sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: By definition, the long method smell concerns methods large in size, which have a semantic dis­tance between the major purpose of the method, with respect to a specific functionality, and the degree to which its implementation serves this purpose [18].
Sentence 2: we do not perceive all methods large in size as long , but only those whose large size is due to the implementation of multiple functionalities.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We can conclude that all the studied factors (pleasantness, unambiguousness, applicability) a.ect the understandability of the diagram.
Sentence 2: their guidelines suggest, e.g., that different graphics and icons should be used modestly, there should be clarity regarding the meaning of different symbols, and color should be preferred over black and white (but the number of di.er­ent colors should be restricted).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Although our nonoutsourceable puzzle alone does not prevent the collection of statistical evidence, in Section 8.2, we argued that by combining our puzzle with a multi-tier reward system, we effectively make it highly costly or unreliable to accumulate statistical evidence over time. 
Sentence 2: a worker can opt to steal only the “jackpot prize” (which happens only infrequently but offers a large reward), while behaving honestly when it finds a “consolation prize” which is of much smaller amount but paid off at a frequent interval.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Informally, to effectively outsource work to the worker, the worker must know more than a constant fraction (say, 1/3) of the leaves before calling the random oracle to determine whether an attempt is successful.
Sentence 2: if the worker knows more than 1/3 fraction of the leaves, due to a simple Chernoff bound, it will be able to easily steal the solution should one be found.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, RPython with PyPy and Truf.e with Truf.e/JS implement complex widely used languages with the goal to optimize the peak performance as much as possible, and indeed reach the performance levels of dedicated JIT compiling VMs.
Sentence 2: meta-tracing has been successfully applied to AST interpreters as well [5], thus, we compare both approaches based on self-optimizing AST interpreters.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is making a big effort for the standardization of protocols that are aware of energy and processing limitations within the smart objects.
Sentence 2: the IETF working group for Routing Over Low-power and Lossy networks (ROLL) focuses on the design of an IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low power and lossy networks (RPL) [21].
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Since HTM relies on hardware (CPU) to do concurrency control for local transactions, which is hard to be aborted and rolled back by software.
Sentence 2: to pre­serve serializability among conflicting transactions on mul­tiple nodes, we design a 2PL-like protocol to coordinate accesses to the same database records from local and re­mote worker threads.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Currently, such operating systems only control access to the microphone, allowing authorized apps to access the microphone at any time, even when a privileged app may be using the speaker or the user may be speaking a sensitive pass-code to the device.
Sentence 2: current mobile operating systems fail in enforcing information flow control through the microphone and speaker, resulting in putting the users data confidentiality and device integrity at risk.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Furthermore, it may be useful to explore their expectations of how the world should operate and how this might affect their ICT use [63], as it has been implied that at least some differences exist between the younger and older generations of users [31, 64].
Sentence 2: in the current paper we examine how young people are engaging with the Internet and what that implies for ICT design for youth.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: For instance, many test methods may be added, each tagged with the TestMethod attribute, so that the test framework can automatically discover them.
Sentence 2: in summary, the reviews we chose have: between 2 and 5 non-trivial partitions (median 2), between 2 and 13 changed files (median 5), between 7 and 52 diff-regions (median 25), and between 1 and 8 trivial partitions (median 2).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It would be much more convenient for her if there was at least a semiautomatic way of restoring the desired code from Fig. 3b while keeping the subsequent desired edits from Fig. 3d. 
Sentence 2: if not, we believe the compile errors would catch these kinds of problems and users would be able to perform the remaining backtracking steps to complete what they wanted to achieve. 
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: CARAMEL could have easily followed developers style and generated the same fixes, if WALA was able to provide the line number of the RI.
Sentence 2: in practice, CARAMEL focuses only on RIs that (1) have a single output location, (2) either write a constant (similar to Figure 4(a)) or perform the &#38;= or |= operations (similar to Figure 4(b)), which effectively correspond to's being constants false or true, respectively, and (3) have an output location that is not written to in the loop with other values except S. 
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: These tables show that only 6 root spaces are needed to cover 89% of the Bug2 space, and 7 root spaces can cover 92% of the Change10 space, meaning that both error-prone and change-prone files are highly architecturally connected.
Sentence 2: we observe that the first two DRSpaces are the same for both Bug2 and Change10, and cover up to 76% and 79% of the most error and change prone files respectively.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Software Engineering educators are expected to provide students with hands-on learning activities that challenge them to solve authentic (i.e., real or very close to real world) problems by applying the relevant Software Engineering concepts and principles.
Sentence 2: there is an increasing realization and focus on problem based and experienced based teaching and learning in Software Engineering education of different phases of Software Engineering such as Requirement Engineering, Design, Implementation, and Testing.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While not statistically significant, nor surprising, students reported that the Scrum practices were slightly less suited to working in a distributed team than in a local one and that the process conformance was slightly poorer when the teams were distributed.
Sentence 2: in the interviews they stated the opposite: several students mentioned that in distributed teams they were actually following the agreed practices a bit better than in the collocated teams, e.g., communicating right away in Flowdock when working on tasks or having problems, instead of waiting for the next face-to-face meeting, which did happen when working in a local team.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, even though they have been taught software engineering (SE) principles (both in SCC.230 and SCC.330), because these have been taught through practice, the students are not always able to explicitly articulate their learning goals in terms of SE principles.
Sentence 2: we more focus on individual attainment of software engineering principles as well as system implementation techniques in SCC.331.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In short, there is a need for a new class of safety certifi­cation/assurance techniques that are continually assessing and evolving the safety reasoning, concurrently with the system, to provide through-life safety assurance.
Sentence 2: safety assurance is provided not only during initial development and deploy­ment, but also at runtime based on operational data.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the first step, we remove markup from the HTML files and preprocess the resulting text files to account for the unique characteristics of software documentation not found in other texts, such as the systematic use of incomplete sentences and the presence of code terms.
Sentence 2: we prefix sentences that start with a verb in present tense, third person singular, such as returns or computes , with the word this to ensure correct parsing of partial sentences, such as Returns the next page number .
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: At one end of the scale, specified oracles can be generated from formal specifications [3], and are effective in identifying failures, but de.ning and maintaining such specifications is demanding and consequently such specifications are very rare.
Sentence 2: a number of different cluster counts were explored based on a percentage of the number of subject program test cases (1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Measure element is a term used in the ISO/IEC 25000 series of system and software product quality standards for describing anti-patterns that can be aggregated to form a measure of a particular quality characteristic such as Reliability, Security, or Maintainability.
Sentence 2: each type of defect, weakness or anti­pattern, can be treated as a measure element included in a measure focused on a specific quality characteristic.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This modularization strategy, from both the game-template architecture and the code derivation perspectives, has substantially eased the evolution of the first version of PhyDSLinto PhyDSL-2.
Sentence 2: when we introduced the camera management and on-screen control features into PhyDSL-2, we found that (i) changes were limited to one game-template architecture component, (ii) language changes were progressively made from the impacted intermediate model, to the domain-specific language, thus modifying fewer M2M and M2T transformations, and (iii) developers experienced less severe cognitive challenges while executing maintenance tasks.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The reason is that human instructions did not include a clear description of how to show the Advanced panel option in the menu, but the CRASHDROID report included the step (change from the basic to the Hex panel) that activates the option in the menu: I swiped right on the top half of the screen: I touched the Hex button...I touched the Advanced panel menu option.
Sentence 2: the qualitative and quantitative results suggest that CRASHDROID reports are as effective natural language descriptions as those produced by developers in this context.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The distcheck tool is also being used to schedule package rebuilds within Debian in a way that is aware of unsatisfiable build-time dependencies (as opposed to deploy-time dependencies, which are the main concern of this paper).
Sentence 2: no build will be scheduled by the wanna-build scheduler, unless distcheck can show that the build-time dependencies of a given source package are currently satisfiable in the origin repository.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As a result, the architectural gap between version 0.1.0 and 1.0.0 is expected to be very large, yielding a low a2aMa jor value.
Sentence 2: changes between the last minor version and the subsequent major version that is derived from it (i.e., for the version pair (0.20.0,1.0.0)) are comparatively small, resulting in a relatively high a2aMinMa j value.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: However, a pure analysis of the process model description is not sufficient, but a more liberal interpretation is required.
Sentence 2: a static (idealized) description of a process is not sufficient as the obtained quality factors (and their practical value) highly depend on the person deriving it, especially regarding the expertise in the field and, since definitions are vague, experiences how the activities are carried out in practice.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: It expedites model modification and enhancement; it also enables environmental model reconfiguration, reuse and reassembly.
Sentence 2: they contribute organic carbon throughout the soil profile in the form of labile root exudates and decomposing root material, and strongly influence ecosystem CO2 and CH4fluxes through respiration, rhizosphere oxygenation, and passive transport (e.g. [4]). 
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: While GAs may provide acceptable performance, other al­gorithms may be better at exploiting the particular structure of a testing problem: the focus on GAs may be limiting our creativity as researchers in finding much better .ts between the testing problem and the search algorithm.
Sentence 2: gAs can scale poorly to high-dimensional problems and scalability is sensitive to the representation of the problem (see, for example, [4]).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In the next section, an application of the method on a self-adaptive system is presented using hypothetical data.
Sentence 2: the quantified NFRs, P(NFRi), P(NFRID), risks as­sociated with each NFR, the outcome attributes, their weights, values, and the percentage effectiveness of each design deci­sion in mitigating the risk are all inspired by empirical data provided by a prototype of the case study.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: On the basis of a successful alignment of expectations and pre-study, the industrial PhD project proved in our case to be a good instrument for bringing the technology safely from TRL 5 to TRL 7, that is, through the valley of death.
Sentence 2: there are still challenges and risks: The strong involvement of a company hiring the PhD candidate and typically paying two thirds of the salary gives a risk of the company not being able (or willing to) complete the project.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As a result, many potentially useful research results lie fallow, to be reinvented sometimes by practitioners but, typically, in a more limited and, hence, less useful form that is imposed by the specific technology and problem on hand.
Sentence 2: shunned by industry, many researchers do indeed turn to investigating problems that are of little or no practical relevance, which, nevertheless, allows them to publish and thus maintain or enhance their academic standings.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Each node created during the development process can be formally described using the formal system model described above.
Sentence 2:  the intention of this paper is to propose an extension of the formal system model, which on the one hand allows to capture uncertainty factors that are inherent in the context of a CPS, while on the other hand it should support all modeling concepts of the initial model such as composition and refinement.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: To address these problems, we developed an automated compiler support based on the latest advances in polyhedral frameworks (e.g., [5, 36]) to greatly reduce the human design effort currently required to create effectively synthesizable specification of designs using HLS tools.
Sentence 2: we developed compiler support for source-to-source transformations to optimize critical resources such as memory bandwidth to off-chip memory and on-chip buffer capacity [27].
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As we can see, the times spent on calculating the throughput of an application under ISPS and SPS are similar and much shorter than the time needed for solving the ILP problem to find the application throughput under PS and the time spent on finding the maximum achievable throughput of the application, i.e., the throughput under STS.
Sentence 2: our approach outperforms PS and STS in terms of time required to calculate the throughput of an application.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We assume that the ownship has the capability to perfectly estimate the geometrical configuration of the encounter, i.e., the relative position of the intruder, as well as the speed and direction of both aircraft; in practice such information is provided by different sensors as well as communication data exchanged be­tween aircraft.
Sentence 2: we discard all sources of noise and uncertainty related to the state estimation.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As illustrated in section 2.1, a MONC timestep is made up of a number of functionality groups and each group must run sequentially, i.e. the results from one group must be known before proceeding to the next group.
Sentence 2: it would not be efficient for us to port the entirety of the MONC dynamical core onto the GPU as the CPU would sit idle whilst the GPU is executing this aspect of the model.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In order to enable existing LLVM optimizations to apply to communication in PGAS programs, a PGAS programming language front-end needs to generate LLVM IR with the address space feature.
Sentence 2: the PGAS LLVM IR needs to include global pointers, which are an alternative way of representing a pointer to possibly remote memory and are recognizable by LLVM as pointer types, instead of the typical structure representation of wide pointers that include at least a node number and a local address.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: In Excel, the Date/Time format specifies date and time to high precision, but the specification lacks information about time zones, thus it is not possible to convert time stamps between zones (e.g., local to UTC), nor is it possible to handle DST offsets. 
Sentence 2: using Excel as the storage format in large research projects requires maintenance of metadata for every data set containing time stamp values.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: As pointed out by the focus group, enabling tools and structures for citizen involvement in service design processes must be developed, be they instruments allowing programming or piecing together concrete e-services, or ways for citizens to communicate their e-service proposals to the Public Sector Bodies or third-party developers, helping them to realize and implement their drafts.
Sentence 2: as we see it, the challenge does not lie that much in making citizens willing to participate in the extended CSLC, but to offer them the possibilities to do so.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: This includes functions such as: environment control, care in the home and communication with the world around them.
Sentence 2: the system is capable of gathering: environmental parameters (temperature, luminosity, etc.) and security parameters (opening/closing of windows and doors, communication to/from family, friends, or medical staff, and even commands to devices such as on/off, up/down, etc.).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: One of the challenges in large systems design is to recognize that it is the same entity or quantity (people usually know it, but tools don t), and to be able to reconcile the different characteristics and behaviors that may be assigned to it from different viewpoints.
Sentence 2: we are also able to create similar guidelines for modelling that enable at least manual reconciliation of the contents of models in different subdomains.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Of the 24 ratings of LondonTube, 21 exceeded the corresponding average rating of traditional tools; 2 ratings tied the corresponding average rating for traditional tools, and only 1 was lower.
Sentence 2: londonTube ratings exceeding traditional ratings outnumbered LondonTube ratings beneath traditional ratings by a ratio of 21-to-1 (Table 3).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Patients can self-manage their drug use behavior by participating in self-help support groups [15, 18], such as Narcotics Anonymous (NA) [7], or through contact with experts and individuals with similar experience, such as the online forums on Reddit [9].
Sentence 2: many patients might still suffer from mild withdrawal symptoms in the early phase of this treatment stage and probably experience periods of relapse.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: The EASE-DMF program takes a stone soup approach to funding in that each participant gains capabilities by providing a combination of funding and their own software capabilities to the soup.
Sentence 2: we would like to thank the Army Modeling and Simulation Office, the Army Research Lab Simulation and Training Technology Center, and the US Army Corps of Engineers Institute for Systems Engineering Research for their support of this program.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: We used insights obtained from our first analysis to se­lect the next incidents for analysis.
Sentence 2: after the first incident analysis we became cognisant of the different modalities in which data assets are prevalent in organisa­tions, namely (see Fig.  6(a)): data at rest (i.e., ‘inactive’ data stored in databases, file servers, archives, etc. that is not accessed or changed frequently), data in use (i.e., ‘active’ data processed by applications and held in computer memory, CPU caches/registers, or operational tables in databases) and data in motion (i.e., data in transit in the form of packets transported by communication protocols and data traversing the network, temporarily residing in memory buffers to be forwarded).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1:  Of course, one can still point out that random sampling is subject to the vagaries of chance, as one can get arbitrarily good or bad samples. 
Sentence 2: our results suggest that the variance of individual samples is rather low, and the situation improves quite a bit with larger projects — e.g. the variance of commons-math1 is just 0.397%.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Portability requirements demand the system to be represented in a way that it .ts a specified environment, as for example the requirement The system shall run on platform X .
Sentence 2: furthermore, they found that at the pro ject level, NFRs are not taken into consideration during product planning (and are thereby not included as hard requirements in the projects) and they conclude that the realization of NFRs is a reactive rather than proactive effort.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Software and its engineering
Sentence 1: Existing work in the area of energy-aware programming (e.g., [42, 60]) matches practitioners' focus on idle time by allowing computation to be degraded or delayed to save energy.
Sentence 2: to use such features effectively, practitioners must understand the energy impacts of their code, which given their lack of intuition (see Section 3.4), may be infeasible.
Relationship: contrasting