying that natural selection could not have created life. It is argued whether that is a valid point. +A common example of this is a bacterial flagellum, which is essentially a microscopic animal version of a very efficient electric motor. The flagellum has lots of separate parts. It is argued that for the flagellum to form by evolution, every single one of the parts would have to be formed together at just the right time. However, scientists say this is not correct. There is evidence that the flagellum developed through evolution. +A religious philosopher, William Paley, said that life is more complicated than a machine (like as a watch.) He said that just like a watch was made by a smart designer, so were animals. This is known as the watchmaker analogy. +Similarities and criticism of Intelligent Design. +Many parts of different animals are very similar. Intelligent design could show that a common creator used the same good design ideas for all of them. This could be evidence of evolution; but intelligent design suggests that every part of an animal is useful and there for a reason, showing how smart the designer was. +Evolution suggests that many parts of the same animal would not be useful or not good, because it happened by natural selection. In the past, it was believed that some parts of the human body have no biological function, but later it was proved that some actually do important things. +If animals and persons have similar parts because they came from a common ancestor, then the genes that code for these parts should be similar too. Sometimes this is true. But, other times similar structures are coded by entirely different genes, because of convergent evolution. These examples of this kind of different results in data can be used to claim that evolution is either wrong or right, causing arguments. + += = = Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi = = = +Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi (; born 25 November 1941) is a spiritual leader and founder of the spiritual movements "RAGS International" (now known as Messiah Foundation International) and "Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam". +He is the author of many Urdu books on spirituality. The most popular of his books is "Deen-e-Ilahi" "The Religion of God" (2000) which has recently been republished by Hay House and translated into English, Arabic, Thai, Persian, Hindi and other languages by Messiah Foundation International. +RAGS International was renamed to Messiah Foundation International in 2000. MFI claims that Shahi is the Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar. +Early life. +Shahi was born on 25 November 1941, in the village of Dhok Gohar Shah in the district of Rawalpindi in British India. He is a fifth generation descendant of the Sufi Baba Gohar Ali Shah. +At the age of twenty, when he was the owner of F.Q. Steel Industries, Shahi began to search for spirituality. Eventually he became disillusioned in this search and returned to work. Shahi then married and had three children. +In 1975, he went to Sehwan Sharif for self-mortification. He spent a period of three years in the mountains of Sehwan Sharif and the forest of Laal Bagh in self-purification. +Career as spiritual leader. +Shahi became popular as a Sufi preacher in Pakistan during the later 1970s. He formed "RAGS International" and "Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam" in 1980. Of the two organisations, RAGS International is still active as Messiah Foundation International whereas Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam was reported to have been dissolved and banned in Pakistan in 2011. +The CEO of Messiah Foundation International is Younus AlGohar. Shahi claimed to have met with Jesus Christ in 1997. +Legal persecution and exile. +He and many of his followers have been convicted under Islamic blasphemy by an antiterrorist court in Sindh. After he fled to England, Shahi was convicted "in absentia", receiving sentences that totaled approximately 59 years. +Disappearance. +Shahi was reported to have disappeared in London in 2001; afterwards, sightings of him were reported around the world of people claiming to have met and received spiritual guidance from him. +In February 2002, prior to any decision on appeals filed with the Sindh High Court, Ardeshir Cowasjee claimed in an article he wrote for "Dawn" newspaper, the Pakistani newspaper, that unnamed people who identified themselves to him as office-bearers of the All-Faith Spiritual Movement told him that Gohar Shahi died abroad, but this report was unconfirmed. +After Shahi's disappearance, his followers largely split into two organisations: the Messiah Foundation International and the Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam. RAGS International was renamed to "Messiah Foundation International" shortly after Shahi's disappearance. Its current leader is Younus AlGohar. +Some sources report his death as of 2001, others as of 2003. According to the "Pakistani Press Foundation" Shahi died in 2001 An article from 2006 in the "Sunday Telegraph" reports that Shahi died in 2003, and a 2009 article in "Your Local Guardian" also says he was reported to have died in 2003. But none of these reports are confirmed as there is no physical proof of his body. +However, the Indian news agency PTI reported in 2008 that Shahi was based in the United Kingdom after being convicted of blasphemy by the Sindh High Court. This view is supported by the "Indian Express" which reported in 2008 that Shahi had fled to the United Kingdom and was presently based there. "Zee News" also supported this claim. The Hindustan Times has reported that he is "serving a life sentence". +The Messiah Foundation International claims that he merely disappeared. +Shahi's family, including his wife, five sons and a daughter, still resides in Kotri. +Teachings and followers. +"Main page:" Messiah Foundation International +The teachings of Gohar Shahi have been a source of controversy. Some orthodox theological scholars say his teachings are blasphemous, +Classical singers such as Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan and Ghulam Farid Sabri have been presented the message of Shahi, which they have praised. Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan was quoted as saying "The message of Hazrat Riaz Gohar Shahi is the greatest message I have ever heard." In "Qawwali" events in Japan and Germany, Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan personally distributed leaflets in favour of Shahi. Aziz Mian has also presented a "Qawwali" in praise of Shahi at a "Jashan-e-Shahi" event (which celebrates the day Shahi supposedly took the rank of Mehdi by Allah) event. +Claims and criticism. +Shahi and his followers have made claims that are opposed by some mainstream Islamic theologians in Pakistan and abroad. Shahi was accused of claiming the status of a prophet but Shahi denied such accusations. His teachings have been condemned by Muslim religious leaders and the Pakistani government. +Shahi predicts that the world would end in the year 2026 due to a comet heading towards earth. He claims the comet will be the cause of "total destruction" though mentions that "in order to intimidate [mankind]...God plans destruction on a small scale". +Many attempts were made on the lives of Shahi and Younus AlGohar, including a petrol bomb thrown into AlGohar's residence in Manchester where Shahi stayed when he toured the United Kingdom. A man tried to attack him with a hand grenade during a discourse at his home in Kotri, Pakistan. A bounty was put on his head in Pakistan. +Shahi's books have been banned by the government of Pakistan, and his followers are not allowed to meet in public. +Gohar Shahi claimed to have met with Jesus in America. Shahi's supporters claim that his face became prominent on the moon, sun, nebula star and the Black Stone in Mecca, and that these appearances were signs from God that Gohar Shahi is the awaited Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar. +The alleged images induced greater legal and religious opposition. Shahi has also supported this claim, saying that God had revealed the images of Shahi on the Moon and various locations, for which Shahi himself was not responsible, and if questions should be raised, they should be raised to God. Messiah Foundation International claims the alleged images to be signs from God, pointing to Shahi being the awaited Mehdi, and quote religious texts as well as sayings from the likes of Nostradamus, and Ja'far al-Sadiq to support it. +Journalists in Pakistan asked Shahi, +"Many believe that you are the Mehdi, and God has revealed signs unto them which say that you are the Mehdi, but you do not officially announce that you are the Mehdi. Why?" Shahi gestured towards himself and answered, "Does Imam Mehdi not know the law of Pakistan? He knows that the law of Pakistan declares that 'whosoever claims to be the Mehdi, put him in jail'. I have given the signs of his [Mehdi's] characteristics, which the Mehdi knows and none other. Now, it is up to people to recognize him and believe him". +On 18 November 1997, after appearing in court before Justice Rasheed A. Razvi of Sindh High Court Hyderabad Circuit, Shahi said, "The only justification to be Hazrat Imam Mehdi is the mark on [one's] back which can prove his existence." +Of the groups following Shahi, Messiah Foundation International claims that Shahi is the awaited Mehdi, Messiah, and Kalki Avatar while "Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam" did not. According to MFI's website, Shahi is the Awaited Messiah, but they deny the notion that Shahi is another form of Jesus and claim that Jesus has also returned to support the Mehdi. +Bibliography. +Gohar Shahi has authored a number of books, including one based on Sufi poetry known as "Taryāq-e-Qalb", roughly translating to the "'Cure of Hearts'". One of his most prominent books is "Deen-e-Ilahi" ("The Religion of God"), which is banned in Pakistan. +Works by Gohar Shahi include: +On May 17th, 2012, Messiah Foundation International republished "The Religion of God" with Hay House. As of July 1st, 2012, it was #5 on the publisher's Best Seller's List. +Messiah Foundation International considers Shahi to be the author of the "Goharian Philosophy of Divine Love", a set of principles upon which the organisation is founded. Shahi has also authored a monthly magazine, "Hatif-e-Mehdi", which is banned in Pakistan for allegedly containing material offensive to the religious feelings of Muslims there. + += = = International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam = = = +International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam (ASI) () is a Pakistan-based organisation. It was made in 1980 by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi. Its headquarters are in Kotri, Hyderabad, Sindh and Pakistan. +Purpose. +The purpose of this movement is to invite all man without any discrimination of caste, creed, nation or religion towards the divine love of God. +Organizational Structure. +International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam is divided into two branches one for men only and other is for women only. The ladies wing is led by Mrs. Gulzar. However, the president of men wing is Mr. Wasi Muhammad Qureshi, who was nominated by Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi as President of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam. Gohar Shahi himself is the Patrorn-in-Chief of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfroshan-e-Islam. +Founding Members. +In 1980, when Shahi formed the movement it had only five members, who are called founding members. Following are the names of the founding members of International Spiritual Movement Anjuman Serfaroshan-e-Islam: + += = = Roman Curia = = = +The Roman Curia ( Curia Romanae) is usually called "The Curia". It is the cabinet of Vatican City and the Roman Catholic Church. +Parts of The Curia look after the independent country of the Vatican. For example, The Curia includes the Vatican's courts. +Other parts of The Curia do jobs that are important for the Catholic Church. For example, the "Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity" is in charge of meeting other churches. +All of the parts of The Curia that are listed on the Vatican's website are explained in this table. + += = = In God We Trust = = = +In God We Trust is one of the national mottos of the United States. The other is E Pluribus Unum. "In God We Trust" has been put on American money since 1864 when it was added to a two-cent coin. A law passed in 1956 made it a national motto. It is also the motto of Florida. + += = = Apostolic Nunciature = = = +An Apostolic Nunciature is the embassy of the Holy See in a foreign country. The nunciature protects the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church, not just the Vatican City, and also liases between the Holy See and the Roman Catholic Church in that country. +The head of nunciature is called a Nuncio. The nuncio is the equivalent of an Ambassador, or a High Commissioner (Ambassador) in Commonwealth countries. +Some countries make the Nuncio "Dean of the Diplomatic Corps" (head of the group of ambassadors to its country). This is allowed by the international agreement about diplomats. Usually the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps is the longest serving ambassador in a country. +A pro-Nuncio was the name used for a Nuncio in countries which did not make a Nuncio Dean of the Diplomatic Corps automatically. The Vatican stopped using the title in 1991. +An Apostolic Delegate represented the Holy See to the church, but not the government, in another country. + += = = Software development = = = +Software development is the process of creating a computer software. It includes the software release life cycle of preparing a design, coding the program, and fixing the bugs. The final goal is software release of a product that serves the wishes of users. +Software product is usually a result of research, new development, prototyping, modification, reuse, re-engineering, maintenance, or any other activities. +There are 3 main goals of software development: +Process. +A software development process (model, methodology) is a system that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing information systems. Each model is defferent, more or less structured and is considered to be suitable to only some kinds of projects. +There are several stages of software development: +Activities. +Understanding the need. +There are different sources of ideas for software products like market research. The next step is market evaluation. It includes a check of cost and time assumptions, economic feasibility, fit with existing channels distribution, effects on existing product lines, required features, fit with the company's marketing objectives. +This process is also connected with non-technical activities like human resources, risk management, intellectual property, budgeting, crisis management, etc. +Planning. +An important task in creating a software program is understanding the requirements. The software engineers must accept the client's idea and adapt it to the working process. +Designing. +After establishing the requirements, the engineers start creating a software design document. Design of the software means the high-level design of the main modules with a full picture of how the parts fit together. The language, operating system, and hardware components should be clear at this stage. +Implementation, testing and documenting. +There are 3 next processes which are combined: +Deployment and maintenance. +The deployment includes installation, customization, testing, and possibly a longer period of evaluation. +Software training and support are important because software is only effective if it is used rightly. +Maintaining and improving software is the stage to cope with new faults or requirements, it usually takes a lot of time and effort. + += = = Gag (disambiguation) = = = +Gag may mean: + += = = Gag reflex = = = +Gag reflex, also called "pharyngeal reflex", is a reflex contraction of the throat in humans that prevents anything to pass through the throat, except during normal swallowing. It is also named as "pharyngeal reflex". +Touching the soft palate results in a very strong gag reflex in most healthy people. The gag reflex can also be caused by touching the roof of the mouth, or the back part of the tongue. The gag reflex can be used to make someone vomit as well. + += = = Cookie (disambiguation) = = = +A cookie, is a small cake. +Cookies could also mean: + += = = Flame = = = +A flame is the visible part of a fire. It gives light and heat. It is the result of an exothermic reaction. The color and temperature of a flame depend on the type of fuel that is used to make the fire. A blue or white flame is often very hot, while a red, orange, or yellow flame is less hot. + += = = Luna = = = +Luna may refer to: + += = = Kaliningrad = = = +Kaliningrad (; ; German: ; ; briefly Russified as "Kyonigsberg") is a seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave between Poland and Lithuania on the Baltic Sea. Kaliningrad is the second-largest city in the Northwestern Federal District, after Saint Petersburg, the third-largest city in the Baltic region and the seventh-largest city on the Baltic Sea. It is the westernmost Oblast of Russia. +It is surrounded by NATO and European Union members Poland and Lithuania and is geographically separated from the main part of Russia itself. Borderless connection is only possible by sea or air. +In 2002, it had a population of 430,003 people. This was more than in 1989, when the last census was done. At that time, the city only had a population of 401,280. About 78% of the people there are Russians, 8% Belarusians, and 7.3% Ukrainians. +Until World War II the people were mostly Germans. Many fled during the war, and the rest were expelled between 1946 and 1949. +It was named Königsberg originally. The city had that name from 1254 to 1945. +History. +It was the capital city of the German province of East Prussia, the earlier Duchy of Prussia, and before that of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. +The Albertina University opened in 1544. +Famous people. +One of the famous people from Königsberg was the philosopher Immanuel Kant. + += = = Roller derby = = = +Roller derby is a sport played on roller skates. It used to be played by both men and women, but it was restarted by women. There are now a growing number of men's and mixed (or co-ed) teams around the world who are playing roller derby. +For a long time, many people did not believe roller derby was a real sport. They thought it was like professional wrestling, because it had fake fighting and other things for TV. But in 2002, a group of women in Austin, Texas started playing it as a real game, with nothing fake. A TV show called "Rollergirls" was made about some of these women. By 2006, women in every big city in the USA and Canada were starting their own roller derby clubs. There were even clubs starting up in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. +How roller derby is played. +Two teams of roller derby players skate around an oval track. The track can be flat or banked (raised around the outer edges). +There are 5 players on each team: +The jammer is the only player that can score points. The jammer's team gets a point every time the jammer passes one of the other team's players. To score a point, the jammer has to play fair and stay on the track when they pass someone. +Jammers get a 2-minute time period, called a "jam", when they can score points. +Before a jam starts the blockers of both teams line up side-by-side, with both jammers farther back behind their own starting line. The jam starts when a whistle blows. Then, everyone, including the jammers get to leave their designated areas. The jammers and blockers alike are fighting to get their guy/girl through the pack. +The first jammer to get through the pack without leaving the track gets to be the "lead jammer". The lead jammer can put her hands on her hips when she wants to stop the jam early. Stopping the jam early keeps the other team from having time to score points. +Blockers and pivots try to help their own team's jammer get through the pack, and they try to slow down the other team's jammer. When the jammers are near the pack, everyone is allowed to bump into each other. If someone is trying to push someone from the other team out of the way, then they have to be careful how they do it. They can only push from the side, and they have to use their shoulders, the top part of their arms, their hips, or the top part of their legs—so tripping, shoving, punching, or pushing the other team's players from behind is not allowed. Or you will get a penalty +Players who break the rules are sent to the penalty box for thirty seconds, leaving their team stranded on the track without them. +Even with these rules and safety equipment, roller derby players can get knocked down and get badly hurt, so usually only adults play "full contact" roller derby. There are junior clubs for younger players. SOME play without trying to knock anyone down. Others, like the Quad City Orphan Brigade (located in the Quad Cities (Iowa, Illinois)) play FULL contact and TRY to knock others down. +A roller derby game is called a bout. There are two halves played, which last 30 minutes each. The teams skate as many jams(runs a maximum of 2 minutes per jam) as they can until time runs out. The team with the most points at the end of the game wins. + += = = Sargon of Akkad = = = +Sargon was one of the first people in recorded history to create an empire, or multi-ethnic state. His empire included the land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and part of what is present-day Turkey. His capital was called "" in the Akkadian language. +Sargon of Akkad may have been the same person as the first Sargon of Assyria (also known as Sharrukin or Sharru-kin). Sargon's empire would probably have included Assyria. He is listed in the Assyrian king list as the son of Ikunum and the founder of a dynasty. He became a prominent member of the royal court of Kish, ultimately overthrowing its king before embarking on the conquest of Mesopotamia. +The Empire. +Sargon's vast empire is known to have extended from Elam to the Mediterranean Sea, including Mesopotamia, parts of modern-day Iran and Syria, and possibly parts of Anatolia and the Arabian peninsula. He ruled from a new capital, Akkad, which the Sumerian king list claims he built on the left bank of the Euphrates. He is sometimes regarded as the first person in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, although the Sumerians Lugal-anne-mundu and Lugal-zage-si also have a claim. His dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half. +Sargon allowed the people of the lands he conquered to retain their local rulers and customs. They had to obey him, however, and pay a protection tax known as a tribute. Sargon's policy contributed to the preservation of peace and the loyalty of people throughout his empire. +Akkadian language. +The Akkadian language was made the official language of international discourse. During Sargon's reign, Akkadian was standardized and adapted for use with the cuneiform script, which was previously used for the Sumerian language. A style of calligraphy developed in which text on clay tablets and cylinder seals was arranged amidst scenes of mythology and ritual. + += = = Judea = = = +Judea or Judaea (, "Yehudah") is the ancient name of the mountainous terrain surrounding Jerusalem. Its location falls in present-day Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. +History. +Judea was the territory of the ancient Kingdom of Judah. Judea lost its Nationhood to the Romans in the 1st century BC, by becoming first a tributary kingdom, then a province, of the Roman Empire. +The first interference of Rome in the region dates from 63 BC, following the end of the Third Mithridatic war. +After the defeat of Mithridates VI of Pontus, general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) stayed behind to make the area secure for Rome. Judea at the time was not a peaceful place. Queen Alexandra had recently died, and her sons were troubling the country with a civil war for power. They were Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. +In 63 BC, Aristobulus was surrounded in Jerusalem by his brother's armies, and the situation was bad. He sent a messenger to Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, Pompey's representative in the area. Aristobulus offered a large bribe to be rescued, that Pompey quickly accepted, but later, he tried to accuse Scaurus of extortion. This caused his downfall, because Scaurus was Pompey's brother in law and was protected by him. The general did not like what Aristobulus had done, and put the prince and high priest Hyrcanus in charge of the kingdom. Judea and Galilee became tributary kingdoms of Rome, which meant that they had to pay tribute to the Roman Republic to buy their protection. +After Caesar's death. +Around the same time Pompey was defeated by Julius Caesar, Hyrcanus was followed by a member of his court, Antipater. Caesar and Antipater were both killed in 44 BC, and Herod, Antipater's son, was appointed as governor ("tetrarch") by Rome in 41 BC. He became the king ("basileus") of Judea in 37 BC, and was known as King Herod the Great. During his reign, the great port of Caesarea Maritima was built. He died in 4 BC, and his kingdom was divided among his sons. One of these was Herod Archelaus, who ruled Judea so badly that he was made to quit in 6 AD by the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar, after his own people complained about him. +The kingdom of Judea now became part of a larger Roman province of "Ivdaea". This was one of the few governed by a knight, not a former consul or "praetor" of senatorial rank, because its income to the Roman treasury was small, and the region was peaceful. Pontius Pilate was one of these procurators. +Between 41 and 44, Judea won a little more independence again, when Herod Agrippa was made king by emperor Claudius. After Agrippa's died, the province again went to direct Roman control for a short time. Judea was returned little by little to Agrippa's son, Marcus Julius Agrippa, in 48. However, there was still a Roman procurator in the area, responsible for keeping peace and raising taxes. When he died, around the year 100, the area returned once again to direct Roman control. +Rebellions. +Judea was the stage of three major rebellions against the Romans. They were (see Judea rebellions for a full account): +After Bar Kokhba's revolt was stopped by the Roman forces, the emperor Hadrian changed the name of the province to "Syria Palaestina", and Jerusalem became "Aelia Capitolina" in order to embarrass the Jewish people by attempting to erase the nation's name from the region. +Major cities. +Major cities in this area are Hebron, Bethlehem, Efrat and Beitar Illit. + += = = Incubation period = = = +An incubation period is the time it takes between the day a person is infected with a pathogen (something that causes a disease, like a virus), and the day that the person starts having symptoms of the disease. For example, if a person is infected with the common cold, it usually takes about one to three days for the person to start having cold symptoms. This means that the common cold's incubation period is one to three days. +With some diseases, like Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV, the virus that causes AIDS), a person can still give other people HIV during the incubation period. Even though the person with HIV has no symptoms, the virus is making copies of itself during the incubation period. +What affects incubation periods. +Many different things affect the incubation period for a disease. These things include: +Examples of incubation periods. +Incubation periods are not exactly the same for everyone, because every person is different. Because of this, an incubation period is always written as a range (for example, "one to three days"). +For many conditions, incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants. +Some diseases have very short incubation periods. Other diseases have incubation periods of many years. For example: + += = = The New Yorker = = = +The New Yorker is an American magazine that publishes articles, essays, stories, and cartoons about many topics. Though much of the magazine is about New York City, many readers are outside of the city. The magazine is known for its articles about politics, careful fact-checking, its cartoons, and short stories by many notable authors. It was founded by Harold Ross and the first issue was released on February 17, 1925. Though it was formerly a weekly magazine, it now publishes a new issue 47 times a year, with five longer two-week issues. In 2004, it had about 996,000 subscribers (people who paid to receive it). +The magazine has included short stories by J. D. Salinger, Vladimir Nabokov, John Updike, E. B. White, John Hersey, whose essay "Hiroshima" filled an entire issue, and Shirley Jackson, whose story "The Lottery" drew more mail than any other story published in the magazine. + += = = Cataplexy = = = +Cataplexy is a medical condition where people become limp when they are exposed to spontaneous emotions such as laughter, fright, anger, or sadness. People who have cataplexy will sometimes see that some of their muscles suddenly fail them. Cataplexy often affects people who have narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. People with narcolepsy tend to suddenly fall asleep. They cannot control when they fall asleep. Cataplexy is sometimes confused with epilepsy, where a series of flashes or other stimuli cause superficially similar seizures. +The term Cataplexy originates from the Greek "kata", meaning down, and "plexis", meaning a stroke or seizure. + += = = Sustainability = = = +Sustainability means that a process or state can be maintained at a certain level for as long as is wanted. +One definition of sustainability is the one created by the Brundtland Commission, led by the former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. The Commission defined sustainable development as development that "meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." +Sustainability relates to the connection of economic, social, institutional and environmental aspects of human society, as well as the non-human environment. Some overarching principles of sustainability include minimalism, efficiency, resilience and self-sufficiency. Sustainability is one of the four Core Concepts behind the 2007 Universal Forum of Cultures. + += = = Brundtland Commission = = = +The Brundtland Commission was created by the United Nations in 1983 to reflect about ways to save the human environment and natural resources and prevent deterioration of economic and social development. +The UN General Assembly thought that environmental problems were global in nature and determined that it was in the common interest of all nations to establish policies for sustainable development. +Brundtland Report. +The Report of the Brundtland Commission was published by Oxford University Press in 1987. The full text of the Brundtland Report can be downloaded as a copy of the UN General Assembly document A/42/427 - a 25 Mbyte [pdf] file. Also available from Wikisource Brundtland Report. +The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving that. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited: + += = = Mosleh Zamani = = = +Mosleh Zamani (also referred as Moslah Zamani) was a young Kurdish man from Sanandaj, who was executed for "adultery" in December 2009 (under Iranian law, every sexual contact outside marriage, even if both people are unmarried, is adulterous). +Mosleh, who was arrested at age of 17 and spend four years in prison, was sentenced to death by hanging. +His case raised strong controversies, because of both nature of his crime and fact he was 17 year old (Iran, because of international obligations, is not permitted to sentence anyone to death for crime he or she had committed under age of 18). +The only person who could have commuted the death sentence is Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, the head of the judiciary. + += = = Climate change = = = +Climate change is the climate of Earth changing. The Earth's climate has been much hotter and colder than it is today. Climate change this century and last century is sometimes called global warming, because the average temperature on the surface has risen. The last decade (20112020) was the warmest on record, and each of the last four decades has been warmer than any previous decade since 1850. The climate is now changing much faster than it has in the recent past. This is because people are putting more greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere, and they block some heat from escaping from the Earth into space. +When people talk about climate change they are usually talking about the problem of human-caused global warming, which is happening now (see global warming for more details). But the climate of the Earth has changed over not just thousands of years, but tens or hundreds of millions of years. +Sometimes, before there were people, the Earth's climate was much hotter than it is today. For example about 60 million years ago there were a lot of volcanoes, which burnt a lot of underground "organic matter" (squashed and fossilized dead plants and animals became coal, gas and oil). A lot of carbon dioxide and methane went up in the air. +At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the last glaciation ending about ten thousand years ago. Ice Ages are times when the Earth got colder, and more ice froze at the North and South Poles. Sometimes even the whole Earth has been covered in ice, and was much colder than today. +There is no one reason why there are Ice Ages. Changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and the Sun getting brighter or dimmer are events which do happen. Also how much the Earth is tilted compared to the Sun might make a difference. Another source of change is the activities of living things (see Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian glaciation). +Hot Earth. +Sometimes, before there were people, the Earth's climate was much hotter than it is today. For example about 60 million years ago there were a lot of volcanoes, which burnt a lot of underground "organic matter" (squashed and fossilized dead plants and animals like coal, gas and oil) so a lot of carbon dioxide and methane went up in the air like nowadays. This made the Earth hot enough for giant tortoises and alligators to live in the Arctic. +Cold Earth. +Glaciations. +At times in the past, the temperature was much cooler, with the last glaciation ending about ten thousand years ago. +Ice Ages. +Ice Ages are long times (much much longer than glaciations) when the Earth got colder, and more ice froze at the North and South Poles. Sometimes even the whole Earth was covered in ice, and was much colder than today. There is no one reason why there are Ice Ages. Changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, and the Sun getting brighter or dimmer are events which do happen. Also how much the Earth is tilted compared to the Sun might make a difference. Another source of change is the activities of living things (see Great Oxygenation Event and Huronian glaciation). +History of climate change studies. +Joseph Fourier in 1824, Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838, Eunice Foote (18191888) in 1856, Irish physicist John Tyndall (1820–1893) in 1863 onwards, Svante Arrhenius in 1896, and Guy Stewart Callendar (1898–1964) discovered the importance of carbon dioxide (CO2) in climate change. Foote's work was not appreciated, and not widely known. Tyndall proved there were other greenhouse gases as well. Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901 invented the term. +The Sun. +The Sun gets a little bit hotter and colder every 11 years. This is called the 11-year sunspot cycle. The change is so small that scientists can barely measure how it affects the temperature of the Earth. If the Sun was causing the Earth to warm up, it would warm both the surface and high up in the air. But the air in the upper stratosphere is actually getting colder. Therefore the changes in the Sun are not causing the global warming which is happening now. +According to the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the current scientific consensus is that long and short-term variations in solar activity play only a very small role in Earth’s climate. Warming from increased levels of human-produced greenhouse gases is actually many times stronger than any effects due to recent variations in solar activity. +For more than 40 years, satellites have observed the Sun's energy output, which has gone up or down by less than 0.1 percent during that period. Since 1750, the warming driven by greenhouse gases coming from the human burning of fossil fuels is over 270 times greater than the slight extra warming coming from the Sun itself over that same time . +Sustainable energy and environment. +Renewable energy or sustainable energy includes any energy source that cannot be exhausted. It can remain viable for a long period of time without running out or lasts forever. Examples are solar, wind, hydropower (water), geothermal, tidal and biomass. +Sustainable energy choices play a crucial role in mitigating the impact of human activities on the environment. Here's an overview of some key sustainable energy options and their environmental impacts according to research: +Solar energy. +Sunlight from the Sun when converted produces solar energy. It is in abundance and freely available. The type of energy obtained is clean and easily renewable. It has low maintenance cost and can generate energy in any climate. +Wind energy. +Another clean form of energy is wind. This energy is a plentiful source of renewable energy source. However, it is only available sometimes. +Through history, the use of wind power has waxed and waned, from the use of windmills in centuries past to high tech wind turbines on wind farms today. + += = = Gro Harlem Brundtland = = = + (IPA: ) (born 20 April 1939) is a Norwegian politician, diplomat, and physician. She is an international leader in sustainable development and public health. She is a former Prime Minister of Norway. She was the Director General of the World Health Organization. In 2007, she became a Special Envoy for Climate Change for the United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. +Education. +Brundtland has a degree from the University of Oslo. She also has a master's degree from Harvard University. + += = = Allentown, Pennsylvania = = = +Allentown is a city that is in Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. After Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, it is Pennsylvania's third most populous city, with 125,845 residents as of the 2020 census. It is the county seat of Lehigh County. +The town is in east Pennsylvania about 45 minutes away from the Pocono Mountains. +Allentown history. +Founding. +The city of Allentown was first home to people in 1735. It was then named a Northampton town (Northampton-Towne) in 1762 by William Allen, a rich shipping merchant, Chief Justice of the Province of Pennsylvania and mayor, or leader, of Philadelphia in the past. The town was made on a 5,000-acre area Allen got for money in 1735 from the sons of William Penn. Allen hoped that Northampton-Towne would become a commercial center because of it being on the Lehigh River and how it was near Philadelphia. Allen gave the area to his son, James, who built a summer home, Trout Hall, there in 1770. +On March 18 1811, the town became a borough. On March 6 1812, Lehigh County was made from the west part of Northampton County, and Northampton was made the county seat. The name of the town became "Allentown" on April 16 1833 because it was liked by people. Allentown was made a city on March 12 1867. +Liberty Bell. +The Liberty Bell was kept away from the British during the American Revolutionary War in Allentown. After George Washington lost the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777, the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia did not have defense, and got ready for the British to attack. The Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania said that eleven bells, like the State House bell and the bells from Philadelphia's Christ Church and St. Peter's Church, should be taken down and taken away from the city to stop the British, who would melt the bells down to and make into cannons, from taking the bells. The bells were moved north to Northampton-Towne, and put in the basement of the Old Zion Reformed Church, in what is now center of Allentown. Today, a shrine in the church's basement marks the same spot where the Liberty Bell was. +Birthplace of the American Industrial Revolution. +Before the 1830s, Allentown was a small town with only local markets. When the Lehigh Canal was made the economy got bigger. The town changed with industrialization and became one of the United States' biggest areas for big industry and manufacturing. While Allentown was not as big as Bethlehem, the city right next to it, the iron industry in the area still gave many jobs to the city. Railroads, like the Lehigh Valley Railroad, were very important to move raw materials and made goods, and made many new jobs. +Allentown also had a strong tradition in the making of beer and was home to many breweries people knew, like the Horlacher Brewery (founded 1897, closed 1978). +Early 20th century to present. +Economic recovery in the early 20th century was caused by the silk and textile industry. The Adelaide Silk Mill, which was one of the biggest mills in the world, opened in Allentown in 1881. By 1928, there were more than 140 silk and textile mills in the Lehigh Valley which made silk the second biggest industry. By the 1930s, the silk industry was getting slow in all the world because synthetics were taking the place of silk. Catoir Silk Mill, the last silk mill in Allentown, closed in 1989. In 1905, Mack Trucks moved to Macungie, a small suburb of Allentown, which began Allentown's focus on big industrial manufacturing. Today, Allentown's economy is mostly service industries. +Climate. +Allentown's climate is called humid continental. Summers are hot and muggy, fall and spring are mild, and winter is cold. Precipitation is almost spread throughout the year at the same rate. Allentown's weather is affected by the Blue Mountain, a mountain ridge from 1,000 to 1,600 feet high about 12 miles north of the city, and South Mountain, a mountain ridge of 500 to 1,000 feet high that is south of the city. + += = = Mia Rose = = = +Mia Rose (aka Miaarose) is a YouTube artist who sings. She was born on January 26, 1988. She has signed a record deal with NextSelection. Her real name is Maria Antónia Teixeira Rosa. She says she is Portuguese. She is currently recording songs with groups. Rose also works with Prez Wszeborowski, a 17-year-old music composer that has written "You're Pitiful" for Weird Al Yankovic, and also made beats for celebrities like Sean Paul, Busta Rhymes, Silva Sisters, The Millionairs, and The Anarckists. + += = = Hepatitis A = = = +Hepatitis A is an infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A virus. Unlike the other common forms of hepatitis (hepatitis B and C), it does not cause chronic (long-term) liver disease. +How is hepatitis A spread? +When a person has hepatitis A, the virus stays in their feces. Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating food or drinking water that has been contaminated with infected feces. For example, hepatitis A can be spread by: +Hepatitis A can also be spread by having sex with someone who has hepatitis A. +Treatment and prognosis. +There is no medication that can cure hepatitis A. In most cases, the infection resolves on its own. In most cases, symptoms last less than 2 months, although some people are sick for as long as six months. +Unfortunately, a small number of patients develop Fulminant hepatic failure, which is very serious. +Prevention. +A vaccine is available to prevent hepatitis A, and anti-hepatitis A immunoglobulin is also used. + += = = Hepatitis B = = = +Hepatitis B is a disease of the liver. It is caused by a virus. The virus is not spread by food or casual contact. It can be spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person. A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth. It can also be spread by sexual contact, reuse of needles, and transfusions of blood with the virus in it. +Infection with hepatitis B can be prevented by vaccination, where an injection is given which makes the body immune to the virus. It is recommended that all people are given a series of three vaccines over a few months when they are babies to ensure good protection against this virus. However, vaccination only provides 90% protection, it does not completely remove the risk of infection. +Some people who are infected are able to beat the virus quickly. Many people are infected for life. Usually they have few or no symptoms. Sometimes the liver is damaged severely, causing liver failure. A common symptom of liver failure is jaundice, where the person's skin and eyes turn yellow due to a build-up of body products which would normally be filtered by the liver. Another problem with hepatitis B is that it can cause cancer of the liver. +Blood tests can find signs that the liver is being damaged. If people have those signs, treatment for hepatitis B can prevent the liver damage caused by the virus. Antiviral medications are given, which prevent the virus from making copies of itself. However, once the virus is in the liver, it is not possible to get rid of the virus completely. + += = = Mir = = = +Mir was a space station created by the Soviet Union and later owned and operated by Russia. It existed from 1984 to 23 March 2001. When it was retired, it moved towards the Earth and burned up in its atmosphere. Mir is now replaced with the International Space Station. It was the first space station to be made out of multiple modules, unlike the previous Salyut series of space stations, which were only made out of one module. + += = = May Queen = = = +The May Queen or Queen of May is a word which has two different but related meanings. It can refer to either a mythical figure or to a holiday personification. +Mythology. +The May Queen is also known as The Maiden, the goddess of spring, flower bride, queen of the faeries, and the lady of the flowers. The May Queen is a symbol of the stillness of nature around which everything revolves. She stands for purity, strength and the potential for growth, as the plants grow in May. She is one of many personifications of the energy of the earth. +She was once also known as Maid Marian in the medieval plays of Robin Hood and of the May Games - she is the young village girl, crowned with blossom, attended by children with garlands and white dresses. Some folklorists have drawn parallels between her and Maia, the Roman Goddess of Springtime, of Growth and Increase whose very name may be the root of "May". +Festivals. +The May Queen is a girl (usually a teenage girl from a specific school year) who is selected to ride or walk at the front of a parade for May Day celebrations. She wears a white gown to symbolise purity and usually a tiara or crown. Her duty is to begin the May Day celebrations. She is generally crowned by flowers and makes a speech before the dancing begins. Certain age groups dance round a May pole celebrating youth and the spring time. +An Elizabethan account. +In 1557, a diarist called Henry Machyn wrote: +"The xxx day of May was a goly May-gam in Fanch-chyrchestrett with drumes and gunes and pykes, and ix wordes dyd ryd; and thay had speches evere man, and the morris dansse and the sauden, and a elevant with the castyll, and the sauden and yonge morens with targattes and darttes, and the lord and the lade of the Maye". +Translation: On the 30th May was a jolly May-game in Fenchurch Street (London) with drums and guns and pikes, The Nine Worthies did ride; and they all had speeches, and the morris dance and sultan and a elephant with a castle (saddle in the shape of a castle) and the sultan and young moors with shields and arrows, and the lord and lady of the May". +Maintaining the tradition. +Many areas keep this tradition alive today, most notably the Brentham Garden Suburb, England which hosts it annually. This has the record of the oldest unbroken tradition although the May Queen of All London Festival at Hayes Common in Bromley has also been going a long time. A May queen is selected from a group of 13 upwards girls by the young dancers. She returns the next year to crown the new May Queen and stays in the procession. +A May Day celebration held annually in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada isthe longest running May Day celebration of its kind in the British Commonwealth. This May Day celebration began in 1870. Archival film footage of New Westminster's May Day celebrations from 1932-1962 can be seen online at Quest for the Queens + += = = Mutual fund = = = +A mutual fund is a kind of investment that uses money from investors to invest in stocks, bonds or other types of investment. A fund manager (or "portfolio manager") decides how to invest the money, and for this he is paid a fee, which comes from the money in the fund. +Mutual funds are usually "open ended", meaning that new investors can join into the fund at any time. When this happens, new units, which are like shares, are given to the new investors. +There are thousands of different kinds of mutual funds, specializing in investing in different countries, different types of businesses, and different investment styles. There are even some funds that only invest in other funds. + += = = Modular Audio Recognition Framework = = = +Modular Audio Recognition Framework (MARF) is a computer program that tries to understand voice, sound, speech, text and human language in general. In MARF, scientists and programmers write algorithms using Java. MARF consists of Lego-like algorithm pieces that can be added or replaced easily. MARF itself can be piece in other computer programs or used for learning, education, and making MARF itself better. A few example programs are provided to show how to use MARF. There is also a lot of documentation of the project. MARF and its programs are published under a BSD-style license. + += = = Fullmetal Alchemist = = = +Fullmetal Alchemist (in "") is a popular manga and anime series created by Hiromu Arakawa and serialized in Enix's (now Square Enix) "Monthly Shonen Gangan". The manga has been made into two different anime shows, one in 2003 which follows its own story, and a 2009 show which follows the story of the manga. A film, "The Conqueror of Shamballa" was made for the 2003 show, and "The Sacred Star of Milos" was created for the 2012 show. +Plot. +The plot focuses on a world where alchemy is a main form of science. Edward Elric and his brother Alphonse, fail to resurrect their mother. When Alphonse's body is destroyed, Edward sacrifices his arm and leg during the alchemy in order for Alphonse's soul to be transferred in a suit of armour. Their friend, Winry Rockbell, makes prosthetic parts for Edward's limbs. As the series progresses, the brothers solve the case about the Philosopher's Stone, a forbidden material breaking the law of Equivalent Exchange. +"Fullmetal Alchemist" became one of the most critically acclaimed Japanese franchise. +Characters. +Edward Elric: The main protagonist of the series. He is brave and proud, the only thing getting him along is the promise he made to his younger brother, Alphonse, that he will get him his body back, and himself his limbs. He is shorter than the average teen and hates it when someone comments on his height, mostly getting frustrated or hurting them with his metal fist, even his brother gets the same punishment. +Alphonse Elric: Edward's younger brother, whose soul is attached to an empty suit of armour, after a failed attempt to resurrect their mother. The deal was his body for hers, though what happened once the transmutation had finished showed it didn't work. In order to bring back his brother, Edward did his own transmutation, giving away his arm for Alphonse. Alphonse was then placed into the armour and now their journey takes them to try to find the Philosopher's Stone, the only thing that can defy the rule of equivalent exchange, to give back Alphonse's body and Edward's limbs. + += = = My Dying Bride = = = +My Dying Bride is an English doom metal band. They are from West Yorkshire. The band formed in 1990. + += = = Modular = = = +Something is modular when it consists of two or more pieces that are easy to replace. These are usually simple objects. They can be connected together to form more complex objects. For example, Lego pieces are modular. Complex objects may by themselves be modular and used to create even more complex objects by piecing them together. + += = = Framework = = = +Framework is a term describing established practices in a society, science, software development, or hardware design that can be repeatedly applied to solving problems. The problems are solved uniformly (in the same or very similar way) in a framework. +In computer technology, a framework is an API that defines what kind of programs can be built with it. For example, the .NET Framework allows writing programs in C# but not in C. + += = = Documentation = = = +Documentation is something that people read for instructions or information on how to +do or use things. Documentation may consist of one or more documents on paper, a web page, +a file, and other media. + += = = Bobby pin = = = +A bobby pin (also known as a kirby grip or a hair grip) is a clip that goes in one's hair to hold individual strands of hair in place. + += = = Pre-production = = = +Pre-production is the time before making a movie, play, or other performance when all the things that will be needed to make it are prepared. +In the movie industry, pre-production usually only starts when the script is ready, the studio has agreed to make it and money has been made available. By this time, a project will almost always have a movie, a producer, cast members and a production team. + += = = Flax = = = +Flax (also known as common flax or linseed) ("Linum usitatissimum") is a type of flowering plant. +The fibres of flax are used to make linen. High-quality paper used in banknotes is also made from flax fibres. +An oil (linseed oil) can be made from the dried ripe flax seeds. +Flax has been used for a long time in such tasks as making bows and candles. +Toxicity. +Flax seed and its oil are nontoxic and are safe for human consumption. +However, like many common foods, flax contains small amounts of cyanogenic glycoside. This is "nontoxic" when eaten in normal amounts. It may be toxic when eaten in large quantities as with staple foods such as cassava. The small percentage of cyanide can be removed by special processing. + += = = Finite set = = = +In mathematics, a finite set is a set that is not infinite. A finite set has a certain number of elements. The elements of the set can be numbered like {1, 2, ..., "n"} and "n" must either be a natural number or zero. An infinite set is a set with an unlimited number of elements. +Another definition is to say a set is finite if its cardinality (the number of its elements) is a natural number. A set with "n" elements is called an "n"-set. +A definition that is harder to understand, but which is often used by mathematicians, is to say that a set is finite if there is no strict subset that can be put in 1-to-1 correspondence with the set itself. (A strict subset of a set is one that is not equal to the set itself). For example, the set of even numbers can be put in one-to-one correspondence with the set of natural numbers (2"n" corresponds to "n"), but the set of even numbers is also a strict subset of the natural numbers (there are many numbers which are not in the set of even numbers, but which are natural numbers, for example the number 1). This means that the set of natural numbers is infinite. + += = = Vikram Samvat = = = +The Vikram era, or Vikram samvat is an Calendar System(mostly followed in Hinduism and Sikhism from people of Indian Subcontinent) starting in 57 BC. The Vikram Samvat calendar starts half a century before the Gregorian calendar and works on an Indian calendar cycle. +The calendar starts in the month of Vaishak, which usually falls in the Gregorian month of February/March. +The date marks the day when the King Vikramāditya beat the Sakas, who had invaded Ujjain. A new calendar was started to honor this achievement. +The story. +The story of this event is told by a sadhu (Jain monk) called Mahesara Suri. +The powerful king of Ujjain, called Gardabhilla, kidnapped a sadhvi (Jain nun), who was the sister of the sadhu. The sadhu went to the Saka King to get help, and in the end, the Saka King beat Gardabhilla and captured him and made him a prisoner. But in the end, Gardabhilla was forgiven and run away to a forest, where he was killed by a tiger. +Later on Vikramaditya invaded Ujjain and drove away the Sakas. To commemorate this event he started a new era called the Vikrama era. + += = = Cardinality = = = +In mathematics, the cardinality of a set means the number of its elements. For example, the set "A" = {2, 4, 6} contains 3 elements, and therefore "A" has a cardinality of 3. The cardinality of a set A can also be represented as formula_1. +Two sets have the "same" (or "equal") cardinality if and only if they have the same number of elements, which is the another way of saying that there is a 1-to-1 correspondence between the two sets. The cardinality of the set "A" is "less than or equal to" the cardinality of set "B" if and only if there is an injective function from "A" to "B". The cardinality of the set "B" is "greater than or equal to" the cardinality of set "A" if and only if there is an injective function from "A" to "B". +The "cardinality" of a set is only one way of giving a number to the "size" of a set. The concept of measure is yet another way. +Finite sets. +The cardinality of a finite set is a natural number. The smallest cardinality is 0. The empty set has cardinality 0. If the cardinality of the set "A" is "n", then there is a "next larger" set with cardinality "n"+1 (for example, the set "A" ∪ {"A"}). If ||"A"|| ≤ ||"B"|| ≤ ||"A" ∪ {"A"}||, then either ||"B"|| = ||"A"|| or ||"B"|| = ||"A" ∪ {"A"}||.) There is no largest finite cardinality. +Infinite sets. +If the cardinality of a set is not finite, then the cardinality is infinite. +An infinite set is considered countable if they can be listed without missing any (that is, if there is a one-to-one correspondence between it and the set of natural numbers formula_2). Examples include the rational numbers, integers, and natural numbers. Such sets have a cardinality that we call formula_3 (pronounced "aleph null", "aleph naught" or "aleph zero"). Sets such as the real numbers are not countable, since given any finite or infinite list of real numbers, it's always possible to find a number that's not on that list. The real numbers have a cardinality of formula_4—the cardinality of the continuum. + += = = Mitre = = = +A mitre is a tall hat worn by leaders in some Christian churches. In the Roman Catholic church, it is worn by bishops, archbishops or cardinals (higher order). The front and back are the shape of a triangle. It is only worn when the bishop is dressed in his special religious clothes, but is used on a coat of arms to show that the owner is a bishop. +Mitres are also worn by some clergy in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches. + += = = Boňkov = = = +Boňkov is a small village near Herálec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 58 people live in Boňkov. Its size is . It was first documented in 1305. + += = = Utopia (book) = = = +Utopia is the name of a book. Thomas More wrote it in 1516. He wrote it in Latin. Its original title is De Optimo Republicae Statu deque Nova Insula Utopia. This is usually translated to "On the Best State of a Republic and on the New Island of Utopia". +The book is about an island off the coast of South America with an imagined society. In the book, a visitor to this island tells about his trip there. According to him, Utopia has a system of laws that is perfect. Society there is also perfect. The political system is so good that nothing better can be thought out. Today, the word utopia is used to refer to a society that everyone wants to live in with perfect laws, but which is often hard to make. + += = = Order of the British Empire = = = +The Most Excellent Order of the British Empire is one of the British orders of chivalry. It is the newest order, created on 4 June 1917, by King George V. +Classes. +The order is cut into two parts, civil and military. Both parts have five classes or ranks. In order, from highest to lowest, these are: +Only the two highest ranks are knighthoods, and allow the holder to call themselves 'Sir' (male) or 'Dame' (female). If the person is not a citizen of a country where the King is Head of State, the award is called honorary, and the holder cannot use the title before their name. For example Terry Wogan became a British citizen and was therefore called Sir Terry Wogan, but Bob Geldof is still an Irish citizen, and is therefore not "Sir Bob". He can, however, style himself "Bob Geldof KBE". +The British Empire Medal (BEM) was restarted in 2012, but only in the civil group. Although the BEM it is the newest British order of chivalry, it has more members than any other. +History. +King George V wanted to be able to honour the thousands of people who helped to win the First World War, but were not soldiers. +This Order of Knighthood has a more democratic character than the exclusive Order of the Bath or Saint Michael and Saint George, and in its early days was not held in high esteem. This changed over the years. In 1965 Harold Wilson honoured Violet Carson and the Beatles. He was accused of having debased and cheapened the honours system. +Structure. +The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order and appoints all other members of the Order but only on the advice of the Government. The next-most senior member is the Grand Master. There have been three: +The order's rules, called "statutes", say that the Order can only have 100 Knights and Dames Grand Cross, 845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8960 Commanders, but there is no limit to the number of members of the Officers and Members but no more than 858 Officers and 1464 Members may be appointed per year. Appointments are made on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom and some Commonwealth realms. +Some jobs are usually rewarded with the Order. Usually female judges of the High Court of England and Wales are created Dames Commander after appointment. Male judges are not, because they are usually made Knights Bachelor instead. +Officials and Knights and Dames Grand Cross. +Sovereign: Charles III +Grand Master: "Vacant since 2021" +Current Knights and Dames Grand Cross +Officers +Like the orders of chivalry, this order has six officials: +Revocation. +Anyone who behaves in a way that might bring the order into disrepute, may have his or her award taken away. +John Lennon once criticised military membership in the order, saying: +"Lots of people who complained about us receiving the MBE received theirs for heroism in the war - for killing people. We received ours for entertaining other people. I'd say we deserve ours more." + += = = Slavníč = = = +Slavníč is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic by Highway D1. 40 people live in Slavníč. It covers 2,13 km2. It was first documented in 1305. + += = = Milan Nakonečný = = = +Milan Nakonečný (* February 8, 1932, Horažďovice) is a Czech psychologist (professor of psychology) and historian. During the so-called normalization era in the Czechoslovakia, communists banned him from teaching and publishing books. + += = = Skorkov = = = +Skorkov is small village near in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has a population of 77. It covers 6.2 km2. + += = = Antonín Klimek = = = +Antonín Klimek (January 18, 1937 in Prague – January 9, 2005 in Prague) was a Czech historian. He wrote mainly about the Czechoslovakian First Republic. + += = = Neon Genesis Evangelion = = = +Neon Genesis Evangelion (Japanese: "�����������" Hepburn: "Shin Seiki Evangelion") is a Japanese anime series directed by Hideaki Anno, and produced by Gainax and Tatsunoko Production. It is set 15 years after a world-wide disaster. The main characters are teenagers that pilot giant robots called "Evangelions" to fight giant monsters called "angels." The imagery is inspired by depression, philosophy, and the religions Christianity and Judaism. The show was liked by critics, but the ending made many fans angry. The film "End of Evangelion" was released in 1997. It acts as a different version of the show's ending. Other related media, including several manga, soundtracks, a light novel and the "Rebuild of Evangelion" film series, were made following the show’s success. + += = = Edward VIII = = = +Edward VIII (born Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David, 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom, from 20 January 1936 until 11 December 1936. He was born at White Lodge, Richmond Park in London. +Edward abdicated (resigned) from the throne, because he wanted to marry the American woman Wallis Simpson. Simpson had been married twice before. As King, he was Head of the Church of England, and the Church did not support divorce. After abdicating as king, he was known as His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor. His wife was not allowed to be called "Her Royal Highness". +Early life. +Edward, commonly known by those close to him as David, was born as the first son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, later King George V and Queen Mary. As a young man, he disliked his royal duties, but his charisma made him popular with the British people. Edward was officially invested as Prince of Wales in a ceremony at Caernarvon Castle on 13 July 1911 and was even tutored by the future Prime Minister David Lloyd George to speak a few words of Welsh. +At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the twenty-year-old Edward was keen to participate. He witnessed trench warfare at first-hand and attempted to visit the front line as often as possible, but he did not experience as much hardship and misery as ordinary British soldiers. +Edward undertook a military flight in 1918 and gained a pilot's licence later. Throughout the 1920s, Edward represented his father, King George V, at home and abroad on many occasions. His popularity was at its greatest peak in that decade and gained him much public and media attention. +However, his increasing womanising and reckless behaviour in the 1920s and the 1930s worried Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin and his hardworking, strict father, King George V. Edward was also uninterested with royal duties and disliked the British establishment. George V was disappointed by Edward's failure to settle down in life and was furious with his many affairs with married women, and he was reluctant to see him inherit the Crown. George V preferred his son Albert (later King George VI), a family man who was loyal to his beloved wife. +Edward had a string of relationships with married women including Freda Dudley Ward and Lady Furness, the American wife of a British peer, who later introduced him to Wallis Simpson. She was an American who had been twice divorced. Edward later became Wallis Simpson's lover. +That further weakened his poor relationship with his father, who stated, "After I am dead," George said, "the boy will ruin himself in 12 months". +Reign. +After months of ill health, King George V died on 20 January 1936. His son became King Edward VIII and watched the announcement of his new role from a window of St James's Palace with his lover, Wallis. After only a few weeks, Edward began to cause unease in government circles with actions that were seen as too political. He did not work hard as king and was not careful about important state papers. Far from working, in August and September, Edward and Wallis simply sailed around the Mediterranean on a luxury steam yacht. +On 16 November 1936, Edward invited British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to Buckingham Palace and expressed his plans to marry Wallis Simpson after her divorce. Baldwin was unhappy about that and informed him that his subjects would see it as morally unacceptable, because remarriage after divorce was opposed by the Church of England, which Edward was the formal head, and the people did not like Wallis. Edward knew that the government, led by Baldwin, would resign if the marriage went ahead. That action could have led to a general election and would ruin Edward's status as a politically-neutral monarch. That would be disastrous for the Royal Family and damage the nation. +As a result, he chose to abdicate in December of that year and married Wallis later in 1937. His brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, became King George VI. +Duke of Windsor and later life. +After his abdication, he was given the title Duke of Windsor. He married Simpson in France on 3 June 1937. His brother and mother did not attend the ceremony. Many people became alarmed with what they thought was Edward's pro German stance. Some even said that he favoured German fascism. Hitler considered Edward to be friendly towards Nazi Germany. Even in the 1960s, Edward privately said to a friend, Lord Kinross, "I never thought Hitler was such a bad chap". The Duke and Duchess visited Nazi Germany, against the advice of the British government, and they met Adolf Hitler at his private retreat. During the visit, the Duke gave full Nazi salutes, causing anger in Britain. At the start of the Second World War, the Nazis plotted to persuade the Duke to support the Nazi effort and planned to kidnap him. Lord Caldecote warned Winston Churchill that "[the Duke] is well-known to be pro-Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue". More problems arose when Edward gave a "defeatist" interview, which angered Churchill even more. +After the war, the Duke and Duchess became celebrities and hosted parties and lived between Paris and New York. In the 1960s, the Duke's health became worse. Because he was a heavy smoker from an early age, he had throat cancer. On 28 May 1972, the Duke died at his home in Paris, less than a month before his 78th birthday. Wallis Simpson was not strong. She suffered from dementia and died 14 years later. The coffin was buried in the Royal Burial Ground behind the Royal Mausoleum of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Frogmore. +Titles and styles. +His full style as king was "His Majesty, Edward the Eighth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland, and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India". + += = = Václav Benda = = = +Václav Benda (August 8, 1946 in Prague – June 2, 1999 in Prague) was Czech right-wing and anticommunist politician. During the communist dictatorship in Czechoslovakia he signed Charter 77. He was in prison from 1979 to 1983. After the Velvet Revolution, Benda co-founded the Christian-Democratic Party which later became part of the Civic Democratic Party. His son Marek Benda is also a Czech politician and member of the Civic Democratic Party. +References. +Book sources. + This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: +Other websites. +Maps + += = = James Buchanan = = = +James Buchanan Jr. (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was an American politician who served as the 15th president of the United States. +He was the only president not to have married. His niece, Harriet Lane, stood in as First Lady. He was an experienced politician, and became president in 1857. His stances on slavery, and actions before the Civil War broke out, have been criticised by scholars. +In 1860, Buchanan announced that he would not be taking part in the election & supported Abraham Lincoln who eventually became president-elect just a week after his announcement in the 1860 election. +Historians rank Buchanan as one of the worst presidents in U.S. history. +Early life. +James Buchanan was born on April 23, 1791 in Cove Gap, Pennsylvania, into a prosperous merchant family. He had four sisters and three brothers, and studied at the Old Stone Academy before entering Dickinson College in 1807. There he studied law and was admitted to the Pennsylvania Bar Association in 1812. +Buchanan was engaged to Anne C. Coleman, but she died early, and he never had children. He is the only U.S. president who was never married. +Buchanan served in both the House and Senate, representing Pennsylvania, as well as the Minister to Russia, under Andrew Jackson, before stepping taking the presidential career. +Presidency. +During the beginning of his presidency, he called slavery an issue of "little importance". This was clearly not the case at the time; Northerners and Southerners were very divided on slavery, almost to the point of war. +The Supreme Court declared that African Americans were not American citizens and that the states were allowed to keep slavery legal. James Buchanan supported that decision because he did not want the pro-slavery states to stop being part of the United States. +Buchanan supported the rights of slave owners to keep their slaves and wanted Kansas to adopt a constitution that allowed slavery. Because of that, the Democratic Party was divided on that issue and after the 1858 Congressional election, there were more Republicans in Congress than Democrats. He did not get along with the Republicans. +He ordered troops to fight against Utah based on untrue information that Utah was planning a revolt. Buchanan later realized that he made a mistake and apologized. +During his term, the country was becoming more and more divided over the slavery issue. A few months before his term ended, some of the southern states decided that they were going to not be a part of the United States any more. +Buchanan believed that it was a bad thing, but he did nothing about it because he felt that using force against the south was against the Constitution. He did not even prepare the country for war. +Legacy. +At the end of his term, he left the next president, Abraham Lincoln, to face the greatest crises in United States history, the Civil War. James Buchanan died of respiratory failure in Lancaster Pennsylvania at age 77 +Some historians think that Buchanan was the worst president of the United States in the history, because he did nothing to prevent the Civil war. + += = = Hand = = = +A hand is the part of the body at the end of an arm. Most humans have two hands. Each hand usually has four fingers and a thumb. On the inside of the hand is the palm. The five bones inside this part of the hand are called metacarpals. The wrist connects the hand to the arm. The hand has 27 bones including the wrist bones. +When the fingers are all bent tightly, the hand forms a fist. The joints that are the hardest part of the fist are called knuckles. Many other animals, especially other primates, have hands that can hold things. Human hands can do things other hands cannot. + += = = Rule = = = +Rule can mean: + += = = 1910s = = = +The 1910s began on January 1, 1910 and ended on December 31, 1919. It is distinct from the decade known as the 192nd decade which began on January 1, 1911 and ended on December 31, 1920. + += = = Bahrain = = = +Bahrain (officially called Kingdom of Bahrain) is an island country in the Arabian Gulf. Saudi Arabia is to the west and is connected to Bahrain by the King Fahd Causeway, and Qatar is to the south across the Persian Gulf. The Qatar-Bahrain Friendship Bridge, not yet built, will link Bahrain to Qatar as the longest fixed bridge in the world. Qatar and Bahrain's flag is the same design but not the same colors because Qatar is white and maroon and Bahrain is white and red. +History. +People have lived in Bahrain before there was writing. It has been ruled and influenced by the Assyrians, Babylonians, Greeks, Persians, and the Arabs, who made the island Muslim. Bahrain was in old times known as Dilmun, Tylos, Awal and Mishmahig. +The islands of Bahrain, set in the middle south of the Persian Gulf, have attracted many invaders in history. The word "Bahrain", "Two Seas", means that the islands contain two kinds of water, sweet water springs and salty water in the sea. +A location between East and West, fertile lands, fresh water, and pearls made Bahrain important in history. About 2300 BC, Bahrain started trading with Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and the Indus Valley (now near India). It was then called Delmon, and was linked to the Sumerian Civilization about 2000 BC. Bahrain also became part of the Babylonian empire about 600 BC. Historical records called Bahrain the "Life of Eternity", "Paradise", the "Pearl of the Persian Gulf" and other names. +Until 1521, Bahrain also ruled Al-Hasa and Qatif (both are now the eastern province of Saudi Arabia) and Awal (now the Bahrain Islands). The country had all of the land from what is now Kuwait to Oman. This was called "Iqlim Al-Bahrain" (Province of Bahrain). In 1521, the Portuguese took Awal (now Bahrain) from the rest and since then the name of Bahrain only means today's Bahrain. +Modern history. +The modern history of Bahrain begins with Great Britain exploring the area, trying to keep Iran from taking more land. The British gave support to the Al-Khalifa family, who made a power base in the island and allied with the British to keep the island from Iran. The British got free passage to the Persian Gulf through this agreement. In November of 1957, the Iranian parliament declared that Bahrain was the Fourteenth Province of Iran. Later the British would become involved in the politics of Bahrain by choosing an Emir of the island. Iran and Britain later agreed that the United Nations Secretary General would judge the political situation in Bahrain. In a Plebiscite to decide the country's future, the majority of the people of Bahrain chose to reject Iran's claims, and to define their country and their culture to be Arabic, and not Persian. +Oil was found in the early 20th century and brought modern improvements to the country. Relations with the United Kingdom also became closer, and the British brought more military bases to the nation. British influence grew, until Charles Belgrave became an advisor; Belgrave brought modern education to Bahrain. +After World War II, anti-British feeling spread through the Arab world and led to riots in Bahrain. The British left Bahrain in 1971, making it an independent country. The sales of more oil in the 1980s brought money to Bahrain, but even when the sales of oil decreased in later years, it did not cause as many problems in Bahrain as in other oil countries, because the economy of Bahrain had grown into other areas. +In 1973 the election of first parliament was done but the government stopped & dissociate the parliament in 1975 which result in strong protests by the Bahraini opposition (Moderate Islamic & non-Islamist opposition). +In 1994, many highly educated Bahraini people signed a letter to Prince of Bahrain at that time Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa to re-establish the parliament life which is strongly refused & the leader of the opposition at that time Sheikh Abdulamir Aljamri was jailed then a huge protest & conflicts occurs between Bahraini nation & the armed forces. +In 1999, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa followed his father as head of state and called for elections for parliament to resolve the congestion that occurred over that last period. The women were given the right to vote and the new ruler released all political prisoners in 2001. +In 2002 the King released a new constitution without any voting from the nation & canceled 1973 constitution which caused strong refuse from the most of nation parties & opposition. +The situations became worse later & some of political activists were jailed like Abdulhadi Al-Khuwajah, Hasan Mushaima. +Many political websites that refused these changes were blocked like Bahrain online forum (the most popular website in Bahrain): www.bahrainonline.org; Until 2009 there were many riots & conflicts especially from Shia group which faces a huge organized discrimination according to Human Rights Watch & US Congress. +In 2023, Around 700-1000 political detainees in Bahrain begin a hunger strike demanding an end to solitary confinement, access to medical care and religious freedom (right to pray together in groups). A large number of Bahrainis came on streets of Manama in support of prisoners. The hunger strike was suspended after a week as the Bahraini officials agreed to the demands but many prisoners went back to hunger strike again the next day itself, as they say none of the demands were fulfilled. +Politics. +Bahrain is a constitutional monarchy ruled by the King, Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. The head of government is the Prime Minister, which is currently held by Crown Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. Shaikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa was the country's first prime minister from 1971 until his death in 2020. The prime minister has a cabinet of 15 members. +Bahrain has a bicameral legislature with a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, elected by all of the people and the upper house, the Shura Council, appointed by the King. Both houses have forty members. The first elections were held in 2002, with Members of Parliament serving four year terms. +Women were given the right to vote and stand in national elections for the first time in 2002's election, but no women were elected to office that year, and Shia and Sunni Islamists won a majority of seats. Because no women were elected, six were appointed to the Shura Council, which also includes members of the Kingdom’s Jewish and Christian people. +The King recently created the Supreme Judicial Council to organise the country's courts and the government offices. +Governorates. +Bahrain is split into five governorates. Until July 3 2003, it was divided into twelve municipalities. +For further information, see: Decree-Law establishing governorates from the Bahrain official website. +Cities. +The largest cities in Bahrain are: +Other towns include: Awali, Diraz, Hidd, Sar, Bani Jamrah. +Economy. +In Bahrain, petroleum (oil product) producing and processing is about 60% of the money from export, 60% of government money, and 30% of Gross Domestic Product. The economy has changed as the sales of oil have changed since 1985, for example, during and after the Persian Gulf War of 1990 - 1991. Bahrain has high quality communications and transport, and so the country is home to many international companies with business in the Persian Gulf. A large part of the country's income comes from petroleum products made from imported crude oil. There are several major industrial projects being built. Unemployment, especially among young people, and the decrease of both oil and water resources are major economic problems. +Geography. +Bahrain is a flat and dry archipelago, with a low desert plain rising gently to a low central hill, in the Arabian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia. The highest point is the 122 meter Jabal ad Dukhan ("Mountain of Smoke"). +Bahrain has a total area of 620 km2, which is a few square kilometres larger than the Isle of Man. As an archipelago of 33 islands, Bahrain does not share a land border with any other country, but it does have a 161 km coast line and claims a further 12 nm of territorial sea and a 24 nm contiguous zone. Bahrain enjoys mild winters and has very hot, humid summers. +Bahrain's natural resources include large amounts of oil natural gas as well as fish. Only 1% of the country includes land where crops can be grown. 92% of Bahrain is desert, and droughts and dust storms are the main natural dangers. +Environmental problems in Bahrain include desertification, which is causing the land where crops can be grown to decrease, and damage to coast lines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation caused by oil spills from large tankers and oil refineries. +About the people. +The official religion of Bahrain is Islam; most of the people are Shi'a and Sunni Muslims, but there are also small Jewish and Christian minorities. Most Bahrainis are Arabs, although some tribes came from Persia. Today, many of the people in Bahrain are guest workers who come from Iran, South Asia and Southeast Asia. A "Financial Times" article from 31 May 1983 found that "Bahrain is a polyglot (speaking many languages) state, both religiously and racially. Leaving aside the temporary immigrants of the past 10 years, there are at least eight or nine communities (groups of people) on the island". +The present communities may be classified as Al-Khalifa, Arab tribes allied to Al-Khalifa, the Baharnah (Shia Arabs), the Howilla (Sunni Arabs from Persia), Sunni Arabs (from the mainland), Ajam (Persian Shia), Indians who traded with Bahrain and settled before the age of oil (used to be called Banyan), a tiny Jewish community, and a group which contains everyone else. +Culture. +Manama, Bahrain's capital city, is as modern as other cities in the world. But life in the island's many villages (and in parts of Manama itself) remains traditional. Where there is tradition in the Persian Gulf area, there is Islamic conservatism: women cover themselves from head to foot and women travellers are expected to wear long skirts and one-piece bathing suits. Bahrain's population is 85% Muslim and Islam is the state religion. Arabic is the official language, but many people speak English. +Traditional folk art continues in several places around Bahrain: dhows (fishing boats) are built near Manama and Muharraq, cloth is made at Bani Jamrah and pottery is made at A'ali. A few goldsmiths still work in the Manama souk, though much of the work is now done in other countries. One of the important parts of Bahraini culture is the drinking of traditional Arabian coffee. Traditional Arabian street food like shawarma (lamb or chicken cut from a large spit and served in pita bread) and desserts such as baklava are also found. +Formula One. +Bahrain is the home of Formula One racing in the Middle East, hosting the Bahrain Grand Prix. + += = = William Christopher = = = +William Christopher (October 20, 1932 – December 31, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Father Mulcahy on the television series "M*A*S*H". He also played Private Lester Hummel on "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C." +Christopher was born in Evanston, Illinois. He studied at Wesleyan University. His wife was Barbara O'Connor; together they wrote a book, "Mixed Blessings", about their experiences raising their autistic son. He retired in 2012. +Christopher died on December 31, 2016 in Pasadena, California from small-cell carcinoma, aged 84. + += = = Boxer shorts = = = +Boxer shorts are men's underwear. They are shorts with a stretchy band, and named after the shorts worn by boxers. +They were first made in the 1930s, but did not become popular until 1947. These days, briefs (Y-fronts) are sold more than boxer shorts. +Some boxer shorts have openings with a snap button for using the toilet (urinating). Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. They can be made in different colors or patterns. Television displays more men in boxer shorts than in other underwear. + += = = Compact disc player = = = +A CD player is a device that can read the binary data on a CD (compact disc) and turn that into sound waves. +A CD player has a laser and an optical sensor. A CD has tracks and bumps on the tracks. The CD player passes a laser beam along the track of the CD. The areas that are reflected (without the bumps) are 1s to the player and the areas that are reflected (with the bumps) are 0s to the player. When the 1's and 0's are added to the CD a complicated coding is used that enables error corrections to prevent the CD "skipping" in the event of a small scratch. The CD player converts the series of 1's and 0's into sound waves by sending a varying voltage into an amplifier which then drives a speaker. The conversion of digital data into an analogue signal is achieved through the use a matrix(maths not the movie), imaginary numbers and trigonometric functions. + += = = Fluid dynamics = = = +Fluid Dynamics talks about how fluids (liquids and gases) work. It is one of the oldest parts of the study of Physics, and is studied by physicists, mathematicians, and engineers. Mathematics can describe how fluids move using mathematical formulas called equations. The fluid dynamics of gases are called aerodynamics. +Understanding how fluids behave helps us understand things like flight or ocean currents.Fluid dynamics can be used to understand weather, because clouds and air are fluids. Fluid dynamics can also be used to understand how aeroplanes fly through the air or how ships and submarines move through water. +Computer programs can use the mathematical equations of fluid dynamics to model and predict the actions of moving fluids. Computers have helped us understand fluid dynamics very much, and some people study how to model or simulate fluids only with a computer. Studying how fluid dynamics can be done with computers is called computational fluid dynamics (or CFD for short). +Important equations in fluid dynamics. +The mathematical equations that govern fluid flow are simple to think about but very hard to solve. In most real life cases there is no way to get a solution that can be written down and a computer must be used to calculate the answer instead. There are three fundamental equations based on three rules. +Conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed, it simply moves from one place to another. This gives the mass conservation equation. Sometimes this may not apply such as a flow involving a chemical reaction. +Conservation of energy: this is the first law of thermodynamics, energy is never created or destroyed, it just changes form (i.e. kinetic energy into potential energy) or moves around. +Conservation of momentum: this is Newton's Second Law and it states that Force = rate of change of momentum. Momentum is mass times velocity. The momentum equations are the equations that make it hard to solve problems in fluid dynamics. There are a number of different versions that include a number of different effects. The Navier-Stokes equations are momentum equations, and the Euler equations are the Navier-Stokes equations but with viscosity not included. There is one momentum equation in a 1D problem and three, one in each space direction, in 3D. +To solve the equations more information is often needed in the form of an equation of state. This relates thermodynamic properties (usually pressure and temperature) to each other for a specific type of fluid. An example is the "Ideal Gas" equation of state that relates pressure, temperature and density and works well for gases under normal pressures (like air at atmospheric pressure). + += = = Ernest Hemingway = = = +Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) was an American writer. He wrote in a very simple way, which made him very popular. He also did many exciting things, which made many people respect him. He is usually thought to be a member of the Lost Generation. +He wrote seven stories, six short ones, and two non-fiction ones. Three of his stories, four collections of his short stories, and three non-fiction ones were released after he died. Because he did many exciting things, some people say that, of the many characters he created in his books, he was his best creation. +Hemingway's early life. +Ernest Hemingway was born in 1899. He grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, near the midwestern city of Chicago. He was the second child in a family of six. His father was a doctor. His mother was a painter and a pianist. +Each summer, the family traveled to their holiday home in northern Michigan. Ernest's father taught him how to catch fish, hunt, set up a camp, and cook over a fire. +At home in Oak Park, Ernest wrote for his school newspaper. He tried to write like a famous sports writer, Ring Lardner, and he made his writing skills better. +Start as a news reporter. +In 1917, Hemingway decided not to go to a university. The United States had just entered World War I and he wanted to join the Army, but they rejected him because his eyesight was not good enough. +Ernest found a job with the "Kansas City Star" newspaper in Kansas City, Missouri. He reported news that happened at the hospital, police headquarters, and the railroad station. One reporter said: "Hemingway liked to be where the action was." +The Kansas City Star told its reporters to write short sentences, and to report unusual details of an incident. Hemingway quickly learned to do both. +His life outside of America. +Hemingway worked for the newspaper for nine months. He then joined the Red Cross to help on the battle fields of Europe. His job was to drive an ambulance and to take wounded soldiers off the battlefield. +The Red Cross sent him to Italy. There, he soon saw the first wounded. This was when a weapons factory in Milan exploded. Later, he was sent to the battle front. He went close to the fighting to see how he could act in the face of danger. Soon, he was seriously wounded. +Soon after healing, the war ended. Hemingway returned to the United States. After less than a year he had changed forever: he needed to write about what he had seen. Hemingway wrote many short stories about people who experienced World War I. +Gone to Chicago. +Some time later, Hemingway left home for Chicago to prove to himself, and to his family, that he could earn a living from his writing. +But he ran out of money and began to write for a newspaper again. The Canadian newspaper, the Toronto Star, loved his reports in Chicago. They hired him and paid him well. +In Chicago, Hemingway also met Sherwood Anderson. Anderson was one of the first American writers to write about common people. Hemingway saw that Anderson's stories showed life as it really was. This was similar to what he wanted to do. +Anderson gave Hemingway advice about his writing. He told Hemingway to move to Paris. Life was less costly there. Anderson said that Paris had many young artists and writers from many nations. +In Paris. +Hemingway decided to move to Paris. Before he did, in America, he married a woman he had recently met. Her name was Hadley Richardson. +Paris was cold and grey when Hemingway and his new wife arrived in 1921. They lived in one of the poorer parts of the city. Their rooms were small and they did not have water from pipes. But the "Toronto Star" employed him as its European reporter, so they had enough money for the two of them to live. That job gave Hemingway time to write his stories. +Hemingway enjoyed exploring Paris, learning French customs, and meeting friends. Some of these new friends were artists and writers who had come to the city in the 1920s. Among them were poet, Ezra Pound, and writers Gertrude Stein, John Dos Passos, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. Seeing that Hemingway was a good writer, they helped him publish his stories in the United States. He was thankful for their support at the time, but later denied that he had received their help. +Hemingway travelled all over Europe. He wrote about politics, peace conferences, and border disputes, as well as sports, skiing, and fishing. Later he would write about bullfighting in Spain. The "Toronto Star" was pleased with his work, and wanted more of his reports, but Hemingway was busy with his own writing. +He said this: "Sometimes, I would start a new story and could not get it going. Then I would stand and look out over the roofs of Paris and think. I would say to myself: 'All you have to do is write one true sentence. Write the truest sentence you know.' So finally, I would write a true sentence and go on from there. It was a wonderful feeling when I had worked well." +His first success in 1925. +Hemingway's first book of short stories was called "In Our Time". One of its stories, "Big Two Hearted River," told of the effects of war on a young man who was taking a long fishing trip in Michigan. Hemingway had learned from his father, when he was a boy, about living in the wild. +The story is about two kinds of rivers. One is calm and clear, and is where the young man fishes. The other is a dark, threatening swamp. The story shows its main character trying to forget his past, as well as the war. He does not talk much about the war. The reader learns about the young man, not because Hemingway tells his readers what the man thinks, but because he shows that man learning about himself. Many people believe it is one of the best modern American stories of all time. Because of this, "Big Two Hearted River" is often published in collections of best writing. +After the book was published in 1925, Hadley and Hemingway returned to the United States for the birth of their son, after which they quickly returned to Paris. +Writing "The Sun Also Rises". +Hemingway was working on a long story. He wanted to publish a novel so he would be recognized as a serious writer. And he wanted the money a novel would earn. +The novel was called "The Sun Also Rises". It is about young Americans in Europe after World War One. The war had destroyed their dreams and had given them nothing to replace those dreams. The writer Gertrude Stein later called these people members of "The Lost Generation." +The book was an immediate success. At the age of 25 Ernest Hemingway was famous. Many people, however, did not like Hemingway's art because they did not like what he wrote about. +Hemingway's sentences were short, the way he had been taught to write at the Kansas City Star newspaper. He wrote about what he knew and felt. He used few descriptive words. His statements were clear and easily understood. +He had learned from earlier writers, like Ring Lardner and Sherwood Anderson, but Hemingway brought something new to his writing. He was able to paint in words what he saw and felt. In later books, sometimes he missed. Sometimes he even looked foolish. But when he was right he was almost perfect. +Marriage with Pauline Pfeiffer. +With the success of his novel, Hemingway became even more popular in Paris. Many people came to see him. One was an American woman, Pauline Pfeiffer. She became Hadley's friend. Then Pauline fell in love with Hemingway. +Hemingway and Pauline saw each other secretly. One time, they went away together on a short trip. Years later, Hemingway wrote when he returned that "...I wished I had died before I ever loved anyone but her. She was smiling and the sun was on her lovely face." +But they wouldn't stay married. Hadley knew Hemingway was also in love with Pfeiffer. Hemingway was seeing her in secret, even though he was married with Pauline. Because of this, Ernest Hemingway and Hadley separated. She kept their son. He agreed to give her money he earned from his books. In later years, he said that his marriage to Hadley as the happiest time of his life. +At twenty-five, Hemingway was living in Paris. He was a famous writer. But the end of his first marriage made him want to leave the place where he had first become famous. Much later he said, "the city was never to be the same again. When I returned to it, I found it had changed as I had changed. Paris was never the same as when I was poor and very happy." +Hemingway and his new wife returned to the United States in 1928. They settled in Key West, an island with a fishing port near the southern coast of Florida. +His well-known books. +Before leaving Paris, Hemingway sent a collection of his stories to New York to be published. The book of stories, called "Men Without Women", was published soon after Hemingway arrived in Key West. +The Killers. +One of the stories was called "The Killers." In it, Hemingway used a discussion between two men to create a feeling of tension and coming violence. This was a new way of telling a story. Here is an example:Nick opened the thingy and went into the room. Ole Andreson was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. He had been a heavyweight prizefighter and he was too long for the bed. He lay with his head on two pillows. He did not look at Nick. +"What was it?" He asked. +"I was up at Henry's," Nick said, "and two fellows came in and tied me up and the cook, and they said they were going to kill you." +It sounded silly when he said it. Ole Andreson said nothing, "they put us out in the kitchen," Nick went on. "They were going to shoot you when you came in to supper." +Ole Andreson looked at the wall and did not say anything. "George thought I ought to come and tell you about it." +"There is not anything I can do about it," Ole Andreson said. +Any new book by Hemingway was an important event for readers. But stories like "The Killers" shocked many people. Some thought there was too much violence in his stories. Others said he only wrote about gunmen, soldiers, fighters, and drinkers. +This made Hemingway angry. He felt that writers should not be judged by those who could not write a story. +Hemingway was happy in Key West. In the morning he wrote, in the afternoon he fished, and at night he went to a public house and drank. One old fisherman said: "Hemingway was a man who talked slowly and very carefully. He asked a lot of questions. And he always wanted to get his information exactly right." +A Farewell to Arms. +Soon afterwards, he heard that his father had killed himself. Hemingway was shocked. He said, "My father taught me so much. He was the only one I really cared about." +When Hemingway returned to work there was a sadness about his writing that was not there before. +His new book told about an American soldier who served with the Italian army during World War One. He meets an English nurse, and they fall in love. They flee from the army, but she dies during childbirth. Some of the events are taken from Hemingway's service in Italy. The book is called "A Farewell to Arms". +Part of the book talks about the defeat of the Italian army at a place called Caporetto:"At noon we were stuck in a muddy road about as nearly as we could figure, ten kilometres from Udine. The rain had stopped during the forenoon and three times we had heard planes coming, seen them pass overhead, watched them go far to the left and heard them bombing on the main highroad. . . ."Later we were on a road that led to a river. There was a long line of abandoned trucks and carts on a road leading up to a bridge. No one was in sight. The river was high and the bridge had been blown up in the center; the stone arch was fallen into the river and the brown water was going over it. We went up the bank looking for a place to cross. . . . we did not see any troops; only abandoned trucks and stores. Along the river bank was nothing and no one but the wet brush and muddy ground. " +Death in the Afternoon. +"A Farewell to Arms" was very successful. It earned Hemingway a lot of money. Because of this money, he could travel to other places. +One place he visited was Spain, a country he loved. He said, "I want to paint with words all the sights and sounds and smells of Spain. And if I can write any of it down truly, then it will represent all of Spain." +He wrote a book called "Death in the Afternoon". It describes the Spanish custom of bull fighting. Hemingway believed that bull fighting was an art, just as much as writing was an art. And he believed it was a true test of a man's bravery, something that always concerned him. +The Snows of Kilimanjaro. +Hemingway also travelled to Africa. He had been asked to write a series of reports about African hunting. He said, "Hunting in Africa is the kind of hunting I like. No riding in cars, just simple walking and feeling the grass under my feet." +The trip to Africa resulted in a book called "The Green Hills of Africa" and many smaller stories. +One story is one of Hemingway's best. The story, called "The Snows of Kilimanjaro", tells of Hemingway's fears about himself. It is about a writer who betrays his art for money and is unable to remain true to himself. +For Whom the Bell Tolls. +In 1936, the Civil War in Spain gave him a chance to return to Spain and test his bravery again. He agreed to write about the war for an American news organization. +It was a dangerous job. One day, Hemingway and two other reporters were driving a car near a battlefield. The car carried two white flags to show they were not fighting. But rebel gunners thought the car was carrying enemy officers. Hemingway was almost killed. Later he said that "bullets are all the same. If they do not hit you, there is no story. If they do hit you, then you do not have to write it. " +The trip to Spain resulted in two works: a play called "The Fifth Column", and a novel called "For Whom the Bell Tolls". The novel tells the story of an American who has chosen to fight against the fascists. He realizes that there are lies and injustice on his side. But he sees no hope except the victory of his side. During the fighting, he escapes his fear of death and of being alone. He decides that "he can live as full a life in seventy hours as in seventy years." +Later days and his married life. +The book was a great success. Hemingway enjoyed being famous. His second marriage was ending. He divorced Pauline and married reporter Martha Gellhorn. He had met her while they were working in Spain. They decided to live in Cuba, near the city of Havana. Their house looked out over the Caribbean Sea. +But this marriage did not last long. Hemingway was changing. He began to feel that whatever he said was right. Martha went on long trips to be away from him. He drank heavily to forget his loneliness. +When America entered World War Two, Hemingway went to Britain as a reporter. Later he took part in the invasion of Europe and the freeing of Paris. +During the war, Hemingway met another reporter, Mary Walsh. In 1945, when his marriage to Martha was legally over, he married Mary. +After the war, Hemingway began work on his last important book, "The Old Man and the Sea". It is the story of a Cuban fisherman who refuses to be defeated by nature. +Hemingway said, "I was trying to show the experience of the fisherman so exactly and directly that it became part of the reader's experience." +In 1954, Hemingway won the Nobel Prize for Literature. But he was too sick to take part in the ceremony. +Ernest Hemingway was 60 years old, but he said he felt like he was 86. Even worse, he felt that he no longer was able to write. He seemed to be living the story about the writer who had sold his writing skill in order to make money. +In 1961, Ernest Hemingway shot himself dead. Among the papers he left was one that described what he liked best: +"To stay in places and to leave. . . to trust, to distrust. . . to no longer believe and believe again. . . to watch the changes in the seasons. . . to be out in boats. . . to watch the snow come, to watch it go. . . to hear the rain. . . And to know where I can find what I want." +Ernest Hemingway owned many cats, especially cats with extra toes. Today these cats are sometimes called "Hemingway cats" in his honor. His house in Key West, Florida is now a home for his cats and their kittens. +The article above is a rewriting of public domain material, provided by Voice of America Special English + += = = MSN = = = +MSN (formerly the Microsoft Network) is a web portal (a website used to enter the Internet). +Web portal. +The web portal launched on August 24 1995 by Microsoft. The site was launched at around the same time as Windows 95. Through MSN, people can create an e-mail account using MSN Hotmail, a blog using MSN Spaces, a group using MSN Groups and plenty more. It is now the #2 visited site in the world behind Yahoo!. Many people have come across this site in one way or another because it is the default main page of Internet Explorer. +MSN Messenger. +MSN is also the name for MSN Messenger (now called Windows Live Messenger). It is an instant messenger, which allows people to communicate through conversations over an internet connection. As well as conversations using text, this program also allows voice and video conversations. You can even use small "emoticons" to express what you are trying to say. Messages are sent and received very quickly from around the globe. Its current messenger client is Windows Live Messenger. +MSN Hotmail. +Hotmail is a free email service from MSN. It started in 1995. It was bought by Microsoft in 1997. Microsoft Hotmail accounts are used to log in to MSN Messenger. + += = = Reed (instrument) = = = +A reed is a piece of dry bamboo that is used in some musical instruments such as saxophones, clarinets and oboes. The musician blows air through the mouthpiece where the reed is firmly placed, and the air makes the reed vibrate; this vibration in the mouthpiece produces sound all along the instrument, which is changed into specific musical notes depending on the physical nature of the instrument. +Musical instruments that use reeds are members of the woodwind family, because many years ago the instruments were all made of wood. Today the instruments can be made of metal (brass, silver, gold), wood, or a hard plastic made to look like wood. +The bassoon family of instruments and the oboe family of instruments play with a double reed. Players play through blowing air through the double reed, making the reeds vibrate. A mouthpiece is not needed. +Other reeds can be made from metal or plastic. + += = = 1790 = = = +1790 was a common year. + += = = Nuuk = = = +Nuuk (Danish: Godthaab or Godthåb) is the capital of Greenland. It is around the mouth of island Nuup Kangerlua (Danish: "Godthåbsfjorden") on the west coast of Greenland, about 240 km (150 mi) south of the Arctic Circle. The city has a population of 17,635 people. +It was founded in 1728 by the Norwegian missionary Hans Egede. Egede named the city Godthåb which means "Good Hope". Today, the people of Nuuk are mainly Inuit and Danes. +Nuuk is the location of the University of Greenland. + += = = Lumberjack = = = +A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees to be made into lumber. Lumberjacks used to cut with axes, but now lumberjacks use chainsaws. + += = = Muhammad = = = +Muhammad (5708 June 632) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader, best known for founding the Abrahamic religion of Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam, with the Qur'an and his teachings and practices forming the basis for Islamic religious belief. +Muhammad was born in Mecca, Hejaz. He was raised by his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib and later by his uncle Abu Talib. When he was young, Muhammad accompanied his uncle Abu Talib on trade trips. In 610 AD, at the age of forty, while Muhammad was praying, he reportedly met Gabriel and received the first revelation of the Qur'an. At first, Muhammad preached these revelations to his close friends and family. He started preaching monotheism publicly where he received opposition from Meccan polytheists. He was eventually forced to leave his hometown of Mecca. After reaching Medina with Abu Bakr, the Medinan Muslims helped Muhammad and made a mosque there. +He is believed to be a descendant of Abraham through Ishmael, and the last of all prophets ("the seal of the prophets"). He is seen as an example for all Muslims to follow. +Life. +Childhood. +Muhammad was born about 570 AD in Mecca. His father, whose name was Abdullah, died six months before Muhammad's birth. His mother, Amina, died when he was six years old. So, his grandfather, Abdul-Muttalib, took care of him after the death of Amina but he too died two years later when Muhammad was nine. After his grandfather's death, his uncle Abu Talib took care of him and was a support to him for many years of his adult life. +Beginning of the prophethood. +In 610 AD, when Muhammad was forty years old, he went for a walk to the mountain of Hira near Mecca. According to Muslims, the angel Gabriel (called Jibrail in the Arabic language) spoke with him in a cave on the mountain. The story says that when Muhammad first saw the angel Gabriel, he fainted because Gabriel was so large. This is what Gabriel said to Muhammad: +"Read... in the name of Allah Who made man from a drop of blood... Allah is Most Rewarding... He Who taught man to write with pen... and taught man what he knew not." +Muhammad went back home to his wife Khadijah and told her what had happened. New revelations came to him commanding him to preach what was being sent "down" from God. When Muhammad first started teaching, many of the people of Mecca, who worshipped idols, did not like the things that Muhammad said. But there were also people who listened to his preaching and obeyed his messages. These people were the first of the followers of Islam. Leaders of Mecca punished and tortured the followers of Islam. Some followers of Islam were executed. Muhammad resisted this and continued to teach Islam. +The Hijrah. +After Muhammad finished in Mecca, he took his message to Medina, where some people learned about him and his followers. They welcomed him into their city, and Muhammad wanted them to convert to Islam. They agreed, and many of his followers went to Medina. This movement from Mecca to Medina is called the "Hijrah". The Hijra was also the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Muhammad stayed behind until all of his people left Mecca safely. +As Muhammad stayed in Mecca, his uncle Abu Lahab trained seven men to kill Muhammad in his sleep. According to history, they did not see him leave Mecca. The men went into his house and found his cousin, Ali. Abu Lahab and his horsemen went to the desert to look for him and his friend, Abu Bakr. +His stay in Medina. +Muhammad and Abu Bakr arrived in Medina. Some people welcomed Muhammad to their homes. He used his camel to show everyone where he would build his house. The first mosque of Medina, a small place for prayer, was built in the back of this house. +The people in a strong Jewish tribe in Medina disagreed with the teachings and rules set by Muhammad. This tribe told their allies in Mecca to sell all the things and homes that Muslims of Mecca left behind. The Muslims and those from Mecca were advised to fight for their property. Muhammad told them not to do that. +Muslims were called all over Medina to gather at a mosque that Muhammad prayed in. They were told to fight against the people of Mecca who burned down their homes and stole their property. +The wars. +The Quraysh pagans of Mecca heard about this, and they sent a larger army numbering 1000 warriors to fight the Muslims. They met in Badr, but the pagans were defeated and Abu Jahl, one of the pagan leaders, was also killed. +But, the Muslims lost the second battle at Uhud. One year after the fight at Badr, the army of Mecca had outside help. Muslim archers failed to listen to Muhammad's instructions and Khalid ibn al-Walid cleverly took advantage of that. Hamza, Muhammad's last uncle, was killed when a slave from Mecca threw a spear into his chest. Muhammad himself was injured. +Then in 627, Abu Sufyan led the Quraysh and its allies to attack Medina itself. However, they could not pass the trench that the Muslims had dug around Medina. After several weeks, the coalition broke up and went home. The Medinians were considered victors. +The truce with Mecca. +After the pagans of Mecca failed to gain control of Medina, the Muslims became stronger. The pagans then decided to sign a truce with the Muslims. This means that they would not fight each other for ten years. The Muslims used this as a chance to talk to other people all over Arabia. In three years, many people changed their religions to Islam. +However, this truce did not last for long. After three years of the truce, a small group of horsemen from Mecca attacked a Muslim camp and killed a few of them. The Muslims in Medina heard of this, and the truce was cancelled. Abu Sufyan, the third leader of Mecca in Muhammad's lifetime, tried to resume the truce, but Muhammad politely refused the offer. Muhammad told his followers to be ready to capture Mecca. After Mecca was captured, they went on to capture the Torkan. +The capture of Mecca. +In 630, most people in Arabia had become Muslims, and they became part of Muhammad's large army to capture Mecca. Because of the big size of the army, the people of Mecca were afraid to fight back. Abu Sufyan, who was feeling unhappy over the broken truce, went to Muhammad's camp outside Mecca to ask for forgiveness. Muhammad did not say that he would forgive him, so he returned home. While he was with Muhammad, he changed his religion to Islam by saying the Testimony (ash-Ashaada): +"I testify that there is no other god but Allah, and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah." +The next day, the Muslim army walked towards Mecca. Everyone ran to their homes and closed all doors and windows. They were afraid that the Muslims were going to kill them, because of the bad things they did to the Muslims many years ago. But, the Muslims went towards the Ka'aba, believed to be built by Abraham and his elder son, Ishmael. Bilal ibn Ribah, a former Ethiopian slave, shouted out loud to the people of Mecca that they were all safe: "All those who lay down arms are safe. All those in the house of Abu Sufyan are safe. All those behind closed doors are safe." +Abu Sufyan heard this in his home. From this, he learns that Muhammad forgave him. At that time, Muhammad and his followers removed and broke all idols from the Kaaba. The idols were statues that were worshiped as gods. Muhammad forgave all citizens of Mecca. In the end, Bilal climbed to the top of the Kaaba and called for prayer. This was Muhammad's victory in spreading Islam all over Arabia. But, because he was old, he would not live for long. +His death. +In 632 AD, on June 8, Muhammad became very sick. Before he died, he told his followers about his death. He is buried in the chamber of his wife Aisha in Medina, where the Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) is. In Medina, his friend Abu Bakr went to the Masjid al-Nabawi and shouted to the people: +"If any of you worship Muhammad, you should know that Muhammad is dead. But those of you who worship Allah(SWT) (God), let it be known that Allah(SWT) (God) is alive and cannot die." +Although Muhammad died, Islam soon spread all over the Middle East. Then, centuries later, it continued till it reached Africa, Asia and Europe. Islam has become one of the world's biggest and fastest-growing religions. +Relations. +When Muslims say or write the name of Muhammad, they usually follow it with "Peace and Blessings be upon him" (Arabic: "sall-Allahu `alayhi wa sallam"). For example, "Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him)". In printed matter, a calligraphic symbol is frequently used instead of printing the phrase. Sunnis believe that Abu Bakr succeeded Muhammad. Shias believe that Ali should have succeeded. +Images of Muhammad. +Most Muslims do not make or show images of Muhammad. The Qur'an does not state that images of Muhammad must not ever be made, but it does contain passages that forbid the creation of idols. There are also passages against the creation of images of God in the Hadith. Muslims, especially Sunni Muslims, believe there should be no pictures of Muhammad. When people create images of Muhammad, some Muslims may view this as disrespectful, offensive, and emotionally injurious. +In 2005, a Danish newspaper published political cartoons of Muhammad. More than 100 people died during the ensuing demonstrations. Johan Galtung, a Norwegian mathematician and peace activist, tried to help both sides come together and talk about this. According to Galtung, the attacks against Danish institutions ended after the government had invited talks. +On 7 January 2015, the Kouachi brothers, hooded and armed with Kalashnikovs, burst into the editorial meeting of the magazine Charlie Hebdo, shooting at the assembled people. They killed cartoonists Cabu, Charb, Honoré, Tignous and Wolinski, psychoanalyst Elsa Cayat, economist Bernard Maris, proof-reader Mustapha Ourrad, police officer Frank Brinsolaro who was protecting Charb, Michel Renaud, founder of the Rendez-vous du Carnet de voyage festival invited to the meeting, and caretaker Frédéric Boisseau. They also seriously wounded cartoonist Riss, journalists Philippe Lançon and Fabrice Nicolino, and webmaster Simon Fieschi. +As they left the building, just before killing policeman Ahmed Merabet who was lying on the pavement wounded and begging for mercy, the terrorists shouted: “We’ve avenged the prophet, Muhammad”. +In addition, the following murders have been officially linked to the Charlie Hebdo massacre: Clarissa Jean-Philippe, 27, a policewoman was killed in the suburb of Montrouge. Four people were taken hostage at a supermarket in the east of Paris. These were Yohan Cohen, 20, who worked at the supermarket, Philippe Braham, 45, a business manager for an IT firm, Yoav Hattab, 21, a student and the youngest supermarket victim, Francois-Michel Saada, 64, was a former pension fund manager. +Amedy Coulibaly, 32, the hostage-taker in the supermarket, has also been linked by Paris prosecutors to the shooting and wounding of a 32-year-old jogger in a park in south-west Paris, on the day of the Charlie Hebdo attack. +Much of knowledge about the Life of Muhammad is based on narrations. Lawrence Conrad examines the biography books written after the 100-150-year oral period, and sees an 85-year time interval related to the date of birth of Muhammad that in these works. Conrad describes it as "the fluidity (evolutionary process) in the story". +Wives. +A list of his wives' names in chronological order + += = = Ford Mustang = = = +The Ford Mustang is a very popular American sports car built by the Ford Motor Company beginning in 1964. The first cars were built in Ford's Dearborn, Michigan factory on March 9 of that year and the car was first shown to the public on April 17 at the New York World's Fair. It did not cost a lot of money, but it was still very fancy and looked like a much more expensive car. People could order their Mustang with many options and body styles, such as a convertible, 2+2 (fastback), or coupe. Many different engines were available, from the 170 CID six-cylinder to some of Ford's biggest and most powerful V-8 engines in later years. This meant car buyers could have a Mustang that saved gas or a more powerful and fast car. More than one million Mustangs were sold in only two years. The Mustang is still being sold today and is still very popular. It was so popular and so different when it was introduced that the Mustang and other cars from other makers which looked like the Mustang were given the name "ponycar." +The so-called "1964 1/2" Mustang was designed by Joe Oros and Dave Ash of Ford's Mercury division, was based on another Ford car, the Falcon and was proposed by Ford's president, Lee Iacocca. The Falcon was not expensive to build and that helped Iacocca get the Mustang the approval it needed to be built. The people who ran the Ford company did not want to take a chance on a car like that because they lost a lot of money on another car, the Edsel, just a few years back. It set sales records and became one of the best selling cars of all time. It would remain mostly the same until 1966. So popular was the Mustang that three Ford assembly plants worked to build it. Not only was the Mustang built in Dearborn, but in Metuchen, New Jersey and San Jose, California as well. +The very first Mustang built to be sold to the public was a white convertible with a black interior and a V-8 engine. It was purchased by a pilot from Newfoundland. Ford offered the one millionth Mustang to the owner in exchange for the first one. That first Mustang, serial number 5F08F100001, is still on display at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn. +Its second bodystyle came out in 1967, its third in 1969 and its fourth in 1971. Bigger, more powerful engines were offered starting in 1967, making some Mustangs into musclecars. Some of those special Mustangs had special names such as Mustang GT, Mach 1, Boss 302, Boss 351, Boss 429 and 429 SCJ, or "Super Cobra Jet." By 1971, the Mustang had become a much larger car. The car grew in size so that Ford could put its biggest engines in it, but insurance companies were charging very high prices to insure powerful cars and sales began to drop. Many people missed the original, smaller Mustang. +A new second generation Mustang came out in 1974 called Mustang II and was based on the Ford Pinto, although far less than the original car had been based on the Falcon. This new car was almost the same size as the original car, but emissions controls and the Arab oil embargo meant that the Mustang II was not a very powerful car. 1974 was not only the first time Ford had built a car which looked like an older model, it was also the first American car to be built on the metric system. The short, low hood meant that neither the inline six-cylinder engine nor V-8 would fit, so engine choices were changed to a 2.3 liter four-cylinder engine built by Ford in Brazil and a more expensive V-6 engine built by Ford in Germany. A 5.0 liter V-8 engine was offered in 1975 which meant that Ford engineers had to redesign much of the car to make it fit. No matter which engine was used, the Mustang II was a heavier car than the 1964-66 model. +The Mustang II helped keep the ponycar alive between 1974 and 1978. General Motors almost stopped building their popular Chevrolet Camaro and Pontiac Firebird; Chrysler Corporation stopped building the Dodge Challenger and Plymouth Barracuda during that time. General Motors stopped building the Camaro in 2002, but they brought back a new version in 2009. Chrysler brought back a new Challenger in 2008 as well; they, like today's Mustang, are made to look like older models. +The new third generation Mustang that came out in 1979 may have been the most important Mustang ever. One reason was the return of a powerful V-8 in 1982 which was developed in later years into an even more powerful engine. The basic design continued all the way through the 1993 model year, with a fourth generation launching for the 1994 model year but still using the platform of the old car, but with hundreds of thousands of improvements over the years, very few parts except for some minor chassis parts stayed unchanged. +The 2005 model was the first all-new Mustang since 1979. Because the original Mustang was and is one of the most popular cars ever, Ford made the new Mustang coupe and convertible look very much like the first Mustangs, especially the 1967 and 1968 models. The engines of the 2005 Mustang were based on the older engines, but had more power. The 4.0-liter V6 engine made 210 hp and the 4.6-liter V8 300 hp, which rose to 315 hp on the 2008 Bullitt. All models were available with manual and automatic transmissions. +Both Ford and Carroll Shelby recently brought back the a new version of the very fast Shelby GT-500 Mustang in 2007. Mr. Shelby helped create the special Shelby GT-350 and GT-500 versions of the Mustang beginning in 1965. The 2007 Shelby GT500 had a 5.4-liter V8, which produced 500 hp. In 2008 a KR version with 540 hp was added. +The 2010 Mustang in turn looks much like the 2005-09 model, but all the body parts except for the roof are different. The rear turn signals of the 2005-2010 cars blink in a one-two-three sequence like the 1967-68 Mercury Cougar and 1964-66 Ford Thunderbird. Power for the V8 rose to 315 hp. In 2011, the Mustang received new engines, a 3.7-liter V6 base engine with 305 hp and a new 5.0-liter engine with 412 hp. Power on the Shelby GT500 rose to 550 hp and later to 662 hp in 2013. A Boss 302 performance version powered by a 444 hp V8 was introduced for 2012. +For 2015, a completely new Ford Mustang was introduced. This included a 5.0 V8 engine which produced 435hp, and was really a stylish and morden look. +That was the Ford Mustang in 2015 but in 2016, Shelby decided to boost the 6th generation Mustang by creating the all new Shelby GT350R which had a 5.2 litre V8 with 526hp at 7500RPM. This was a great increase in performance since the 2015 Mustang. It also included many carbon fibre pieces that were put into the car to reduce its weight. The stock rims in fact were the first ever carbon fibre rims created by NASA, a space station in the USA. The GT350R also had a mounted carbon fibre spoiler and quad exhaust pipes. The same Mustang will be sold in America until 2018, where Ford is rumoured to give us a brand new facelifted Mustang... +Beginning with the 2021 model year, Ford also uses the Mustang name on a new, large electric crossover model called the Mach-E. +The 2021 Mustang Mach-E is Ford's first all-electric crossover, and it was designed and named after the company's iconic pony car. The Mach-E also pays homage to the "Mach 1" moniker that has been used on high-performance Mustangs of old. Ford said it went with the name because it needed the electrified crossover to be as desirable as a Tesla to usher in its new era of electric vehicles. It's expected to provide 300 miles of driving range when paired with the extended-range battery and rear-wheel drive. + += = = Red Hat Linux = = = +Red Hat Linux is a discontinued Linux operating system, replaced by RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux). +Red Hat made it public in the past and it was used by many Linux users. The last publicly released version was Red Hat Linux 9 in April, 2003. Red Hat then decided to discontinue a future release of Red Hat Linux and started the paid "Red Hat Enterprise Linux" instead. There are some redistributions of RHEL, though such as CentOS which are free and come without Red Hat's branding, logos etc. due to trademark restrictions. +Red Hat Linux 7.3 version is still widely used around the world for servers and workstations. +Around 2005, The Red Hat company released their system as Fedora Core, intended to be a test platform for new technologies. It is now called just 'Fedora' and its present release acts as a base for the next release of RHEL. + += = = Sacavém = = = +Sacavém is a city in Portugal, near the capital Lisbon. There is about eighteen hundred people living there. Sacavém is on the border of the River Tagus. It confines with the parishes of "Bobadela", "Camarate", "Moscavide", "Portela", "Prior Velho" and "Unhos". +Sacavém is very well known for its ceramics. + += = = Shooter = = = +A shooter is a kind of video game. The aim of the game is to beat enemies by shooting (or otherwise killing) them. The enemies shoot back. +Many of the oldest computer games were shooters; the first video game ever made was a shooter called "Computer Space". And one of the first games that many people played was a shooter called "Space Invaders". +There are lots of different kinds of shooter. Now many people like first-person shooters. But there are other kinds too. In Japan many people play shooters where the enemies fire lots of bullets. The bullets make beautiful patterns on the screen. This kind of shooter is called a "barrage shooter, bullet hell game" or a "curtain fire shooter". It is also called by the Japanese name, "danmaku". One of these games is Touhou. Another that combines bullet hell elements with an RPG is Undertale. + += = = Sushi = = = + is a traditional food that is from Japan. +The word "Sushi" comes from the Japanese word meaning vinegar, and ", meaning rice. +Sushi is made with specially prepared rice, called . The rice is mixed with vinegar, salt, and sugar. Sushi is known for having raw or cooked seafood in it, but it sometimes has non-fish foods such as vegetables. Some sushi is wrapped in a sheet of seaweed called . +Soy sauce and wasabi are commonly eaten with sushi, which is traditionally eaten by hand, but eating it using chopsticks is still accepted. "Gari" (sweet, pickled ginger) can often be found alongside a plate of sushi and also a little bit of wasabi, used as a palate cleanser, but it must be eaten with chopsticks. +There are many different kinds of sushi. The most common sushi in Japan is : fish meat that is placed on top of a small portion of "sumeshi". Sometimes you may find other ingredients on top of the "sumeshi", such as roe (fish eggs), and sea urchin meat, instead of fish. Another type of sushi, , consists of "sumeshi" rolled around fish and/or vegetables. In the US, "makizushi" is more popular than "nigirizushi". Another type is known as or a hand roll. This kind of sushi comes in a cone-shape, created by the "nori" wrapped around the ingredients inside. They are usually filled with a mixture of "sumeshi", fish, and vegetables. +In Japan, sushi is sometimes sold in "conveyor-belt shops" called "kaiten zushi" (����), where plates of sushi are put on a moving belt that passes by the customers. People freely take the sushi they want as it passes. The color of the plate shows the price of the sushi. This way of serving sushi is becoming more popular in other countries as well. +History. +Sushi began when rice farming came to Japan over 2,000 years ago. The original type of sushi was developed in the Nara Prefecture as a way of preserving fish in fermented rice. During the Muromachi period, people would eat the rice "and" the fish. During the Edo period, vinegar, not fermented rice, was used. In more recent times, it has become a fast food associated with Japanese culture. +The origin of sushi goes back to Southeast Asia around the 4th century B.C.. At that time, it was called "narezushi". The fish was originally eaten alone, without rice. Later on, a style of namaranarezushi reached Japan. Namaranerezushi combined the fish with rice. +What is called sushi in modern times was created by Hanaya Yohei (1799–1858) at the End of the Edo period. Sushi invented by Hanaya was an early form of fast food that was not fermented. It was prepared quickly. It could be eaten with one's hands. This fish was originally known as Edomae zushi because it used freshly caught fish in Edo-Bay or Tokyo Bay. The fish used in modern sushi no longer usually comes from Tokyo Bay. +By the early 1900s, sushi was being served in the United States, after many Japanese people had immigrated there. The first United States sushi shop opened up in 1906 in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles. +In the United Kingdom, a report of sushi being eaten in Britain happened when then Crown Prince Akihito (born 1933) visited Queen Elizabeth II in 1953. +Australia is a major source of rice used with sushi. +Manners. +Sushi is traditionally eaten by hand, but it is not wrong to eat it with chopsticks. However, when eating "Gari", you must use chopsticks. +When you want to put some soy sauce on your sushi, try not to put it on the rice, because the grains will start to fall, and make a mess. +Try to fit the entire sushi into your mouth when eating. Taking a bite and putting it back on the plate is impolite. +Health risks. +As with most foods, eating sushi has some health risks. However, most can be minimized with proper preparation. Some large fish, such as tuna (especially bluefin), can contain high levels of mercury. Tuna can cause mercury poisoning when consumed in very large quantities over time. Parasite infection by raw fish is not common in the modern world (less than 40 cases per year in the US). Infections can generally be avoided by boiling, burning, preserving in salt or vinegar, or freezing to a certain temperature. Although "nigirizushi" will almost always appear in a raw form, often much of the fish has been previously frozen to specific temperatures to prevent parasites. +The types and ingredients of the sushi. +There are many different types of sushi. There are also many ingredients to put in the sushi. +Types of sushi. +Sushi in other countries. +Sushi is not only eaten in Japan. It is very popular in other countries around the Earth, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and South Korea. +Ingredients of sushi. +Although sushi generally contains the ingredients below, virtually anything can be used in sushi, even chocolate or chicken. +Meat. +There are many types of fish and other meat used in sushi, such as: +Other meat, such as roe (fish eggs), is also used in sushi. +Vegetables. +Like the meat, there are many types of vegetables used in sushi, such as: + += = = The Thinker = = = +The Thinker () (1902) is a bronze statue. It was made by the sculptor Auguste Rodin. It depicts a man sitting and thinking with his arms bent on his knee and his chin on his hand. Rodin first called the statue "The Poet". It was part of a commission by the Museum of Decorative Arts in Paris to create a huge gate based on the epic poem "The Divine Comedy" of Dante. Each of the statues in the piece represented one of the main characters in the poem. "The Thinker" was originally meant to depict Dante himself in front of the Gates of Hell considering his great poem. Over twenty casts of the sculpture exist. They are now in museums around the world. Some of those copies are enlarged versions of the original work, while others have somewhat different proportions. + += = = Nazko Cone = = = +Nazko Cone is a small volcano in central British Columbia, Canada. It is approximately 75 km west of the town of Quesnel. It is in the eastern part of the Anahim Volcanic Belt. The most recent eruption of Nazko Cone was 7200 years ago. +A series of small earthquakes occurred in the area of Nazko Cone beginning on October 10, 2007. Most of these earthquakes were magnitude 1.0 or less; some as strong as magnitude 3.2 were centered 25 kilometers below the surface. The cause of these earthquakes is believed to be the rising of molten magma because there are no faults or tectonic plate boundaries. The source of this magma is from the Anahim hotspot and continues to this day. + += = = Anahim Volcanic Belt = = = +The Anahim Volcanic Belt is a nearly east–west line of volcanoes stretches from the west coast of British Columbia, Canada, just north of Vancouver Island, and reaches into the Interior Plateau near Quesnel. The farther away from the coast, the younger the volcanoes tend to be. These volcanoes are thought to have formed because of the North American continent sliding westward over the Anahim hotspot. Volcanoes in this belt include the Rainbow, Ilgachuz, and Itcha Ranges, and the Nazko Cone, which last erupted about 7200 years ago. + += = = Chilcotin Group = = = +Chilcotin Plateau basalts cover a large area in British Columbia. Basaltic lava formed a volcanic plateau running parallel with the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt, about 150 km from the ocean. +During the Miocene and Pliocene, a volcanic field occurred in British Columbia's Interior Plateau. The basalt is assumed to cover up to 50,000 km2 of the Pacific Northwest. It forms a medium-sized large igneous province, of volume 3300 km3. +Volcanism still continues from time to time. Eruptions were most vigorous 610 million years ago (mya) and 23 mya, when most of the basalt was released. Smaller eruptions continued from 1.6 mya to 0.01 mya. + += = = Garibaldi Volcanic Belt = = = +The Garibaldi Volcanic Belt is the northern part of the Cascade Volcanic Belt. It is in British Columbia and the northwestern United States. Its volcanos are the most explosive in Canada. +The volcanoes are also the closest to British Columbia's densely populated southwest corner. These volcanoes are the result of subduction of the Juan de Fuca tectonic plate: the plates meet just seaward of the west coast of Vancouver Island. The volcanoes of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt are stratovolcanoes typical of subduction zones, and include Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley and Mount Meager. Meager's eruption 2,350 years ago is the youngest explosive eruption in Canada. It was similar to that of Mount St. Helens in 1980 and the ongoing eruption of Montserrat in the Caribbean. + += = = Mount Garibaldi = = = +Mount Garibaldi is an eroded, dacitic strato volcano in southwestern British Columbia. Both Garibaldi and Mount Baker to its south are part of the Cascade volcanic arc. Mount Garibaldi, 80 km due north of Vancouver, is made up of Mount Garibaldi, Atwell Peak, and Dalton Dome. This Pleistocene volcanic center is part of a volcanic field that contains some 13 vents in an area 30 km long by 15 km wide, much of which is in Garibaldi Provincial Park. +The history of Mt Garibaldi involves an initial period of volcanism (200,000-300,000 years ago) followed by a period of quiescence. Renewed activity in the last 50,000 years has rebuilt the edifice in a series of violent eruptions. As successive pyroclastic flows travelled down the mountain's gentle slopes and were deposited, the volcano took on a broad, conical form. Part of the volcano's southwest flank built out onto thick glacial ice filling the Squamish River valley. Subsequent rapid melting of the ice at the close of the last ice age removed support from the western part of the cone. The volcano collapsed, producing much of the existing rugged topography of Mount Garibaldi and Atwell Peak. This catastrophic failure left a scarp on which is exposed the internal structure of the volcano and a debris fan with an estimated volume of 150,000,000 m at the foot of the mountain north of the town of Squamish. As valley glaciers retreated, two lava flows erupted Clinker Peak, immediately north of Mt. Garibaldi. The northernmost Rubble Creek flow was party confined by a wall of ice, resulting in a lava flow over 244 m (800 ft) thick. The steep, northern edge of the Rubble Creek flow party collapsed several times, most recently in 1855-1856. The village of Garibaldi was abandoned because of the danger of future collapses. The most recent period of activity occurred shortly after the disappearance of the glacial ice filling the valley, 10,700 to 9,300 radiocarbon years ago, and ended with the eruption of the Ring Creek lava flow from Opal cone on Garibaldi's southeastern flank. +The Ring Creek flow is very unusual. It is 15 km long - a length usually only attained by basalt flows. The Ring Creek flow is dacite. Renewed volcanism in the Garibaldi area would pose a serious threat to the local communities of Whistler and Squamish. Although no Plinian-style eruptions are known, even Pelean-type eruptions could produce large quantities of ash that could rise to several hundred meters above the volcano. As it is close to Vancouver, this would make it a hazard for air traffic. The danger from lava flows would be low to moderate because the nature of the lavas would prevent them from travelling far from their source, even though the Ring Creek lava flow ends only 6 km from Squamish. Melting of remnant glacial ice capping the Mt. Garibaldi area could produce floods, lahars, or debris flows that might endanger small communities including Brackendale. +Highway 99, which links Whistler and Squamish with Vancouver, is already plagued by landslides and debris flows from the precipitous Coast Mountains. An eruption producing floods could destroy segments of the highway. Flooding and debris flows could also have serious consequences for the salmon fishery on the Squamish, Cheakamus, and Mamquam rivers. Explosive eruptions and the accompanying ash could cause short and long-term water-supply problems for Vancouver and much of the lower mainland. The catchment area for the Greater Vancouver watershed is downwind from the Garibaldi area. Air-fall material could also have a deleterious effect on the ice fields to the east of Mt. Garibaldi, causing increased melting and spring flooding. This in turn could threaten water supplies from Pitt Lake as well as fisheries on the Pitt River. + += = = Mount Meager = = = +Mount Meager is a potentially active volcano in the Canadian province of British Columbia, Canada, 150 kilometers north of Vancouver. The top of the mountain is mostly covered by snow and glaciers. It lies in the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt and is the northernmost volcano of the Cascade Volcanic Arc that extends down to northern California. Its most common type of rock is lava that is almost a million years old (with a thickness in some places over 1 km). +The mountain is part of the Pacific Ranges of mountains and is 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) high. It was previously called "Cathedral Mountain". +Geologic history. +Meager is known for its last major eruption about 2,350 years ago. The strange thing about the eruption was the fact it released the debris from the northeast side of the volcano, as rock and ash blocked a major river called the Lillooet River. The river was dammed to a height of at least 100 meters, forming a lake. The lake reached a maximum elevation of 810 meters and was at least 50 meters deep. The breccia soon eroded from water activity within the lake, forming Keyhole Falls. There was a massive flood when the water first broke through the breccia, carrying small house sized blocks of breccia. During this eruption, ash was hurled into the air over 20 kilometers above sea level. The ash was carried eastward as far as Alberta. +Volcanic hazards. +Meager is an unstable volcano. It is built of unstable volcanic and has dumped clay and rock several meters deep into the Perberton Valley at least three times during the last 7,300 years. Two earlier debris flows, around 4,450 and 7,300 years ago, sent rubble at least 32 kilometers from the volcano. Recently, the volcano has created smaller landslides about every ten years, including one in 1975 that killed four geologists near Meager Creek. Logging, mining, tourism and wilderness recreation on nearby slopes and valleys are vulnerable to the volcano’s excellent geomorphic activity. The possibility of Mount Meager covering settled parts of the Pemberton Valley in a debris flow is estimated at one in 2400 years. There is no sign of volcanic eruptions with these events, however scientists warn the volcano could release another massive debris flow over populated areas anytime without warning. +The explosive nature of past eruptions at Mount Meager indicates that this volcano also poses a considerable long-distance treat to communities across southern British Columbia and Alberta. It is also a local treat to the town of Pemberton, British Columbia, about 50 km away. Another explosive eruption at Mount Meager would also have a considerable impact on local mining and logging operations, as well as significant negative impacts on the Lillooet River fishery. + += = = Metaphysics = = = +Metaphysics is a major branch of philosophy. It concerns existence and the nature of things that exist. Altogether it is a theory of reality. +Ontology is the part of metaphysics which discusses "what" exists: the categories of being. Apart from ontology, metaphysics concerns the "nature" of, and "relations" among, the things that exist. +Topics that are discussed in metaphysics include existence, objects and their traits, space and time, cause and effect, and what is possible. +Main questions. +Ontology. +The study of ontology is broad, while other branches of metaphysics are more specific. One main question in ontology are what the most basic categories of being are. For example, imagine a tree. A tree is part of a larger category, like a plant. Plants are part of larger category, too: living things. Eventually, we arrive at a very large category: "substance". Philosophers who study ontology want to discover and understand basic categories like substance. Aristotle, for example, tried to understand reality through many other categories that he discovered, such as Quantity, Quality, Relation, Place, and Time among others. +In the 15th century René Descartes thought there might be two different substances, mind and matter. This is a view called dualism. Other thinkers, like Immanuel Kant, thought that we cannot say anything about substance, as the only way we can talk about substance is through connections. To prove this, Kant used the sentence "This is a house". Kant thought that the meaning of the word house depended on how other people used houses, or how other houses looked like. This meant that meaning was all about connections, and that there is no meaning of "house" on its own. So Kant replaced the category of substance with "relation" in his metaphysical beliefs. +In the 20th century, some Western philosophers thought these questions were really just questions about the definition of words. Ludwig Wittgenstein thought that words do not have clear definitions. Instead, definitions are blurry. For some philosophers, this meant that metaphysics had no use. For other philosophers, this inspired them to think about metaphysics in new ways. +Identity and change. +Identity is an important metaphysical topic. All the objects in the world seem to always be changing. Heraclitus, an ancient Greek philosopher, famously said: "You cannot step in the same river twice." The river is always flowing, so talking about the river as if it has remained the same river is impossible. Heraclitus concluded that identity was not real, only change was. Parmenides, another philosopher, thought the opposite: change is not real, and is an illusion. To him, everything has always been the same object. This is a view called "monism". +In the 17th century, Leibniz discovered the "Law of Identity of Indiscernibles". The law says that if some object X is identical to some object Y, then object X and object Y must have all the same traits. Philosophers thought that there may be two kinds of traits: "intrinsic" and "extrinsic". Intrinsic traits are the traits that make the object what it really is. Extrinsic traits are traits that are about its relationship with other things. So to solve the problem of change, some philosophers have argued that what is changing are the extrinsic traits, but the intrinsic traits remain the same. So for example, while your body has changed over the years, there may be intrinsic traits to you that have not changed and make you who you really are. This could be a soul, psychological consistency, or something else. +Space and time. +Objects appear in space and time, and so it is of much interest in metaphysics. Some metaphysical questions about space and time are: +In the 17th century, Leibniz and Newton had a famous debate about whether space and time were real objects, or if they were just a method of ordering objects. Newton thought space and time were real and absolute. Leibniz thought it must be relative. This was unsettled for centuries until Albert Einstein proposed that the laws of physics should be based on the principle of relativity, and that space and time could not be absolute. +In the 18th century, Kant argued that space and time are not substances or something we learn from our conscious experience. Instead, Kant thought that space and time were part of our mind's system and allows us to organize our experience of the world. While this meant that space and time were mind dependent, Kant still believed that they were "empirically" real. +Causality. +What do we mean when we say something was caused by something else? This is an important question for scientists as well as philosophers. Causation is a kind of influence where one event helps creates another event. Aristotle believed that causality meant "explanation", and separated "causality" into four causes: material, formal, efficient, and final. Material cause is what an object is made of. Formal cause is the pattern or shape that organizes the matter in the object. Efficient cause is who or what changes and creates the object. The final cause is the reason why that object was created. Most philosophers today are interested in talking about efficient cause. +There are many theories on causation. In 1973, David Lewis thought that causality was like a chain of things depending on one another. So, for some event C to cause some event E, that means there is a chain of other events that connect them together. Other theories use probability. For example, smoking does not always cause cancer, but it increases the chances of it happening. As a result, it is more useful to turn to a definition of causality that uses probability. +Related questions. +Cosmology and cosmogony. +Metaphysical cosmology and cosmogony try to address questions such as: +Mind and matter. +Explaining our minds in a world made of matter is a special metaphysical problem. In the modern, philosophers and scientists began to reject non-physical ideas about reality. This created a view called materialism, which argues that matter is more basic than mind. But it seems our thoughts and perceptions are not material. This makes consciousness hard to explain under the materialist view. +This motivates some philosophers to explore other ideas, such as dualism, idealism, or panpsychism. Dualism argues that mind and matter and two separate things. According to dualism, mind might be like the soul. However, dualists must explain how the soul interacts with the body. Idealism argues that mind is more basic than matter, and that objects do not exist until we sense them. Panpsychism argues that everything has a mental aspect, so using a theory called "neutral monism", one can argue that mind and matter are actually the same thing. + += = = Washington (state) = = = +Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is north of Oregon, west of Idaho, east of the Pacific Ocean, and south of British Columbia. (British Columbia is part of Canada.) +There are more than 7,000,000 people in Washington. Most live in the western part of Washington, which gets more rain. About a quarter of the people live in the east part, where it gets less rain, and some parts have a desert climate. The largest city on the eastern part is Spokane, which is also the second biggest city in the state. +The Cascade Mountains go down the middle of the state and divide it into two sides. The state's nickname is the "Evergreen State" because it has a lot of pine trees. Washington was the 42nd state to join the United States, on November 11, 1889. It is often called "Washington State" so that it does not get confused with the nation's capital, Washington, D.C. The name "Washington" comes from President George Washington. +The capital of Washington is Olympia. Olympia is a small city on the west side of Washington, at the south end of the Puget Sound. Washington's biggest city is Seattle; Seattle is also on the Puget Sound. +Washington has many beautiful forests, rivers, gorges (gorges are small canyons), and mountains. Because it is next to the ocean, it has a long beach. However, because Washington is north of Oregon and California (the other two states on the West Coast of the United States), the ocean is colder, and usually not good to swim in. +The biggest universities in Washington are the University of Washington and Washington State University. The University of Washington is in Seattle. Washington State University is in a small town called Pullman. Pullman is on the east of the state. +Geography and climate. +The state of Washington has an extremely varied geography, and therefore an extremely varied climate. The map shows western cities have shipping access. These are the low-lying parts on the next to the Pacific Ocean. The western side of the mountains is wet and forested with conifers. Some areas are temperate rain forests (in the Olympic Mountains). +The central area is mountainous, including five volcanos: Mount Baker, Glacier Peak, Mount Rainier, Mount St. Helens, and Mount Adams. To the east of the mountains the land is dry and mostly dry grassland (high plains). Only one feature links the west to the east: the important Snake River, a tributary of the even larger Columbia River. +Lists of Federal land and reservations. +National parks and monuments +There are three National Parks and two National Monuments in Washington: +National forests +Nine national forests are located (at least partly) in Washington: +Federally protected wildernesses +31 wildernesses are located (at least partly) in Washington, E.g.: +National wildlife refuges +23 National Wildlife Refuges are located (at least partly) in Washington E.g.: +Other federally protected lands +Other protected lands of note are: +Military and related reservations +There are many large military-related reservations, like: + += = = Clematis = = = +Clematis is a genus of plants that is widely known for its beautiful flowers. +There are many varieties in this group as gardeners around the world have produced many varieties. They can be found not only in Western countries but also in Japan. +This plant grows up as a vine. It uses its leaflets and leaf stalks to twine around any support. In nature it often climbs up a nearby tree. The original species can mostly be found in temperate areas on Earth. Some species can also be found on high mountains. + += = = Rational number = = = +In mathematics, a rational number is a number that can be written as a fraction. The set of rational number is often represented by the symbol formula_1, standing for "quotient" in English. +Rational numbers are all real numbers, and can be positive or negative. A number that is not rational is called irrational. +Most of the numbers that people use in everyday life are rational. These include fractions, integers and numbers with finite decimal digits. In general, a number that can be written as a fraction while it is in its own form is rational. +Writing rational numbers. +Fraction form. +All rational numbers can be written as a fraction. Take 1.5 as an example, this can be written as formula_2, formula_3, or formula_4. +More examples of fractions that are rational numbers include formula_5, formula_6, and formula_7. +Terminating decimals. +A terminating decimal is a decimal with a certain number of digits to the right of the decimal point. Examples include 3.2, 4.075, and -300.12002. All of these are rational. Another good example would be 0.9582938472938498234. +Repeating decimals. +A repeating decimal is a decimal where there are infinitely many digits to the right of the decimal point, but which follow a repeating pattern. +An example of this is formula_8. As a decimal, it is written as 0.3333333333... The dots indicate that the digit 3 repeats forever. +Sometimes, a group of digits repeats. An example is formula_9. As a decimal, it is written as 0.09090909... In this example, the group of digits 09 repeats. +Also, sometimes the digits repeat "after" another group of digits. An example is formula_10. It is written as 0.16666666... In this example, the digit 6 repeats, following the digit 1. +If you try this on your calculator, sometimes it may make a rounding error at the end. For instance, your calculator may say that formula_11, even though there is no 7. It rounds the 6 at the end up to 7. +Irrational numbers. +The digits after the decimal point in an irrational number do not repeat in an infinite pattern. For instance, the first several digits of � (Pi) are 3.1415926535... A few of the digits repeat, but they never start repeating in an infinite pattern, no matter how far you go to the right of the decimal point. + += = = Saint Patrick's Day = = = +Saint Patrick's Day is the feast day of Saint Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland, and a day of celebration for Irish people. Saint Patrick’s Day is also known as Paddy’s day. +Celebrations. +St. Patrick's Day is celebrated on March 17 all over Ireland and everywhere in the world where Irish people or their descendants live. New York City has one of the biggest parades. It is a very Irish festival, and it involves a lot of feasting and celebration, including traditional Irish music, drinking beer, and eating bacon and cabbage. Another tradition of Saint Patrick’s day is that one has to wear green clothing or they will be pinched. Green is the color of Saint Patrick's day as it is the national color of Ireland. People often wear green on that day or have some type of shamrock on their clothing. It is very common that they wear a Shamrock, a three leaved plant which is also a symbol for Ireland. +The first St. Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. In the beginning, it was a 3 day long celebration, but now it is a 5-day celebration. + += = = MP = = = +MP can mean: + += = = Edgar Cayce = = = +Edgar Cayce (March 18, 1877 – January 3, 1945), known as "The Sleeping Prophet" and "America's Greatest Mystic", is one of America's famous psychics. He wanted people to think of him as a healer and not a psychic. +Methods. +Cayce worked in a trance. This means he could talk while sleeping and answered questions about a person's health, past and future. This information is called "readings". At first, these readings were about the physical health of the person ("physical readings"). Later, there were readings on "past lives", "business advice", "dream interpretation", and also "mental or spiritual health". The Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE) currently takes care of all of his readings and follow-ups to the readings. The readings have had a large effect on New Age thinking. +Life history. +Edgar Cayce was born on March 18,1877 near Hopkinsville, Kentucky. He read the Bible many times starting when he was 10 years old. He wanted to tell people about God and heal them. His family worked on a farm. +First jobs. +His family moved to Hopkinsville in December, 1893. Edgar's first jobs (1894 – 1898) were at Richard's Dry Goods Store. He next worked in Hopper's Bookstore. Both stores were located on Main Street. He married Gertrude Evans in 1903. +Business. +In 1900, Cayce went into business with his father. They sold insurance. Cayce became very sick with laryngitis in March. In April 18, he could not talk at all. He had to live at home with his parents for almost a year. He became a photographer because it did not require talking. He worked in the photography studio of W. R. Bowles in Hopkinsville. +First hypnotist job. +A hypnotist and entertainer called Hart was entertaining at the Hopkinsville Opera House in 1901. He heard that Cayce was sick and asked if he could try to cure him. Cayce said yes and the entertainer tried to cure Cayce in front of an audience. Cayce was able to talk while in a hypnotic trance but when he woke up he could not talk. Hart hypnotized Cayce so that his voice would be normal after the trance but Cayce's voice did not become normal. +Hypnotism in depth. +Hart had to leave. Another hypnotist, Al Layne, continued to help Cayce have a normal voice. Layne asked Cayce to tell him the cause of his illness and it's cure while in a trance. Cayce described his illness from a first person plural point of view – 'we' – instead of the singular "I." In later readings, he would usually start off with "We have the body." In the reading, Cayce said his voice loss was because of psychological paralysis and that could be fixed by increasing the blood flow to the voice box. Layne suggested that the blood flow be increased and Cayce's face turned red with blood and his chest area turned bright red. After 20 minutes, Cayce, still in a trance, said the treatment was over. When he woke up his voice stayed normal. He would get sick again, but was cured by Layne in the same way and later he was cured perfectly. +Fame. +Cayce's work grew as his fame grew. He asked for people to give him money to support himself and his family so that he could work full-time. He continued to work in a trance state with a hypnotist all his life. His wife and oldest son later replaced Layne in this role. A secretary, Gladys Davis, took notes. Many believe that Cayce had an affair with Ms. Davis later in life - but a medical examination conducted after Cayce's death to treat Davis's uterine cancer allegedly showed that she was still a virgin at that time. +In 1929 the Cayce hospital was created in Virginia Beach. The cost of the hospital was paid for by Morton Blumenthal, a New York stockbroker, Cayce hospital benefactor. +Cayce became famous in the United States in 1943 because of an article in "Coronet" magazine. He increased his readings to 8 times a day to try to keep up. This caused problems with his health. +Problems. +The trance reading caused problems with Cayce’s health which were easily seen. On the times when he could not give a clear reading, he said it was because he was working under too great a pressure. In these cases, he always gave the money back to the person he was giving a reading to. +Edgar Cayce died on January 3, 1945. He had predicted his own death four days earlier. +Readings. +Edgar Cayce is famous for the thousands of "readings" that he gave while he was hypnotized. He gave more than 14,000 readings in 43 years. Gladys Davis, his assistant, recorded the readings and his wife, Gertrude Evans Cayce, guided him during hypnosis. +Physical readings. +In the beginning, his readings were known as "physical readings" (health readings). Cayce often called the body "the organism". Cayce would put himself under self-hypnosis. While he seemed to sleep, he would say where the person was. He would sometimes name the streets along the way. He would then say "Yes, we see the body", and describe the client's organ, circulatory, and nervous systems. He would give reasons for illness or problems. A message would then be given to the person telling them how to get better. The readings were so specialized that treatments were often changed, or not even given, if the person would not follow his advice. People often came to Cayce for health readings when the medical community could find nothing wrong or had given up on them. +Life readings. +In a life reading, Cayce described the "past lives" of the client. These readings described the client's present physical, emotional and mental condition in terms of past life experience. Cayce was not above flattering his clients by describing past lives as royalty, famous people, or people at their "spiritual highest". +Business readings. +For those people whose intentions Cayce believed to be "pure", Cayce would give business readings. These included advice on business partners, the stock market, and business models. Cayce also founded and guided the A.R.E.. +Dream readings. +Edgar Cayce encouraged everyone to interpret and use his or her own dreams in day-to-day life. A dream reading involved Cayce interpreting the dreams of clients. As he did with readings on many subjects, Cayce would often interrupt the person reading the dream and give an interpretation before the dream had been completely read. He would sometimes fill in parts of dreams that the dreamer had supposedly forgotten. Unlike Jungian or Freudian dream interpretation, Cayce did not emphasize highly the importance of symbols. He said that every individual has his or her own unique symbols. Cayce claimed that in dreams people could receive valuable insight into their own lives and that the insight was always of use to the dreamer. Besides regular daily insight into one's life, he claimed people could communicate with loved ones dead or alive, remember past life experiences, see a possible future and experience many other psychic phenomena. He stated that these paranormal abilities were something anyone could learn. +Mental and Spiritual readings. +These readings were often short and were Cayce's favorite type of reading when not in his supposed trance state. They focused on what an individual could do to achieve a better mental/spiritual life. +Other readings. +Other Readings are miscellaneous subject matter that does not fit into an above category. The subject matter differs from missing persons, buried treasure, readings given to a spiritual development group, psychic abilities, auras, prophecy, structure of reality, geology and many other topics. +Impact. +For many people, the readings had a powerful impact on attitudes, beliefs, health practices, outlook on life, matters of faith and many other areas. +Claimed abilities. +Abilities that have been claimed for Cayce include: +Cayce himself did not claim to be able to do all these things. +Former lives and conflict with Christian doctrine. +Cayce had difficulty in believing some of the things he said when he was hypnotized. For example, having been raised a devout Christian, for a long time he could not believe that reincarnation was real. Books such as Frederick Oliver's A Dweller On Two Planets and Marie Corelli's novels were probably easily accessible to Cayce at his bookstore. Corelli's writings in particular seek to reconcile mystical beliefs such as reincarnation with Christianity, and Cayce may have been subconsciously trying to accept this idea. +Reincarnation. +Cayce also claimed while in a supposed trance that the Essenes had believed in reincarnation but that view was expunged from the Bible following a papal council decision in around 500 AD. Essene belief in reincarnation is debatable , as with ancient Egyptian religion. +Claimed reincarnation. +During a hypnosis session, Cayce mentioned a former life as Ra Ta, an Egyptian healer-priest. He told a long story about working with the legendary doctor-magician Hermes-Thoth, who he said was reincarnated as Jesus. Cayce also specified that Jesus had lived a number of incarnations throughout human history. +A Reading About the Readings in Terms of Religion. +One of Cayce's trance statements implies that knowledge gained through his readings is "not" necessary if a person is well grounded in one's faith: "Does it make one a better husband, a better businessman, a better neighbor, a better artist, a better churchman, if so cleave to it, if not reject it." +The readings also warn against the misuse of religion for personal gain. 'God is not mocked' is an often quoted verse in the readings. +Disbelief and criticism. +Skepticism. +Many skeptics say that Cayce did not have paranormal abilities. Cayce himself said that not all the information given during "readings" was correct and should be analyzed. He criticized his own organization, the A.R.E , on a number of occasions for not doing enough research on the validity of the readings. +Problems. +In addition, although Cayce's secretary Miss Davis allegedly took down what Cayce said, the records of the readings are jumbled and chaotic. There is nothing to distinguish what Cayce himself independently said, what was the information provided in the letters, and what his handlers – physicians, osteopaths and hypnotists – told him. Thus, researchers cannot say that Cayce ever made an accurate diagnosis without knowing anything about the person at the other end. What is known is that by the time he got some of the letters, the client had already died. Yet Cayce went on with his reading for the individual as though still alive. +Vagueness. +Critics also cite the vagueness of his language while in his supposed trance state. Martin Gardner gives several examples of this, including a reading Cayce did for his own wife, who had tuberculosis: +"[F]rom the head, pains along through the body from the second, fifth and sixth dorsals, and from the first and second lumbar ... tie-ups here, floating lesions, or lateral lesions, in the muscular and nerve fibers which supply the lower end of the lung and the diaphragm ... in conjunction with the sympathetic nerve of the solar plexus, coming in conjunction with the solar plexus at the end of the stomach..." +Health readings. +Many of his health readings prescribed cures with ingredients that did not exist. Others were folk remedies, some well known to today's herbalists and naturopaths, but Cayce would sometimes describe them using terms that had fallen out of general use. Still other ingredients were completely unknown to either physicians or herbalists. Some were completely worthless; for example, Cayce once recommended breathing the fumes of apple brandy from a charred keg to cure tuberculosis. +Final words. +The many Cayce readings would later become commonly known practices of the New Age movement. +In 1931 Edgar Cayce founded the Association for Research and Enlightenment, Inc. (A.R.E.) headquartered in Virginia Beach, Virginia. Today there are Edgar Cayce Centers in 18 other countries throughout the world. + += = = Hibiscus syriacus = = = +Hibiscus syriacus is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of "Hibiscus". Common names for the same plant include Rose of Sharon (but it is not a rose), rose mallow, shrub-althaea, Syrian hibiscus, Syrian ketmia, and St Joseph's rod. +The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but this is only because it was named after being discovered in gardens there. Historically it was endemic to ancient Korea and parts of China. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration. +There are many variations of flowers in gardens, because gardeners of the past were able to find different colors and shapes of flowers, and grow their seeds. + += = = Hibiscus = = = +Hibiscus or rosemallow is a genus of plants with a flower of bright colors. It grows mostly in the tropics, but some species grow in cool climates. Hibiscus often become national/state flowers. For example, the Hawaiian hibiscus is the state flower of Hawaii. +The flower usually has five petal. Hibiscus comes in many colours like white to pink, red, purple and yellow. +Species. +There are many types (species) of Hibiscus. The most popular ones in gardens are: +"Hibiscus trionum" is a common weed in gardens and farms. + += = = Maceió = = = +Maceió is the capital of Alagoas, a state in the Northeast of Brazil. It has a population of 884.320 people (estimate from the year 2000) and a total area of 512 square km. +The city attracts many tourists and it enjoys an important location between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mundaú Lake. Maceió has several urban beaches which are visited by many tourists, for example, the beaches named Pajuçara, Ponta Verde, Jatiúca and Cruz das Almas, famous for their natural beauty. +Maceió originated from a sugar cane engine where initially a village increased around it. Soon the place gained a port, nowadays in Jaraguá district, that as long as years were gone influenced the village development transforming it into a city. Its condition of port city made Maceió to be the state capital in 1839, which was earlier on Santa Maria Madalena da Alagoa do Sul (Saint Mary Magdalene of the Southern Lake) or simply Alagoa do Sul (nowadays the historic city of Marechal Deodoro). +Main neighborhoods. +"Pajussara" +The community of Pajussara is on the ocean coast of Maceió, with modern streets and avenues, many shops, clubs and hotels in front of the sea. Its beach is very attractive and visited by many tourists and natives. In Pajussara beach, a nice place to go is a natural swimming pool 1.500 meters east of the coast and that is placed on a sand bank of the Atlantic Ocean. The pool is formed only when tide is low and people can get there by boat. +"Ponta Verde" +It is considered the most beautiful beach in the city. The community started from an old little farm named Ponta Verde that gave the neighborhood its name. The long extension of land was full of coconut trees and was a wild and quiet place. Currently the urbanization has taken all the area of Ponta Verde and many important events and shows of the city have happened there. The place has good hotels and restaurants and some of them are the best ones in the city. +"Farol" +Farol means lighthouse in Portuguese. The community is in an elevated area not far from the sea where the old lighthouse was that aided the ships to come in the port of the city. From this place is possible to see as the Atlantic Ocean as the Mundaú Lake and because of this the area was strategically important to military force in the Colonial age. +"Jatiúca" +Jatiúca, besides Ponta Verde, is one of the most valued areas in the city in the ranking of the properties salesmen. It is a place with very nice hotels, resorts and restaurants that enjoy a good location in front of the sea. The seacoast in Jatiúca has a lot of beach bars. +"Jaraguá" +Jaraguá has a historic importance because it is the initial point of the city and could be appropriately named Old Town. Maceió was just a village when the port of Jaraguá helped the little village to become a city in the 19th century. Currently some old buildings were transformed in bars and restaurants that are very attended at the weekends but the history of Maceió keeps preserved in many of the old and classic buildings, houses, manors and churches of Jaraguá. +"Pontal da Barra" +The earlier dunes between the Mundaú Lake and the Atlantic Ocean gave place later to the community of fishermen and crafts men and women that currently inhabit this portion of land on the south of the city. Hospitality and beautiful handcrafts are good characteristics of this place. This is because the community of Pontal enjoy to welcome lots of visitors amazed with the incredible ability of the craft workers and the good taste of the typical seafood dishes. + += = = Alagoas = = = +Alagoas is a small coastal state in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Its capital city is Maceió, where tourism industry is one of the basis for the local economy. Other important cities in Alagoas are "Arapiraca", "Palmeira dos Índios", "Penedo", "Marechal Deodoro", and "Maragogi". The state has a total of 101 cities. +Alagoas' coastline has several beaches with coconut trees. Many of the beaches have calm water, because they are sheltered by the Atlantic Ocean sand banks and coral reefs. The state was named after some lagoons along the ocean coast. + += = = René Descartes = = = +René Descartes (31 March 1596 – 11 February 1650) was a famous French philosopher and physicist. He wrote books that are very important in the fields of maths, physics and especially philosophy. His dualism statement combined soul, mind, body theories and elements into one concept; a dualistic theory of mind and matter. +In younger years he was a mercenary soldier. +Descartes and physics (the study of the world). +In his "Rules for the Direction of the Mind" (1628) and his "Discourse on Method" (1637) Descartes wrote about the scientific method that deals with scientific approach, thinking, a method which he had invented. He also wrote about shapes (Geometry), light (optics), and the weather (Meteorology). He then invented a way of describing shapes now called the Cartesian coordinate system, and a theory of what a rainbow is. Descartes' physics was important for a later famous thinker, Sir Isaac Newton, who said about him and so did James Hook: "If I have seen further it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants!" +Descartes and philosophy (the study of abstract ideas). +In his "Meditations on First Philosophy" (1641) Descartes used his scientific method to look at philosophical questions. He argued against skepticism (the view that the world was not real, and did not exist). +He found that he himself must be real (exist), because he felt that he was thinking; and if he was thinking, then he must be real. This is because if he were not real, then how would he have this feeling that he was thinking. He shortened this view, saying in Latin, "Cogito ergo sum," meaning "I think, therefore I am." +He also thought he could show that God exists, in the same way that he felt that he was thinking. Descartes said that God was the same as infinity and that he could clearly see infinity because he could think of every larger object but no largest object. Descartes said that if God exists then the world must exist as well, since God was good and would not let us think the world is real (exists) if it was not real. +Finally, Descartes thought that because he knew he was thinking, but could only know anything else about himself (for example that he had two arms and two legs) because he knew that God exists, then he must be made up of two things: the mind that thinks and the body that is independent of thinking, yet they are united together. This is called "Cartesian Dualism". +Descartes used a lot of ideas related to Plato, while most people at that time used ideas related to Aristotle. He is often called a rationalist, because he looked inside his mind for answers to his questions. Although Descartes wanted to fight skepticism, his description of it in the meditations has become very famous and is often called Cartesian Skepticism after him. + += = = Albrecht Dürer = = = +Albrecht Dürer (21 May 1471 – 6 April 1528) was a Hungarian-German painter, engraver and mathematician. +He was born on 21 May 1471 and died on 6 April 1528 in Nuremberg, Germany and is best known as a maker of old master prints. His prints were often in a series, so that there is a group of different prints about a subject. The most famous series are the "Apocalypse" (1498) and his two series on the passion of Christ, the "Great Passion" (1498–1510) and the "Little Passion" (1510–1511). +Dürer's best known individual engravings (that is, ones that are not part of a series) include ' (1513), ' (1514) and "Melencolia I" (1514). His most iconic images are his woodcuts of the "" (1497–1498) from the "Apocalypse" series, the "Rhinoceros", and numerous self-portraits in oils. Dürer possibly did not cut his own woodblocks but may have employed a skilled carver who followed his drawings faithfully. He painted a number of religious works in oils and made many brilliant watercolours and drawings, which through modern reproductions are now perhaps his best known works. +Dürer's prints made him famous across Europe before 30, with many people hailing him as the greatest artist of the Renaissance in Northern Europe. +Early life. +Dürer was the third child and second son of his parents, who had between fourteen and eighteen children. His father was a successful goldsmith from Ajtós, near Gyula in Hungary. +Dürer's godfather was Anton Koberger, who left goldsmithing to become a printer and publisher in the year Dürer was born. He quickly became the most successful publisher in Germany, and owned twenty-four printing presses and had many offices in Germany and abroad. His most famous publication was the "Nuremberg Chronicle," published in 1493 in German and Latin. It had 1,809 woodcut pictures by the Wolgemut workshop. Dürer may well have worked on some of these, as the work on the project began while he was with Wolgemut. +Dürer had started to learn goldsmithing and drawing from his father. His father wanted him to continue his training as a goldsmith, but he was so good at drawing that he started as an apprentice to Michael Wolgemut at the age of fifteen in 1486. A self-portrait, a drawing in silverpoint, is dated 1484 (Albertina, Vienna). Wolgemut was the leading artist in Nuremberg at the time, and had a large workshop making different types of works of art, in particular woodcuts for books. Nuremberg was a rich city, a centre for publishing and many luxury trades. It had strong links with Italy, especially Venice, a relatively short distance across the Alps. +Wanderjahre and marriage. +After completing his term of apprenticeship in 1489, Dürer followed the common German custom of taking a "wanderjahre" — in effect a gap year. Dürer was away nearly four years, travelling through Germany, Switzerland, and probably, the Netherlands. Dürer wanted to meet Martin Schongauer, the best engraver of Northern Europe, but Schongauer died shortly before Dürer's arrival. He stayed at the house of Schongauer's brother, and got some pictures that Schongauer owned. +His first painted self-portrait is now in the Louvre. It was painted in Strasbourg, probably so that Dürer could send it back to his fiancée in Nuremberg. In fact, very soon after he got back to Nuremberg, on 7 July 1494 Dürer was married to Agnes Frey. She was the daughter of a well known brass worker (and amateur harpist) in the city. He was 23, and the marriage was arranged while Dürer was away travelling. his absence. They had no children, and most people think that they did not marry for love, but because it was good to link the two families. Also, a single man could not set up in business for himself in Nuremberg. Dürer painted some portraits of his wife, but experts say that they "lack warmth". The experts think that if Dürer loved his wife he would have taken more time over those pictures to make her look more beautiful and friendly. +First Visit to Italy. +Within three months Dürer left for Italy. The start of plague in Nuremberg was one reason for his leaving. +In Italy, he went to Venice where artists were working in a more modern style. Dürer wrote that Giovanni Bellini was the oldest and still the best of the artists in Venice. +Return to Nuremberg. +On his return to Nuremberg in 1495, Dürer opened his own workshop. He started to use what he learned in Italy more and more, so his work was quite different from the other artists in Nuremberg who used only the traditional German style. +Dürer's father died in 1502 and his mother died in 1513. +Dürer probably did not cut any of the woodblocks himself. This was a job for experts. But he had designed and cut woodblocks for woodcut as part of his training in Wolgemut's studio, and he had seen many carved and painted altarpieces made in the studio. This means he knew what could be made into a woodblock print, and how to work with the expert block cutters. Dürer either drew his design directly onto the woodblock itself, or glued a paper drawing to the block. Either way his drawing was destroyed when the block was cut. +His famous series of sixteen great designs for the "Apocalypse" are dated 1498. He made the first seven scenes of the "Great Passion" in the same year, and a little later, a series of eleven on the Holy Family and saints. Around 1503–1505 he produced the first seventeen of a set illustrating the life of the Virgin, which he did not finish for some years. Neither these, nor the "Great Passion," were published as sets until several years later, but prints were sold individually in considerable numbers. +The Venetian artist Jacopo de' Barbari, whom Dürer had met in Venice, visited Nuremberg in 1500, and Dürer said that he learned much about the new developments in perspective, anatomy, and Body proportions from him. de'Barbari did not want to tell Dürer everything he knew, so Dürer began his own studies, and he kept studying for the rest of his life. This is a series of drawings show Dürer's experiments in human proportion, before he made his famous engraving of "Adam and Eve" (1504). This is the only existing engraving signed with his full name. +Dürer made large numbers of other practice drawings, especially for his paintings and engravings, and many survive, most famously the "Praying Hands" (1508 Albertina, Vienna). He also continued to make images in watercolour and bodycolour (usually combined), including a number of very beautiful still lives of meadow sections or animals, including his "Hare" (1502, Albertina, Vienna). +Second visit to Italy. +In early 1506, he returned to Venice and stayed there until the spring of 1507. By this time Dürer's engravings were very popular and were being copied. In Venice he was given a valuable commission from the emigrant German community for the church of San Bartolomeo. This was the altar-piece known as the "Adoration of the Virgin" or the "Feast of Rose Garlands". It includes portraits of members of Venice's German community, but shows a strong Italian influence. Later, the Emperor Rudolf II took it to Prague. Other paintings Dürer made in Venice include, "The Virgin and Child with the Goldfinch", "Christ disputing with the Doctors" (supposedly produced in just five days), and a number of smaller works. +Nuremberg and the masterworks. +Dürer was admired by the Venetians, but he was back in Nuremberg by mid-1507. He stayed in Germany until 1520. His reputation had spread throughout Europe. He was on friendly terms with most of the major artists of Europe, and exchanged drawings with Raphael. +The years between and his journey to the Netherlands are divided according to the type of work he made. During the first five years, 1507–1511, after his return from Venice Dürer mostly painted. He made his four best paintings, "Adam and Eve" (1507), "Virgin with the Iris" (1508), the altarpiece the "Assumption of the Virgin" (1509), and the "Adoration of the Trinity by all the Saints" (1511). During this period he also completed the two woodcut series, the "Great Passion" and the "Life of the Virgin". +He complained that painting did not make enough money, so from 1511 to 1514 he concentrated on printmaking. The famous works he made in this period were the thirty-seven woodcuts for the "Little Passion", published first in 1511, and a set of fifteen small engravings on the same theme in 1512. In 1513 and 1514 he created his three most famous engravings, "The Knight, Death, and the Devil" (or simply, "The Knight", as he called it, 1513), "Melencolia I", and "St. Jerome in his Study" (both 1514). +'Melencolia I' has a magic square which is believed to be the first seen in European art. The two numbers in the middle of the bottom row give the date of the engraving, 1514. +In 1515, he created his woodcut of the "Rhinoceros". The rhinoceros was in Lisbon, but Durer never saw it. He made it from a sketch and description from another artist. It was not very lifelike, but still being used in some German school science text-books early last century. The rhinoceros was from an extinct Indian species. +Up to 1520 he produced a wide range of works, including portraits in tempera on linen, experiments in etching on plates of iron, and parts of the "Triumphal Arch" and the "Triumphs of Maximilian" which were huge woodcut projects ordered by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. +Journey to the Netherlands and beyond. +In the summer of 1520 Dürer made his fourth and last major journey. +He wanted to renew the Imperial pension Maximilian had given him. Maximilian had died in 1519, so the city of Nuremberg stopped paying it. Dürer also needed new patrons following the death of Maximilian, and to avoid an outbreak of sickness in Nuremberg. +He took his wife and her maid and left Nuremberg for the Netherlands in July 1520, to be at the coronation of the new emperor, Charles V. He travelled by the Rhine to Cologne, and then to Antwerp, where he made many drawings in silverpoint, chalk, and charcoal. +Dürer went to Aachen for the coronation, but also made trips to Cologne, Nijmegen, 's-Hertogenbosch, Brussels, Bruges, Ghent, and Zeeland. In Brussels he saw "the things which have been sent to the king from the golden land" — the Aztec treasure that Hernán Cortés had sent home to Holy Roman Emperor Charles V following the fall of Mexico. Dürer wrote that this treasure trove "was much more beautiful to me than miracles. These things are so precious that they have been valued at 100,000 florins". Dürer appears to have been collecting for his own cabinet of curiosities, and he sent back to Nuremberg various animal horns, a piece of coral, some large fish fins, and a wooden weapon from the East Indies. +Dürer took many prints with him. He wrote in his diary to whom he gave, exchanged, or sold them, and for how much. This is some of the few times the price of prints was recorded, so historians think it very important to show the values of prints compared to paintings at that time. Dürer returned home in July 1521. He had an unknown illness which stayed with him for the rest of his life, and slowed his rate of work. +Final years in Nuremberg. +Back in Nuremberg, Dürer started work on a series of religious pictures. There are many practice sketches and "studies" (practice paintings for a bigger painting) but no big paintings from this time. This was partly because of his illness, but more because of the time he spent preparing to write books about geometry and perspective, the proportions of men and horses, and fortification. +His writings show that Dürer was highly sympathetic to Martin Luther, and he may have been influential in the City Council declaring for Luther in 1525. However, he died before religious divisions had hardened into different "Catholic" and "Protestant"churches. Dürer probably thought of himself as a reform-minded Catholic. +Dürer died in Nuremberg at the age of 56. He left money and goods worth 6,874 florins - a considerable sum. His workshop was a part of his large house. His widow lived there until her death in 1537. The house is now a museum. + += = = El Greco = = = +El Greco ("The Greek", 1 October 1541 – 7 April 1614) was a painter, sculptor, and architect of the Spanish Renaissance. He usually signed his paintings in Greek letters with his full name, Doménicos Theotokópoulos (). +El Greco was born in Crete, which was the center of Post-Byzantine art at that time. He trained and became a master of that kind of art before travelling at 26 to Venice, as other Greek artists had done. In 1570, he moved to Rome and opened a workshop and made a series of works. While he was in Italy, El Greco added elements of Mannerism and of the Venetian Renaissance to his style. In 1577, at the age of 36, he moved to Toledo, Spain, where he lived and worked until his death in 1614. In Toledo, El Greco painted his best-known paintings. +El Greco's dramatic and expressionist style puzzled other painters at the time, but came to be appreciated in the 20th century. El Greco is considered to have influenced both the Expressionist and Cubist styles. His personality and works inspired poets and writers like Rainer Maria Rilke and Nikos Kazantzakis. Many modern scholars think that El Greco belongs to no conventional school. He is best known for long figures and often fantastic or dramatic coloring, combining Byzantine traditions with Western painting traditions. His paintings generally have very bright parts contrasting with very dark parts. + += = = Lord Byron = = = +George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron (22 January 1788 – 19 April 1824) was an English peer, nobleman, politician, and poet. He was christened George Gordon Byron, but changed his name later in life. He adopted the surname Noel, so that he could inherit half his mother-in-law's estate. +Lord Byron was the son Captain John Byron and Catherine Gordon. +He was a leading figure in Romanticism. He was regarded as one of the greatest European poets and many people still read his works. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage" and "Don Juan". +Lord Byron is also famous for the way he lived his life. He was a dandy, living extravagantly, with many love affairs and debts. His fight against the Turks in the Greek War of Independence led to his death from a fever in Messolonghi in Greece. He is buried in the family vault in St. Mary Magdalene Church, Hucknall Torkard, Nottinghamshire, England. A memorial was not raised to him in Poet's Corner in Westminster Abbey until 1969. +His daughter, Ada Lovelace, was famous because she collaborated with Charles Babbage on the "analytical engine," a predecessor to modern computers. + += = = Byron (disambiguation) = = = +Byron can mean: + += = = Greek War of Independence = = = +The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), also commonly known as the Greek Revolution, was a successful war by the Greeks who won independence for Greece from the Ottoman Empire. Muhammad Ali Pasha sent his son Ismail with an army and a fleet to help fight the Greeks and the Greek Christian revolutionaries asked for help from European Christians. A fleet of the United Kingdom, France and Russia destroyed the Ottoman-Egypt fleet in the Battle of Navarino. After a long and bloody struggle, independence was finally achieved, and confirmed by the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832. The Greeks were thus the first of the Ottoman Empire's subject peoples to be accepted as an independent sovereign power. + += = = Ronald Sinclair = = = +Ronald Sinclair (January 21, 1924 - November 22, 1992), born Richard Arthur Hould and sometimes called Ra Hould or Ron Sinclair, was a child actor from New Zealand, who became a movie editor. +Career. +Sinclair was a child actor turned movie editor who was still considered a star in his home country of New Zealand, long after his Hollywood career ended. He appeared in movies like "The Light That Failed", "Tower of London", "That Hamilton Woman" and "Desperate Journey". He also appeared in a series of children's adventure movies featuring the "Five Little Peppers". +From 1955 on, Sinclair worked together with director Roger Corman. Together they edited movies like "Swamp Women", "Day the World Ended", "The Intruder", "The Raven" and "The Trip". + += = = Affoltern im Emmental = = = +Affoltern im Emmental is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. + += = = Albligen = = = +Albligen () was a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, the former municipalities of Albligen and Wahlern merged into the new municipality of Schwarzenburg. + += = = Alchenstorf = = = +Alchenstorf is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. + += = = Allmendingen bei Bern = = = +Allmendingen bei Bern is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. +The municipality is between Rubigen and Muri bei Bern, near Berne. + += = = Amsoldingen = = = +Amsoldingen is a municipality of the administrative district Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. + += = = John Maynard Keynes = = = +John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes, CB (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist. His ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a big impact on modern economic and political theory. His ideas also had a big impact on many governments' tax and economic policies. He said governments should use tax and banking measures to stop the effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. He is one of the fathers of modern theoretical macroeconomics. +Biography. +Personal and marital life. +John Maynard Keynes was born at 7 Melville Road, Cambridge, England. His father was John Neville Keynes, an economics lecturer at Cambridge University. His mother was Florence Ada Brown, a successful author and a social reformer. His younger brother, Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a surgeon and bibliophile (book lover). His younger sister Margaret (1890–1974) married the Nobel Prize-winning physiologist Archibald Hill. +Keynes first went to King’s College, Cambridge, in 1902. At first he studied mathematics. Later he studied economics under A.C. Pigou and Alfred Marshall. People think Professor Marshall prompted Keynes to change his studies from mathematics and classics to economics. Keynes received his B.A. in 1905 and his M.A. in 1908. +When Keynes was young, he had romantic and sexual relationships with men. One of his great loves was the artist Duncan Grant, whom he met in 1908. Keynes was also involved with the writer Lytton Strachey. Keynes appeared to turn away from homosexual relationships around the time of the first World War. In 1918, he met Lydia Lopokova, a well-known Russian ballerina. Keynes and Lopokova married in 1925. +Keynes was a successful investor and he built up a big fortune. He nearly lost all of his money after the Stock Market Crash of 1929. Later he re-built his fortune. +He enjoyed collecting books: for example, he collected and protected many of Isaac Newton's papers. +Bertrand Russell said Keynes was the most intelligent person he had ever known. Lord Russell said: "Every time I argued with Keynes, I felt that I took my life in my hands, and I seldom emerged without feeling something of a fool". +Career. +Keynes accepted a lectureship at Cambridge in economics funded personally by Alfred Marshall. Soon he was appointed to the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance, where he was able to put economic theory into practice. +During World War I he worked for the Adviser to the Chancellor of the Exchequer and to the Treasury on Financial and Economic Questions. +Keynes also attended the Conference on the Versailles Treaty to end World War I. He wrote "The Economic Consequences of the Peace" in 1919, and "A Revision of the Treaty" in 1922. In his books he said that the reparations which Germany was being made to pay would ruin the German economy and would lead to further fighting in Europe. These predictions were shown to be true when the German economy suffered in the hyperinflation of 1923. Reparations were only completed in 2010. +Keynes's "magnum opus" (Latin for "Great Work", meaning his most famous book) was the "General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money". The "General Theory" was published in 1936. The ideas in that book were very different from classical economics. +Historians agree that Keynes influenced U.S. president Roosevelt's New Deal, but disagree as to what extent. Spending more than the government earned in taxes (called "deficit spending") was used in the New Deal from 1938. But the idea had been agreed to by President Herbert Hoover. Few senior economists in the U.S. agreed with Keynes in the 1930s. With time, however, his ideas became more widely accepted. +In 1942, Keynes was raised to the House of Lords. He became Baron Keynes of Tilton in the County of Sussex. When he sat in the House of Lords he was a Liberal member. +During World War II, Keynes wrote a book titled "How to Pay for the War". He said the war effort should be paid for by higher taxes. He did not like deficit spending because he wanted to avoid inflation. +Death. +Keynes died of a heart attack at his holiday home in Tilton, East Sussex. His heart problems were made worse by the strain of working on post-war international financial problems. He died soon after he arranged a guarantee of an Anglo-American loan to Great Britain. Keynes' father, John Neville Keynes (1852–1949) outlived his son by three years. Keynes's brother Sir Geoffrey Keynes (1887–1982) was a distinguished surgeon, scholar and bibliophile. His nephews include Richard Keynes (born 1919) a physiologist; and Quentin Keynes (1921–2003) an adventurer and bibliophile. Keynes did not have children. +Influences on Keynes' works. +These people influenced Keynes: + += = = American robin = = = +The American robin ("Turdus migratorius") is a migratory songbird. Also known as the North American robin, it belongs in the thrush family, "Turdidae". It was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related. The American robin has seven subspecies. "T. m. confinis" is the most different subspecies. +The American robin lives throughout North America. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe (a vagrant is a bird that is found outside its normal species' range). It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize. The American robin can be found in many different kinds of habitats. It likes open areas of ground to feed and areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep. Because it has a large range, the IUCN Red List says that the American robin will not decline, and is listed as of least concern. +The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. The female will choose where to build the nest. She will make the nest with grass, sticks, paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. Once the nest is built, she will lay 3 to 5 eggs. After the chicks leave the nest, both parents will continue to take care of them, until they can live on their own. +American robin eggs and juveniles are eaten by squirrels, snakes, blue jays, common grackles, American crows, and common ravens. The adults are eaten by hawks, cats, and larger snakes. Sometimes, the brown-headed cowbird lays its eggs in the Robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. However, the robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. +Etymology. +This species was first described in 1766 by Linnaeus. It was described in the twelfth edition of his "Systema naturae". He called it "Turdus migratorius". +Description. +The American robin is large songbird. It has a round body. Its legs are long. It has a long tail. It has a long, yellow bill. It is dark gray-brown on its head, back, wings, and tail. It has an orange-red breast. There is a white patch on the underside of the belly, near the tail. This can be seen when it is flying. American robins that live in western North America are very pale (pale means light in color). American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright. They have a white throat. It has black stripes in it. Females have lighter gray-brown heads than males. They also have lighter orange-red breasts. A young American robin (called a juvenile) is also lighter than the male. It has dark spots on its breast. Both sexes are 20–28 cm (7.9–11 in) long. They have a wingspan of 31–40 cm (12.2–15.7 in). American robins that live in western North America are very pale. American robins that live in eastern Canada are very bright. +The American robin was named after the European robin. This is because the European robin has a bright orange-red face and breast. The two species are not closely related. +The American robin has seven subspecies. They are very hard to tell apart and they do breed with each other. +Range and distribution. +The American robin can be found all over North America. It is found from Alaska and Canada south to Mexico. Most American robins winter in Florida and the Gulf States to Mexico to the Pacific Coast. They will sometimes winter in southern Canada and the northern United States. +The American robin is a rare vagrant to western Europe. Most of the American robins have been found in Britain. The most recent sighting of an American robin in Britain was in January 2007. It has also been a vagrant to Greenland, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Belize. +Habitat. +American robins are found in many different kinds of habitats. Some of them are gardens, parks, yards, fields, pastures, tundra, woodlands, pine forests, and shrublands. They like open areas of ground to feed. They like areas with trees or shrubs to breed and sleep. +Status. +The American robin has a large range. It is estimated that its range is 16 million square kilometers (6 million square miles). It is also estimated that there are about 320 million individual American robins. The IUCN Red List says that the species is not believed to reach the threat of decline. It is therefore considered Least Concern. +American robins used to be killed for their meat. They were killed in the southern states. The meat was thought as a very good food. The American robin is now protected in the United State by the Migratory Bird Act. +Behavior. +The American robin is most active during the day. During the winter, it groups together in large flocks at night. They sleep together in thick vegetation. During the day, these large winter flocks break up into smaller flocks. They feed in these smaller flocks. During the summer, American robins are less social. This is because they are defending their breeding territories. +Juvenile robins spend their first four months of life near their nesting place. They then flock together with other American Robins before they migrate to their wintering places. +Diet. +The American robin eats invertebrates. In the spring, they like to eat earthworms and snails. Some other invertebrates that American robins eat are beetles, grubs, and caterpillars. It will also eat fruits and berries. Some kinds of berries that they like to eat are chokecherries, hawthorn berries, dogwood berries, sumac fruits, and juniper berries. +Breeding. +The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to northern North America after spending the winter in the south. It is one of the first North American birds to lay eggs. It has two to three broods (a brood is a group of offspring) each breeding season. The breeding season starts in April and ends in July. It is one of the first birds to sing at dawn. Its song is made up of several small groups of sounds that are repeated. +Nest. +The female chooses where to make the nest. She will usually make the nest on one or many branches that are hidden in leaves. In the west, the female will make the nest on the ground or in thickets. In Alaska, the female will make the nest on a cliff. The female makes the nest. She starts with the inside. She uses grass and sticks to make a cup-shaped center. Other things that the female will use are paper, feathers, rootlets, and moss. After the center is done, she uses mud on the outside of the nest to make it stronger. She then puts soft grass in the cup. The nest is usually 15.2 to 20.3 cm (6 to 8 in) long. It is 7.6 to 15.2 cm high (3 to 6 in). +Eggs and young. +The female will lay 3 to 5 eggs in the nest. They are blue or blue-green. They are 2.8 to 3 cm (1.1 to 1.2 in) long. They are 2.1 cm (0.8 in) wide. Only the female incubates the eggs (incubate means that the adult will sit on the eggs and keep them warm and help the babies inside grow). It takes 12 to 14 days for the eggs to hatch. +For the first few days, the chicks have no feathers and their eyes are closed. The young live in the nest for about 13 days. As the chicks grow older, the female will protect them only at night and during bad weather. After the juveniles leave the nest, they will follow their parents around and beg them for food. +Both parents help feed and protect the fledged (fledged means a young bird that has just learned how to fly) juveniles until they can live on their own. The adults will give an alarm call to warn the juveniles that there is a predator near by. The parents will then attack the predator. Some of the predators they will attack are cats and dogs. They will even go after humans if the human gets close to their young. Fledged juveniles are only able to fly short distances. The coloring of the juveniles helps them hide better in bushes or trees. This kind of coloring is called camouflage. +Bird banders have found that only 25% of juvenile American robins live through their first year. The average life of an American Robin lasts about 2 years. The longest known lifespan of a wild American Robin is 14 years. +Threats. +Predators. +Eggs and juvenile robins that still live in the nest are eaten by squirrels and snakes. Some birds also eat eggs and juvenile robins. When feeding together in flocks, American robins will watch each other for signs of predators. If a predator is seen, they will make a warning call. Sometimes, the Brown-headed Cowbird lays its eggs in the robin's nest. This is called brood parasitism. The robin usually rejects the cowbird eggs. Because of this, brood parasitism by the cowbird is rare. +Disease. +The American robin is known to carry a disease called the West Nile Virus. This disease comes from mosquitoes. Crows and jays are the first to die from this disease. The American robin is more responsible for the transmission of the disease to humans. This is because it lives longer with the disease than the crows and jays. This allows it to spread the disease to more mosquitoes which then spread the disease to humans and other animals. +In culture. +The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It was also shown on a 1986 Canadian $2 note, but it is no longer on the bill. +There is color named after the American robin's eggs. It is called "robin's egg blue". +The robin is considered a symbol of spring. A good example is a poem by Emily Dickinson. It is called "I Dreaded That First Robin So". There are other poems about the first robin of spring. One of them is "The First Robin" by Dr. William H. Drummond. According to the author's wife, it is based on a Quebec false belief. The belief says that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck. + += = = New-age music = = = +New-age music is a type of music which is often related to New Age belief. It is usually soft and instrumental; it means, only few New Age music pieces have a singer. New Age music is good for resting, thinking and meditation. +One of the first people in this genre was Stephen Halpern. He created music to be used for meditation. He could not find a record company for his works, so he published them himself and sold them in New Age stores. His music is very relaxing and has a slow rhythm. +Some of the famous artists who work in this field are Yanni, Kitarō, Jean Ven Robert Hal, Loreena McKennitt, Vangelis, Enya and George Winston. + += = = Write Once Read Many = = = +Write Once Read Many (times) or WORM is a classification of computer storage media. It is used to describe media that can only be written once. After they are written, they can only be read. +There are two different kinds of such media: + += = = Charles-Marie Widor = = = +Charles-Marie Widor (born Lyon, 21 February, 1844; died Paris, 12 March, 1937) was a French organist and composer. He was one of the greatest organists of his time and he had many pupils who learned a lot from him and became famous. Widor is best known for his organ works which he called “symphonies”. The "Toccata" from his "Symphony no 5" is one of the best known of all organ pieces, often played at the end of wedding ceremonies. + += = = Marcel Dupré = = = +Marcel Dupré (born Rouen, Normandy, 3 May 1886; died Meudon, near Paris, 30 May 1971), was a leading French organist, composer, and teacher. +Biography. +Marcel Dupré was born to a musical family in Rouen (Normandy, France). His father Albert Dupré was organist at the gothic abbey of St Ouen in Rouen. The young Marcel was a child prodigy. He entered the Paris Conservatoire in 1904, where he studied the piano and organ. He studied organ with Alexandre Guilmant and Louis Vierne, and Charles-Marie Widor. His studies with Widor also included composition. In 1914, Dupré won the Grand Prix de Rome for his cantata, "Psyché". Twelve years later, he became professor of organ at the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1954. +Among his best-known work were more than 2,000 organ recitals in Europe, the United States, Canada and Australia. In 1920 he played in a series of concerts at the Paris Conservatoire in which he played the complete organ works of Johann Sebastian Bach from memory. +In 1934 he succeeded Widor as organist at St. Sulpice in Paris, serving until his death. +From 1947 to 1954, he was director of the American Conservatory, which was in the Château de Fontainebleau near Paris. In 1954, Dupré succeeded Claude Delvincourt (who had been killed in a car crash) as director of the Paris Conservatoire, serving until 1956. He died at the age of 85. +His playing. +Dupré's organ recitals often included his own work, as well as those of other composers, especially Bach. In the tradition of Widor and Vierne, his compositions included long works in several movements which he called “symphonies”. When he played in church services he would start by playing composed music which was suitable for the time of year. Then he would improvise, playing complicated fugues, trio sonatas and chorale improvisations. He was so good at improvising that many people thought he had composed the music beforehand. +When playing in concerts he was often given a tune, and then he would immediately make up a large work from that tune. In 1906, when he was still a student, he played for a wedding and two services when the famous Widor was going to be absent. Dupré asked Widor what music he should play. Widor told him to improvise something. Dupré waited for Widor to go out of the church before he started practising, but Widor crept back in and listened to him. He realized that Dupré would manage very well. +His teaching. +Dupré was famous as an organ teacher. He taught two generations of well-known organists including Jehan Alain, Marie-Claire Alain, Pierre Cochereau, Jeanne Demessieux,Jean Guillou, Jean Langlais, and Olivier Messiaen. +His compositions. +Dupré composed a great deal of organ music. As a young child he got to know Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, the most famous organ builder in France. Cavaillé-Coll had built the organ that Dupré’s father played, so he was used to the sound of modern French organs. Most of Dupré's music for the organ is very difficult to play. It includes the "Three Preludes and Fugues", Op. 7 (1914). Even Widor thought that the Prelude of the third piece was simply impossible to perform. However, Dupré could play it, and many organists after him learned to play it, too. Other notable works of Dupré's include the "Symphonie-Passion", the "Esquisses" and "Évocation", and the "Cortège et Litanie". +As well as composing lots of music, Dupré prepared study editions of the organ works of Bach, Handel, Mozart, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schumann, César Franck, and Alexander Glazunov. He also wrote music for people who were learning to play the organ, and books on how to improvise on the organ. +References. +“Marcel Dupré at Saint-Sulpice” – Gerard Brooks: Organist’s Review Aug 1986 p. 161-166 + += = = Paul Hindemith = = = +Paul Hindemith (pronounce: powl HIN-deh-mitt; 16 November 1895 in Hanau - 28 December 1963 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German composer, violist, teacher, music theorist and conductor. He was one of the most important and influential German composers during the years between the two World Wars. His style was at first influenced by Schoenberg and Expressionism, but gradually it became more neo-classical, and he turned against Schoenberg's whole approach. He was also famous as a viola player and composed a concerto for viola and orchestra. + += = = Louis Vierne = = = +Louis Vierne (8 October 1870 – 2 June 1937) was a French organist and composer. He wrote a lot of music for the organ, including six large works called symphonies, "24 Fantasy Pieces" (which includes his famous "Carillon de Westminster"), and "24 Pieces In Free Style". Some of these can be played on the harmonium as well as on the organ. +Life. +Vierne was born in Poitiers. He was almost completely blind from birth. He faced a lifetime of professional frustration, sickness, blindness, loss of family and friends, and disappointments. This all influenced his music. +He died while giving an organ recital at Notre Dame. +Organ symphonies. +Symphony No. 6 exploits the full 12-tone chromatic scale. Vierne's pupil Maurice Duruflé played the Symphony's first performance at Notre Dame in 1935. + += = = Jehan Alain = = = +Jehan Alain (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris, 3 February, 1911; died near Saumur, 20 June 1940) was a French organist and composer. He learned to play the organ at home on an organ that his father had built. In his short life he composed many works. His most famous organ pieces are "Trois Danses" (Three Dances) and a brilliant piece called "Litanies". +Alain was killed fighting in World War II. +His youngest sister, Marie-Claire Alain, is an internationally-famous organist and has made several complete recordings of her brother's organ works. + += = = Shame = = = +Shame is an emotion. Shame is rooted in a social or cultural environment. Some people feel shame when some of the rules (that are accepted by the respective society) have been broken. A person can feel ashamed because he or she has thought or done something no one else knows about. Children are often told to be ashamed of something, because they sometimes have trouble telling cause and effect apart. When they grow up, they can better tell the two apart. At that stage, the feeling of guilt becomes stronger. + += = = Keynes (disambiguation) = = = +Keynes could mean: + += = = Moulin Rouge = = = +Moulin Rouge ("Red Windmill") is a traditional cabaret and nightclub which began in 1889. It is on Boulevard de Clichy in the 18th "arrondissement" (district of the city). This is near the French quarter of Montmartre in the red-light district of Paris called Pigalle. The theatre can be recognized by the large red windmill on its roof. +The Moulin Rouge puts on cabaret shows every day. It is where the famous French dance, the Can-can, was first performed. It is also famous because many artists and writers have often gone there. Henri Toulouse-Lautrec designed many posters for the cabaret. Because of this, the management always set aside a table where he could have a meal and watch the show. +The ingredients for its success are said to be: +Several movies have been made about the Moulin Rouge. The latest is "Moulin Rouge!" directed by Baz Luhrmann. Jean Renoir made another film about the Moulin Rouge. + += = = Henri Matisse = = = +Henri Matisse (Le Cateau-Cambrésis, Nord, 31 December 1869 – 3 November 1954) was a French artist known for his use of color and his original ideas. +He is mainly known as a painter, but he was also a draughtsman, printmaker and sculptor. Matisse was one of the main artists who helped to create modern art early in the 20th century. +Although he was initially called a Fauve (wild beast), he painted many traditional themes. He painted from life, and his work includes many portraits and other figurative subjects. +His mastery of the expressive language of form and color, in work spanning over a half-century, won him recognition as a leading figure in modern art. +Matisse died of a heart attack in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes. + += = = AFI's 100 Years of Musicals = = = +Part of the AFI 100 Years... series, AFI's 100 Years of Musicals is a list of the top American musical movies. The list was unveiled by the American Film Institute at the Hollywood Bowl on September 3, 2006. Unlike most of the previous lists, it only includes 25 winners and was not presented in a televised program. + += = = Abu Nuwas = = = +Abū Nuwās al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī al-Ḥakamī (variant: Al-Ḥasan ibn Hānī 'Abd al-Awal al-Ṣabāḥ, Abū 'Alī (), known as Abū Nuwās al-Salamī () or just Abū Nuwās ( "Abū Novās"); 756814) was a classical Arabic poet. He was born in Persia. He is in "The Book of One Thousand and One Nights". + += = = Montmartre = = = +Montmartre is a hill 130 metres high and is also the name of the district which surrounds the hill. It is in north Paris and famous for its nightlife. +Many artists had studios or worked around the community of Montmartre such as Salvador Dalí, Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso and Vincent van Gogh. +Name origin. +Montmartre means 'mountain of the martyr.' The name comes from the martyrdom of Saint Denis, who was decapitated on the hill around 250 AD. Saint Denis was the Bishop of Paris and is the patron saint of France. +The hill's religious symbolism is thought to be even older. It may have been a druidic holy place because it is the highest point in the area. + += = = Arnaut Danièl = = = +Arnaut Daniel de Riberac (today "Arnaut Danièl") wrote and performed music and poetry in the 12th century. He was Occitan. + += = = Cabaret = = = +Cabaret is a form of entertainment having comedy, song, dance, and theatre. Cabarets are mostly performed in a restaurant or nightclub with a stage for performances and the audience sitting at tables (often dining or drinking) watching the performance. The venue itself can also be called a "cabaret". Sometimes it is called a "Reviue". +The term is a French word for the taprooms or cafés where this form of entertainment was born, as a more artistic form of café-chantant. It comes from Middle Dutch "cabret", through Old North French "camberette", from Late Latin "camera". It essentially means "small room." +Cabaret also refers to a Mediterranean-style brothel – a bar with tables and women who talk, arouse, and entertain the clients. Traditionally these can also have some form of stage entertainment: often singers & dancers – the bawdiness of which varies with the quality of the place. It is the classier, more sophisticated cabaret that eventually engendered the form of place and art form that is the subject of the remainder of this article. + += = = Disney Studios Australia = = = +Disney Studios Australia is a major movie studio in Sydney, Australia. Since opening in May 1998, the studio has been involved in the production of a number of successful movies, including "The Matrix", "Moulin Rouge!", "Mission Impossible II", ', ' and "Superman Returns". +Movies. +The studio has been involved in a number of movies including: + += = = Thomas Aquinas = = = +St. Thomas Aquinas, (1225 – 7 March 1274) was a Catholic Dominican priest from Italy, saint and philosopher. He was born in Roccasecca, as the son of Count Andulf of Aquino and Countess Theodora of Teano. +His early education was at the Benedictine monastery at Montecassino. He attended the University of Naples, where he got the nickname "dumb ox" for his slow demeanor, though he was an intelligent and talented student. He studied philosophy, Catholic theology, church history, liturgy, and canon law. +Thomas de Aquinas is an essential character of Western philosophy and Christianity. We have access to his academic work, teachings, and writings approaching abstract thinking. +Thomas de Aquinas began his journey with the monastery (religious life) at five years old. Coming from a wealthy and influential family, Thomas de Aquinas was destined by his family to become the Abbot of Montecassino. He didn't want to follow the path his family had paved for him and decided to become a monk with the Dominicans. They were monks who lived by eliminating all material wealth. For his family, being a monk of the Dominicans was a dishonor. His family kidnapped him and kept him prisoner in the their castle for over a year in an attempt to change his mind. This was until he escaped and became a friar with the new Dominican Order against the wishes of his family. +He was sent to Paris by the Dominicans to study theology and philosophy. He became one of the 33 Doctors of the Church and is known for his work with Natural Law. Aquinas took an optimistic view of human nature, believing that it is human nature to do good and not evil. +He was the author of the cosmological argument. Catholics think Aquinas is the best teacher for one who wants to become a priest. His most famous book being "Summa Theologica." Many schools are named after him including the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas in Manila, Philippines. + += = = Craig Pearce = = = +Craig Pearce is an Australian actor and screenwriter. He co-wrote the play "Strictly Ballroom" and the screenplay of the movie version with Baz Luhrmann. He also wrote the screenplay for the 1996 movie "Romeo + Juliet" and co-wrote the 2001 movie "Moulin Rouge!", also with Baz Luhrmann. + += = = Donald McAlpine = = = +Donald McAlpine is an Australian cinematographer. He was born in 1934 in New South Wales, Australia. He has been involved in over fifty movies. His more recent work has been seen in Baz Luhrmann's hit musical "Moulin Rouge!" (2001), for which he earned an "Academy Award" nomination, Adam Sandler's "Anger Management" (2003), Universal Pictures' "Peter Pan" (2003) and the Walt Disney/Walden Media-produced "" (2005). + += = = Herbert Howells = = = +Herbert Howells CBE, CH, was an English composer, organist, and teacher. He was born in Lydney, Gloucestershire on 17 October 1892 to Oliver and Elizabeth Howells. He died in London on 23 February 1983. He wrote a lot of church music for the Anglican Church, including several Service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. He taught for many years at the Royal College of Music. +One of his best known works is the "Hymnus Paradisi", a large, sacred work for choir. His organ works include 2 sets of 3 "Psalm-Preludes" and a piece called "Master Tallis’s Testament". + += = = Jill Bilcock = = = +Jillian (Jill) Bilcock (born 1948, in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) is a movie editor. She is a graduate of the Swinbourne College of Technology. Bilcock won the 2002 Eddie Award (best edited comedy or musical movie) for "Moulin Rouge!". She also was nominated for the Academy Award for movie Editing for that movie. Bilcock has been nominated four times for the BAFTA Award for Best Editing . Three of these nominations were for the first three movies directed by Baz Luhrmann ("Moulin Rouge!" - 2002, "Romeo + Juliet" - 1996, and "Strictly Ballroom" - 1992). The fourth BAFTA nomination was for "Elizabeth" (1998). + += = = Jim Broadbent = = = +James Broadbent (born 24 May 1949) is an English actor. +Broadbent was born in Lincolnshire; he lives in London. + += = = John Leguizamo = = = +John Leguizamo (born July 22, 1960) is an Emmy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated American comedian, actor and producer. + += = = Nut (fruit) = = = +A nut is a hard-shelled fruit of some plants. They are an important part of the diet. Many dried seeds and fruits are called 'nuts' in English, but only some are nuts to a botanist. +Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are released from the fruit. But nuts have a stony fruit wall which keeps the seed inside. +Definition. +In common speaking, many so-called nuts, like pistachios and Brazil nuts, are not nuts in a biological sense. Everyday usage of the term often means any hard-walled, edible kernel. +A nut in botany is a simple dry fruit with one seed (rarely two). The ovary wall is hard (stony or woody) when it matures, and the seed is stuck to the ovary wall. +Types of nuts. +Types of nuts include the oak, hickory, chestnut, stone-oak, birch, hazelnut, and acorn. The peanut, coconut, almond, macadamia, pistachio, pecan, walnut and cashew are not true nuts, but are used like nuts in cooking. +Nutrition. +Nuts have nutrients that are important for growing a new plant. They have protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Nuts also give these nutrients to humans and wildlife that eat them. However, some people are allergic to nuts. + += = = Richard Roxburgh = = = +Richard Roxburgh (born January 1, 1962) is an Australian actor. He has starred in many Australian movies and has appeared in supporting roles in a number of Hollywood productions. Roxburgh normally plays the role of villains. +Awards. +Australian Film Institute +Film Crities Circle of Australia Awards + += = = Speed of sound = = = +The speed of sound is per hour or per second in dry air in room temperature. It travels at 1500 meters per second through water. Sound moves faster through liquids and solids than air, since they have a larger specific modulus, meaning they are stiffer. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum, which is a space without any air or matter. The speed of sound is affected by temperature. It travels slower at low temperatures, for example in the stratosphere. +You can calculate the speed of sound like this: +formula_1 +Where: +formula_2 is the ratio of specific heats (1.4 for air) +R is the gas constant (formula_3 for air) +T is temperature (in Kelvins) +The speed of sound is also known as Mach 1. Things that go faster are supersonic, and things that go five times that speed (Mach 5) are hypersonic. + += = = Notrium = = = +Notrium is a freeware video game for the PC. It is at version 1.341. "Notrium" was developed by independent Finnish programmer Ville Mönkkönen. It is the seventh game that Ville has made, but it is only the fifth game to be made in English. Released in 2003, it won second place in the 'Adventure Game of the Year' contest on GameTunnel. +Setting. +Location. +The game takes place on the invented planet Notrium. The game world is split up into squares, each of which has its own climate, land, and goals. The player can move between squares to reach the other areas, though some of the areas can only be reached by using vehicles or teleportation. There are climates such as jungle, desert, and tundra. All area squares can are changed by a day-night cycle, except for levels that are set indoors. +The game's graphics are all randomly generated (put together) at the start of the game, except in special game areas. This random generation changes where items and plants are, though most items and scenery will stay in their environment square. Environment squares do not change when the game is started. For example, a tree in the Jungle zone will be put in a different place each time a new game is begun, but the player character will still start in the same place as always. +Story. +The plot of the game is that a team of four, an Alien, a Human, an Android (a robot), and a Psionic creature, have left Earth in a spacecraft, because Earth was going to be destroyed. After the player has chosen the character he/she wants to control, the game begins. The spacecraft is shot at by missiles from the planet Notrium, which is close by. The player's character gets into an escape pod and crashes on the planet's surface. From there, the player must find a way to survive, as well as a way to escape. +Journal entries, which are different for each character, appear every game day for two game weeks. These entries tell about what happened to the characters while they were on the spacecraft. For example, the journal of the Human tells that he was the captain of the ship; while the journal of the Android shows that he was the ship's mechanic. Other happenings can be discovered by going to special places in the game, or finishing a goal. +"Notrium" has more than one ending to the game. Different characters can get different endings. Some endings can only be won by one character, while other endings can be won by other characters as well. +Gameplay. +A person plays "Notrium" looking from a top-down view. The player may move in all directions while facing in a different one, similar to the way a first-person shooter is controlled, and similar to the freeware PC shooter game "Crimsonland". +During the game, the player can find items and objects, such as plants, weapons, and machines. Most important items, like a force field to protect the character, are not found in one piece. The player can build them out of two or three other parts. +Gameplay is about collecting parts to build, defending from enemies, and then winning one of the game's endings. Depending on the character the player has picked, the game is played in a different way. The fast-moving Alien starts with a very strong attack and gets more attacks over time, but it cannot use any weapons. The Human starts with a very weak attack, but he can make many weapons and armor to get more powerful. +The game also has weather. If "Notrium" is played on a setting harder than 'easy', the character will be changed by the weather. Standing near a fire will make the player more hot, and standing under a tree will make the player less hot. In some areas of the game, there is dangerous weather, like sandstorms, blizzards, or acid rain. +Mods. +"Notrium" was made to be easy to mod (change), and a guide about how to change is on Ville's website. +When the player starts a new game after getting a new mod, he or she can choose what mod they want to play. +Mods can make many changes, such as putting new items or goals into the game, changing or making new environment squares. Mods can even make a new character that the player can choose, such as in the 'Werivar' mod. + += = = Sigfrid Karg-Elert = = = +Sigfrid Karg-Elert (born Oberndorf am Neckar, 21 November 1877; died Leipzig, 9 April 1933) was a German composer. He wrote in a late Romantic style. He is mainly remembered for his music for organ and harmonium, his favourite instrument. He wrote a set of 66 Chorale improvisations for organ, the best known of which is called "Nun danket alle Gott" ("Now thank we all our God"). + += = = Louis-Claude Daquin = = = +Louis-Claude Daquin (born in Paris, 4 July 1694; died in Paris, 15 June 1772) was a French composer. He was writing in the last part of the Baroque period and the early part of the Classical music period. He was a virtuoso organist and harpsichordist. He wrote a lot of excellent music for organ and for harpsichord. His most popular piece is called "Le Coucou" ("The Cuckoo"). + += = = John Bull (composer) = = = +John Bull (born 1562 or 1563; died March 15, 1628) was an English composer, musician, and organ builder. He was famous for playing the harpsichord and organ. Most of his compositions were written for keyboard instruments. He became a Gentleman, and then organist, at the Chapel Royal. He was also known for getting into trouble for adultery. He went to Europe and may have worked as a spy. He died in Antwerp. +Together with Sweelinck and William Byrd he was one of the great composers of keyboard music in the early 17th century. Many of his works are in the collection called the "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book". + += = = Poliomyelitis = = = +Poliomyelitis, or polio, is a virus that causes a serious disease. It is spread from person to person. +Most of the time, polio has no symptoms unless the polio virus gets into the blood. It is uncommon for the virus to enter the brain or spinal cord. If this does happen, it can cause muscles to become paralyzed. Some people get better from the paralysis. Others will be disabled. Depending on which muscles have been affected, these people may need a mobility aid or a wheelchair; they may have difficulty using their hands; or they may even have trouble breathing. +About 15 out of every 10,000 adults who get polio die. (This means an adult has a 0.015% chance of dying from polio.) +Vaccination with polio vaccines could stop the disease all over the world. Organizations like the World Health Organization have been trying to vaccinate as many people as possible against polio. Vaccinations have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. +Worldwide, polio has become much less common in the past few decades. In 1988, there were about 350,000 cases of polio in the world. By 2007, the number of cases of polio in the world had decreased by over 99.9%, to just 1,652 cases. +The disease is preventable with the polio vaccine; however, multiple doses are required for it to be effective. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends polio vaccination boosters for travellers and those who live in countries where the disease is endemic. +The 32nd President of the United States, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, had polio. So far, he is the only President of the United States to have had this disease. +Prevention. +The way to prevent polio has been known for many years: +1. Vaccine given 6, 12 and 16 weeks old as part of a six-in-one vaccine. +2. Three years and four months old as part of a 4-in-one pre-school booster +3. 14 years old as a part of the 3-in-one teenage booster. +The child has to have ALL of these to be fully protected. +This complicated list explains why polio is still around. In endemic areas, wild polioviruses can infect virtually the entire human population. Not all, however, develop paralysis or any other sign of the infection. +The vaccine was developed by Jonas Salk in the 1950s. + += = = Dystopia = = = +A dystopia is the opposite of a utopia (a place everyone enjoys living in), and can mean a utopia that has become corrupt. A dystopia is a place that people do not enjoy living in. A dystopia often has many problems, such as poverty, pollution, or a cruel ruler. A frequent theme is a place that is supposed to be a beautiful and perfect utopia, but where something unforeseen ruins it. +Famous examples of dystopias include George Orwell's book "1984", and Aldous Huxley's book "Brave New World". + += = = Centre (department) = = = +Centre is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is in the center of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. It is the only department of Haiti that does not border the sea. +Geography. +The "Départment du Centre" has an area of 3,675 km2. It is bordered to the northeast by the Nord-Est Department, to the northwest by the Nord Department, to the west by the Artibonite Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. +The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the "Montagnes Noires" (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the "Chaine du Trout d'Eau". +Lake Peligre, the second largest lake in Haiti, is in this department; it is an artificial lake created with the construction of the Peligre Dam on the Artibonite river. +The main rivers of the department are Boucan Carré, Fer-à-Cheval, Libon, Macacia, Thomonde and La Tombe, and all are tributaries of the Artibonite. +Population. +The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 581,505 persons: 289,028 men and 292,477 women, with only 94,619 (16.27%) living in cities and towns. +The main city is Hinche, the capital of the department. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into four "arrondissements" (like districts) and 12 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: + += = = Burj Khalifa = = = +Burj Khalifa (, "Khalifa Tower") is an extremely tall skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates named after Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, and is the tallest building ever built, at . Before the building opened, it was called Burj Dubai. The building is 162 stories high. Construction of the tower was started on 6 January 2004, and the building was officially opened on 4 January 2010, almost 6 years later. It is the tallest structure made by humans in the world. The building is more than taller than Taipei 101. Taipei 101 was the tallest building until 2010 before Burj Khalifa was built. +Adrian Smith designed the tower. He worked with Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM) until 2006. It was built by Samsung Engineering & Construction, Besix, and Arabtec. The tower cost US $1.5 billion to build. The building is part of a building project on Sheikh Zayed Road, Downtown Burj Khalifa. It is near Dubai's main business district. +The building and planning. +The main contractor was Samsung C&T of South Korea. They also built the Taipei 101 and Petronas Towers. Other contractors who helped with the building included Belgian group Besix and Arabtec from the UAE. The Turner Construction Company was chosen as the construction project manager. +The design architect, Adrian Smith, did not like the first design of the upper part of the building. He added 27 new floors and an aluminium spire to the top of the plans. The design of Burj Khalifa based on those used in Islamic architecture. Burj Khalifa has been said to have had several other planned height increases since it was first built. This has not been proven to be true yet. The TV/radio communications mast was added to the tower's plans in 2007. This was after building work had begun in 2006. There are pressurized, air-conditioned refuge floors about every 35 floors. These were put into the tower in case of an emergency or fire. +The unusual design and engineering problems of building Burj Khalifa have been shown in many television documentaries. These include the "Big, Bigger, Biggest" series on the National Geographic and Five channels, and the "Mega Builders" series on the Discovery Channel. +The most important building material of Burj Khalifa is reinforced concrete. A special concrete was needed because of the high pressures of the building's weight and the hot local climate of Persian Gulf temperatures that can reach . Any major cracks could have caused a large amount of damage to the building. +The foundation of the building is deep. It was built with 192 columns being put into the ground. Each column was in diameter and long. of steel rebar was used in the construction of the tower. It took 22 million man-hours to build. A high density, low permeability concrete was used in the foundations of Burj Khalifa. A cathodic protection system is used to lessen any bad effects from corrosive chemicals in local ground water. +The Dubai Fountain. +A fountain system was built outside the tower. It was designed by WET Design of California. They built and planned out the fountains at the Bellagio Hotel Lake in Las Vegas. The fountain cost UAEd 800 million. It is lit by 6,600 lights and 50 coloured projectors. The fountain is long. It shoots water into the air to the sounds of classical and modern Arabic and world music. On 26 October 2008, the fountain was named the Dubai Fountain. +Delays and late building work. +Emaar Properties said on 9 June 2008 that construction of Burj Khalifa was slowed because of changes to finishes. An Emaar official said that the luxury finishes that were decided on in 2004, when the tower was first planned, were being being replaced by better finishes. The design of the apartments were also made better. This was done to make them both look better and work better. There were problems with the marble decorations, flooring, the top floors' sanitation system, broken glasswork and a poorly done wall mural of the Sultan of Oman. A new ending date of 2 December, 2009, was then given. Burj Khalifa opened on 4 January 2010. +Workers' disputes and strikes.. +Burj Khalifa was built mainly by people from South Asia. Press reports said in 2006 that skilled carpenters at the site earned UK£4.34 a day, and labourers earned UK£2.84. According to a BBC investigation and a Human Rights Watch report, the workers lived in very bad conditions. Often they were not paid for the work. Their passports were taken by their employers. It was said that they were working in dangerous conditions that caused high number of deaths and injuries. Companies not paying workers has been reported to the authorities several times. +On 21 March 2006, about 2,500 workers protested. They were mad about buses that were delayed for the end of their shifts. They damaged cars, offices, computers, and construction equipment. A Dubai Interior Ministry official said they caused almost UK£500,000 in damage. Most of the workers who were part of the riot returned the following day but refused to work. +Records set. +The building is not only the tallest building in the world, it also holds the following records- + += = = Aswan Low Dam = = = +The Aswan Low Dam or Old Aswan Dam is a dam across the Nile River in Aswan, Egypt. It is built of masonry and held in place just by gravity. It was the first dam across the Nile, and was built by the British between 1899 and 1902. When it was done, it was the largest masonry dam in the world. This type of dam is called a buttress dam. +The dam was built at the former first cataract of the Nile, and is about 1000 km up-river and 690 km (direct distance) south-southeast of Cairo. When initially constructed between 1899 and 1902, nothing of its scale had ever been attempted. +The dam was designed to provide storage of annual floodwater. The water was used to help dry season flow and support more irrigation. Its height was originally limited because of concern for the Temple of Isis at Phillae (Philae Temple). That temple was later moved to Agilkia Island in Lake Nasser. +The dam provided inadequate storage capacity for planned development and was raised twice, between 1907–1912 and again 1929–1933. These heightenings still did not meet irrigation demands and in 1946 it was nearly over-topped by water in an effort to maximize pool elevation. +This eventually led to the construction of the Aswan High Dam upstream. +The second function of the dam is to provide electricity. The dammed water drives a water turbine and generator. It still works today. This technology (hydroelectricity) had been invented in the 19th century in England and Germany, and was by 1900 used in the USA and most European countries. +Egypt got access to the technology because she was, at that time, under British control. The Khedive was Abbas II, who usually had to do what the British wanted. + += = = Billboard (magazine) = = = +Billboard is an international American music and entertainment magazine. It s most famous for the "Billboard" charts, which lists the top albums and singles of the week. +The magazine was started on November 1, 1894 in Cincinnati, Ohio by William H. Donaldson and James Hennegan. It was originally called "Billboard Advertising". + += = = Tom Brosseau = = = +Thomas Anderson "Tom" Brosseau (born November 3, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. +Life. +He was born and grew up in Grand Forks, North Dakota. His song "How to Grow a Woman from the Ground" was covered by Chris Thile, who released a 2006 album of the same name. +Right now, Brosseau is touring the United States playing his new album, "Cavalier". + += = = The Strokes = = = +The Strokes are an American band formed in 1998. They became famous in the early 2000s as a leading group in the garage rock revival. The members of the band are Julian Casablancas, Nick Valensi, Albert Hammond Jr., Nikolai Fraiture and Fabrizio Moretti. The band has released six studio albums, but their first album, "Is This It" is their most famous. +Band history. +Casablancas, Moretti and Valensi were the first members of the band and started playing together when they were still in high school. In 1998, Hammond joined the band. They spent two years playing live in New York City, but no one really listened to them. They recorded some songs and sent them to record labels, but their offers were not accepted. On October 2000, the band went to Gordon Raphael's studio and recorded songs, but with no extra effects. Rough Trade Records founder Geoff Travis found out the songs and released them as "The Modern Age" EP. The Strokes were also featured in a famous magazine, the "NME". Because of these, the band was noticed by a lot of people, but most of those people were in the UK. +Discography. +" (2020) + += = = Henry Head Battery = = = +The Henry Head Battery is found on the La Perouse side of the inlet to Botany Bay near the edge of a cliff that drops down into the ocean on Henry Head, La Perouse, New South Wales, Australia. +History. +This fort and bunker building was built in-between 1892 - 1895 with a large disappearing gun emplacement (a special hole in the ground that the cannon shoots from and then disappears into). The fort was used until 1910, upon which the fort became useless. +The fort that had 2 six inch gun emplacements and special lookout positions was reused during World War II to protect the entrance to Botany Bay. The underground bunker and tunnels inside the fort had vaulted weapons storage rooms with double walls and ceilings. The doubling up of walls and ceilings was a special way of stoppng the walls from collapsing if the fort suffered a direct hit from a missile (rocket) fired from an enemy ship. The battery is currently not in use. + += = = Georges Head Battery = = = +The Georges Head Battery, also called the Georges Head Military Fortifications is a fort on the Georges Head, in the suburb of Mosman in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The Georges Head fort is one of many forts that were built on Sydney Harbour meant to defend the colony of New South Wales, just in case another country tried to invade our country Australia. The fort became the boss of all other forts in the 1890s organizing all of Sydney's harbour forts. +History. +The area where the fort is was once home to Aborigines that lived in the area for thousands of years and long before Europeans visited and decided to stay. +Georges Head fort was built in 1871 after the British Army decided to leave Australia in 1870. When they left the responsibility for protecting Sydney and Sydney Harbour was now in the hands of rich colonies like New South Wales and Victoria who now had to organise its own defences. +Georges Head was near the entrance to Sydney Harbour and was meant to defend against enemy ships (foreign ships that are not friendlies) before they could get into the harbour. The fort was on a very good spot and was positioned high above sea level with clear views to the entrance of Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour/Sydney Heads). Other forts were also on Middle Head, South Head, Shark Point and Bradleys Head, but none were ever used for fighting ships or troops from other countries. +Georges Head was armed with four 80 pounder cannons and two 68 pounder cannons. These cannons were 'muzzle-loading', which meant the cannonballs or bullets along with the explosive charge (TNT explosive) were loaded into the front of the cannons barrel. It took three months and 250 soldiers to roll the gun barrels all the way from North Sydney to the forts. They came along a dirt road which later became Military Road. Once they were put in place, the cannons had been placed so close together that it created the risk of one cannon firing upon another. Also, the cannons and the men could be seen from ships in the harbour. In 1877 large mounds of earth were placed between the pits to make sure the guns neither could fire upon each other and to help protect the gun crew from enemy fire. When construction of the fort was finalised, there were a total of 41 gun emplacements around Sydney Harbour. +The planning of defence was planned using telescopes and plotting boards sitting in the middle of the second gun pit. From the telephone exchange, the Port Jackson District Commandant could talk with all the other forts around the harbour. Telephone wires ran through tunnels, down the cliff and under the harbour to forts on the other side. +Georges Head was later chosen as the best place to spy and fire mines which were laid underwater. In 1888 Georges Head battery was upgraded for the latest in harbour defences in the form of submarine bombs. Minefields were laid across the main shipping channels of Port Jackson from 1876 to 1922 and a base was built at Chowder Bay for the submarine miners. From Georges Head, miners watched for ships entering the harbour. Their job was to explode the mine closest to an approaching enemy ship. Each underwater mine was attached to an electric cable that ran up the cliff to the firing post. +The work of the submarine miner was secretive, technical and dangerous. During a demonstration in 1891, a crowd of several thousand watched as a terrible accident killed four miners and injured another eight. + += = = Virgin Records = = = +Virgin Records is a British record label. It was started by Richard Branson, Simon Draper, and Nik Powell in 1972. They sold it to Thorn EMI. In 2006, they came together with Capitol Records to become Capitol Music Group. +In 2013, the British Virgin Records joined Mercury Records to start a new label: Virgin EMI. + += = = Death Cab for Cutie = = = +Death Cab for Cutie (Death Cab or DCFC) is an American indie band. The band was started in 1997 in Bellingham, Washington. The band members are Ben Gibbard (singer, guitar), Dave Depper (singer, guitar), Chris Walla (guitar, production), Nick Harmer (bass) and Jason McGerr (drums). +The band's name was taken from the song "Death Cab for Cutie", written by Neil Innes and Vivian Stanshall and performed by their band the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band in The Beatles' 1967 film "Magical Mystery Tour". +Members. +Former + += = = Dave Matthews Band = = = +Dave Matthews Band (DMB) is a band from the United States. In 1991, Dave Matthews started the band in Charlottesville, Virginia. The other band members are Stefan Lessard, Boyd Tinsley, and Carter Beauford. Saxophone player LeRoi Moore was in the band until he died in 2008. Since 1998, they usually performed with Butch Taylor, too. Rashawn Ross also performed with the band from 2006-2007. Dave Matthews Band has written 235 songs (included cover songs). They have sold over 31 million albums in the United States, and are one of the Top 100 Highest Selling Music Acts of all time. The Dave Matthews band has a unique style that stretches across many genres. Thus, they have a fan-base that stretches across many generations and types of people. +Chicago River incident. +In August 2004, about 800 pounds of human waste was dumped from the band's tour bus into the Chicago River and onto passengers aboard a sightseeing boat below. The band donated $50,000 to the Friends of the Chicago River and $50,000 to the Chicago Park District as part of the legal settlement. + += = = Fuzûlî = = = +Fużūlī (�����) was the pen name of the poet Muhammad bin Suleyman (���� �� ������) (c. 1483 – 1556). He is one of the greatest contributors to the Dîvân tradition of Azerbaijani literature, +Fuzûlî wrote his collected poems (dîvân) in three different languages: Azerbaijani, Persian, and Arabic. Although his Turkic works are written in Azerbaijani, he knew both the Ottoman and the Chagatai Turkish literary traditions as well. He was also very able in mathematics and astronomy. +Life. +Fuzûlî was born around 1483 in what is now Iraq; he was probably born in either Karbalā’ or an-Najaf. Fuzûlî's ancestors had been of nomadic origin, but his family had long since settled in towns. +Fuzûlî was educated by his father—who was a mufti in the city of Al Hillah — and then by a teacher named Rahmetullah. It was during this time that he learned the Persian and Arabic languages in addition to his native Azerbaijani. +One of the few things that is known of Fuzûlî's life during this time is how he arrived at his pen name. In the introduction to his collected Persian poems, he says: "In the early days when I was just beginning to write poetry, every few days I would set my heart on a particular pen name and then after a time change it for another because someone showed up who shared the same name". Eventually, he decided upon the Arabic word "fuzûlî"—which literally means "impertinent, improper, unnecessary"—because he "knew that this title would not be acceptable to anyone else".Despite the name's pejorative meaning, however, it contains a double meaning—what is called "tevriyye" (�����) in Ottoman Divan poetry — as Fuzûlî himself explains: "I was possessed of all the arts and sciences and found a pen name that also implies this sense since in the dictionary "fuzûl" (����) is given as a plural of "fazl" (���; 'learning') and has the same rhythm as "‘ulûm" (����; 'sciences') and "fünûn" (����; 'arts')". +In 1534, the Ottoman sultan Süleymân I conquered the region of Baghdad, where Fuzûlî lived, from the Safavid Empire. Fuzûlî now had the chance to become a court poet under the Ottoman patronage system, and he composed a number of poems in praise of the sultan, and as a result, he was granted a stipend. But he did not really get it. Therefore he citicized bureaucracy in one of his best-known works, the letter "Şikâyetnâme" (����� ����; "Complaint"): +The loss of his stipend meant that Fuzûlî never became secure. He died during a plague outbreak in 1556, in Karbalā’, either of the plague itself or of cholera. +References. +Primary +Secondary + += = = Suleiman the Magnificent = = = +Suleiman I, commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver () in his Ottoman realm, was the tenth Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He became sultan when he was 26 years old. He reigned for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566, which was longer than any other Ottoman sultan. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the Muslim world, as the Lawgiver (in Turkish Kanuni; Arabic: ��������, al‐Qānūnī), because he changed the organization of the Ottoman legal system. This nickname shows how important he was in the Ottoman Empire. Some people even considered Suleiman as the “World Emperor and Messiah of the Last Age”. +He also led many wars in Europe, including wars in Hungary, Austria, the Mediterranean, and parts of North Africa. +Childhood. +Suleiman was the only son of Sultan Selim I and Ayşe Hafsa Sultan. Suleiman spent his childhood in the city of Trabzon, where he got a basic education from his personal teachers. One of his first known teachers was Hayreddin Efendi. Suleiman spoke eight languages fluently. He also wrote Persian poetry and his hobby was composing lute music. Besides battle, he also enjoyed philosophical debate. +During his childhood, Suleiman became friends with Damat Ibrahim Pasha, who was a slave of the sultan. Later during Suleiman’s reign Ibrahim became an important adviser and grand vizier. +When Suleiman was 10 years old, he was expected to take over an administrative position (sancak) in the Ottoman government, but the sons of Beyazid II held him back. Suleiman followed his father Selim I to become emperor of the Ottoman Empire in September 1520. +Siege of Vienna. +Suleiman tried to capture Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Austrian Empire, two times. The first time was in 1529 after he destroyed and captured the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1526 Battle of Mohács. The second time was in 1532. Both times Suleiman failed. The Siege of Vienna resulted in the end of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. After these failed attempts, Suleiman started to focus on growing his Empire into Asia and the Mediterranean instead of Central Europe. +Characteristics of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman. +The empire that Suleiman ruled over had Ottoman Turkish as its main language. The religion of Islam played a central role during his reign. The Ottoman Empire ruled a diverse population. They were separated by differences in race, language, religion, and customs. Muslims were favored, because they followed the state religion, which was Islam. Others, for example Jews and Christians, had a lesser position but still were allowed to have their own religion. Throughout Suleiman's reign, the government was made up of the Ruling Institution. This institution included the family of the sultan, the ministers of the sultan, and the army. During Suleiman’s reign, it can be said that the Muslim Institution had more power and influence than the Ruling Institution. However, the Muslim Institution was aiming to catch up with the Sharia Institution. +Successor of Suleiman. +Suleiman wanted to keep the power to himself. To prevent his son Mustafa from taking power with a coup, Suleiman had Mustafa strangled in 1553. Several other sons also died. Suleiman’s successor was his son Selim II. He came to the throne during civil conflicts with his surviving brothers. Selim II had the urge to live a life of pleasure, instead of focusing on the difficult task of governing. He assigned affairs of state to his grand vizier (chief minister) and son-in-law, Mehmed Sokullu. +After Selim II came to power to follow Suleiman, the reign of the Ottoman Empire steadily went downhill, because Selim II was more focused on his personal pleasure. +Death of Suleiman. +Suleiman died on September 7th 1566. He died during the war with Austria. After his death, his body was moved back to Istanbul. He was buried in Mimar Sinan’s biggest mausoleum. + += = = Kalidasa = = = +Kālidās (Devanāgarī: �������), was the author of "Meghadoot", "Shākuntal", and other works in Sanskrit. He has a similar place in Sanskrit as a poet and a dramatist, as Shakespeare in English. +Kālidās's plays and poetry are based on Hindu mythology and philosophy. +Life. +There is very little known for certain about the life of Kālidās. It is not clear where he lived, and the time he might have lived is anywhere from 130 BC to 600 CE. +Kālidās did not mention in his works any king as his patron. +Works. +Plays. +Kālidās wrote three plays: "Mālawikāgnimitra" ("Mālavikā and Agnimitra"), "Abhijñānashākuntala" ("The Recognition of Shakuntala"), and "Vikramorwasheeya" ("Pertaining to Vikram and Urwashi"). Abhijñānashākuntala, that is regarded as a masterpiece was the first to be translated into English and German. +"Mālawikāgnimitra" tells the story of King Agnimitra, who falls in love with the picture of an exiled servant girl named Mālavikā. When the queen discovers her husband's passion for a servant girl, she becomes very angry and orders that this girl is sent to prison; but it turns out that the girl is a princess, therefore the affair is accepted in the end. +"Abhijñānashākuntala" tells the story of a king, "Dushyanta", who meets in the forests "Shakuntalā", the adopted daughter of a wise man who lives with him in a cottage in the forests. +Dushyanta and Shakuntalā fall in love with each other and get married. Dushyanta stays with Shakuntalā in the forests for while until he gets called back to his court for some pressing matter. After many difficulties there follows a happy end. +"Vikramōrwasheeya" is more mystical than the above two plays. +Poetry. +Kālidās wrote two very good epic poems, "Raghuvamsha" ("Dynasty of Raghu") and "Kumārasambhawa" ("Birth of Kumar Kartikeya"), and the lyrical "Meghadoota" ("Cloud Messenger") and "Rutusamhāra" ("The Exposition on the Seasons"). +Some historians credit Kālidās with a few other works, including the following; however, scholars commonly believe that they were the creations of some other authors writing under the name Kālidās: + += = = Water organ = = = +The water organ or hydraulic organ is a kind of pipe organ. As in the pipe organ, the sound is made by air blowing through the pipes, but power to make the air blow does not come from bellows or from electricity as in the modern organ, but from water, for example from a waterfall. +A hydraulis is an early type of pipe organ that was powered by water. It was invented in the 3rd century B.C., probably by the Hellenistic scientist Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was the world's first keyboard instrument. Many centuries later it developed into the modern pipe organ. +The water organ works by having water and air arriving together in the camera aeolis (wind chamber). Here, water and air separate and the compressed air is driven into a wind-trunk on top of the camera aeolis, to blow the organ pipes. Two perforated ‘splash plates’ or ‘diaphragms’ stop the water spray from getting into the organ pipes. +The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same speed as it enters. It then drives a water wheel, which in turn drives the musical cylinder and the movements attached. To start the organ, the tap above the entry pipe is turned on and, given a continuous flow of water, the organ plays until the tap is closed again. +During the Renaissance many Italian gardens had water organs. The most famous water organ of the 16th century was at the Villa d'Este in Tivoli. It was about 6 metres high and was powered by a beautiful waterfall. It could play three pieces automatically, but there was also a keyboard. + += = = User interface = = = +A User interface allows a user to interact with a machine. User interfaces mainly provide two things: +Many machines can be very dangerous. A machine should have a user interface that can be handled easily, even if the person operating the machine has panicked. The user interface should therefore be intuitive, and simple to use. An example of such a user interface is that of the kill switch. A kill switch must shut off the machine at all costs - the idea is to avoid injury or harm to people. This is very different from shutting off the machine at the end of the shift, or when it is no longer needed. +According to EN ISO 13850, the kill switch has to be red on a yellow background. +The colors used to mark different states are close to those used by signals used on the road. +There may be additional symbols, for example: +In many cases, such symbols are better, because some people are color blind. They need to be explained, like warnings, though. + += = = Pizza Hut = = = +Pizza Hut is an American pizza restaurant, or pizza parlor. Pizza Hut also serves salads, pastas and bread sticks. In 2008, Pizza Hut serves chicken wings as a part of the Wingstreet restaurant franchise logo. Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise founded in 1958 by Dan and Frank Carney. The company is known for its Italian-American cuisine menu, including pizza and pasta, as well as side dishes and desserts. +History. +Pizza Hut was founded in 1958 in Wichita, Kansas, by Dan and Frank Carvey. The first Pizza Hut location was at a intersection in Wichita. + += = = Intersection (road) = = = +An intersection is where two or more roads come together. Intersections are also known as "junctions". At an intersection, there can be stop signs on one or both sides of the intersection. There can also be a traffic light. +Kinds of intersections. +There are two major types of intersections. +<br> + += = = Package = = = +Package or packaging can mean: + += = = Chrysalis = = = +A chrysalis is the pupa of a butterfly. The word "chrysalis" comes from the Greek language word for gold because butterflies often have a brighter pupa than other insects. + += = = Artibonite (department) = = = +Artibonite is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is named Artibonite because the Artibonite river flows across the department from east to west. Its capital is Gonaïves. +The independence of Haiti was proclaimed in the "Place d'Armes" of Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean Jacques Dessalines. +Geography. +The "Départment de l'Artibonite", with an area of 4,895 km2, is the largest department of Haiti. +The main river of the department is the Artibonite. Other rivers are Ennery, de l'Estère, Montrouis, Quinte. +The mountain chains here run from west to east and the most important are the "Chaine de Terre-Neuve" and the "Montagnes Noires" (in English, "Black Mountains"). There is also part of the "Chaine des Mattheux". +It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the north and northeast by the Nord Department, to the east by the Centre Department and to the south by the Ouest Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west. +Population. +The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 1,299,398 persons: 625,690 men and 673,708 women, with 422,476 (32.51%) living in cities and towns. +The main cities are Gonaïves (the capital) and Saint-Marc. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into five "arrondissements" (like districts) and 15 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: +Economy. +Most of the rice of Haiti is grown in the Artibonite department, along the valley of the River Artibonite. + += = = Bohemianism = = = +The word Bohemian was first used in Paris to mean a Gypsy because many people thought that Gypsies came from Bohemia. The word was then used in the late 19th century (1800s) for poor painters, writers, musicians and actors who often travelled to Paris from other towns and tried to earn money. Paris was a famous town for painters, writers, and musicians to gather, to learn from each other and to enjoy the life of the city. Many of them lived at Montmartre, not far from the "Moulin Rouge". One of the most famous painters to live in Montmartre was Henri Toulouse-Lautrec. He loved to paint the can-can dancers and prostitutes. He did many posters to advertise the nightclubs. The posters are now famous works of art. +In the 20th century the word "Bohemian" spread to other countries and was used to describe the lives of many different artists of different sorts. The sort of behaviour that was thought of as "Bohemian" included whether a person had a regular job, how they dressed, their political views, their religious views, their sexual behaviour and the entertainment they liked. +People who were called "Bohemians" were often very poor, because they tried to live by painting, acting or writing. It was hard to make a living. They generally wore old or second-hand clothing, and could not afford a good hair-cut. They often shared the room in the roof of a house, which was cheap, because it was cold in winter, hot in summer and often had birds living there as well. In some ways the life of a bohemian artist was difficult, but it gave people freedom to express themselves, that was often not found in more conservative society, where everyone worried about what other people thought of them, and cared a lot about things like clothes and houses. Sometimes students from richer families would come to live a "Bohemian life style", so that they could feel the same freedom to express themselves. +During the 20th century, many cities apart from Paris have areas where people have lived Bohemian lifestyles. One of the problems is that these areas often become fashionable for rich people. This soon drives away the poor artists and students, because they can no longer afford the rent. +Bohemian areas. +Bohemian areas in different cities are: + += = = Henry Willis = = = +Henry Willis (born: 27 April 1821, London - died: 11 February 1901, London) was a British builder of pipe organs. He built a very large number of organs, many of them for big cathedrals and concert halls in Britain, such as St. Paul's Cathedral, Truro Cathedral, and the Royal Albert Hall. He also built an organ for Queen Victoria at Windsor Castle. Many of the organs that he built are in other parts of the world, especially in countries that belonged to the British Empire. +Many organists who gave organ recitals liked Henry Willis’s organs because they had lots of different sounds which helped to make the organ sound like an orchestra. He made organs for churches where the architects were getting rid of the central screen so that the organ could be heard better in the main part of the church (the nave). He used ideas that had been created by the French organ builder Cavaillé-Coll and by Barker. He made several inventions himself, including the thumb piston, which made it possible for an organist to change the combination of stops without taking his hands off the keyboard. +Four generations of the Willis family continued the family tradition of organ building until 1997, when Henry Willis IV retired and the new Managing Director of the firm was not a member of the Willis family. The Company, founded in 1845, Henry Willis & Sons, Ltd. still makes organs in Liverpool. + += = = Drug addiction = = = +Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or dependence syndrome, is a condition where a person feels a strong need to take a drug. Addiction also involves other behaviours. These include finding it difficult to control the need to use the drug and feeling the use of the drug to be more important than more normal things such as family or work. When the person does not use the drug for an amount of time, they may suffer from withdrawal. +When a person is addicted, they are usually addicted to a class (a specific kind) of drug. For example: Heroin is a drug that is in the Opiate class. Which means that a person addicted to Heroin may also be seen to have an addiction to other opiates such as Morphine. +A person who may easily become addicted to drugs is said to have an addictive personality. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders defines drug addiction as a mental disorder. Drug addiction is often linked with other mental disorders. +Symptoms. +The health effects of drug abuse are not just a concern for the individual using drugs. In the case of a woman who is abusing drugs while pregnant, the long-term health of the child can be adversely affected as well. A study from Pediatrics reports that babies born to women who abuse drugs during pregnancy may have physical, emotional, and mental health issues during childhood and even throughout their lives, including: + += = = Aristide Cavaillé-Coll = = = +Aristide Cavaillé-Coll (born in Montpellier, 4 February 1811; died in Paris, 13 October 1899) was a French organ-builder. He invented many new mechanical devices and his organs changed the way that composers could write for the instrument. César Franck, Alexandre Guilmant, and Charles-Marie Widor, in particular, were strongly influenced by the new type of organ that he was building. +Cavaillé-Coll grouped the stops of the organ into different families, so that the result was similar to the families of instruments in an orchestra. He made the lowest of the manuals (keyboards) the most important one. It was called the “Great” (French: “Grande Orgue”). The other manuals - there were usually two others, but sometimes three - could be “coupled” to the Great. He made changes to the English swell box, improved its operation, and divided the windchests on which the pipes were resting. This made it possible to have louder reed stops because of the higher wind pressure. + += = = Gottfried Silbermann = = = +Gottfried Silbermann (born Kleinbobritzsch, 14 January 1683; died Dresden, 4 August 1753) was a very important German builder of keyboard instruments. He built harpsichords, clavichords, organs, and pianos. +Life. +He was born in Kleinbobritzsch. He learnt to build organs from his brother in Straßburg. In 1711 Silbermann opened his own workshop in Freiberg. Then, in 1723 got the title "Honorary Court and State Organ Builder to the King of Poland and Elector of Saxony" from Frederick Augustus I. Gottfried Silbermann designed and built approximately 50 organs. He had different ideas about organ building from Arp Schnitger who was an organ builder in the north of Germany. Silbermann's organs were some of the best instruments in the south of Germany, some of them still exist. The Hofkirche organ and that of Freiberg Cathedral are considered his greatest works. +Silbermann's pianos. +Silbermann also played a big role in the history of the piano. He built the first German fortepiano in 1732. During the 1740s, King Frederick the Great of Prussia became familiar with Silbermann's pianos and bought a number of them. He employed Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach who was playing Silbermann fortepianos and wrote music for this particular fortepiano model. They were also played by Johann Sebastian Bach during his visit to Potsdam where during his second visit Silbermann pianos met Bach's "complete approval". + += = = Gulf of Gonâve = = = +The Gulf of Gonâve () is a large gulf along the western coast of Haiti. It is at . Port-au-Prince, the capital city of Haiti, is on the coast of the gulf. Other cities on the gulf coast include Gonaïves, Saint-Marc, Miragoâne, and Jérémie. +Several islands are in the gulf; the largest is Gonâve Island, followed by the much smaller Cayemites. The Artibonite River flows into this gulf. +Gonâve Island splits the gulf in two channels (a channel is a narrow part of the sea): the "Saint-Marc Channel" to the north and the "Gonâve Channel" to the south. + += = = Arp Schnitger = = = +Arp Schnitger (born 2 July 1648; buried 28 July 1719) was a very important German builder of pipe organs. He mostly worked in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, where a number of his instruments survive to the present day. His organs are different from those of Gottfried Silbermann who worked in south Germany. Arp Schnitger had great influence on later organ builders, in particular in the 20th century when people wanted a change from the Romantic 19th century organs and tried to make instruments that sounded like they had done in the Baroque period. + += = = Hello Kitty = = = +Hello Kitty is a Japanese character of a cat. It was made in 1974 by a Japanese company named Sanrio. Her real name is Kitty White. The character has a large head. She usually has a red bow between her ears. She has no mouth. Sanrio said that she was not given a mouth because she communicates by using the heart instead of speaking one particular language. Hello Kitty is known all over the world. +Hello Kitty became very popular with young schoolgirls during the 1980s. In the 1990s Sanrio made more products with the picture of the cat which would appeal to teenagers and young women. +Hello Kitty has become very successful. The character's picture is on over fifty thousand products sold in most countries. Sanrio’s amusement park Puroland opened in 1990. It is visited by more than 1.5 million visitors each year. Hello Kitty has been an animated character, such as in "Hello Kitty’s Furry Tale Theatre", shown on United States television during 1987 and 1991. +Famous stars such as Mariah Carey and Britney Spears were photographed with products that had her picture. Hello Kitty is an example of a Japanese "kawaii" (cute in English) character. +Characters. +Kitty White. +Kitty was born in London, England on November 1st, and to this day she lives there with her family. She likes the apple pie her mother makes. Her mother has her wear a ribbon on her left ear, in order to tell the difference between twins Kitty and Mimmy. She enjoys baking cookies and playing the piano; she aspires to be a pianist or a poet when she is older. Her height is as same as five apples and her weight is as same as three apples. Her childhood friend is Daniel Starr. +Mimmy White. +She is the twin sister of Kitty White. She wears a yellow ribbon on her right ear. She is shy and feminine. +Daniel Starr. +He is Kitty's childhood friend, born on May 3rd. He is often called "Dear Daniel", resembling "Hello Kitty". He has a naïve and loving personality. His favorite foods are cheesecake and yogurt, and his talents include dancing and playing the piano. He wishes to be a photographer someday. +Mary White. +Mary is Kitty and Mimmy's mother. She is very generous and good at cooking, cleaning and washing. Her birthday is September 14th. +George White. +George is Kitty and Mimmy's father. He is a very reliable and humorous man. His birthday is June 3rd. + += = = Herman's Hermits = = = +Herman's Hermits were a rock band from England. They were part of the "British Invasion" of bands during the 1960s, and were most popular in that decade. Their business manager was an American named Allen Klein, who also worked for Donovan, The Animals, and later The Rolling Stones and The Beatles. +None of the members was really named Herman. Lead singer Peter Noone (pronounced "noon") was nicknamed Herman, because his bandmates thought he looked like Sherman, from "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show". Noone was an actor before he became a singer. The other band members were Derek "Lek" Leckenby (guitar), Keith Hopwood (guitar, keyboards), Karl Green (bass guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums). The band began as amateurs, playing at parties for friends, but turned professional as they improved. They made records, appeared on television, and also made movies. +The Hermits's hit records included "I'm Into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat?", "There's A Kind Of Hush (All Over The World)", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am", "Listen People", and cover versions of "Silhouettes", "Sea Cruise", and "The End Of The World". "Hold On" was the title song of their first movie. "Mrs. Brown, You've Got A Lovely Daughter" was a hit song first, that was later fitted to a movie storyline. +Herman's Hermits stopped having hits as music trends changed, but their old songs were well loved. They are still played today. The band members went on to other careers in the 1970s. Peter Noone went back to acting, but still appeared as a singer. +In the 1980s, Leckenby and Whitwam formed a new band, to tour under the old name. The singer sounded like Noone, and many fans did not know the difference. Other original members also sometimes rejoined. During the 1990s, Noone took over the name for his band, that appeared with him at oldies concerts. + += = = Grand'Anse (department) = = = +Grand'Anse, or "Grande Anse", is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Jérémie. +Geography. +The "Départment de la Grand'Anse" has an area of 2,091 km2. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Gonâve, to the east by the Nippes Department, to the south by the Sud Department, and by the Caribbean Sea to the west. +The "Massiff de la Hotte", an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the south of the department, with the Plymouth, Macaya and Casetaches mountain ranges. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Baradères, Dame-Marie, de la Grande-Anse, de Nippes, des Roseaux and Voldrogue. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 11 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: + += = = Nippes = = = +Nippes is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. +It is the newest and smallest Haitian department; it was created in 2003 with the eastern part of the Grand'Anse Department. It has an estimated population of 266,379 (2003) and its capital city is Miragoâne. +Nippes has an area of 1,219 km2. It is bordered to the south by the Sud Department, to the east by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Grand'Anse Department and to the north by the Gonâve Channel, the southern part of the Gulf of Gonâve. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 11 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: + += = = Lara Veronin = = = +Lara Veronin is a Russian-Taiwanese-American singer born on 2 May 1988. She is famous for being the lead vocalist of the C-Pop band Nan Quan Mama. The band's first album Treasure Map and second album Nan Quan Mama, Version 2 both peaked at #4 on the Taiwanese Album Charts. She has also appeared as a featured voicalist on Jay Chou's sixth album November's Chopin on the track "Coral Sea". +Biography. +Veronin was born and raised in Monterey Park, California, America and moved to Taiwan in her teens. Her father is a Russian American, and her mother a Taiwanese. She speaks fluent English and Mandarin as shown in her songs, but says she is unable to speak Russian. +Reportedly, Veronin's talent was discovered when she met C-pop singer Jay Chou at a restaurant where she was working. He was interested in her voice and recruited her for his band, Nan Quan Mama. Her role as the lead singer of Nan Quan Mama gave her instant fame. +She gained greater recognition as her songs "����� Kao Jin Yi Dian Dian" and "Say You Love Me" were chosen to be theme songs for It Started With A Kiss, a Chinese romantic comedy television series in 2005. +In 2006, Veronin was cast in the television series "Engagement for Love", co-starring Alex To and Ambrose Hsu. +As of now, Veronin is studying in college in Taipei while continuing her music career. +Style. +Her musical style is often disputed (argued about). This is because most of her songs when she performs solo are in the alternative or pop-rock genre, but when she performs as a vocalist in the band Nan Quan Mama, she often sings blues- and soul-influenced dance music. + += = = Super Girl (TV series) = = = +Super Girl (; "lit. Super Female Voice") is an annual national singing contest in People's Republic of China for female competitors. The official name is The Mengniu Yoghurt Super Girl Contest, after the company that sponsored the show. It is now one the most popular entertainment shows in China. However, after the third season, the show was banned by the Chinese government. The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled Super, Girls!, produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi on the 2006 Super Voice Girls contest, released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls." +Outline. +The competition was open to any female regardless of age, origin or appearance. The audition sessions had females ranging from 4 to 89 years old. The 2005 season of the contest attracted more than 120,000 applicants during the preliminary selection rounds, held in the provinces Hunan, Sichuan, Guangdong, Henan and Zhejiang. Many applicants travelled long distances to take part in the competition. Each contestant was allowed 30 seconds to perform to judges and find out if they were selected for the preliminary regional rounds. To prevent another overwhelming audition season, the minimum age of 18 was later set during the 2006 season. +Following the selection of contestants in the five regions, the competition began with the preliminary rounds. Preliminaries were held in each of the five locations where auditions were located. Vviewers were able to watch each of the preliminaries and vote for their favorite singers. Voting was conducted by telephone and SMS. +The regional preliminaries are followed by a weekly broadcast single-elimination (knockout) tournament held in Changsha, Hunan. The least voted two face-off subsequently in a "PK." The term "PK" comes from "Player Kill," a reference to kill-or-be-killed online games. The singer with the least number of votes is then eliminated. The last event is contested between the final 3. +Judges for the competition were selected from different backgrounds in society. "Audience judges" were selected in addition to several professional judges. +History. +The original version of the show was known as "Super Boy" and aired in 2003 on Hunan Entertainment Channel, a local broadcaster based in Changsha, Hunan. The show was a success and the counterpart "Super Girl" aired at the beginning of 2004 and became the most viewed show in Hunan. However, the programme's impact was limited as the channel does not broadcast outside the province. +On May 6, 2004, "Super Girl" was introduced to a national audience by its producer Liao Ke through Hunan Satellite Television. In addition to broadcasting the original episodes created by Hunan Entertainment Channel, the network also developed this show in other 3 cities: Wuhan in Hubei, Nanjing in Jiangsu and Chengdu in Sichuan. This show attracted an average of 10,000 contestants in each city and received nationwide attention. +Hunan Satellite Television introduced a second season of "Super Girl" on March 19, 2005. The preliminary rounds were filmed in five cities: Changsha in Hunan Province, Guangzhou in Guangdong Province, Zhengzhou in Henan Province, Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province, and Chengdu in Sichuan Province. By the middle of the season, the competition captivated a nationwide audience and became one of the most watched television entertainment shows in China with tens of millions of viewers. +Cultural impact. +The final episode of the 2005 season was one of the most popular shows in Chinese broadcast history, drawing more than 400,000,000 viewers, more than CCTV's New Year's Gala earlier that year. The final peaked at 280,000,000 viewers at a given time, higher than the 12,000,000-viewer figure for the finals of "Pop Idol". Despite the show being condemned by CCTV as being "vulgar and manipulative", season 3 of the show was launched and finished in early October 2006. +On January 18, 2006, China National Philatelic Corporation released a postage stamp issue featuring 2005 winner Li Yu Chun. The set was shortly earlier than Li's twenty-second birthday in her commemoration. +On May 11, 2009, "The Oprah Winfrey Show", a worldwide famous television show, invited Zhang Liangying, who ranked 3rd overall in the 2005 contest, to make an American television singing debut. The subtitle of the show was "The World's Got Talent" and Zhang Liangying was the only east Asian singer in the show. +Some who were not chosen as winners have also been able to enter the recording industry through other means. Ji Min Jia, who ranked fifth overall in the 2005 contest, worked in Los Angeles in 2006 to help with production of the title song for Japanese anime series "The Galaxy Railways". On March 15, 2007, Japanese recording group Hello! Project announced Li Chun, one of the top 50 contestants in the 2006 Changsha regional, as one of two new members of Chinese ancestry of its pop group Morning Musume. +The contest has also inspired television producers to create other talent search shows. +Democratic expression. +One of the main factors contributing to the show's popularity was that viewers are able to participate in the judging process by sending SMSs with their mobile phones to vote for their favorite contestants. During the 2005 regional contest in Chengdu alone, 307,071 message votes were cast for the top three contestants, each vote costing ¥0.5 to ¥3. +Over 800,000,000 text messages were sent during the third season of "Super Girl", and fan clubs began to appear throughout the country. After the large response to the ability to vote, the Chinese government banned the show from continuing to a fourth season. The show was the feature of a 2007 documentary titled "Super, Girls!", produced and directed by independent Chinese filmmaker Jian Yi on the 2006 Super Voice Girls contest, released at the Cambridge Film Festival. An ARTiSIMPLE Studio production, "Super, Girls!" is the only independent feature-length documentary ever made about the "Super Girls." +While some culture and media experts praised "Super Girl" in blazing "a trail for cultural democracy" and breaking elitism in China's entertainment industry, others stated that "the show represented a superficiality in society, propelled by behind-the-scenes manipulation and state-of-the-art pomp and circumstance". +Economic impact. +Mengniu reportedly paid ¥14,000,000 to Hunan Television for rights to sponsor the show's broadcast outside Hunan province beginning with the 2005 season. The 2005 contest was estimated to have drawn in a total of ¥766,000,000. Indirect business impact of the competition was estimated at several billion yuan. +Television advertisement slots cost an average of ¥33,400 for 15 seconds in 2006, compared to the average of ¥28,000 in 2005. Advertising sales were expected to reach ¥200,000,000, nearly double that of the previous year. +2004 season. +The first season of "Super Girl" aired from 6 May to September 22, 2004. Although the winners of the competition were not promised recording contracts, the top three winners signed such deals. +2005 season. +The second season of "Super Girl" aired from March 19 to August 26 in 2005. There was much controversy about the Li Yu Chun being the season's grand champion as she had the most votes even though she had "the weakest voice among the top finalists". Despite the heavy criticism that arose during the competition season, the three 2005 finalists have been considered the most successful singers from the entire show. +2006. +The third season of aired from April 2 to September 30, 2006. Shang Wen Jie's selection as grand champion over Tan Wei Wei, who is a professional vocalist from Sichuan Conservatory of Music, raised questions at each candidate's public appeal. Speculations arose that Shang, who appeared to be a copycat of Li Yu Chun's image, was voted grand champion due to the appeal of her Cinderella story. + += = = Voluntary (music) = = = +In music a voluntary is a piece of music, usually for organ, which is played as part of a church service. +The word “voluntary” can be used for the title of a piece of music. The title was often used by English composers in the late Renaissance or Baroque periods for a piece of organ music that was free in style, i.e. it did not have to be composed in a strict form such as sonata form or a fugue. It was meant to sound as if it was being improvised (the word voluntary in general means “free”, i.e. not “forced to do something”). +Composers such as Orlando Gibbons, John Blow and Henry Purcell wrote voluntaries, although sometimes they preferred to use other titles such as "fancy" (an English form of the Italian word "fantasia"), or even "fugue". However, these "fugues" were not composed in the proper fugue style: they just started off with imitation as in a fugue, but continued in a freer style. +Some voluntaries were called "double voluntaries". These were pieces written for organs with two manuals (keyboards). The pieces contrasted a loud manual with a soft one. +Some voluntaries were known as "trumpet voluntaries". These were voluntaries which had a tune which was played (with the right hand) on a stop called a “trumpet” or a “cornet”. Two very famous trumpet voluntaries, often played at weddings, are the trumpet voluntary by Henry Purcell and the one by Jeremiah Clarke (which people used to think was composed by Purcell). In the 18th century the composer John Stanley wrote many trumpet voluntaries. + += = = Aalen = = = +Aalen (pronounced ) is a town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is the capital of the Ostalbkreis district, and its largest town. + += = = Bad Wörishofen = = = +Bad Wörishofen () is a spa town in Unterallgäu in Bavaria, Germany. +Geography. +The town is on the Wörthbach, a tributary of the River Mindel in . It is about 80 km / 50 miles west of Munich and 35 km / 22 miles east of Memmingen. + += = = Bürgermeister = = = +The German word Burgermeister often spelled in English as "Burgomaster" or "Burgomeister" means "master of the citizens". +A Burgermeister is chairman of the executive council (or cabinet) in many towns and cities in Germany. In France, the person is called a "maire". In the Netherlands the person is called the "burgemeester". The title is usually translated into English as "Mayor", but the position of mayor is not quite the same as the Burgermeister. +Municipal government. +"Ober-" is put in front of many title to show that it is higher than another, especially in military. + += = = Area codes in Germany = = = +Area codes in Germany () for telephones have two to five digits, not counting the first zero. The first or "leading" zero must be dialled when calling from inside Germany and not when calling from outside Germany. The area code is not needed when dialling another telephone in the same area, unless one of the telephones is a mobile phone. Usually shorter area codes are used by larger cities, and longer area codes to smaller towns. +The first digit (after the leading zero) shows the region: +(0)1 are special numbers such as mobile phones (015, 016, 017), shared cost service (0180), televoting numbers (013) and 010 for dial-around services. The OLD codes 0130 for free phone numbers and 0190 for premium-rate numbers are now moved to 0800 and 0900 to meet international standards. + += = = Vehicle registration plates of Germany = = = +German automobile number plates ("Kfz-Kennzeichen") show the place where the automobile carrying them is registered. When a person changes their main home in Germany, or buys a new automobile, they must buy new number plates. +Number plates can be bought which are valid all year round or between 2 to 11 months within any 12 months. This allows changing between summer and winter automobiles, such as a convertible and a sedan/saloon without having the time and money wasted for de- and re-registering. +Format. +The present number plate format, used since 1994, uses black print on a white background and first provides information about the country where the automobile is registered within the European Union. German licence plates show a "D" (for "Deutschland"="Germany") on the blue strip on the left, which shows the European Union's flag, 12 golden stars in a circle on blue ground. +After that, there are between one and three letters for the city or region where the automobile is registered, such as B for Berlin. These units usually coincide with the German districts, in few cases an urban district and the surrounding district share the same letter code. Usually if an urban district and a rural district share the code, the number of the following letters is different. For example, the urban district (Straubing) SR has one letter after the code (SR - A 123). The surrounding district Straubing-Bogen has two letters (SR - AB 123) after the code. It depends on the number of registered automobiles (or citizens) whether the City or the district has two letters, because there are more possibilities with two letters, so the part with more citizens usually has two letters. For example, the urban district Regensburg has more citizens than the rural district Regensburg, so the city has two letters after the code R. +The number of letters in the city/region code usually shows the size and location of the district: the largest German cities generally only have one letter codes (B=Berlin, M=München (Munich), K=Köln (Cologne), F=Frankfurt am Main), most other districts in Germany have two or three letter codes. Districts in eastern Germany usually have more letters, for two reasons: +This is only a rule of thumb, there are a number of exceptions e.g. Germany's second largest city Hamburg (HH, Hansestadt Hamburg, because of its historical membership in the Hanseatic League) or the west German district Ammerland (WST, Westerstede is the capital of the district). +The reason for this scheme is however not to display size or location, but simply to have enough combinations available within the maximum length of eight characters per plate. +After the location name there are the emission test and vehicle safety test stickers (see below), followed by one or two letters and one to four numbers. These letters and numbers can be chosen by the vehicle owner or if they prefer, random ones can be allocated by the licensing office. The total quantity of letters and numbers on the plate is never higher than eight. One letter with low numbers are normally reserved for motorcycle use since the plate space of these vehicles is smaller. +Prohibited combinations. +Various combinations that could be considered politically unacceptable—mainly due to implications relating to Nazi Germany—are disallowed or otherwise avoided. The district Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge uses the name of its main town, Pirna, in its code "PIR", to avoid the use of "SS", the name of the nazi group; similarly "SA" is also unused. This is why automobiles for the government and parliament in Saxony-Anhalt are registered with LSA (Land Sachsen Anhalt). In 2004 in Nuremberg, an automobile owner was refused a number plate beginning N-PD because of the connection to the political party, the NPD. +Banned combinations include the Nazi abbreviations HJ ("Hitlerjugend", Hitler Youth), NS ("Nationalsozialismus", National Socialism), SA ("Sturmabteilung"), SS ("Schutzstaffel") and KZ ("Konzentrationslager", concentration camp). Some registration offices have overlooked this rule by mistake, however; there are a few automobiles registered carrying prohibited codes, such as "B-SS 12". Some counties also allow these combinations if they are the initials of the owner (e.g., Norbert Schmidt might be able to get XX-NS 1234), but in this case, if the automobile is sold and re-registered in the same county by the new owner, the number can be changed (otherwise the number stays with the automobile until it registered in a different area). +Special codes. +Certain types of vehicle bear special codes: +The German Federal President's license plate is 0-1, the Chancellor's 0-2, the Foreign Secretary's 0-3. The plate of the President of the Bundestag is an exception: it shows 1-1. This is to show that the Bundestag's President is not part of the government but still ranks higher in importance than the Chancellor. These vehicles are tax-exempt and need not to be insured since the German government acts as insurer. + += = = 588 Achilles = = = +588 Achilles is an asteroid found on February 22, 1906 by the German astronomer Max Wolf. It was the first of the Trojan asteroids to be found, and is named after Achilles, the fictional hero from the Iliad. It orbits in the L4 Lagrangian point of the Sun-Jupiter system. After a few such asteroids were found, the rule was made that the L4 point was the "Greek camp", while the L5 point was the "Trojan camp", though not before each camp had acquired a "spy" (624 Hektor in the Greek camp and 617 Patroclus in the Trojan camp). + += = = Mwai Kibaki = = = +Mwai Kibaki (15 November 1931 – 21 April 2022) was a Kenyan politician. He was the 3rd President of Kenya, from 2002 to 2013. +President. +Kibaki was the first President of Kenya to belong to a party other than KANU (Kenya African national union). After he became President he has done many good things. Kenya saw economic growth of 6%. He however had complaints from people who think the changes that were too slow to come. Many Kenyans living in the diaspora have begun to return to Kenya as the promise of the future has created high paying jobs. These jobs are appealing to foreign educated Kenyans. +In 2007, many people were angry at him. They thought he changed the election results so that he would win. They started to destroy houses and other property. +Kibaki's term ended in April 2013. He was succeeded by Uhuru Kenyatta as President. +Personal life. +He was married to Lucy Kibaki from 1962 until her death in April 2016. +Kibaki died on 21 April 2022 in Nairobi, Kenya, aged 90. + += = = Socialist International = = = +The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide group which wants to establish democratic socialism. Most of its members are democratic socialist, social democratic, and labour political parties. +History. +Its name is from the Second International, which was formed in 1889 and dissolved on the eve of World War I in 1914. +Some of the Second International's most famous actions were its 1889 declaration of 1 May as International Labour Day and its 1910 declaration of 8 March as International Women's Day. The Second International was split by the outbreak of World War I. A small part carried on as the International Socialist Commission. The International re-formed in 1923 (as the Labour and Socialist International), and was re organised again, in its present form, after World War II. Many social democratic and socialist parties had been suppressed in Nazi-occupied Europe. +Since World War II, the SI helped social democratic parties to re-start themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1975). +Until its 1976 Geneva Congress, the Socialist International had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement with Latin America. In the 1980s, most SI parties gave their backing to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas (FSLN), whose left-wing government had incited hatred from the United States. Since then, the SI has admitted as member-parties not only the FSLN but also the centre-left Puerto Rican Independence Party, as well as the ex-Communist parties such as the Italian Democrats of the Left (Democratici di Sinistra (DS)) and the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO). +The Party of European Socialists, a European political party active in the European Parliament, is an associated organisation of the Socialist International. +Presidents. +In 2022, Pedro Sánchez, leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, became the president of the Socialist International. +Members. +Full members. +The following parties are full members: +Consultative parties. +The following parties are consultative parties: +Observer parties. +The following parties are observer parties: + += = = ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 = = = +ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes are three-letter country codes in the ISO 3166-1 standard to represent countries and dependent territories. They are published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as part of its ISO 3166 standard. They were first included as part of the ISO 3166 standard in its first edition in 1974. +They are used in ISO/IEC 7501-1 for machine-readable passports. +Current codes. +Officially assigned code elements. +Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA): +User-assigned code elements. +The following alpha-3 codes can be user-assigned: from AAA to AAZ, from QMA to QZZ, from XAA to XZZ, and from ZZA to ZZZ. These code elements are at the disposal of users who need to add further names of countries, territories or other geographical entities to their in-house application of ISO 3166-1, and the ISO 3166/MA will never use them in the updating process of the standard. +Reserved code elements. +Reserved code elements are codes which, while not ISO 3166-1 codes, are in use for some applications in conjunction with the ISO 3166 codes. The ISO 3166/MA therefore reserves them, so that they are not used for new official ISO 3166 codes, thereby creating conflicts between the standard and those applications. +Exceptional reservations. +The following alpha-3 codes are subject to an exceptional reservation: +The following three codes were also under exceptional reservation, until the update from 2006-03-29 included them in the standard: +Transitional reservations. +The following alpha-3 codes are subject to a transitional reservation: +Indeterminate reservations. +The following alpha-3 codes are subject to an indeterminate reservation, having been notified to the United Nations Secretary-General under the 1949 and/or 1968 Road Traffic Conventions: +The following code has been reassigned: +Codes currently agreed not to use. +For the time being, ISO 3166/MA has agreed not to use the following codes, taken from ISO/IEC 7501-1 (machine readable travel documents), as alpha-3 country codes: +Other withdrawn codes. +Besides the codes currently transitionally reserved and FXX (now exceptionally reserved), these alpha-3 codes have also been withdrawn since the first edition of ISO 3166 in 1974: + += = = Bellows = = = +A bellows is something that blows air into a small opening in order to make something work. The bellows will have a kind of sack which has air in it. When the sack is squeezed the air is pushed out. Bellows can be quite small and operated by hand, for example for stoking a fire in an open fireplace. They can also be very large, such as bellows that produce air for a large pipe organ to be played. Such bellows used to be pumped by hand (sometimes by several people), but nowadays electricity is used. Bellows are used by blacksmiths or metalworkers for smelting and welding. They are also used in small musical instruments such as bagpipes, accordions and concertinas. The harmonium has bellows which the player operates by pumping with the his feet. + += = = 1999 Jiji earthquake = = = +Damages. +The earthquake caused much damage, according to the National Fire Agency, Ministry of the Interior R.O.C. This damage included: +The earthquake continued to shake Taiwan throughout the night. People tell stories about a house that was not destroyed but moved by the earthquake from one county to another. The story says that because of this, the owners of the house had to change their address. The earthquake killed many people. +Chelungpu fault. +The epicenter of the earthquake was Chichi Township. The 921 Earthquake happened along the Chelungpu fault line in western part of the island of Taiwan. The fault is located along the foothills of the Central Mountains in Nantou and Taichung counties. Some sections of land near the fault were changed in elevation by as much as 7 meters (23 feet). Near the northern end of the fault line, a 7-meter tall waterfall was created by the earthquake. In the middle-western part of the island, bridges were destroyed. This stopped traffic for weeks. +In Wufeng, a village in southern Taichung County, the damage was very bad. The village's Guangfu High School was located on the fault line. It was badly damaged by the quake. Today the high school is the site of the National Museum of Natural Science's 921 Earthquake Museum of Taiwan. Landslides were created which in turn caused impromptu formation of lakes. + += = = Visibility = = = +"Visibility" is a word used in meteorology. It is used to talk about how far a normal person can see depending on the weather. If there is low visibility, such as in a blizzard, a person will not be able to see far. If there is high visibility, such as on a bright, sunny day, a person will be able to see a long way. +Visibility less than is often called zero. When it is this low, roads may be closed, or lights and signs are turned on to warn drivers. These are put in areas that often have very low visibility. Warning lights help stop accidents. Automobile crashes with many cars happen often in places like this if the warning lights and signs are not put up. +Visibility is said to be good when a person can see farther than about 10 kilometers. +An advisory is put out by meteorologists to warn of low visibility, such as a dense fog advisory from the U.S. National Weather Service. These tell drivers to not travel until the fog leaves. Airport travel sometimes is delayed, or slowed down, by low visibility. + += = = Lothar Bisky = = = +Lothar Bisky (17 August 1941 – 13 August 2013) was a German politician. He was the chairman of the Left Party.PDS, a socialist political party with its base in the east of Germany. In June 2007 he became of the leaders of The Left, formed by a merger of Left Party.PDS and Labour and Social Justice – The Electoral Alternative. +Bisky was born in Zollbrueck, Pomerania. As a child he was very poor, so when he was 18 he moved from northern West Germany to GDR. He was allowed to join the Socialist Unity Party in 1963, but did not became a leader of the party until just after the fall of communism and the old "hardliners" were thrown out of the party. +He was rector of the University of Film and Television (Potsdam-Babelsberg) from 1986 to 1990. In 1991 he became a member of the board of directors of regional television channel ORB (now part of RBB.) +In 1990 he was a member of the Volkskammer and since 1990 he has been a member of the state parliament in Brandenburg. +He was chairman of the PDS from 1993 until his resignation in 2000. He was re-elected chairman in 2003. Bisky was seen to be on the moderate, social democratic wing of the party and he was a long-time close ally of the party's most prominent figure, Gregor Gysi. +The party returned strongly to the Bundestag in the 2005 election. Bisky, one of 54 Left MPs, was going to become one of the six vice presidents of the Bundestag. When the new Bundestag met on October 18, however, he failed three times to be elected. Some MPs explained this with allegations (denied by Bisky) that he was an informant of the Stasi. Later, he failed a fourth time, and gave up his bid to be elected. +Lothar Bisky was married and the father of three sons. The oldest son, Jens Bisky, is a journalist and writer and the middle, Norbert Bisky, is a painter. The youngest died in 2008 in Edinburgh. +Bisky died in Leipzig, Saxony, on 13 August 2013. + += = = Louis-Nicolas Clérambault = = = +Louis-Nicolas Clérambault (born Paris, 19 December 1676; died Paris, 26 October 1749) was a French organist and composer. +Clérambault (pronounce “CLAY-ram-bow”) came from a musical family. He learned to play the violin and harpsichord when he was young, and also learned the organ, composition and singing. He became the organist at the church of the Grands-Augustins and then at Saint-Sulpice. He worked for Madame de Maintenon who arranged concerts for King Louis XIV. He also had a job at the royal house of Saint-Cyr, which was a school for young girls from the poor nobility. He directed the music there, played the organ and trained the choir. +Clérambault was the first important French composer of cantatas. They were often about Greek and Roman myths. He also composed for the organ, harpsichord and violin. He was thought of as France’s greatest organist. Two of his sons took over jobs held by their father after his death. + += = = Blizzard = = = +A blizzard is a severe snowstorm. It brings low temperatures, strong winds, and a lot of blowing snow. Blizzards start when a high pressure system touches a low pressure system. The word "blizzard" is sometimes used incorrectly by news media to talk about big winter storms, even if the storm is not a blizzard. +Geography. +Some areas are more likely to be hit by blizzards than others, but a blizzard can occur in any place where snow falls. In North America, blizzards happen often in the northern-east states, and in the provinces of Canada. In this region, blizzards can happen more than twice each winter. They also occur often in the mountain ranges of western North America. Because these regions have low populations, blizzards sometimes are not reported. +Whiteouts. +A very dangerous type of blizzard is a whiteout. In a whiteout, downdrafts and snowfall are so thick that people cannot tell the ground and sky apart. People caught in a whiteout lose their sense of direction very fast. This is a large danger to pilots when they are flying airplanes, because they cannot tell how close they are to the ground, and may crash. +Who cleans up after blizzards? +The community cleans up after a snowstorm/blizzard occurs. Blizzards only usually go for 3 hours so everything won't be too damaged, meaning it won't be as hard as an earthquake or tsunami to clean. +How deep the snow gets. +These horrible blizzards can achieve up to - deep. A basketball hoop is high, so a blizzard can get snow as deep as the height of two or three hoops. +How do blizzards occur? +First, there needs to be cold enough air to cause snow to fall in the clouds and ground level water and moisture is needed to form clouds and precipitation. The moisture is called water vapour to make the clouds a source of water vapour is cold air blowing across large lakes or the sea but the cold air doesn't actually make too much snow, its a combination of cold and warm air that does it. The warm air normally meets the cold air if the wind is being pulled towards the equator when they are brought together a front is formed and precipitation is formed and the warm air can go up to the clouds and the blizzard forms from there. +How strong are a blizzard's winds? +There is sustained wind or frequent gusts of per hour or greater. +How cold can blizzards get? +Blizzards can get down to or lower. This makes it fairly easy to get hypothermia in a blizzard. Mostly freezing electrics and machinery, make life very hard in these very cold temperatures. +Famous U.S. blizzards. +The Great Blizzard of 1888 was very damaging for the Northeastern United States. In that blizzard, 400 people died, 200 ships sunk, and snowdrifts were or high. In the Great Plains, states were hit by the Schoolhouse Blizzard that trapped children in schools and killed 235 people. +In 1880–1881 there was a winter that people in the Dakotas called the "Hard Winter". The author Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote her book "The Long Winter" about that winter's story. It talks about one blizzard after another, and how it changed Laura's family and everybody around her. The book is almost all true. Her story of two men from the town of DeSmet, South Dakota, going after some wheat stored some miles south of DeSmet in February 1881 is true, and Ingalls later married one of the men, Almanzo Wilder. If the two men had not found and brought back the wheat, the people would have starved. The snow and ice thawed in April, and the railroads could start again. The train picture above was photographed on March 29, 1881, not far from DeSmet. +34 people died during a 3-day spring blizzard on March 1920 in North Dakota. One of the people who died was Hazel Miner, a teenage girl who froze to death when she got lost on her way home from her one-room-school. +The Armistice Day Blizzard in 1940 surprised many people with how fast the temperature dropped. It was in the morning, but by noon, it was snowing. Some of the people froze to death in the snow. 154 people died in the Armistice Day Blizzard. +105 years after the Great Blizzard of 1888, a giant blizzard, named the Storm of the Century, hit the U.S in 1993. It dropped snow on 26 states and reached as far north as Canada and as far south as Mexico. In many southern U.S. areas, such as parts of Alabama, more snow fell in this storm than ever fell in an entire winter. Highways and airports closed across the U.S. The blizzard also made 15 tornadoes in Florida. When the storm was over, 270 people died and 48 were reported missing. +References. +The page lacks sources. + += = = Nord (Haitian department) = = = +Nord (English: "North") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The Nord-Est and Nord-Ouest departments were part of the Nord department. +Its capital and largest city is Cap-Haïtien, founded in 1670 by Bertrand d'Orgeron and the old capital city of "Saint-Domingue". It had the nickname of "Paris of Saint-Domingue". +Geography. +The "Départment du Nord" has an area of 2,106 km2. It is bordered to the northwest by the Nord-Ouest Department, to the east by the Nord-Est Department, to the southeast by the Centre Department and to the west by the Artibonite Department. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north. +The main rivers of the department are Grande Rivière du Nord, Haut du Cap and Limbé. The rivers Trois-Rivières and Bouyaha have their sources in this department. All these rivers, except Bouyaha that is a tributary of the river Artibonite, flow to the north, into the Atlantic Ocean. +The "Massif du Nord" mountain range, known in the Dominican Republic as "Cordillera Central", runs from the northwest to the southeast along the southern half of the department. This Massif du Nord is formed by several chains and the most important, in this department, are the "Chaine de la Grande Rivière du Nord" and the 'Chaine de Saint Raphael". +The "Pleine du Nord" (in English, "Northern Plain") is in the northern half of the department. +Population. +The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 823,043 persons: 393,547 men and 429,496 women, with 325,318 (39.53%) living in cities and towns. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into seven "arrondissements" (like districts) and 19 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: + += = = Apache HTTP Server = = = +Apache HTTP Server, also called Apache, is a web server notable for helping the growth of the World Wide Web. + += = = Nord-Est (department) = = = +Nord-Est (English: "North-East") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is in the northeastern corner of the country, along the border with the Dominican Republic. Its capital is Fort-Liberté. +After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The "Nord-Est" department was part of the "Nord" department. +Geography. +The "Départment du Nord-Est", with an area of 1,805 km2, is the second smallest department of Haiti; only the Nippes department is smaller. +The department is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west by the Nord Department and to the south by the Centre Department. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. +The only important river in the province is the Dajabón River, known also as "Massacre". This river marks the Dominican-Haitian border from the Dominican city of Dajabón to its mouth. +The "Massif du Nord" mountain range, known in the Dominican Republic as "Cordillera Central", runs from the northwest to the southeast along the southern half of the department. +The "Pleine du Nord" (in English, "Northern Plain"), with several savannas, is in the northern half of the department. +Population. +The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 308,385 persons: 150,525 men and 157,860 women, with 117,872 (38.22%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 171 persons/km2. +The main cities are Fort-Liberté (the capital) and Ouanaminthe. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into four "arrondissements" (like districts) and 13 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: +Economy. +The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where beans, peanut, maize and other things are grown. In the mountains, coffee is grown. +Fishing is an important activity along the coast, and commerce is the main activity in Ouanaminthe. + += = = Samuel Wesley = = = +Samuel Wesley (born Bristol, 24 February 1766; died London, 11 October 1837) was an English organist and composer +Samuel Wesley was the son of Methodist hymn-writer Charles Wesley, the grandson of the poet Samuel Wesley and the nephew of John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist church. His illegitimate son Samuel Sebastian Wesley was the greatest English composer of church music of the 19th century. +Samuel played the violin as well as the organ, and worked as a conductor as well as a music lecturer. He lived at a time when most English composers were writing sentimental music which was not very important. Wesley was one of the best composers of his time. + += = = Nord-Ouest (department) = = = +Nord-Ouest (English: "North-West") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital is Port-de-Paix. +After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The "Nord-Ouest" department was part of the "Nord" department. +Geography. +The "Départment du Nord-Ouest" has an area of 2,176 km2. The Tortuga Island is part of this department. The department is in the Northern, or Northwestern, Peninsula. It is a very dry region, except for the Tortuga Island and the area around Port-de-Paix. +The department is bordered to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Nord Department and to the south by the Artibonite Department and the Gulf of Gonâve. To the east is the Windward Passage that separates the islands of Hispaniola and Cuba. On clear nights, it is possible to see the Guantánamo Province of Cuba. +The "Massif du Nord-Ouest" (in English, "Northwestern mountain range"), with several smaller mountain chains, covers most of the department. Its western end is almost flat and is called the "Plateau de Bombardopolis" ("Bombardopolis Plateau"). +Low lands are found only close to the coast and the most important are the "Jean Rabel Valley" and the "Valley of the Trois-Rivières" on the northern part, and the "Plain of L'Arbre" on the southern part of the department. +The river "Trois-Rivières", one of the most important river in Haiti, is in this department. Other smaller rivers are "Jean Rabel" and "du Mole". +History. +The northern coast of the "Départment du Nord-Ouest" was the area that European people first visited in the Hispaniola island during the first visit of Christopher Columbus to the Americas in 1492. +On the night of 5 December 1492 he saw the Cape Saint-Nicolas and the next day he went into the Bay of the Môle-Saint-Nicolas and to the land where now is the town "Môle-Saint-Nicolas". +On 7 December, he visited the bays "Port-à-l'Écu" and "Moustique"; he named the Moustique Bay ("Mosquito Bay") as "Puerto de la Concepción" and he stayed there till 13 December. Then he went to the bay of Port-de-Paix and named it "Valle del Paraíso" or "Valparaiso" (Spanish for "Paradise Valley") on 15 December. +Population. +The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 531,198 persons: 256,238 men and 274,960 women, with 118,798 (22.36%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 244 persons/km2. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 10 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: +Economy. +The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where different crops are grown. On the mountains, coffee is grown. +Fishing is an important activity along the coast. + += = = Apache = = = +Apache is the name for several culturally related groups of Native Americans in the southwestern United States. They hunted deer and they also ate berries and lots of fruit.They were nomadic which meant that they followed food and never stayed in one place for a long period of time. They are from the second migration of Native Americans which were the Na Dene which also includes the Chipewyan and the Cheyenne of Canada. Evidence proves that the Na Dene came from the Ket people of Siberia. + += = = Samuel Sebastian Wesley = = = +Samuel Sebastian Wesley (born London, 14 August 1810; died 19 April 1876) was an English organist and composer. He was the greatest English composer of church music of his day. He lived at a time when the standard of music in England had become very bad. He did a lot to improve it, especially church music. He had a hard life earning enough money. This was largely his own fault: he was a difficult man with a bad temper and often argued with his employers. +Life. +Early years. +He was born in London, the illegitimate son of the composer Samuel Wesley and his partner Sarah Suter. He was given the name of his father (Samuel) and the name Sebastian after the composer Johann Sebastian Bach. +As a boy he sang in the choir of the Chapel Royal. The Chapel Royal was not nearly as good as it had been in the 16th and 17th centuries when it had been associated with many famous composers. When choirboys made mistakes the music teacher William Hawes would hit them with a riding whip. Samuel Sebastian was an excellent choirboy, and he and another boy were sent to Brighton to sing to King George IV who had gone there for his holiday. He also sang at St. Paul's Cathedral. +Career. +Hereford. +When he was a young man he played the organ in several churches in London and started to compose. He wrote some music for melodramas in theatres. When he was 22 he became organist of Hereford Cathedral. This changed his life, because his career now focussed on church music. The choir at Hereford was not very good. The organ was broken, and his lodgings were not nice. However, he was able to perform in the Three Choirs Festival and he composed some church music, including the popular anthem "Blessed be the God and Father", written for an Easter Day service when the choir only had boys and one male singer. He married the sister of the dean of the cathedral. Her family did not approve and did not go to the wedding. +Exeter. +In 1835 he moved to Exeter Cathedral. He improved the choir there and persuaded the authorities to renovate the organ. He had a good salary there, but soon got fed up because he argued with his employers. He often went fishing instead of going to work, sending one of his choir boys to play the organ instead. One day, when Wesley was supposed to play “God Save the King” he played “Rule Britannia”. This sort of behaviour did not do his reputation much good. He wanted to get a doctorate degree from Oxford University so he wrote an anthem "O Lord thou art my God". The professor at Oxford, William Crotch, wanted him to make some changes in the music, but he refused. In the end he was given the degree anyway. +Leeds. +The next job he had was at Leeds Parish Church. This was the only job he had in his life which was not at a cathedral, but his choir at Leeds was probably better than any of the cathedral choirs he had. The services there were very good, and he improved the choir singing. Leeds was not a nice town in those days. It was very badly polluted through industry. Wesley earned extra money by giving music lessons. He was also in demand for giving organ recitals in different churches. He gave the choir more modern music to sing, including his own compositions. He wrote an introduction to a book of psalm tunes in which he criticized the state of the church in England. He did it in a very personal way and it made his employers angry. +One day he went fishing when he should have been at choir practice. He fell when climbing over a stile and broke his leg. After that he always walked with a limp. While he was in hospital he wrote an anthem "Cast me not away" to words from Psalm 51. When the music gets to the words “the bones which thou hast broken” he set them to strange, crunching chords. +In spite of his awkward behaviour the people in Leeds were sorry when he left. He conducted a performance of the "Messiah" and he was given a portrait of himself. +Winchester. +He went to Winchester Cathedral. At first he got on very well with the clergy. He performed and composed new music. He spent a lot of time collecting and publishing all the anthems he had written. He composed hymn tunes. He persuaded his employers to spend money on improving the organ. +Although he was being paid a good salary (£80 a year) Wesley did less and less work. He performed less and left a lot of the playing to his pupils so that he could go fishing and sailing. He did not like the new precentor who was appointed in 1858. +In 1863 he composed an anthem "Give the King thy Judgement" for the marriage of the Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VII and Princess Alexandra of Denmark). He did not like Winchester. He said there were no other good musicians to talk to. +Gloucester. +When the job of organist at Gloucester Cathedral became available he took it and left Winchester very quicky. Once again he found himself in a cathedral with a bad choir and an organ in a bad state of repair, but this time he seemed to make little effort to do anything about it. He spent a lot of time editing other people’s music. Once more, after a gap of 30 years, he was able to perform in the Three Choirs Festival. He conducted the music of Louis Spohr, his father Samuel Wesley and also some music by the young Hubert Parry who was not yet well-known. When he conducted he often did not think about what he was doing and got muddled. In 1871 he conducted Bach’s St Matthew Passion, the first time it had been performed in England outside London. +He was offered a knighthood but chose to be given money instead. He started to become ill. He had a kidney disease. The last time he played the organ was at Christmas in 1875. He died on 19th April 1876 and was buried next to his daughter in Devon. There was no music at all at his funeral. +His music. +Wesley is remembered for his music composed for the Church of England. He wrote many anthems, including "Thou wilt keep him in perfect peace", "Blessed be the God and Father", "The Wilderness" and "Ascribe unto the Lord". The last two of these are verse anthems (anthem which contrast sections for the full choir with sections for a few soloists). The popular short anthem "Lead me Lord" is part of "Praise the Lord, O my soul". +He wrote a number of organ works. One of his most charming pieces is "Holsworthy Church Bells" (1874). He also wrote chamber and orchestral music. +His influence. +Wesley had an important influence on organ building. He went to the Great Exhibition in 1851 and saw organs with pedals that, instead of being exactly parallel, spread out at the top like a fan. He liked these radiating pedal boards and persuaded the great organ builder Henry Willis to put pedal boards like that in the organs he built. +Samuel Sebastian Wesley was a very famous performer and throughout his life he was often asked to play the first concerts on new organs (“inaugural concerts”). His music is still very popular today, and some of his short anthems are not too difficult for the average church choir to sing. + += = = Quickborn = = = +Quickborn is a rich town in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about east of Elmshorn, and north from the centre of Hamburg. +Quickborn is twinned with Uckfield, East Sussex. + += = = Quickborn, Dithmarschen = = = +Quickborn is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. + += = = Iguana = = = +Iguanas are a type of lizard in the genus Iguana that lives in tropical areas of Central and South America and the Caribbean. There are only two species of iguana, the green iguana and the Lesser Antillean iguana. +Appearance. +The two species of lizard both have a dewlap, a row of spines running down their back to their tail, and a third eye on their head. This eye is known as the parietal eye, which looks just like a pale scale on the top of their head. Behind their neck are small scales which look like spikes, and are called tuberculate scales. They also have a large round scale on their cheek called a subtympanic shield. +Senses. +Iguanas have excellent vision and can see long distances, shapes, shadows, color and movement. An iguana uses its eyes to navigate through trees and forests, as well as for finding food. They also use their eyes to communicate with members of the same species. An iguana's ear is called a tympanum. It is the iguana's ear drum and is found right above the subtympanic shield and behind the eye. This is a very thin, delicate part of the iguana, and is very important to its hearing. + += = = La bohème = = = +La bohème (pronounced, "La bo-EM") is an Italian opera in four acts. The music was written by Giacomo Puccini. The libretto was written by Luigi Illica and Giuseppe Giacosa. +The opera tells the story of a love affair between a poor poet and an equally poor seamstress in 19th century Paris. The opera is based on a book by Henri Murger called "Scenes from Bohemian Life" (). +Arturo Toscanini conducted the first performance of "La bohème" on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio in Turin, Italy. The opera was adapted to a movie in 1965 and the 1996 Broadway musical, "Rent". +Henri Murger. +Henri Murger was born in 1822 to an immigrant German tailor in Paris. He worked as a secretary until 1841 when he became a journalist and joined the poor artists and writers who called themselves Bohemians. +From 1845 to 1848, Murger's stories about Bohemian life in Paris were serialized (published in parts) in a French magazine. The book brought Murger little income. Playwright Théodore Barrière suggested making a play of the book, and Murger accepted. The play appeared in 1849. It was a success. +Almost every chapter of Murger's book mentions an incident or event which found its way into Puccini's opera. However, the love affair between the poet and the seamstress appears only as a little tale in the book about a sculptor named Jacques and a seamstress named Francine. +After the publication of the play, adaptations appeared. In 1877, an operetta was staged in Paris. In 1897, an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo was staged in Venice. Another play based on the book was performed in New York in 1896. The first movie was released in 1916, and other movies were released in the following years. +Development. +Puccini wrote most of "La bohème" at Torre del Lago, a village in Tuscany he had just made his home. Most decisions about the opera were made through letters sent back and forth between Ricordi (Puccini's publisher), the two librettists, and the composer. This arrangement was not the best for getting the work done in a timely manner. +Puccini began toying with the idea of writing another work called "La lupa" ("The She-Wolf"). The librettists were furious. Puccini was dividing his time between two projects while taking them to task for their slowness on the present one. Giacosa complained that he used more paper and time on "La bohéme" that he had on any of his other dramas. +Whole scenes were rewritten, revised, and even discarded before going through the cycle again. Despite the turmoil, Puccini was considering the David Belasco play "Tosca" as yet another project. He briefly interrupted work on "La bohème" to travel to Florence to see Sarah Bernhardt perform the play. +Puccini and Ruggero Leoncavallo (composer of the 1892 opera "I pagliacci") both chose to set Mürger's book to music. Each claimed he was the first to make this decision. Leoncavallo's "La Bohème" was first performed in 1897, the year after Puccini's opera. Leoncavallo's opera never attained the fame that Puccini's did probably because Puccini's opera was gaining a popularity in 1897 that left Leoncavallo's opera in the dust. +Performances. +"La bohème" was first performed in Turin, Italy on February 1, 1896 at the Teatro Regio. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini. In 1946, Toscanini conducted a radio performance that was released to LP records and later compact discs. It is the only recording of a Puccini opera by its original conductor. +Within a few years, the opera was performed in theatres throughout Italy including La Scala and La Fenice. The first performance outside of Italy was in Buenos Aires, Argentina in 1896. Other performances followed in the next ten years around the world. +The first performance in United Kingdom took place in Manchester, on 22 April 1897. It was performed by the Carl Rosa Opera Company in English and was supervised by Puccini. On 2 October 1897 the same company gave the opera's first staging at the Royal Opera House in London. +The opera was first performed in the United States by the Carl Rosa Opera Company on October 14, 1897 in Los Angeles, California. It was performed in New York City at Palmo's Opera House on May 16, 1898. The Metropolitan Opera House staged the opera for the first time on December 26, 1900. +Story of the opera. +Act 1. +"In the four bohemians' attic room" +Act 1 takes place in Paris around 1830. A group of bohemians live in a room in an attic. Marcello is painting while Rodolfo gazes out of the window. They are so poor and so cold that they burn a drama that Rodolfo has written. Colline, the philosopher, comes in shivering and cross because he had not been able to pawn some books. Schaunard, the musician of the group, arrives with food, firewood, wine, cigars, and money. He tells his friends that he has got these things because he has a job with an English gentleman. The others hardly listen as they are so hungry that they try to eat the food. Schaunard interrupts them, taking the meal away, and saying that they will all celebrate his luck by having dinner at Cafe Momus instead. +While they drink the wine, Benoit, the landlord, arrives to collect the rent. The group gives him lots of wine so that he becomes drunk and starts to tell the people his adventures about love. Eventually, the group throws him out. The money that should have been used to pay the rent is divided among them so they can have a good time. +The other Bohemians go out, but Rodolfo stays alone for a moment in order to finish a newspaper article, promising to join his friends soon. There is a knock at the door, and Mimi, a seamstress who lives in a flat below, enters. Her candle has blown out, and she has no matches; she asks Rodolfo to light it. She thanks him, but returns a few seconds later, saying she has lost her key. Both candles go out. It is dark, and the couple try to feel their way about. Rodolfo wants to spend time with Mimi. He finds the key, but puts it in his pocket and does not tell her. In two famous arias (Rodolfo's "Che gelida manina" — "What a cold little hand," and Mimi's "Sì, mi chiamano Mimì" — "Yes, they call me Mimi"), they tell each other about their backgrounds. Rodolfo’s friends call for him to come out and join them. He would prefer to stay there with Mimi but she decides they should go together. They go out, singing about their love for one another. +Act 2. +"Latin Quarter on Christmas Eve" +The streets are crowded with happy people. Rodolfo buys Mimi a bonnet. The friends go into a café. Musetta, who used to be Marcello's sweetheart, comes into the cafe with Alcindoro, a rich old man. She is tired of him. She sings a naughty song, hoping Marcello will notice her. +Marcello becomes mad with jealousy. To be rid of Alcindoro for a bit, Musetta pretends to have a tight shoe and sends him with it to the shoemaker. Musetta and Marcello fall into each other's arms. +The sound of a military parade is heard. Marcello and Colline carry Musetta out on their shoulders while everyone claps. Alcindoro returns with the repaired shoe. The waiter hands him the bill. He is surprised by how much he has to pay, and sinks into a chair. +Act 3. +"At a toll gate a month or two later" +Mimì passes through the toll gate. She is coughing. She finds Marcello, who lives in a little tavern near the gate. She tells him of her hard life with Rodolfo, who has left her that night. +Rodolfo comes out of the tavern looking for Marcello. Mimì hides. She hears Rodolfo telling Marcello why he left her. At first he says Mimì does not love him, but then he says he left her because she is dying of an illness. +Rodolfo is poor and can do little to help Mimì. He hopes that a rich man may fall in love with her and pay for her to have medical treatment. Out of kindness towards Mimì, Marcello tries to stop Rodolfo, but she has already heard everything. +She coughs, and Rodolfo discovers her. They sing of their lost love, and agree that although they should separate, they love one another and agree to stay together until the spring. Marcello and Musetta are heard quarrelling in the background. +Act 4. +"The attic room" +Marcello and Rodolfo are both sad at losing their loved ones. Schaunard and Colline arrive with a tiny bit of food. They pretend they are having a big feast, and they all dance. Musetta arrives with news: Mimi, who had found a rich gentleman, has now left him and is wandering in the streets feeling very ill and weak. +Musetta has brought Mimi back with her to the attic room. Mimi is helped into a chair. Musetta and Marcello leave to sell Musetta's earrings in order to buy medicine, and Colline leaves to pawn his overcoat. Schaunard leaves quietly to give Mimi and Rodolfo time together. Left alone, the two remember their past happiness. +They remember their first meeting. Rodolfo gives Mimi the pink bonnet he bought her, which he has kept as a souvenir of their love. The others return, with a gift of a muff to warm Mimi's hands and some medicine, and tell Rodolfo that a doctor has been called, but it is too late. As Musetta prays, Mimi dies. Rodolfo collapses in tears. +Orchestra. +"La bohème" is scored for the standard orchestra of the period: +Movies. +In 1965, a West German movie version of the opera was released. It was filmed on location in Milan and Munich. The movie was produced by conductor Herbert von Karajan and designed by Franco Ziffirelli. It starred Mirella Freni as Mimi, Adriana Martino as Musetta, Gianni Raimondi as Rudolpho, and Rolando Panerai as Marcello. The movie won the 1966 National Board of Review for Top Foreign Film. + += = = La traviata = = = +La traviata is an Italian opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi, libretto by Francesco Maria Piave, after Alexandre Dumas, fils's novel "La dame aux camélias", published in 1848. It was first performed at the Teatro La Fenice in Venice, on March 6, 1853. The title "La traviata" means literally "The Woman Who Strayed", or perhaps more figuratively, "The Fallen One". Although a failure at its premiere, the opera soon established itself and became one of the best-loved and most frequently performed, recorded and filmed of all operas. Notable interpreters of Traviata have included; Maria Callas, Anna Moffo, Renata Scotto, Beverly Sills, amongst many others. + += = = Dil Se = = = +Dil Se (, , translation: "From the Heart)" is a 1998 Hindi movie. It was directed by Mani Ratnam. The movie was also released in Tamil as Uyire and in Telugu as Prema Tho. It stars Shahrukh Khan, Manisha Koirala, and Preity Zinta. Mani Ratnam also wrote the screenplay for the movie. It was produced by Mani Ratnam and Ram Gopal Varma along with Shekar Kapur. +The movie was shot in Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Delhi and other parts of India and Bhutan over a period of 55 days. Its cinematography won a National Film Award for cinematographer Santosh Sivan. The movie score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. A. R. Rahman received a Filmfare Award for the music. The movie became the first Indian movie to reach the Top 10 in the UK Box Office Charts, when released in 1998. +Sypnopsis. +Journalist Amar falls for a mysterious woman on an assignment, but she does not reciprocate his feelings. However, when Amar is about to get married, the woman shows up at his doorstep asking for help. +Awards. +The movie has won the following awards since its release: +1999 Berlin International Film Festival (Germany) +1999 National Film Awards (India) +1999 Filmfare Awards (India) +Soundtrack. +The soundtrack features 5 songs composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Gulzar. +Track listing: + += = = Mani Ratnam = = = +Mani Ratnam () (born June 2, 1956) is a Tamil Indian movie director, writer and producer. +Filmography. +The following is the list of movies directed by Mani Ratnam. For many of these movies, Mani Ratnam is also credited for the story, screenplay and producing: +Non-Director. +Mani Ratnam established Madras Talkies for movie production during the shoot of "Iruvar". Mani Ratnam had earlier produced "Thiruda Thiruda" under his personal name. All movies directed by Mani Ratnam subsequent to "Iruvar" have been produced through "Madras Talkies". Apart from production, Mani Ratnam also has written story and screenplay for movies directed by others. + += = = Chris Fehn = = = +Christopher Michael Fehn (born February 24, 1972) was an American musician and percussionist for the band Slipknot. In Slipknot, he was known as #3. He was the joker in Slipknot. He wore a fetish type mask with a long Pinocchio style nose. He is a big fan of sports and is a good golfer. + += = = Brian Jacques = = = +James Brian Jacques (pronounced "Jakes") (15 June 1939 - 5 February 2011) was an English author. He is best known for his "Redwall" series of books, as well as the "Tribes of Redwall" and "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman" series. He also wrote two books of short stories called, "The Ribbajack & Other Curious Yarns" and "Seven Strange and Ghostly Tales". + += = = Cave Story = = = + is a freeware video game released in 2004 for PC. It was thought of and created over five years by Daisuke Amaya, known by his pseudonym, or art name, Pixel. The game is an action-adventure game, and is similar to the "Castlevania" and "Metroid" games. It was first made in Japanese, and was translated to English by the fan translating group, Aeon Genesis. +The island is there is by Mimiga, a race of sentient, sheep-like +References. +Notes + += = = Courtney Love = = = +Courtney Michelle Love (born Courtney Michelle Harrison on July 9, 1964) is an American rock musician and actress. She is best known as lead singer for the now-defunct alternative rock band Hole and as the widow of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain, with whom she had a daughter called Frances Bean Cobain. "Rolling Stone" has called Love "the most controversial woman in the history of rock". In the 90s there was a twee band who were called, 'Courtney Love', named after her. +Career. +In 1981 Love started Sugar Babydoll. In 1982 she went to a Faith No More concert. She convinced the members to let her join as a singer. She was kicked out of the band because they wanted "male energy". In 1984 she started Pagan Babies. +Hole. +In 1989 Love began Hole. In 1990 Hole's first single "Retard Girl" was released. The band released its first album "Pretty on the Inside" in 1991. On April 12, 1994 Hole's second album "Live Through This" was released, four days after Love's husband Kurt Cobain was found dead in their home. The album got very good reviews. On September 8, 1998 "Celebrity Skin" was released. +On February 10, 2004 Love released "America's Sweetheart". Hole's last album "Nobody's Daughter" was released on April 27, 2010. +In 2006 she published a memoir, "Dirty Blonde: The Diaries of Courtney Love". +Love sung on "Rat a Tat" on Fall Out Boy's fifth album "Save Rock and Roll", released April 12 2013. She also wrote the song. +Love said that her next album would be released for Christmas 2013 along with "Courtney Love: My Story", a book about her life so far. +In 2014 Love released her first single in ten years, "Know My Name". +Personal life. +Love is a feminist. She is open about having had cosmetic surgery. +Love was married to Kurt Cobain from 1992 until his death in 1994. They have one daughter born in 1992. + += = = Ouest (department) = = = +Ouest (English: "West") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Port-au-Prince which is also the capital of the country and its largest city. +With an area of 4,827 km2, it is the second largest department in Haiti after the Artibonite Department. It has a population of 2,943,200 (2002). The Gonâve Island (French, "Île de la Gonâve") is part of this department. +It is bordered to the northwest by the Artibonite Department, to the northeast by the Centre Department. The Gulf of Gonâve is to the west (and to the north of the southern part of the department). It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. +The department is divided into five "arrondissements": + += = = Sud (department) = = = +Sud (English: "South") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Les Cayes. +Geography. +The "Départment du Sud" has an area of 2,794 km2. It is bordered to the north by the Grand'Anse and Nippes departments, to the east by the Sud-Est Department and by the Caribbean Sea to the west and south. +The "Massiff de la Hotte", an important Haitian mountain range, runs from west to east along the centre of the department. Because of this, rivers here are short; some of them are Acul du Sud, Torbeck, Ravine du Sud, de l'Ilet, Cavaillon, des Anglais, Port à Piment, Saut Mathurine, de Tiburon. +Population. +The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 621,651 persons: 312,729 men and 308.922 women, with only 109,623 (17.63%) living in cities and towns. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into five "arrondissements" (like districts) and 18 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: + += = = Sud-Est (department) = = = +Sud-Est (English: "South-East") is one of the ten departments (French: "départments", singular "départment") of Haiti. Its capital is Jacmel. +After the Haitian Revolution, the country was divided into only three departments: Nord, Ouest and Sud. The "Sud-Est" department was part of the "Sud" department. +Geography. +The "Départment du Sud-Est" has an area of 2,023 km2. The department is in the Southern Peninsula, also known as the Tiburon Peninsula. +It is bordered to the north by the Ouest Department, to the west by the Sud Department and to the south by the Caribbean Sea. It borders the Dominican Republic to the east. +The "Massif de la Selle" is the main mountain range in the département and it covers almost all the department except for some small valleys near the coast, as the Jacmel valley. The highest mountain of Haiti, "Pic la Selle" (2,680 metres), is in the Massif de la Selle. +Rivers are short and they flow into the Caribbean Sea. The most important river is "La Grande Rivière de Jacmel". Other rivers are "Bainet", "Belle-Anse", "des Côtes-de-Fer", "Gauche", "de la Gosseline", "Marigot" and "Pedernales"; Pedernales marks the border with the Dominican Republic and is common to both countries. +Population. +The department had, in the 2003 census, a population of 484,675 persons: 235,187 men and 249,488 women, with 59,642 (12.31%) living in cities and towns. The population density was, in that year, of 240 persons/km2. +Administrative division. +The department is divided into three "arrondissements" (like districts) and 10 "communes" (like municipalities). The "arrondissements" and their "communes" are: +Economy. +The main economic activity in the department is agriculture, with many very small farms where different crops are grown. On the mountains, coffee is grown. +Fishing is an important activity along the coast. + += = = Earth Angel = = = +Earth Angel is the name of a 1950s love song by the Penguins. It reached number 1 on the billboard charts in 1954. + += = = Xanten = = = +Xanten ( or "Xantum") () is a historic town in Germany. It is in the Wesel district of the North Rhine-Westphalia state. Xanten is known for the Archaeological Park as well as its medieval picturesque city centre with Xanten Cathedral. About 800,000 tourists visit each year. +Xanten is the only German town whose name begins with "X". + += = = John Lee Hooker = = = +John Lee Hooker (August 22, 1917 – June 21, 2001) was an American blues singer, guitarist, and songwriter born in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi. +Biography. +Early life. +Hooker was born on August 22, 1917 in Coahoma County near Clarksdale, Mississippi. He was born to William Hooker and Minnie Ramsey and was the youngest of eleven children. He and his siblings were home-schooled and they were only allowed to listen to religious songs. His parents separated in 1921 and his mother married William Moore, a blues singer the next year. Moore introduced Hooker to the guitar. John would later credit Moore for his distinctive playing style. +Later life. +All through the 1930s, Hooker lived in Memphis where he worked on Beale Street and sometimes performed at house parties. In 1948, he started working at Ford Motor Company. +Career. +Hooker's early solo songs were recorded by Bernie Besman. John Lee Hooker rarely played on a standard beat, changing tempos to fit the songs. This made it nearly impossible to add backing tracks. +Pop culture. +Hooker appeared and sang in the 1980 movie "The Blues Brothers". He recorded over 100 albums. +In 1989, he played with Keith Richards, Carlos Santana and Bonnie Raitt to record "The Healer" and won a Grammy Award. Hooker recorded lots of songs with Van Morrison, including "Never Get Out of These Blues Alive", "The Healing Game" and "I Cover the Waterfront". +Death. +He fell ill just before a tour of Europe in 2001 and died soon afterwards at the age of 83. The last song Hooker recorded before his death, is "Ali D'Oro". + += = = Son House = = = +Eddie James "Son" House, Jr. (March 21, 1902 – October 19, 1988) was an American blues singer and guitarist. + += = = Mississippi John Hurt = = = +"Mississippi" John Smith Hurt (July 2, 1892, Teoc, Mississippi - November 2, 1966, Grenada, Mississippi) was an American blues singer and guitarist. +Life. +Hurt was raised in Avalon. He tought himself playing guitar at the age of nine. While he was working as a sharecropper, he played at local dances and parties. He did his first recording in 1928 for Okeh Records but was not successful. So he worked on as a sharecropper and played on at the local parties. +Two of Hurt's songs were included in the album "The Anthology of American Folk Music" and an Australian found a copy of "Avalon Blues". So the interest in finding John Hurt himself increased. In 1963 Tom Hoskins found him in Avalon and found out that his musical skill was still intact. He brought him to Washington, D. C. He started playing at greater festivals like the 1964 Newport Folk Festival. In his later years he often played in colleges, concert halls, coffee houses and also on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. He also recorded three albums for Vanguard Records and recorded most of his songs for the Library of Congress. +Hurt influenced different music genres like blues, country, bluegrass, folk and contemporary rock and roll. +Death. +Hurt died on November 2, 1966 from a heart attack in Grenada, Mississippi. +Discography. +Last Sessions - 1966 (Vanguard) +Mississippi John Hurt 1928 Sessions (Yazoo 1065, Yazoo Records) +Worried Blues (Piedmont PLP 13161, Piedmont Records) +Mississippi John Hurt Today (VSD-79220, Vanguard Records) +Mississippi John Hurt Last Sessions (VSD-79327, Vanguard Records) +The Best of Mississippi John Hurt (VSD-19/20, Vanguard Records) +Recorded live at Oberlin College April 15, 1966 +The Candy Man (QS 5042, Quicksilver Records) +Volume One of a Legacy (CLPS 1068, Piedmont Records) +Folk Songs and Blues (PLP 13757, Piedmont Records) + += = = Biopsy = = = +A biopsy is a test in medicine where doctors remove cells and look at them closely under a microscope or do chemical analysis to see whether there is an illness. +Etymology. +"Biopsy" is a Greek word, from the Greek words bio meaning "life" and opsia meaning see. + += = = Jake Gyllenhaal = = = +Jacob Benjamin Gyllenhaal (born December 19, 1980) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He has appeared in diverse roles since his first lead role in 1999's "October Sky", followed by the 2001 cult hit "Donnie Darko", in which he played a psychologically troubled teen and onscreen brother to his real-life sister, actress Maggie Gyllenhaal. In the 2004 blockbuster "The Day After Tomorrow" he portrayed a student caught in a cataclysmic global cooling event, alongside Dennis Quaid as his father. He then played against type as a frustrated Marine in "Jarhead" (2005). The same year, he won critical acclaim portraying a role that entered popular shorthand as a "gay cowboy" in the controversial but highly acclaimed film "Brokeback Mountain". +Early life. +His mother is screenwriter Naomi Foner. His father is director Stephen Gyllenhaal, who was raised as a Swedenborgian, is of Swedish and English descent, and is a descendant of the Swedish noble Gyllenhaal family. Jake's last ancestor to be born in Sweden was his great-great-grandfather, Anders Leonard Gyllenhaal. Jake's mother is Jewish; she was born in New York City, to a family from Russia and Poland. Gyllenhaal has said that he considers himself Jewish. Gyllenhaal began acting at 11 years old. + += = = Achern = = = +Achern () is a city in Western Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is about southwest of Baden-Baden and northeast of Offenburg. Achern is the fourth largest city in the county of Ortenau (Ortenaukreis), after Offenburg, Lahr / Black Forest and Kehl. + += = = Adelsheim = = = +Adelsheim is a small town in northern Baden-Württemberg, about 30 km north of Heilbronn. The state-recognized resort of Adelsheim in the Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis is 1,200-year years old. + += = = Aichtal = = = +Aichtal (Swabian: "Oechtal") is a town in the district of Esslingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 18 km south of Stuttgart. + += = = Albstadt = = = +Albstadt [] is a city in the district of Zollernalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Swabian Alb mountains, about halfway between Stuttgart and Lake Constance. Albstadt is the largest city in the district. +Albstadt was damaged by a 6.1 magnitude earthquake in 1911, which was the second most powerful earthquake recorded in Germany (after the 1756 Düren earthquake), a 5.6 magnitude earthquake in 1943, and a 5.7 magnitude earthquake in 1978, which was the costliest in Germany at 275 million Deutsche Mark. During World War II, Albstadt was also damaged by an air raid by the Allies on July 11, 1944, which killed 65 people, and another one on February 20, 1945, which killed 19 people. + += = = Alpirsbach = = = +Alpirsbach is a town in the district of Freudenstadt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the Black Forest on the Kinzig river, 13 km south of Freudenstadt. +Alpirsbach is twinned with the French commune of Neuville-sur-Saône. + += = = Altensteig = = = +Altensteig is a town in the district of Calw of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is in the eastern Black Forest, 18 km southwest of Calw, and 19 km northeast of Freudenstadt. + += = = Asperg = = = +Asperg is a town in the district of Ludwigsburg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 15 km north of Stuttgart, and 4 km west of Ludwigsburg. The Hohenasperg fortress is in Asperg. + += = = Aulendorf = = = +Aulendorf is a town in the district of Ravensburg, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is southwest of Biberach an der Riß and north of Ravensburg. + += = = Ruby = = = +A ruby is a kind of precious stone. It is often associated with emerald, sapphire and topaz. It is usually red, but can sometimes be other colors. It is formed of aluminum and oxygen (Al2O3), and that means it's a kind of corundum. A small amount of chromium makes the color. They are the most popular red gemstone, and is aften linked with the birthmonth of July. + += = = Scramjet = = = +A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is a special type of ramjet jet engine where fuel combustion takes place while the air in the engine is moving faster than the speed of sound. In a ramjet, air is slowed to subsonic (slower than the speed of sound) speeds before fuel is burned. Unlike ramjets, scramjets do not use shock cones to compress incoming air; instead, shock waves from inside the engine compress the air by slowing it down very quickly. This means that scramjets can operate very efficiently at extremely high speeds. However, a scramjet relies on the aircraft moving much faster than the speed of sound in order to work; scramjets do not work at subsonic, or even low supersonic, speeds. +As of November 2022, scramjets are still experimental. This means that they have not been used on commercial airliners or in active military scenarios. Successful scramjet tests have been conducted, however. + += = = Pulse jet engine = = = +A pulse jet engine is a very simple form of the internal combustion engine where the combustion happens in pulses. The propulsive effort is a jet that is a reaction to the backward flow of hot gasses. + += = = Stronger (song) = = = +"Stronger" is a 2007 song by rapper Kanye West. It won a Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance. The song samples French electronic music duo Daft Punk's Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger. + += = = Good Eats = = = +Good Eats was an American television series shown on the Food Network from 1999 until 2011. It aired on the Cooking Channel in 2011 and 2012. It was created and hosted by Alton Brown. "Good Eats" was like shows with science teachers Mr. Wizard and Bill Nye. Brown shows the science and technique behind the cooking, the history of different foods, and the good parts of different kinds of cooking equipment. The show focuses on familiar food that can easily be made at home. It talks about picking the right tools, and getting the most out of cheap tools that can be used for different things. Each episode of "Good Eats" has its own theme. Usually an ingredient or a cooking technique. It may also be a more general theme such as Thanksgiving. In the tenth anniversary episode, Alton Brown stated that the show was inspired by the idea of mixing Julia Child, Mr. Wizard, and Monty Python. +On May 11, 2011, Alton Brown confirmed that the series would come to an end, ceasing production at episode 249. + += = = Fame (David Bowie song) = = = +Fame is a song by David Bowie. It was written by David Bowie and John Lennon of The Beatles. The song combined funk and rock music. The song was released August 18, 1975. It was on Bowie's "Young Americans" album. The song reached the number 1 position on the US Billboard Top 100 in September 1975. +Cover versions. +The song has been sung by many other famous singers and bands. These include: + += = = Chiyoda, Tokyo = = = + is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan. +The municipality calls itself "Chiyoda City" in English. +History. +During the Edo period, most of the people living in this area were samurai. +Chiyoda developed around the Imperial Palace. The Imperial Palace area occupies about one sixth of the area of Chiyoda. There was previously another castle here during the Edo period, but it was destroyed. +On March 15, 1947, the ward of Chiyoda was formed by combining the wards of Kanda and Kōjimachi. +The Diet of Japan, the Supreme court of Japan and home of the Prime Minister of Japan are all in Chiyoda. +Geography. +Chiyoda is in the center of Tokyo. It borders Chūō and Minato on the south. Shinjuku is on the ward's western border. Bunkyō and Taitō is on the northern border. +The ward has an area of . The Imperial Palace covers about 12 percent of this area. +In Chiyoda is the hub of the Shinkansen high-speed train network, Tokyo Station. + += = = Pianola = = = +The pianola (pronounce: "pee-ah-NO-la"), also called the player piano, is a piano which has a pneumatic mechanism so that it can play by itself. The air for this system came from a pump operated by the player's feet, and in some later models, an electric pump. Inside the piano are paper rolls which have holes punched in them. These holes release air which in turn triggers the keys to play. When the pianola plays itself the keys of the piano can be seen "playing themselves". +The pianola was developed around the 1880s. It was fitted with control levers so that the player ("player pianist" or "pianolist") could play in the way he wanted. The pianola made it possible for the player to sound as if he was playing very difficult music that he was not capable of playing. At the same time he could control the performance. +The pianola became popular in the late 19th and early 20th century as mass-produced pianos became popular in people's homes and more and more people bought sheet music. By the 1920s it started to become less popular again as the gramophone had been invented. +A pianola is the same as any other piano except it is fitted with a pneumatic player action, which plays paper rolls. This mechanism consists of about one hundred bellows, large and small, the smaller ones being called pneumatics of which there are 88, one for each note on the piano.The largest are the foot operated ones,called the bellows. Other pneumatics of varying sizes operate the roll motor, tracking device, motor speed governor, and the sustain and soft pedals. + += = = Sewing machine = = = +A sewing machine is used to stitch fabric together with thread. Sewing machines were an invention of the industrial revolution that made it possible to sew faster than people could sew by hand. Some sewing machines are also used for embroidery. Since the invention of the first working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the clothing industry. +Home sewing machines are designed for one person to sew individual items while using a single stitch type. In a modern sewing machine the fabric easily glides in and out of the machine without the inconvenience of needles and thimbles and other such tools used in hand sewing, automating the process of stitching and saving time. +Industrial sewing machines, by contrast to domestic machines, are larger, faster, and more varied in their size, cost, appearance, and task. +History. +Invention. +Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal, a German-born engineer working in England was awarded the first British patent for a mechanical device to aid the art of sewing, in 1755. His invention consisted of a double pointed needle with an eye at one end. +In 1790, the English inventor Thomas Saint invented the first sewing machine design, but he did not successfully advertise or market his invention. His machine was meant to be used on leather and canvas material. It is likely that Saint had a working model but there is no evidence of one; he was a skilled cabinet maker and his device included many practically functional features: an overhanging arm, a feed mechanism (adequate for short lengths of leather), a vertical needle bar, and a looper. +His sewing machine used the chain stitch method, in which the machine uses a single thread to make simple stitches in the fabric. A stitching awl would pierce the material and a forked point rod would carry the thread through the hole where it would be hooked underneath and moved to the next stitching place, where the cycle would be repeated, locking the stitch. Saint's machine was designed to aid the manufacture of various leather goods, including saddles and bridles, but it was also capable of working with canvas, and was used for sewing ship sails. Although his machine was very advanced for the era, the concept would need steady improvement over the coming decades before it could become a practical proposition. In 1874, a sewing machine manufacturer, William Newton Wilson, found Saint's drawings in the London Patent Office, made adjustments to the looper, and built a working machine, currently owned by the London Science Museum. +In 1804, a sewing machine was built by the Englishmen Thomas Stone and James Henderson, and a machine for embroidering was constructed by John Duncan in Scotland. An Austrian tailor, Josef Madersperger, began developing his first sewing machine in 1807. He presented his first working machine in 1814. +The first practical and widely used sewing machine was invented by Barthélemy Thimonnier, a French tailor, in 1829. His machine sewed straight seams using chain stitch like Saint's model, and in 1830, he signed a contract with Auguste Ferrand, a mining engineer, who made the requisite drawings and submitted a patent application. The patent for his machine was issued on 17 July 1830, and in the same year, he opened (with partners) the first machine-based clothing manufacturing company in the world to create army uniforms for the French Army. However, the factory was burned down, reportedly by workers fearful of losing their livelihood following the issuing of the patent. +A model of the machine is exhibited at the London Science Museum. The machine is made of wood and uses a barbed needle which passes downward through the cloth to grab the thread and pull it up to form a loop to be locked by the next loop. The first American lockstitch sewing machine was invented by Walter Hunt in 1832. His machine used an eye-pointed needle (with the eye and the point on the same end) carrying the upper thread and a falling shuttle carrying the lower thread. The curved needle moved through the fabric horizontally, leaving the loop as it withdrew. The shuttle passed through the loop, interlocking the thread. The feed let the machine down, requiring the machine to be stopped frequently and reset up. Hunt eventually lost interest in his machine and sold individual machines without bothering to patent his invention, and only patenting it at a late date of 1854. In 1842, John Greenough patented the first sewing machine in the United States. The British partners Newton and Archibold introduced the eye-pointed needle and the use of two pressing surfaces to keep the pieces of fabric in position, in 1841. +The first machine to combine all the disparate elements of the previous half-century of innovation into the modern sewing machine was the device built by English inventor John Fisher in 1844, thus a little earlier than the very similar machines built by the infamous Isaac Merritt Singer in 1851, and the lesser known Elias Howe, in 1845. However, due to the botched filing of Fisher's patent at the Patent Office, he did not receive due recognition for the modern sewing machine in the legal disputations of priority with Singer, and it was Singer who won the benefits of the patent. +Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854, and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer. +Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested["] he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time. +Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War. +In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877, when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company. +Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century. +Elias Howe, born in Spencer, Massachusetts, created his sewing machine in 1845, using a similar method to Fisher's except that the fabric was held vertically. An important improvement on his machine was to have the needle running away from the point, starting from the eye. After a lengthy stay in England trying to attract interest in his machine, he returned to America to find various people infringing his patent, among them Isaac Merritt Singer. He eventually won a case for patent infringement in 1854, and was awarded the right to claim royalties from the manufacturers using ideas covered by his patent, including Singer. +Singer had seen a rotary sewing machine being repaired in a Boston shop. As an engineer, he thought it was clumsy and decided to design a better one. The machine he devised used a falling shuttle instead of a rotary one; the needle was mounted vertically and included a presser foot to hold the cloth in place. It had a fixed arm to hold the needle and included a basic tension system. This machine combined elements of Thimonnier, Hunt and Howe's machines. Singer was granted an American patent in 1851, and it was suggested["] he patent the foot pedal or treadle, used to power some of his machines; unfortunately, the foot pedal had been in use too long for a patent to be issued. When Howe learned of Singer's machine he took him to court, where Howe won and Singer was forced to pay a lump sum for all machines already produced. Singer then took out a license under Howe's patent and paid him $1.15 per machine before entering into a joint partnership with a lawyer named Edward Clark. They created the first hire-purchase arrangement to allow people to buy their machines through payments over time. +Meanwhile, Allen B. Wilson developed a shuttle that reciprocated in a short arc, which was an improvement over Singer and Howe's. However, John Bradshaw had patented a similar device and threatened to sue, so Wilson decided to try a new method. He went into partnership with Nathaniel Wheeler to produce a machine with a rotary hook instead of a shuttle. This was far quieter and smoother than other methods, with the result that the Wheeler & Wilson Company produced more machines in the 1850s and 1860s than any other manufacturer. Wilson also invented the four-motion feed mechanism that is still seen on every sewing machine today. This had a forward, down, back and up motion, which drew the cloth through in an even and smooth motion. Charles Miller patented the first machine to stitch buttonholes. Throughout the 1850s more and more companies were being formed, each trying to sue the others for patent infringement. This triggered a patent thicket known as the Sewing Machine War. +In 1856, the Sewing Machine Combination was formed, consisting of Singer, Howe, Wheeler, Wilson, Grover and Baker. These four companies pooled their patents, with the result that all other manufacturers had to obtain a license and pay $15 per machine. This lasted until 1877, when the last patent expired. James Edward Allen Gibbs (1829–1902), a farmer from Raphine in Rockbridge County, Virginia patented the first chain stitch single-thread sewing machine on June 2, 1857. In partnership with James Willcox, Gibbs became a principal partner in Willcox & Gibbs Sewing Machine Company. +Willcox & Gibbs commercial sewing machines are still used in the 21st century. +Clothing manufacturers were the first sewing machine customers, and used them to produce the first ready-to-wear clothing and shoes. In the 1860s consumers began purchasing them, and the machines—ranging in price from £6 to £15 in Britain depending on features—became very common in middle-class homes. Owners were much more likely to spend free time with their machines to make and mend clothing for their families than to visit friends, and women's magazines and household guides such as "Mrs Beeton's" offered dress patterns and instructions. A sewing machine could produce a man's shirt in about one hour, compared to 14 1/2 hours by hand. +In 1877 the world's first crochet machine was invented and patented by Joseph M. Merrow, then-president of what had started in the 1840s as a machine shop to develop specialized machinery for the knitting operations. This crochet machine was the first production overlock sewing machine. The Merrow Machine Company went on to become one of the largest American Manufacturers of overlock sewing machines, and continues to be a global presence in the 21st century as the last American over-lock sewing machine manufacturer. +In 1885 Singer patented the Singer Vibrating Shuttle sewing machine, which used Allen B. Wilson's idea for a vibrating shuttle and was a better lockstitcher than the oscillating shuttles of the time. Millions of the machines, perhaps the world's first really practical sewing machine for domestic use, were produced until finally superseded by rotary shuttle machines in the 20th century. Sewing machines continued being made to roughly the same design, with more lavish decoration appearing until well into the 1900s. +The first electric machines were developed by Singer Sewing Co. and introduced in 1889. By the end of the First World War, Singer was offering hand, treadle and electric machines for sale. At first the electric machines were standard machines with a motor strapped on the side, but as more homes gained power, they became more popular and the motor was gradually introduced into the casing. + += = = Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck = = = +Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck (May 1562 in Deventer - 16 October 1621) was a Dutch composer and organist. Sweelinck (pronounce: ZVAY-link) lived at the end of the Renaissance and beginning of the Baroque periods. He was one of the greatest organists and composers of his day. He was the organist at the Oude Kerk (“Old Church”) in Amsterdam for 44 years. Many musicians travelled a long way to Amsterdam to hear him improvise at the organ. He composed music for the organ and harpsichord as well as vocal music. + += = = Hundred Years' War = = = +The Hundred Years' War was fought between France and England during the late Middle Ages from 1337 to 1453. +The war lasted 116 years and started because Charles IV of France died in 1328 without an immediate male heir (a son or a younger brother). Edward III of England believed that he then had the right to become the new king of France through his mother, who made him the king's nephew. +Since the French did not want a foreign king, Philip VI of France, king's cousin, said that he was king because the Salic law prevented French women from ruling or transmitting the right to rule to their sons. Both countries went to war because the English did not have that rule. +Start. +When the war started, France was stronger than England as it was wealthier. French knights and heavy cavalry also enjoyed a great military reputation in all of Christendom. Also, France had about 17 million people, but England had only about 4 million people. However, France was a decentralised feudal monarchy in the middle ages and so it was less unified than England. France had an alliance with Scotland and Bohemia, and England was supported by parts of the Low Countries and by some regions in France loyal to the Plantagenet kings of England. +The English won a major victory at sea in the Battle of Sluys in 1340, which prevented France from invading England. Most of the rest of the war was fought in France. England then won an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Crécy in 1346 against all odds. The use of the English longbow and stakes to counter the French cavalry played a decisive role in that victory. +Truce. +From 1348 to 1356, there was very little fighting because the Black Death killed many people in England and even more people in France. Edward, the Black Prince, then won a brilliant victory at the Battle of Poitiers for England. King John II of France was captured during the battle. The English invaded France again but were not able to take any more cities. A truce in 1360 gave England about one quarter of France. The first part of the Hundred Years' War is called the Edwardian War. +Restart. +The war started again in 1369. The new king Charles V of France was more successful, with Bertrand du Guesclin as his best knight. France allied with Castile against England and Portugal, and some of the fighting spilled into Spain and Portugal. France won back most of the land that had been given to England, and Bertrand du Guesclin won great French victories at the Battles of Cocherel and of Pontvallain. A peace followed from 1389 to 1415. The second part of the war is called the Caroline War. +Henry V. +The most famous part of the war began in 1415, when Henry V of England invaded France and won the infamous Battle of Agincourt, again because of his great longbowmen. Much of the French nobility is said to have been killed in the battle. King Charles VI of France was insane and unable to rule, and nearly all of his sons died young. +The queen of France, Isabeau of Bavaria, married one of her daughters, Margaret of Anjou , to Henry V and signed the Treaty of Troyes to make Henry V the next king of France. Both Henry V and Charles VI died around the same time in 1422. The English believed that Henry V's son, Henry VI of England, was now the rightful king of France, and many French people agreed. +Charles VII. +Charles VI's last son, Charles VII of France, said that he ought to be the new king, but many French people said that he did not deserve to be king because they thought he was a bastard. +The English continued to capture land in France and formed an alliance with Burgundy. They won another major victory at the Battle of Verneuil, but in 1429, Joan of Arc led the French to success at the Siege of Orleans. At the Battle of Patay the same year, French knights, led by La Hire, won a great victory, and the heavy cavalry killed most of the veteran English longbowmen. Joan regained many cities in northeastern France and brought Charles VII to his coronation, but she did not recover Paris. +She was captured by the Burgundians in 1430, convicted of heresy, and burned at the stake in 1431. After her death, the French continued to take back their territory piece by piece. France won diplomatically in 1435 with the Treaty of Arras, which made Burgundy stop being an English ally and make peace with the French. In 1450, France won another great victory at the Battle of Formigny and reconquered Normandy. +End. +The war ended in 1453 by a crushing victory of the French at the Battle of Castillon in which nearly 300 cannons, made by Jean Bureau and his brother Gaspard, were used for the first time in a battle. The third and last part of the war is called the Lancastrian War. + += = = Isabeau of Bavaria = = = +Isabeau of Bavaria (c. 1371 – September 24, 1435) was queen of France and wife of Charles VI of France. She married on July 17, 1385 and played an important role in running the country when her husband developed insanity. She was very unpopular and the country was losing the Hundred Years' War during this time. + += = = Cockroach = = = +The cockroach is an insect of the suborder Blattaria of the order Blattodea. There are 4,000 species. About 30 species invade human homes. This is less than 1% of all the cockroach species. Four species are pests. +Evolutionary history and relationships. +The families of Mantodea, Isoptera, and Blattaria are usually combined by entomologists into a larger group called Dictyoptera. Current evidence strongly suggests that termites have evolved directly from true cockroaches, and many authors now consider termites to be in the family of cockroaches. +Historically, the name Blattaria has been used largely interchangeably with the name Blattodea. Blattodea refers to a larger group that includes fossil groups related to roaches, but not true cockroaches themselves. These earliest cockroach-like fossils ("Blattopterans" or "roachids") are from the Carboniferous period between 354–295 million years ago. However, these fossils differ from modern cockroaches in having long ovipositors and are the ancestors of mantis as well as modern cockroaches. The first fossils of modern cockroaches with internal ovipositors appear in the Lower Cretaceous. +A proposed phylogeny of the families is shown in the diagram. +Cockroaches in the broader sense (Blattodea) have existed a very long time. The earliest cockroach fossils are 354–295 million years old. Science student, Cary Easterday, found a giant 300 million year old fossil cockroach long, in a coal mine in Ohio. +Other. +Most cockroaches are omnivores. They are tough, and hard to kill. A cockroach can live for two weeks without a head. +Cockroaches become adults in 3-4 months and can live up to one year. A female German cockroach can produce 8 egg cases in her lifetime and each egg case may contain 30-40 eggs. +Cockroaches are eaten as snacks and used for medicine in China. +In popular culture. +The 1996 MTV musical movie "Joe's Apartment" had 5,000 singing cockroaches. Some parts of the movie were made with clay roaches and some with real roaches. +In the 1996 computer game "Bad Mojo", the main character is turned into a cockroach and must move through a building to get back to his human body. + += = = Anti-Armenian sentiment = = = +Anti-Armenianism is hostility toward or prejudice against Armenian people, Armenian culture and the Republic of Armenia, which can range in expression from individual hatred to institutionalized persecution. Several organizations have stated that difficulties currently experienced by the Armenian minority in Turkey are a result of an anti-Armenian attitude by the Turkish government as well as by ultra-nationalist groups such as the Grey Wolves. +Modern anti-Armenianism often seems to lacks a racial and cultural basis and appears to be based more on geopolitics and history, in addition to diplomatic and strategic interests, involving the modern states of Turkey and Azerbaijan. The controversy and emotions surrounding the Armenian Genocide and Nagorno-Karabakh are two examples of intense anti-Armenianism in both countries. Modern Anti-Armenianism is usually associated with either extreme opposition to the actions or existence of the Armenian Republic, and belief in an Armenian conspiracy. +Anti-Armenianism by individuals. +For several months in 1994, Ahmet Coşar going by the alias of Serdar Argic posted thousands of messages, claiming that the Armenian Genocide did not happen or that Armenians massacred Turks, on Usenet newsgroup threads mentioning the word Turkey. Samuel Weems published the book "Armenia: The Secrets of a "Christian" Terrorist State" where he has made such claims as the "number one export of Armenia is terrorism" and that there was no Armenian Genocide. American historian Justin McCarthy is known for his controversial support of Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide. Azeri cartoonist "Kerim Kerimov Mammadhan" has produced around 4500 Anti-Armenian cartoons, most of which depict crude caricatures of Armenians. His cartoons are often included with the phrase “Terrorism, narkomania, and armenism are the same disease”. His works also often mocks the Armenian Genocide and its recognition by foreign countries, especially countries in Europe. Murad Gumen is another individual who espouses anti-Armenian rhetoric in his website "Tall Armenian Tale". Barbaros Agri uses the social networking site Facebook to advocate anti-Armenianism by being the creator of "The Biggest Lie Ever Told: The Armenian Genocide". The cause has 5000 plus members. + += = = Istanbul pogrom = = = +The Istanbul Pogrom was a pogrom directed primarily against the Istanbul's Greek minority on September 6 and 7, 1955. Jews and Armenians living in the city and their businesses were also targeted in the pogrom, which was, according to some circles, orchestrated by the Turkish government. +A Turkish mob, most of which was trucked into the city in advance, assaulted Istanbul’s Greek community for nine hours. Although the leaders of the pogrom did not explicitly call for Greeks to be killed, between 13 and 16 Greeks (including two Orthodox clerics) and at least one Armenian died during or after the pogrom as a result of beatings and arson. +Thirty-two Greeks were severely wounded. In addition, dozens of Greek women were raped, and a number of men were forcibly circumcised by the mob. 4,348 Greek-owned businesses, 110 hotels, 27 pharmacies, 23 schools, 21 factories, 73 churches and over a thousand Greek-owned homes were badly damaged or destroyed. +Estimates of the economic cost of the damage vary from Turkish government's estimate of 24.8 million US$, the British diplomat estimates of 100 million GBP (about 200 million US$), the World Council of Churches’ estimate of 150 million USD, and the Greek government's estimate of 500 million US$. +The pogrom greatly accelerated emigration of ethnic Greeks from the Istanbul region, reducing the 200,000-strong Greek minority in 1924 to just 2,500 in 2006. + += = = Gossip Girl = = = +Gossip Girl is an American television teen drama based on the popular novel series of the same title written by Cecily von Ziegesar. "Gossip Girl" revolves around the lives of a group of rich teenagers grown up on New York's Upper East Side as they attend private school while dealing with typical teenage adolescent issues such as sex and drugs. +The series begins with Serena van der Woodsen' returning from a half-year at boarding school in Cornwall. "Gossip Girl" is the name of an anonymous blogger, who knows everything in Upper East Side but nobody knows who she is. Gossip Girl is voiced by nourah + += = = Lene Alexandra = = = +Lene Alexandra Øien (born October 29, 1981 in Trøgstad, Norway) is a Norwegian singer and model for FHM magazine, as well as for Norwegian lad's mags Lek and Cats. She began her musical career in 2007 at age 25 when she released her first single entitled "My Boobs Are OK. + += = = Backnang = = = +Backnang is a town in Germany, in the Bundesland of Baden-Württemberg (formerly the kingdom of Württemberg), northeast of Stuttgart. Its population has grown over the past century or so, from 7,650 (1900) to 35,761 (2005). +Twin towns. +Backnang's twin towns include: + += = = Bad Buchau = = = +Bad Buchau is a small town in the district of Biberach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. About 4,000 people live there. +Location. +It is near Lake Federsee, which is separated from the town by a wide reed belt. + += = = Bad Dürrheim = = = +Bad Dürrheim is a town in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is north of Donaueschingen, and southeast of Villingen. + += = = Bad Friedrichshall = = = +Bad Friedrichshall is a small townin the district of Heilbronn, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It has about 18,000 inhabitants. +Bad Friedrichshall is at the confluence of the Neckar and the Kocher, north of Heilbronn. +Bad Friedrichshall is famous for its salt-mine. + += = = Postal codes in Germany = = = +Postal codes in Germany, (PLZ) (plural Postleitzahlen), have five numbers. The first two show the wide area, the three other show the postal district. +The present system was introduced on 1 July 1993. Before reunification, both the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (DDR) used four-digit codes. +There was a temporary system after reunification. Between 1989 and 1993 postal codes in the west started with "W", eg "W-1000 Berlin 30" (postal districts in western cities were separate from the postal code) and those in the east with "O" (for "Ost"), e.g.: "O-1234 Berlin". +Companies that posted a lot of letters, have their own postal codes, separate from those used for postal districts or PO Box number ranges. +Postal regions do not always follow state borders. This is because sometimes it is easier to deliver mail to a place on the border from the other state. +The postal regions and some postal codes are: +Brandenburg. +04000-04999. +The rest under 04931 are outside Brandenburg +Hamburg. +21000-21999. +Codes 21450-21499 are in Schleswig Holstein +Lower Saxony. +05000-05999. +The rest are in Saxony +37000-37999. +Some codes in this range are in Thuringia. +39000-39969. +The rest are in Saxony +49000-49999. +This list is incomplete. +Thuringia. +04000-04999. +The rest are in Saxony +06000-06999. +The rest are in Saxony +07000-07999. +The rest of the 07s are in Saxony +North Rhine-Westphalia. +53000-53999. +The rest are in Rhineland-Palatinate +Rhineland-Palatinate. +57000-57999. +The rest are in North Rhine-Westphalia +66000-66999. +The rest are in Saarland +Others beginning with 65 are in Hesse + += = = Blizzard Entertainment = = = +Blizzard Entertainment is an American video game maker and publisher. The company headquarters is in Irvine, California. The company makes the "Diablo", "Overwatch", "StarCraft", and "Warcraft" games. + += = = 9-9-9 = = = +9-9-9 or 999 (said nine-nine-nine) is the emergency telephone number for the emergency services in the United Kingdom and Ireland. +The police, fire & rescue, ambulance/paramedics, mountain rescuing, coast guard and cave rescuing, and services for deactivating and getting rid of bombs can be reached by calling 9-9-9. +999 is also the emergency medical number in Poland. +1-1-2 can also be used to call these services. 1-1-2 is the European Union-wide emergency number, and the number used by all GSM mobile telephones throughout the world. +Calling 911, North America's emergency number, will automatically redirect to 999. + += = = Bad Herrenalb = = = +Bad Herrenalb is a small town in the district of Calw, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. +Bad Herrenalb is in the northern Black Forest, east of Baden-Baden, and southwest of Pforzheim. + += = = Bad Krozingen = = = +Bad Krozingen is a spa town in the district Breisgau-Hochschwarzwald, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is southwest of Freiburg. + += = = Blue Man Group = = = +The Blue Man Group is a performing arts group. It was formed in 1987 in New York City. The members paint themselves in blue, wear black clothes and wear caps that make their heads look bald. The band plays rock music and is very entertaining and humorous. Families of all ages can enjoy their performances. Also, they have appeared in several commercials. + += = = Shane McMahon = = = +Shane Brandon McMahon (born January 15, 1970) is the son of the co-founder of WWE, Vince McMahon. Shane used to work for the company as the Executive Vice President of Global Media and sometimes competes as a wrestler. He is also the founder and executive chairman of Ideanomics. + += = = Plateau = = = +A plateau is an area of raised land that is flat on top. +The biggest and tallest plateau in the world is the Tibetan Plateau. A plateau with a lot of erosion is called a disconnected plateau. A plateau that is also a volcano is called a volcanic plateau. Some plateaus are under the ocean, like the Seychelles plateau or the Ontong Java Plateau. Plateaus are often by themselves with no other plateaus around, sometimes standing on top of mountains. Plateaus can be of three types: Tectonic Plateaus, Residual Plateaus and Volcanic Plateaus. +The plural of 'plateau' is "plateaux", or "plateaus". + += = = Cervical cancer = = = +Cervical cancer is cancer of the cervix (a part of the female body between the vagina and the uterus). It is caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV). This virus can also cause certain other cancers, in both females and males. The virus can spread from one person to another when they have sex. It can also be spread by skin-to-skin sexual touching. There is now a vaccine that can prevent cervical cancer by stopping infection by this virus. Both girls and boys should get the HPV vaccine. The International Agency for Research on Cancer says, "Cervical cancer may be eliminated as a public health problem by vaccination against human papillomavirus." +Number of Women Affected. +Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fourth-most common cancer in women. Worldwide, it is also the fourth-most common cause of deaths from cancer in women. In the United States, in 2023, it was the fifteenth most-common cause of deaths from cancer in women. In countries such as the United States, many women get checked regularly by a doctor. Doctors can usually stop cervical cancer from developing if a test finds a problem starting. Women in poor or developing countries often do not get tested due to the cost and the lower number of doctors and nurses. In the world, there are approximately 604,000 new cases of cervical cancer each year. In 2020, there were over 342,000 deaths from cervical cancer in the world. It is the second-most common female-specific cancer after breast cancer, accounting for around 8% of both total cancer cases and total cancer deaths in women. About 80% of cervical cancers occur in developing countries. +Cause, Prevention and Testing. +Human papillomavirus infection (HPV) causes cervical cancer. Older studies said it caused more than 90% of cases. The World Health Organization's "World Cancer Report" now says, "Thirteen sexually transmitted mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes are established human carcinogens. Together, they are responsible for all cervical cancer cases globally." Vaccination against HPV before a young person becomes sexually active can prevent cervical cancer. Both girls and boys should get the HPV vaccine. The vaccine usually requires two doses. Some parents who are social conservatives say it is a bad idea to give young people the HPV vaccine. They think it will encourage young, people to have sex before they are married. They say their daughters won't get cervical cancer because their daughters will not have sex until they are married. The parents are not worried that their daughters could die of cervical cancer. Other parents think vaccines are more dangerous than the diseases they prevent. Vaccination is uncommon in developing countries due to the high cost or because there are few doctors and nurses to give the vaccines. +Sometimes, there are no symptoms until the cancer is very developed. For this reason, pap tests have become common to diagnose this cancer. They have cut the rate of cervical cancer in half. A new test that checks for HPV may be better at detecting cervical cancer risk than the traditional pap test. The HPV test can be done at the same time. Treatments are available for cervical cancer. Cervical cancer can be cured if diagnosed at an early stage and treated quickly. +Regular pap tests can detect abnormal cell growth in the cervix. A pap test, also called a pap smear, is simple medical test which should be done every year after a woman becomes sexually active. If there is a problem found, a doctor can prescribe treatments to stop it from developing into cancer. In developed countries, abnormal cell growth is usually detected and treated in this way. Women in developing countries often do not have access to health services where pap smears could be performed. If medical services do exist, women in developing countries often cannot afford the cost. Women in poor or developing countries sometimes do not even know that they should be tested. Transportation to a health office may be a problem. Cultural beliefs may make it embarrassing for a woman to ask a doctor for information or testing, especially if the doctor is a man. Cost and access to healthcare is sometimes also a problem for low income and minority (especially Hispanic and African American) women in the United States since the costs of tests may not be covered by health insurance, if they even have health insurance. The American Cancer Society recommends that women receive both a pap smear and HPV test, regardless of HPV vaccination status. There are specific recommendations depending on how old the woman is and other factors. +The risk of cervical cancer can be reduced by the use of condoms, which reduce the spread of HPV when used correctly. Human papillomavirus often attaches to the cells inside the male foreskin, which is the skin covering the end of the penis. Male circumcision can reduce the spread of HPV, and therefore the incidence of cervical cancer. +Symptoms. +Cervical cancer is due to the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, there are often no symptoms (signs or indications.) Bleeding from the vagina (other than from normal menstruation) or other liquid leaking out of the vagina can be signs of cervical cancer. If the liquid has a bad smell, that can be a sign. Pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse can be a sign. Pain or vaginal bleeding after sex can be a sign. While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer. A woman should ask a doctor or nurse if having any of these signs. +Cervical cancer is a serious medical problem that can spread within the body and cause death. Most women who have had HPV infections, however, do not develop cervical cancer. HPV 16 and 18 strains are responsible for nearly 50% of high grade cervical pre-cancers. Other risk factors include smoking, a weak immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, and having many sexual partners, but these are less important. Genetic factors also contribute to cervical cancer risk. Cervical cancer typically develops from precancerous changes over 15 to 20 years. About 90% of cervical cancer cases are squamous cell carcinomas, 10% are adenocarcinoma, and a small number are other types. Diagnosis is typically by cervical screening followed by a biopsy. Medical imaging is then done to determine whether or not the cancer has spread. +Treatment. +The cancer stage (the extent of cancer in the body) is an important factor in deciding the best treatment for cervical cancer. Other factors, such as the patient's preferences and overall health, are also important. +For some people, taking part in a clinical trial may be an option. Clinical trials of new cancer drugs or treatment combinations may be available. +For early cervical cancer, surgery is the first treatment. For cancer that is farther along, chemotherapy and radiotherapy can be used. Immunotherapy is sometimes used to treat cervical cancer that comes back (recurs) after it has been treated. +A concern that some may have is fertility, the ability to have children. There are treatments for cervical cancer that preserve the uterus and ovaries. If the cancer is large or it has a high chance of coming back, it is likely to have treatments that will prevent pregnancy. + += = = Widow = = = +A widow is a woman whose spouse has died. A widower is a man whose spouse has died. + += = = Broccoli = = = +Broccoli is a plant from the species: "Brassica oleracea". It is a vegetable similar to cauliflower and cabbage. Broccoli has green flower heads and a stalk. It comes from Italy and was introduced to England and the United States around 1800, and 1900, and has become a well-liked food around the world. Purple cauliflower (violet cauliflower) is also a type of broccoli grown in North America and Europe. +Broccoli is a good source of vitamins. It’s carbohydrates are mostly fibre and a variety of sugars. Broccoli has many vitamins and minerals like Vitamin A, potassium, folic acid, and iron. When it is not harvested in the right time, it will turn into a head of yellow flowers. Spain, Mexico, India, China, and the United States are the largest producers of broccoli. +It is native to the Mediterranean. The plant was from a cabbage by a Mediterranean civilization called Etruscan. Broccoli’s name comes from the word "broccolo" in Italian language and the Latin word "brachium". It was developed from multiple crossbreeding. + += = = WWE Armageddon = = = +WWE Armageddon was a Pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment from 1999 to 2008. In 2009, this event was replaced by . + += = = Hannah Murray = = = +Tegan Lauren-Hannah Murray (born 1 July 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Cassie, a gentle, 'spacey' teen girl with an apparent eating disorder and unstated mental illness in E4's drama/comedy, "Skins". +Murray attended North Bristol Post 16 Centre studying German. + += = = Larissa Wilson = = = +Larissa Wilson (born 5 May 1989) is an English actress. She is best known for playing the role of Jal Fazer in the first two seasons of "Skins". + += = = University of Toledo = = = +The University of Toledo is a public university in Toledo, Ohio. +The University of Toledo's athletic team's are called the "Rockets" and there are 15 varsity teams including: Football, Basketball, distance running as well as others. Their rival is the "Bowling Green Falcons" and they fight over the "Peace Pipe" trophy. + += = = April Pearson = = = +April Janet Pearson (born 23 January 1989 in Bristol) is an English actress. +In early 2007, Pearson appeared in the first series of "Skins" on E4 as Michelle Richardson. She has appeared in "Casualty", playing four different characters. +April currently lives in Bristol. She was head girl at Colston's Girls' School. + += = = Pio Baroja = = = +Pío Baroja y Nessi (December 28 1872, San Sebastián–October 30 1956, Madrid) was a Spanish writer. He was one of the main novelists of the Generation of '98. He was a member of an well known family. One of his relatives was a painter and engraver. His nephew Julio Caro Baroja was a well known anthropologist. + += = = Cassie (Skins character) = = = +Cassandra "Cassie" Ainsworth is a fictional character on the British television series "Skins". She is played by Hannah Murray. +Personality. +Cassie is a very complicated character. She suffers from anorexia nervosa, self harm, and low self esteem. Her entire self worth is dependent on her weight, in one episode saying "I didn't eat for three days... so I could be lovely." She also drinks alcohol and takes drugs. In the episode "Tony" she is seen sorting food, a common occurrence shown by people with anorexia. Despite Cassie's many "problems", she is a very gentle, caring,kind, and loving person. Written on her "about me" section of the "Skins" website, she talks about how much she loves her baby brother, Reuben. Cassie will even act positive to bad news so that she will not offend. +Character history. +Series 1. +Cassie is released from a clinic, where she received treatment for her eating disorder. In the first episode, called "Tony", she stays with Sid and offers to have sex so he can lose his virginity, but she passes out before anything happens. In the second episode "Cassie", it is shown that she is not better and is still sick. She has also developed a crush on Sid. In "Sid", the fifth episode of the season, Cassie tries to kill herself after Sid cancels a date they planned, so that he could be with Michelle Richardson. In "Michelle", Michelle takes Sid to see Cassie, but Cassie is dating someone called Simon, a patient in the hospital she is currently in. In the last episode of the season, Cassie says she is moving to Scotland with her family, away from Bristol. Cassie writes Sid a letter and leaves it at his house after sneaking out the hospital. She is also given a letter Sid wrote to her from Tony Stonem. In the last moment of the season, Sid finds Cassie and they sit together and hold hands. +Series 2. +Cassie and Sid are in a serious romantic long distance relationship. In "Sid", the third episode, Sid thinks Cassie is cheating on him and becomes angry at her. Cassie is also angry, but because Sid does not trust her. At the end of the episode Cassie takes a train from where she lives in Scotland to Bristol, to visit Sid. She waits in his bedroom for him, but when Sid enters the bedroom he is kissing Michelle (not noticing that Cassie is also there). In "Chris", the fifth episode, Cassie bitterly tells her friends that Sid is together with Michelle. She copes with her feelings by having sex with almost anyone, doing drugs, and partying. In "Effy" Sid finally confronts Cassie and her bad behavior. The two get back together, but in "Cassie", it is clear that Cassie is still angry towards Michelle. After Cassie's roommate and friend Chris Miles dies, she runs away to New York City, where she is taken care of by a boy called Adam. In the finale "Everyone", in the last moment of the episode, Sid looks for Cassie in New York, and stops in front of the diner she works in. + += = = Animal Planet = = = +Animal Planet is a television network that is mainly about human and animal relationships. It is owned by Discovery Communications. +Roughly 4 out of 5 households with television receive Animal Planet in the United States of America. + += = = Amberg = = = +Amberg () is a town in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Oberpfalz ("Upper Palatinate"), roughly half way between Regensburg and Bayreuth. Population: 44,200 (2001). +Amberg became a center for the mining of iron ore in 1270. In the 1800s a blast furnace was built in the town. +Twin towns. +Amberg is twinned with these towns: + += = = The Killers = = = +The Killers are an American rock band. It was formed in Las Vegas in 2001. The band's current lineup (as of 2023) comprising of Brandon Flowers (lead vocals, keyboards, bass), Ronnie Vannucci Jr. (drums, percussion), and Dave Keuning (lead guitar, backing vocals). Mark Stoermer (bass, rhythm guitar, backing vocals) who along with Vannucci Jr. joined The Killers in 2002. The band's name is from a logo on the bass drum of a band shown in the music video for the New Order song "Crystal". +The band has released seven successful studio albums: "Hot Fuss" (2004), "Sam's Town" (2006), "Day & Age" (2008), "Battle Born" (2012), "Wonderful Wonderful" (2017), "Imploding the Mirage" (2020), and "Pressure Machine" (2021) They have also released a B-sides and rarities compilation, "Sawdust" (2007); a live album, "Live from the Royal Albert Hall" (2009); a greatest-hits album, "Direct Hits" (2013); and a Christmas compilation, "Don't Waste Your Wishes" (2016). +The Killers are considered one of the biggest rock bands of the 21st century, and the most successful act to ever emerge from Nevada, selling more than 28 million records worldwide, including 10.8 million in the US alone. They have performed in over 50 countries and on six continents, headlining venues such as Madison Square Garden, Wembley Stadium and Glastonbury Festival (2007 and 2019). +On August 4, 2017 It was announced that Dave Keuning had left The Killers after 15 years with the band. He left so he could make music alone, But Keuning rejoined the band in 2020. Mark Stoermer left the band in On the same day as Keuning rejoins after 18 years performing with the band due to Covid and touring hiatus since 2016 in order to continue to make another solo record. +Band members. +Current members. +Current touring musicians +Former members. +Former touring musicians +Timeline +Touring musicians timeline + += = = Sufjan Stevens = = = +Sufjan Stevens () (born July 1, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter and musician from Petoskey, Michigan. +Some people think he is part of the folk revival in indie pop, but he gets ideas from many things. His music is similar to electronica and the minimalism of Steve Reich. Stevens says that he has plans to make a concept album for each of the 50 U.S. states. He began with "Michigan" (2003) and "Illinois" (2005). +Stevens was born in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Petoskey. He went to Harbor Light Christian School as well as the Interlochen Arts Academy. He also learned at Hope College in Holland, Michigan. +Sufjan is an Arabic name that famously belonged to Abu Sufyan, a man from early Islamic history. The name was given to Stevens by the person who founded Subud, a spiritual community. Stevens said in an interview, "It sounds like Devendra Banhart kind of grew up in this strange kind of cultish environment, and I don't mean that word in a demeaning way. I think we probably come from similar backgrounds. There's a little bit of that in my history." +Stevens is a multi-instrumentalist, a person who can play many musical instruments. He is well known for his use of the banjo, but also plays guitar, piano, drums, and several other instruments, often playing all of these on his albums by using multitrack recording. When he was in school, he learned the oboe and English horn, which he also plays on his albums. He is one of the few musicians in pop music to use these instruments. A lot of instruments are played in unison to give his songs a "symphony-like" sound. Strings and horns are used very often in many of his songs. +Stevens lives in the Brooklyn part of New York City in the neighborhood Kensington where he makes up the Asthmatic Kitty Records staff of the Brooklyn office. His brother Marzuki Stevens is a marathon runner. +The song "The Mystery of Love" because of the "movie Call Me by Your Name" was hit song and won AMFT Awards in 2017"." + += = = Greifswald = = = +Greifswald () is officially known as "Universitäts- und Hansestadt Greifswald", which means "University and Hanseatic Town of Greifswald" (from German "Greif", "griffin", and "Wald", "forest"). It is a town in northeastern Germany. +The town is on the Baltic Sea, about to the north of Berlin in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania. The population is roughly 55,000, including about 11,500 students and some 5,000 employees of the University of Greifswald. +Till September 4, 2011 Greifswald was a urban district. +City council. +The city council is elected for five year terms. Since the last election in 2014, the 43 city council seats are allocated as follows: + += = = Neubrandenburg = = = +Neubrandenburg ( or shortened: "Bramborg") ("New Brandenburg", ) is a city in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is in the southeastern part of the state, at the shore of a lake called the "Tollensesee". +The city was founded in the year 1248. +Till September 4, 2011 Neubrandenburg was a urban district. +Since March 2015 Silvio Witt is the mayor of Neubrandenburg. He is the succesor of Paul Krüger (CDU). +Neubrandenburg was founded by the knight Herbord von Raven in the year 1248. + += = = Stal Mielec = = = +Stal Mielec () is a Polish football club from Mielec. They play in Polish First league. The club was started April 10, 1939. Their home stadium is Stadion Stali Mielec. Their colours are white and blue. +Stal Mielec has won "I liga" (Polish first league) 2 times (in 1973 and 1976) and played in quarterfinals of UEFA Cup in 1976. They were one of the best teams of Poland in 1970s. +Famous players are Grzegorz Lato, Henryk Kasperczak, Andrzej Szarmach, Jan Domarski, all of them played in 1970s. + += = = Britpop = = = +Britpop is a type of alternative rock that started in the United Kingdom. Britpop came out of the British independent music scene of the 1990s and affected, or changed, by British guitar pop music of the 1960s and 1970s. This kind of music began as a reaction against some trends, or styles, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, such as grunge from the United States. After American grunge bands such as Nirvana came to Britain, many British bands acted as opposites to the American bands, and wrote about only British topics and concerns. +Britpop bands did not have one type of sound, but the media called them first a 'scene', or short-lasting trend. Later, the media called them a national importance. Blur, Oasis and Pulp had been called the most important bands. Some bands were able to become popular overseas.But Britpop was mostly gone by the end of the decade. + += = = Red-light district = = = +A red-light district is a part of an urban area where sex work is concentrated. Sex work in red-light districts is either legal or illegal, but tolerated. In the world there are many red-light districts, the most famous probably being the red-light district in Amsterdam, De Wallen. In the red-light district, sex workers are often helped and protected, and every month doctors visit them. Condoms are given to the sex worker so they do not catch any sexually transmitted diseases (STD's). In some red-light districts, sex workers pay taxes, as in the red-light district of Amsterdam. In other red light districts, sex workers do not pay taxes, because there they are illegal and often are put on the street with violence. In some parts of Africa there are villages of sex workers where they live and work, because they are not accepted by the people of other villages. + += = = Panic! at the Disco = = = +Panic! at the Disco (abbreviated P!ATD) is a pop and rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. The current official lineup of the band consists of lead vocalist, guitarist and bassist Brendon Urie, guitarist Mike Naran and drummer Daniel Pawlovich. They started out as a high school band who covered Blink-182 music, but soon became much more. Their singles, "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" and "High Hopes", were and are huge hits, and they're widely known for them. Their music ranges widely from punk to folk rock to pop and much more. + += = = Pretty. Odd. = = = +Pretty. Odd. is the second music album from the rock band Panic at the Disco. It was released on March 25, 2008. +Production and marketing. +Panic at the Disco began creating their new album after their first album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". While on tour for about two years, they had no new songs to perform. In January 2007 the band went into "hibernation" in a cabin (just outside the strip), as they began writing new songs for the next six months hoping for a second album to be released during fall 2007. On July 7, 2007 they played the song "It's True Love" live during their first performance since going into writing. Later that night however, the band decided that they did not like the music had written and scrapped all the songs they had written (which was about 3/4 of an album, as they were almost done recording). +A month later Panic announced two newly written songs, the first named "Middle of Summer" (later changed to "When the Day Met the Night"), and "Nine in the Afternoon". In December, a part of "Nine in the Afternoon" was played on an episode of the television show "Heroes". Panic then began viral marketing, building puzzles on their official website. For about two weeks the puzzle gave snippets from an unknown song, along with the caption "YOU DONT HAVE TO WORRY...". On January 1, 2008, the snippets finally were revealed to be part of a new song entitled "We're So Starving". A rough version of this song was then released for listening on their official MySpace page, but was later pulled with the release of "Nine in the Afternoon". A review from "NME" magazine was published on the internet with descriptions of each song. These reviews show the big different direction that Panic have taken with their new album. +The band announced the title of the new album, "Pretty. Odd.", through their website on January 9, and dropped the "!" from their band name at the same time. The band explained by saying "We've just traded the exclamation point for a few periods." They announced the next day that they would be headlining the Honda Civic Tour in support of the album. The band then began a second puzzle on January 17, challenging fans to find puzzle pieces scattered throughout Panic-related websites, in order to reveal the album cover. The cover was officially revealed on January 22. Four days later, a new scavenger hunt was hidden on the official site, showing the tracklist of the album and offering a prize to the first three people who could find all 15 song titles for the new album. This was completed later that day. +On January 28 the winners were revealed. That very same day, the band posted the final version of "Nine in the Afternoon" on their MySpace page. The band also revealed on their official site they were releasing a Deluxe Edition of "Pretty. Odd." along with a version with a different artwork. +iTunes made the Deluxe Edition and Standard Edition of the album available for pre-order on January 29, 2008. + += = = Nine in the Afternoon = = = +"Nine in the Afternoon" is the first single from the second album by Panic at the Disco, "Pretty. Odd." The music video was filmed on December 20 and December 21. It was the first song written after the band decided to erase several worth of an album they had been planning on releasing in the fall of 2007. Panic at the Disco's first performance of "Nine in the Afternoon" was at Virgin Festival 2007. + += = = A Fever You Can't Sweat Out = = = +A Fever You Can't Sweat Out is the first album made by the rock band, Panic! at the Disco. It was released on July 18, 2006 by Fueled by Ramen. +The album is split in two, with tracks 1 through 7 being played by electronic instruments such as synthesizers and drum machines and tracks 9 through 13 using traditional instruments such as the accordion and organ. Track 8 (Intermission) acts as a link between the two parts, starting with techno-style dance beats before switching to the piano. On the vinyl record version of the album, side A holds songs 1-8 while side B holds songs 9-13, further showing the split in the album. +The album mostly deals with social problems that the band shows on through various songs. Topics such as sanctity of marriage, adultery, alcoholism, prostitution, and religion are seen throughout the album. Guitarist Ryan Ross also relates two of the songs to living with an alcoholic father. The album has sold more than 1.6 million copies in the U.S. alone. +Credits. +Additional instruments + += = = Brendon Urie = = = +Brendon Boyd Urie (born April 12, 1987 in St. George, Utah) is the lead singer of the rock band Panic at the Disco. He also plays keyboard, accordion, piano, organ, bass, guitar, cello and drums. He has been married to Sarah Orzechowski since 2013. + += = = Ryan Ross = = = +George Ryan Ross III (b. August 30, 1986) is an American guitarist and singer. He was a member of the band Panic! at the Disco. He is from Summerlin, Nevada. +Ross knew fellow Panic! drummer Spencer Smith since he was five. At the age of twelve, the two covered Blink-182 songs in a band called Pet Salamander. Later, he was in the band The Summer League with Smith and ex-Panic! bassist Brent Wilson. After high school, Ross went to the University of Las Vegas. He left after one semester to work in the band. During the times, his parents were having trouble and unhappy. His father was having problems with alcoholism. While seeing this, Ryan wrote two songs on the album about his experiences with his father. His father died in July 2006. Ryan had to deal with the death of his father while in the middle of Panic's summer tour. In July 2009, Ross said that he would be leaving Panic! At The Disco. He said he was leaving because of "creative differences." He said that he and Jon Walker, who also left, would continue to make music. +Ross and Walker then started a band called The Young Veins, which released one album, "Take a Vacation!" and went on 'indefinite hiatus' in mid-2011. +Ross lives in Los Angeles. + += = = Brent Wilson = = = +Brent Wilson (born July 20th, 1987) is an American former bassist for the rock band Panic! at the Disco. He recorded one studio album with the band, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005). He was fired and replaced by Jon Walker on May 17, 2006. +On January 22nd, 2021 Wilson was arrested during a traffic stop where he was found to have been caring drugs. On November 15, 2022, Wilson was sentenced to 46 months in prison followed by three years of supervised release. +Panic! At the Disco (2004-2006). +Wilson joined Panic! At the Disco in 2004. The band’s debut studio album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, was released on September 27, 2005. The album was an unexpected success, going 4x platinum and propelling the band into superstardom. +Dismissal from Panic! At the Disco (2006). +On May 17, 2006, Panic! at the Disco announced that Wilson had been fired, stating, “There really isn’t a good way to say this, and it was a decision that was very tough to make, but feels like it will be the right decision for everyone. We regret to inform you that Brent is no longer a part of Panic at the Disco, and although this choice does feel very healthy, he is a great friend of ours and he will definitely be missed. We all wish him well and the best of luck in everything he wants to do in the future. The last few years will be something we will never forget, all the places we’ve been that we never thought we’d go and things we’ve seen that we thought we’d never see when we started this band. Right now, our friend Jon is going to be filling in, and I’m sure it would ease his nerves a bit to get a warm reception. We’re at home preparing for the summer tour, and we’ve never worked so hard on putting something together. I can’t tell you how excited we are for these shows and for you all to see what we’ve been planning, we’ve got a few tricks up our sleeves... just you wait.” The band faced heavy backlash for the firing, including from Wilson’s brother, Blake. This caused a feud between the two parties, including claims of betrayal on Panic’s part and performance problems and substance abuse on Wilson’s part. Wilson also filed a suit against the band, claiming he was owed royalties. +Aftermath and Arrest. +After his time in Panic! At the Disco, he went on to become an accountant for a commercial real estate agency and got married, having a son named Connor. In July of 2018, he pleaded guilty to possession of a controlled substance. On January 22nd, 2021, Wilson was pulled over after he crossed three lanes of traffic without a turn signal, cutting off oncoming traffic. During the stop, a search of Wilson and the vehicle uncovered 13 grams of meth, 1.2 grams of cocaine, 62.6 grams of heroin, a scale, small baggies, foil covered in residue, and a loaded Glock 17. Wilson, who was on parole at the time of the arrest, was also said to be out two hours beyond his curfew deadline. On November 15, 2022, Wilson was sentenced to 46 months in prison followed by three years of supervised release for possession with the intent to distribute heroin and felon in possession of a firearm. + += = = I Write Sins Not Tragedies = = = +"I Write Sins Not Tragedies" is the second single by the rock band Panic at the Disco. It is from their first album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2006). It was released on April 27, 2006 on both compact disc and 7 inch vinyl. Ryan Ross wrote the song. The edited version of the song with the lyrics "The poor groom's bride is a whore" and "Haven't you people ever heard of closing the goddamn door?" were changed. "Whore" was replaced with a "shhh" sound and "God" was removed in "goddamn." It was ranked #3 in Billboard's Best 2000's Video poll. + += = = Aesculus glabra = = = +Aesculus glabra or Ohio buckeye is a type of tree. It is a medium-sized deciduous tree that grows to be to tall. It lives in several states in eastern North America: Pennsylvania, Ohio, Nebraska, Texas, and Georgia. It also grows in the far southwest of Ontario. +The leaves have 5 or 7 leaflets, to big. The tree grows yellow flowers in spring. The fruit is a small shell. The shell has 1-3 nuts inside of it. These nuts are called buckeyes. The buckeye got its name when Native Americans thought it looked like the eye of a buck (a male deer). Buckeyes have acid in them, and they cannot be eaten by humans. +The Ohio buckeye is the state tree of Ohio. It is also the nickname of The Ohio State University mascot or any person who went or goes to the school. + += = = But It's Better If You Do = = = +"But It's Better If You Do" is the third single by Panic at the Disco, from their album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005). +Song information. +Written by Ryan Ross and released on May 4, 2006 as a CD single, "But It's Better If You Do" is the third single to be released by Panic at the Disco, and the second with an accompanying video. +"It's a song about being in a strip club but not actually liking being in there. So I wanted it to be about the sort of complex inner-monologue," he said. "It's not completely fiction, though. It's based on a scenario when I was going through a breakup with a girl, and I was in one of these clubs but wishing I didn't have to be. Because in reality, I don't like strip clubs. I think they're kinda ecch," says Ryan Ross. Ross went on to say, "When I wrote it, I never thought about it being played in strip clubs. But I guess it would be kind of a change from what they usually play in there," he said. "It would be a surreal experience, for sure. I think the tempo is too fast, though. So maybe someone would have to do a chopped and screwed version or something." +Title. +The title is a quote from the movie "Closer". In the movie, the character portrayed by Natalie Portman says, "lying is the most fun a girl can have without taking her clothes off... but it's better if you do". "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" is also the title of another song by Panic at the Disco. +Music video. +At the beginning of the song's music video, the song playing in the background is "Intermission", the song preceding "But It's Better If You Do" on the "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" CD. +The music video starts with a black-and-white introduction of the band's lead singer, Brendon Urie, arguing with his wife. She is worried about him always singing at "illegal strip clubs"; he says he does not go to "illegal strip joints", but he goes anyway. The music video continues with the song in the overview of the strip joint. Urie plays onstage with the other members of the band and a Las Vegas showgirls dance group. Urie sees a woman who seems to be unusually interested in him. They retreat to a private room. The two begin to kiss, and Urie removes his mask. The woman likewise removes her mask to reveal that she was in fact his wife. A quick slap to Urie's face and his wife turns to leave. As she gains headway, however, the police bust into the club and arrest her. Urie fights with the chief, but is also arrested. They both are put into a police car, smile in an evil way at one and another, and the scene ends. +The video for "But It's Better If You Do" debuted on "Total Request Live" daily countdown on June 29, 2006 at #8. +Track listing. +UK CD/Digital - May 2006 +UK 7" Poster Bag - May 2006 +UK 7" Colored Vinyl - May 2006 +WMI CD - October 2006 +WMI CD/Digital - September 2006 +Chart performance. +Following release in the USA, the single reached number 4 on Billboard's Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart, before dropping to number 8 on the chart dated September 23, 2006. It peaked at number 81 on the Pop 100 chart, and number 74 on the Billboard Hot Digital Songs chart. + += = = Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off = = = +"Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" is the fourth single by the rock band Panic at the Disco, from their album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". It was released on August 7, 2006 as the fourth single, but is the third advertised single ("The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" was not commercially released as a single). +Music video. +The music video was filmed on June 19, 2006 in Los Angeles, California. The video was shown on MTV2 on July 14, 2006. It features people with fish tanks on their heads. The video only shows the band in one scene (the paramedics are the band members), because the band felt that their looks were distracting from their music. +The music video starts out with a woman walking on a sidewalk. For some reason, she has a fishtank on her head and all the people around her also have a fishtank. She quickly runs into a puddle and follows it to find a fish flapping around. She places it into her tank and stares at it. Then the woman heads over to a group of people to discover them gathered around a man who's tank broke and he is dying now. The woman has flashbacks to show that the man is her husband. She then attempts suicide by pouring out her own tank and collapsing. The band arrives in two ambulances (labeled Receiving Hospital) and takes them away in bathtubs. The band then carries the two across a beach and throws them into the ocean. There the woman holds the man. + += = = Jon Walker = = = +Jonathan Jacob Walker (born September 17, 1985 in Chicago) is an American musician. He was the bassist for the Las Vegas based rock band Panic at the Disco, replacing former bass player Brent Wilson. He was replaced by Dallon Weekes after he left the band in July, 2009. Jon Walker was also lead guitarist and occasional lead vocalist of The Young Veins. As of 2011 he is trying a solo career as a folk-pop artist. + += = = Spencer Smith = = = +Spencer James Smith (born September 2, 1987 in Summerlin, Nevada) was previously the drummer for the rock band Panic at the Disco. Spencer was one of the original members of the band. He was also the youngest member of the band after the departure of Brent Wilson. He founded the band along with Ryan Ross, who he grew up with. Smith left the band in 2013. + += = = Live Session EP = = = +Live Session EP is an EP released by the rock band Panic at the Disco on June 13, 2006. It is available only as a digital download from the iTunes Store. It has a more acoustic feel to the songs. + += = = The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage = = = +"The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage", also shortened to "The Only Difference" for radio plays and ease, is a song written by Ryan Ross for Panic at the Disco's debut, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". It was released as a radio only single. + += = = Build God, Then We'll Talk = = = +"Build God, Then We'll Talk" is the fifth and last official single, written by Ryan Ross, from Panic at the Disco's 2006 album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out", including the radio-only single "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage". +Song information. +The song is the last song on Panic at the Disco's début album "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out". +The bridge melody of "Build God, Then We'll Talk" is a derivative of the melody of the chorus of "My Favorite Things" from "The Sound of Music". The lyrics in the bridge also directly satirize the lyrics of "My Favorite Things". +The song depicts the story of a virgin who, in desperate need of cash, agrees to sleep with a powerful Lawyer in exchange for a job at the firm. His wife, despite knowing about his late ventures, stays with him for the same reason this girl has been manipulated into sleeping with him; money. However, the Lawyer has tipped off the police, claiming her to be a prostitute, and, just hours after he leaves, the Constable bursts in while she's fixing her hair in a compact. Surprised, she knocks her bag over, spilling the contents, and the officer gives her an option- go to jail or sleep with him. In the album there are extended lyrics confirming this. +Music video. +The video shows the story of a "pornomime" and a girl who falls in love after she watches one of his performances. Their relationship is a fake one. Both "relationships" includes a fake feeling of confidence and are really useless in meaning. +The mime and his girlfriend both walk in on each other having affairs (pretended, of course), again showing the emptiness of their fake relationships. They are not making love to real people — it is a false impression. The video is the first from the band to be web-exclusive, mostly because they felt it was too offensive for television, but it has aired on MTV2 in the UK and is available on Music Choice On-demand. +The band does not appear in this video. + += = = Fueled by Ramen = = = +Fueled by Ramen is an independent record label started by John Janick and Vinnie Fiorello (drummer and song writer of Less Than Jake) in August 1996 in Gainesville, Florida. + += = = Decaydance Records = = = +Decaydance Records is the vanity label of Pete Wentz, Patrick Stump (of Fall Out Boy) and Travis McCoy (of Gym Class Heroes). It is an impression of the Fueled by Ramen record label. It uses the Pete Wentz's trademark 'Batheart' as its logo. + += = = RIAA certification = = = +In the United States, the Recording Industry Association of America awards certification based on the number of albums and singles sold through retail and other secondary stores. +List of certifications. +Currently, the normal RIAA certifications for albums are: +Special certifications exist for Latin albums (which the RIAA considers to be an album that is mostly sung in Spanish): +If a Latin album is certified on or after December 20, 2013: +If a Latin album was certified before December 20, 2013: + += = = Sound Tribe Sector Nine = = = +Sound Tribe Sector Nine is a United States band from Atlanta, Georgia. The band's name is commonly abbreviated as just STS9 or Sound Tribe. They are most notably recognized for their live performances consisting of complex light shows. + += = = Billboard = = = +A billboard (or billing board) is a large sign displaying advertisements. They are usually placed in places where many people will see them, such as alongside busy roads or in marketplaces. They show large posters, bulletins, and other kinds of visual advertisements. +Style. +Billboards that are along roads are designed to be noticed, since they are seen for only a few seconds. They usually have only a few words on them. Sometimes they have a humorous picture on them. For example, Chick-fil-A billboards have cows trying to get people to eat chicken. +Kinds of billboards. +Painted billboards are made usually by hand. They are painted onto large pieces of paper, which are then attached to large panels. The panels are then installed using cranes. +Digital billboards use large screens to show the advertisement. Some digital billboards can change their message every so often, so several advertisements show up on the same billboard. +Painted billboards these are now quite rare having been replaced by graphically produced billboards. However, in instances where only a single board is required they are still used in some areas. +Mobile billboards the purpose of mobile billboards is to go to where their target audience happens to be such as where a large event is taking place. As they are less common the advertisement tends to be more memorable. +Three-dimensional billboards. Another modern type of billboard and due to the artistry that they often contain they capture the attention and interest of all who see them. +Transport Billboards are located within train, metro and underground stations. There are lots of different sizes and formats, typically located within walkways and tunnels busy with passengers. +History. +Some of the earliest billboards were made in the 1880s. In the early 1900s, many people in the U.S. were buying cars like the Ford Model Ts. During this time, it became popular for businesses to put billboards along highways. + += = = Stralsund = = = +Stralsund is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany on the south coast of the Strelasund (a sound of the Baltic Sea separating the island of Rügen from the mainland). +In 1293 Stralsund became a member of the Hanseatic League. +From 1949 until German Reunification in 1990, Stralsund was part of the German Democratic Republic. + += = = Hyper engine = = = +The hyper engine was a possible aircraft engine model that could produce 1 horsepower per cubic inch of engine displacement. The term hyper engine was used only in the United States, where the Army Air Corps gave people money to make a hyper engine that had an area of 1,300 cubic inches. This happened in the 1930s. They thought that this would better help with streamlining and to help get a better range. Unfortunately, none of these designs ever made it past the production stage. + += = = Autofeather = = = +Autofeather is a feature of the engines on turboprop or piston engine aircraft. When the power being made by the engine falls to the point where it is not helping add to the thrust, the propeller will go into a feathered mode to help lower the amount of drag. +An automatic feathering system was first brought out into the open on the Martin 4-0-4 aircraft, which was a piston engine airplane. The system was made to automatically feather an engine that failed during takeoff or the initial climb of the plane to its cruising altitude. + += = = Argus As 014 = = = +The Argus As 014 was a pulse jet engine used on the German V-1 flying bomber of World War II. This was meant to be a simple model that would have been easy to make a lot of for not very much money. The engine was made from a sheet of steel that was rolled into a tube. A shutter was placed at one of the ends of the tube, along with a fuel valve and an igniter (something that lights things on fire). +It was thought that this could become a good power source for some last ditch German fighters during the last few days of World War II. + += = = List of aircraft engines = = = +The following is a list of all the aircraft engines: +Piston engines. +Two- and four-stroke rotary, radial, inline. +A to E. +ADC +Q to V. +see Le Rhône + += = = Inductor = = = +An inductor is an electrical device used in electrical circuits because it acts like inertia in the electrical circuit. Just like inertia opposes the change in state of motion, inductor opposes the change in electric current. +An inductor is usually made from a coil of conducting material, like copper wire, that is then wrapped around a core made from either air or a magnetic metal. If you use a more magnetic material as the core, you can get the magnetic field around the inductor to be pushed in towards the inductor, giving it better inductance. Small inductors can also be put onto integrated circuits using the same ways that are used to make transistors. Aluminum is usually used as the conducting material in this case. +How inductors work. +While a capacitor reacts against changes in voltage, an inductor reacts against changes in current. The inductor affects the current like inertia. +In general, the relationship between the time-varying voltage "v"("t") across an inductor with inductance "L" and the time-varying current "i"("t") passing through it is described by the differential equation: +formula_1 +How inductors are used. +Inductors are used often in analog circuits. Two or more inductors that have coupled magnetic flux make a transformer. Transformers are used in every power grid around the world. +Inductors are also used in electrical transmission systems, where they are used to lower the amount of voltage an electrical device gives off or lower the fault current. +Because inductors are heavier than other electrical components, people have been using them in electrical equipment less often. +Inductors with an iron core are used for audio equipment, power conditioning, inverter systems, rapid transit and industrial power supplies. +Electrical engineers like to reduce diagrams of electrical circuits, no matter how complicated, to an "equivalent circuit" consisting of a network of just "four" different types of component. These four basic components are "emfs", "resistors", "capacitors", and "inductors". An inductor is usually represented by a little solenoid in circuit diagrams. In practice, inductors generally consist of short air-cored solenoids wound from enameled copper wire. + += = = Cast = = = +Cast can mean: +In popular culture: +In music: +Other + += = = Edward, the Black Prince = = = +Edward, the Black Prince (Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire, 15 June 1330 – Westminster Palace, 8 June 1376) was the eldest son of King Edward III of England. +Edward was born at Woodstock Palace, near Oxford. He was made Prince of Wales in 1343, and followed his father into battle against France. He became a famous soldier, helping win the Battle of Crécy and commanding the Battle of Poitiers. He was a founding member of the Order of the Garter. In 1361, he married his cousin, Joan of Kent. They had two sons, Edward and Richard. The older son, Edward, died when he was only six. +Edward of Woodstock has become known in history as "the Black Prince", but no one is quite sure of the reason for the nickname. He died at the age of 45, and was buried at the Canterbury Cathedral. As his father was still living, he never became king himself. He asked his father to give the title Prince of Wales to his son Richard, who later became King Richard II of England. + += = = Charles IV of France = = = +Charles IV (18/19 June 1294 – 1 February 1328), was the King of France and Navarre (as Charles I) and Count of Champagne from 1322 to his death. Charles IV the last French king of the old Capetian line. He was crowned King of France in 1322 at the cathedral in Reims. +Charles invaded Aquitaine, thus renewing the war with England. However, the peace of 1327 was the great triumph which gave him a generous land settlement and 50,000 marks. +During his six years as king Charles IV raised taxes. His expulsion of the Jews from France in 1323 was the culmination of centuries of persecution. They had long suffered from discriminatory taxes and other fiscal policies targeted at Jews, being scapegoated for the Black Plague, and multiple prior attempts to expel them from France. France's Jews were given only a little time to sell to their possessions before being escorted out of French lands. +Charles died without a son so there were questions about who would be the next king. He had two daughters, but under Salic law, the basis of law in France, there was no inheritance through the female line. +Edward III of England then believed he had the right to become the new king of France, even though he was through the female line and therefore it was against Salic law. Thus he began the Hundred Years' War. + += = = Philip VI of France = = = +Philip VI (1293 – 22 August 1350), called "the Fortunate", was King of France from 1328 to his death. He was also Count of Anjou, Maine, and Valois from 1325 to 1328. He was the first king from the House of Valois part of the Capetian dynasty. + += = = UT = = = +UT can mean many things: + += = = Financial endowment = = = +A financial endowment is money given to something to be saved in an investment. This is done so that the money will make a bigger difference when it is saved up over time. + += = = Lisa Simpson = = = +Lisa Marie Simpson is a character in the animated television series "The Simpsons". The person who does the voice for the character is Yeardley Smith. Matt Groening, the creator of the series, named her after his sister. She is the oldest daughter and middle child of Homer and Marge Simpson, and the sister of Bart and Maggie. She first appeared in "The Tracey Ullman Show" Simpson Short, "Good Night". +Lisa is an 8-year-old girl. She is one of the most intelligent characters on the series, with an I.Q. of either 156 or 159. She also plays the saxophone and is a vegetarian. +Despite her cleverness Lisa has typical childhood issues. For example, in the episode "Lost Our Lisa" she gets lost after riding the bus alone. + += = = Farida Mammadova = = = +Farida Mammadova (8 August 1936 – 8 December 2021) was an Azerbaijani historian who specialised in the history of ancient Caucasian Albania. +She was the author of papers, articles and books on Azerbaijani ancient and medieval history. She lectured at the Baku State University, Azerbaijan Pedagogical University. She is the head of the Department of Humanities in the Western University in Baku. Farida Mammadova worked at the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. In her research, she was a disciple of the late Azerbaijani historian Ziya Bunyadov. +Her theories were criticized for the misinterpretation of historical sources and revisionism. +According to Thomas de Waal, Mammadova "has grasped the Albanian theory to supersede completely Armenians from Caucasus. She has placed the Caucasian Albania in the territory of present Republic of Armenia: all the territories, churches and monasteries in Republic Armenia have appeared Albanian". He describes Mammadova's theories as "an improved version of what became a very rough tool in Azerbaijan". +During her interviews Mammadova has made anti-Armenian statements: +And, it is known, that on whole planet exactly the Armenian people is distinguished by the absence of spiritual and other human values. +In the world there are only two nations that have national identity, but have not statehood. They are Jews and Armenians. The difference is that Jews have created their state on their historical homeland, and Armenians have not created their state on their historical native land. + += = = Ibadi = = = +The Ibāḍī (Arabic: Al-Ibādhiyyah ��������) is a denomination of Islam that is the dominant form in only one country, Oman. There are other Ibāḍī in Algeria and Libya. The Ibāḍī probably started one of the earliest schools, which was founded less than 50 years after the death of Muhammad. +The name comes from Abdullah ibn Ibadh at-Tamini. Some of the branch's followers, however, claim that its true founder was Jabir ibn Zaid al-'Azdi, who was from Nizwa, Oman. +Differences from other types of Islam. +Ibāḍī communities are generally seen as conservative. They reject the practice of "qunūt" in which one asks Allah for things while one stands in prayer. Sunni Muslims traditionally consider the Ibāḍī to be an extremist Kharijite group because they came from that group. However, most Ibāḍī now believe that other Muslims are not "kuffar" "unbelievers", unlike most Kharijite groups, but "kuffar an-nima" "unbelievers in God's grace." Most Ibāḍī now believe a true believer's attitude to others to be expressed in three religious obligations: +Unlike the Kharijites, the Ibāḍī have abandoned the assassination of mainstream Muslims. +The Ibāḍī agree with Sunnis in approving of Caliphs Abū Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab, and both groups regarded them as rightly-guided caliphs. However, the Ibāḍī think that Uthman ibn Affan introduced "bid'ah" "innovations" to Islam and so approve of the revolt that overthrew him. +The Ibāḍī also approve of the first part of Ali's caliphate. Like the Shi'ites, the Ibāḍī disapprove of both Aisha's rebellion against him and Muawiya's revolt. However, the Ibāḍī regard Ali's acceptance of arbitration at the Battle of Siffin against Muawiyya's rebels as un-Islamic. The Ibāḍī consider that Al's decision made him unfit as iman, and they condemn Ali also for killing early Kharijites in an-Nahr at the Battle of Nahrawan. +The Ibāḍī also have several doctrinal differences from other types of Islam: +The Ibāḍī believe that the fifth legitimate caliph was Abdullah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi. All caliphs from Muʕāwiyya onwards are regarded as tyrants except Umar ibn Abdul Aziz on whom opinions differ. However, various later Ibāḍī leaders are recognized as true imāms, including Abdullah ibn Yahya al-Kindi of South Arabia and the imāms of the Rustamid dynasty in North Africa. +The Ibāḍī are also found in Jabal Nafusa in Libya, Mzab in Algeria, East Africa (particularly Zanzibar), and Djerba Island in Tunisia. The early medieval Rustamid dynasty in Algeria was Ibāḍī, and refugees from its capital, Tahert, founded the North African Ibāḍī communities, which still exist. + += = = German Workers' Party = = = +The or German Workers' Party ("DAP") was a political party in Germany just after World War I. It did not last for very long, and became the National Socialist German Workers' Party or Nazi Party (, acronym "NSDAP"). +Origins. +Eight days before elections in Bavaria, the DAP was founded in Munich in the "Café Gasteig" on 5 January 1919 by Anton Drexler and Michael Lotter. The DAP grew out of the 'Free Worker's Committee for a Good Peace' () which Drexler had also started. +Most of the DAP's first members were friends of Drexler's from the Munich rail depot. Drexler wanted a party that was nationalist and aimed at ordinary people. Most other nationalist parties were middle class parties. The first membership was about forty people. +On 24 March 1919, Karl Harrer (a sports journalist and member of the Thule Society) joined the DAP to try to get more control over the DAP for the Thule Society. There were still not many members, and meetings were often held in local pubs. +Adolf Hitler joins the DAP. +When Adolf Hitler was still a corporal in the German army, he was ordered to spy on the DAP during one of its meetings at the "Sterneckerbräu" on 12 September 1919. +Hitler was very good at making speeches, so Anton Drexler asked him to join the party. Hitler thought about this, and then joined near the end of September 1919. There were no membership numbers or cards when Hitler joined the party. In January 1920 the DAP began to give membership cards and numbers. They started at number 501 to make the party look bigger. Hitler got number 555, but he was also committee member number 7. Later Hitler said he was party member number 7, to make it look like he was a founder member of the DAP. +From DAP to NSDAP. +The small number of party members were quick to believe in Hitler's ideas. +To try to make the party more popular the DAP changed its name on 24 February 1920 to the National Socialist German Workers' Party. The name was borrowed from a different Austrian party active at the time (Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei). At first Hitler wanted the new name to be the 'Social Revolutionary Party'; but Rudolf Jung persuaded Hitler to use NSDAP. +Membership. +Hitler was the 55th member of the party. Other well-known early members were: + += = = Cary, North Carolina = = = +Cary is the second largest city in Wake County, North Carolina, United States. At the 2020 census, Cary had a population of 174,721. As of 2007, Cary was the 8th fastest growing city in the United States. +History. +Cary began in 1750 as a settlement called Bradford's Ordinary. About 100 years later, the North Carolina Railroad was built between New Bern and Hillsborough and the railroad went through the settlement. Allison Francis Page, a farmer and lumberman, and his wife, Catherine Raboteau Page bought 300 acres (1.2 km2) of land surrounding the railroad in 1854 and named it Cary. Page made the first streets in Cary and built a sawmill, a store and a post office. In 1868, he built a hotel for railroad passengers coming through Cary. Cary officially became a town on April 6, 1871, and Page became the first mayor. +Education. +There are many schools in Cary. The public schools are run by the Wake County Public School System. There are also many private schools, both religious and non-religious. Private schooling and home schooling are popular among many Cary residents. +Transportation. +The Town of Cary operates a local bus system called GoCary. It was called C-Tran until 2016. Cary also has an Amtrak station and is just a few miles away from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport. Cary has many bike trails and many neighborhoods have sidewalks, so it is a good place to walk or ride a bike. + += = = Blue Mosque, Istanbul = = = +The Sultan Ahmed Mosque, commonly called the Blue Mosque, is a mosque in Istanbul, Turkey. It was built between 1609 and 1616, when Ahmed I ruled the Ottoman Empire. Like with many other mosques, the founder of the mosque is buried in it. His architect, Sedefkar Mehmet Agha, decorated it like a jeweler would. There is also a madrasah and a hospice associated with the mosque. Today it is one of the greatest tourist attractions in Istanbul. +Story. +According to legend, Sultan Ahmed I wanted gold minarets on his mosque. The word for gold in Turkish is "altın". Apparently this was misunderstood as "altı", or six. So the mosque has six minarets. + += = = Shah Mosque = = = +Shah Mosque (Persian: ���� ��� , Masjed-e Shāh) is a mosque in Isfahan (Isfahan), Iran. It is on the south side of Naghsh-i Jahan Square. It has been renamed to Imam Mosque after the Islamic Revolution. +Built during the Safavids period, it is an excellent example of the Islamic architecture of Iran. Many people see it as the masterpiece of Persian Architecture. The Imam Mosque of Isfahan is one of the everlasting masterpieces of architecture in Iran and all over the world. It is registered along with the Naghsh-i Jahan Square as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Its construction began in 1611. Its splendor is mainly due to the beauty of its seven-color mosaic tiles and calligraphic inscriptions. +Measurements. +The port of the mosque measures 27 meters high. There are two minarets 42 meters tall on top of it. +The Mosque it is surrounded with four iwans and arcades. All the walls are ornamented with seven-color mosaic tile. The most magnificent iwan of the mosque is the one facing the Qibla. It is 33 meters high. Behind it is a space which is roofed with the largest dome in the city at 52 meters height. The dome is double layered. +There are two seminaries at the southwest and southeast sections of the mosque. +Architects. +The architects of the mosque are reported to be the following masters: +The mosque is one of the treasures featured on "Around the World in 80 Treasures" presented by the architecture historian Dan Cruickshank. + += = = Löbau-Zittau = = = +Löbau-Zittau () was a " (district) in the east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. It was on the borders of Germany and Poland (to the east) and the Czech Republic (to the south). +History. +The district was formed in 1994 by merging the two previous districts Löbau and Zittau. The district will change again in 2008, when the independent city (") of Görlitz is merged with the district. + += = = Apex, North Carolina = = = +Apex is a town in the U.S. State of North Carolina. It is part of Wake County. + += = = Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis = = = +The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis () was the easternmost "Kreis" (district) of the Free State of Saxony and Germany. It ended in 2008. +The urban district Görlitz is in the east, at the boundary to Poland. In July 2008 Görlitz stopped being an independent city, and became part of the districts of Niederschlesischer Oberlausitzkreis and Löbau-Zittau. +History. +The district was not part of Saxony before World War II. It was a part of German Silesia. When most of Silesia was given to Poland after the war, the part of Silesia on the west bank of the Rive Neisse was made part of Saxony. +The Niederschlesischer Oberlausitz district was formed in 1994 by joining the previous districts Niesky and Weißwasser, and most part of the district Görlitz. +Twin towns. +The district is twinned with + += = = Luís de Camões = = = +Luís Vaz de Camões (c. 1524 – June 10, 1580) was Portugal's greatest poet. He has been compared to Homer, Virgil, Dante, Cervantes or Shakespeare. He wrote lyrical poetry (in Portuguese and in Spanish) and drama but is best remembered for his epic work "Os Lusíadas". (His philosophical work "The Parnasum of Luís Vaz" was lost, stolen with part of "Os Lusíadas" by envious enemies while he was staying at Mozambique.) +Legacy. +Today, a museum dedicated to Camões can be found in Macau, the Museu Luís de Camões. + += = = Kamenz (district) = = = +Kamenz () was a (rural district) in the north-east of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city Hoyerswerda is completely surrounded by the district. There was a reorganisation of districts in Saxony in July 2008, and Hoyerswerda became a part of Landkreis Kamenz instead of having a separate government. +History. +The district was formed in 1994 from the previous Kamenz district, the northern parts of the Dresden-Land district, around Radeberg, and the Hoyerswerda district, except the town of Hoyerswerda, which became a district-free city. From 1994 to 1996 it was called "Westlausitz - Dresdner Land", but then renamed to "Kamenz" again. +Partnerships. +Since December 14, 1990 the district has been a twin town of the district Alzey-Worms in Rhineland-Palatinate. + += = = Emerald Isle, North Carolina = = = +Emerald Isle is a small town on the coast of North Carolina, United States. Emerald Isle is a beach town. About 50,000 people come every summer. Emerald Isle became a town in 1953. + += = = Theobromine = = = +Theobromine is a chemical substance, also known as xantheose. It is an alkaloid. It occurs in the cacao plant. Chemically, it is very similar to caffeine. Because the cacao plant is used to make chocolate, it is also found in chocolate. Despite its name, there is no bromine in it. The name ""theobromine" comes from the word "Theobroma"" as the name of the genus of the cacao tree (which itself is made up of the Greek roots "theo" ("God") and "brosi" ("food"), meaning "food of the gods") with the suffix given to alkaloids and other base nitrogen-containing compounds. +Theobromine is a water-insoluble, crystalline, bitter powder. Its colour is listed as either white or colourless. It has a similar, but smaller, effect to caffeine, making it a lesser homologue. Theobromine is an isomer of theophylline as well as paraxanthine. Theobromine is categorized as a dimethyl xanthine, which means it is a xanthine with two methyl groups. +Theobromine was first isolated from the seeds of the cacao tree in 1878 and then shortly afterwards was synthesized from xanthine by Hermann Emil Fischer. +Theobromine is poisonous to dogs. + += = = Black tea = = = +Black tea is a kind of tea made from leaves of "Camellia sinensis". Often, it is stronger in taste than other varieties of tea, like green tea or oolong. It also has more caffeine. In some parts of the world, like China, it is called "red tea", a description of the colour of the liquid. The Western term "black tea" comes from the color of the tea leaf. It has been traded a lot because it could be kept longer. It is generally the preferred form of tea in the West. All People Consumed tea in a daily life routine. Tea is the most-consumed thing in the world after water. One of the best tea is Black tea and Its benefits is very effective. +Producing area and varieties. +Unblended black teas are named after the region in which they are produced. +India. +One of the most famous countries producing black tea, exporting more than 12% of the world's tea. Darjeeling, Assam, and Nilgiri are known as representative producing areas. +Sri Lanka. +Sri Lanka is next to India in the total production of black tea. The generic name for black tea which grown in Sri Lanka is Ceylon tea. +China. +Tea produced in China has characteristic that the taste is not so bitter. Straight tea is more popular than tea with milk or sugar in China. +Blends. +Black tea is often blended with other black tea or various other plants. +Health. +Black tea without milk or sugar contains no calories. Black tea also contains tannin and the caffeine. There is a connection between blood-cholesterol-lowering (BCL) and drinking black tea. According to a 2001 Boston University study, there is a relationship between a more drinking black tea and a decrease in a kind of cardiovascular disease. + += = = Bautzen (district) = = = +Bautzen () is a district in the Free State of Saxony in Germany. +The district was created in 1994 by joining the former districts of Bautzen and Bischofswerda. The independent city of Hoyerswerda and the former district Kamenz became part of the district in 2008 + += = = Decaffeination = = = +Decaffeination is a process which tries to remove most caffeine from things that contain it. Examples of plants that have caffeine in them are coffee beans, mate, tea leaves and cocoa. Soft drinks that do not have caffeine in them are sometimes called decaffeinated. While the caffeine is removed from some of them, it is simply not added to others, like Coca Cola. +There are different processes to remove the caffeine. +Drinks that were produced from plants that had their caffeine removed are not free of caffeine; they still contain a little. It is simply not possible to remove all caffeine. + += = = Dresden Government Region = = = +Dresden is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is found in the south-eastern part of the state. +Saxony is divided into urban (meaning in the city) and rural (meaning in the country) districts like all German states. The districts are grouped into government areas (regierungsbezirke) as well. + += = = Holly Springs, North Carolina = = = +Holly Springs is a town in North Carolina, United States. It is called the "Fastest growing town in the Carolinas" because so many people are moving there. In 2020, there were 41,239 people in Holly Springs. + += = = Gaustadt = = = +Gaustadt is a district of Bamberg, Upper Franconia in Germany. In Gaustadt there is a brewery called Brauerei Kaiserdom (Brewery Kaiserdom). +History. +5,700 people live there. Since 1972, Gaustadt is not an own community. + += = = Super Tuesday = = = +In the United States, Super Tuesday commonly refers to the Tuesday in early February or March of a presidential election year when the greatest number of states hold primary elections to select delegates to national conventions. Each party's presidential candidates are officially nominated. +More delegates can be won on Super Tuesday than on any other single day of the primary calendar, and accordingly, candidates seeking the presidency traditionally must do well on this day to secure their party's nomination. +In 2008, Super Tuesday was February 5; 24 states held primaries or caucuses on this date, with 52 percent of all pledged Democratic Party delegates and 41 percent of the total Republican Party delegates at stake. + += = = Brauerei Kaiserdom = = = +The Brauerei Kaiserom (English: Brewery Kaiserdom) is a brewery in Gaustadt, a quarter of Bamberg, Germany. +History. +The brewery was founded in 1718 by Georg Morg. Since 1910, it has been managed by family Wörner. In 1953, they brewed 0,6 million litres. The production today is about 20-30 million litres. It is the biggest brewery in Bamberg. +Products. +They are producing 6 different kinds of beer: +They also make some soft drinks. + += = = Cleveland (disambiguation) = = = +Cleveland is the name of a number of places around the world, and also some people. +Places. +The two biggest Clevelands are: + += = = Freiberg (district) = = = +Freiberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008. +History. +The district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Freiberg, Brand-Erbisdorf and Flöha. + += = = Freiberg = = = +Freiberg can mean several places: + += = = Mulda, Germany = = = +Mulda is a municipality in Saxony, Germany. + += = = Dorfchemnitz = = = +Dorfchemnitz is a municipality of the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany. + += = = Jodie Marsh = = = +Jodie Louise Marsh (born 23 December 1978) is an English glamour model and television personality. She has appeared topless in many tabloid newspapers and has appeared on her own reality TV show, Totally Jodie Marsh. +After being in "Celebrity Big Brother", Marsh was on several of the spin off shows including: "Big Brother's Little Brother", "Big Brother's Big Mouth" and "Big Brother's EForum". In 2005, Marsh published her autobiography "Keeping It Real". +In December 2006, Marsh said she would marry Brentwood DJ David Doyle, after dating for 11 days. The relationship ended between late December and mid-January 2007. Doyle said it was because of Marsh's constant drinking and poor personal hygiene. Marsh said Doyle had been unfaithful. In 2008, Marsh dated a female hairdresser. In July 2012 Marsh started dating Kirk Norcross. +In 2007 she started presenting her own reality TV show Get a Life on Living TV, but it was stopped after two episodes because not enough people watched it. + += = = Frankenstein, Saxony = = = +Frankenstein is a former municipality in the Mittelsachsen Rural District, in Saxony, Germany. +About 1200 people live in the village. +Since 1 January 2012, it has been incorporated into the town of Oederan. + += = = Trashware = = = +Trashware is a computer system that was built using hardware from many other computers. Trashware computers will often use free software such as Linux operating system. These computers are mainly built for people who cannot normally afford a computer. Trashware is different from retrocomputing. + += = = Yearbook = = = +A yearbook is a book that shows the people and events at a school during the school year (usually a high school or college). +Compilation. +Yearbooks are generally put together by a student committee, which may or may not be advised by members of the faculty and staff. The committee usually has one or more editors who are responsible for collecting and putting together all of the information to be put into the book, also deciding the layout and giving of space for each contributor. +Distribution. +Often, yearbooks are distributed at the end of a school year to allow members to get the books and signatures/personal messages from classmates. In the US, those that distribute at this time may publish a supplemental insert with photographs from spring sports and milestone events (such as prom and graduation), as well as other important events. Many schools at which yearbooks are distributed at or before the end of a school year have a tradition of having students sign and leave notes on each others yearbooks. +Some schools distribute yearbooks before the end of the school year – such as during July, at Homecoming (US) in October or another designated time in order to include year-end activities. In some cases, yearbooks are mailed to the parents' homes of graduated seniors. + += = = Mario Gómez = = = +Mario Gomez (born 10 July 1985) is a German football player. He plays in the German Bundesliga for VfB Stuttgart. Since 2007 he has played in the Germany national team including in the UEFA Euro 2008, he has played 71 matches and scored 31 goals. +Club career statistics. +121||63||14||11||21||13||156||87 +121||63||14||11||21||13||156||87 +International career statistics. +!Total||40||14 + += = = Tim Borowski = = = +Tim Borowski (born May 2, 1980 in Neubrandenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Werder Bremen. Borowski scored two goals in 33 games for the German national team. +Honours. +Werder Bremen +Germany + += = = Marcell Jansen = = = +Marcell Jansen (born November 4 1985 in Mönchengladbach) is a German football player. He plays for the Hamburg and for the Germany national team. +Club career statistics. +115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9 +115||8||9||1||20||0||144||9 +International career statistics. +!Total||30||2 + += = = Arne Friedrich = = = +Arne Friedrich (born May 29, 1979) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Hertha Berlin. He has played for the Germany national team in 82 matches, scoring a goal once. +Club career statistics. +247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16 +247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16 +International career statistics. +!Total||82||1 + += = = Oliver Neuville = = = +Oliver Neuville (born 1 May 1973) is a German football player. At the moment he playes for Borussia Mönchengladbach. He played 69 matches and scored 10 goals for the German national team. +Club career statistics. +123||49||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||123||49 +33||5||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||33||5 +356||106||43||4||38||10||437||120 +508||158||43||4||38||10||593||174 +International career statistics. +!Total||69||10 + += = = Thomas Hitzlsperger = = = +Thomas Hitzlsberger (born April 5, 1982) is a German football player. He plays for West Ham United and Germany national team. In 2014 he told "Die Zeit" that he is gay. He is the first Premier League footballer to come out as gay. +Club career statistics. +104||8||1||0||10||4||colspan="2"|-||115||12 +125||20||16||7||0||0||19||1||160||28 +6||1||||||||||colspan="2"|-||6||1 +235||29||17||7||10||4||19||1||281||41 +International career statistics. +!Total||52||6 + += = = Mike Hanke = = = +Mike Hanke (born November 5, 1983) is a German football player. His team at the moment is SC Freiburg. In the Germany national team he made 11 matches and 1 goal. +Club career statistics. +167||37 +167||37 +International career statistics. +!Total||11||1 + += = = Gerald Asamoah = = = +Gerald Asamoah (born October 5 1978) is a former German football player. He played 43 matches for the German national team and scored 6 goals. +Honours. +Schalke 04 +Greuther Fürth +Germany + += = = Clemens Fritz = = = +Clemens Fritz (born 7 December 1980) is a German football player. He plays for Werder Bremen. +Club career statistics. +246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26 +246||25||9||0||28||1||283||26 +International career statistics. +!Total||22||2 + += = = Simon Rolfes = = = +Simon Rolfes (born 21 January 1982) is a German football player. He plays for Bayer Leverkusen and Germany national team. +Club career statistics. +174||24 +174||24 +International career statistics. +!Total||21||1 + += = = Paul Freier = = = +Paul Freier (born 26 July 1979) is a German football player. He plays for Bochum. In the Germany national team he played 19 matches and scored 1 goal. +Club career statistics. +257||34 +257||34 +International career statistics. +!Total||19||1 + += = = Jan Schlaudraff = = = +Jan Schlaudraff (born 18 July 1983) is a former German football player. +Club career statistics. +112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26 +112||24||6||2||7||0||125||26 +International career statistics. +!Total||3||0 + += = = Riesa-Großenhain = = = +Riesa-Großenhain was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Riesa and Großenhain. It ended in 2008. + += = = House of Valois = = = +The House of Valois was a younger branch of the Capetian dynasty that ruled France in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance from 1328 to 1529. The kings of the House of Valois were descended +from Charles of Valois who was the third son of Philip III of France. They claimed the Salic law put them ahead of Edward III of England to rule France. Edward III of England thought he had gotten the right to the French crown through his mother. The two countries fought the Hundred Years' War because of that disagreement. + += = = Salic law = = = +The Salic law was a set of laws established by King Clovis I for the Salian Franks during the sixth century. It stayed important in parts of western Europe for a long time because Charlemagne based his laws on the Salic law. One part of Salic law that stayed very important was inheritance for kings. The Salic law said that land goes to sons and not daughters. + += = = Alizée = = = +Alizée Jacotey (born 21 August 1984 in Ajaccio, Corsica) is a French pop singer. Her stage name is Alizée — which is the feminine form of "alizé" and means "trade wind". Alizée was found by Mylène Farmer, after Alizée's performance in the talent show, "Graines de Star", in 1999. While working with Mylène Farmer and Laurent Boutonnat, Alizée put out two albums. Both of which were hits both inside and outside of France. After the first two albums she broke up with Mylène and Laurent. She has released three more albums. On 6 November 2003 she married Jérémy Chatelain. In 2012 they divorced. + += = = The Scarlet Letter = = = +The Scarlet Letter is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published on March 16, 1850 by Ticknor, Reed, and Fields of Boston, Massachusetts. It is set in Puritan Boston, Massachusetts in the 1640s. It is about adultery, its punishment, and aftermath. It has been adapted to movies. + += = = Uetersen = = = +Uetersen () is a small city in the district of Pinneberg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is about south of Elmshorn, and northwest of Hamburg. Uetersen is home to the Rosarium Uetersen, the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany, created in 1929. +Mathias Rust took off from Uetersen for his historic flight in 1987. + += = = New York City Subway = = = +The New York City Subway is a rapid transit system in New York City, United States. It is run by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA). It is one of the biggest rapid transit systems in the world, with 472 stations. It has 245 miles (or 394 km) of routes on 691 miles (or 1112 km) of railway track. The New York City Subway almost never closes; the trains run 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, all year. The system has only closed three times, most notably during the September 11 attacks and when Hurricane Sandy flooded its tracks. +The first elevated trains started working on October 9, 1863, and the first underground trains started working on October 27, 1904. +History. +Alfred Ely Beach built an underground subway tunnel to test in 1869. His Beach Pneumatic Transit only extended under Broadway in Lower Manhattan. The subway car in the tunnel was pneumatic, or pushed by air. The tunnel was never made longer. It could have gone to Battery Park to the south and the Harlem River to the north. +The first underground subway line opened on October 27, 1904. The oldest elevated train line in the subway system opened in 1885. The oldest right-of-way was a steam railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Rail Road. That railroad opened in 1863. +By the time the first subway opened, there were two private subway companies. They were the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Corporation (BRT) and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT). Most subway lines built after 1913 were built by the New York City government. These tracks were leased to the companies. The first line of the city-owned and city-run Independent Subway System (IND) opened in 1932. +In 1940, the two private systems were bought by the city. Some elevated train lines closed and were destroyed. The New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) was made in 1952 to run subway, bus, and streetcar operations. It was made part of Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1968. +By the 1970s and 1980s, the New York City Subway was really bad to ride. There were very few people riding the subway. There was a lot of graffiti and crime on the subway. This was fixed in the 1990's. +After the September 11 attacks, there were train disruptions on lines running through Lower Manhattan. One line remained out of service for a year. In 2012, Hurricane Sandy flooded the subway system. It closed many lines for a few days, then recovered. +Stations. +There are subway stations in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, and the Bronx. About 40% of the tracks are above ground and the other 60% are below ground. Every day about 5,076,000 people take rides on the subway. 463 out of the system's 472 stations are always open. +Many stations have "mezzanines". These are the levels of the station where you pay a fare before entering the subway platforms. Everyone must pay a fare to enter the subway system. They are usually between street level and platform level. +Many station entrances and exits have lamp posts. At the top of the lamp posts are colored balls. Green globes identify that the entrance is open 24/7, 365. Red globes can show two things. An entrance lamp post with a red globe can show that the entrance is either part-time open or is an exit only entrance. Some of the globes do not show the right information about an entrance or exit. +Most subway stations have waiting platforms that are from long. People wait for trains on these platforms. +All new stations have platforms with air conditioning. +Many stations also have artwork on the subway station walls. +Most of the stations wers built before 1990. That is when a new law said that many new buildings, like subway stations, should have elevators and ramps so people with wheelchairs can enter these buildings. +The MTA has run the "Music Under New York" (MUNY) program in the subway since 1987. People must compete in order to be allowed to play music in a station. There are now more than 100 musicians and performers in the subway system. +There are only 129 open restrooms in 77 of the system's stations. +Some platforms have newspaper stands as well. They sell many things, including newspapers and food. There are also stores in some stations. +Lines and routes. +In other cities' subway systems, a train "line" is the same as a train "route". In New York City's subway system, however, the "line" is the actual tracks, which a train "route" uses. "Routes", also called "services", have a letter or a number, such as "1" or "A". "Lines" have names, like BMT Broadway Line. +There are 24 train services. This includes 3 "shuttle" routes. Each route has a color. Raleigh D'Adamo, a lawyer who entered a contest in 1964, planned the colors that are used on subway maps now. Before, subway maps used different colors for every route. People who live in New York City do not call lines and services by color (such as, Blue Line or Green Line). However, tourists often use colors to tell between routes. +There are three different types of subway services. "Local" trains make all stops at "local" stations as well as at "express" stations. "Express" trains skip local stations, but stop at "express" stations. There is one "skip-stop" service, the J/Z, where two train routes run on the same line; each route only stops at every other station along the line. +The subway system runs 24 hours a day and 7 days a week, but some routes do not run when not many people ride the subway. When a line is closed, the transit authority uses free shuttle buses. The transit authority shows planned service changes on its website, on station walls, inside subway cars, and through its Twitter page. +Routes. +There are many routes on the subway. Many people who have never ridden on the subway get confused because there are so many routes going to so many different places. The subway has signs that hang from the stations' ceilings to show the routes and where they go. +Routes on the "A Division", which used to be the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, are: +Routes on the "B Division", which used to belong to the Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation and Independent Subway System, are: +Fares. +From 1904 until 1948, people paid a nickel to go into the subway. On July 1, 1948, the fare was raised to a dime. In July 1953, the fare was raised to 15 cents. The MTA gave out subway tokens, which people used to enter the subway. People stopped using tokens in 2003. +The fare is $2.90. Riders must pay with MetroCards or OMNY. The subway started using MetroCards in 1994. At subway stations, riders can buy MetroCards from the station booth or from vending machines. Riders can also buy MetroCards from many places in New York City, like convenience stores and newspaper sellers. ONMY later came out in 2019 as a testing fare for credit/debit cards on the 4/5/6 lines, to use for another way to pay for your subway fare. Once it succeeded, it expanded all throughout the NYCTA. Currently, it is planning to replace the MetroCard by 2024. +Rider safety. +Riders are allowed to take pictures using cameras, but are not allowed to take pictures with cameras that flash or with cameras that are on tripods. +Subway police can search riders to make sure they do not have weapons or other items that could be used to hurt other people. +When riders get hurt, usually it is because they slip when they are getting on or off the train. This is because there is a gap between the train and the platform. In recent times, workers have made the gaps smaller to prevent people from slipping. Often messages are played from loudspeakers that say "Please watch the gap when entering and exiting the train". +Train safety. +The MTA makes sure that New York City Subway trains run without accidents. There are railroad switches, railroad signals, and speed limits on the subway. All tracks also have a stopper on the side. If the train passes a red signal, the stopper will stop the train. +A black-and-white striped board hangs above the middle of each platform. The conductor has to point to the board in front of him or her. After the conductor points to the board, the train doors will open. +The subway has had over 56 train accidents since 1918. The Malbone Street Wreck on November 1, 1918 was the most deadly. That crash killed 93 people. +Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, the MTA has experimented with Automatic train operation. New York City Subway trains normally run with a train conductor and a train operator. In 2006, the L train was the first route to be run by computers. The 7 train is becoming the second route to be run by a computer. There are computers both on the train and along the side of the tracks. The computer does the engineer's job by driving and stopping the train. + += = = Fundamentalism = = = +Fundamentalism was used at first to describe some people in the Protestant community in the United States in the early 20th century. These people had a set of well-defined ("fundamental") values. These values were in opposition to more modern ideas. The group also said it was important to stick to what faith (and a more literal translation of the Bible) told them. When people look at religion this way they see the ideas in the religion as "absolute". This means that it is not possible for them to change. When religion is seen as absolute it becomes fundamentalism. +Today, the term is used more generally. It is now often used to describe groups of people who are committed to behave or act according to their (mostly moral, and religious) values and beliefs even though these values may be criticised by many people or unpopular. Modern-day fundamentalists want to go back to the roots of certain ideological or religious positions. +Religious fundamentalism has been prevalent in society since its beginnings in the late 19th- and early 20th-century. People today who study fundamentalism see it as a response to modern society. Today society is not as simple as it was: many people live in societies that can be difficult to understand. Changes in familiar things can make people feel unsafe. So some people look in their religion to see something that does not change. They also want rules about how to act that do not change. So they see their religion as this thing that does not change. +See Reformation for an older historical precedent. +Fundamentalism is also a trademarked brand of belts "to Beat Children." Fundamentalism Leather Belts have been in countless art exhibits to satirize Fundamentalist Christians who think their God wants them to hit children. The artist and the only publicly recognized owner of Fundamentalism, Daniel Vander Ley, is a child-rights advocate who uses his brand "Fundamentalism America's Premier Child Abuse Brand" as a way to confront governments around the world about corporal punishment practices in schools and homes. Corporal Punishment still occurs in public schools in 19 American states. +Terminology. +Some people who are called religious fundamentalists do not like that name, as the term has other meanings. They do not like it because 'religious fundamentalist' has some negative ideas about it. Many people who are politically "progressive" or "liberal" sometimes do not like religious fundamentalists. They believe bad things about them like that they are not clever, they are not educated, or that they do not respect people's human rights. +Some people who are Christian fundamentalists "do" like that term and use it to name themselves. But they do not like being called religious fundamentalists because Islamic fundamentalists are in this same group. +History. +Fundamentalism began as a movement in the U.S., starting among conservative Presbyterian academics and theologians at Princeton Theological Seminary in the first decade of the Twentieth Century. It soon spread to conservatives among the Baptists and other denominations during and immediately following the First World War. The movement's purpose was to "reaffirm" orthodox Protestant Christianity and zealously defend it against the challenges of liberal theology, German higher criticism, Darwinism, and other movements which it regarded as harmful to Christianity. +The term "fundamentalism" has its roots in the Niagara Bible Conference (1878–1897) which defined those things that were "fundamental" to Christian belief. The term was also used to describe "The Fundamentals", a collection of twelve books on five subjects published in 1910 and funded by Milton and Lyman Stewart +Issues of fundamentalism. +Not all religious fundamentalists believe the same things. But there are many issues that they have strong beliefs about. Some of these issues are similar even in different religions. Some of these issues are: +Criticism. +Many criticisms of fundamentalist positions have been offered. One of the most common is that some claims made by a fundamentalist group cannot be proven, and are irrational, demonstrably false, or contrary to scientific evidence. . For example, some of these criticisms were famously asserted by Clarence Darrow in the Scopes Monkey Trial. +Another is that religious beliefs do not translate well into laws or social policy in diverse tolerant societies. This criticism favors secularism as a better foundation for social harmony and stability. +One of the critics, Elliot N. Dorff wrote: +In order to carry out the fundamentalist program in practice, one would need a perfect understanding of the ancient language of the original text, if indeed the true text can be (found...) among variants. Furthermore, human beings are the ones who transmit this understanding between generations. Even if one wanted to follow the literal word of God, the need for people first to understand that word (requires) human interpretation. Through that process human fallibility is inextricably mixed into the very meaning of the divine word. As a result, it is impossible to follow the indisputable word of God; one can only achieve a human understanding of God's will. + += = = Agostino Carracci = = = +Agostino Carracci (sometimes also spelled Agostino Caracci, August 16, 1557 – March 22, 1602) was an Italian painter and printmaker. His brother Annibale and cousin Lodovico Carracci were more famous than he was. +He thought nature was an ideal. He founded a school that was competing with that of Caravaggio. Together with his brothers, he founded the Accademia degli Incamminati. The academy helped painters of the School of Bologna to become famous. + += = = Vogtlandkreis Rural District = = = +The Vogtlandkreis is a "Landkreis" (rural district) in the southwest of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders Thuringia, Bavaria, and the Czech Republic. Plauen is the capital of the district. +Famous people. +The first German cosmonaut, Sigmund Jähn was born in the Vogtland. His hometown, the small village "Morgenröthe-Rautenkranz" in the south-west of the district houses a small space exhibition. + += = = Zwickauer Land Rural District = = = +Zwickauer Land was a Landkreis (rural district) in the south-west of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The independent city of Zwickau is in the middle of the district. It is nearly completely surrounded by the district. In July 2008, the city lost its right to administer itself, and become a city under the control of the district government. +The rural district was created on 1 August 1994. Its capital is Werdau. On January 1, 1999, the district was reorganised. Cainsdorf, Mosel, Oberrothenbach and Schlunzig were made a part of to Zwickau even though the people living in those towns wanted to stay independent. +Geography. +The district is located in the Ore Mountains ("Erzgebirge"), with the main rivers being the "Zwickauer Mulde" and the "Pleiße". + += = = Chemnitzer Land = = = +Chemnitzer Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. +The district has a very big population because the East German government tried to make the area very industrial. +The district was created in 1994 by joining the old districts of Glauchau and Hohenstein-Ernstthal. In 2008, part of city of Zwickau will become part of the district. The rest of the city will become part of Zwickauer Land. + += = = Meißen (district) = = = +Meißen is a district ("Kreis") in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. + += = = Sächsische Schweiz (district) = = = +The Sächsische Schweiz ("Saxon Switzerland") was a rural district ("Landkreis") in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. +It borders the Czech Republic. Vehicles registered in the district have PIR, for the city of Pirna. This is because the districts own abbreviation would be "SS", and this is not used because it is the same as the Nazi SS, the "Schutzstaffel" +History. +The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Sebnitz and Pirna were merged. +Geography. +The district is named after the landscape - the "Saxon Switzerland" - as it is the most mountainous region of Saxony. + += = = Sächsische Schweiz = = = +Sächsische Schweiz might refer to: + += = = Weißeritzkreis = = = +The Weißeritzkreis was a district ("Kreis") in the south of the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It borders the Czech Republic. The district was created in 1994 when the two districts Dippoldiswalde and Freital were merged. It ended in 2008. +During the flooding in August 2002 the river Weißeritz had to drain many times the normal amount of water, and a lot of buildings in the river valley - houses, streets and bridges were destroyed + += = = Saxon Switzerland = = = +Sächsische Schweiz means "Saxon Switzerland" in English. It is a mountainous climbing area and national park near Dresden in Saxony, Germany. Part of the area is in the Czech Republic. It is called the Bohemian Switzerland in the Czech Republic. +Sächsische Schweiz has some 1,000 climbing peaks, as well as several hollows. The area is popular with Dresden locals and international climbers. +The administrative district for the area is Sächsische Schweiz Rural District. +History. +Sächsische Schweiz area has a number of fortresses built to protect trade routes; remaining fortresses include Festung Königstein and Castle Hohnstein. Hardly anything is left of other castles and fortresses. +The area became popular with tourists during the 19th century. Romantic artists were inspired by the beauty of wilderness, like the painter Ludwig Richter or the composer Carl Maria von Weber, who set his famous opera Der Freischütz with its Wolfsschlucht ("wolf's gorge") scene near the city of Rathen. +Rock Climbing. +Saxon Switzerland is characterized by its sandstone rocks which draw many rock climbers. At the beginning of the 20th century the 'Saxon Rules' for rock climbing were made, the first ever of their kind worldwide. + += = = Epic of Gilgamesh = = = +The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. It is one of the earliest works of literary fiction known. +The most complete version that exists today was preserved on twelve clay tablets in the library collection of the 7th century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal. +A series of Sumerian legends and poems about the mythological hero-king Gilgamesh were probably gathered into a longer Akkadian poem some time before the 7th century BC. +The essential story is about the relationship between Gilgamesh, a king who has become distracted and disheartened by his rule, and a friend, Enkidu, who is half-wild and who undertakes dangerous quests with Gilgamesh. Much of the epic focuses on Gilgamesh's thoughts of loss following Enkidu's death. It is often credited as being one of the first literary works with emphasis on immortality. +The epic is widely read in translation, and the hero, Gilgamesh, has become an icon of popular culture. +History. +Gilgamesh was the fifth king of Uruk, an ancient city of Sumer. His supposed historical reign is believed to lie within the period 2700 to 2500 BC, 200–400 years before the earliest known written stories. His father was the third king, Lugalbanda. +The "Epic of Gilgamesh" was about him. + += = = Sorbian languages = = = +The Sorbian languages are Slavic languages, a branch of the Indo-European languages. +They are the Sorbs' native languages, who are a Slavic minority in eastern Germany. The languages used to be known as Wendish or Lusatian. +There are two languages: Upper Sorbian ("hornjoserbsce"), spoken by about 40,000 people in Saxony, and Lower Sorbian ("dolnoserbski"), spoken by about 10,000 people in Brandenburg. Both languages are spoken is an area known as Lusatia ("Łužica" in Upper Sorbian, "Łužyca" in Lower Sorbian and "Lausitz" in German). +In Germany, Upper and Lower Sorbian are officially recognized and protected as minority languages by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In the home areas of the Sorbs, both languages are officially equal to German. +The city of Bautzen, Upper Lusatia, is the centre of Upper Sorbian culture. Bilingual signs can be seen around the city, including the name of the city, "Bautzen/"Budyšin"". +The city of Cottbus ("Chóśebuz") is considered the cultural centre of Lower Sorbian. Cottbuss also has bilingual signs. +Sorbian is also spoken in the small Sorbian (“Wendish”) settlement of Serbin in Lee County, Texas. Until recently newspapers were published in Sorbian there. The local dialect has been heavily influenced by surrounding speakers of German and English. +American and Australian communities often prefer to call themselves “Wends” or “Wendish” since think that “Sorb” and “Sorbian” are bad words. + += = = Bautzen = = = +Bautzen (, , ; ) is a city in eastern Saxony, Germany, and capital of the Bautzen Rural District. It is on the Spree River. +In 2005, 42,189 people lived in Bautzen. Asteroid "11580 Bautzen" is named in honour of the city. +Bautzen is historical capital of Upper Lusatia, and it is the most important cultural centre of the Sorbs, a Slavic minority. +During World War II and the Nazi era, there was a subcamp of the Groß-Rosen concentration camp in Bautzen. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald. +After the war Bautzen was well known in the German Democratic Republic because of its prison. Bautzen I was used as an official prison, Bautzen II was a secret prison for prisoners of conscience (people arrested for their political beliefs, not because of an ordinary crime). Bautzen I is still used as a prison, and Bautzen II has been a memorial since 1993. +In 2002 the city commemorated its thousandth birthday. + += = = Jim Root = = = +James "Jim" Root (born October 2, 1971) is an American musician. He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour. In Slipknot he is named #4. He is the tallest member of the band at 6 feet and 6 inches tall. Jim wears a court jester's mask with a zip-up mouth. Jim enjoys fishing and playing video games in his free time. + += = = Ghetto = = = +Originally the word 'ghetto' meant the Jewish quarter of Venice, and later of any European town. Many places had a ghetto where Jews were allowed to live. The term "ghetto" is now commonly used to refer to any poverty-stricken urban area with a concentration of minority groups. The word has a few possible sources: +It is also used to refer to areas that are considered to be undesirable. + += = = ECW (WWE) = = = +ECW (which at one time stood for Extreme Championship Wrestling) was a professional wrestling brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), based on the independent Extreme Championship Wrestling promotion that lasted from 1992 to 2001. It started on June 13, 2006 with a weekly television series. The ECW brand was one of WWE's three brands, the other two being RAW and SmackDown. +Show history. +Original format. +WWE got Extreme Championship Wrestling and its video library in 2003 and later began reintroducing ECW through a series of DVDs and books. The big popularity of ECW merchandise prompted WWE to organize ECW One Night Stand, an ECW reunion pay-per-view in 2005. The financial and critical success of the event encourages WWE to start a second One Night Stand the next year. With rejuvenated interest in the ECW product, WWE began exploring the possibility of reviving the promotion full-time. On May 26, 2006, WWE announced the launch of ECW as a stand-alone brand, congruous to Raw and SmackDown!, with its own show on the Sci Fi Channel. Despite initial concerns that professional wrestling would not be accepted by the Sci Fi Channel's demographic, network President Bonnie Hammer said that she believed ECW would fit the channel's theme of "stretching the imagination". Sci Fi Channel is owned by NBC Universal, parent company of USA Network and exclusive cable broadcaster of WWE programming. +The ECW brand initially tried to differentiate itself from WWE's other brands. The hard cameras were placed in a different location and the ring mat had an ECW logo on it. The male performers were also referred to as "Extremists" as opposed to Superstars, and female performers were called "Vixens" instead of Divas. It also had the first ECW talent. Later however, changes were made to differentiate it from the original ECW promotion, including changing the original promotion's rules where weapons were legal in all matches and there were rarely any count outs or disqualifications. WWE classified such matches as having "Extreme Rules", and were only fought when specified. The only pay-per-view event hosted exclusively by the ECW brand since its launch was December to Dismember in December 2006. On March 14, 2007, before another one could be scheduled, WWE announced that all future pay-per-views would feature all three brands. +Former ECW owner Paul Heyman served as the on air "ECW Representative". According to an interview in the UK newspaper The Sun, Heyman wrote the brand's weekly scripts and gave them to writers for possible changes, and then Vince McMahon for final approval. After the December to Dismember 2006 Heyman was relieved from both his on and off air duties with World Wrestling Entertainment. After Heyman left, there was no ECW authority figure until August 14, 2007, when Armando Estrada was announced as the General Manager. +ECW on Sci Fi. +ECW's weekly series was first given a thirteen episode run as a "summer series" on the Sci Fi Channel. The first episode got a 2.79 rating, making it the highest rated show on cable in its time slot. Because of its good ratings it was given an extended run through the end of 2007. On October 23, 2007, the network renewed the series through 2008. +While the show started out a ratings success, it began drawing criticism from fans of the original ECW early on. This was most evident by the negative crowd reaction "old school" fans gave the main event of Batista vs. the Big Show at the show of August 1, 2006 from Hammerstein Ballroom. +On October 16, 2007 a "talent exchange" was started between the SmackDown! and ECW brands, allowing their respective talent to appear on either brand. +In February 2010, McMahon announced that ECW would be replaced by NXT. +Online presence. +At ECW's launch, WWE.com introduced Hardcore Hangover, a video feature which allowed fans only in the United States to stream or download video footage from the weekly show. On October 16, 2007 it was replaced by a new feature which made full episodes of the show available for streaming on WWE.com the day after they were shown. After making a list of names from fans and conducting an online poll, the feature was named ECW X-Stream on October 31, 2007. +Production. +ECW brand shows were held in big arenas as a part of the SmackDown! brand's Tuesday taping schedule. This is in sharp contrast to the first Extreme Championship Wrestling which ran most of its events in smaller venues. The show usually aired live on Tuesdays directly before – when touring the west coast – or after "SmackDown!" has taped, though it has been recorded and placed on a broadcast delay until later in the night depending on what circumstances dictate. +ECW's initial theme song was "Bodies" by Drowning Pool, which had been used by WWE for Extreme Championship Wrestling since before the brand was established. Since then the theme song has changed between a number of different songs before settling on ""Don't Question My Heart", sung by Kyle Morrison of the band Shattersphere. A remix of "Don't Question My Heart"" by Saliva featuring Brent Smith was the show's last theme song. +Starting with the January 22, 2008 version, "ECW" began broadcasting in HD, along with a new HD set, which was shared among all three WWE brands. +Television Finale. +On February 2, 2010, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon announced that "ECW" would be going off the air and would be replaced with a new weekly program in its slot in what McMahon announced as "the next evolution of WWE; the next evolution of television history." It was later announced that the show would air its final episode on February 16, 2010. On the February 4, 2010 episode of "WWE Superstars", the new show's name was announced as "WWE NXT". The ECW brand disbanded, with every ECW wrestler becoming a free agent after the show endee. +International broadcasters. +In addition to being broadcast on Syfy in the United States, "ECW" was broadcast on a number of channels in many different countries. + += = = YHWH = = = +The transliteration of God's personal name as revealed in the Bible, represented by the four Hebrew consonants ���� known as the Tetragrammaton, and appearing nearly 7,000 times in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament). In English, the four letters of the Tetragrammaton are represented by the consonants "YHWH." As was true of all written words in ancient Hebrew, the Tetragrammaton contained no vowels. When ancient Hebrew was in everyday use, readers easily provided the appropriate vowels. YHWH, JHVH, Yahweh, or Jehovah is by far the most frequently occurring name in the Holy Bible. While its inspired writers refer to God by many titles and descriptive terms, such as “Almighty,” “Most High,” and “Lord,” the Tetragrammaton is the only personal name they use to identify God. +Jehovah God himself directed Bible writers to use his name. For example, he inspired the prophet Joel to write: “Everyone who calls on the name of Jehovah will be saved.” (Joel 2:32) And God caused one psalmist to write: “May people know that you, whose name is Jehovah, you alone are the Most High over all the earth.” (Psalm 83:18) In fact, the divine name appears some 700 times in the book of Psalms alone—a book of poetic writings that were to be sung and recited by God’s people. Why, then, is God’s name missing from many Bible translations? What translations use the form “Jehovah”? And what does the divine name, Jehovah, mean? +"Deuteronomy 12:32 (SLT): "Every word which I command you, ye shall watch to do it: thou shalt not add upon it, and thou shalt not take away from it."" +Why is the name missing from many Bible translations? +The reasons vary. Some feel that Almighty God does not need a unique name to identify him. Others appear to have been influenced by the Jewish tradition of avoiding the use of the name altogether, perhaps out of fear of desecrating it based on what it says at Exodus 20:7 and Deuteronomy 5:11 to not take up God's name in vain. Still others believe that since no one can be sure of the exact pronunciation of God’s name, it is better just to use a title, such as “Lord” or “God.” Many feel these reasons lack merit for the following reasons: +THE DIVINE NAME IN THE CHRISTIAN GREEK SCRIPTURES +While Bible scholars acknowledge that God’s personal name, as represented by the Tetragrammaton (����), appears almost 7,000 times in the original text of the Hebrew Scriptures, many feel that it did not appear in the original text of the Christian Greek Scriptures. For this reason, most modern English Bibles do not use the name Jehovah when translating the so-called New Testament. Even when translating quotations from the Hebrew Scriptures in which the Tetragrammaton appears, most translators use “Lord” rather than God’s personal name. +There are few translations that do use the divine name. As an example, The "New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures" uses the name Jehovah a total of 237 times in the Christian Greek Scriptures. In deciding to do this, the translators took into consideration two important factors: (1) The Greek manuscripts possessed today are not the originals. Of the thousands of copies in existence today, most were made at least two centuries after the originals were composed. (2) By that time, those copying the manuscripts either replaced the Tetragrammaton with "Kyʹri·os," the Greek word for “Lord,” or they copied from manuscripts where this had already been done. +There is compelling evidence that the Tetragrammaton did appear in the original Greek manuscripts based on the following: +Upon these findings there seems to be a clear basis for restoring the divine name, Jehovah, in the Christian Greek Scriptures. +The name "Jehovah" is used predominantly by Jehovah's Witnesses, based on their deep respect for the divine name and a healthy fear of removing anything that appeared in the original text of God's written Word.—Revelation 22:18, 19. When settlers of different religions arrived to settle lands in North America, the name Jehovah was widely used. It is still used by several regions by other denominations. + += = = Oriana Fallaci = = = +Oriana Fallaci (29 June 1929 - 15 September 2006) was an Italian journalist, author, and political interviewer. A young partisan during World War II, she had a long and successful journalistic career. +She has interviewed many internationally known leaders and celebrities such as the Dalai Lama, Henry Kissinger, the Shah of Iran, Ayatollah Khomeini, Willy Brandt, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Walter Cronkite, Omar Khadafi, Federico Fellini, Sammy Davis Jr, Nguyen Cao Ky, Yasser Arafat, Indira Gandhi, Alexandros Panagoulis, Archbishop Makarios III, Golda Meir, Nguyen Van Thieu, Haile Selassie and Sean Connery. +After retirement, she returned to writing a series of articles and books critical of Islam and Arabs and some people interpreted the articles under the guise of racism and so-called Islamophobia. +Life and career. +Fallaci was born in Florence, Italy. During World War II, she joined the resistance in the democratic armed group "Giustizia e Libertà". Her father Edoardo Fallaci, was a famous antifascist political activist, in Florence. +Fallaci began her journalistic career in her teens, becoming a special correspondent for the Italian paper "Il mattino dell'Italia centrale" in 1946. After 1967 she worked as a war correspondent, in Vietnam, for the Indo-Pakistani War, in the Middle East and in South America. For many years, Fallaci was a special correspondent for the political magazine "L'Europeo" and wrote for a number of leading newspapers and "Epoca" magazine. During the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre prior to the 1968 Summer Olympics, Fallaci was shot three times, dragged down stairs by her hair, and left for dead by Mexican forces. The demonstrations by immigrants in the United States these past few months "disgust" her, especially when protesters displayed the Mexican flag. "I don't love the Mexicans," Fallaci said, invoking her nasty treatment at the hands of Mexican police in 1968. "If you hold a gun and say, 'Choose who is worse between the Muslims and the Mexicans,' I have a moment of hesitation. Then I choose the Muslims, because they have broken my balls." +In the late 1970s, she had an affair with the subject of one of her interviews, Alexandros Panagoulis, who was a big rebel in the Greek resistance against the 1967 dictatorship, having been captured, heavily tortured and imprisoned for his (unsuccessful) assassination attempt against dictator and ex-Colonel Georgios Papadopoulos. In 1972 she interviewed Henry Kissinger. +Fallaci has twice received the St. Vincent Prize for journalism, as well as the Bancarella Prize (1971) for "Nothing, and So Be It"; Viareggio Prize (1979), for "Un uomo: Romanzo"; and Prix Antibes, 1993, for "Inshallah". She received a D.Litt. from Columbia College (Chicago). She has lectured at the University of Chicago, Yale University, Harvard University, and Columbia University. Fallaci’s writings have been translated into 21 languages including English, Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Greek, Swedish, Polish, Croatian, Hungarian and Slovenian. +Fallaci, smoked always during her life, died on 15 September 2006 where she was born, in Florence, from lung cancer. + += = = Solange Knowles = = = +Solange Piaget Knowles (; born June 24, 1986), also known as Solange, is an American singer, songwriter and model. +She began her musical career at age 14. She has been acting since 2003. She is also now an entrepreneur promoting "Baby Jamz". +Knowles is the younger sister of Beyoncé. She appeared in her sister's music video for "B'Day" and in "". She has always been compared to her more famous sister by the media. In the lyrics to "God Given Name", she says her thoughts about this: "I'm not her and never will be". +Knowles started her own record label, Saint Records in 2013. +Personal life. +Her father is Matthew Knowles and her mother is Tina Knowles. +She is known as the younger sister of pop singer Beyoncé. +She started her musical career at age 14. +At age 17, she married football player Daniel Smith. Their son, Daniel Julez Smith Jr. was born at October 18, 2004. She then later divorcing Smith three years later. She now lives with her son and family in Louisiana. Her hometown is Houston, Texas. +She has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. + += = = Jessie Redmon Fauset = = = +Jessie Redmon Fauset (April 27, 1882 – April 30, 1961) was an American editor, poet, essayist and novelist. She wrote more books than any other African-American female novelist of the Harlem Renaissance. +Her life and work. +Fauset was born in Fredericksville, New Jersey, in Camden County. She was the daughter of Annie Seamon and Redmon Fauset, a Presbyterian minister. Her mother, Annie, died when she was still a little girl. +Fauset attended Philadelphia High School for girls. She was the only African-American student to graduate. After high school Fauset graduated from Cornell University in 1905. She was also the first African-American woman to be honoured by being made a member of the "Phi Beta Kappa" Society which encourages talented undergraduate students. In 1912, when she was only 16 years old she started work at the NAACP's journal, "The Crisis". The NAACP is the "National Association for the Advancement of Colored People", an organization that was begun in 1902 to help African-Americans, and is now one of the oldest civil rights organizations in America. From 1919 to 1926 Fauset was the literary editor of "The Crisis". She wrote 77 published works of which 58 were first published in the journal. +She is the author of four novels," There Is Confusion " (1924), "Plum Bun" (1928), "The Chinaberry Tree: A Novel of American Life" (1931), and "Comedy, American Style" (1933). She was made an honorary member of the women's society for academics whose work has really helped other people, "Delta Sigma Theta". +Fauset worked as a school teacher for many years. She stopped teaching in 1944. She died in 1961 from heart failure. +References. +Kevin De Ornellas has written five articles about Fauset in "Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color" (Greenwood Press, 2006), edited by Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu. One article is a biography; the other four pieces analyze her four novels.) + += = = Ruins = = = +Ruins are the parts of buildings that are left after they have been destroyed and cannot be used properly any more. Many ruins are ancient and famous like the ruins of the forum of Ancient Rome, or the ruins of Tintagel Castle on the coast of Cornwall. Ruins can be caused by wars or by natural disasters such as earthquakes, fires and volcanos. Sometimes people leave a house or a village to stand empty, and move somewhere else. When this happens, the house or village slowly becomes a ruin. +Studying ruins. +Historic ruins are often a good place for archaeologists to search for evidence of the way people used to live. Often the ruins have all sorts of interesting things buried in them. Archaeologists call the things that they find "artefacts". Artefacts might include beautiful artworks, jewellry and gold coins but usually they are ordinary things like cooking pots, mugs, spoons, hair combs, pipes, old shoes, broken toys and rats' nests. Historians use the evidence found by the archaeologists to write about the place and what might have happened there. +Other people who find ruins very interesting are artists. Many artists have drawn or painted pictures of ruined buildings. In the 18th and 19th centuries, pictures of ruins became very popular. + += = = Annaberg district = = = +Annaberg was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended on August 1, 2008. +History. +The district of Annaberg was established in 1874. The capital city was formed in 1945 when the towns of Annaberg and Buchholz were joined to form Annaberg-Buchholz. + += = = Golden age = = = +Golden age is an expression (or term) that people use when they are talking or writing about a time that is past, when everything seemed to be good. +There are several ways that the term can be used. +<br> + += = = 617 Patroclus = = = +617 Patroclus "(pə-troe'-kləs," ) is a binary minor planet made up of two similarly-sized objects orbiting their common centre of gravity. It is a Trojan, sharing an orbit with Jupiter. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff, and was the second Trojan asteroid to be found. Recent evidence suggests that the objects are icy comets, rather than rocky asteroids. +Orbit. +Patroclus orbits in Jupiter's trailing Lagrangian point, L5, in an orbit called the 'Trojan node' after one of the sides in the legendary Trojan War (the other node is called the 'Greek node'). Patroclus is the only object in the Trojan camp to be named after a Greek character; the naming rules for the Trojan asteroids were not made until after Patroclus was named (similarly, the asteroid Hektor is the only Trojan character to appear in the Greek camp). +Binary. +In 2001, it was found that Patroclus is a binary object, made up of two asteroids which are almost the same size. In February, 2006, a team of astronomers led by Franck Marchis measured accurately the orbit of the system using the Keck Laser guide star adaptive optics system. They thought that the two asteroids orbit around their center of mass in 4.283±0.004 d at a distance of 680±20 km, describing a close to circular orbit. Putting together their sightings with thermal measurements taken in November 2000, the team thought what the size of the asteroids of the system could be. The slightly bigger asteroids, which measures 122 km in diameter, continues to have the name Patroclus. The smaller asteroid, measuring 112 km, is now named Menoetius (full name (617) Patroclus I Menoetius), after the legendary Patroclus's father. Its provisional designation was S/2001 (617) 1. +What they are made of. +Because of the density of the asteroids (0.8 g/cm3) is less than water and about one third that of rock, the team of researchers led by F. Marchis suggest that the Patroclus system, previously thought to be a pair of rocky asteroids, is more similar to a comet in make up. It is thought that many Trojan asteroids are in fact small planetesimals captured in the Lagrange point of Jupiter-Sun system during the farther migration of the giant planets, 3.9 billion years ago. This scenario was suggested by A. Morbidelli and colleagues in a series of articles published in May 2005 in "Nature" journal. + += = = Aue-Schwarzenberg = = = +Aue-Schwarzenberg was a rural district in the Free State of Saxony, in the country of Germany. It ended in 2008. +History. +The districts of Aue and Schwarzenberg were formed in 1873. In 1994 both districts were joined in order to form a new district, which was called "Westerzgebirgskreis" (the Western Ore Mountains District). It was renamed Aue-Schwarzenberg in 1995. +Geography. +The district is located in the western part of the Erzgebirge (ore) Mountains. The tops of these mountains are also the German-Czech border. The highest peak in the district is the Auersberg , second highest mountain in Saxony. + += = = Delitzsch (district) = = = +Delitzsch is a former rural district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. +History. +After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 Saxony had to give a lot of its land to Prussia, including the region of Delitzsch. The Prussian government made the district of Delitzsch. +Prussia was dissolved after the end of the Nazi era. Delitzsch was made a part of the new state of Saxony-Anhalt. In 1953 the East German government dissolved the states. After the German reunification in 1990, the states were made again, but now Delitzsch and Eilenburg (two districts made of the former Delitzsch district) were given to Saxony instead of Saxony-Anhalt. The two districts were joined in 1994 and gave the district in its present borders. In 2008 Delitzsch Rural district was merged with Torgau-Oschatz Rural District to Nordsachsen Rural District. +Geography. +The district is in the triangle between the big cities of Leipzig, Halle and Bitterfeld. It is mostly countryside, and used for farming. The Mulde River runs through the east part of the district. On the eastern banks there is the Düben Heath ("Dübener Heide") nature park. + += = = Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street = = = +Sweeney Todd, the Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a musical with a book by Hugh Wheeler and music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. The musical is based on the 19th century legend of Sweeney Todd and is similar to the 1973 play "The String of Pearls", by Christopher Bond. A movie based off the play was made in 2007, starring Johnny Depp as Sweeney Todd. +"Sweeney Todd" opened on Broadway at the Uris Theatre on March 1, 1979. It was directed by Harold Prince with musical staging by Larry Fuller, and starred Len Cariou as Sweeney Todd and Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Lovett. The musical played 557 times. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical. +Story. +The story is about Sweeney Todd, who was first named Benjamin Barker. Todd comes back from the prison camps in Australia, where he was sent for fifteen years on false charges by a judge named Turpin. He then learns from a lonely pie-maker known as Mrs. Lovett that his wife poisoned herself after being raped by Judge Turpin. He also finds out that the Judge is keeping his daughter. Todd decides to take revenge. Sweeney and Mrs Lovett become partners in a plan that ends in murder, and increasing business for Lovett's pie shop, +Awards and nominations. +Original Broadway production +1989 Broadway revival +2005 Broadway revival +2007 Film + += = = WayOutWest Records = = = +WayOutWest Records is an independent record label from London. They have made singles and EPs by the following artists: +WayOutWest also manage a number of bands and solo artists, such as the Cascade Mountain Boys. + += = = McFly = = = +McFly is a British pop rock band who first became famous in 2003. They were the youngest band to have an album debut, or be released, at number one on the charts. The band was started by Tom Fletcher (born 17 July 1984) and also has Danny Jones (born 12 March 1984), Dougie Poynter (born 30 September 1987), and Harry Judd (born 23 December 1984). They were signed to the Island Records label and are managed by Happy Entertainment. In 1999, they left Stiff Records and created their own label, Super Records. +By April 1999, McFly had thirteen top ten singles. Seven of these songs reached number one in the UK Singles Chart and two number one albums: their first album, "Room on the 3rd Floor", and their second, "Wonderland". Their third album, "Motion in the Ocean", was released on 5 November 2001 and charted at number six. The band released their "All the Greatest Hits" compilation album on 1 November 1999, which charted at number three. +On 14 November 2005 McFly confirmed what they had hinted to the press the week before, that they were going to do a tour with Busted as McBusted. In November 2005 McFly also wrote and made the new theme tune for " The Paul O'Grady Show". + += = = Gold Rush (disambiguation) = = = +A gold rush is when a lot of people move to an area found to have a lot of gold deposits. Famous examples include: +It may also mean: +In music: +In entertainment: +Places: + += = = Ruin (disambiguation) = = = +Ruins or ruin may mean: + += = = The Maccabees (band) = = = +The Maccabees are a English indie band based in Brighton. They first came from south London. +Name. +The band thought of the name 'The Maccabees' by opening the Bible to a random page. Even though the name has religious meaning, lead singer Orlando Weeks said that none of the band are religious in an interview on Steve Lamacq's BBC Radio 1 show. +History. +The Maccabees' debut single, 'X-Ray', was released on the Promise record label on 28 November 2005. It was played a little in the evenings on London radio station Xfm London. The band got very attentiong until six months later, when they released their second single, 'Latchmere'. The song was about the wave machine at the band's local Latchmere Leisure Centre in Battersea, south London. It was released on Fierce Panda Records in April 2006. This song was talked about by Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacqu and was played on MTV2. The video, directed by Hugh Frost and Samuel Bebbington, also became a hit after it was put on YouTube. +In mid-2006, the music magazine NME wrote favourable things about the band, such as a review of their show at Cafe dé Paris in London. The magazine called the band "the best new band in Britain". +In November 2006 the band toured, or traveled and played, with Fields, ¡Forward, Russia!, and Wolfmother as part of the MTV Two "Brand Spanking New Music" tour. Drummer Robert Dylan Thomas broke his wrist just before the band were due to begin touring, and was replaced by drummer Elliott Andrews. Elliot toured with the band until early 2007, and now plays drums for Kate Nash. +The band are currently signed to Fiction Records, and released their debut album 'Colour It In' in May 2007. Because the album had been leaked, or accidentally put, on the internet, 'Colour It In' became available to download exclusively from iTunes on 17 April before its release on 14 May. The song First Love was the Maccabees' first to chart in the UK top 40. It was followed by 'About Your Dress', which charted at #33. Their next album was released to positive reviews, and charted at #24. They toured the USA with fellow Indie group Bloc Party. A UK tour happened in October 2007, ending in a show at the Roundhouse venue in London, where all the tickets were sold. +During late 2007, Samsung used the song Toothpaste Kisses in advertising for its SGH-G800 mobile phone. +The band is currently writing music for another album. +Band members. +The band worked together to write the lyrics. +Orlando makes the band's artwork. Guitarist Felix White was once in a band called 'Jack's Basement'with close friend and current solo artist Jack Peñate, but he is not anymore. Felix and Hugo White are brothers, along with Will White, who is the lead singer and guitarist with another band, Talk Taxis. + += = = Amy Deasismont = = = +Amy Linnéa Deasismont, known as Amy Diamond, (born on April 15, 1992 in Norrköping) is a Swedish singer. At the young age of 16, she already has had a number of hits worldwide. On February 9, 2008, Diamond performed an entry in the Swedish Melodifestivalen in hopes of representing the Nordic country at Eurovision Song Contest in Belgrade, Serbia. She later did not win the finale but her entry became a hit in Sweden. + += = = Marija Šerifović = = = +Marija Šerifović (born November 14, 1984) is a singer who won the Eurovision Song Contest in 2007 with the ballad Molitva, which was sung in Serbian. She was born in Kragujevac, Serbia. Nina Badrić + += = = Boaz Ma'uda = = = +Boaz Mauda, born on the 23th of April, 1987 in Elyakim, Israel. +He won the fifth season of "Kokhav Nolad", the Israeli version of "Pop Idol", and represented Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, finishing in 9th place. His voice has been described as somewhere between David D'Or and Dana International. + += = = Rebeka Dremelj = = = +Rebeka Dremelj (born July 25, 1980 in Brežice, Slovenia) is a Slovenian singer. She competed in the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest. + += = = Chemnitz Government Region = = = +Chemnitz is one of the three government regions of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, and is found in the south-west of the state. + += = = Pinta = = = +Pinta can mean: + += = = InSuggest = = = +inSuggest is a World Wide Web service, which gives suggestions based on users' taste and interest. +inSuggest has two different alternatives, Image inSuggest and Web inSuggest +It is a Web 2.0 service. When users make their searches better, they are also making inSuggest. + += = = Prescription = = = +A prescription (℞) is a message given by a doctor to a patient saying what to do. It may say to get special medicine that is only for people with a prescription. Those drugs are often very strong, and they cannot be bought normally from a pharmacy as you could with over-the-counter drugs. Some prescription drugs, for example Oxycontin or Hydrocodone, are used illegally to become intoxicated. Using prescription drugs illegally may result in drug addiction, illness, and death. A prescription can also be a way to tell another person how to help the patient, such as for physical therapy. +Prescriptions were written on paper. Now most of them are sent electronically. This is quicker. It also means there are not so many mistakes. +Know your prescription It is important for a patient to learn about the medication that the doctor has prescribed for them. This can be done by asking the pharmacist, reading the patient information leaflet or by searching for the medication on the Internet. + += = = Harold Shipman = = = +Harold Frederick Shipman (14 January 1946 – 13 January 2004) was a British general practitioner (a type of doctor) and serial killer. He is thought to have killed 250+ of his patients. He was a psychopath. +Early life and career. +Shipman was born on 14 January 1946 in Bestwood council estate in Nottingham. He studied Medicine at the Leeds School of Medicine on scholarship. In 1974 he became a GP in Todmorden. In 1993 he started his own doctors' surgery in Hyde. +Crimes. +In 1975, he was convicted of forging prescriptions for pethidine, to which he was addicted. +On 5 October 1999 he was put on trial and found guilty of 15 murders. On 31 January 2000, he was sentenced to life imprisonment for each murder. On 10 February 2000, exactly 10 days after his conviction, he was struck off from the General Medical Council Register. An investigation identified another 235 suspicious deaths. His usual way of killing was using morphine. Most of the patients he killed were old women. +Death. +While he was an inmate in Wakefield prison, West Yorkshire, he committed suicide with bedsheets on the day before his 58th birthday on 13 January 2004. He was discovered hanged at 6.20am, prison staff tried to revive him but pronounced dead at 8.10am. It is not known why. At the time of his death he was still married to Primrose Shipman. +Shortly after 11am, an undertaker's van took Shipman's body from HM Wakefield Prison to the Medico Legal Mortuary Centre for identification. He was cremated in a secret location. +Aftermath. +A garden in memory of Shipman's victims was opened in Hyde Park on 30 July 2005. +In pop culture. +Post-punk band The Fall released a song about Shipman called "What About Us?". Actor James Bolam portrayed Harold Shipman in the ITV crime drama Harold Shipman. + += = = Clinic = = = +A clinic is a medical facility that gives health care for patients in an area. It is different from a hospital, because people do not stay in a clinic for a long time. Some clinics can become as large as hospitals, but still have the name Clinic. Small clinics are run by one or more general practitioners or practice managers. Physiotherapy clinics are run by physiotherapists, psychology clinics run by clinical psychologists, and so on for each type of health care. Some clinics are operated, or run, by employers. Other clinics are owned by people who do not have medical education, like in China. +Some clinics are a place for people with injuries or illness to come and be seen by triage nurse or other health worker. In these clinics, the injury or illness may not be large or dangerous enough to warrant a visit to an emergency room, but the person can be moved to one if they need to be. These clinics sometimes can use equipment such as X-ray machines. Doctors at these clinics can send patients to specialists, a doctor who is very good at one kind of medicine. +Where the word came from. +The word "clinic" comes from the Greek word "klinein", which means to put something at an angle, or to lie down. Latin has the word "clinicus", which is a lot like the word we use today. An early meaning of the word clinic was, 'one who gets baptism on a sick bed'. + += = = Clinic (disambiguation) = = = +Clinic may mean: + += = = Döbeln (district) = = = +Döbeln was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. +History. +The region was originally populated by Sorbian peoples. +The present borders of the district were made in 1952, when the government of East Germany formed the new districts. Döbeln is one of the few districts which have not been changed after the German reunification. +Geography. +The district is on the banks of the Freiberger Mulde in the triangle between the cities of Dresden, Leipzig and Chemnitz. + += = = Leipzig Government Region = = = +Leipzig is one of the three Regierungsbezirke of the Free State of Saxony, Germany, in the northwest of the country. + += = = Fra Angelico = = = +Fra Angelico (born Guido di Pietro; – February 18, 1455), was an Italian Early Renaissance painter. Giorgio Vasari, who wrote the "Lives of the Artists" said he had "a rare and perfect talent". +Fra Angelico has been known by many different names. When he was born, he was called Guido di Pietro. People who knew him when he was older called him Fra Giovanni da Fiesole (Brother John from Fiesole). When Giorgio Vasari wrote about him in "Lives of the Artists", in the 1500s, he was already known as Fra Giovanni Angelico (Brother Giovanni who is like an Angel). +The Italians usually call him il Beato Angelico (the Blessed Angelico). He has been called this for a long time, because he was thought to be blessed by God who gave him the talent of painting, and also because he was such a good and holy man. The name "Blessed Angelico" has now been made official, because in 1982 Pope John Paul II "conferred beatification" which means that he is now on the way to being made a saint. +Vasari says about him: "It is impossible to think of enough good things to say about this holy father, who was so humble and modest in everything that he did and said, and whose pictures were painted with such cleverness and holy faith." +Biography. +Early life, circa 1385–1436. +Fra Angelico was born in Mugello near Fiesole in Tuscany, Italy probably about 1385–87 and died in Rome in 1455. Nothing is known about his parents. He was baptized Guido or Guidolino. +In 1407, he joined the Dominican Order at Fiesole. In 1423, when he became officially a friar, he changed his name from Guido to Fra Giovanni (Brother John). (People who are accepted into a holy order, usually take a new name.) Like the other "brothers" (friars) of the Dominican Order, he wore a white robe and a black cloak, and shaved part of his head. +Fra Angelico had a brother called Benedetto who was also a Dominican friar. Fra Benedetto painted illuminated manuscripts. Fra Angelico possibly learnt to paint manuscripts as well. The convent of San Marco in Florence has several manuscript books that he is thought to have painted. He was very busy with other work at the convents where he lived, but he still found time to paint pictures, which very soon became famous. In January and February of 1418, he was paid for paintings that he did in the church of Santo Stefano del Ponte. +Between 1418 and 1436, Fra Angelico painted an altarpiece for the church in Fiesole, which has been damaged. Age caused the some of the paint to come off, or fade, and other artists have painted over some of Fra Angelico's work while trying to repair the paintings. The top part of the altarpiece is in the National Gallery, London. It shows Christ in Glory, surrounded by more than 250 figures, and is a large and magnificent piece of work. It has been described as one of the best works in the gallery. +San Marco, Florence, 1436–1445. +In 1436, a new Dominican Convent of San Marco was established in Florence in some older monastery buildings. Fra Angelico was one of the friars from Fiesole who moved to Florence. This was an important move for Fra Angelico because Florence already had a great number of artists from whom he could learn. The convent had a very wealthy "patron of the arts" called Cosimo de' Medici who loved to buy works of art for himself and his favourite churches. Cosimo took the largest of the friars' rooms, called cells, at the convent so that he could have a quiet place for religious thought. Fra Angelico painted a picture showing the Magi at Bethlehem on the wall of Cosimo's cell. +Cosimo employed Fra Angelico to paint more pictures for the convent. All the cells for the friars were built upstairs around the sides of a square courtyard with a garden in the middle (called a cloister). On the wall at the top of the stairs, Fra Angelico painted a fresco of the Angel Gabriel announcing the birth of Jesus to the Blessed Virgin Mary. This is one of his most famous pictures. Fra Angelico then began to paint a picture in each of the monk's cells. Each cell has large picture with a round top on the wall beside the window. At least six of these paintings were done be by Fra Angelico, and others were done by artists who copied his style of painting. These pictures were to help the friars with their prayers. +In 1439, he finished one of his most famous works, which is the altarpiece for San Marco's Church, which is where the friars worship. It shows the Madonna and Child on a throne, surrounded by saints from different dates, who are all grouped together as if they were standing in a room in Heaven, talking about holy things. This type of painting called a "Sacred Conversation" later became very popular, but this is one of the first ones. +The Vatican, 1445–1455. +In 1445, Pope Eugenius IV sent a message for Fra Angelico to come to Rome to paint the frescoes of the Chapel of the Holy Sacrament at St Peter's. The chapel was later demolished by Pope Paul III to make way for the new St.Peter's Basilica and Fra Angelico's work was lost. Vasari says that one of the popes (it might have been Eugenius or Pope Nichoas V) asked Fra Angelico if he would like the very important job of Archbishop of Florence. But Fra Angelico did not want such a high job and he suggested the name of another friar for the position. In 1447 Fra Angelico went to the city of Orvieto with his pupil, Benozzo Gozzoli, to paint some pictures for the Cathedral there . One of his other pupils was called Zanobi Strozzi, but he did not become as famous as Benozzo. +From 1447 to 1449, Fra Angelico was back at the Vatican, where Pope Nicholas V had built a small chapel where he could pray privately. The pictures that Fra Angelico and his pupils painted there are the lives of two young saints St. Stephen and St. Lawrence, who were both "martyrs" (they were killed because of their Christian faith). The small chapel, with its bright colours and gold leaf decorations is like a jewel box. From 1449 until 1452, Fra Angelico was back at his old convent of Fiesole, where he was the Prior (the head man). Fra Angelico's pupils were probably left in Rome to finish the work on the chapel. +Death and beatification. +In 1455, Fra Angelico went back to Rome, probably to look at the work in Pope Nicholas' Chapel. He died at the Dominican Convent and was buried in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. Pope John Paul II beatified Fra Angelico on October 3, 1982, making him "officially" known as the "Blessed Angelico". In 1984 the pope made him the patron of Catholic artists. +Fra Angelico never wanted to be important, and even though he was so talented he never put himself above other people. He thought his most important job was caring for others. He always prayed before he picked up his brushes to paint, and he never made any changes to his pictures later, because he believed that the Holy Spirit was guiding him. He painted a great number of scenes of the Crucifixion and he would always cry while he was painting them. +The words on his grave say: +About Fra Angelico's paintings. +Fra Angelico was working at a time when the style of painting was in a state of change. The changes had begun a hundred years before his time with the works of Giotto. Fra Angelico would have seen the famous pictures of the "Life of Saint Francis" that Giotto did for the church of Santa Croce in Florence. In Giotto's paintings the figures look more real and solid and lifelike than in the pictures of other painters of the 1300s. Giotto was also very good at painting the emotions on peoples faces and the actions that showed how they were feeling. His work was a big influence on every artist who saw it. +At the same time, rich patrons like Cosimo de Medici liked to show off their wealth. They often did this by ordering paintings that had lots of bright colour and real gold backgrounds. The red colour called "vermilion" was one of the most expensive. But the most expensive colour was a beautiful blue made by grinding up a semi-precious stone called Lapis lazuli. This type of painting is called "International Gothic". Some artists of Fra Angelico's day were expert at doing paintings that would make very rich people happy. But other painters, like Masaccio were followers of Giotto and painted in a very plain way. +Fra Angelico was able to paint in both ways. If the Pope or a rich family wanted an altarpiece or a fresco that had gold and expensive bright colours, then Fra Angelico could do it. But his most famous paintings have no gold and no bright colours. They are the simple gentle paintings of the life of Jesus that he did for the friars in their cells at San Marcos. +Gallery. +This gallery shows stories from the life of Jesus. The square paintings are in tempera. They are all parts of a big altarpiece and are about 25 cm wide. The "tondo" (round painting) is a small altarpiece about 1.4 metres wide. All the paintings with arched tops are frescos and were painted for the Dominican brothers. + += = = Milwaukee Brewers = = = +The Milwaukee Brewers are a Major League Baseball team in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. They play in the Central Division of the National League. +The team first played in Seattle, Washington, for one season (1969). They were called the Seattle Pilots. In 1970, they moved to Milwaukee and were renamed the Milwaukee Brewers. The team is named "Brewers" because the city of Milwaukee is famous for making beer. The old minor league baseball team in Milwaukee had also been called the Brewers. +The team played in the American League from 1969 to 1997, and they won the American League championship in 1982. They started playing in the National League in 1998. +The name of the stadium where they play baseball is American Family Field, which was built in 2001 and was known as Miller Park until 2021. Before American Family Field was built, the team played in Milwaukee County Stadium, which was next to the place where American Family Field was built. + += = = Giorgio Vasari = = = +Giorgio Vasari (, , ; 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect and writer. He is most famous for his book "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", which is usually known as "Vasari's Lives". Although some other writers had written about art, this book, which was published in 1550 makes Vasari the first art historian. +Vasari's life. +Vasari was born in 1511 to a rich family in the city of Arezzo in Tuscany. When he was 13 he was sent to Florence to study at the workshops of the well-known artists Andrea del Sarto. Florence is so famous for the arts that students like Vasari have been going there to learn painting and sculpture, ever since Giotto in the 1200s. The two most famous artists in the world, Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo were both alive when Vasari was a boy and had both studied in Florence. Vasari had the good luck to meet Michelangelo, who was like a great hero to Vasari. +Vasari learnt well, and became one of the favourite artists of the Grand Duke Cosimo I of the Medici family who ruled Florence at that time. He did all sorts of important jobs for them. One of the most important buildings in the city was the Palazzo Vecchio (the "Old Palace") which was really a Medieval fortress, where the town council had always met. Vasari got the job of decorating the walls of the enormous meeting room with painted frescos. +Vasari was very good at directing important artistic jobs, but he was not really as good a painter as he was architect. One of his most important architectural jobs was to begin the building of the Uffizi (Offices) in Florence. These are two long buildings that face each other across a long narrow courtyard with one end opening on the town square, and the other end opening onto the Arno River. At the end where the river is, Vasari designed a beautiful "loggia" which is a sort of two-storey veranda that joins the two buildings. It makes the narrow courtyard and the view of the river look like a stage set where wonderful things might happen. The Uffizi is now one of the most famous art galleries in the world. +Vasari had another important job for the Medici family. Eleanor, the wife of Duke Cosimo I, had bought a house. It was by far the biggest house in the city, and was across the river from the Uffizi. The Medici family was not always popular. The previous duke, Alessandro, had been murdered. So to keep the family safe, they needed an escape route from the Palazzo Vecchio to the Pitti Palace on the other side of the river. Vasari was expected to design it. The escape route is named after its designer. It is called the "Vasari Corridor". +The corridor begins at the Palazzo Vecchio and runs along the top floor of the Uffizi and across the loggia near the river, then it runs on top of arches along the street by the riverbank, above a nice covered walkway at street-level where nowadays people can buy souvenirs. The Vasari Corridor then gets to a bridge, the Ponte Vecchio. It is the oldest, most famous bridge in the city, and on both sides it had rows of shops and houses. But the Medici did not mind that! They just had anything that was in the way pulled down. When the Corridor gets to the other side of the river, it makes some twists and turns. Some buildings were knocked down to make way, but the Mannelli family who lived in a large tower were not so obliging and so the corridor is made to go around its walls. Eventually it gets to the Pitti Palace, which is an enormous building of brown stone, with big carved lions' heads beneath all the windows. Vasari built other buildings that are more beautiful, but the Vasari Corridor is probably his most famous. +"Vasari's Lives". +Vasari's masterpiece is his book, "The Lives of the Great Architects, Painters and Sculptors of Italy", first published in 1550. It is a book of biography. It tells the stories of the lives of Italian artists from Giotto who lived around 1300 to Michelangelo who was still alive when Vasari was writing his book. For some of the artists, very little is known about them except the stories that Vasari heard and wrote in his book. Even though nowadays it is known that Vasari sometimes made mistakes, he gives a wonderful picture of the characters of the artists, and tells all sorts of amusing stories. +Vasari does not just tell the stories of the artists' lives. He also describes their artworks in great detail. It is because of Vasari that art historians know of many important artworks that have been lost. It is because of Vasari that we know that the Mona Lisa once had eyebrows. Vasari writes about the artworks as a history. He believed that the Gothic art of the Middle Ages was not as good as the art of Florence in the 15th century (1400s) and that Michelangelo, who painted in the early 16th century (1500s) was the greatest artist since the days of Ancient Greece. He believed that the change towards the great art of the Renaissance began with Giotto around 1300. Vasari puts all these ideas into his book and shows how one artist learnt from each other, and how the changes in art came about. "Vasari's Lives" is the first art history book that was ever written. + += = = Dziecinów, Otwock County = = = +Dziecinów (Polish: ) is a voivodeship village in Poland, Masovia. It has approximately 704 inhabitants and an area of 6 km2. + += = = Leipziger Land = = = +Leipziger Land was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. +It was southwest of the city of Leipzig. Leipzig City has its own government. +History. +The district was formed in 1994 by joining the old districts of Leipzig, Borna and Geithain. +The area south of Leipzig City is a big lignite mining area. It will be turned lakeland in the near future. The lignite made the Leipzig area the biggest industrial part of East Germany. + += = = Muldentalkreis = = = +The Muldentalkreis was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. +The district was formed in 1994 when the two old districts of Grimma and Wurzen were joined together. A few municipalities from other districts around Bad Lausick were added as well. +Geography. +The district is named after its major river, the "Mulde" - the name means . The Mulde is starts in the south of the district where two smaller rivers, the "Freiberger Mulde" and the "Zwickauer Mulde" join. + += = = Torgau-Oschatz = = = +Torgau-Oschatz was a rural district ("Landkreis") in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. The district was created in 1994 by joining the two districts Oschatz and Torgau, and 6 municipalities from the former district Eilenburg. It ended in 2008. + += = = Geneva (disambiguation) = = = +Geneva is a city in Switzerland. +Geneva may also refer to: +United States. +Geneva can also be these places in the United States: + += = = Uri = = = +Uri can mean: +Geography: +URI, a three-letter abbreviation: + += = = Amt (political division) = = = +In Germany, an Amt, or Samtgemeinde, or Verbandsgemeinde, or Verwaltungsgemeinschaft is a collection of towns or municipalities in a rural district. The name used depends on which state the district is in. +The Amt joins together several small villages to help with land-use plans, sanitation, the cemetery and fire brigade services or other services that one village is too small to provide for itself. +Larger towns, usually called "free towns", can carry out these services for themselves, and are not part of an "amt". + += = = Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis Rural District = = = +The Mittlerer Erzgebirgskreis was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. +History. +The district was formed in 1994 by joining the two previous districts Marienberg and Zschopau. +Geography. +The district is located in the Erzgebirge mountains. The highest point is the high "Hirtstein". The lowest point, , is in Witzschdorf. 40% of the district is covered by forests. + += = = Stollberg Rural District = = = +Stollberg Rural District was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. Chemnitzer Land. It ended in 2008. +History. +It was first created in 1910. In 1950 the district was dissolved. In 1952 it was set up again. In the big reform of 1994 the Stollberg Rural District got bigger, because some smaller towns and villages from the city of Zwönitz and districts of Chemnitz and Aue, were transferred to Stollberg. +Stollberg Rural District is on the northwestern slope of the Erzgebirge Mountains. +Partnerships. +Since 1990 the district has a partnership with the district Fürth in Bavaria. +Coat of arms. +The left half of the coat of arms show the symbol of the Counts of Schönberg - the county of Schönberg covered most of the area of the district. To the right is the imperial eagle symbolizing the Pleissenland, an imperial estate. The colours of the right side are also identical with those of Meißen, as another part of the district historically belonged to the County of Meissen. + += = = Stollberg = = = +Stollberg is a town in the Free State of Saxony, and was capital of the Stollberg Rural District. It is east of Zwickau, and southwest of Chemnitz. + += = = Mittweida (district) = = = +Mittweida () was a district in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It ended in 2008. +History. +In 1994 the district was created, when the previous districts Hainichen, Rochlitz and part of the district of Chemnitz were joined. + += = = Mittweida = = = +Mittweida () is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the Landkreis Mittweida. +History. +The town was started in the 13th century, and is now one of the biggest textile producing centres in Saxony. +Mittweida University has about 5000 students. It was started in the late 19th century. Among its students were August Horch, Walter Bruch, Jørgen Skafte Rasmussen, and Gerhard Neumann. +During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was located here. + += = = Canton of Zürich = = = +Zürich (Swiss German: "Züri", French: "Zurich", Italian: "Zurigo", Romansh: "Turitg") is a canton of Switzerland. About 1.2 million people live there. The canton is in the northeast of Switzerland. The city of Zürich is its capital. The official language is German, but people speak the local Swiss German dialect called "Züritüütsch". English writers often write the name of the Canton of Zürich as Canton of Zurich. +Districts. +The Canton of Zürich is divided into 12 districts: +Municipalities. +The canton of Zürich has 171 municipalities: + += = = Affoltern District = = = +Affoltern District (also known as Knonaueramt or Säuliamt) is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is Affoltern am Albis. +Municipalities. +Affoltern contains a total of 14 municipalities: + += = = Andelfingen District = = = +Andelfingen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. +Municipalities. +Andelfingen contains 24 municipalities: + += = = Bülach District = = = +Bülach is one of 12 districts of the Canton of Zürich in Switzerland. With about 117,000 people living there, it is the third largest in the canton. + += = = Dielsdorf District = = = +Dielsdorf is a district in the northwestern part of the Swiss canton of Zürich. +Municipalities. +The district contains 21 municipalities: + += = = Dietikon District = = = +Dietikon is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. The capital city is Dietikon. + += = = Hinwil District = = = +Hinwil is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Hinwil. +Municipalities. +The district contains 11 municipalities: + += = = Horgen District = = = +Horgen is a district of the Swiss canton of Zürich. Its capital is Horgen. + += = = Meilen District = = = +Meilen is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zurich, Switzerland. +Municipalities. +Meilen contains 11 municipalities: + += = = Freiberg, Saxony = = = +Freiberg (i.e. "free mountain") is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany, capital of the Freiberg Rural District. +The town was founded in 1186, and has been a centre of the mining industry in the Ore Mountains for centuries. +In 1944 the Flossenburg concentration camp built a subcamp outside the town of Freiberg. It housed over 500 female survivors of other camps, including Auschwitz Birkenau. Altogether 50 or so SS women worked in this camp until its evacuation in April 1945. The female survivors later reached the Mauthausen concentration camp in Austria. + += = = Pfäffikon District = = = +Pfäffikon is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the town of Pfäffikon. +Municipalities. +Pfäffikon contains 12 municipalities: + += = = Uster District = = = +Uster is one of the twelve districts of the canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Uster. +Municipalities. +Uster contains 10 municipalities: + += = = Winterthur District = = = +Winterthur is one of the twelve districts of the German-speaking canton of Zürich, Switzerland. Its capital is the city of Winterthur. +Municipalities. +Winterthur contains 19 municipalities: + += = = Adlikon bei Andelfingen = = = +Adlikon bei Andelfingen is a municipality of the district Andelfingen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. + += = = My Story (Scholastic UK) = = = +My Story is a series of books by many different writers. Each book is a diary of a fictional girl who lived through a famous time in history. +About the books. +Sometimes, the main character from one book is the mother of the main character from another book. For example, Tilly Middleton from "Bloody Tower" is the mother of Kitty Lumsden from "The Queen's Spies". +At the end of each book, there is some information about the time in history the book was about. Sometimes there is a timeline, or a fictional biography of the main character. + += = = Yair Auron = = = +Yair Auron (, "Ya'ir Oron"; born April 30, 1945) is an Israeli historian, scholar and expert specializing on Holocaust and Genocide studies, racism and contemporary Jewry. Since 2005 he is the head of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Communication, The Open University of Israel, Associate Professor. +Biography. +From 1974 to 1976 Auron worked as the Director of the Education Department, Yad Vashem, Jerusalem, in the 1980s he was a researcher of the Center for Jewish Education, Hebrew University and Academic director of European Section, The Israel Diaspora Institute, Tel-Aviv University. In 1996-1999 he was a Senior Lecturer in College of Yezreel, Head of the Division of Cultural Studies. + += = = Gniezno = = = +Gniezno ( ) is a city in central-western Poland, about 50 km east of Poznań, inhabited by about 70,000 people. It is in the Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the administrative capital of the Gniezno County (powiat). Gniezno is a cradle of the Polish state and until 1038 was capital of Poland. In the 1000 here took place Gniezno Congress, meeting betwen duke Boleslaus I the Brave and Otto III, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. In Gniezno Cathedral until 14th century took place royal coronations. Patron of Gniezno is Saint Adalbert of Prague. + += = = Birmingham to Peterborough Line = = = +The Birmingham to Peterborough Line is an important cross-country train track in the United Kingdom, making a connection from the Midlands to East Anglia. Passenger services are given by CrossCountry and East Midlands Trains, serving the following places: +On other tracks (Ely to Peterborough, Breckland and West Anglia) the trains keep going after Peterborough, through March and Ely to Thetford and Norwich or Wendens Ambo (Audley End) and Stansted Airport. Many of them run to Stansted. Services for Norwich come back out of Ely. +Other services using part of the Birmingham to Peterborough Line include Birmingham to Leicester local (close by) trains. The tracks also have a lot of cargo on the trains, being one of the big train tracks to Birmingham Freightliner Terminal (on the site of Birmingham Lawley Street railway station). +Stations that are not there anymore. +Stations that are not on these tracks anymore are: + += = = From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler = = = +From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a novel by E. L. Konigsburg that won the Newbery Medal for excellence in American children's literature in 1968. +Story. +This book tells the story of Claudia Kincaid, an 11-year-old girl who feels unappreciated by her parents. She decides to run away from home just long enough to show her family what they would be missing without her. Unfortunately, she does not enjoy hardship or discomfort, so running away has lots of problems. To solve this problem, Claudia decides to stay at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She tells her brother Jamie to accompany her: he's quiet, but most importantly, he has a secret stash of cash he's gotten by cheating at card games with his best friend, Bruce. +Much of the first part of the novel details how Claudia and Jamie settle in at the museum: blending in with school groups on field trips during the day to get a free presentation, hiding in the restroom at closing time to stay there, and emerging at night to bathe in the fountain and sleep on antique beds. During their stay, they become fascinated with the newest exhibit: a beautiful statue of an angel, thought to have been crafted by Michelangelo. Their time and money are spent trying to find the secret of the statue, hidden somewhere in the unorganized files of the statue's old owner, Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, who lives in Farmington, Connecticut. +She says,"You can know the secret only if you can find the truth from my mixed up files." They find the truth under the file "Bologna". They go home, and by their choice, Jamie and Claudia turn out to be the grandchildren of Mrs Frankweiler's lawyer, Saxonberg. +In other media. +This novel was made into a movie in 1973, starring Ingrid Bergman in the title role. It later became a made-for-TV movie in 1995, starring Lauren Bacall in the title role. +In the television series "The Simpsons", the plot was mimicked in the episodes "Smart and Smarter," in which Lisa hides in a local science museum in embarrassment at finding her baby sister is smarter than she, and the episode "Last Tap Dance in Springfield" features Bart and Milhouse hiding out in the shopping mall for one week while on a camping trip. The movie "The Royal Tenenbaums" has a scene in which characters Margot and Richie hide in a museum; in the movie's DVD commentary, Wes Anderson states that this was an homage to the novel, the aquarium. + += = = Citizenship of the European Union = = = +Citizenship of the European Union was started by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992. It is extra to being a citizen of one of the member countries of the European Union, and gives extra rights to nationals of European Union Member States. +History. +Before the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the European Communities treaties allowed workers, and their families, to travel and live in any member country. This idea started when the European Coal and Steel Community was set up by the Treaty of Paris in 1951. This allowed workers in the coal and steel industries to move to another country for work. In 1957, the European Economic Community was set up by the Treaty of Rome. That treaty allowed all workers to move freely. +The European Court of Justice took a wider idea of freedom of movement. The Court said people should be allowed to move to another country to get a better life style, not just to earn more money by working. The law made by the European Court, the reason the reason a worker wanted to move abroad does not matter, they could start part-time and full-time work, and get extra help from the new country. +Other decisions of the ECJ allowed any citizen of a member country live anywhere in the EU and be treated the same as a citizen of the new country. +Start of EU Citizenship. +The idea of EU citizenship was started by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam. The Treaty of Amsterdam said that union citizenship will not replace national citizenship, but only be extra it. +Who is an EU citizen? +Article 17 (1) of the amended EC Treaty states that Citizenship of the Union is hereby established. Every person holding the nationality of a Member State shall be a citizen of the Union. Citizenship of the Union shall complement and not replace national citizenship. +Rights of EU citizens. +Specific rights. +The amended EC Treaty provides the following rights to EU citizens: +Citizens of new countries which join the EU can have some of the rights limited for up to seven years after they join. +Brexit. +The United Kingdom has left the European Union. It is still unclear whether UK citizens will continue to enjoy EU citizenships after Brexit. + += = = Messiah (Handel) = = = +Messiah is an oratorio by George Frideric Handel. It is Handel’s most famous work, and in England, the most often performed of any big choral work. The title Messiah means “the anointed one” and is the name given to Jesus Christ in the Christian teaching. +Background to its composition. +Georg Frideric Handel was born in Germany. When he was a young man he came to England and he liked it so much that he soon visited England again and stayed there for the rest of his life, becoming a naturalised Englishman says the legend. Actually he was composer for the King of Hannover, who then became King of England, and Handel followed his "employer". +The main reason why Handel liked England at that time was because the people liked his music and gave him support. At this time Handel was known as a composer of operas. For about 20 years Handel spent most of his time working on operas: composing them, organising performances and looking for opera singers to sing his works. +By the late 1730s, however, people’s tastes started to change and opera was not so popular. Handel changed to writing oratorios. Although it is thought that Handel invented the oratorio he in fact did not.Oratorio is Italian, after the Oratory of Saint Philip Neri at Rome, where famous musical services were held in the 16th century. Handel is just one composer of many who wrote oratorios. His oratorios are based on the English tradition of the Masque, which was something between a play and an opera. However, oratorios were about stories from the Old Testament. Instead of ancient gods or Roman emperors (which is what operas were about at that time) he used dramatic stories from the Bible. Among many great oratorios that he wrote, "Messiah" is his most famous one. However, it is different from his other oratorios in some ways. +Handel composes the Messiah. +The words of "Messiah" were written by a librettist Charles Jennens. He chose several passages from the Bible and made a libretto, which he sent to Handel in 1741 (although people today often call the work "The Messiah”, both Handel and Jennens call it "Messiah" without the word “the”). Handel immediately realized that a great work of music could be made from Jennens’ libretto. He thought that Jennens was a very clever person, and in his letters to him he calls the work “Your Oratorio "Messiah"”. Handel sat down in the front room of his house in Brook Street, London, and wrote the whole oratorio in twenty four days. It is a long work, lasting over four hours, and when one thinks that Handel had to write out all the parts for the choir and orchestra, he must have worked unbelievably hard. When he had finished the work, he put it in a drawer for seven weeks. Perhaps he thought it would never be played in London, because at that time the London audiences did not seem to like him. +Handel goes to Dublin. +Just at that time he got an invitation to go to Dublin. He was asked to give a concert to get money for charity. The main charity for which money was being raised was the debtor’s prison. In those days people who ran into debt (meaning that they owed lots of people money but had no money to pay them) were sent to prison. There they were fed by charity (people who fed them out of kindness). If no one fed them they just starved to death. Handel had nearly been sent to a debtor’s prison himself a few years earlier. +He went to Dublin as soon as he could, and he was there by November. On 23 December, he performed his oratorio "L’Allegro". Unlike the London audiences, people in Dublin loved it. This was followed by "Alexander’s Feast", "Imeneo" and, in April, "Messiah". He was a very great success in Dublin, and he stayed there until August, when he returned to London. +The music. +"Messiah" tells the story of Christ. It is divided into three parts. Part One tells of the coming and the birth of Christ. Part Two is about his death on the cross, and his Ascension into Heaven, and Part III concentrates on Paul's teaching of the resurrection of the dead and Christ's glorification in heaven. Handel usually performed his oratorios in theatres, not in churches, and his audience went as a change from going to the opera. They did not go for religious worship. +Handel’s oratorios are normally dramatic, with the four solo singers (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) each taking the part of a character from the Bible. "Messiah" is different. The soloists sing about the story of Christ. The great choruses, where the choir sings, praise the Lord in the wonderful music. Some of the music is homophonic (e.g. the "Hallelujah" chorus), some of the choruses are dramatic dialogues (e.g. "Lift up your heads"), or they are a fugue ("He trusted in God" and "Amen"), or they describe things dramatically ("All we like sheep"). +The Hallelujah Chorus. +The most well known of all the movements in "Messiah" is the one popularly known as the "Hallelujah Chorus," because of the frequently sung exclamation “Hallelujah”. It occurs at the end of the Part Two of the oratorio.' +It has become a tradition for the audience to stand up for the "Hallelujah Chorus," although it is unknown when this practice began. +There is a well-known but apocryphal story of King George II attending a royal performance of "Messiah" and supposedly rising to his feet during the "Hallelujah Chorus"."" Whenever the king stood up, everyone in his presence had to stand, hence the whole audience rose to their feet as well. However, this story does not appear to be based on any historical source. + += = = John Murray (general) = = = +"Major General" John Joseph Murray DSO & Bar, MC (born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, died 8 September 1951 in Sydney, New South Wales) was an Australian Army Officer and businessman with a special role in both world wars. During World War I, he was "mentioned in despatches" and got got medals while fighting on the Western Front in France. In World War II and he was made commander of the 20th Brigade that helped beat Erwin Rommell's "Afrika Korps" in "Libya". +Early Life. +Murray was born on born 26 April 1892 in Sydney, New South Wales. His father was working man from Ireland. His father was also called John Murray and his mother was called Margaret. +When he left the local Catholic school John Murray started training as a salesman for Sydney firm Anthony Hordern & Sons in 1910. He then joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces where he served two years before joining the 33rd Regiment in 1913. +World War I. +John Murray was already in the Australian Army when World War I started on 28 July 1914. He was quickly (fast) made a Second Lieutenant on 6 March 1915. When he started being Second Lieutenant, Murray was moved to the Australian Imperial Force, and went by ship to Egypt. After being posted to the 1st Battalion at first, in March, 1916 he was moved to the 53rd Battalion, which was part of the 5th Division, when the Australian Imperial Force was helped by new soldiers from Australia. The 5th Division was soon moved from Egypt to France where they were put into the hard fighting of the Western Front. +By 19 July 1916 Murray's 53rd Battalion were in the first fighting by the Australian Imperial Force on the Western Front. It was the Battle of Fromelles. 5,533 Australian soldiers were killed, wounded or taken prisoner, because the fighting plan went wrong. The Australian War Memorial sayss the fighting was "the worst 24 hours in Australia's entire history" +John Murray became a Major in June 1917 and was soon known for his very good leadership and very brave "night raiding" (crossing at night into enemy trenches). In September 1918 during the very hard fighting of the Second Battle of the Somme, Murray's good leadership was mentioned again, and after fights near Peronne, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order. +Murray was still fighting on the Western Front when peace started 11 November 1918. Having been awarded the Military Cross and Distinguished Service Order, and also having twice being told of in dispatches he went back home to Australia in May, 1919. +Between the Wars. +By 25 August 1919 the all of the men in the Australian Imperial Force had been sent home. Murray was happy to go back to his job at Anthony Hordern & Sons in Sydney, but he did not want to stop being a soldier, and he joined the Australian Citizens Military Forces. +On 4 January 1923 John Murray married Mary Madeline Cannon at St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, and soon after became the manager of the delivery department at Anthony Hordern & Sons. +By 1925 Murray became a of Lieutenant-Colonel. From 1934 to 1938 Murray was the Commanding Officer of the Australian Army Service Corps, 1st Division. +World War II. +With war coming again, John Murray was given the command of the 9th Infantry brigade, and they got ready to move for war in February, 1940. He was chosen for the Second Australian Imperial Force in April 1940 and was given command of the 20th Brigade which went by ship to the Middle East in October 1940 to begin training in Palestine. +Tobruk. +Murrays brigade was made a part of the 9th Division. Even though the troops were not ready to fight, the 9th Division was sent to Libya to help the 6th Division win Tobruk. +On 4 April 1941, the "Afrika Korps" starting fighting Murray's 20th Brigade. The Australians slowed down Rommell's forces, but there were so many Germans they could not be forced back. Murray and his troops moved into Tobruk itself. For his leadership, John Murray was granted a "bar" to his Distinguished Service Order (the bar is given instead of a second medal). +Murray's knowledge of Trench warfare and night-raiding was very helpful to the defenders during the Siege of Tobruk. In November 1941, Murray was mentioned in dispatches for the third time in his career for his excellent resistance to Rommell. +Battle for Australia. +Murray returned to Australia in January 1942, just as the Japan was fighting south towards New Guinea. Instead of the recruiting job he expected, Murray was put in charge of the Newcastle Covering Force, and immediately promoted him to temporary Major-General. +The Newcastle Covering Force was soon re-named the 10th Division and Murray was sent to Western Australia in August 1942 to lead the 4th Division which was then moved to North Queensland due to fears of Japanese invasion during April and May 1943.In October 1944, he was made General of the Rear Echelon at Mareeba, before commanding the Northern Territory Force from March, 1945 until January, 1946, when he retired. +Post War. +John Murray was made Australian trade commissioner to New Zealand from 1946 until 1949 and then the same role for "Ceylon" in 1949. +General John Murray died on 8 September 1951 at the Military Hospital, Concord, Sydney. He received a funeral with full military honours, and was buried in French's Forest Cemetery. His wife, three sons and two daughters survived him. + += = = Dippoldiswalde = = = +Dippoldiswalde is a town in the Free State of Saxony, Germany. It was the capital city of the Weißeritzkreis district. Today, Dippoldiswalde is a city in Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge Rural District. It is east of Freiberg, and south of Dresden. +The town is on the Weisseritz railway, a narrow gauge railway powered by steam locomotives. + += = = Großenhain = = = +Großenhain is the capital of the Riesa-Großenhain Rural District, Saxony, Germany. +History. +Großenhain was originally a Sorbian settlement. It was first mentioned in 1205. +Geography. +Großenhain is on the river Röder, northwest of Dresden, and east of Riesa. +It is also on Via Regia from Görlitz to Santiago de Compostela. + += = = Meissen = = = +Meißen (, ) is a town of about 30,000 near Dresden on both banks of the Elbe in the Free State of Saxony, in eastern Germany. Meißen is the home of Meißen porcelain. Meißen is the capital city of Meißen Rural District +During World War II, a subcamp of Flossenburg concentration camp was in Meißen. +Porcelain. +Meißen is famous for the manufacture of porcelain. This is because there are big local deposits of china clay (kaolin) and potter's clay (potter's earth). Meißen porcelain was the first high quality porcelain to be produced outside of China. +The first European porcelain was made in Meißen in 1710, when the Royal Porcelain Factory was opened in the Albrechtsburg. In 1861, it was moved to the Triebisch valley of Meißen, where the Meißen porcelain factory can still be found today. + += = = The Best Damn Thing = = = +The Best Damn Thing is an album and hit song by musical artist Avril Lavigne. It was released April 17, 2007. The lead single off the album, "Girlfriend" was released on February 27, 2007. The song was very successful and peaked in a lot of countries #1. This was Lavigne's first Billboard Hot 100 chart number one. The second single, "When You're Gone" was released on June 19, 2007. The song was quite successful, peaking at #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The third single, "Hot" was released on October 2, 2007. The song was unsuccessful in the U.S, it debuted two months after its release on the Billboard Hot 100 at #95. But the song was successful in Canada, it peaked at #10 on the Canadian Hot 100. The fourth and final single from the album was "The Best Damn Thing". It was released on June 24, 2008. The single was not very successful, it peaked at #76 on the Canadian Hot 100. The Best Damn Thing sold 6 million copies worldwide. +Track listing. +Limited Edition. +Live at Orange Lounge +Music Videos + += = = The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants = = = +The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a series of books by Ann Brashares. It is about a group of girls named Bridget (the leader), Lena Kigales (the shy and beautiful), Carmen (the dramatic one), and Tibby (the rebellious girl). These girls find a pair of pants that fit all four of them, though one girl is fat, one girl is short and one girl is super thin. There are 4 books in the series. It was made into a movie in 2005. + += = = Complicated = = = +"Complicated" was the first and perhaps the most popular song sung by Avril Lavigne. It was released in 2002. It was on her album "Let Go". Other songs on the same CD single are "I Don't Give" and additional "Why" on maxi-cds. +It was at one point #1 in the charts in Canada, UK, Australia and the US. She was 17 when she sang it and she and her band wrote it together. + += = = Navel piercing = = = +A navel piercing is type of piercing to the bellybutton. It is the second most popular piercing, next to ear piercing. It is considered a form of body art. There can be multiple piercings and it is possible to change rings, depending on how you pierce it. +This piercing can be done at any angle where there is a clear flap of skin, but the most common navel piercing is through the upper rim of the navel. +Healing usually takes around 6–12 months, but is different for each person due to differences in their body. + += = = Flag of Brazil = = = +The Brazilian Flag is the flag of Brazil. It is the flag that has gone through the most changes and the current flag was made and used in May of 1992, and still use it today. +Flag. +It has gone through changes many times, changes including stars, colour and other things. +A list of constellations and stars on the map: + += = = From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler (1995 movie) = = = +From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler is a 1995 television movie based on E.L. Konigsburg's novel "From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler". The story is about a girl and her brother who run away from home to live in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art and find what they think is a lost treasure. The children, Claudia and Jamie, are amazed with the treasure and would not leave without knowing what its secret is. Lauren Bacall stars in the title role. +Before this movie, the book was made into a 1973 feature movie starring Ingrid Bergman, later released on home video as "The Hideaways". + += = = 624 Hektor = = = +624 Hektor is the biggest of the Jovian Trojan asteroids. It was found in 1907 by August Kopff. +Hektor is a D-type asteroid, dark and reddish in colour. It lies in Jupiter's leading Lagrangian point, L4, called the 'Greek' node after one of the two sides in the legendary Trojan War. Ironically, Hektor is named after the Trojan hero Hektor, and is thus one of two Trojan asteroids that is "misplaced" in the wrong camp (the other being 617 Patroclus in the Trojan node). +Hektor is one of the most stretched bodies of its size in the solar system, being 370 × 200 km. It is thought that Hektor might be a contact binary (two asteroids joined by gravitational attraction) like 216 Kleopatra. Hubble Space Telescope sightings of Hektor in 1993 did not show an obvious stretched shape because of a limited angular resolution. On July 17, 2006, the Keck-10m II telescope and its Laser guide star Adaptive Optics (AO) system indicated a stretched shape for Hektor. Additionally, since this AO system provides an excellent and stable correction (angular resolution of 0.060 arcsec in K band), a 15-km moon at 1000 km from Hektor was found. The moon's provisional designation is S/2006 (624) 1. Hektor is, so far, the only known binary Trojan asteroid in the L4 point and the first Trojan with a moon. 617 Patroclus, another big Trojan asteroid in the L5, is made of two same-sized asteroids. + += = = Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards = = = +The Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards or simply Golden Horse is a movie festival and awards ceremony held annually in Taiwan. The ceremony usually takes place in November or December in Taipei. +The awards, contested by movies submitted from Taiwan, Hong Kong, China and elsewhere, are generally held to be the most prestigious for Chinese language movies outside the People's Republic of China. The awards ceremony is held after the month-long movie festival, which showcases some of the nominated movies for the awards. +Winners are selected by a jury of judges during the week before the ceremony is held. Winners are awarded with a golden horse statuette. +Under current rules and regulations, every movie made primarily in any dialect of Chinese language is eligible for competition. Since 1996, almost any artist or movie from mainland China was allowed to enter the movie festival. + += = = Golden Melody Awards = = = +The Golden Melody Awards () or sometimes shortened to just Golden Melody are music awards annually presented in Taiwan. The Awards began in 1990. + += = = Ella Koon = = = +Ella Koon, real name Ianna Koon, is a Chinese singer, actress and model. She was born in Tahiti, French Polynesia, and was raised in Hong Kong, where she is currently based. +She speaks Cantonese, English, French and Mandarin languages. +Life. +Early career. +After finishing high school in Birmingham, England, she began her career as a model in 2000. She debuted into the film industry in the romance movie "I Do". +Later career. +In 2004, she started her singing career and released her debut Original (album). In early 2005, She participated in the TVB show "Hotel Situation". Her second album "Ellacadabra" was released in late 2005. In mid-2005, Koon starred in the TVB's series "Revolving Doors of Vengeance (����)", making her a well-known actress as well. She also starred in "Survivor's Law II" in 2007. + += = = Survivor's Law II = = = +Survivor's Law II is a Chinese TV drama series. It aired in Hong Kong starting 24 December 2007 and ending 18 January 2008. It is the sequel to the 2003 series "Survivor's Law". However, three members of the original cast did not appear in this sequel due. +Plot synopsis. +MK Sun (real name Sun Man Kwan) was a teenager who once stopped a drug smuggler, but then was wrongly accused of being the one taking drugs. Despite his background, he hired a famous lawyer to help him and not surprisingly, he won. The lawyer, named Brandon, became his idol, and MK Sun grew up to be a lawyer. +Years later, MK was trying to get a job in his idol's company, T&B. He beats Brandon's wife, Brenda in a case, and started working there. There he meets a stubborn, rich, and spoiled girl named Lily, who only cares about her self and appearnace. They became enemies because of each other's backgrounds and attitudes. +MK then meets Vincent. Vincent thought of MK as ghetto, but soon realizes he was wrong. After having a fight with him in soccer, Vincent punched the umpire but MK Sun took the blame. Soon, they become friends. +After splitting with his former girlfriend Jessica, Vincent falls in love with a coffee shop girl called Choi Yuk. Vincent had his license for being a lawyer taken away for three years and could not get his license back yet. After getting a chance to work again and start a new refreshing career, he started only caring for himself. He was so determined that he went against Choi Yuk and her family, and even MK. Choi Yuk thought he betrayed them and only cared about himself so she ended the relationship. +After a while, Lily and MK start to have feelings for each other and eventually get married in court. +Soon, Choi Yuk gets into hospital after taking a beating in the head by someone and falling into a coma, and gives birth to a baby boy Jophy. Vincent then gets hit in the head when Choi Yuk wakes up and loses his memory. However, to prevent Choi Yuk from despairing too much from not remembering her and Jophy, he proposes and they get married. +Vincent never regains his memory and ends up working in the shop with Choi Yuk. MK and Lily share a happy and playful relationship. + += = = Younha = = = +Younha, born 29 April 1988 in Seoul, Korea, is a Korean pop singer. +Younha made her debut at the age of sixteen. Nicknamed the "Oricon comet" for her success in Japan, she has released eight singles and one album there with varying degrees of success. Many of her songs have been featured in TV shows. +Younha was signed to Epic Records, a branch of Sony Music Entertainment Japan, from 2004 to 2008. She then moved to Sistus Records, a Geneon Entertainment label. In South Korea, she is signed to Lion Media and Stam Entertainment. +Biography. +Early life. +Born in South Korea to musical parents, Younha began to play the piano at the age of 4. She developed an interest in Japanese drama shows and began to teach herself Japanese. Before long, she could translate to her school friends what happened on recent Japanese TV episodes. What began as an interest in Japanese dramas developed into an interest in Japanese music. At the recommendation of an older student in her school's broadcasting club, she listened to such artists such as Utada Hikaru and Misia. Younha began to dream about debuting as a singer alongside her favorite artists. +2004 - 2005: Early Career & Moderate Success. +Yubikiri Era. +She began to try out in auditions within Korea. She said she went through as many as 20 auditions. She also commented in her interview that certain companies refused to sign her to their labels because they believed she was not "pretty" enough, although she sang very well. Her mother also discouraged her dream and even locked her bedroom door to prevent Younha from leaving the house. Younha, however, climbed out the window and made it to the audition. At one audition, she made an overwhelming impression and signed a contract with a Korean company. Soon after, Younha's voice was heard by a company in Japan. In order to make her childhood dream of debuting in Japan come true, Younha did recording while going back and forth between Korea and Japan. Quickly, Younha's Japanese skills advanced so much that she surprised even the staff around her. +After a TV drama producer heard her demo tape, her song "Yubikiri" was chosen as the insert song for the Fuji TV Monday drama show "Tokyo Wankei ~Destiny of Love~". In October she debuted with her official first single "Yubikiri". +Houkiboshi to Go! Younha Era. +Younha's second single "Houkiboshi" was used as an ending song for the popular anime show "BLEACH". It became a hit - debuting on the Oricon chart at #18, it peaked at #12. With this single, she became only the second Korean, after BoA, to have broken the Oricon chart's top 20. Between "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki" and "Houki Boshi", she released "Motto Futari de". It flopped massively, only reaching #117 on the Oricon Charts possibly due to a lack of promotion. Her later single, "Touch / Yume no Tsuzuki", first charted at the #15, with the tie-in and went as high as #11. After releasing five singles, Younha released her first album entitled "Go! Younha". It reached the #10 spot on the Oricon weekly charts. +2006: Later Struggles and Korean Debut. +Tewo Tsunaide to Hakanaku Tsuyoku Era. +"My Lover" was a re-cut single from Go! Younha, her debut album, and was re-cut because it was the theme to the "Bleach GC: Tasogare Ni Mamieru Shini Kami". It was limited to 70,000 copies and flopped, selling only about 2,000 copies, ranking at #58. Because of the limited print, however, it has become valuable and rare. Younha was also chosen to sing the ending theme to the anime "Jyu Oh Sei". "Tewo Tsunaide" only did slightly better than "My Lover", peaking at #50. +Younha began to compose her own music. The song "Kaerimichi" released on "My Lover" is the first song released for which she wrote the lyrics and composed the music for. In addition, she composed the music for the song "homegirl", the B-side released on "Te wo Tsunaide". +"Imaga Daisuki" was released, with more live performances than "Te wo Tsunaide", and a tie-in. It seemed that Younha has a bigger budget on this single. It did significantly worse, as her second worst ranking single, at #71. "Imaga Daisuki" was also used as an opening song for the animation Jang Geum's Dream while the b-track "Inori" was used for the animation's ending song. +Younha released a digital Korean single titled "Audition". The single includes "Audition (Time 2 Rock)" and "Waiting". Although it was released as a digital single, very limited hard copies of the single were available as well. Many performances for this song were shown on Korean TV, unusual for Younha as her last appearance on TV was with her single "Touch." Much promotion occurred for this single and it helped for a long charting life for "Audition", lasting well over 3 months in all the Korean charts. She stayed in Korea during this release. +Younha was once again chosen to be an anime theme singer for "Kiba". The song "Hakanaku Tsuyoku" was used as the second opening for the show. The single was released on 17 January 2007. This single, unlike her other singles, has only 3 tracks. This single appeared on the Top 20 Daily Charts for exactly one day, at #16. The Weekly rank was at an above-average #36, but sales were only slightly better. +2007: Great Success in Korea & A Possible Return to Japan. +The Perfect Day to Say I Love You Era. +Exactly two months after "Hakanaku Tsuyoku", Younha went back to her home country to release her first Korean Album entitled Go Baek Ha Gi Jo Eun Nal, translated as "The Perfect Day to Say I Love You" or literally translated "Good Day to Confess"). She recorded a MV for the third track (Bi Mil Bun Ho 486, translated "Password 486") which stars fellow Stam artist Yoon Ji Hoo. The video featured many image changes for Younha which include her first ever kiss. The album also features a collaboration with Wheesung. +Younha released her Korean debut album. The album received excellent success, peaking at #1 on the charts. The first song to be promoted from the album was "Password 486". She won the SBS Inkigayo Mutizen award twice for Secret Number 486. The second song to be promoted from this album was Yeonae Jogeon, translated "Love Condition". +On July 14th 2007, Younha appeared on the Korean GomTV MSL Grand Finals (Starcraft tournament) and played in the opening ceremony. +Younha has been picked as publicity envoy for the anti-corruption Clean Wave Campaign for her pure and clean image. +At the 2007 MKMF held on November 17th 2007, Younha won the Best New Solo Artist award. +Younha Vol. 1.5 Album. +With Younha's success rising, she released a new version of Go! Younha, all re-recorded in Korean. The album, with tracklist changes, is now called Comet), and was released on October 23. +Collaborations. +Younha sang the song "Boku wa Koko ni Iru" on the tribute album to Masayoshi Yamazaki, "One More Time, One More Track". (12.21.05) +Younha was selected as one of 14 female artists to perform in the omnibus album "14 Princess ~Princess Princess Children~", a collection of the most famous songs by the top girls band Princess Princess of late 80's and early 90's. Younha performed the song "Diamonds", which was the number 1 seller of the year 1989 in Japan. (03.08.06) +Discography. +This is the discography of pop artist 'Younha'. + += = = Benedictine = = = +The word Benedictine usually refers to a follower of the Order of Saint Benedict. These people usually lead a life in an abbey. They follow the rule of Benedict of Nursia. Benedict lived in the 6th century. He made some rules, called the Rule of St Benedict these people follow. The rules can be summed up by "pax" ("peace") and "ora et labora" ("pray and work"). +Most Benedictines see themselves as part of the Catholic Church. Some can also be found in the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Church. Officially, the order is known as "Ordo Sancti Benedicti" ("OSB"). + += = = Franciscan = = = +The word Franciscan refers to followers of one of the religious orders that follow the Rule of St Francis. Saint Francis of Assisi lived in the 13th century. Franciscans usually lead simple lives without much money. Today, there are three main branches of these orders. They mostly see themselves as part of the Roman Catholic or Anglican Church. There are also small communities in the Old Catholic and Protestant Church. + += = = Cistercian = = = +The term Cistercian is used to refer to an order of Roman Catholic monks. Officially the order is called "Ordo Cisterciensis" ("OCist"), or "Sacer Ordo Cisterciensis" ("SOC"). These people follow the same rules as the Benedictines, that is to say those of St Benedict. Over time, the Benedictines made some changes to the rules and the way of life. +The Cistercians reject these. They went back to what St Benedict had taught. Sometimes their rules were more strict than those St Benedict had given. They also went back to manual labour, especially work in the fields. Because of this, the Cistercians helped spread technologies around Medieval Europe. In 1882 certain monasteries formed a new order, called the Trappists. With time, they split completely from the Cistercians. + += = = Langston Hughes = = = +James Mercer Langston Hughes (February 1, 1901 – May 22, 1967) was an American poet, novelist, playwright and short story writer. Hughes was one of the writers and artists whose work was called the Harlem Renaissance. +Hughes grew up as a poor boy from Missouri, the descendant of African people who had been taken to America as slaves. At that time, the term used for African-Americans was "negro" which means a person with black skin. Most "negroes" did not remember or think about their link with the people of Africa, even though it was a big influence on their culture and, in particular, their music. Hughes was unusual for his time, because he went back to West Africa to understand more about his own culture. Through his poetry, plays, and stories, Hughes helped other black Americans to see themselves as part of a much bigger group of people, so that now the term "African-American" is used with pride. +Hughes became a famous writer, but all his life he remembered how he started out, and he helped and encouraged many other struggling writers. +Life. +Childhood. +Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. His parents were James Hughes and Carrie Langston Hughes who was a teacher. Langston's father, James Hughes, was so upset about the racism towards African-Americans that he left his family and moved to Mexico. During his childhood, Hughes was cared for by his grandmother, in Lawrence, Kansas while his mother worked to support the family. Langston's grandmother was a great story teller. She told stories that made him feel proud to be an African-American. +After his grandmother died, Hughes and his mother moved about 12 times until settling in Cleveland, and then, as a teenager went to live in Lincoln, Illinois with his mother, who had remarried. He was often left alone because his mother was at work. Even though his childhood was difficult and had lots of changes, he was able to use these things in the poetry that he started to write while he was at school. He never forgot the stories of his grandmother and tried to help other African-Americans when they were having problems. These were the people that he later wrote about in his own stories. +When Hughes went to school in Lincoln, there were only two African-American children in the class. The teacher talked to them about poetry. She said that what a poem needed most was rhythm. Langston later said that he had rhythm in his blood because, "as everyone knows", "all" African-Americans have rhythm. The children made him the "class poet". +At high school in Cleveland, Ohio, Langston learned to love reading. He loved the poetry of the American poets Paul Laurence Dunbar and Carl Sandburg. He wrote articles for the school newspaper, he edited the school yearbook and he wrote his first short stories and plays. +Hughes' father and Columbia University. +When Langston Hughes was 17, he went to spend some time with his father in Mexico. He was so unhappy while he was there that he thought about committing suicide. Hughes could not understand how his father felt. He said: "I had been thinking about my father and his strange dislike of his own people. I didn't understand it, because I was a Negro, and I liked Negroes very much!" +Hughes later wrote this poem: +When he was finished at high school in Lincoln in 1920, he went back to Mexico, to ask his father to pay for him to go to university. Hughes' father was a lawyer and a wealthy landowner. He could afford to send his son to university but he made difficulties about it. He said that Hughes could only go to university if he went overseas and studied engineering. Hughes wanted to go to a university in the US. After a time, they made an agreement that he should go to Columbia University but study engineering, not an arts degree. He went to Columbia in 1921 but left in 1922, partly because of the racism in the university. +Adult life. +Until 1926 Hughes did many different types of work. In 1923 he went as a crewman on the ship "S.S.Malone" and went to West Africa and Europe. He left the ship and stayed for a short time in Paris where he joined several other African-Americans who were living there. In November 1924, Hughes returned to the U.S. to live with his mother in Washington, D.C.. In 1925 he got a job as an assistant to Carter G. Woodson who worked with the "Association for the Study of African American Life and History". Hughes did not enjoy his work because he did not have enough time to write, so he left and got a job as a "busboy", wiping tables and washing dishes at a hotel. Hughes is sometimes called "The Busboy Poet". Meanwhile, some of his poems were published in magazines and were being collected together for his first book of poetry. While he was working at the hotel he met the poet Vachel Lindsay, who helped to make Hughes known as a new African-American poet. +In 1926 Hughes began studying at Lincoln University, Pennsylvania. He had help from patrons, Amy Spingarn, who gave him $300 and "Godmother" Charlotte Osgood Mason. Hughes graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929 and became a Doctor of Letters in 1943. He was also given an honorary doctorate by Howard University. For the rest of his life, except when he travelled to the Caribbean or West Indies, Hughes lived in Harlem, New York. +Langston Hughes sometimes went out with women, but he never married. People who have studied his life and poetry are sure that he was homosexual. In the 1930s it was harder to be open about being gay than it is nowadays. His poetry has lots of symbols which are used by other homosexual writers. Hughes thought that men who had very dark skin were particularly beautiful. It seems from his poetry that he was in love with an African-American man. He also wrote a story which might tell of his own experience. "Blessed Assurance" is the story of a father's anger because his son is "queer" and acts like a girl. +Hughes' life and work were an important part of the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920s, alongside those Zora Neale Hurston, Wallace Thurman, Countee Cullen, Richard Bruce Nugent, and Aaron Douglas, who together started a magazine "Fire!! Devoted to Younger Negro Artists". Hughes and these friends did not always agree with the ideas of some of the other African-American writers who were also part of the "Harlem Renaissance" because they thought their ideas were Middle class and that they treated others who had darker skin, less education and less money with discrimination. All his life, Hughes never forgot the lessons that he learned about poor and uneducated African-Americans in the stories that his grandmother told. +In 1960, the "NAACP" awarded Hughes the "Spingarn Medal" for "distinguished achievements by an African American". Hughes became a member of the "National Institute of Arts and Letters" in 1961. In 1973, an award was named after him, the "Langston Hughes Medal", awarded by the City College of New York. +Hughes became a famous American poet, but he was always ready to help other people, particularly young black writers. He was worried that many young writers hated themselves, and expressed these feelings to the world. He tried to help people feel pride, and not worry about the prejudice of other people. He also tried to help young African-Americans not to express hatred and prejudice towards white Americans. +Hughes wrote: +Death. +On May 22, 1967, Hughes died in New York City at the age of 65 after having surgery for prostate cancer. His ashes are buried under the floor of the "Langston Hughes Auditorium" in the "Arthur Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture" in Harlem. Over his ashes is a circle with an African design called "Rivers." At the centre of the design are words from a poem by Hughes: ""My soul has grown deep like the rivers." + += = = Geographic coordinate system = = = +A geographical coordinate system is a coordinate system. This means that every place can be specified by three sets of three numbers, called coordinates. +A full circle can be divided into 360 degrees (or 360°); this was first done by the Babylonians; Ancient Greeks, like Ptolemy later extended the theory. +Today, degrees are divided further. There are minutes, and seconds; 1 minute (or 1') in this context is 1/60 of a degree; 1 second (or 1") is 1/60 of a minute. +The first concept needed is called "latitude" (Lat, or the Greek symbol "phi", formula_1). For it, the Earth is cut up into 180 circles, from the Equator at 0°. The poles are at 90°, the North Pole is at 90° N(orth), the South Pole is at 90° S(outh). Places with the same latitude are on a circle, around the Earth. +The other concept is called "longitude" (Long, or the Greek symbol "lambda", formula_2), sometimes referred to as "meridian". The 0° longitude line (or zero meridian) goes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich. Greenwich is a part of London. Then lines are drawn in a similar way; the opposite (or "antipodal") meridian of Greenwich is considered both 180°W(est), and 180°E(ast). +The third number is the height, altitude, or depth. This is given with respect to some fixed (usually easily calculable point). One of these is called mean sea level. + += = = Altmarkkreis Salzwedel Rural District = = = +Altmarkkreis Salzwedel is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. +History. +The old Altmark region, included parts of the neighbouring district of Stendal. In the 10th century it was the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire. +In the Late Middle Ages many towns were members of the Hanseatic League. +The modern district was established in 1994 by joining the former districts of Gardelegen, Klötze, Salzwedel and part of Osterburg. + += = = Sankt Pauli = = = +Sankt Pauli (or St. Pauli) is a district of Hamburg. About 27,000 people live in St. Pauli. St. Pauli is a district where many people go to have fun. There are theatres, cinemas, and a red-light district (around the Reeperbahn) in St. Pauli. This quarter is called the Kiez. There, there are no closing times imposed for shops and restaurants. Most of St. Pauli is different, though. In the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg based an important German football club (Fußball-Club St. Pauli). + += = = Anhalt-Bitterfeld = = = +Anhalt-Bitterfeld is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its capital is Köthen. +History. +This district was established by putting together the former districts of Bitterfeld, Köthen and a large part of Anhalt-Zerbst as part of the Saxony-Anhalt border reforms of 2007. + += = = Reeperbahn = = = +The Reeperbahn is the central street in the district St.Pauli in Hamburg. Parts of it are considered to be a red-light district, but there are also theatres and cinemas near it. + += = = Börde (district) = = = +Börde is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. +History. +The district was formed in the 2007 boundary changes by joining the old districts of Ohrekreis and Bördekreis. +Towns and municipalities. +Verwaltungsgemeinschaften with municipalities + += = = Scale (zoology) = = = +In zoology, a scale is a small, hard plate that grows out of an animal's skin to give it protection. Fish and reptiles have scales. +In animals such as butterflies and moths, scales are plates on the surface of the insect wing. They are often beautifully coloured. + += = = Weighing scale = = = +Scales are used to measure the weight of an item. To use a scale, the item which needs to be weighed is put on one side of the scale. Then, weight stones are put on the other side. Once the scale balances (that is the indicator between the two scales is in the middle), the correct weight is chosen. +There are also modern scales, where the item is simply put on the scale. Its weight can then be read from an electronic or analogue display. +Scales can be used to count e.g. screws and other small parts in large quantities. These scales are called counting scales. + += = = Burgenlandkreis = = = +Burgenlandkreis is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed by joining the old districts of Burgenlandkreis and Weißenfels as part of the boundary changes of 2007. +On 16 July 2007 the district parliament decided to change the name back to Burgenlandkreis from 1 August 2007. + += = = Harz (district) = = = +Harz is a rural district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany named after the highland area also called harz. It is home to the highest point in the region: the Brocken. +History. +The district was made by joining the old districts of Halberstadt, Wernigerode and Quedlinburg as well as the city of Falkenstein (from the district of Aschersleben-Staßfurt). This was part of the reform of all districts in 2007. + += = = Jerichower Land = = = +Jerichower Land is a district ("Kreis") in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. +History. +After World War II the old Prussian districts of Jerichow were changed. Some areas were given to the neighbouring districts of Havelberg, Rathenow, Brandenburg, Loburg and Zerbst. The two districts were also renamed after their chief town. Jerichow became Burg, and Jerichow II became Genthin. In 1952 the district of Burg was split into two parts, Loburg and Burg. +In 1994 the two districts of Burg and Loburg were merged, and took the old name of Jerichow. In 2007, 6 municipalities from the former district of Anhalt-Zerbst (Hobeck, Lohburg, Lübs, Prödel, Rosian and Schweinitz) were added to Jerichower Land. +The name is from a group of tribes of early Slavic. The name is not connected with how the . city of Jericho. + += = = Mansfeld-Südharz = = = +Mansfeld-Südharz is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. +History. +The district was made by joining the old districts of Sangerhausen and Mansfelder Land as part of the boundary changes of 2007. + += = = Saalekreis = = = +Saalekreis is a district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. +History. +The district was established by merging the former districts of Merseburg-Querfurt and Saalkreis as part of the boundary changes of 2007. + += = = Salzlandkreis = = = +Salzland is a district in the middle of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. +History. +The district was made by joining the old districts of Bernburg, Schönebeck and Aschersleben-Staßfurt (except the town Falkenstein) as part of the boundary changes of 2007 + += = = Stendal (district) = = = +Stendal () is a district ("Kreis") in the north-east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It was formed in 1994 by joining the old district of Stendal with the districts Osterburg and Havelberg. +Partnerships. +The districts has twin town agreements with +, Yarzevo District +, Mažeikiai district +, Vårgårda +, , Lippe + += = = Wittenberg (district) = = = +Wittenberg is a district ("Kreis") in the east of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. +History. +In 1994 the district was merged with the district of Jessen and a small part of the district of Gräfenhainichen. In 2007, 27 municipalities from the former district Anhalt-Zerbst were added to the district of Wittenberg. +Towns and municipalities. +Population figures are as at 30 June 2005. +After the resolution of 6 October 2005, as part of municipal reform, the 27 towns and communities of the Verwaltungsgemeinschaften of Coswig and Wörlitzer Winkel, formerly in the Anhalt-Zerbst district, were assigned to Wittenberg district on 1 July 2007. + += = = STS-122 = = = +STS-122 is the name of the 121st flight of the Space Shuttle, taking seven people into outer space to visit the International Space Station. The flight delivered a module to the space station, called "Columbus". The Space Shuttle "Atlantis" carried the module. The flight started at 19:45 UTC, on 7 February 2008, from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The flight ended on 20 February, at 14:07 UTC, when the Shuttle went back to the Kennedy Space Center. +Crew. +Seven people were aboard the Space Shuttle. They are; Stephen Frick, who was the Commander, the man in charge of the Space Shuttle, Alan G. Poindexter, who was the Pilot, the man who flied the Shuttle, Leland D. Melvin, Rex J. Walheim, Hans Schlegel and Stanley G. Love, who were there to fit the "Columbus" onto the space station. Léopold Eyharts was also on board. He lived on the Space Station for a month. Daniel M. Tani, who was on the space station came home aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. +Flight. +Launch. +The flight was originally scheduled to launch, on 6 December 2007. A problem with a part of the fuel tank used to work out how much fuel was left went wrong, which meant the start of the flight had to be delayed. After the same part went wrong in an attempt to start the flight on 9 December, the start of the flight was moved to January 2008, and later to February. The flight started on 7 February 2008. Some people at NASA were worried that bad weather might stop the launch, but the bad weather cleared up in time for a good launch. +Landing. +At 13:00 UTC, a 2-minute-43-second de-orbit (opposite of making an orbit) burn was conducted. Then it entered in the atmosphere at 13:35 UTC. "Atlantis" touched down on Runway 15 of the Kennedy Space Center at 9:07:10 EST (14:07:10 UTC). The wheels of the orbiter stopped at 09:08:08 EST (14:08:08 UTC). +Mission. +The people aboard STS-122 had several jobs to do. The main job was to add the new room, or module, "Columbus", to the space station. To do this, a robot arm, called a Remote Manipulator System, or RMS, will be used to lift "Columbus" out of the Space Shuttle, and move it over to a gap in the side of the space station. Two of the crew will then go outside, and fit parts to the module. "Columbus" will be used for scientific research. + += = = Silverwing (novel) = = = +Silverwing is a best-selling novel, written by Kenneth Oppel and published in Simon & Schuster. It follows the journey for a group of silver-haired bats. The tone and artistic honor for bestsellers were compared to "Watership Down". The four novels became part of the series. The first book was adapted into an animated television miniseries on Teletoon and Jetix. It was also released on DVD. +Story. +The series has four novels for the series, including the original one, "Sunwing", "Firewing" and "Darkwing". +Long ago, the rest of the animals banished the bats for not taking sides in the great war. Years later, the bats often roam outside at night to avoid the sun (the backstory inspired by Aesop's fable). When Shade breaks the law for the colony, the owls destroy their home, forcing the bats to migrate. Shade befriends Marina and learns an echo projection from Zephyr. Shade and Marina meet Goth and Throbb, two cannibal bats (Vampyrum spectrum) who were captured from South America and escaped from the laboratory. After Shade and Marina reunite with the colony, the bats resolve conflicts with the animals. After finding Cassiel, the owls allow the bats to roam outside anytime. Shade's son, Griffin, travels to the underworld, along with his friend Luna. After Shade sacrifices himself to foil the plan of Cama Zotz (a bat god opposing Nocturna), Griffin and Luna return home. +Characters. +Shade Silverwing: A silver-haired bat who uses echo projection. +Marina Brightwing: A red bat living in the island. +Chinook: The son of Plato and Isis. +Frieda: A wise bat making decisions and having a silver band. She later dies in "Sunwing". +Ariel: Shade's mother and Cassiel's mate. +Goth: One of the cannibal bats living in the jungle and the servant of Cama Zotz and Nocturna, the goddesses of bats. +Throbb: Goth's brother-in-law who is killed by a thunderstorm in the novel. + += = = Drive-through = = = +A drive-through or drive-thru is a way of achieving quick service, particularly at restaurants. There are also drive-throughs at other places, such as banks or coffee shops. + += = = Space Shuttle Columbia = = = +The Space Shuttle "Columbia" (OV-102) was a spacecraft used by NASA to fly into outer space. It was the first Space Shuttle to fly into space, on April 12, 1981. It broke apart while re-entering the Earth's atmosphere on February 1, 2003, killing all seven people who were on it at the time. The shuttle flew a total of 28 missions. The Columbia was named after a US Navy ship that circumnavigated the world in 1836. It was also the name of the Apollo 11 Lunar Excursion Module. +Cause of destruction. +A piece of insulating foam from the external fuel tank peeled off during the launch 16.0 days earlier and struck the shuttle's left wing. +A hole was punctured in the leading edge of the wing. During the intense heat of re-entry, hot gases entered the interior of the wing, destroying the support structures and causing the rest of the shuttle to break apart. + += = = MADtv = = = +MADtv was a television show that aired on FOX from October 14, 1995 to May 16, 2009. It is a comedic show where they perform sketches, improv and songs. It is rated TV-14 because of profane language and sexual substances. It was on air for fourteen seasons. It showed at 23:00/22:00 central. +It has been nominated for Emmy Awards, Image Awards and Young Artist Awards. +On November 12, 2008, it was announced that their 14th season is the last season. In July 26, 2016, MADtv come back until September 27, 2016. + += = = Atlas V = = = +Atlas V is an orbital launch vehicle used by the United Launch Alliance (made of two companies, Boeing and Lockheed Martin) to place satellites into orbit. It is a rocket tall, and wide. It has flown 79 times, since its first flight on August 21, 2002. It was developed from the Atlas (missile). Unlike the Space Shuttle, Atlas V is only used once, with a new rocket being built for each flight. +The rocket is made of the first stage, a Common Core Booster with an RD-180 engine from Russia. Every Atlas V has this as the first stage. The second stage is called Centaur, and has one/two RL-10 engines from Aerojet Rocketdyne. On top is a wide fairing covering the spacecraft during launch. +Flights. +As of 2023 Atlas V has made 97 flights. The most famous ones carried the New Horizons, Mars Science Laboratory (which had the Curiosity rover in it), Juno, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter/LCROSS, the Boeing X-37B, the Mars 2020 mission which carried the Perseverance rover and the Mars Helicopter Ingenuity, Boeing's CST-100 Starliner. +Variants. +The Atlas V has a special way of naming the different kinds. The Atlas V nomenclature for numbering the variants goes like this: The first number says how wide the fairing is. A 400 series Atlas V has a 4-meter wide fairing. A 500 series Atlas V has a 5-meter wide fairing. An Atlas V N22 have no fairing since it will be the launch configuration for the Boeing's CST-100 Starliner. second number says how many strap-on solid rocket boosters the rocket has. An Atlas V 501 has no strap-on boosters, an Atlas V 441 has 4 strap-on boosters, while the Atlas V N22 has two strap-on boosters, which will be the Boeing Starliner launch configuration. The last number says how many engines the Centaur second stage has. All of the Atlas V rockets flown have had only 1 engine on the Centaur, but in the future other Atlas V rockets will have 2 engines on the Centaur upper stage, such as the Atlas V N22 that I frequently mentioned in this article. There is also the HLV which has two of the first stage (Common Core Booster) strapped on like strap-on boosters, but it has never flown. + += = = Barnim = = = +Barnim is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. +History. +The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Bernau and Eberswalde. +The district is in the same place as the area of forest where noblemen started hunting in the 13th century, but is smaller than the old region. + += = = Dahme-Spreewald = = = +Dahme-Spreewald is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. +History. +The Spreewald region has always been a centre of Sorbian culture. +When the state of Brandenburg was newly founded in 1990, the districts of Lübben, Luckau and Königs Wusterhausen were formed. In 1993 the three districts were merged. + += = = Elbe-Elster = = = +Elbe-Elster is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +History. +The district was established in 1993 by merging the former districts ("Kreise") of Finsterwalde, Bad Liebenwerda and Herzberg. +Geography. +The district is named after two rivers: The Elbe river forms the western border with Saxony. The Schwarze Elster ("Black Elster") is a tributary of the Elbe and runs through the district. The district is part of the Lusatia region. The fens along the Black Elster are a habitat of several rare animals, like kingfishers, beavers and otters. + += = = Jennifer Hudson = = = +Jennifer Kate Hudson (born September 12, 1981 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American Academy and Grammy Award-winning singer, television host and actress. She gained fame on "American Idol". She is the most successful "American Idol" contestant who did not win. +She went on to star as Effie White in the 2006 motion picture musical "Dreamgirls". Her awards include an Oscar, a Golden Globe, a BAFTA, and a SAG Award. She is native to Chicago, Illinois. Hudson was engaged to WWE professional wrestler, David Otunga. Hudson and Otunga split up in November 2017. +Hudson worked as a coach on the UK and US versions of "The Voice" from 2017 to 2019, becoming the first female coach to win The Voice UK. +In 2020, she starred as Aretha Franklin in "Respect". + += = = Heinrich Sutermeister = = = +Heinrich Sutermeister (born Feuerthalen, 12 August, 1910 – died Vaux-sur-Morges, 16 March, 1995) was a Swiss composer. +When he was young he was a student at the main music school in Munich, Germany, where the famous German composer Carl Orff was his teacher. Orff strongly influenced his music. Later he returned to Switzerland, where he lived as a composer. +His most important works are "Romeo und Julia" and " (The Black Widow)". "Romeo und Julia" has been played the first time in Dresden in 1940, under the famous conductor Karl Böhm. During the following years Sutermeister made operas for the radio and television. + += = = Joseph Fourier = = = +Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (21 March 1768 – 30 May 1830) was a French mathematician and physicist. He is best known for starting the investigation of Fourier series. He used them for work on problems of heat flow. Fourier also helped the discovery of the greenhouse effect, by suggesting the atmosphere might act as an insulator. +Life. +Fourier was born at Auxerre as the son of a tailor. He lost both his parents at the age of 9. He then went on to study at the Convent of St Mark. +He joined the military academy in Auxerre. Aged sixteen, he became a teacher. At age 26, he entered the École normale supérieure in Paris. People like Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Gaspard Monge, and Pierre-Simon de Laplace were among his teachers. +He took part in the French Revolution of 1789. During the Reign of Terror he was almost executed at the guillotine, but the death of Robespierre saved him this fate. He later took part in the French campaign in Egypt and Syria. +Later, as a diplomat, he is put in charge of the scientific background of the Institut d'Égypte. On his return, Napoleon put him in charge of the Isère department. +In 1810, Fourier created the university in Grenoble, and becomes its first head. In 1817, Fourier became a Member of the Académie des Sciences. On the death of Jean-Baptiste Joseph Delambre in 1822 he became head of the mathematics section. In 1826, Fourier was elected to the Académie française. + += = = File server = = = +A file server is a computer joined to a web network or to a home network, and that can store many files in the server's hard disk(s). +Characteristics. +The file server can be a normal computer, or a Network Attached Storage, which is a special computer created to only be a file server. Often people recycle their old computer and they modify it to become a file server which can hold photos, songs, films, and backups. Sometimes web servers that are "hand made" are used as a media center, people put things on the file server (for example movies) and then watch (or use) the things on the file server, often on a Television (like how a DVD player works). + += = = Adliswil = = = +Adliswil is a municipality of the district Horgen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. + += = = Aesch, Zürich = = = +Aesch is a municipality of the district Dietikon in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. + += = = Aeugst am Albis = = = +Aeugst am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. + += = = Affoltern am Albis = = = +Affoltern am Albis is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. + += = = Gino Severini = = = +Gino Severini (7 April 1883 – 26 February 1966), was an Italian painter. He was a founding member of the Futurist movement. +As a young man, he was introduced to Impressionism. This is a type of painting that was popular in the late 1800s. In the early 1900s, he became interested in Cubism. In the 1920s, he started to paint more traditionally and painted a few murals in Switzerland. In the 1940s, he started painting more abstractly again. He died in 1966 in Paris. + += = = Impressionism = = = +Impressionism is a style of painting which began in France in the late 19th century. Impressionist painting shows life-like subjects painted in a broad, rapid style, with brushstrokes that are easily seen and colours that are often bright. The term 'impressionism' comes from a painting by Claude Monet, which he showed in an exhibition with the name "Impression, soleil levant" ("Impression, Sunrise"). An art critic called Louis Leroy saw the exhibition and wrote a review in which he said that all the paintings were just "impressions". +Impressionist painters are mostly known for their work in oil paint on canvas. Some impressionist painters also made watercolours and prints. There is also some impressionist sculpture. +History. +In the 19th century, most artists learned to paint by attending an art school or academy. The academies were very strict about the way that young artists learnt to paint. The popular style of painting was called classicism. Classical paintings were always done inside a studio. They often showed stories from mythology. An artist would prepare for a painting by doing lots of drawings. The paintings were very smoothly and carefully painted. +At the same time there were several painters who loved to paint the French landscape and the village people in a realist way, different from Classicism. They would often make small quick paintings out of doors, and then finish them in the studio. These artists include Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste Corot. Edgar Degas wrote in 1883: "There is one master, Corot. We are nothing in comparison, nothing". A group of young painters who admired the work of these artists became friends and started painting together. These artists were Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sisley, Frédéric Bazille, Camille Pissarro, Paul Cézanne, and Armand Guillaumin. +Every year the academy in Paris would hold a big exhibition (art show) called the "Salon de Paris". In 1863 an artist called Edouard Manet put a picture into the show called "Lunch on the Grass" ("Le déjeuner sur l'herbe"). The judges at the Salon refused to hang this work in the gallery because it showed a naked woman sitting on the grass with two men wearing clothes. If the painting had been about Ancient Greek mythology, this would not be a problem but these men were wearing ordinary suits, and the woman's dress and hat were lying on the grass. Perhaps she was a prostitute! The judges said that the painting was indecent (very rude). Monet and his friends also had their paintings turned away. They were angry and they met with Manet to discuss this. The Emperor Napoleon III gave permission for another exhibition called the "Salon des Refusés" which showed all the pictures that had been "refused". Many people went to see this exhibition and soon discovered that there was a new "movement" in art, quite different from the style that they were used to. +In 1872 Monet and his friends formed a society called the "Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers". They began to organize their own art show. In 1874 thirty artists held their first exhibition. The critic Louis Leroy made fun of their work and wrote an article called "The Exhibition of the Impressionists". The public who came to the exhibition also began to use this name. The painters themselves soon started to use the name "Impressionists" and they have been called by that name ever since. They had eight exhibitions between 1874 and 1886. They paid a dealer called Paul Durand-Ruel to organise exhibitions, and he arranged shows in London and New York. Bit by bit, their paintings became popular. Some of the Impressionists, Monet and Renoir, lived to be old and famous, but others died very poor. The main artists who are called "Impressionists" include Claude Monet, Auguste Renoir, Paul Cézanne, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, Edgar Degas, Berthe Morisot, Armand Guillaumin, Mary Cassatt, Gustave Caillebotte and Frederic Bazille. +Many artists worked with the Impressionists for a short time, but then began to try out new ideas. These artists all painted in different ways, but together are called the Post-Impressionists. They include Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, and Vincent van Gogh. +While the French Impressionist painters were at work in France, painters in other countries were also beginning to paint outdoors in a broader style. Eventually the Impressionist style spread to many countries across Europe, to North America and Australia. Some artists continued to paint in the Impressionist style right through the 20th century. +Subject and style. +Impressionism and photography. +Before the time of the Impressionists, many artists worked by painting portraits. Before the invention of the camera, painted portraits were the main way to record a person's "appearance" (what they looked like). But by the time the Impressionists started painting, there were many photographers who had studios where people could go to be photographed. As cameras improved, photographers started taking "snapshots" of scenery and people outdoors. +Photography had two effects on painters. Firstly, it meant that it was much harder for them to live by painting portraits. Many artists became very poor. Secondly, the image taken by a camera often has interesting angles and viewpoints that are not usually painted by artists. Impressionist painters were able to learn from photographs. Many Impressionist paintings make the viewer feel as if they were right there, looking at the scene through the eyes of the artist. +Subjects. +Impressionist painters did not paint from their imagination, from literature, history or mythology like most other painters of the 19th century. They painted what they saw in the world around them: the town where they lived, the landscape where they went on holiday, their family, their friends, their studios and the things that were around their home. Sometimes they were "commissioned" (given a job) to paint a portrait of someone. +Impressionist painters liked to paint "ordinary" things that were part of everyday life. They painted women doing the washing and ironing, ballet dancers doing exercises, horses getting ready for a race and a bored-looking waitress serving a customer. Nobody, before the Impressionists, had ever thought that these subjects were interesting enough to paint. +Even though many Impressionist artists painted people, they are thought of mainly for their landscape painting. Impressionist painters were not satisfied with doing some drawings or quick painted sketches outdoors and then making grand pictures in the studio. Impressionist painters were not satisfied with painting the shape of the land, the buildings and trees. They wanted to capture the light and the weather. +Technique. +The Impressionist painters looked for a "technique" (a way of doing something) to paint landscapes that showed the light and the weather. The light and the weather change all the time. The light of the sun on the landscape changes every minute as the Earth turns. Impressionist painters looked at the works of earlier French artists such as Camille Corot and Gustave Courbet. Courbet often took his paints outdoors and made quick coloured sketches that he could then use to make large paintings in his studio. The Impressionist painters were more interested in the sketches than the finished paintings. +Another artist, Eugene Boudin, used to sit on the beach at Deauville with his oil paints, and make quick paintings of the people on holiday. They would sometimes buy his paintings as souvenirs. +Claude Monet met Boudin and learnt that the only way to "capture" the way that a landscape looked at a particular time was to paint small pictures, very quickly, and without bothering to mix the paints up to make nice smooth even colours. Impressionist painters would use big brushstrokes of different bright colours and let them get mixed up on the canvas, instead of carefully mixing them up on a palette first. By painting in this way, without bothering with the details, Impressionist painters capture a realistic "impression" of a the world that they saw around them. +Some of the things that they painted were: snow gently falling over a town, mist rising on a river in the pink morning light, people walking through a field of wheat with bright red poppies growing in it, sunlight dappling through leaves onto people dancing, a train sending up clouds of smoke in a big railway station, and water lillies floating on a pool under drooping willows. +Most Impressionist landscape paintings are small, so that the artist could carry them outdoors. Some artists, particularly Claude Monet, would take several canvases, and as the day went on and the light changed, he would put down one and take up another. He rented a room from which he could see Rouen Cathedral so that he could paint it from the window at different times of day. Monet also did a series of "Haystack" paintings, showing them standing in the field from different angles and in all sorts of weather, bright sunshine, morning frost and snow. Paintings that are done outdoors are called "plein air" paintings. The Impressionist painters often used to go out together on painting trips, so there are many pictures that can be compared. +Other impressionist art forms. +The term "impressionism" has been used for other forms of art, such as writing and music. Octave Mirbeau is often described as an impressionist writer. In 1887, music critics said the works of Claude Debussy were impressionist. Later, other composers were also described as impressionist, including Maurice Ravel, Paul Dukas, Erik Satie and Albert Roussel. +Gallery of impressionist paintings. +Click on each image to enlarge it, to see the way each artist has used brush-strokes and colour. + += = = New York Jets = = = +The New York Jets are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League abbreviation (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Jets they play in New Jersey. They hail from the same stadium as the New York Giants. They have many fans in New York and New Jersey. The New York Jets started playing in 1960. They have only won one championship. +The Jets were originally called the New York Titans. They played their games in the Polo Grounds. When they moved to Shea Stadium in 1964, they were called the Jets. That was a more modern-sounding name, and it also rhymed with "New York Mets", the other team that played its games at Shea. The New York Jets have won only one super bowl in 1969 , this victory was guaranteed by their QB, Joe Namath, in the media in the weeks leading up to the game. + += = = List of settlements in Ontario = = = +This is a list of settlements in Ontario, Canada. Settlements are listed by the number of people living in them and by order of letters (A-Z).<br> +1,000,000 or more. +T<br> +500,000 - 999,999. +H<br> +M<br> +O<br> +Y<br> +100,000 - 499,999. +B<br> +C<br> +G<br> +K<br> +L<br> +M<br> +O<br> +R<br> +S<br> +T<br> +V<br> +W<br> +50,000 - 99,999. +A<br> +B<br> +C<br> +H<br> +K<br> +M<br> +N<br> +P<br> +S<br> +W<br> +10,000 - 49,999. +A<br> +B<br> +C<br> +E<br> +F<br> +G<br> +H<br> +L<br> +M<br> +N<br> +O<br> +P<br> +Q<br> +S<br> +T<br> +W<br> +1,000 - 9,999. +A<br> +B<br> +C<br> +D<br> +E<br> +F<br> +G<br> +I<br> +L<br> +M<br> +N<br> +P<br> +S<br> +W<br> +999 or less. +A<br> +B<br> +C<br> +D<br> +G<br> +P<br> +R<br> +T<br> +"Please Note": All the populations shown on this page are city propers (where the city hall is), metropolitan area populations (if any) are higher than the populations shown on this page. + += = = Ouida = = = +Ouida was the pen name of the English writer Maria Louise Ramé (although she preferred to be known as Marie Louise de la Ramée). Ramé was born in Bury St. Edmunds, England, to a French father and an English mother. Her pen name came from the way she pronounced her name when she was a child. + += = = Théodore Géricault = = = +Théodore Géricault (September 26, 1791 – January 26, 1824) was an important French painter, known for "The Raft of the Medusa" and other paintings. He was one of the people who started the Romantic movement. +Born in Rouen, France, Géricault was schooled in English sporting art by Carle Vernet and in classical figure composition by Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, who saw that he had talent. +His first big work, "The Charging Chasseur", shown at the Paris Salon in 1812, showed the influence of the style of Rubens and an interest in contemporary topics. + += = = Giada De Laurentiis = = = +Giada Pamela De Laurentiis is an Italian-American chef and host for Food Network TV shows. She was born on August 22, 1970. She is the granddaughter of movie director Dino De Laurentiis. She was born in Rome and grew up in Los Angeles. +De Laurentiis studied at Le Cordon Bleu in Paris, France. +On May 25, 2003, she married Todd Thompson. The two had been dating since July 1989. The couple's only child is Jade Marie De Laurentiis-Thompson. She was born on March 29, 2008. On December 29, 2014, De Laurentiis announced on her website that she and Todd separated in July, and have decided to end their marriage. +In 2008, she won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle Host. +She is also the voice of "Paulette", a character on the animated children's show "Handy Manny". + += = = Space Shuttle Challenger = = = +Space Shuttle "Challenger" (OV-099) was the second space shuttle used by NASA to fly into outer space. The shuttle broke up 73 seconds after take-off from Cape Canaveral on 28 January 1986. +All seven astronauts who were on it at the time were killed. The crash happened because a rubber tube called an o-ring did not expand to fill a gap in one of the booster rockets, due to cold weather. +The Challenger was named after a Royal Navy ship that explored the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans from 1872 to 1876. Challenger was also the name of the Apollo 17 Lunar Excursion Module. + += = = New Horizons = = = +New Horizons is a space probe launched by NASA on 19 January 2006, to the dwarf planet Pluto and on an escape trajectory from the Sun. It is the first man-made spacecraft to go to Pluto. Its flight took nine years. It arrived at the Pluto-Charon system on July 14, 2015. It flew near Pluto and took photographs and measurements while it passed. At about 1 kilobit per second, it took 15 months to transmit them back to Earth. +Instruments include a Long-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI), a Ralph telescope of 75 mm aperture, an Alice ultraviolet imaging spectrometer, a Particle Spectrometer Suite to study solar wind and particles, a student dust counter (VBSDC), and a Radio Science Experiment (REX). +The primary mission of "New Horizons" is to study Pluto and its system of moons. The secondary mission is to study any objects in the Kuiper Belt, if something became available for a flyby. +The space probe set the record for the fastest man-made object ever launched, with the Earth-relative speed of about 16.26 km/s, although, arguably, the Helios probes got a faster Sun-relative speed. It used a gravity assist from Jupiter to get its high speeds without having to burn as much monopropellant (weak rocket fuel) as needed to fly directly to Pluto. +On January 1, 2019 the probe flew by 486958 Arrokoth, a small Kuiper Belt object also called 2014 MU69 and nicknamed "Ultima Thule". Propellant is now scarce, but a target for a third flyby might be found. It will continue to report about its environment. +The "New Horizons" spacecraft is the 5th spacecraft to go faster than the escape velocity of the solar system. On April 17, 2021, it passed a distance of 50 AU from the Sun. + += = = Simlish = = = +Simlish is a made-up language spoken in the "Sims" video games. It was created because changing the Sims' words into the players' language would cost a lot of money and would make the Sims say the same words all the time. Simlish is spoken by Sims, the characters in "The Sims", "The Sims 2", "The Sims 3" and "The Sims 4". Simlish is a language +Sentences in Simlish. +All of these phrases are from "The Sims". +Written Simlish. +Written Simlish is seen on "The Sims 2", "The Sims 3", and ‘‘The Sims 4��’. It looks similar to Zodiac symbols taken from the Wingdings font on a computer. Text such as the names of Sims, hints and tips and on-screen messages are all in the selected language (i.e. English, French, Spanish), and are usually written in the Comic Sans MS font. + += = = Antonio Tejero = = = +Antonio Tejero Molina (born Alhaurín el Grande, Malaga, Spain, 1932) was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Civil Guard (). +On 23 February 1981, he stormed into the Spanish Parliament building with 150 military and Civil Guard officers, and held the Spanish government hostage During that time, Spain was going from dictatorship to democracy. Tejero did not want democracy and wanted Spain to stay in the dictatorship. +His coup failed thanks to King Juan Carlos I. Tejero thought the King would support him because the King had been trained by Spain's old dictator, Francisco Franco. Instead King Juan Carlos I went on television dressed in his uniform as commander-in-chief of the Spanish Army and said the coup was wrong. The coup soon stopped, and Spanish television had pictures of the coup leaders trying to escape by climbing out of the windows of the parliament building. +He was held in jail until 3 December 1996. + += = = Conanthera = = = +Conanthera is a genus of 3-4 species of small Chilean bulbous plants with small panicles of blue, purple or white and purple flowers. The plant reproduces by offsets or seed. + += = = Fátima, Portugal = = = +Fátima () is a city in Portugal. It is famous for the religious visions that took place there in 1917. The town itself has a population of 10,302 (2001). It is in the municipality of Ourém, in the Centro Region and sub region of Medio Tejo. It is in the district of Santarém and included in the urban agglomeration of Leiria, in central Portugal, south of Porto and north of Lisbon. + += = = Bodyguard = = = +A bodyguard is a security guard who physically protects a person against injury. Very often, important people, like heads of state, religious leaders (i.e. the Pope), actors, and powerful or rich people have bodyguards. + += = = Mehmet Ali Ağca = = = +Mehmet Ali Ağca (born January 9, 1958) is a Turkish criminal. He is known for shooting and wounding Pope John Paul II on May 13, 1981. For this assassination attempt, he served 19 years of his life sentence in prison in Italy for attempted murder. In 2000, he was extradicted to Turkey, where he was convicted of two robberies he committed in 1979. He was sentenced to seven years four months for the robberies, and continued serving his sentence for the murder of Abdi İpekçi (1929-1979), a left-wing journalist whom he shot. Ağca has described himself as a mercenary with no political orientation. He has made many different claims about the shooting of the Pope. He used to be a member of the Turkish ultra-nationalist Grey Wolves organization. He was released on January 18, 2010 and diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. + += = = Bayonet = = = +A bayonet (from French "baïonnette") is a knife- or dagger-shaped weapon. It is designed to be attached to a rifle barrel or similar weapon. This will turn the gun into a spear. It is a close-combat or last-resort weapon. +Bayonet charge. +18th and 19th century military tactics included the use of a bayonet fixed on the infantryman's musket. These were used with massed troop formations. One of the more notable of these was the "bayonet charge". This was an attack by a formation of infantrymen with fixed bayonets, usually over short distances. It was to overrun enemy strong points, capture artillery batteries, or break up enemy troop formations. +With the use of the bayonet, the pike was no longer used because infantry could now defend themselves from cavalry without sacrificing firepower per man. The Russian Army used the bayonet frequently during the Napoleonic wars. A Russian saying coined by Russian General Alexander Suvorov was "The bullet is foolish, the bayonet wise". Given Russia's often poorly trained armies and inaccurate smoothbore muskets, Russian officers preferred to use the bayonet charge instead of musket volley fire where possible. + += = = Marcel Lefebvre = = = +Marcel-François Lefebvre (November 29 1905 – March 25 1991), better known as Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre, was a French Roman Catholic bishop. For a long time, he worked as a missionary in Africa with the Holy Ghost Fathers. After returning, he started to be against the changes within the Church. These changes were introduced after the Second Vatican Council. +In 1970, Lefebvre founded the Society of St. Pius X (SSPX), which is still the world's largest Traditionalist Catholic priestly society. In 1988, Lefebvre made four new bishops to continue his work with the SSPX. He took this step against the orders of Pope John Paul II. Because of this, the Holy See announced the following day that he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church. Those who supported Lefebvre think, this declaration was not valid. + += = = Second Vatican Council = = = +The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, or Vatican II, was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church. An Ecumenical Council is a meeting of the bishops of the Church to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice. Pope John XXIII started Vatican II in 1962 and it lasted until 1965, when Pope Paul VI ended it. Four future popes took part in the council's opening session: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II. Father Joseph Ratzinger, who was only 35 at the time, was there as a theological consultant. More than forty years later, he became Pope Benedict XVI. +Different things were discussed. These aimed at modernising the church, and opening a dialogue with other religions. Many people see these meetings as the most important event in the Catholic Church in the 20th century. They let Mass be said in different languages, instead of just Latin. + += = = Veronica Guerin = = = +Veronica Guerin (5 July 1959 - 26 June 1996) was an Irish journalist who was born in Dublin. +Death. +On June 26, 1996, Guerin was shot to death by Irish drug dealers. Her assassination made many Irish people angry, which brought down many drug dealers on the island. The criminal John Gilligan was later convicted of her murder and sentenced to 28 years in prison, though Gilligan said in High Court that it was his friend John Traynor who murdered Guerin. + += = = Umayyad Mosque = = = +The Grand Mosque of Damascus, also known as the Umayyad Mosque (Arabic: ���� ��� ���� ������, transl. "Ğām' Banī 'Umayyah al-Kabīr"), is one of the largest and oldest mosques in the world.It is in one of the holiest sites in the old city of Damascus. It is also very important because of its architecture. +The mosque holds a shrine which is said to contain the head of John the Baptist (Yahya), honored as a prophet by Muslims and Christians alike. The head was supposedly found during the excavations for the building of the mosque. The tomb of Saladin stands in a small garden adjoining the north wall of the mosque. +In 2001, Pope John Paul II visited the mosque, primarily to visit the relics of John the Baptist. It was the first time a pope paid a visit to a mosque. + += = = Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria = = = +The Orthodox Church of Alexandria () is one of the Eastern Orthodox Churches. +It is sometimes called the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria to distinguish it from the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria. In Egypt, members of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate were also known as Melkite, because they remained in communion with the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople after the schism that followed the Council of Chalcedon in 451. + += = = Lourdes = = = +Lourdes () is a town and commune in the southwest of the Hautes-Pyrénées department. It is in the first Pyrenean foothills in the Occitanie region, in southwestern France. +Lourdes was originally a small unremarkable market town lying in the foothills of the Pyrenees. At that time the most prominent feature was the fortified castle which rises up from the centre of the town on a rock. Following the claims that there were apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes to Bernadette Soubirous in 1858, Lourdes has developed into a major place of Christian pilgrimage. +Today Lourdes has a population of around 15,000 inhabitants but is able to take in some 5,000,000 pilgrims and tourists every season. Lourdes has the second greatest number of hotels in France after Paris with about 270 establishments. +It is the joint seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes. +Geography. +Lourdes is overlooked from the south by the Pyrenean peaks of Aneto, Montaigu, and Vignemale (3,298m), while around the town there are three summits reaching up to 1,000 m, which are known as the Béout, the Petit Jer and the Grand Jer. +It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is . +Population. +The inhabitants of Lourdes are known, in French, as "Lourdais" (women: "Lourdaises"). +Lourdes has a population, in 2014, of 14,361, and its population density is of inhabitants/km2. + += = = Palindromic prime = = = +A palindromical prime number is a prime number that reads the same when reversed. +Palindromical prime numbers include: +2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 101, 131, 151, 181, 191, 313, 353, 373, 383, 727, 757, 787, 797, 919, 929, 10301, 10501, 10601, 11311, 11411, 12421, 12721, 12821, 13331, 13831, 13931, 14341, 14741, 15451, 15551, 16061, 16361, 16561, 16661, 17471, 17971, 18181, 18481, 19391, 19891, and 19991. +Out of the above list, 2 is the only number that is not an odd number. Almost all palindromic numbers are composite, for any base. +11 is the only palindromic prime with an even number of digits because all palindromic numbers with an even number of digits can be divided by 11, which means they are not primes. +The palindromic prime numbers have an infinite number, one of them can be created based on Smarandache function, and, etc. The known biggest palindromic prime so far is +with 1,888,529 digits, found on 18 October 2021 by Propper and Batalov. + += = = Shrine = = = +A shrine is a holy or sacred place with something important inside it, such as the tomb of a religious person. Shrines are built in the surroundings of the grave of pious men. These are built to show respect and love for the one who died. People visit the shrines to pray for themselves and also for the dead. Shrines are common in Muslim countries. However other countries also have shrines; in Japan, Shinto 'Jinja' are called shrines in English. +Originally, the word "shrine" referred to a container, usually made of gold or silver and was used to store relics. +The most famous type of shrines are the Buddhist shrines + += = = Embargo = = = +An embargo is when a government refuses to trade with a country or a certain part of a country. This is usually because of a political problem inside the country. It differs from a blockade in not requiring a state of war or obliging other countries to stop trading. +As with other economic sanctions, an embargo stops trade between countries. This means that the countries in question will get poorer. The hope is that the problem within the country will stop. + += = = Supreme Governor of the Church of England = = = +The Supreme Governor of the Church of England is a title which British Monarchs have to show their leadership over the Church of England. The title was first granted to Queen Elizabeth I after she passed the Act of Supremacy, which required all officials in the Church of England to state an oath of allegiance to her. + += = = Havelland = = = +Havelland is a district in Brandenburg, Germany. +History. +The district was established in 1993 by joining the old districts of Nauen and Rathenow. +Havelland is the name for the regions on the banks of the Havel river between the city of Berlin and the Elbe river. This region also includes the cities of Brandenburg and Potsdam, that are not part of the district. The Havelland district mainly consists of the areas north of the Havel river. + += = = Knock, County Mayo = = = +Knock ("An Cnoc" in Irish, meaning "The Hill" – but now more generally known in Irish as "Cnoc Mhuire", "Hill of (the Virgin) Mary") is a small town in east County Mayo in Ireland. Knock's notability comes from the Knock Shrine Apparition of 1879. At 8:00PM on 21 August 1879, it was reported that the Virgin Mary, together with St Joseph and St John the Evangelist, appeared to local people. +In the 20th century it became one of Europe's major Roman Catholic Marian shrines, alongside Lourdes and Fatima. One and a half million pilgrims visit Knock Shrine annually. It was visited by Pope John Paul II, a supporter of devotion to the Virgin Mary, in 1979 to commemorate the centenary of the apparition. + += = = Licheń Stary = = = +Licheń Stary is a village. 1,200 people live there. It is on the Lichen Lake in the Greater Poland Voivodeship, 15 km north of Konin, Poland. It is often referred to as simply Licheń. Legends trace the name to the ancient Slavic pagan deity Licho, whose sanctuary was allegedly located nearby. +It is the home of the famed Sanctuary of Our Lady of Licheń hosting Our Lady of Sorrows, Queen of Poland. + += = = Märkisch-Oderland = = = +Märkisch-Oderland is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +Geography. +Much of the district is mainly agricultural land, but there is a swampy area along the Oder called the "Oderbruch". The Oderbruch is about in length and in width. It was partially drained in the 18th century, and people started to live in the new area. +History. +The districts of Lebus and Oberbarnim were both created in 1816. In 1952, the districts were split into three parts, the districts Bad Freienwalde, Seelow and Strausberg. In 1993 the three parts were joined to form the current district. + += = = Oberhavel = = = +Oberhavel is a "Kreis" (district) in the northern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +The district was formed on 6 December 1993 by joining the old districts of Gransee and Oranienburg. + += = = Oberspreewald-Lausitz = = = +Oberspreewald-Lausitz (Low Sorbian: "Wokrejs Górne Błota-Łužyca") is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +Geography. +The Spree river runs through the district; along its banks there is the Spreewald, a wooded area and home of several rare animals. The district is part of the historic region of Lusatia. +History. +The district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Calau and Senftenberg and small part of the district Bad Liebenwerda. + += = = Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria = = = +The Eastern Orthodox Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa is the head of the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria. This has been Patriarch Theodore II of Alexandria since 2004. + += = = Oder-Spree = = = +Oder-Spree is a "Kreis" (district) in the eastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +The district is named after the two major rivers in the district - the Spree, and the Oder river which is the eastern border. +History. +The district was created in 1993 by joining the districts of Eisenhüttenstadt, Beeskow and Fürstenwalde, and the independent city Eisenhüttenstadt. + += = = Cockburn Island, Ontario = = = +Cockburn Island is an island in the Canadian province of Ontario, found in the Manitoulin District. It has the least number of people living in it while still being a municipality of Canada. It had a population of 2 people in 2006. There is an Indian reservation, or place where Indians live, on Cockburn Island. + += = = Ostprignitz-Ruppin = = = +Ostprignitz-Ruppin is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +The modern district was made in 1993 by joining the old districts Kyritz, Neuruppin and Wittstock. The district roughly covers the same territory as the two historic districts Ostprignitz and Ruppin. + += = = Thomas Morley = = = +Thomas Morley (born at Norwich?, 1557 or 1558; died at London, October 1602) was an English composer, music theorist and organist. He was the most important English composer of madrigals. He studied the madrigals by Italian composers and created the tradition of the English madrigal, a tradition that became extremely popular, but which only lasted about 30 years. +Life. +Morley’s father was a brewer who lived in Norwich, so it is likely that Morley was born there. He may have been a choirboy in Norwich Cathedral. We know that in 1583 he got the job of organist there. In a book he published later in his life he said that William Byrd was his master. If this means that he had lessons from Byrd he must have travelled away from Norwich. In 1588 he got a degree from Oxford, and soon afterwards he became an organist at St. Paul's Cathedral in London. +In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published a book called "Musica transalpina". It was a collection of Italian madrigals with words translated into English. Soon after this Morley started to publish his own madrigals. In 1592 he became a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. +In London Morley lived near Shakespeare. We do not know whether the two men worked together, but Morley did set Shakespeare’s words "It was a lover and his lass" from "As You Like It". We do not know whether it was ever used in a performance of Shakespeare's play. It is quite possible, because Morley was well-known. +From 1593 onwards Morley published a great deal of music and also made a lot of money out of music publishing, both of his own and other composers’ music. +It is thought that Morley died in October 1602. +His music. +Morley wrote sacred music as well as madrigals. His church music is strongly influenced by William Byrd. +His madrigals are his most important works. They are often very lively and have tunes that are easy to sing. One of his best known madrigals is called "Now is the Month of Maying". He started by using the Italian style and changed it to make it sound English. The madrigals of Thomas Weelkes and John Wilbye are usually more serious. +As well as madrigals, Morley wrote music for instruments, including keyboard music. Some of his pieces are in the famous collection called "Fitzwilliam Virginal Book"). He also wrote music for the typically English combination of two viols, flute, lute, cittern and bandora. +Morley wrote a book about music theory called "Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke". It was published in 1597 and was read by many people for two centuries after his death. It tells us a lot about how music was performed in Morley’s + += = = Hans Sebald Beham = = = +Sebald Beham (1500–1550) was a German printmaker who did his best work as an engraver. He also designed woodcuts, painted and worked as a miniaturist. He is one of the most important of the "Little Masters", a group of German artists making old master prints in the generation after Albrecht Dürer. +His name is often given as Hans Sebald Beham, although there is no documentary evidence that he ever used this additional forename. +Life. +Beham was born in Nuremberg in 1500 into a family of artists. In 1525, he and his brother were banished from Nuremberg because they were thought to have not accepted the Churches ideas (heresy) and blasphemy. They came back to the city in 3 months, but Beham was banished again in 1528 for publishing a book which was plagiarised from an unpublished manuscript by Albrecht Dürer. +From 1532 he lived mostly in Frankfurt until he died in 1550. +Most people know him as "Sebald Beham". However, he signed some of his prints before 1532 with "HSP". After he moved to Frankfurt, he signed his prints with "HSB". +Work. +Beham made about 252 engravings, 18 etchings and 1500 woodcuts. He worked on small, very detailed engravings (sometimes as small as a postage stamp). This makes him part of the German printmaking school called the "Little Masters", since their works were so small. He created and published his works himself, but his larger works were mostly commissioned work to be sold. +He also made prints to be used as cards, wallpaper, coats of arms, designs for other artists and designs for stained or painted glass. He also painted a table top (now in the Louvre ) for Cardinal Albrecht, Archbishop of Mainz. +Beham mostly engraved pictures of peasants and scenes from myths or history, sometimes with erotic scenes as well. Since he was working at the same time as Dürer, the most recognised artist at the time, one of his early woodcuts, "Head of Christ", was thought to have been done by Dürer. Beham also worked with his brother Barthel, and shared ideas with him. Later, he re-drew some of Dürer's works like gus Melancholia of 1539. +Books. +After publishing a book about drawing horses, for which he was exiled, he wrote a book on drawing the human figure. His book was mostly just a simplified book of Dürer's own books, but his book was easier to use and cheaper than Dürer's books, so artists preferred to buy his. + += = = Potsdam-Mittelmark = = = +Potsdam-Mittelmark is a "Kreis" (district) in the western part of Brandenburg, Germany. +The district was created in 1993 by joining the old districts Belzig, Brandenburg-Land and Potsdam-Land. + += = = Skinny jeans = = = +Skinny jeans are a style of denim jeans that have straight legs and tend to crumple around the ankles. They are called "skinny jeans" because they give you a thin figure. This style was started in the 1980s to make a retro-punk look. This style came to life again in late 2006 by Avril Lavigne in one of her music videos. They are usually used for a gothic-punk look or retroand hip-hop + += = = John Wilbye = = = +John Wilbye (pronounce: “WIL-bee”), (born Diss, Norfolk, baptised 7 March 1574; died Colchester, between September and November 1638), was an English composer who was famous for his madrigals. +Wilbye was the son of a tanner. He was supported financially by a rich family called Kytson. The Kytsons were very musical and had lots of musical instruments and sheet music in their house. It is thought that he went with Elizabeth Cornwallis to Hengrave Hall near Bury St. Edmunds in around 1594 when she married Sir Thomas Kytson the Younger. When Elizabeth died, Wilbye moved to Colchester where he lived with Elizabeth’s youngest daughter with whom he had a long friendship. When Wilbye died he was quite rich. +His music. +A book of madrigals by him appeared in 1598 and a second in 1608. It is often called the finest book of English madrigals. There were a total of 64 madrigals in these two books. +Wilbye was influenced by Morley’s madrigals, and also learned directly from the madrigals of Italian composers such as Alfonso Ferrabosco. He wrote many madrigals which have become extremely popular, including "Weep, weep o mine eyes" and "Draw on, sweet night". He was very good at making his music match the meaning of the words. He often used a mixture of major and minor modes. + += = = Prignitz = = = +Prignitz () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +The present district was formed in 1993 by joining the old districts of Pritzwalk and Perleberg and some municipalities from the district of Kyritz. The westernmost part of the district was a part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, and changed to be part of Brandenburg on August 1, 1992. + += = = Spree-Neiße = = = +Spree-Neiße (Lower Sorbian: "Wokrejs Sprjewja-Nysa") is a "Kreis" (district) in the southern part of Brandenburg, Germany. +The district-free city of Cottbus is completely surrounded by the district. To the east is Poland. +The district was started in 1993 by joining the old districts Cottbus-Land, Forst, Guben and Spremberg. + += = = Shurat Islam = = = +Shurat Islam, formerly known as Kharijites, was a branch of Islam. It was one of the three main branches of Islam, along with Shia Islam and Sunni Islam. Though, the branch has no followers today, the Ibadi movement is seen as a moderate current demonization of Shurat Islam. However, Ibadis reject themselves being Shuratis. +Initially, Muslims were divided into two groups, Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims. After caliph Uthman's death, Ali and Muawiya I were warring. At this time, the Shurati Muslims emerged, who did not pledge allegiance to Ali or Muawiya I. Rather than allegiance, Shurati Muslims decided to attack Ali and Muawiya I's followers and takfir them. +Sometimes, the term "Kharijite" (or "Neo-Kharijite") is also used for some Islamic militant groups. Examples of such groups are the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or the Takfir wal-Hijra in Egypt. + += = = Thomas Weelkes = = = +Thomas Weelkes (baptised in Elsted, Sussex, 25 October 1576; died London, buried 1 December 1623) was an English composer and organist. He is one of the greatest composers of madrigals of his time as well as great composer of church music. +Life. +Thomas Weelkes was baptised in the little village church of Elsted in Sussex on 25 October, 1576. His father may have been the rector at that church. There is no information about Weelkes' childhood. +We know that in 1597 he published his first volume of madrigals, and that he was a young man then. After working for a short time at the house of Edward Darcye, he got the job of organist at Winchester College. He was paid 13s 4d (almost 67p in modern money) per quarter (i.e. every three months), but was given food and somewhere to live. He stayed there for two or three years. +During his time in Winchester Weelkes composed two more volumes of madrigals, published in 1598 and 1600. He got his B. Mus. Degree from New College, Oxford in 1602, and moved to Chichester to take up the job of organist and choir master at the Cathedral.. He was also a lay clerk at the Cathedral, and was paid £15 2s 4d (£15.11 in modern money) in addition to having food and lodgings. The next year he married Elizabeth Sandham, who came from a rich family. They had three children. +Weelkes' fourth and final volume of madrigals, published in 1608, has a title page where he says that he was a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. However, his name does not appear in the records at the Chapel Royal, so it is likely that he was only there for a short time until someone else was found for the job. +In later years Weelkes got into trouble with the Chichester Cathedral authorities because of his heavy drinking and bad behaviour. In 1609 he was in trouble because he was absent from work. In 1616 he was in trouble again for swearing. In the end he lost his job because he was drunk at the organ and used bad language during the service. However, he got his job back, but his behaviour was still bad. +Thomas Weelkes died in London in 1623, a year after his wife died. He was buried in St Bride’s Church, Fleet Street, London. In Chichester Cathedral there is a memorial stone to him. +Music. +Thomas Weelkes is best known for his vocal music, especially his madrigals and church music. Weelkes wrote more Anglican services than any other important composer of the time, mostly for evensong. Many of his anthems are verse anthems, which would have suited the small choir he was writing for at Chichester Cathedral. +Weelkes was friends with the madrigalist Thomas Morley. When Morley died in 1602, Weelkes wrote an anthem called "A Remembrance of my Friend Thomas Morley", (also known as "Death hath Deprived Me".) Weelkes’s madrigals are very chromatic and use counterpoint and unusual rhythms. + += = = Teltow-Fläming = = = +Teltow-Fläming is a "Kreis" (district) in the southwestern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district was made in December 1993 by joining the old districts of Luckenwalde, Jüterbog and Zossen, but also including small parts from other former districts such as Luckau. +"Fläming-Skate" is a 160 km long route specially for inline skating, the only such route in Germany. +Curiously, the town of Teltow is not a part of the district Teltow-Fläming, just as the town of Dahme is not a part of the district of Dahme-Spreewald. + += = = Uckermark = = = +Uckermark is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of Brandenburg, Germany. The district is the largest district in Germany. +The current district Uckermark was made in 1993 by joining the old districts of Angermünde, Prenzlau and Templin and the city of Schwedt. + += = = Black knight = = = +A black knight is a character fictional stories. They are soldiers or knights who do not have a lord, or the lord is secret. They do not have any heraldic standards or have painted them over with black paint. In these stories, black knights are usually evil knights that are good at fighting and usually work alone. +In Arthurian legend Black Knight was a magical knight summoned by Sir Calogrenant. The Black Knight never told his name. He defeated Sir Calogrenant. Later The Black Knight was killed unfairly by Yvain in a act of revenge for his cousin, Sir Calogrenant. + += = = Black Knight (disambiguation) = = = +A Black Knight is a knight who does not serve a lord. +Black Knight can also mean: + += = = Paladin = = = +A paladin or paladine was a person with a lot of power in many countries during the medieval and in early modern Europe. +The word paladin was first used in Ancient Rome for a chamberlain of the Emperor, and also for the imperial palace guard, called the Scholae Palatinae by Constantine. In the early Middle Ages, the meaning changed and the word was used for one of the highest officials of the Catholic Church in the pope's service and also for one of the big nobles of the Holy Roman Empire, who was then named Count Palatine. The word paladin was also used in 19th century Hungary and in the German Empire and United Kingdom during the early 20th century. +In medieval literature, the paladins or Twelve Peers were known in the Matter of France as the retainers of Charlemagne. Because of the way that this word was used in books, paladin was then known to be a knight with honor. +History. +Ancient Rome. +The paladins of the imperial guard were named after the Scholae Palatinae. +In the beginning, the word paladin was applied to the Chamberlains and to some soldiers guarding the palace of the Roman emperor. In Constantine's time, the word was also used for the best infantry of the army, the Praetorian Guard, that might guard the Roman Emperor during wars. +Holy Roman Empire. +After the Middle Ages, the word palatine was put onto many different people of power across Europe. The most important of these was the "comes palatinus", the count palatine, who in Merovingian and Carolingian times, was an official of the lords' household and court of law. +During the 800s, Carolingean rule came to an end and the title of Holy Roman emperor with it. About a century later, the title was made alive again by Otto I, though the new empire was now centered in Germany rather than France. The term palatine is found again under Charles IV, but they were less powerful than the previous palatines. +Modern usage. +In the early days of England, the word "palatinate", or county palatine, was also used in counties of lords who could use powers normally used by the crown. +In Britain and Germany, paladin was an official rank and was a very good title for one in the service of the emperors. It was a Knight with additional honours, they were allowed to use powers normally used by the crown. +Present day. +The word "paladin" is still used to describe a good, heroic person, or a defender of a good cause. +Some role playing games now use paladins as a character class that you can choose when starting a new game. + += = = Paladin (disambiguation) = = = +Paladin can mean: + += = = IC50 = = = +The IC50 is a measure of how effective a drug is. It indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance is needed to inhibit a given biological process (or component of a process, i.e. an enzyme, cell, cell receptor or microorganism) by half. In other words, it is the half minimal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC) of a substance (50% IC, or IC50). It is commonly used as a measure of antagonist drug potency in pharmacological research. Sometimes, it is also converted to the pIC50 scale (-log IC50), in which higher values indicate exponentially greater potency. According to the FDA, IC50 represents the concentration of a drug that is required for 50% inhibition in vitro. It is comparable to an EC50 for agonist drugs. EC50 also represents the plasma concentration required for obtaining 50% of a maximum effect "in vivo". + += = = Komitas Vardapet = = = +Soghomon Gevorki Soghomonyan - Komitas Vardepet (also "Gomidas Vartabed") (September 26 1869 in Kütahya, Ottoman Empire - October 22 1935, Paris, France), was an Armenian priest, composer, choir leader, singer, music ethnologist, music teacher and musicologist, known as the founder of modern Armenian classical music. +He was born into a family whose members were deeply involved in music and were monolingual in Turkish. His mother died when he was one and ten years later his father died. In 1895 he became a priest and obtained the title Vardapet (or Vartabed), meaning a "priest" or a "church scholar". +He established and conducted the monastery choir till 1896 when he went to Berlin, to the Kaiser Friedrich Wilhelm University. Here he studied music at the private conservatory of Prof. Richard Schmidt. In 1899 he acquired the title "doctor of musicology" and returned to Echmiadzin. He traveled extensively around the country, listening and recording details about Armenian folk songs and dances performed in various villages. This way he collected and published some 3000 songs, many of them adapted to choir singing. +His major work is Badarak (Divine Liturgy), still used today as one of the two most popular musical settings of the Armenian Church liturgy. +He was the first non-European to be admitted into the International Music Society of which he was a co-founder. +On April 24, 1915, said to be the day when Armenian Genocide officially began, he was arrested. The next day he was put on a train with 180 other Armenian notables and sent to the city of Çankırı in northern Central Anatolia, at a distance of some 300 miles. His good friend, Turkish nationalist poet Emin Yurdakul, the authoress Halide Edip, and the U.S. ambassador Henry Morgenthau intervened with the government and, by special orders from Talat Pasha, Komitas was sent back to the capital. In autumn 1916, he was taken to a Turkish military hospital and he moved to Paris in 1919 where he died in a psychiatric clinic "Villejuif" in 1935. Next year his ashes were transferred to Yerevan and buried in the Pantheon. +The Yerevan State Musical Conservatory is named after Komitas. There also a world famous string quartet named after Komitas. + += = = Oberägeri = = = +Oberägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. +Oberägeri is on a plain on the northern shore of the Ägerisee. + += = = Unterägeri = = = +Unterägeri is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. + += = = Menzingen = = = +Menzingen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. + += = = Baar, Switzerland = = = +Baar is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. + += = = Cham, Switzerland = = = +Cham is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. +Other websites. +Famous People from Cham +Deniz Urcum +DON LOZANO +Oleksandr Mozoriuk + += = = Hünenberg = = = +Hünenberg is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. + += = = Steinhausen, Switzerland = = = +Steinhausen is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. + += = = Risch-Rotkreuz = = = +Risch-Rotkreuz is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. Risch-Rotkreuz is well known because of the headquarter of Roche Diagnostics, two nice castles, "Buonas" and "Freudenberg", the one of the most important train station in Switzerland, and of the Swiss Guard. + += = = Walchwil = = = +Walchwil is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. + += = = Neuheim = = = +Neuheim is a municipality in the canton of Zug in Switzerland. + += = = Women's rights movement = = = +The women's rights movement is a feminist movement, where women act to get what men have but what women have been denied. The women's rights movement has fought for things such as letting women vote, giving women access to jobs (such as doing construction work) that only men were allowed to do before, and even the right to same-sex marriage. Women and men can both stand for this movement. Women's rights leaders such as Susan B. Anthony encouraged many women to join the women's rights movements. In different societies throughout history, women have had different amounts of rights. The movement fighting for women's rights to vote is called women's suffrage. While there has been a ton of progress, many countries still do not allow women to vote, among other basic rights. + += = = Canton of Solothurn = = = +Solothurn is a canton of Switzerland. It can be found in the northwest of Switzerland. The capital is Solothurn. +Districts. +There are 10 districts in Solothurn: +Municipalities. +The canton has 125 municipalities: + += = = Solothurn = = = +Solothurn can mean: + += = = Pickup truck = = = +A pickup truck is a type of vehicle designed to move things. It is an all-purpose vehicle generally used for the transport of goods. They have an uncovered rear (called a box, boat, raft, bucket, body, plate, bed or basin). It is a cargo area for products or objects. The style is common in North America. Pickup truck cabs have options that can make them as comfortable to drive as a car. +History. +In the early days of automobile manufacturing, vehicles were sold as a chassis only, and third parties added bodies on top. In 1902, the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company was founded by Max Grabowsky and Morris Grabowsky who built one-ton carrying capacity trucks in Pontiac, Michigan. In 1913, the Galion Allsteel Body Company, an early developer of the pickup and dump truck, built and installed hauling boxes on slightly modified Ford Model T chassis, and from 1917 on the Model TT. Seeking part of this market share, Dodge introduced a 3/4-ton pickup with cab and body constructed entirely of wood in 1924. In 1925, Ford followed up with a Model T-based, steel-bodied, half-ton with an adjustable tailgate and heavy-duty rear springs. Billed as the "Ford Model T Runabout with Pickup Body", it sold for ; 34,000 were built. In 1928, it was replaced by the Model A, which had a closed-cab, safety-glass windshield, roll-up side windows, and three-speed transmission. +In 1931, GM introduced light-duty pickups for both GMC and Chevrolet targeted at private ownership. These pickup trucks were based on the Chevrolet Master. In 1940, GM introduced the dedicated light-truck platform, separate from passenger cars, which GM named the AK series. Ford North America continued to offer a pickup body style on the Ford Model 51, and the Ford Australian division produced the first Australian "ute" in 1932. In 1940, Ford offered a dedicated light-duty truck platform called the Ford F100, then upgraded the platform after World War II to the Ford F-Series in 1948. +Dodge at first assumed heavier truck production from Graham-Paige, while the company produced their own light (pickup) trucks, initially on their sufficiently sturdy passenger car frames. But after switching to distinct, dedicated truck frames in 1936, Dodge/Fargo launched an extensive own truck range for 1939, marketed as the 'Job-Rated' trucks. These Art-Deco styled trucks were again continued after WW II. +International Harvester offered the International K and KB series, which were marketed towards construction and farming and did not have a strong retail consumer presence, and Studebaker also manufactured the M-series truck. At the beginning of World War II, the United States government halted the production of privately owned pickup trucks, and all American manufacturers built heavy duty trucks for the war effort. +In the 1950s, consumers began purchasing pickups for lifestyle rather than utilitarian reasons. Car-like, smooth-sided, fenderless trucks were introduced, such as the Chevrolet Fleetside, the Chevrolet El Camino, the Dodge Sweptline, and in 1957, Ford's purpose-built Styleside. Pickups began to feature comfort items such as power options and air conditioning. During this time, pickups with four doors, known as a crew cab, started to become popular. These pickup trucks were released in 1954 in Japan with the Toyota Stout, in 1957 in Japan with the Datsun 220, and in 1957 in America with the International Travelette. Other manufactures soon followed, including the Hino Briska in 1962, Dodge in 1963, Ford in 1965, and General Motors in 1973. +In 1963, the U.S. chicken tax directly curtailed the import of the Volkswagen Type 2, distorting the market in favor of U.S. manufacturers. The tariff directly affected any country seeking to bring light trucks into the United States and effectively "squeezed smaller Asian truck companies out of the American pickup market." Over the intervening years, Detroit lobbied to protect the light-truck tariff, thereby reducing pressure on Detroit to introduce vehicles that polluted less and that offered increased fuel economy. +The U.S. government's 1973 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) policy set higher fuel-economy requirements for cars than pickups. CAFE led to the replacement of the station wagon by the minivan, the latter of which belonged in the truck category, which allowed it compliance with less strict emissions standards. Eventually, CAFE led to the promotion of sport utility vehicles (SUVs). Pickups, unhindered by the emissions controls regulations on cars, began to replace muscle cars as the performance vehicle of choice. The Dodge Warlock appeared in Dodge's "adult toys" line, along with the Macho Power Wagon and Street Van. The 1978 gas guzzler tax, which taxed fuel-inefficient cars while exempting pickup trucks, further distorted the market in favor of pickups. Furthermore, until 1999, light trucks were not required to meet the same safety standards as cars and 20 years later most still lagged behind cars in the adoption of safety features. + In the 1980s, the compact Mazda B-series, Isuzu Faster, and Mitsubishi Forte appeared. Subsequently, U.S. manufacturers built their own compact pickups for the domestic market, including the Ford Ranger, and the Chevrolet S-10. Minivans make inroads into the pickups' market share. In the 1990s, pickups' market share was further eroded by the popularity of SUVs. +Mid-sized electric trucks had been tried early in the 20th century but soon lost out to gasoline and diesel vehicles. In 1997 the Chevrolet S-10 EV was released, but few were sold, and those were mostly to fleet operators. +By 2023, pickup trucks had become strictly more lifestyle than utilitarian vehicles. Annual surveys of Ford F-150 owners from 2012 to 2021 revealed that 87% of the owners used their trucks frequently for shopping and running errands and 70% for pleasure driving, whereas 28% used their trucks often for personal hauling (41% occasionally and 32% rarely/never) and only 7% used them for towing while 29% only did so occasionally and 63% rarely/never did. A 1960s-1970s Ford F-100 was typically regular cab and consisted of mostly 64% bed and 36% cab, while by mid-2000s, crew cabs were largely becoming the norm and the bed was shrunk to accommodate the larger cab, and a 2023 F-150 consisted of 63% cab and 37% bed. +Form. +The back of the truck is open, like some other types of trucks. It is very powerful for its small size. Pickup trucks have different shapes, sizes, and uses. Sometimes people would go ride in the back of the trucks to work. The back of the truck where the goods are placed is called a "cargo bed". The cargo bed may be covered with a "tonneau cover" made of cloth, metal or plastic, to protect the cargo from rain and dirt. +Pickup trucks are easy to load and unload. They are especially popular in the countryside, where they are used to carry various agricultural cargo or tools. +Pickup trucks often have the same chassis as vans. Usually, pickup trucks are same size as normal cars. You usually may drive a pickup truck with the same driver's license as an ordinary car, but heavy pickup trucks may require a light truck license. The smallest pickup trucks are made from scooters by replacing the rear seat and rear wheel with an axle and cargo bed, and some have only three wheels. +A pickup truck can be turned into an improvised military vehicle by installing a machine gun or a light cannon on the cargo bed. Such cars are called "technicals", and they are especially popular in Africa. Pickup trucks are considered one of the most reliable and popular cars in the U.S. It is because of their functionality and good fit to the climate or landscape. + += = = Kennedy Space Center = = = +The John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) is a spaceport in Merritt Island, Florida, USA. It is one of the ten main locations of NASA. Since December 1968, Kennedy Space Center has been the main launch center of human spaceflight of the United States. It borders on the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, which helps the Space Center. +Facilities. +There are about 700 facilities and buildings in the of KSC. The unique facilities of KSC are the tall "Vehicle Assembly Building", the Launch Complex 39 (39A, 39B and 39C), the long "Shuttle Landing Facility", the 4-storey tall "Launch Control Center", and the "Visitor Complex". +Launch Complex 39. +The Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch facility of KSC. The site was originally made for the Apollo program. Later, it was modified for the Space Shuttle program. , only Pad 39A is in use to launch SpaceX's Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy. Pad 39B is modifying for NASA's Space Launch System. The Pad 39C was added in 2015 for small rocket launches, although it is not in use. +Shuttle Landing Facility. +The Shuttle Landing Facility (SLF) is an airport of KSC. It was used for landing of the Space Shuttle until 2011. It is also used for take offs and landings for NASA airplanes, for example the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and some civilian airplanes. +Launch Control Center. +The Launch Control Center (LCC) is a building at KSC. It controls the rocket launches from Launch Complex 39. +Factories. +Several factory buildings are on-site at KSC, for the manufacture and processing of space station components. They include the Space Station Processing Facility (SSPF), and the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building (O&C). +Visitor Complex. +The Visitor Complex is the visitor center of KSC. It has exhibits and displays, historic spacecraft and memorabilia, movies, and a bus tour of the KSC. , about 1,700,000 people visited the center. + += = = Bradleys Head Fortification Complex = = = +The Bradleys Head Fortification Complex is near Toronga Park Zoo. This fort was part of Sydney Harbour’s protection plan. It [the fort] remembers a time when the colony of New South Wales became more aware of its isolation and wealth. The fort is on Bradleys Head Road, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia. +History. +They first started work to build the fort in 1840-42. It had a gun pit (special place for the cannon to sit and fire from) and firing wall (pictured in intro) that was built out of large blocks of sandstone and carved partly from the original rock that was already there. The first part of the building process around this time was done under the watchful eye of Major George Barney, a Commanding Royal Engineer who used hired workers provided by Governor Gipps. +In 1871 the fort got an extra barracks. The barracks were made from large sandstone blocks and carved out of the rock on the headland. This addition was the work of James Barnet, a colonial architect. This most recent add-on had three gun pits and had connecting walkways for the people in the army that worked there. The upgrade of 1871 was complementary to some of the larger fortifications being constructed during the same period. +The site is now part of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust. + += = = Arnsberg Government Region = = = +Arnsberg is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the southeast of the country. It covers the Sauerland hills as well as the east part of the Ruhr area. + += = = Altdorf, Schaffhausen = = = +Altdorf was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland. + += = = Bargen, Schaffhausen = = = +Bargen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Undervelier = = = +Undervelier was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Undervelier, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Soulce merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne. + += = = Canton of Schaffhausen = = = +Schaffhausen is a canton of Switzerland. The capital city of the canton is Schaffhausen. +Geography. +The canton of Schaffhausen is the canton of Switzerland farthest north, located to the north of Zurich. +The Rhine Falls are the largest waterfalls in Europe and lie on the border of the canton of Schaffhausen, the canton of Zurich and Germany. + += = = Vellerat = = = +Vellerat was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin. + += = = Vermes, Switzerland = = = +Vermes was a municipality, in the new municipality of Val Terbi and district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.<br><br> + += = = Rhine Falls = = = +The Rhine Falls, called the Rheinfall in Switzerland, are the biggest waterfalls of Europe. +They can be found in the High Rhine in the upper parts of the river Rhine, in the municipalities of Neuhausen am Rheinfall and Laufen-Uhwiesen, near the town of Schaffhausen in the north part of Switzerland and close to the German border. They are 150 meters (450 ft) wide and 23 meters (75 ft) tall. +The Rhine Falls were made in the last ice age about 14,000 to 17,000 years ago. +<br> + += = = Beggingen = = = +Beggingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Beringen, Switzerland = = = +Beringen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, Guntmadingen part of the municipality. + += = = Bibern = = = +Bibern can be one of two municipalities in Switzerland: + += = = Bibern, Schaffhausen = = = +Bibern is a former municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Bibern, Altdorf, Hofen and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen. + += = = Vicques, Switzerland = = = +Vicques was a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. +On 1 January 2013, the former municipalities of Vicques, Montsevelier and Vermes merged into the new municipality of Val Terbi. + += = = Le Bémont = = = +Le Bémont is a municipality of the district of Franches-Montagnes in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. + += = = Raisin bread = = = +Raisin bread is a type of bread that has raisins in it. Sometimes it has cinnamon in it. It can be eaten as toast or as a dessert. Raisin bread is normally sold pre-sliced and often eaten in Northern Europe and the United States. Raisin bread is normally brown in color from the cinnamon. It is normally dryer than normal bread. + += = = Robert Dyas = = = +Robert Dyas is a large United Kingdom company. They sell goods that people can use in their homes and gardens. The company has over 100 stores in Greater London and South East England. +History. +The company was established in 1872. It was taken over in 2004 by Change Capital, headed by former Marks and Spencer chairman Luc Vandevelde and former M&S CEO and head of B&Q Roger Holmes. + += = = Buch, Schaffhausen = = = +Buch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Buch = = = +Buch can mean: + += = = Buchberg = = = +Buchberg is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Cologne Government Region = = = +Cologne Government Region (German: "Regierungsbezirk Köln", Kölsch: "Rejierungsbezirk Kölle") is one of the five governmental districts of the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is in the southwest of that state. It covers the hills of the Eifel as well as the Bergisches Land. +It was made in 1815, when Prussia reorganised its districts. + += = = Büttenhardt = = = +Büttenhardt is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Dörflingen = = = +Dörflingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Gächlingen = = = +Gächlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Guntmadingen = = = +Guntmadingen was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2013, it is part of the municipality of Beringen. + += = = Hallau = = = +Hallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Hemishofen = = = +Hemishofen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Hemmental = = = +Hemmental was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Since 2009, it is part of the municipality of Schaffhausen. + += = = Hofen, Switzerland = = = +Hofen was a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. It is on the border with Baden-Württemberg in Germany. On 1 January 2009, the former municipalities of Hofen, Altdorf, Bibern and Opfertshofen merged into the municipality of Thayngen. + += = = Lohn, Schaffhausen = = = +Lohn is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Lohn = = = +Lohn can mean: + += = = Löhningen = = = +Löhningen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Detmold Government Region = = = +Detmold () is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northeast of the state. +The Regierungsbezirk was created in 1947 when the old state of Lippe was put into North Rhine-Westphalia and joined to the old "Regierungsbezirk Minden". Regierungsbezirk Minden was one of the original Regierungsbezirke, formed in 1815. + += = = Merishausen = = = +Merishausen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Neuhausen am Rheinfall = = = +Neuhausen am Rheinfall is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. +The municipality is known for the Rhine Falls, Europe's largest waterfall. + += = = Neunkirch = = = +Neunkirch is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Oberhallau = = = +Oberhallau is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Opfertshofen = = = +Opfertshofen was a municipality in the municipality of Thayngen and the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Ramsen = = = +Ramsen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in northern Switzerland. + += = = Rüdlingen = = = +Rüdlingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Düsseldorf Government Region = = = +Düsseldorf is one of the five Regierungsbezirke of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the northwest of the country. It covers the western part of the Ruhr Area. It is the most populated of all German administrative areas of the kind. +It was formed in 1815 when Prussia first made districts. + += = = Schleitheim = = = +Schleitheim is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. It is located directly at the border to Germany. + += = = Siblingen = = = +Siblingen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Stein am Rhein = = = +Stein am Rhein is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Stetten, Schaffhausen = = = +Stetten is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Stetten = = = +Stetten can be one of many different places: +Switzerland. +Stetten is the name of two Swiss municipalities: + += = = Thayngen = = = +Thayngen is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009, Altdorf, Bibern, Hofen, Opfertshofen merged into Thayngen. + += = = Trasadingen = = = +Trasadingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland. + += = = Wilchingen = = = +Wilchingen is a municipality of the canton Schaffhausen in Switzerland. Osterfingen was added to this municipality in 2005. + += = = 112 (band) = = = +112 ("one-twelve") is an American R&B quartet that came from Atlanta, Georgia. They started in 1991. In 1997 they won a Grammy Award. + += = = Bucheggberg District = = = +Bucheggberg is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the southwest of the canton. +Bucheggberg contains the following municipalities: + += = = Dorneck District = = = +Dorneck is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton. +Dorneck contains the following municipalities: + += = = Gäu District = = = +Gäu is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton. +Gäu contains the following municipalities: + += = = Gösgen District = = = +Gösgen is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the northeast of the canton. +Gösgen contains the following municipalities: + += = = Snap! = = = +Snap! is an electronic music group created by German producers Michael Münzing and Luca Anzilotti. + += = = Boney M. = = = +Boney M. was a R&B, disco and reggae group created by West German record producer Frank Farian. They were very successful in the 1970s. +Chart positions. +Singles. +Singles chart peaking in various countries. Includes U.S. Hot Dance Club Play chart entries. + += = = Münster Government Region = = = +Münster is one of the five "Regierungsbezirke" of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, in the north of the state. +The "Regierungsbezirk" was made in 1815. This means it is one of the original 25 "Regierungsbezirke" made to help govern Prussia. +The last time the boundaries of the region were changed was 1975. This was when the number of districts was changed from 10 to 5, and the number of district-free cities (urban districts) from six to three. + += = = Caffè Nero = = = +Caffè Nero (Italian for "black coffee") or Caffè Nero Group Plc is a British coffee shop chain. It was established in 1997 and runs more than 330 shops nationwide. The company successfully dismissed a hostile takeover attempt during the COVID-19 pandemic. + += = = Costa Coffee = = = +Costa Coffee is a British multinational coffeehouse and retail company headquartered in Dunstable, Bedfordshire, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Coca Cola. It is the largest coffeehouse chain in the world behind Starbucks and the largest in Britain.[2] +Costa Coffee was founded in London in 1971 by the Costa family as a wholesale operation supplying roasted coffee to caterers and specialist Italian coffee shops. Acquired by Whitbread in 1995 for £19M, it has since grown to over 3,277 stores across 31 countries. The business has 2,121 UK restaurants, over 6,000 Costa Express vending facilities and a further 1,280 outlets overseas (including 395 in China).[1][3] +History. +Italian Immigrant brothers Bruno and Sergio Costa founded a coffee roastery in Lambeth, London, in 1971, supplying local caterers. The family had moved to England in the 1960s.[4][5] Costa branched out to selling coffee in 1978, when its first store opened on Vauxhall Bridge Road, London. +In 1985, Sergio bought out Bruno's share of the company. Bruno went on to found a tableware company.[6] By 1995, the chain had 41 stores in UK.[7] In 1995, the business was acquired by Whitbread for £19M, UK's largest hotel and coffee shop operator, becoming a wholly owned subsidiary. In 2009, Costa opened its 1,000th store - in Cardiff. In December 2009, Costa Coffee agreed to acquire Coffee Heaven for £36 million, adding 79 stores in central and eastern Europe.[8] On 31st August 2018, Coca Cola paid US$4.9 billion for the Costa chain worldwide. After approval from regulatory authorities in the European Union and China, the deal went ahead, extending Coke's presence in the coffee and restaurant market. + += = = Yves Ternon = = = +Yves Ternon (born in 1932 in France) is a French historian specializing on historical research of the Jewish Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. He is a doctor of history of University Paris IV Sorbonne. He is also an active member of "Doctors Without Borders" organization. + += = = Israel Charny = = = +Israel W. Charny, Hebrew: ����� ����� , (born 1931 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an Israeli psychologist and genocide scholar. He is a world renowned genocide expert. He is the editor of the two-volume "Encyclopedia of Genocide". He is executive director of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide in Jerusalem. +An affiliate of the Institute for the Study of Genocide, the International Association of Genocide Scholars was founded in 1994 by Israel Charny and other historians. +He has been devoted to the study of the Holocaust and genocide since the mid 1960s. His first publication on the subject which appeared in Jewish Education in 1968 was "Teaching the Violence of the Holocaust: A Challenge to Educating Potential Future Oppressors and Victims for Nonviolence." + += = = Vahakn Dadrian = = = +Vahakn Norair Dadrian (; 26 May 1926 – 2 August 2019) was a researcher and historian of the Armenian Genocide. He was the director of Genocide Research at "Zoryan Institute". +Biography. +Dadrian was born in Istanbul. He first studied mathematics at the University of Berlin, after which he decided to switch to a completely different field, and studied history at the University of Vienna, and later, international law at the University of Zürich. He completed his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Chicago. +Dadrian was a professor of sociology, and an internationally renowned expert on the Armenian genocide. +The particularity of Dadrian's research is that by mastering many languages, including German, English, French, Turkish, Ottoman Turkish and Armenian. + += = = David Selby = = = +David Lynn Selby (born February 5, 1941 in Morgantown, West Virginia) is an American actor, mostly in movies, soap operas and on television. +Biography. +The son of Clyde Ira Selby and Sarah E. McIntyre Selby, he went to West Virginia University in the town of his birth, getting him a Bachelor of Science and a Master's degree in theater, and after that, a Ph.D. from Southern Illinois University. +Awards. +In 1998, West Virginia University gave Selby its first Life Achievement Award from the College of Creative Arts. + += = = Publius Ovidius Naso = = = +Publius Ovidius Naso. better known as Ovid in the English-speaking world, was an Ancient Roman poet. He was born on March 20, 43 BC in Sulmona, then called "Sulmo". People today do not know when he died. It was probably either 17 AD or 18 AD. He died in Tomis, which is modern-day Constanţa in Romania. +With Virgil and Horace he is considered among the three great poets of Latin literature. Ovid usually wrote in verses. Ovid was the most widely read classical author in medieval times and the Renaissance. + += = = Lebern District = = = +Lebern is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, found in the west of the canton. +Lebern district has these municipalities: + += = = Olten District = = = +Olten is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found by the city of Olten. +Olten contains the following municipalities: + += = = Thal District = = = +Thal is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the center of the canton. +Thal contains the following municipalities: + += = = Thierstein District = = = +Thierstein is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the north of the canton. +Thierstein contains 12 municipalities: + += = = Wasseramt District = = = +Wasseramt is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the south of the canton. +Wasseramt contains these municipalities: + += = = Waterboarding = = = +Waterboarding is a type of torture that has been used for a long time. It was often used to make people confess. +The victim is tied onto a table or wooden board. The questioner has a helper, whose job it is to pour water on the victim's nose and mouth through a towel or cloth, to make it difficult for him to breathe. If and when the victim is supplying answers that the questioner deems acceptable, the victim (ideally) is permitted to breathe. +In modern times waterboarding has been in use in Guantanamo Bay and has been a major political argument. Its use by American forces was banned by President Barack Obama in 2009. + += = = Aedermannsdorf = = = +Aedermannsdorf is a municipality of the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Aeschi = = = +Aeschi is a municipality of the district of Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Burgäschisee is a lake in the forest on the border with Seeberg. +The municipality of Steinhof merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Aeschi. + += = = Burgäschisee = = = +Burgäschisee is a lake by Aeschi in Switzerland. It is on the border of the cantons of Berne and Solothurn. The lake has a surface area of . It is deep at its deepest point. + += = = Aetigkofen = = = +Aetigkofen is a former municipality in the new municipality of Buchegg and district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Aetingen = = = +Aetingen is a former municipality in the new municipality of Buchegg and in the district Bucheggberg in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Balm bei Günsberg = = = +Balm bei Günsberg is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Balsthal = = = +Balsthal is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Beinwil, Solothurn = = = +Beinwil is a municipality in the district Thierstein in Canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Bellach = = = +Bellach is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Bettlach, Switzerland = = = +Bettlach is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Biberist = = = +Biberist is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Biezwil = = = +Biezwil is a municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. + += = = Bolken = = = +Bolken is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Boningen = = = +Boningen is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Thousand Islands Bridge = = = +The Thousand Islands International Bridge is an international bridge that goes over the Saint Lawrence River. It connects the north part of New York in the United States with south east part of Ontario in Canada. It was made in 1937. Builders added parts in 1959. The bridge goes over the edge that Canada and United States share in the middle of the Thousand Islands area. It gets its name from the name of the area. The bridge is governed by the Thousand Island Bridge Authority, an agency that works around the world. +The bridge is not a single bridge. It is really a lot of bridges that go across parts of the St. Lawrence River, eventually connecting both sides. The south end of the bridge connects with Interstate 81, an interstate. The north side of the bridge connects to Highway 137, a highway in Ontario. There is also an intersection with the Thousand Islands Parkway, a mini highway on the Ontario side. +Thousand Island Bridge Authority is doing a study to find out when the bridge will get to its working limits and how to make no waiting time on the bridge. +The international border is between Wellesley Island in the United States and Hill Island in Canada. +The bridge is much taller than it appears in the photograph to the right. The highest point is 150 feet above the water. + += = = Siege of Orleans = = = +The Siege of Orleans (1428 – 1429) was an important event in the Hundred Years' War between France and England. This was Joan of Arc's first success and the first big success for the French since the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. +The city of Orleans was at an important place on the river Loire. The English controlled large parts of France when they started the siege, and Orleans was the last thing stopping them from attacking the rest of France. There was not much south of the river to defend the people who served Charles VII of France, so the English came close to joining their northern lands in France with the land they controlled at Aquitaine. +The siege started on October 12, 1428 and its only major action until Joan of Arc arrived was the Battle of the Herrings. She initiated several attacks that ended the siege on May 8, 1429 - nine days after her arrival. + += = = Battle of Agincourt = = = +The Battle of Agincourt was fought on 25 October 1415 and was a major win for England against France in the Hundred Years' War. It led to several later English victories. Henry V of England led the English army and Constable of France Charles d'Albret led a larger French army. King Charles of France didn't engage because he was mentally unwell. Henry V was involved in hand to hand combat and was struck by an axe but his helmet saved him. +The English longbow was an important weapon for killing and winning this battle. It was more powerful than the French crossbow and they had more of them. The majority of the army were bowmen. The English army used sharp wooden archer's stakes to protect the archers from French mounted knights. +The English took prisoners but killed all except those of high rank. Overall the French lost 8000 men and the English lost 100 but historians are unsure of the actual numbers. The French mainly lost because they wore heavy armour and got stuck in the sticky mud at Azincourt (Agincourt). + += = = Charles V of France = = = +Charles V (21 January 1338 — 16 September 1380), called the Wise (French: "le Sage") was the King of France from 1364 until his death in 1380. He was a member of the House of Valois and was the third french king to rule under the dynasty. He was born in Vincennes, the son of the future King John II of France (then known as Dauphin John) and Bonne of Luxembourg. Charles was 11 years old when his mother Bonne of Luxembourg died. A year later when Charles was 12, his grandfather, King Philip VI died. John then became the King of France and Charles became the Dauphin. Also, his father got remarried to Joan I, Countess of Auvergne. After his father was captured by the English at the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, Charles acted as the Regent of France until his father's death in 1364. +His reign marked a high point for France during the Hundred Years' War. His armies recovered large parts of the territory from King Edward III of England that had been given to England under the reign of his predecessors at the Treaty of Brétigny. He and his armies also defeated Edward III's fleet and kicked the English troops out of France. +Charles died on 16 September 1380 at the age of 42 in Beauté-sur-Marne near Vincennes and was succeeded by his 12 year old son, Charles VI. He was buried in Saint Denis Basilica. +Charles was a successful king. He was very capable and was also very intelligent. He was very popular around France and was undoubtedly one of France's greatest kings. These reasons eventually gave him the nickname, "the Wise". He also improved the economy of France and stabilized and centralized the country and left a stable throne and a stable country for his son and successor, Charles VI. However, under the reign of Charles VI, the country lad lost lands allowing the English to regain it and that the country became destabilized and decentralized. + += = = Émile Zola = = = +Émile Zola () (2 April 1840 – 29 September 1902) was a major French writer and the most important naturalist writer. He worked toward political liberalization of France. +Zola was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize in Literature in 1901 and 1902. His death from carbon monoxide poisoning is suspected to have been suicide. + += = = Capetian dynasty = = = +The Capetian Dynasty includes any of the direct descendants of Hugh Capet of France. King Felipe VI of Spain and the grand duke of Luxembourg are members of this family, both through the Bourbon branch of the dynasty. +The "direct Capetians" ruled France from the years 987-1328. After that the junior House of Valois ruled France until 1589, and the House of Bourbon ruled until the revolution of 1792. + += = = Charles the Bald = = = +Charles the Bald (13 June 823 - 6 October 877) was King Charles II of France (843-877). He was also the Holy Roman Emperor (875-877) and King of West Francia (840-877). +Marriages, family and children. +Charles married Ermentrude, daughter of Odo I, Count of Orléans, in 842. She died in 869. In 870, Charles married Richilde of Provence, who was descended from a noble family of Lorraine. +With Ermentrude: +With Richilde: + += = = Louis the Stammerer = = = +Louis II (1 November 846 — 10 April 879) nicknamed the Stammerer (French: "le Bègue") was the King of West Francia from 877 until his death in 879. He was the oldest son and the second child of King Charles II of France and Ermentrude of Orléans. He succeded his father as king in October 877 and was crowned two days after his accession. +Louis was physically weak. He couldn't speak very well. Unlike his father, he never became the Holy Roman Emperor. He had little interest in politics. He was a sweet and a simple man, a huge lover of peace, justice, and religion. His short two-year reign was very peaceful. +In 879, Louis started a campaign against the Vikings who were donanating over Europe at that time. However, as soon as the campaign began, Louis felt ill and died on 10 April 879 at the age of 33. He was succeeded by his two sons, Louis III and Carloman II who both successfully defeated the Vikings together at the Battle of Saucourt-en-Vimeu in 881. +Louis had achievements during his reign. He played a significant role in the ongoing struggles between the Carolingian dynasty and the Viking invaders, successfully defending the Frankish kingdom against Vikings. His dedication to securing the borders and maintaining peace within the realm earned him respect and admiration from his subjects and his people. + += = = Gabdulla Tukay = = = +Gabdulla Tukay (April 26, 1886 - April 15, 1913) was a Tatar poet, a classic of the Tatar literature, a critic and a publicist. Tukay was the founder of the modern Tatar literature and the modern Tatar literary language. + += = = Metropolis (movie) = = = +Metropolis (1927) is a German silent science drama movie. It was written and directed by Fritz Lang. It was made in Germany. It was the most expensive silent movie of the time. The movie is set in 2026 in a city-state called Metropolis. People have been divided into two groups. One group is the thinkers. They live on the Earth in luxury. The other group is the workers. They work underground. They make the life of the thinkers possible. +The movie features special effects and set design. Lang took his inspiration for the sets from Manhattan. The movie opened in Germany in January 1927. It opened in the United States in March 1927. The American print is the only surviving copy. + += = = Mathematical proof = = = +A mathematical proof is a way to show that a mathematical theorem is true. To prove a theorem is to show that theorem holds in all cases (where it claims to hold). To prove a statement, one can either use axioms, or theorems which have already been shown to be true. Many techniques for proving a statements exist, and these include proof by induction, proof by contraction and proof by cases. +Proof by induction. +One type of proof is called proof by induction. This is usually used to prove that a theorem holds for all numbers (or all numbers from some point onwards). There are 4 steps in a proof by induction. +1. State that the proof will be by induction, and state which variable will be used in the induction step. +2. Prove that the statement is true for some beginning case. +3. Assume that for some value "n" = "n0", the statement is true and has all of the properties listed in the statement. This is called the induction step. +4. Show that the statement is true for the next value, "n0"+1. +Once that is shown, it would mean that for any value of "n" that is picked, the next one is true. Since it is true for some beginning case (usually "n"=1), it's true for the next one ("n"=2). And since it is true for 2, it must be true for 3. And since it is true for 3, it must be true for 4, etc. Induction shows that it is always true, precisely because it is true for whatever comes after any given number. +An example of proof by induction is as follows: +Prove that for all natural numbers "n", 2(1+2+3+...+"n"-1+"n")="n"("n"+1). +Proof: First, the statement can be written as "For all natural numbers "n", 2formula_1=n(n+1)." +By induction on n, +First, for n=1, 2formula_2=2(1)=1(1+1), so this is true. +Next, assume that for some "n"="n0" the statement is true. That is, 2formula_3 = n0(n0+1). +Then for "n"="n0"+1, 2formula_4 can be rewritten 2("n0"+1) + 2formula_3. +Since 2formula_3 = n0(n0+1), 2"n0"+1 + 2formula_3 = 2(n0+1) + 2n0(n0+1). +So 2(n0+1) + 2n0(n0+1)= 2(n0+1)(n0 + 2), which completes the proof. +Proof by contradiction. +Proof by contradiction is a way of proving a mathematical theorem by showing that if the statement were false, then there would be a logical contradiction involved. That is, if one of the results of the theorem is assumed to be false, then there would be some inconsistency with the logic. +When proving a theorem by way of contradiction, it is important to note that in the beginning of the proof. This is usually abbreviated BWOC. When the contradiction appears in the proof, there is usually a ⨳ symbol involved. + += = = The Wicker Man (1973 movie) = = = +The Wicker Man is a cult 1973 British horror movie, made and set in Scotland. The movie was directed by Robin Hardy and written by Anthony Shaffer. It stars Edward Woodward, Christopher Lee, Diane Cilento, Ingrid Pitt and Britt Ekland. Paul Giovanni composed the soundtrack. +A police sergeant, Neil Howie goes to a remote island in the Hebrides to investigate the disappearance of a young girl, Rowan. He finds out that the island is run by a pagan cult who are hostile of outsiders, including him. They practice human sacrifice. He believes that Rowan will be used as their human sacrifice. The islanders force Neil into a wicker man and burn him to death. +"The Wicker Man" is generally very highly regarded by critics. Movie magazine "Cinefantastique" described it as "The "Citizen Kane" of Horror Movies", and in 2004 the magazine "Total Movie" named "The Wicker Man" the sixth greatest British movie of all time. It also won the 1978 Saturn Award for Best Horror movie. A scene from this movie was #45 on Bravo's "100 Scariest Movie Moments". +The 2006 remake of this movie stars Nicolas Cage. + += = = Ushuaia = = = +Ushuaia is the capital city of the Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego. The climate is cool and wet. About 64,000 people live there. Ushuaia is the southernmost city in the world. + += = = Puerto Iguazú = = = +Puerto Iguazú is a city in the province of Misiones, Argentina. The city is near the Iguazu Falls. More than 32,000 people live in Puerto Iguazú. + += = = La Plata = = = +La Plata is a capital city of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. More than 600,000 people live there. + += = = Mendoza = = = +Mendoza is the capital city of the Mendoza Province in Argentina. It is the 4th largest city in Argentina (after Buenos Aires, Córdoba and Rosario). +Population. +It has about 111,000 inhabitants, with another 848,660 more inhabitants in the city area. + += = = Córdoba Province (Argentina) = = = +Córdoba is a Province of Argentina. +The city of Córdoba is its capital. +Population. +Córdoba has a population of 3,066,801 inhabitants (as of 2001). + += = = Cristina Fernández de Kirchner = = = +Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner (born 19 February 1953), also called Cristina Fernández, CFK or Cristina Kirchner, is an Argentine attorney and politician. She was the 37th Vice President of Argentina from 2019 to 2023. She was previously the 55th President of Argentina from 2007 to 2015. She was born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. She is the daughter of Eduardo Fernandez ( of Spanish descent) a bus driver, and Ofelia Esther Wilhelm (of German descent). She is a lawyer and she was married to former Argentinian president Néstor Kirchner from 1975 until his death in 2010. +She was elected president in October 2007. She was re-elected to a second term in October 2011. +Corruption trial. +On 30 September 2020, the federal criminal cassation court confirmed the corruption trials of Fernández de Kirchner, ruling the former president's objections to be inadmissible. After analyzing the claims of the defendants in the case for the never-ratified Memorandum with Iran, on 7 October 2021, the Federal Oral Court 8 declared the case null and void. The judges concluded that there was no crime in the signing of the agreement with Iran, and declared a judicial dismissal of Cristina Kirchner and the other defendants. On 6 December 2022, she was sentenced to six years in prison and a lifetime ban from holding public office for corruption, and has stated her intention to appeal the verdict. +Assassination attempt in 2022. +On September 1, 2022, after 9:00 p.m., the Brazilian Fernando Andres Sabag Montiel attempted to assassinate Cristina Kirchner outside her home in the Recoleta neighborhood. He pointed a 380-caliber Bersa pistol at his head and fired the shot but the bullet did not come out, and he was subdued by security personnel. The Vice President of Argentina was unharmed. It happened when she was returning to her home and signing books. + += = = Río Cuarto = = = +Río Cuarto is a city in the center of Argentina. +In 2010, 157,000 people lived there, making it Córdoba Province's third largest city. + += = = Salta City = = = +Salta is a city in the north of Argentina. +It is the capital of Salta Province. In 2010, 618,375 people lived there. + += = = List of football clubs in Argentina = = = +This is a list of Argentine football teams by Division. Teams are in alphabetical order. + += = = Club Atlético River Plate = = = +Club Atlético River Plate, commonly known as River Plate, is an Argentine professional football club. They are based in Buenos Aires, and play their home games at Estadio Monumental. +The name of the club is English for Río de la Plata. They are the most succcessful club in Argentina, with 36 league titles. River Plate has a very strong rivalry with Boca Juniors, mainly because both teams are from Buenos Aires and also are considered the biggest teams in Argentina. Matches between them sometimes involve violence between supporters. + += = = Flag of Argentina = = = +The national flag of Argentina was created in 1812 by Manuel Belgrano. +Appearance. +It has three horizontal bands in light blue, white and light blue; and a yellow sun in the center. + += = = José de San Martín = = = +José de San Martín (25 February 177817 August 1850) was an Argentine general and politician. He was born in Yapeyú, Corrientes, Argentina. He liberated Argentina, Peru and Chile from Spain. In 1817, he crossed the Andes from Mendoza to Chile. Together with Simón Bolívar, San Martín is called one of the Liberators of South America. + += = = Tandil = = = +Tandil is a city of the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. +Location. +The city is about 330 km from La Plata and Bahía Blanca, 160 km from Mar del Plata, and 360 km from Buenos Aires +Population. +Its population is about 110,000 inhabitants. + += = = Bahía Blanca = = = +Bahía Blanca is a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. +History. +The city was founded in 1828 with the appearance of the "Argentine Protective Fortress". It has a population is about 335,190 inhabitants, according to the 2022 stadistics. +Location. +It is in the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. + += = = Bariloche = = = +San Carlos de Bariloche, also known as Bariloche, is a city of Argentina in the Río Negro Province. +Location. +The city is located on the Andes, 1570 km south-east of Buenos Aires. +Population. +Barilloche has a population of 93.101 inhabitants. It's the largest city in Río Negro. + += = = Reservoir Dogs = = = +Reservoir Dogs is a 1992 American crime drama thriller movie written and directed by Quentin Tarantino. It stars Harvey Keitel, Tim Roth, Michael Madsen, Chris Penn and Steve Buscemi. It is the first movie directed by Tarantino and is about the events before and after a jewelry store robbery that went wrong. The movie was released on October 23, 1992. The title, and promo shots associated with the movie, were a take on the violent Sam Peckinpah movie, Straw Dogs. Although "Reservoir Dogs" failed at the theater, it found new life after being released on VHS and DVD, quickly becoming a cult classic. +Plot. +The movie shows the events before and after a robbery at a jewelry shop in Los Angeles, California, that went wrong. The men are given nicknames with colours so that they do not know each others names; Mr. Blonde (Michael Madsen), Mr. Blue (Eddie Bunker), Mr. Brown (Quentin Tarantino), Mr. Orange (Tim Roth), Mr. Pink (Steve Buscemi), and Mr. White (Harvey Keitel). They work for a gangster Joe Cabot (Lawrence Tierney) and his son, "Nice Guy" Eddie (Chris Penn). +The robbery goes wrong and several of the men are killed, and Mr. Orange is shot and bleeding. The rest of the men return to the hideout and talk about what went wrong. Mr. Blonde has captured a police officer, Marvin Nash (Kirk Baltz) and beat him to try to get an answer. Mr. Blonde tries to torture the police officer while the rest of the men are away but is killed by Mr. Orange who is actually an undercover police officer. +The rest of the men argue and are in a Mexican standoff and are all shot. Mr. Pink, who hid from the shootout, steals the diamonds and runs away. +Critical reaction. +At the movie's release at the Sundance Film Festival, movie critic Jami Bernard of the "New York Daily News" compared the effect of "Reservoir Dogs" to that of the 1895 movie "L'Arrivée d'un Train en Gare de la Ciotat", where audiences watched a moving train approaching the camera and ran away frightened. Bernard claimed that "Reservoir Dogs" had a similar effect and people were not ready for it. Vincent Canby of the "New York Times" enjoyed the cast and the use of non-linear storytelling. He similarly complimented Tarantino's directing and liked the fact that he did not often use close-ups in the movie. Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" also enjoyed the movie and the acting, particularly that of Buscemi, Tierney and Madsen, and said "Tarantino's palpable enthusiasm, his unapologetic passion for what he's created, reinvigorates this venerable plot and, mayhem aside, makes it involving for longer than you might suspect." +Roger Ebert was less enthusiastic; he felt that the script could have been better and said that the movie "feels like it's going to be terrific", but Tarantino's script does not have much curiosity about the characters. He also stated that "[Tarantino] has an idea, and trusts the idea to drive the plot." Ebert gave the movie two and a half stars out of four also claiming that he enjoyed it, and that it was a very good movie from a talented director, like other critics, he enjoyed the cast, but stated "I liked what I saw, but I wanted more". +"Reservoir Dogs" has received a lot of criticism for its strong violence and language. One particular scene that viewers did not like was Michael Madsen cutting off the police officer's ear, and Madsen himself reportedly had a great deal of difficulty finishing the scene especially after Kirk Baltz ad-libbed the desperate plea "I've got a little kid at home". Many people have left theaters during the movie and Tarantino commented at the time: +It happens at every single screening. For some people the violence, or the rudeness of the language, is a mountain they can't climb. That's OK. It's not their cup of tea. But I am affecting them. I wanted that scene to be disturbing. During a screening of the movie at a Film Festival in Barcelona, fifteen people walked out, including horror movie director Wes Craven and special effects artist Rick Baker. Baker later told Tarantino to take the walk out as a "compliment" and explained that he found the violence unnerving because of its heightened sense of realism. +Critic John Hartl compared the ear-cutting scene to the shower murder scene in "Psycho" and Tarantino to David Lynch. He furthermore explored parallels between "Reservoir Dogs" and "Glengarry Glen Ross". After this movie, Tarantino was also compared to Martin Scorsese, Sam Peckinpah, John Singleton, Gus Van Sant, and Abel Ferrara. For its nonlinear storyline, "Reservoir Dogs" has also often been compared to "Rashomon". Critic James Berardinelli was of a similar opinion; he complimented both the cast and Tarantino's dialogue writing abilities. Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" was also enthusiastic about the cast, complimenting the movie on its "deadpan sense of humor". Todd McCarthy called the movie "undeniably impressive" and was of the opinion that it was influenced by "Mean Streets", "Goodfellas" and "The Killing". + += = = Aconcagua = = = +Aconcagua is the highest mountain in the Americas, and the highest outside Asia. The altitude is 6,962 meters, or 22,841 feet. It is one of the Seven Summits. +Mortality. +Aconcagua is considered to have the highest mortality rate in South America (approximately three deaths per year). This is due to the fact that it is possible to achieve the ascent with relative ease, people without the proper preparation present themselves to make the attempt. Climbers blanch at altitude sickness and extreme weather changes, with strong winds as a result of the mountain's proximity to the Pacific Ocean. +Since records began in 1926, more than one hundred people have died on Aconcagua. Between 2001 and 2012, of the 42,731 people who sought to reach the summit of Aconcagua, 33 died, which indicates a mortality rate of 0.77 per 1,000 individuals. +Location. +It is the Andes, in the Argentine province of Mendoza. It is in Aconcagua Provincial Park. + += = = Bad Doberan (district) = = = +Bad Doberan is a former district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. +In the Middle Ages the region was made rich because Hanseatic city of Rostock was close. Today the city of Rostock is surrounded by the district, but not a part of it. +In 1793 the bathing resort of Heiligendamm (today a borough of Bad Doberan) was started, and the region became a summer residence for the dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. +In 1952 the districts of Bad Doberan and Rostock-Land were made. They were joined in 1994 to make the present district. + += = = Demmin (district) = = = +Demmin () is a former district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. +The district was made in 1994 by joining the old districts of Demmin, Altentreptow and Malchin. + += = = Güstrow (district) = = = +Güstrow () is a former district in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. +History. +From 1621 to 1695 the present-day district was the small duchy of Mecklenburg-Güstrow. Afterwards large parts belonged to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and a small part to the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (see Mecklenburg). +The district of Güstrow was made in 1994 by joining the old districts of Güstrow, Teterow and Bützow. + += = = Ludwigslust (district) = = = +Ludwigslust is a former district in the southwest of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. +The district is mostly between the Elbe river and the city of Schwerin. It is the largest district of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, but not many people live there. +History. +After the German reunification the two districts of Hagenow and Ludwigslust were made. In 1994 both districts with the two Ämter of Rastow and Stralendorf from the district Schwerin-Land were joined to make |100pxtoday's district of Ludwigslust. + += = = Mecklenburg-Strelitz (district) = = = +Mecklenburg-Strelitz is a former district in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The district-free city (urban district) of Neubrandenburg is nearly completely surrounded by Mecklenburg-Strelitz district. +The capital of the duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz was the town of Strelitz. In 1712 a fire completely destroyed the town. The duke decided to build a new town on the shores of a small lake called the Zierker See. This town became Neustrelitz, or in English "New Strelitz". +The district was created by joining the three old districts Neubrandenburg, Neustrelitz and Strasburg in 1994. + += = = Alec Guinness = = = +Sir Alec Guinness (2 April 1914 - 5 August 2000) was an Academy Award winning English actor. He was born in London. He is well known for the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi, a "Jedi master", in the Star Wars movie series (Episodes IV, V, and VI), a role that he was embarrassed with. He won an Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Leading Role". He got this award for acting in the movie "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957). Guinness also received a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for that movie. He has also received a Tony Award. In 1989 he received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. Guinness died from liver cancer in Midhurst, West Sussex, in 2000. + += = = Müritz (district) = = = +Müritz is a former district in the southern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is named after the lake Müritz. Lake Müritz is the largest Lake in Germany. Lake Constance is larger, but part of it is in Switzerland and another part in Austria. +History. +The district was created on June 12, 1994 by joining the old districts of Röbel and Waren, and a few municipalities from the districts Malchin and Neustrelitz. + += = = Nordvorpommern = = = +Nordvorpommern ("North Western Pomerania") is a former district in the northern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is on the coast of the Baltic Sea, and it surrounds the coastal city of Stralsund. +Geography. +On the coast is a long peninsula, called the Darß. Between the Darß and the mainland there is a very shallow lagoon. the lagoon and the peninsula are part of the Western Pomerania Lagoon Area National Park. +History. +Until 1819 the area was controlled by Sweden. Then it became a part of Prussia. The modern district was made in 1994 by joining the three old districts of Grimmen, Ribnitz-Damgarten and Stralsund. + += = = Nordwestmecklenburg = = = +Nordwestmecklenburg ("Northwestern Mecklenburg") is a rural district ("Landkreis") in the northwestern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It is on the coast of the Baltic Sea and border with Schleswig-Holstein. The former district-free city of Wismar has been part and also capital of Nordwestmecklenburg since September 4, 2011. +The district was made in 1994 by joining the old districts Gadebusch, Grevesmühlen and Wismar, and also smaller parts of the districts Sternberg and Schwerin-Land. + += = = Ostvorpommern = = = +Ostvorpommern is a former district in the eastern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. The Hanseatic city of Greifswald is surrounded by the district, but does not belong to it. +History. +The district was created on June 12 1994 by joining the old districts of Anklam, Greifswald and Wolgast. + += = = Parchim (district) = = = +Parchim is a former district in the southwestern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. +Geography. +Most of the district is now used for farming, but in the easternmost part there are several lakes, the largest of them being the Plauer See (39 km2). The Plauer See marks the western end of the Müritz lakeland. +History. +Until 1994 the present-day district was divided into the three districts of Parchim, Sternberg and Lübz. + += = = Francis Colburn Adams = = = +Francis Colburn Adams was an American writer. He used to live in Charleston, South Carolina. He wrote under many different names. + += = = Calvin Baker = = = +Calvin Baker is an American writer. He was born in Chicago. He graduated from Amherst College in Amherst, Massachusetts. He lives in New York. + += = = Annie Payson Call = = = +Annie Payson Call (1853-1940) was an American writer. She wrote a few books and published articles in "The Ladies' Home Journal". She liked to write about mental health issues. +Books written. +Source: New General Catalog of Old Books and Authors + += = = Variety show = = = +A variety show is a show that features a variety of performing acts. These may include actors, musicians and singers, acrobats and jugglers, animal trainers, magicians, comedians, puppeteers, and other kinds of performers. +Ed Sullivan hosted a long-running variety show on CBS, from the 1940s to the early 1970s. The Smothers Brothers hosted a comedy/variety show in the late 1960s. Other performers hosted successful variety shows through the years. +Variety shows were a good "breaking ground" for new acts, in the early years of television. They were also useful to established performers, to give them steady work and regular exposure to audiences. +Interest in the format lessened in the United States during the 1970s. Dolly Parton tried to start a new variety show in the 1980s, but it did not last. Performance competition shows, like "The Gong Show", "Star Search", and today "American Idol" became the new breaking ground for performers. +The variety show format is still sometimes imitated by comedy programs. Television talk shows carry much of the spirit of variety shows, in offering a variety of entertainers to appear. + += = = Steve Jablonsky = = = +Steve Jablonsky (born on October 9, 1970) is an American music composer for movies, television and video games. +Jablonsky has composed the soundtracks to the movies "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" (2003), "Steamboy" (2004), "The Island" (2005), "Transformers" (2007) and "D-War" (2007). He also helped compose some of the music to the video game "", and composed the theme music for the BBC's "Seven Wonders of the Industrial World" in 2003. He continues to write music for the television series "Desperate Housewives" (2004-current) since the fourth episode. +Jablonsky works in Hans Zimmer's studio Remote Control Productions (formerly known as Media Ventures). + += = = Breitenbach, Switzerland = = = +Breitenbach is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Brunnenthal, Switzerland = = = +Brunnenthal is a former municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. Since 1 January 2010 Brunnenthal belongs to the municipality of Messen. + += = = Brügglen = = = +Brügglen is a former municipality in the district of Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Aetigkofen, Aetingen, Bibern, Brügglen, Gossliwil, Hessigkofen, Küttigkofen, Kyburg-Buchegg, Mühledorf and Tscheppach merged to form the new municipality of Buchegg. + += = = Rügen (district) = = = +Rügen is a former district in the northeastern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. +Rügen districts is two large islands, Rügen and Hiddensee, and some small islands like Ummanz and Vilm. It is thus the only district of Germany which is not on the mainland. + += = = Bärschwil = = = +Bärschwil is a municipality in the district of Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Uecker-Randow = = = +Uecker-Randow is a former district in the eastern part of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. +The district was created on 12 June 1994 by joining the old districts of Pasewalk, Ueckermünde and part of the district Strasburg. +The district was merged on 4 September 2011 into Vorpommern-Greifswald. + += = = Siegessäule = = = +The or "Victory Column" is a famous sight in Berlin. +It was designed after 1864 to remember Prussia winning the Danish-Prussian war. By the time it was finished on 2 September 1873 Prussia had also beat Austria in the Austro-Prussian War (1866) and France in the Franco-Prussian War (1870/1871). A bronze sculpture of Victoria was added. "Victoria" was high and weighed 35 tonnes. Berliners like to give nicknames to famous buildings. They call the statue "Goldelse", meaning something like "Golden Lizzy". She also has the nickname of "Chick on a Stick". +The column was built in the Königsplatz, now the Platz der Republik, in front of the Reichstag building. It had three blocks of sandstone decorated by cannons taken from the enemies in the three wars. In 1938 the column was moved to its present location, and a fourth ring, decorated with golden garlands was added. +Around the base are four bronze reliefs showing the three wars and the winning army marching into Berlin. They were made by four Berlin sculptors: +These reliefs were taken away in 1945. The French occupying army did not want to remind Germans about old victories. French president François Mitterrand returned the reliefs in time for Berlin's 750th anniversary of Berlin. +The monument is now on the "Großer Stern" (Great Star). Many roads meet here, so there are four tunnels under the roads to the monument, and it is possible to climb the steps inside the column and look out over Berlin. If the Nazis had not moved the column it would probably have been destroyed in World War II. +The column is in Wim Wenders' film "Wings of Desire". In the film it is the place where angels meet. The golden statue on the column was in the music video to U2's "Stay (Faraway, So Close!)" and inspired Paul van Dyk's 1998 trance music hit, "For an Angel". +"El Ángel" in Mexico City looks a lot like the Berlin victory column. +The Victory Column is open every day: April-October 9:30am-6:30pm November-March 9:30am-5:30pm. + += = = Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis = = = +The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is a district in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +The old district was changed in 1970 and 1975. It now includes the city of Witten. +The district got its name because it is in the valleys of the rivers Ruhr and Ennepe. +Coat of arms. +In the middle of the coat of arms there is the checked red-white bar of the medieval state of Mark, which owned the area in medieval times. The two wavy lines above and below are for the two rivers which gave the district its name, the Ruhr and the Ennepe. + += = = Gevelsberg = = = +Gevelsberg is a town in the district of Ennepe-Ruhr Rural District the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. +Geography. +Schwelm is in the southeast of the Ruhr Area of Germany. + += = = Physical education = = = +Physical Education (PE for short) is a physical subject that is taught in school. Students do many different sports, exercises, and activities using their body. Many types of physical fitness are involved. It utilizes learning in the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains in a play or movement exploration setting. +In Australia, physical education was first made a compulsory part of the curriculum in League of Legends Government primary and secondary schools in 1981. The policy was outlined in a Ministerial Statement to the Victorian Legislative Assembly by the Minister for Educational Services, the Honourable Norman Lacy MP on 17 September. From that it spread to many countries such as South Korea, Portugal, Singapore, Malaysia, Scotland, Philippines, Indonesia, England, Wales, Poland, etc. +Physical education is an important for keeping kids and adults fit and active. It is also necessary to educate population in the field of healthy and smart ways to stay active. + += = = Islam Karimov = = = +Islam Abduganievitj Karimov (30 January 1938 – 2 September 2016) was the first President of Uzbekistan from 1990 to 2016. +On 29 August 2016 he was reported to be in intensive care, after suffering a stroke. +It was announced that Karimov died on 2 September 2016. The government confirmed the news later that day. + += = = Weekly Shōnen Jump = = = + is a manga magazine aimed at teens made by Shueisha. The magazine is also known as "Shonen Jump", "Weekly Jump", or "Jump". The manga from the magazine are made into Jump Comics. +International Magazines. +These books are released on a monthly basis, whereas the Japanese magazine is released on a weekly basis. +"SHONEN JUMP". +The printer of magazines, Shueisha joined the printer of manga VIZ Media, LLC. (before heard as Viz Communications, LLC.) to print a monthly work of Weekly Shonen Jump. The first print was made in 2003 with picture of Goku on the front. The English words in the magazine used circumflexes besides macrons. Not all the time the magazine does this. +"BANZAI!". +The Weekly Jump magazine is printed as the magazine BANZAI! in Germany. The printer of magazines, Carlsen Verlag created the printed book. The first issue was in 2001 and stopped going in 2005. The printed book put the series Hakuchi One, I"s, Shaman King, Nekomajin, DNA2, Sand Land, Dr. Slump, Halloweens, and Hunter x Hunter. Two book labels were made for the manga called Best of "BANZAI!" and "BANZAI! präsentiert" (BANZAI! presents). +Swedish "Shonen Jump". +The Swedish printed version was made by Bonnier Carlsen. The printed book only appeared in 2007 and put the manga Yu-Gi-Oh!, Naruto, and Shaman King in it. The manga Bleach was printed in it after the other manga. The book also had short manga like Sand Land; and made people learn how to create manga. Hishodo madutsu +Norwegian "Shonen Jump". +The Norwegian printed book was made by Shibsted. The book was printed through 2005-2007. The magazine put series like Rurouni Kenshin, Yu-Gi-Oh!, and Shaman King. The comics Shaman King and Naruto are going to be printed in books. Two labels were made for the manga called "En Bok Fra Shonen Jump" (A Book From Shonen Jump) and "Dragon Ball Ekstra" (Dragon Ball Extra). + += = = Church music = = = +Church music is music that is intended to be part of Christian worship in churches, chapels, cathedrals or anywhere Christians meet to worship. Church music is sacred (religious) music, but not all religious music is church music. Some music may be inspired by religion, but it may not be church music. For example, some songs are about religion, but they may not be church music. Although it uses the words of the Requiem mass, Verdi’s "Requiem", was composed for performance in a concert hall. Britten’s "War Requiem" was written for performance in a cathedral, but it was not meant to be part of a service of worship, so it would not usually be thought of as “church music”. +Church music has varied enormously during the history of Christianity as different churches kept changing their ideas about what part music should have in religious worship. Most church music is based on singing. Music written for church choirs mostly used the words of the liturgy (the words used in services). The organ is the most important musical instrument in church music, although from time to time many other instruments have been used as well. +During many periods in history composers writing for the church used traditional music rather than the newest fashions. This was particularly the case in the early 17th century when composers such as Claudio Monteverdi often wrote in two different styles: the old style for church music (which, at the time, they called “stilo antico”) and the new style for secular (non-religious) music (which they called “stilo moderno”). +Music in the early history of the church. +During the early history of Christian worship the churches were spread through many countries in the Roman Empire. The musical traditions that already existed in these countries were used, so there was great variety. Musical instruments were associated with the devil and with dancing, and so they were thought to be wicked and were not allowed in churches. The only music that was allowed in churches was singing. In the 4th century Bishop Ambrosius of Milan introduced the antiphon and encouraged newly composed hymns. Psalms were an important part of the early Christian worship. Responsorial psalms were psalms which were sung by one person (who may have been called a “reader”), and the congregation may have responded at the end of a verse with something simple such as “Alleluia”. Gradually “antiphonal psalmody” was developed. This meant that the choir stands on opposite sides facing one another and they sing the verses of the psalm alternately (first one side has a turn, then the other). Antiphonal psalm singing can still be heard today in Anglican cathedrals. +The kind of music heard in the Catholic Church was known as chant or plainchant, often known as “Gregorian chant” (after St Gregory the Great, who was Pope from 590-604). The text (the words that were sung) were the standard words of the liturgy. The words of the Mass were set to music by many composers. Music for the dead was called Requiem Mass. There was also music for Vespers and the Compline. Until the 16th century the organ was only used to accompany the singing. In the Renaissance period many great composers such as Giovanni da Palestrina and Orlande de Lassus wrote polyphonic music for the Catholic Church. They often wrote motets: short pieces based on texts which were not part of the liturgy. +During the period called Reformation some Protestant groups broke away from the Catholic Church. From this time on Catholic and Protestant music developed in different ways. +Protestant Church Music. +Martin Luther started the Protestant movement in Germany. In the Lutheran church the chorale was the most important part of the musical worship. Luther himself composed many chorale tunes. These are like hymns. The great Johann Sebastian Bach based much of his organ music on the chorale (these pieces are called Chorale Preludes). The choir often sang a motet. Sometimes these choir pieces became very long and turned into cantatas. The words were not from the liturgy but made up by poets or taken from the Bible. Bach wrote about 200 cantatas for the church. He also wrote two great passions which tell the story of Jesus dying on the cross. Other composers who have contributed to Protestant church music in Europe include Heinrich Schütz, Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dietrich Buxtehude, Johann Pachelbel, and Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy. +Catholic Church Music. +Music for the Catholic Church includes instrumental music such as “church cantatas”. Arcangelo Corelli and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote many examples of these. Mozart also wrote several masses. Great Italian composers of the 16th and 17th centuries who wrote church music include Giovanni Gabrieli and Claudio Monteverdi. In the 19th century Rheinberger and Max Reger wrote music in the Romantic style. French composers of this time wrote in a style which was similar to secular music. +Church Music in England. +When King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church he founded his own church, known as the Anglican church. Many great composers wrote music for the Anglican service. Their music for choirs was mostly service settings and anthems. They also wrote many hymn tunes. Important composers include William Byrd (who also wrote Catholic church music) and Thomas Tallis in the Renaissance, Orlando Gibbons and Henry Purcell in the Baroque period, and in later periods Samuel Sebastian Wesley, Charles Stanford, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Edward Bairstow, William Mathias and John Rutter. +Church Music in the United States. +Church music in American churches developed, at first, in a similar way to European music. The Book of Common Prayer was the basis of American worship. Both Puritans and Baptists thought that congregational singing was important. In the 18th century Singing Masters from Singing Schools in the north eastern states used to travel around to try to teach people in church to sing properly. The most famous of these singing masters was William Billings. Because most people could not read, a system called Lined-out Hymnody developed, in which the priest sang a line and the congregation copied him. Later in the century, during the “First Great Awakening”, the hymn tunes of English composers such as Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley became popular. +In the 19th century people from different churches met at Camp Meetings. These were led by Evangelists. The songs reflect the belief that sinners can be saved by repenting. The music of black people and of folk music became important influences. Songs became tuneful and often had refrains. In the middle of the century Sunday Schools for children became extremely popular and many songs were written for them. Gospel songs and negro spirituals also became very widely used and influenced the development of church music in America. +The rock and roll music of the 1950s was opposed by many churchs because it was believed to encourage sin. But as churches tried to appeal to more people, they changed by adopting the sounds of this popular style. This became known as contemporary Christian music. As a result of the Jesus movement revival in the latter 1960s and early 1970s, it was originally called Jesus music. "About that time, many young people from the sixties' counterculture began to believe in Jesus. +By the 21st century, many churches of all denominations began to have "contemporary" services in which the new music was performed by a "praise band" using drums and guitars. Often the same church would have a "traditional" service at a different time in which the older hymns were sung. +By this method the church tried to attract people who liked either type of music. Some Christian radio stations also began to use contemporary music, while others kept to the old style of hymns and gospel songs. +Church Music in the Orthodox Church. +Church music in the Orthodox Church in East European countries is always sung. It is based on the Byzantine musical tradition. + += = = Independencia Province = = = +Independencia (English: "Independence") is a Dominican province, in the western part of the country, on the border with Haiti. Its capital city is Jimaní. +Location. +The Independencia province is bordered to the north by the Elías Piña and Bahoruco provinces, to the east by Barahona and to the south by the Pedernales province. To the west Independencia borders the Republic of Haiti. +History. +It was created on 29 December 1948 but to start on 1 January 1950. It was part of the Bahoruco province before being elevated to the category of province. Its name remembers the national independence from Haiti on 27 February 1844. +The province was created with the municipalities of Jimaní, Duvergé and La Descubierta with Jimaní as capital of the province. Postrer Río became a municipality in 1982, Cristóbal in 2003 and Mella in 2004. Guayabal was made a municipal district in 1998, El Limón in 2001, La Colonia in 2004, Boca de Cachón and Vengan a Ver in 2005, and Batey 8 in 2006. +Population. +In (last national census), there were people living in the Independencia province, and 42,050 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km2, the second lowest in the country; only Pedernales has a lower population density. +Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 31th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province. +, the total estimated propulation of the province is 55,638 inhabitants. +The largest city of the province is Jimaní, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in ) of 10,034 inhabitants. +Geography. +The Independencia province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 8th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province. +The Sierra de Bahoruco is in the southern part of the province, and the Sierra de Neiba runs across the northwestern part of the province, on the border with the Elías Piña province. The rest of the province is part of the "Hoya de Enriquillo" (or "Neiba Valley"). In this valley is the "Lake Enriquillo", and about half of its area is part of the Independencia province. +The altitude of Jimaní, provincial capital, is . +There are few permanent rivers, with water all the time. The longest river is the Las Damas river , which flows from Sierra de Bahoruco to the Lake Enriquillo. +The main protected areas in the province are the "Parque Nacional Sierra de Baoruco" ("National park Sierra de Baoruco") and the "Parque Nacional Lago Enriquillo" ("National park Enriquillo Lake"). +Climate. +The climate of the province is a tropical climate, very hot and dry in the valley, but it is cooler on the mountains. +Municipalities. +There are 6 municipalities and 6 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are: +Economy. +The main economic activity of the province is agriculture and the main products are plantain, cassava, coffee and cacao. + += = = Psychedelic music = = = +Psychedelic music is a term referring to different music styles and genres, such as psychedelic rock, psychedelic folk, psychedelic pop, psychedelic soul, psychedelic ambient, psychedelic trance, psychedelic techno, and others. Often people use the words acid rock to refer to the more intense and loud forms of psychedelic rock, particularly many of the jam bands and heavy rock groups of the late 1960s. Psychedelic music can apply to almost any kind of music, even classical. + += = = Paraná = = = +Paraná, Paranã or Parana may refer to: + += = = Paraná, Argentina = = = +Paraná is the capital city of the Entre Ríos Province, Argentina. +Between 1854 and 1861 it was the capital of Argentina +Location. +The city is on the coast of the Paraná River about 470 km from Buenos Aires. +Population. +Its population is about 237,968 inhabitants. + += = = Chubut Province = = = +Chubut is a Province of Argentina. It is in the region called Patagonia. +Some important cities are Comodoro Rivadavia, Trelew, Puerto Madryn, Rawson and Esquel. +The province borders Río Negro in the north, Santa Cruz in the south, and Chile to the west. + += = = Comodoro Rivadavia = = = +Comodoro Rivadavia is the largest city of the Chubut Province, Argentina. The city is on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean about 1.733 km from Buenos Aires. About 135,632 people live there. + += = = San Miguel de Tucumán = = = +San Miguel de Tucumán (usually called simply Tucumán) is the capital of the Tucumán Province; it is in northern Argentina from Buenos Aires. The Spanish Conquistador Diego de Villarroel founded the city in 1565 during an expedition from present-day Peru. The city was moved to its present site in 1685. +History. +The city, with the name of San Miguel de Tucumán y Nueva Tierra de Promisión, was founded on 31 May 1565 by Diego de Villarroel in the place called "Campos de Ibatín", about to the southwest of the present city. Then, in 1685, the town was moved to where it is now because of the low quality of the water. +On 24 September 1812, the "Battle of Tucumán" took place near the city, when the Spanish army was defeated by the army led by Manuel Belgrano. The act of the Independence was signed at the "Casa de Tucumán" ("Tucumán House"). +Geography. +The city is surrounded by the departments +The city is on the slopes of the "Aconquija" mountains along the Salí river. The altitude in the centre of the city is . It is the commercial centre of an irrigated area that produces sugarcane, rice, tobacco, and fruits. +San Miguel de Tucumán has an area of and a population of 548,866, in 2010, for a population density of inhabitants/km2. +Climate. +San Miguel de Tucumán has a humid subtropical climate (subtype Cfa in the Köppen climate classification). +The average temperature for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of . +The average amount of precipitation for the year in San Miguel de Tucumán is . The month with the most precipitation on average is January with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of . +Places of interest. +Some interesting places in San Miguel de Tucumán are: +Twin towns. +San Miguel de Tucumán is twinned with: + += = = Wikio = = = +Wikio is a European search engine developed by Pierre Chappaz. + += = = Sky News = = = +Sky News is a free to air and television pay channel news broadcasting station in the United Kingdom. It has won Number One News award of the year. This channel is available to Sky TV and Freeview. +History. +Establishment and early years. +On 8 June 1988, Rupert Murdoch announced plans to start a new television news service in a speech to the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Sky News started broadcasting at 6 pm on 5 February 1989. + += = = IZarc = = = +IZArc is a file archiver for Microsoft Windows developed by Bulgarian programmer Ivan Zahariev. The program is freeware, but not open source. IZarc can open the most commonly used archive formats, like zip, rar, gzip, tar.gz, bzip2, and 7z, and others many less common formats (48 in total). IZarc has an integration in Windows Explorer and has an Virus Scan feature. IZarc can also do CD image conversions. +Formats. +IZArc (as of version 3.81) can support and open the following file formats: 7z, A, ACE, ARC, ARJ, B64, BH, +BIN, BZ2, BZA, C2D, CAB, CDI, CPIO, DEB, ENC, GCA, GZ, GZA, HA, IMG, ISO, IZE, JAR, LHA, LIB, LZH, MBF, MDF, +MIM, NRG, PAK, PDI, PK3, RAR, RPM, TAR, TAZ, TBZ, TGZ, TZ, UUE, WAR, XXE, YZ1, Z, ZIP, ZOO. +Problems. +IZArc does not support ISO editing and does not support Unicode. +Portable version. +IZArc is also available as a portable application called IZArc2Go. It includes all features and functions of the permanently installed version, except explorer "shell-menu" and the ability to associate file types with it. +Awards. +It has been awarded by several well-known download sites, such as FileTransit, SnapFiles, SoftNews, Softpedia, WebAttack, because is a software user friendly and can open many formats. + += = = Digital divide = = = +Digital divide is the gap between parts of the world where access to information technology is very different. Developed countries have plentiful internet, mobile phones, computers and Wi-Fi. Other parts of the world do not. It is the difference of people that can access the internet, and the people that cannot. +Problems. +A digital divide can be born for many reasons like socioeconomic problems (few people are rich and many are poor), racial problems (there is a majority or a minority that controls the other), or geographical problems (in the cities there are technologies but there are not in rural areas). +Countries on the rich side of the divide include Canada, the United States, Japan, South Korea, Europe and Australasia. They have big communication infrastructure, and most people can afford computers and other technology. On the poor side is Latin America, Africa, and Southeast Asia, where there are many social problems. Technology has a long way to go before getting interest in those countries, because of problems like the price of technology and the fact that sometimes there are not any resources to help. +Inner conflict. +In some parts of the world there is a large digital divide. Sometimes it is just in half of a country, or just a region, for example Africa. As with other things like education or transport, some people have things that others don't have. There are big cities where technologies are cheap and there are many villages and rural communities where there is no digital/electronic technology. In this case the digital divide creates other problems. Because a part of the country is rich and another part is poor, there are often problems with trading and connections. + += = = Adobe Dreamweaver = = = +Dreamweaver is a computer program that is used to make web pages. It was created by Macromedia. Macromedia is now owned by Adobe Systems. It can be used on either Windows computers or Macintosh computers. It can be used to make CSS, JavaScript, and other web technologies. +Syntax highlighting. +Version 6 of Dreamweaver allows syntax highlighting for the following languages out of the box: + += = = Michael Morpurgo = = = +Sir Michael Andrew Bridge Morpurgo (born 5 October 1943) is a British writer. Michael Morpurgo grew up in London during a war there. He was a teacher, but the book "Poetry in the Making" by Ted Hughes, made him decide to write instead of teaching. He is the author of over one hundred books, mostly for children, many of which have given many prizes and awards. +Five of his books have been made into films. "My Friend Walter" (1988) and "Out of the Ashes" (2001) have both been made into television. + += = = Aachen (district) = = = +The district of Aachen ("Kreis Aachen") is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The city of Aachen is not part of the district. +History. +The modern district was made in 1975 by joining the old districts of Aachen and Monschau, and some parts of the districts of Düren, Jülich and Schleiden as well as the Selfkant district. +Coat of arms. +The top of the coat of arms shows the black lion, the sign of Jülich, as the district contains mostly former parts of the duchy of Jülich. In the bottom the swan on a deer antler is the sign of the city of Burtscheid, which was the capital of the district until it was incorporated into the city of Aachen. + += = = Borken (district) = = = +Borken is a "Landkreis" (rural district, or county) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +In 1975 the district was made by joining the old district of Ahaus, the city of Bocholt and small parts of the districts of Rees, Recklinghausen and Coesfeld. + += = = Coesfeld (district) = = = +Coesfeld () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northwestern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, west of the city of Münster. + += = = Düren (district) = = = +Düren is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +History. +The district was created in 1972 by joining the old districts of Jülich and Düren. Both districts date back to 1816 when the new Prussian province of Rhineland was created. +Coat of arms. +The coat of arms shows the lion from the city of Jülich in the upper part. In the bottom it has a paper roll with the capital letter D for Düren, because the paper industry has long history. The coat of arms were granted in 1942 and confirmed in 1972. + += = = Euskirchen (district) = = = +Euskirchen (German: "Kreis Euskirchen", Kölsch: "Kriis Öskerche") is a Kreis (district) in the south-west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +History. +In 1827 a small district around the city of Euskirchen was made. In 1932 the district of Rheinbach was split up. Euskirchen district got the southern part of Rheinbach. In 1972 the Euskirchen district grew again because the district of Schleiden wa sput into Euskirchen rural district. + += = = Gütersloh (district) = = = +Gütersloh () is a Kreis (district) in the north-east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +History. +"Kreis Gütersloh" was made in 1973 when all of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia, where changed. The old districts of Halle and Wiedenbrück were joined, and parts of the districts of Bielefeld, Paderborn, Beckum and Warendorf were added to the new district. +Economy. +Some important companies are located in the district of Gütersloh: + += = = Heinsberg (district) = = = +Heinsberg is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +History. +The area became Prussian in 1815. To help govern its new land Prussia made three districts Heinsberg, Erkelenz and Geilenkirchen in 1816. In 1932 the districts of Heinsberg and Geilenkirchen were joined, and in 1972 the Erkelenz district was joined to the others as well. In 1975 the municipality of Niederkrüchten was moved to the district Viersen. That was the last change to the district's size + += = = Loco = = = +Loco could mean: + += = = Decibel = = = +A decibel (or dB) measures ratios of power or intensity. It expresses them as an exponential function. One bel is a power ratio of 10:1, and is divided into ten decibels. An increase of three decibels is approximately a doubling of power. Decibels are often used in measuring telecommunication signals. With electric audio signals, there are several decibel units, relative to several bases. For example, dBm is relative to one milliwatt. +It's been said that the smallest difference humans can hear is 0 dB and is related to the Absolute threshold of hearing, although this is very subjective at best. +History. +The bel unit was named after Alexander Graham Bell. This unit was so rough that it is more typical to use the decibel, which is one bel divided by ten. Before bels, there was the Transmission Unit (TU). +Examples and Protection. +Often, decibels are used to say how loud a sound is relative to the threshold of hearing. The decibel is not an SI unit. The table here uses dBSPL as units of sound to indicate consensus on hearing protection. Some examples of sounds are: +Hearing protection can also be used to shield from ear damage. This table gives some safe limits for the level of sound so that the ears are not damaged. + += = = Alfredo Panzini = = = +Alfredo Panzini (31 December 1863 – 10 April 1939) was an Italian writer. Panzini was a student of Giosuè Carducci at the University of Bologna. Panzini worked as a secondary school teacher before becoming a writer. + += = = Bättwil = = = +Bättwil is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Büren, Solothurn = = = +Büren is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Büren = = = +Büren can be any of the following places: + += = = Büsserach = = = +Büsserach is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Deitingen = = = +Deitingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Derendingen, Switzerland = = = +Derendingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Derendingen = = = +Derendingen can be one of two municipalities: + += = = Kochan = = = +Kochan is a village in southwestern Bulgaria. It has rich history, dating back to the 8th century BC. The village also has rich culture and beautiful nature. The population is almost completely Muslim. + += = = Dornach = = = +Dornach is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. +The Battle of Dornach was fought here. + += = = Dulliken = = = +Dulliken is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Däniken, Solothurn = = = +Däniken is a municipality in the Olten district in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. Rich people live in the upper half of Däniken. Others live in the lower half. That half has a nuclear power plant. Its name is Gösgen. Däniken has a lot of industry. + += = = Däniken (disambiguation) = = = +Däniken can mean: + += = = Egerkingen = = = +Egerkingen is a municipality in the district Gäu in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Eppenberg-Wöschnau = = = +Eppenberg-Wöschnau is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Erlinsbach, Solothurn = = = +Erlinsbach is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. It was created on 1 January 2006 when the former municipalities of Niedererlinsbach and Obererlinsbach became the municipality of Erlinsbach. + += = = Erschwil = = = +Erschwil is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Etziken = = = +Etziken is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Fehren = = = +Fehren is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Flumenthal = = = +Flumenthal is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Fulenbach = = = +Fulenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Gempen = = = +Gempen is a municipality in the district Dorneck in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = General Educational Development = = = +General Educational Development (commonly shortened to GED) is an optional test that can be taken instead of finishing high school in Canada and the United States. The test covers basic understanding of science, mathematics, social studies, reading, and writing. The sole developer of these tests is the publisher Pearson Education. Versions are available in Spanish and French. +Only some people can take the GED, depending on where they live. To take the test, a person usually may not be enrolled in high school and may not have already graduated from high school. The person taking the test must be at least 16 years old. + += = = Górnik Zabrze = = = +Górnik Zabrze is one of the most successful Polish football clubs, based in Zabrze, Poland. They started in 1948. The word "górnik" means "miner". In 2006, the club was bought by the German financial and investments company, Allianz. +They have won polish football league 14 times and the polish cup 6 times. They play at the Ernest Pohl Stadium in Zabrze. + += = = Gerlafingen = = = +Gerlafingen is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Grenchen = = = +Grenchen () is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. +With a population of around 16,000 people, it is one of the largest municipalities in the canton of Solothurn. +History. +In the year 1000, a castle was built in Grenchen and was lived in for a few hundred years, but the name Grenchen was not first used until 1131. Its name comes from the Gallo-Romanic word "graneca", which means "by the grainery". + += = = Gretzenbach = = = +Gretzenbach is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Herford (district) = = = +Herford () is a "Kreis" (district) in the northeastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. + += = = Grindel, Switzerland = = = +Grindel is a municipality in the district Thierstein in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Gunzgen = = = +Gunzgen is a municipality in the district Olten in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland. + += = = Hochsauerlandkreis = = = +Hochsauerland is a Landkreis (rural district, or county) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +History. +The district was established in 1975 in the reorganization of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia by joining the old districts Arnsberg, Brilon and Meschede. + += = = Höxter (district) = = = +Höxter () is a Kreis (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +History. +In 1816 the new Prussian government created three districts in the area, Höxter, Brakel and Warburg. In 1832 Höxter and Brakel were joined as Höxter. +The present district was created in 1975 when the former districts Warburg and Höxter were merged. At the same time the municipalities in the district were joined to form the ten cities that exist today. + += = = Kleve (district) = = = +Kleve Rural District or Kreis Kleve is a local-government district in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +The district was created in 1975 when the former districts of Kleve and Geldern were joined with the towns of Emmerich and Rees from Rees District and the municipality of Rheurdt from Moers District . + += = = Duck Hunt = = = +Duck Hunt is a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game system. The game was made by Nintendo, and was released in 1984 in Japan. In "Duck Hunt", players use the NES Zapper to shoot ducks on screen to get points. The ducks come onto the screen one or two at a time, and the player is given three shots to shoot them down. +"Duck Hunt" was one of the two first Pack-in games for the NES. The game did not get many reviews, but many gamers enjoyed playing it, and many people said it was a good game. Before Nintendo made the game, it also made a "Duck Hunt" game about the Laser Clay Shooting System released in 1976. +Gameplay. +In "Duck Hunt", players use the Nintendo Zapper Light Gun that must be plugged into their NES consoles. Then they try to shoot down ducks or clay pigeons. "Duck Hunt" was also released as an arcade game in 1984, and was also in the PlayChoice-10 arcade console. +The game has three modes: one-duck mode, with only one duck on the screen; two-duck mode, with two on the screen; and a third mode called "clay pigeon shooting". The clay pigeons are much smaller than the ducks and are harder to hit. Players need faster reaction time when playing this mode than when shooting ducks. In "Vs. Duck Hunt", Clay Shooting mode is the second mode after two-duck mode, because the arcade "Duck Hunt" games never had a one-duck mode. +During the game, there is a dog that laughs at the player if no duck is hit. If the player hits a duck, the dog will congratulate them. A popular urban legend is that players have found a way to shoot the dog. This cannot happen in "Duck Hunt", but it can happen in a bonus round of the arcade game "Vs. Duck Hunt". +"Duck Hunt" does not have a way for more than one person to shoot ducks, but a second player may plug in a NES controller in the other controller port and control the duck that appears. This only can happen in one-duck mode, and can not be done with the clay pigeons. +Development. +Nobody knows much about the development of "Duck Hunt", but Nintendo Research & Development 1 made the game. They also created the Light Gun used in "Duck Hunt". Work on the game was led by Takehiro Izushi, and was produced by Gunpei Yokoi. +Packaging and music. +Packaging. +"Duck Hunt" has been placed in several cartridges with more than one game. In the Action Set cartridge of the NES in the 1980s, "Duck Hunt" came with "Super Mario Bros.". If a player bought the NES system with the Power Pad, then "Duck Hunt" came on a 3-in-1 cartridge that also had "World Class Track Meet" and "Super Mario Bros". +Audio. +The music was composed, or written, by Koji Kondo and Hirokazu "Hip" Tanaka. Both men made music for other Nintendo games at the time, such as Metroid. Some people have called the sound effects, "pretty much what you'd expect for a game from the early 1980s - that is, awful by today's standards...", but the game's music was played on the Video Games Live concert tour. +Reception and legacy. +Reception. +Because it was made in the 1980's, "Duck Hunt" did not get very many reviews. Most critics have not reviewed "Duck Hunt". All Game Guide called the game an "attractive but repetitive target shooter" and "utterly mindless ... the game is fun for a short time, but gets old after a few rounds of play." Video Game Critic, another website, gave the game a review in 2004, scoring the game a "D". It said, "there's really not much substance to it ... overall Duck Hunt is pretty lame, and only worth playing for a trip down memory lane." Video game players say that they like the game. IGN users gave it an 8.7 out of 10, and the GameSpot users gave the Mario-Duck Hunt cartridge a 9.1 out of 10. It was rated the 155th best game made on a Nintendo System in Nintendo Powers Top 200 Games list. +"Duck Hunt", and the characters in it, have been in other video games since the game first came out in the 1980s. The dog in "Duck Hunt" has appeared in "Barker Bill's Trick Shooting" and can be shot in the "Balloon Saloon" game. In "Super Smash Bros. Melee", a trophy shows the ducks from "Duck Hunt". Also, games in the "WarioWare, Inc." series have games about "Duck Hunt". Level 19 in Tetris DS is also about "Duck Hunt" +Wii Play. +One of the games in "Wii Play" for the Wii console is Shooting, a game that is similar to "Duck Hunt". The game replaces the light gun used in the NES game with the Wii controller, and it has a targeting reticle that "Duck Hunt" did not have. The new game also has different things to shoot, such as UFOs and targets, and has a two player mode. + += = = Pack-in game = = = +Pack-in games are video games that come with a game system. They are often in the same box as the game system, which is why they are called pack-in games. Pack-in games are used to help show players how to use the system the game came with, such as the game "Wii Sports" for the Wii system. It is made to show people how to play Wii. + += = = Lippe (district) = = = +Lippe () is a "Kreis" (district) in the east of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. +The district of Lippe is named after the Lords of Lippe and their Principality of Lippe. It was a state within the Holy Roman Empire and today is a district of Northrhine-Westphalia. +History. +The last prince of Lippe was forced to abdicate in 1918 after the end of World War I when Germany became a republic, his country became a "Freistaat" (Free State) in the German republic. In 1932 the state was divided into two districts, Detmold and Lemgo. +In 1973 the two districts Lemgo and Detmold were merged to the district Lippe. +Cuisine. +The most famous dish served in Lippe is the Pickert. In the past it was known as a meal for poor people. The main ingredients are potatoes, flour and raisins. + += = = Hybrid Theory = = = +Hybrid Theory is the first studio album by Linkin Park. Linkin Park is an American rock band. The album was released on October 24, 2000. Warner Bros. Records released it. Don Gilmore produced the album. The album had four singles. They were named "One Step Closer", "In the End", "Crawling" and "Papercut". +Before release. +Before Linkin Park was known as "Linkin Park," they were known as Xero. After Mark Wakefield left Xero, Chester Bennington joined, and their name was changed to "Hybrid Theory." They produced a demo tape with nine songs and sent it to several record companies, but they all refused to sponsor Linkin Park. Eventually, they were signed by Warner Bros. Records in 2000. +About the songs. +Most of the songs on "Hybrid Theory" came from early versions of them that Xero recorded with Mark Wakefield. +The songs were mostly about Chester Bennington's problems as a child, such as child abuse, social isolation, the divorce of his parents, and drug abuse. Bennington and Mike Shinoda have said that the songs turned into songs about "everyday emotions that you talk about and think about." +In 2002, all of the songs were remixed for Linkin Park's fourth album, "Reanimation". +List of songs. +Four of the songs from "Hybrid Theory" were released as singles: "One Step Closer," Crawling, "Papercut," and "In the End." They were all very popular and appeared on charts. "Runaway" was not a single, but it also appeared on charts. +Critics' opinions of "Hybrid Theory". +Critics had mixed opinions of "Hybrid Theory". The magazines "Rolling Stone", "PopMatters", "The Village Voice" and "Sputnikmusic" liked the album. Robert Christgau from "The Village Voice" enjoyed listening to "Papercut" and "Points of Authority." +However, "Allmusic" and "NME" did not like the album. They thought it was a generic rock and heavy metal album, and not very creative. + += = = Hybrid Theory EP = = = +Hybrid Theory EP is an EP by the American nu metal/alternative rock band Linkin Park that was recorded and released in 1999. At this time, Linkin Park were called "Hybrid Theory", making this EP a self-titled EP named after the band. +It was Linkin Park's first record. Before it, in 1997, the band only made a demo tape called "Xero". The band changed its name later in 1999, after Chester Bennington replaced Mark Wakefield as the lead singer. +About the EP. +Only one thousand were made, and the EP was sent to different record labels, including Warner Bros. Records. The rest of the copies of the EP were sent to the first members of Linkin Park's fan club. +On November 19, 2001, Linkin Park Underground, Linkin Park's fan club, was made. The first fan club package that was sent to members had a new edition of "Hybrid Theory EP", with a note from the band. The first 500 copies of the CD were signed by all 6 members of the band. +The only ways to get the EP are to buy it from eBay, or win a contest in the Linkin Park Underground when the EP is awarded as a contest prize. But the prizes awarded by the LPU are the original EP. + += = = San José de Ocoa Province = = = +San José de Ocoa is a Dominican province; it is on the southern side of the Cordillera Central ("Central mountain range"). Its capital has the same name, San José de Ocoa. +It was created on 6 September 2000 but it started on 1 January 2001. It was a municipality of the Peravia province before being raised to the category of province. +Name. +The province is named after its capital city, San José de Ocoa. "Ocoa" is the name of the river that crosses the province; it is a Taíno word that means "a place with many mountains". +History. +Bartolomé de Las Casas was the first person that wrote about the region when he said that "Maniey" (now, "Maniel") was a Taíno province. Maniey or Maniel meant "a place where there are peanuts"; mani () is the Taíno word for peanut. Peter Martyr d'Anghiera did not write about the "Maniey" but he wrote about a lake in the region of Rancho Arriba; there is not a lake (or lakes) there anymore, only a swamp. +For a long time, the region was visited only by "monteros" (men that hunted wild cows and pigs). Then some "s" (runaway slaves) came to live here, in the high mountains of the region. One settlement was called "Maniel"; since then, Maniel meant in Hispaniola a place where maroons live and not only the name of the region. +The first settlement by maroons in the region is from the beginning of the 16th century and was called Maniel Viejo de Ocoa. This settlement lasted until 1666 or 1667 because many people died from smallpox and measles that affected the island in those years. There was also a military action in the region to capture maroons. +The second settlement was during the first years of the 19th century (around 1802), and it is known as Maniel de los Lorenzos ("Lorenzos' Maniel") because of the last name ("Lorenzo") of its founders. It was founded at El Canal, north of the city of San José de Ocoa. +Very soon some families from Baní, on the south, began to move to the region and made their houses at what is now the city of San José de Ocoa. +During the Dominican War of Independence (1844), there were two important battles in the region: the battles of "El Memiso" and of "El Pinar", won by Dominican soldiers. So the Haitian soldiers could not go on to Santo Domingo, and had to go back to Haiti. +In December 1858, San José de Ocoa was made a municipality of the old province of Santo Domingo; in 1895, it was changed to a municipality of the Azua province. With the creation of the Peravia, San José de Ocoa was a municipality of that new province. Then, on 6 September 2000, San José de Ocoa was made a new province with the northern half of the Peravia province and with the municipalities of San José de Ocoa, Rancho Arriba and Sabana Larga, and the municipal district of La Ciénaga. +In 2004, Nizao-Las Auyamas and El Pinar became municipal districts, and El Naranjal in 2006. +Location. +San José de Ocoa is bordered to the north by the Monseñor Nouel and La Vega provinces, to the east by San Cristóbal, to the south by the Peravia, and to the west by Azua. +Population. +In (last national census), there were people living in the San José de Ocoa province, and 37,466 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km2. +Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 29th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province. +, the total estimated propulation of the province is 56,565 inhabitants. +The largest city of the province is San José de Ocoa, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 22,383 inhabitants. +Geography. +The San José de Ocoa province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 26th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province. +The altitude of the provincial capital, San José de Ocoa, is above sea level. +The most important river is the Ocoa river, that flows through the province from north to south. +Municipalities. +There are 3 municipalities and 4 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. +Economy. +The main economic activity of the province is farming; the main products are coffee, beans and potatoes. Other vegetables, such as cabbage and carrots, are also grown as well as some tropical fruits (avocado and mango). + += = = Compilation album = = = +A compilation album is an album of songs, made by different recording artists, or by one group or artist at different times. Some compilations are greatest hits albums, which feature the biggest hit records of a given year, or a certain genre of music, or artists from the same era or location. +Others are called "best-ofs" or anthology albums that are picked as favorites by the person who puts together the new album. Some compilations include only the biggest record chart hits, while others may include B-sides, hard-to-find songs, or songs that were not released earlier. + += = = The Land Before Time = = = +The Land Before Time is a 1988 movie produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Don Bluth. It was released on November 18, 1988, along with "Oliver & Company". The movie's success led to thirteen direct-to-video sequels and a TV show. "The Little Mermaid" was later released on November 17, 1989. It is the second of three animated features to have been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture. "The Black Cauldron" and "Rock-a-Doodle" were also nominated for Best Picture in their respective years. The film won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, beating two Disney films, "The Rescuers Down Under" and "The Great Mouse Detective", as well as Best Sound Editing at the 77th Academy Awards. +Story. +An orphaned long-neck dinosaur named Littlefoot goes off in search of the legendary Great Valley, a place with many plants where dinosaurs live in peace. Along the way, he meets four other young dinosaurs, each one a different species. They encounter several problems as they learn to work together and survive. +Characters. +There are five main characters known as the "Gang of Five:" +Littlefoot: The leader of the gang, Littlefoot is a "long-neck," the in-universe name for Brontosaurus/Apatosaurus Hybrid. He is brave, and good at making decisions. He lives with his grandparents in the Great Valley. +Cera: A "three-horn," also known as a Triceratops. She is stubborn and does not trust easily. She is the most aggressive of the group. She lives with her father for most of the movies, but gains a new mother in the 11th movie and a younger sister in the 12th movie. +Ducky: Ducky has been called a "Swimmer," "Big Mouth," and "Duckfoot" on screen, so it is not known for sure what kind of dinosaur Ducky is. She looks most like a Saurolophus, but she is called a Parasaurolophus on the Land Before Time Website . She is the nicest of the group, and trusts others easily. She lives with her mother (though her father does not appear) and says in the sixth film that she is one of thirteen twins, although the original series tht she is one of four. She also has her adopted brother Spike. +Petrie: A "flyer," or a Pteranodon. He gets scared very easily and is too trusting, but he is loyal and can be brave at important times. He lives with his mother and brothers. +Spike: The youngest of the group. He is a "Spiketail," which is a Stegosaurus. Spike does not talk, though it was shown in the 4th movie that he can when he wants to. He enjoys eating and lets Ducky sit on his back if she needs to. Ducky is his older sister, since she adopted him during the first movie. He lives with Ducky's family. +Also of note is a "Sharptooth" named Chomper, who was born in the 2nd movie and was so popular with fans that he returned in the 5th movie and the TV series. He is friends with all the main characters, despite his natural instincts telling him to eat them. +Sequels. +In addition to the movies, there is "The Land Before Time: Sing-Along Songs" (1997) and +"The Land Before Time: More Sing-Along Songs" (1999) +TV Series. +After the success of the original movie and its sequels, a television series based on the movies began airing on YTV in Canada as a test on January 5, 2007. It aired in Canada, Britain, and the United States of America, and had 26 episodes. It then aired on Cartoon Network in the United States on March 5, 2007 where it was animated after the DVD release of "The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers". In the UK, it was once shown just on Boomerang, showing every day at 4pm, but it is now programmed on its sister preschool channel Cartoonito. It brought back Chomper as a main character, and introduced a new friend, an Oviraptor named Ruby, who helps the other dinosaurs learn lessons and solve problems. This was the second Bluth film not to include any songs, the first one being "All Dogs Go to Heaven". + += = = BSC Young Boys = = = +BSC Young Boys (official Berner Sport Club Young Boys) is a Swiss football football club of the Swiss capital, Berne. The BSC Young Boys played since 2005 in the Stade de Suisse, where in former times the “legendary” Wankdorf stadium stood. +History. +The FC Young Boys club was founded on 14 March 1898, taking its name in contrast to the existing club "Old Boys Basel". The club played its first game, against FC Viktoria on the following 17 June. It won the Swiss Championship three years in succession, in 1909, 1910, and 1911. + += = = Adobe Inc. = = = +Adobe is an American software company. Most of their products are for creating, such as Adobe Flash, Adobe Dreamweaver and Adobe Photoshop. Adobe products on their website can be downloaded, and used for a limited trial period, and paid for unlimited use. +Adobe Premiere Pro, After Effects, Audition, Character Animator, and Prelude use Adobe Media Encoder to export files made using the software to a users computer. Adobe Media Encoder can also be used to export files in software not made by Adobe. +As of 2022, Adobe has more than 26,000 employees worldwide.