তেমাজিপাম

তেমাজিপাম (ব্র্যান্ড নাম রেস্টোরিল ও নরমিসন) -কার্যকরী মানসিক ওষুধ-গুলোর মধ্যে বেনজোডায়াজেপিন শ্রেণিভুক্ত অন্তর্বর্তী ক্রিয়াশীল ৩-হাইড্রক্সি হিপনোটিক। এটি ডায়াজিপাম এর "৩-হাইড্রক্সি"এনালগ আর ডায়াজিপামের অন্যতম প্রাথমিক সক্রিয় বিপাকীয় উপাদান। তেমাজিপাম ইনসমনিয়ার স্বল্পমেয়াদী চিকিৎসার জন্য অনুমোদিত। তাছাড়া,তেমাজিপামের বিষণ্ণতারোধী,খিঁচুনি-প্রতিরোধী এবং কঙ্কাল পেশী শিথিলকারক বৈশিষ্ট্য রয়েছে।
তেমাজিপাম ১৯৬৫ সালে প্যাটেন্ট করা হয় এবং ১৯৮১ সালে মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে বিক্রির জন্য বাজারে ছাড়া হয়। 
ঘুম গবেষণাগারে সমীক্ষা চালিয়ে দেখা গেছে,তেমাজিপাম রাত্রে জাগরণের পরিমাণ উল্লেখযোগ্যহারে হ্রাস করে, কিন্তু স্বাভাবিক ঘুমের প্যাটার্ন বিকৃত করে দেয় বলে অসুবিধাও আছে। এটি গুরুতর ইনসমনিয়া ও অন্যান্য গুরুতর বা অকেজো করে দেয়া ঘুমের সমস্যার জন্য আনুষ্ঠানিকভাবে নির্দেশিত। যুক্তরাজ্যে ওষুধ সহিষ্ণুতা ও শারীরিক অবস্থার ওপর ভিত্তি করে এই হিপনোটিক ওষুধ প্রেসক্রাইব এর নির্দেশিকা দুই থেকে চার সপ্তাহ বেঁধে দেয়া হয়েছে। .
নিম্নোক্ত প্রতিটি পরিস্থিতিতে সম্ভব হলে তেমাজিপামের ব্যবহার বর্জনীয়: 
গর্ভাবস্থায় তেমাজিপাম ব্যবহার করা উচিত নয়,কারণ এটা ভ্রূণ-এর ক্ষতি করতে পারে।শিশুদের বেলায় তেমাজিপাম কতটা নিরাপদ ও কার্যকরী তা নিশ্চিত নয়,তাই সাধারণভাবে ১৮ বছরের নিচের কাউকে এ ওষুধ দেয়া উচিত নয়, আর ছয়মাসের কম বয়সী কোন বাচ্চাকে দেয়া অবশ্যই অনুচিত।</ref> North America has never had a serious problem with temazepam misuse, but is becoming increasingly vulnerable to the illicit trade of temazepam.
Temazepam accounts for most benzodiazepine sought by forgery of prescriptions and through pharmacy burglary in Victoria. Due to rife intravenous abuse, the Australian government decided to put it under a more restrictive schedule than it had been, and since March 2004 temazepam capsules have been withdrawn from the Australian market, leaving only 10 mg tablets available.
Benzodiazepines are commonly detected by Customs at different ports and airports, arriving by mail, also found occasionally in the baggage of air passengers, mostly small or medium quantities (up to 200–300 tablets) for personal use. From 2003 to 2006, customs detected about 500 illegal importations of benzodiazepines per year, most frequently diazepam. Quantities varied from single tablets to 2,000 tablets.
In 1987, temazepam was the most widely abused legal prescription drug in the United Kingdom. The use of benzodiazepines by street-drug abusers was part of a polydrug abuse pattern, but many of those entering treatment facilities were declaring temazepam as their main drug of abuse. Temazepam was the most commonly used benzodiazepine in a study, published 1994, of injecting drug users in seven cities, and had been injected from preparations of capsules, tablets, and syrup. The increase in use of heroin, often mixed with other drugs, which most often included temazepam, diazepam, and alcohol, was a major factor in the increase in drug-related deaths in Glasgow and Edinburgh in 1990-1992. Temazepam use was particularly associated with violent or disorderly behaviours and contact with the police in a 1997 study of young single homeless people in [[Scotland]]. The BBC series "Panorama" featured an episode titled "Temazepam Wars", dealing with the epidemic of temazepam abuse and directly related crime in [[Paisley, Scotland]].
The "Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine" published a paper expressing concerns about benzodiazepine receptor agonist drugs, the benzodiazepines and the [[Z-drugs]] used as [[hypnotics]] in humans. The paper cites a systematic review of the medical literature concerning insomnia medications and states almost all trials of sleep disorders and drugs are sponsored by the [[pharmaceutical industry]], while this is not the case in general medicine or psychiatry. It cites another study that "found that the odds ratio for finding results favorable to industry in industry-sponsored trials was 3.6 times as high as in non–industry-sponsored studies". Issues discussed regarding industry-sponsored studies include: comparison of a drug to a placebo, but not to an alternative treatment; unpublished studies with unfavorable outcomes; and trials organized around a placebo baseline followed by drug treatment, but not counterbalanced with parallel-placebo-controlled studies. Quoting a 1979 report that too little research into hypnotics was independent of the drug manufacturers, the authors conclude, "the public desperately needs an equipoised assessment of hypnotic benefits and risks" and the NIH and VA should provide leadership to that end.
Street terms for temazepam include king kong pills (formerly referred to barbiturates, now more commonly refers to temazepam), jellies, jelly, Edinburgh eccies, tams, terms, mazzies, temazies, tammies, temmies, beans, eggs, green eggs, wobbly eggs, knockouts, hardball, norries, oranges (common term in Australia and New Zealand), rugby balls, ruggers, terminators, red and blue, no-gos, num nums, blackout, green devils, drunk pills, brainwash, mind erasers, neurotrashers, tem-tem's (combined with buprenorphine), mommy's big helper, vitamin T, big T, TZ, Resties (North America) and others. In the Northeast of England "The Mazepam" has become a popular by word for temazepam in recent months.
[[File:Normison.jpg|thumb|Normison (temazepam) 10 mg tablets]]
Temazepam is available in English-speaking countries under the following brand names:
In Spain, the drug is sold as 'temzpem'. In Hungary the drug is sold as Signopam.
In the [[United States]], Temazepam is currently a [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Schedules of Controlled Substances|Schedule IV]] drug under the international [[Convention on Psychotropic Substances]] of 1971.
In [[Austria]], temazepam is listed in UN71 Schedule III under the Psychotropic Substances Decree of 1997. The drug is considered to have a high potential for abuse and addiction, but has accepted medical use for the treatment of severe insomnia.
In [[Australia]], temazepam is a [[Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons|Schedule 4 - Prescription Only]] medicine. It is primarily used for the treatment of insomnia, and is also seen as pre-anaesthetic medication.
In [[Canada]], temazepam is a Schedule IV controlled substance requiring a registered doctor's prescription.
In [[Denmark]], temazepam is listed as a Class D substance under the Executive Order 698 of 1993 on Euphoric Substances which means it has a high potential for abuse, but is used for medical and scientific purposes.
In [[Finland]], temazepam is more tightly controlled than other benzodiazepines. The temazepam product Normison was pulled out of shelves and banned because the liquid inside [[Capsule (pharmacy)|gelatin capsules]] had caused a large increase in [[intravenous]] temazepam use. The other temazepam product, Tenox, was not affected and remains as [[Medical prescription|prescription]] medicine. Temazepam [[intravenous]] use has not decreased to the level before Normison came to the market.
In [[France]], temazepam is prescribed by physicians, it is listed under Medical Psychotropics UN71 Schedule III, being prescribed only when other drugs will not do, prescription nonrenewable (a new doctor visit every time), and being available only in seven-pill, in theory one-week, packaging.
In [[Hong Kong]], temazepam is regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance. Temazepam can only be used legally by health professionals and for university research purposes. The substance can be given by pharmacists under a prescription. Anyone who supplies the substance without prescription can be fined [[Hong Kong dollar|HKD$]]10,000. The penalty for trafficking or manufacturing the substance is a $5,000,000-fine and life imprisonment. Possession of the substance for consumption without license from the Department of Health is illegal with a $1,000,000-fine and/or seven years of jail time.
In [[প্রজাতন্ত্রী আয়ারল্যান্ড|Ireland]], temazepam is a Schedule 3 controlled substance with strict restrictions.
In the [[Netherlands]], temazepam is available for prescription as 10- or 20-mg tablets and capsules. Formulations of temazepam containing less than 20 mg are included in List 2 of the [[Opium Law]], while formulations containing 20 mg or more of the drug (along with the gel-capsules) are a List 1 substance of the Opium Law, thus subject to more stringent regulation. Besides being used for insomnia, it is also occasionally used as a preanesthetic medication.
In [[Norway]], temazepam is not available as a prescription drug. It is regulated as a [[Regulation of therapeutic goods#Norway|Class A]] substance under Norway's Narcotics Act.
In [[Portugal]], temazepam is a Schedule IV controlled drug under [[Decree-Law 15/93]].
In [[Singapore]], temazepam is a [[Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore)#Class A - Part I|Class A controlled drug]] (Schedule I), making it illegal to possess and requiring a private prescription from a licensed physician to be dispensed.
In [[Slovenia]], it is regulated as a Group II (Schedule 2) controlled substance under the Production and Trade in Illicit Drugs Act.
In [[South Africa]], temazepam is a Schedule 5 drug, requiring a special prescription, and is restricted to 10– to 30-mg doses.
In [[Sweden]], temazepam is classed as a "narcotic" drug listed as both a List II (Schedule II) which denotes it is a drug with limited medicinal use and a high risk of addiction, and is also listed as a List V (Schedule V) substance which denotes the drug is prohibited in Sweden under the Narcotics Drugs Act (1968). Temazepam is banned in Sweden and possession and distribution of even small amounts is punishable by a prison sentence and a fine.
In [[Switzerland]], temazepam is a [[Regulation of therapeutic goods#Switzerland|Class B]] controlled substance, like all other benzodiazepines. This means it is a prescription-only drug.
In [[Thailand]], temazepam is a [[Psychotropic Substances Act (Thailand)|Schedule II controlled drug under the Psychotropic Substances Act]]. Possession and distribution of the drug is illegal.
In the [[United Kingdom]], temazepam is a Class C controlled drug under the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]] (Schedule 3 under the Misuse of Drugs Regulations 2001). If prescribed privately (not on the NHS), temazepam is available only by a special controlled drug prescription form (FP10PCD) and pharmacies are obligated to follow special procedures for storage and dispensing. Additionally, all manufacturers in the UK have replaced the gel-capsules with solid tablets. Temazepam requires safe custody and up until June 2015 was exempt from CD prescription requirements.
In the [[United States]], temazepam is a [[Schedule IV controlled substance|Schedule IV drug]] and is only available by prescription. Specially coded prescriptions may be required in certain states.
Pharmacologically active metabolite of diazepam, [[q.v.]]
[[File:Temazepam synthesis.svg|center|700px|thumb|Prepn: S. C. Bell, (1965 to Am. Home. Prod.). See also: E. Reeder et al., and (1967, 1968, both to [[Hoffmann-La Roche]]).]]
N-oxides are prone to undergo the [[Polonovski reaction|Polonovski rearrangement]] when treated with [[acetic anhydride]], and this was illustrated by the synthesis of [[oxazepam]]. It is not surprising that the N-methyl analogue (1) also undergoes this process, and hydrolysis of the resulting acetate gives temazepam (2). Care must be exacted with the conditions, or the inactive rearrangement product (3) results.
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:Benzodiazepines]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:Chloroarenes]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:Lactams]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:Alcohols]]
[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators]]