sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thirdly, the configurator treats requirements R as the set of rules that a specific product instance must satisfy, stated as KumbangSec instances that must be present in the configuration, or as attribute values that these instances have.
Sentence 2: variability must be managed also in the design: security solutions, such as authentication, authorization and input validation, tend to crosscut both structures and views in the architecture [31, 22].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This is because the Offload Server becomes a bottleneck as all communication between mobile devices and the surrogate would go through this component.
Sentence 2: some systems that implement Fault Tolerance tactics (Section 4.2) place the responsibility of detecting and managing disconnections in the Offload Client and Offload Server which therefore benefits from the single point of communication of the lat­ter alternative.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Loop i is a parallel loop and therefore we can redistribute the stores among the threads to ensure coalesced access.
Sentence 2: we can use the i loop in the thread code as an additional source of parallel threads, and compute a new 2D geometry in place of the original 1D one, such that accesses will be coalesced for tx: in this example this amounts to (1) making i the tx dimension, updating bx correspondingly to capture N threads; and (2) make the original tx dimension ty in the transformed code.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: More specifically, our reactive tiling tries to deter­mine the ideal tile size (from among a fixed set of tile sizes) under an OS/hardware-given cache allocation and the tile size selected by the application may affect the OS/hardware­based partitioning decision in the next epoch.
Sentence 2: the cache partitioning decision in the next epoch is a function (among other things) the tile size selected by the reactive ap­plication.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For example, on x86 hosts, the constant-like nodes could be commonly optimized by the in­structions with 32-bit immediate, while on MIPS hosts that do not support 32-bit immediate, constant-like nodes can only be optimized by converting to move-like and add-like node.
Sentence 2: when migrating HE R M E S to different hosts, distinct host-specific features should be considered to revise the instruction templates (or optimization rules) to improve the potential performance gain.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Patterns thus represent a conceptualization of problem solving behavior achieved by abstracting from implementations and the explicit decisions software designers have made in software development projects when dealing with many influential forces that constitute complex problems.
Sentence 2: software patterns to be newly discovered are successful mental design constructs, which have not yet been discovered as such, but are rather represented as unexplored and unconscious knowledge of expert software designers that is hidden in the software implementations.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is often hard to decide whether something is a tactic or a pattern, because there is no precise definition for tactics.
Sentence 2: in this work we simply take a given set of safety tactics from [Preschern et al., 2013] (where a more detailed explanation about safety tactics can be found) and consider every architecture which uses several of these tactics as architectural safety patterns.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, debugging deployed WSNs is challenging for several reasons - the remote location of deployed sensor nodes, the non-determinism of execution that can make it dicult to replicate a buggy run, and the limited hardware resources available on a node.
Sentence 2: existing solutions to record and replay debugging in WSNs fail to capture the complete code execution, thus negating the possibility of a faithful replay and causing a large class of bugs to go unnoticed.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although close-to-open semantics do not require Hare to ensure data consistency in the face of concurrent file operations, Hare must ensure its own data structures are not corrupted when multiple cores manipulate the same file.
Sentence 2: if one core is writing to a file and another core truncates that file, reusing the file’s buffer cache blocks can lead to data corruption in an unrelated file, because the client library on the first core is still writing to these buffer cache blocks.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The Omega architecture was designed to support multiple distinct workloads that have their own application-specific RPC interface, state machines, and scheduling policies (e.g., long-running servers, batch jobs from various frameworks, infrastructure services like cluster storage systems, virtual machines from the Google Cloud Platform).
Sentence 2: borg offers a "one size fits all" RPC interface, state machine semantics, and scheduler policy, which have grown in size and complexity over time as a result of needing to support many disparate workloads, and scalability has not yet been a problem (§3.4).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A model derived by WI can be used to generate artificial workloads that are close to the actual workload but may have random mutations/omissions.
Sentence 2: we can now define the high-level problem solved by WI: Given an input sequence T that we will treat as training data, we wish to compute k and a Markov model Mθ(k) ∈ Mk such that Mθ(k) is a “good” abstraction for the process that generated T.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: An exception is the operation type ReplaceTaskDescription : The original operation (defined in the metamodel MM 1.4B ) remains unused, but the copied operation (defined in the metamodel MM 1.4Bw ) was used.
Sentence 2: the original operation remains in the set of unused operations, even though an exemplar is present in the analyzed process variants.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When it comes to the papers which refer checklists from the guidelines, we found many papers developed their quality assessment checklists based on previously developed and used quality assessment checklists that can also serve as some sort of guidelines.
Sentence 2: compared to SLRs, it was not expected that many SMSes would have performed the quality assessment of the papers included in the SMSes.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, after extracting the data from these SLRs, we found that 17 SLRs that did not report their quality assessment criteria inside the paper or somewhere available to public.
Sentence 2: we divided the 127 SLRs into two lists: 110 SLRs with explicit quality assessment criteria reported, listed in Appendix A, and the other 17 papers (without sufficient information about the quality assessment claimed to have been used) are listed in Appendix B.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In recent times, however, there has been growing unease regarding the quality of the Android platform [3].
Sentence 2: kumar Maji et al. [13] studied issues reported for four early versions of the Android OS (versions 1.1, 1.5, 1.6 and 2.0) and found most defects to be present in the application layer. 
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It is important to mention that 76 of these 458 studies use support mechanisms only to data analysis and research validity, without applying any mechanisms to guide the planning and the conducting of empirical strategy.
Sentence 2: if we consider the studies that use at least one as reference to aid planning and conducting the empirical strategy, we have only 382 studies, in other words, only 43% of the full papers published in EASE, ESEM, and ESEJ apply guides to their empirical methods.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The rationale was that the testing effort might be a proxy measure of the claimed effects of TDD (improved quality and productivity), due to its central role in this technique [6].
Sentence 2: the authors claim that, since TDD developers are believed to put more effort in unit testing when com­pared to test-last developers, the effects on external quality and productivity are likely to become evindent when an high level of testing effort is observed.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Logging everything often introduces resource and performance [4] issues.
Sentence 2: heuristic 2 covers the most verb-object pairs (35%); Heuristic 2 and Heuristic 3, together, cover approximately 47% of verb-object pairs; Heuristics 2-4, together, cover approximately 57% of verb-object pairs, etc.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When a Design Pattern is detected, it is possible to identify a well defined set of software requirements it satisfies: being able to determine the Cloud Pattern that fulfills the same (or similar) requirement can lead to an automatic porting of the examined software system to a Cloud platform.
Sentence 2: using patterns characteristic expressed through a semantic based formalism, we propose a tentative procedure to assess the equivalence between Design and Cloud patterns, aiming at providing a set of possible mappings between the components belonging to different patterns.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This 1) greatly reduces the number of operations related to managing the OMS, 2) reduces the amount of information that needs to be cached in the processor TLBs, and 3) more importantly, enables the memory controller to completely manage the OMS with minimal interaction with the OS.
Sentence 2: naïvely implementing the second step will involve a TLB shootdown for the corresponding virtual page.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For the test cases that have known analytical models, like MATMUL (O(n3) FLOPS, O(n3) Loads, O(n2) Stores, etc.), it is easy to validate the generated performance models against the source code, as shown in the previous section.
Sentence 2: (See Listing 2 for examples where COMPASS detected strided accesses and SIMD FLOPS.)
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In this regards, they are not the same as the CPUs and therefore when we divide work across the nodes, and between the CPU and the accelerator, we need to partition such that the accelerators only require data trans­fers with their hosts.
Sentence 2: the task graph for the problem is such that the tasks assigned to any accel­erator have data-dependencies only with their host CPUs.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Consid­ering the Xeon PhiTM s higher core count the situation be­comes worse, as there are approximately 134 MB of RAM for every Xeon PhiTM core, compared to 2 GB of RAM for each CPU core.
Sentence 2: the Xeon PhiTM is most effectively used as a large SMP node, programmed using a shared-memory paradigm.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Currently, ASPaS supports two variants of bitonic merging networks, because their corre­sponding permutation operators can symmetrically and com­pletely utilize all elements in each input vector.
Sentence 2: other merging networks, e.g., odd-even network, cannot re­arrange all elements and need more masks to hide irrelevant elements in each concurrent step, leading to additional over­head.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As a result, for every 16*16 elements, the “no-vec” version needs 16*60 = 960 comparators to partially sort the data.
Sentence 2: the code generated by ASPaS only needs 60 vector comparators, and then uses 4 data-reordering operations (Eq.1) for each pair of vectors in the aspas_transpose to transpose the data.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In order to extend SecLoc to support data re-storage, we extend SecLoc as follows: 1) After the initial storage at state t0, for each time of data re-storage, we allow users to specify a new (random) state and encrypt data at this new specified state.
Sentence 2: as long as the storage stage occurs, a new state would be involved.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: They contain essential knowledge for developing products encompassing: the knowledge for designing concrete architectures of systems of a given application domain; development best practices; and software elements.
Sentence 2: this paper discussed the importance of an architectural standardization for variability management tools based on reference architectures in order to provide several benefits at developing these tools, such as, promoting interoperability and integration, increasing reuse of projects experiences, and establishing development best practices.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: one should determine the appropriate formalism level for describing domain elements (e.g., legis­lation, standards, quality requirements, and system com­pliance), infrastructure elements (e.g., software elements, hardware elements, and architectural styles), application el­ements (e.g., constraints and functional requirements), and crosscutting elements (e.g., domain terminology, external communication, decisions, and internal communication) of reference architectures for embedded systems.
Sentence 2: a formal description can support the automated comparison and/or selection of components for instantiating these refer­ence architectures.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1:  In order to discuss how component-based development can contribute to the definition and use of reference architecture in practice, in this position paper, we outline some fundamental characteristics of components and composition and posit their relevance to reference architecture.
Sentence 2: compared to objects and architectural units, mapping features to/from encapsulated components is relatively straight forward, since such components have no external dependencies, and are therefore very loosely coupled (via coordination).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: When reaching this level of capacity the number of cores per node is expected to increase significantly [6] while node memory capacity and I/O latency and bandwidth are expected to not be able grow at the same pace (due to power consumption and technology limitations respectively).
Sentence 2: the gap between CPU and I/O capacity is expected to increase, and I/O to become a performance cap for certain applications.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Similarly, a distance 1 occurs in the case that there is only a single undecoded neighbor, which can then be recov­ered uniquely.
Sentence 2: a distance of 0 or 1 provides information about the recovery of neighbors that are part of a received linear combination, and thus they can be viewed as an ACK on a group of symbols (i.e., neighbors of the linear equation).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: First, observe that the four ports of the nodes introduce more choices for the scheduler in every step.
Sentence 2:  these new choices, if treated uniformly, result in the same multiplicative factor for both the “positive” (an (l, q0) interaction) and the “negative” (an (l, q1) interaction) events, so the probabilities of the process are not affected at all by this.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Informal description: Every node u has a unique id idu and tries to simulate the behavior of the unique leader of the protocol of Theorem 1.
Sentence 2: whenever it meets another node for the first time it wants to mark it once and the second time it meets that node it wants to mark it twice, recording the number of first-meetings and second-meetings in two local counters.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: A global scheduling mechanism was employed for load balancing, decreasing the contention and improving performance.
Sentence 2: the other is the SW2 node (of Guillimin), consisting of two Dual Intel(R) Sandy Bridge EP E5-2670 2.6 GHz CPUs, 8 cores per processor, 8 GB of memory per core, and a Non-blocking QDR InfiniBand network with 40 Gbps between nodes.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This way we achieved differentiated configurations in terms of the relation between the event execution granularity, and the granularity of the extra-ticks’ interval (recall this has been set to 100 microseconds).
Sentence 2: the adopted settings allowed us to determine different actual likelihoods for an extra-tick to interrupt an on going event (in fact such a likelihood is higher when the event granularity is greater), which gave us the possibility to assess our time-sharing architecture when changing the likelihood that a higher priority task can be detected as standing while the execution of an event is in progress.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Technically, all our design choices were possible from within the new CMS, and our IT department was willing to help us implement those choices in whatever way they could.
Sentence 2: during the summer, one of the graduate students in the class was hired to continue the migration of the content from the old site to the new one, and was charged to implement as many of the design changes as possible.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To ad­dress this form of variability, techniques related to dynamic software product lines and run-time tenant-level customiza­tion have successfully been applied [21, 26, 30].
Sentence 2: saaS offerings are inherently susceptible to many other forms of variability, caused by (i) co-existence of different versions and variants of key components and enabling services, (ii) variations in deployment (e.g.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Moreover, for reusing the automatically derived C2FT as final failure analysis the entire process and tool chain would have to fulfill the requirements of the corresponding safety standard.
Sentence 2: by analyzing and specifying the failure propagation in parallel to the domain architecture, safety aspects can be immediately considered in the architecture and the reuse of C2FTs from the domain into the product implementation facilitates the failure analysis of the final system and saves effort.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The process of this methodology includes set of activities namely; data flow diagram where it converts inputs into the necessary outputs, structural decomposition that is beneficial to improve a structural system model and another activity is detailed design description, which gives the detail knowledge about each function [12].
Sentence 2: there are still certain issues, which are given as follows: FI1: A complex system includes various components and levels of subsystems with multiple interconnections that are complex to manage, recognize and predict [13].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The non-matching column refers to the average number of blocks that: 1) are over-segmented by the MSoS, 2) have no correspondence with any block in the GT or they are not correctly labeled.
Sentence 2: we check the properties that can alter the static behavior of an HTML element, e.g., event listeners, and the HTML5 attributes that identify the role of an element, e.g., 'role'.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Thus, having an overview and understand­ing the architecture of a system is critical for supporting a reasonable evolution, in-line with the desired system quali­ties.
Sentence 2: a considerable emphasis (e.g., [18], [14]) has been put on the need to elaborate software architecture descriptions that depict important views of the considered system from various viewpoints and even two international standards have been released to sustain and systematize the documentation effort ([3], [1]).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Again, the MPI implementation could be made aware of TPSL mappings and make threads share buffers the same way as in a multithreaded implementation, however this would clearly require additional modifications.
Sentence 2: with the considerably increased complexity of recent HPC applications, e.g., demand for components such as in-situ analysis, elaborate monitoring and performance tools, etc., the full availability of Linux APIs has gained high importance.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We show results obtained with MVAPICH 2.0a-qlc, even though it is not the latest version of MVAPICH, but the one that was preinstalled on the system and for which we experienced this significant process skew.
Sentence 2: these results are not meant to evaluate the performance of MVAPICH, but rather to point out potential pitfalls when relying on MPI_Barrier for synchronization.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Currently, cloud computing systems such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) [3] and Google App Engine (GAE) [16] offer reliability SLAs specifying the fraction of availability over a fixed time period for their services that users can ex­pect, when they contract to use a service.
Sentence 2: they do not provide SLAs guaranteeing minimum levels of perfor­mance.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The reason why AppScale s performance is more stable over time is because it is deployed on a set of closely con­trolled and monitored cluster of virtual machines (VMs) that use a private Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud to im­plement isolation.
Sentence 2: the VMs assigned to App-Scale do not share nodes with noisy neighbors in our test environment.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1:  SpotOn generally reevaluates its decision whenever a job’s state changes, e.g., due to a revocation, in order to select a new instance type and market to migrate the job.
Sentence 2: on revocation, SpotOn re-executes the greedy cost-aware policy to determine where to restore the job and the fault-tolerance mechanism to use based on the job’s remaining running time.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We observe that when three VMs share the same storage, the throughput of VM1 (the low IO-concurrency VM with 16 KB size) is only 60 IOPS using CFQ(Linux) and 1224 IOPS using PS(mClock)  far from the target share 2714 IOPS.
Sentence 2: using BAPS(vFair), the average throughput of VM1 reaches 2721, which is quite close to the target share.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: No free lunch: By quarantining an app, a user essentially removes the app from her phone (albeit temporarily).
Sentence 2: if she stopped using the app because of the lack of some features that are later incorporated by an update, she must get to know of these new features from an external channel (e.g., a website), since her phone will not receive updates for quarantined apps.
Relationship: reasoning