sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Higher-resolution cameras capture more pix­els on the transmitter screen, and thus they support smaller grids on the transmitter screen and achieve higher throughput.
Sentence 2: the high-end SLR camera supports 720 grids on the 10-in screen enabling 6.6 Kbps throughput, six times higher than that achieved by iPhone 5s in our prototype.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A three-layer FatTree with K-port switches can provide up to (K/2)2 shortest paths between every pair of endpoints that locate in different pods, e.g., a FatTree with 24-port switches, contains 144 shortest paths between a pair of endpoints, hence MPTCP leverages the redundant paths in the topology by opening multiple subflows to achieve the goal of high bandwidth utilization.
Sentence 2: opening more subflows is expensive due to the following three ways: (1) spreading data across multiple subflows leads to more resource and scheduling overheads.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The trace data were then divided into time intervals with a fixed length of 100 s. To quantify the effectiveness of using past bandwidth statistics to predict future values, we measured the bandwidth similarity of two vectors with PBA.
Sentence 2: we chose a set of intervals, the candidate prediction intervals, which ranged from 50 ms to 2.6 s in length and spaced 100 ms apart.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To generalize the model, we assume that the update interval is equal to the RTT, but we can derive similar results if the update interval is equal to the interval-arrival time of the ACKs or a fixed interval.
Sentence 2: we set up the network topology shown in Fig. 1 with a link buffer size of 852 packets [20] and a base propagation delay of 160 ms (Dmin=0.16 s) as we measured from an actual 3G/HSPA network.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Namely, the solution concept for this market is related to the competitive (or, Walrasian) equilibrium [3], [18], which has been also applied in communication networks [4], and extended to graphical economies (which exhibit localities ) [16], [17].
Sentence 2: for the problem under consideration, there do not exist explicit price variables (or, price signals), and hence we employ a different equilibrium concept: Definition 5.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This important result reveals that there is a unifying approach that solves the resource allocation problem for graph-constrained systems (or, economies), for different node behaviors.
Sentence 2: we can apply the max-min fair criterion, that has been extensively used for load balancing in centralized communication networks (e.g., see [21] and references therein), to service exchange models with autonomous and selfish nodes.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We thus propose a sample-select approach to heuristically tackle the QMRP in an online manner.
Sentence 2: given the NP-hardness of the optimal path calculations, we employ a sample-select pro­cess, where in the first stage, a set of feasible paths is sampled (i.e., generated) in polynomial time, and subsequently one of them is selected for the actual embedding.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) is a hallmark of the recent WLAN standard 802.11ac, with which an Mtx-antenna AP can simultaneously transmit up to Mtx data streams to different users, thus achieving a maximum degree-of-freedom (DoF) of Mtx.
Sentence 2: exploiting MU-MIMO's full potential is a non-trivial issue in practice.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The goal of our filter design is that the signal leakage at the stop-band would be as low as noise floor (i.e., -90dBm), and thus the interference to nearby data communication can be neglected.
Sentence 2: we recorded received signal strength indicator (RSSI) on every link, then calculated SINR in guardband using a model with three nodes: one node as guardband transmitter, one as guardband receiver and one as incumbent transmitter.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Recall that the transmitter in each D2D link randomly selects a channel from the set {m1,m2,...,m|M|} for data transmission, while one-hop cellular users transmit in chan­nels {n1,n2,...,n|N|}.
Sentence 2: there is no cross-tier in­terference between cellular links and D2D links.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Note that in previous works [4, 7, 8], to facilitate the analysis of coverage probability and average rate for a user occupying a given channel, it assumed a large enough user density such that the channel will always be occupied in all cells, while neglecting the fact that it actually becomes more difficult for a user to obtain a channel as the user density increases.
Sentence 2:  the users may suffer from “channel outage” due to the limited frequency resources (channels) in a cell. 
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Because existing work has carefully studied the network-condition-based prefetching scheduling using fine-grained traces [27, 21], we focus our work and the corresponding data collection on the complementary com­ponents.
Sentence 2: to limit the collection overhead and to avoid user burn out, we decide not to collect detailed net­work trace in a fine-grain manner, but only log the WiFi availability, which is a major leverage for prefetching.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In particular, we compute average bits/sec/H z/m2 for each UHF channel and present average values of the 20 channels normalized to the achievable rate of a UHF channel that has no TV transmit­ters nor TV receivers.
Sentence 2: the channel switching time is defined as the duration between when the channel switching command is sent and when the new TV programming is displayed.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To date, TVWS models calculate exclusion zones (areas where secondary transmis­sions are not allowed/transmit power is set to zero) based on transmitting TV channels and their corresponding tower locations [9].
Sentence 2: we propose a dynamically com­puted exclusion zone characterized as the union of locations where secondary user transmit power must be reduced in order to protect active TV receivers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: While the broadcasting TV signals and the secondary data are sent in the UHF band, primary feedback can be transmitted out-of-band via WiFi, cellular, or wired connections such as DSL, or in-band via a UHF feedback channel.
Sentence 2: we propose two methods to implement primary feedback with minimum modifications to legacy TV systems: (i) Smart remote: Smartphones can control TVs via infrared, e.g., Samsung Galaxy S5 and HTC One M8.2 smartphones can be used as combined feedback and remote devices.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: A randomly generated code, might be (1) catastrophic, i.e., there exists a non-zero input sequence that can produce all-zero output sequence; or (2) non-equiprobable, i.e., the output values are not uniformly distributed, which can help the ad­versary deploy statistical attacks to distinguish the mapping we aim to conceal.
Sentence 2: the generated code is first validated against above properties, then its free distance d8 is computed.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The next hop of a packet (bird) is defined so that it is (1) repulsed from congested nodes in the repulsion zone of the focal node, (2) attracted to non-congested nodes in the attraction zone of the focal node, (3) and on the way toward the destination.
Sentence 2: we define the following parameters (Figure 2): Z oR of a node is the set that contains its parents and children (one hop).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: At the same time, there is a considerable amount of traffic from both B and C to D. By duplicating service D at both nodes where B and C reside, we can significantly reduce traffic footprint.
Sentence 2: if the Broker is aware of an intradomain instance of the service, the broker contacts the device that has the instance and requests that it migrates the service to the SEG using a specific transmission module that is suit­able for the underlying network topology.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We observe that the correlation values between each type of centrality measure computed on the two network layers vary across the various datasets.
Sentence 2: we observe that for SIG-COMM and Social Evolution datasets, characterized by a higher number of nodes (67 and 55, respectively), the correlation between each centrality measure assumes values close to 0, while for the other datasets the correlation varies from weak to strong.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This trend of high variability between the central­ity correlation values of a given dataset can be also observed in UNICAL, LAPLAND and SASSY datasets.
Sentence 2: the interesting result is that across al measures, we note that the degree correlation for UNICAL, UPB, LAPLAND and SASSY, assumes relatively high values, varying from moderate to strong correlation.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Already in the near future, there will be an enormous amount of wireless devices [14] ranging from deeply embedded sensors and actuators over intelligent gad­gets to fully autonomously acting robots forming sensing and actuating platforms featuring a variety of hardware and software, different programming approaches and system in­terfaces making, especially, the cooperation and coordina­tion a challenging task.
Sentence 2: our approach is to consider all these devices as one emerging system (the swarm) and build a distributed swarm runtime system on top of it that hides heterogeneity and diversity, provides a common in­terface to the outside and decouples swarm applications and their execution in space and time.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The key idea of H-CRAN is so called 4C, i.e., clean, centralized, cooperative and cloud, resulting in several notable advantages such as saving CAPEX and OPEX, reducing power consumption, enhancing network capacity, dynamically allocating resources based on current network loads and improving quality-of-experience of mobile subscribers.
Sentence 2: the more complexity that a wireless communication system has, the higher possibility with which security vulnerabilities will occur.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We agree with the general intuition of the principle in [9], but would reformulate it in the following way: Minimize the length of the symbol used to present a single bit as well as the processing time the transceiver needs for demodulating a single bit challenge and sending the response bit.
Sentence 2: distinguish the two possible trans­mitted bit values at the receiver within as short a time as is feasible and send an answer as fast as possible.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Recent studies [8, 6] have predicted that the number of connecting devices and active address prefixes will jump to 50 billion and 1.3-2.3 million, respectively, by the end of 2020.
Sentence 2: the current rapid growth of the number of address prefixes (i.e., about 17% per year) is the root of many existing problems for operators, who have to continuously shrink the routing and forwarding tables of their devices or upgrade to increasingly more expensive data planes [13].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Moreover such hardware features have helped devel­opers write efficient IDS systems that now achieve processing performances that are comparable with commercialized hardware solutions.
Sentence 2: nIDSes based on such hetero­geneous systems (GPU-based) [3, 4] do have some drawbacks: it is normally difficult to program a SIMD module on a GPU such that it delivers peak performance while keeping the power consumption and processing latencies in check.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In recent years, future Internet architecture proposals have re­visited the idea of source routing for its benefits while addressing its scalability and security problems.
Sentence 2: the scalability problems have been addressed by using source-based path selec­tion, a system in which the source obtains a list of paths that it can use to reach the destination, rather than a full topology map as in generic source routing schemes.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: However, if the client cluster has a large radius, i.e., the clients are far away from each other, there may be no single server assignment for the entire cluster that is optimal for 1000 all clients in it.
Sentence 2: it is inherently difficult for NS-based mapping to perform well when the client cluster has a large 0 radius, even knowing client-LDNS pairings.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: One heuristic approach to reducing the number of mapping units for end-user mapping is to use the IP blocks (i.e., CIDRs) in BGP feeds that are the units for routing in the Internet.
Sentence 2: if a set of /24 IP blocks belong within the same BGP CIDR, these blocks can be combined since they are likely proximal in the network sense. 
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: δ represents a tradeoff between safety and efficiency; larger values of δ yield alibis who are so far away from a forbidden region that, if packets were to traverse both, there would be a very large increase in latency over a normal path through the alibi. 
Sentence 2: with a large δ, one may be less likely to find a viable alibi, but that alibi is likely to work even in the face of variable round-trip times and congestion.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: However, even when the number of multi-paths changes due to environmental changes, the speed of change in lengths of multi-paths does not change because it depends on the movement of human body and not on the number of multi-paths in an environment.
Sentence 2: the frequency components in the CFR power stay the same as long as the person performs the same activity, and DWT gives higher energy in the same levels regardless of how many multi-paths have appeared or disappeared.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Around 40% of cases have 0 bit errors in BiGroup when four tags transmit concurrently, and around 20% have an average BER below 0.05 in BiGroup when five tags transmit concurrently.
Sentence 2: the low­est average BERs when four and five tags collide for the LA based scheme are much higher (>0.1 BERs for all collisions).
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Additionally, unstable inter-frame intervals of most commercial onboard cameras aggravate the information loss and distortion for both Case 1 and Case 2, hence making the color distortion of recorded frames even worse.
Sentence 2: during a single capture time window (Tc), rolling shutter effect and unstable intervals could cause a temporal information loss or deviation in the recorded frame if the displayed frames for each original video frame are time-varying. 
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For the features extracted for keys 'I' and 'o' shown in figures 5(a) and 5(b), the DTW distance among features of key 'I' was 18.79 and the DTW distance among features of key 'o' was 19.44.
Sentence 2: the average DTW distance between features of these keys was 44.2.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For an ADC sampling rate of 20 kHz and modulation window of 128 points, a light beacon lasting for 6.4 ms is sufficient for the photodiode to separate light rays.
Sentence 2: the overhead of transmitting light beacons is negligible given that a data packet typically lasts for hundreds of ms based on the IEEE 802.15.7 standard [8].
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Consider a single photodiode on the floor, we hypothesize that if any opaque object stands in the direct path between the point light source and the photodiode, the photodiode will not be able to perceive any light coming from this point light source.
Sentence 2: the photodiode observes a light intensity drop compared to the case when there is no object blocking its direct path to the light source.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The design of light beacons is driven by the observation that while the perceived light intensity represents the sum of all incoming light rays, these light rays can be separated in the frequency domain if they flash at different frequencies.
Sentence 2: if we transform a time series of perceived light intensity to the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), we can observe frequency power peaks at the frequencies at which these light rays flash.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Hence, an LED light Li flashing at frequency fi leads to not only a global power peak (main frequency power) at frequency fi, but also small local power peaks at all the harmonics frequencies (Figure 5(c)). 
Sentence 2:  if the perceived light intensity from light Li changes, it will affect not only the main frequency power at f, but also the power peaks at harmonics. 
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Since these down link sequences need to be detected prior to synchronization, they must have low streaming auto-correlations, both with themselves and the other sequences in the orthogonal set.
Sentence 2: since the sequences must be detectable without knowledge of when they start, the receiver must perform a full correlation at every sample, thus a time-shift of the sequences must produce a low correlation; otherwise it could cause an erroneous detection.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In the low RSSI regime we see that the 64-length beacon begins to perform poorly, and is only able to correct 80% of the beacons to within 2 kHz error.
Sentence 2: the 128-length beacon with low RSSI is performs similarly to the high RSSI 64-length, which indicates extending the beacon length could further reduce CFO estimation error.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To obtain CSI, the transmitter sends a pre-known sequence, called a pilot, which the receiver uses to compute this amplitude and phase shift for each subcarrier.
Sentence 2: this requires time-frequency synchronization, as without time synchronization the receiver would not reliably know where the pilot starts, and without frequency synchronization there would be inter-subcarrier interference that causes inaccurate channel estimation
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In an 802.11-like CSMA MAC, the beacon would need to be replaced by the beamformed Faros beacon immediately followed by the CSI collection phase, including the dedicated random ac­cess and association slots.
Sentence 2: cDD spreads the power output of all M antennas spatially, and can be thought of as arbitrarily beamforming on different subcarriers.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Through our study, we observe that for any three consecutive WiFi bands, if the CSI phases in the first and the third channels are well compensated, they can serve as two anchors to further cali­brate the CSI phase from the second band if its phase error is not fully corrected.
Sentence 2: we can rotate the CSI phase from the second band and stop when its phase differences for the overlapped sub-carriers with other two bands are minimized.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: µACK in [58] can also harvest such a throughput gain with the help of extra hardware (additional antennas working on another frequency band).
Sentence 2: in Figure 17, we further evaluate two approaches in three typical 802.11 WLANs environments: a open-space academic hall, a large library, and an indoor of.ce, where the frequency selective fading levels increase.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: However, users might still be impacted, even when the RAN accessibility KPI is good, because users that lost radio coverage are not even accounted for in the KPI calculation or when the root cause of the service problems are beyond the RAN (e.g., congestion on a core network element). 
Sentence 2: service disruption occurs when accessibility is bad, but accessibility being good does not necessarily imply that service is good.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We set the alpha threshold to 0.05 (i.e., the model should describe 95% of the data), and we find that indeed the p-value is always lower than alpha, validating that multi­ple linear regression can properly .t our data, and therefore our multiple linear regression results can be trusted.
Sentence 2: we do that so to determine if 802.11ac is a standard that could possibly support low latency show con­trol systems in the future (Fig.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The JUJU services together with Metal As a Service (MAAS) are able to program physical severs on-demand allowing for programmability of cloud resources (computing, storage, and networking) and RF hardware in the remote radio head.
Sentence 2: jUJU and MAAS can be seen as key enablers behind the so called programmable cloud, which adapts the infrastructure according to the requirements of slices instantiated (e.g., by deploying an appropriate number of adapted cloud servers with the LXC virtualization).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Since contact opportunities may take an arbitrarily long time to occur, nodes, who often have limited storage capabilities, may have to store data for long periods of time and network congestion can quickly build up.
Sentence 2: dTN con­gestion control is critical to ensure nodes are congestion-free and, when needed, can serve as relays for messages to be delivered end-to-end.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The DTS packet is used to announce the information update on code, transmit power, and queueing to neighboring nodes.
Sentence 2: we build a 7-node software-defined radio testbed and imple­ment a distributed algorithm that maximizes the secondary network throughput, while at the same time avoids inter­ference to primary users through joint Routing and cOde­waveform CHannelization (ROCH).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The emerging Device-to-Device (D2D) communication tech­niques [2] such as WiFi Direct, Bluetooth Smart, and LTE direct have a great potential to provide cost-e.ective solu­tions to collaborative interactions among mobile devices for mobile crowdsourcing [3, 4].
Sentence 2: since participating devices are private and temporarily hired, there is no prior trust relationship between devices opportunistically encoun­tered.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: ROCH capabilities are demonstrated through multiple graphical user interfaces (GUIs) at the relay (R1, R2), destination (D), and trace recorder (TR) nodes.
Sentence 2: gUIs at both secondary relay nodes illustrate real-time SINR and queueing information, while the laptop-PC, that controls the secondary destination and primary receiver (PRx) nodes, compares the instantaneous throughput between the primary link (PTx– PRx) and the secondary two-hop network. 
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For example, the grayscale value of 100 might normally be considered black and representing 0 in QR Codes, but for ImplicitCode, it could be 1 if the carrier video block is even darker. 
Sentence 2: we also need to determine the threshold between the colors representing 1 or 0 relative to the carrier video, even though we cannot assume any a priori knowledge of the carrier video. 
Relationship: entailment