sadat2307/MSciNLI huggingface dataset:
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Originator-signed signatures inherent in Information Centric Networking assure the in­tegrity and provenance of messages exchanged among peers, which makes it possible to realize moderator-controlled in­formation sharing in which a peer can become a moderator and control the distribution of his private message group as a trustable server.
Sentence 2: moderated content requires mul­tiple signatures, which increases the size of the exchanged message and is inadequate, especially for short message ser­vices.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: One key difference to our approach is that they use routing to locally address content: peers add known content chunks to their FIB and the consumer application performs a longest prefix match on the chunk name, which returns only the face of the local peer.
Sentence 2: our system relies mainly on forwarding: we assume that the FIB contains multiple interfaces per prefix (prefixes can be more coarse-grained than chunk-level) and let the forwarding strategy decide which one to use.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: However, to overcome the high path loss inherent at these high frequencies, mm­wave networks must employ highly directional beamform­ing antennas, which makes link establishment and mainte­nance much more challenging than in traditional omnidi­rectional networks.
Sentence 2: maintaining connectivity under node mobility necessitates frequent re-steering of the transmit and receive antenna beams to re-establish a direc­tional mm-wave link.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Since the frequency of memory access increases due to increases in the number of threads, there is some in­crease in calculation time due to memory bus competition, but compared with a CPU, a GPU is almost unaffected by an increase in the number of terminals.
Sentence 2: when the number of terminals was 1024, it was confirmed that the GPU can calculate at a speed about 4.6 times greater than the CPU.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In particular, simulations using inexpensive computers have come into wide use due to the improved per­formance of personal computers in recent years.
Sentence 2: calculation time and precision depend greatly on computer performance, and if the simulation scale increases due to fac­tors such as a large number of sensor terminals, the amount of calculation needed to obtain high-precision results will be tremendous, and it will take an extremely long time to obtain results.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Despite the considerable improvements achieved by IG and FIG algorithms compared to other benchmarks, several issues can be found in the algorithms: 1) each UE greedily maximizes its immediate payoff based on its neighbour UEs’ strategy of the last iteration. 
Sentence 2: the quality of the solution is highly sensitive to the UE update sequence; many such sample paths may lead to bad local optima.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Based on this novel approach, we develop service process characterizations for fading channels with finite blocklength channel coding, leading to novel probabilistic delay bounds that can give a fundamental insight into the capabilities and limitations of wireless networks when facing low-latency M2M applications.
Sentence 2: we show that the Shannon capacity model significantly overestimates the delay performance for such applications, which would lead to insufficient resource allocations.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Stereo video (or 3D video) has attracted increasing interests in recent years, and there is a trend that a large portion of the stereo videos will be captured and consumed by mobile devices [1].
Sentence 2: several virtual reality (VR) head-mounted displays (HMDs), including Oculus Rift [4], Sony Morpheu [5] and Microsoft Hololens [3], will be available as full products in the early 2016. 
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: While the quantization error of the local station may be alleviated by newer WiFi chipsets operating on wideband channels (such as the 160 MHz clock of 802.11ac), the vari­ability of the target offset implies that some level of inter­vention of the target station would be needed to increase the precision of the measurement, such as the 802.11v amend­ment which would allow location-related timing information to be shared between local and target stations.
Sentence 2: as of today, there is very limited support of 802.11v features in chipsets and drivers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Ac­cording to Shannon Theorem [1], a large SNR can support a high speed service than a small SNR on the same channel bandwidth.
Sentence 2: we would like to enable a receiver at the desired location to always achieve a large SNR, and an eavesdropper at an undesired location to encounter a low SNR, so that it cannot distinguish the received signal from the background noise and fails to decode received data.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Service providers may use existing localization algorithms like time-ofarrival (TOA) and angle-of-arrival (AOA) to find the locations of wireless users, and encrypt the service data so that users at target locations can use appropriate keys to decrypt it.
Sentence 2: cryptographic encryption may cause a significant latency, and thus fail to support common services like high-speed downloading and online video watching.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Informally, these properties can be stated as follows: (A) The attacker should not be able to use a service of an honest RP as an honest user.
Sentence 2: the attacker should not get hold of (be able to derive from his current knowledge) a service token issued by an honest RP for an ID of an honest user (browser), even if the browser was closed and then later used by a malicious user, i.e., after a CLOSECORRUPT (see Section 3.3).
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: When either happens, NetProxy intercepts the ARP request, changes the source hardware address (SHA) of the requester with that of the ENI of the proxy gateway, and finally forwards the modified packet on the other network interface.
Sentence 2: similarly, Figure 3b shows that the density distribution of the number of packets in the EN during each interval has much gentler slopes than that describing the conditions in the IN in the same intervals.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This means we do not observe transit tunnel diversity, the same LSP being always used whatever the destination.
Sentence 2: for this tunnel, we are not able to reveal ECMP load balancing (by definition of the class) or the deployment of several FECs used to reach different ASes with different routing constraints (although 4 we consider at least two destination ASes as stated in the filtering subsection).
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: It must be applied once the data has been collected, as long as this data contains information related to MPLS tunnels [7, 8].
Sentence 2: further, we are able to observe the evolution of each Autonomous System (AS) independently and understand whether it enables path diversity, how, and when it evolves (e.g., from almost no path diversity to a wide deployment of TE).
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Along these same lines, we argue that the periodicity present in Figure 3 stems from users sending less business mail on week ends and instead relying on personal accounts provided by major providers.
Sentence 2: on weekdays between April 1 and 26, 2015, Gmail encrypted 79.8% of outbound messages, while mail servers encrypted 53.7% of incoming connections.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In terms of sheer volume, during April 2015, Gmail was able to validate 94% of inbound messages using a combination of DKIM (83%) and SPF (92%).
Sentence 2: among the Alexa Top Million mail servers, only 47% deploy SPF policies and only 1% provide a DMARC policy, the absence of which leaves recipients unsure whether an unsigned message is invalid or expected.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In our scan, 414,374 Top Million domains (52% of domains with valid SMTP servers, and 64% of domains that support START-TLS) present certificates that validate against the Mozilla NSS root store [38], as detailed in Table 5.
Sentence 2: only 0.6% of domains present trusted certificates that match their domain name, while 34.2% present trusted certificates that match their MX server.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1:  Likewise, in Figure 5, the shared datapath of input traffic and output traffic (purple/solid arrows) can be the software resource in contention; similar contention can arise for other software resources such as shared buffers/queues.
Sentence 2: the remaining middleboxes in the candidate set are returned (line 18) as the plausible root cause middleboxes.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Pro­posals such as nutrition labels [24] could also help empower consumers by making them more aware of the QoS to expect and then use the information to make better choices when buying data plans.
Sentence 2: unless TRAI does not mandate some minimum QoS standards to which providers can be held accountable, or the published information is not made available to consumers easily to be able to exercise their choice in selecting providers, even these stronger regu­latory measures may arguably not yield much benefits.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Path-end validation does not protect against the "2-hop attack", in which AS 2 pretends to be directly connected to a (legacy) neighbor of AS 1 (say, announces the bogus route 2 - 40 - 1).
Sentence 2: such attacks turn out to be quite ineffective, since the path that the attacker can announce to the victim's prefix, must consist of at least two hops, and BGP paths are typically short (about 4-hops-long on average [24]), i.e., most ASes will not fall victim to the attack.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The virtualization of IP telecommunications networks provides an opportunity for deeper knowledge about security to be embedded inside such networks through a combination of real-time analysis of network behavior and the leveraging of the dynamic reconfiguration capabilities of virtualized networks.
Sentence 2: this combination of analytics and autonomics offers the potential for networks to automatically detect security threats in real-time, dynamically reconfigure themselves to protect against these threats, and automatically immunize themselves against evolving threat, reducing the response time from days to minutes.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: For example, for anomalous legitimate network traffic, such as unusually high traffic associated with a natural disaster, flash mob, or other unexpected event, the underlying network could automatically grow network resources (e.g.creation of new virtual machines) in order to handle the additional traffic load.
Sentence 2: for anomalous traffic stemming from a malicious attack, the network should dynamically instantiate new firewall rules and/or new virtual security functions in order to block the offending traffic and protect the rest of the net­work from the attack.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: In [8], the technology of gateway framework was introduced and an experimental result was given of parallel reprogramming in a developed prototype of a central gateway; however, detail of a technical method was not provided.
Sentence 2: in [21], a reprogramming data processing method was provided for time reduction in a central gateway-based network architecture, and the performance of an implemented central gateway was evaluated using a test environment.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If the DCU owns only one sub-network, then the PCU can transmit the reprogramming data (in the DoIP frame) to the sub-network owned by the DCU, which only identifies the IP.
Sentence 2: if the DCU owns several sub-networks, then multiple socket connections are established dynamically between the PCU and the DCU, and the PCU transmits the reprogramming data for each ECU to the different sub-networks owned by the DCU.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: However, if the DCU owns several sub-networks, then multiple socket connections are established dynamically between the PCU and the DCU, and the PCU transmits the reprogramming data for each ECU to the different sub-networks owned by the DCU.
Sentence 2: when the PCU transmits the reprogramming data of multiple ECUs to sub­networks owned by different DCUs, the PCU transmits the segmented reprogramming data to different DCUs according to each assigned IP number alternatively; these data transfers can then be parallelized in terms of the overall reprogramming.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Therefore, the total reprogramming time is increased due to the accumulated transmission delay time, and the transmission delay time due to a single buffer usage makes it difficult to accelerate the reprogramming data transfer.
Sentence 2: if a bandwidth of source network (interconnect with the PCU and the DCU) is larger than the bandwidth of a target network (interconnect with the DCU and the target ECU), such as the Ethernet-based source network, the DCU can apply a number of different buffers.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: As micro systems and sensor technologies have advanced, with recent wireless technologies, autonomous and flexible wireless sensor networks can now be used to send or receive data between moving nodes whereby each node recognizes and measures its own sensor environment and processes data without access points (APs) or base station communication networks, which are generally used in existing infrastructure network wireless technologies.
Sentence 2: ad-hoc network technology enables direct communication between devices so that they can send or receive signals directly between two close users without passing through APs or base station communication networks, thereby effectively providing mobility between nodes compared to existing centralized network technologies.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Clas­sical proportional scheduling algorithms are vulnerable to ac­cumulated errors because the output is oscillatory and poten­tially unstable when Integral and Derivative components are reduced [12].
Sentence 2: we can conclude that the normal pro­ portional algorithm can meet the criteria of coarse-grained proportions with less consideration on the system stability and the .ner quality of service.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We thus argue that this INTERMEDIATE design can serve as the basis for a minimally disruptive design for future cellular core architectures that can address today's cellular core limitations.
Sentence 2: nFV is already a reality for carriers [7, 24, 6, 44], and there are many open-source and commercial efforts to virtualize cellular core functions [13, 19, 18, 5, 2, 3].
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Composing two candidate rules to build a cache would simply involve merging their corresponding mixed-sets (and incre-menting appropriate reference counters for each rule) and decomposing would involve checking the reference counters before removing a rule from the TCAM 8.
Sentence 2: figure 10(b) shows that the cache-hit rate for the incremental algorithm is substantially higher as the TCAM size grows towards 2000 rules.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We can do better than past algorithms by modifying the rules in various semantics-preserving ways, instead of simply packing the existing rules into the available space—this is the key observation that leads to our superior algorithm.
Sentence 2:  we “splice” the dependency chain by creating a small number of new rules that cover many low-weight rules and send the affected packets to the software switch.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If the TCAM can store four rules, we cannot select the four rules with highest traffic volume (i.e., R2, R3, R5, and R6), because packets that should match R1 (with pattern 000) would match R2 (with pattern 00*); similarly, some packets (say with header 110) that should match R4 would match R5 (with pattern 1*0).
Sentence 2: rules R2 and R5 depend on rules R1 and R4, respectively.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Pre-SDN era declarative networking [17, 16, 19], on the other hand, uses a distributed query engine for fast processing of customized routing protocols, where the database executes routing queries submitted by end-hosts.
Sentence 2: ravel makes the database an active participant that uses views to incorporate multiple high-level and lowlevel abstractions of the network which are orchestrated online.
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: This is because it uses a conservative stepwise switch-up and aggressive switch-down strategy to avoid playback interruption, despite the fact that the network bandwidth is sufficient for transmitting a higher resolution segment.
Sentence 2: in the scenario of small bandwidth variation, these results show that RateAdaptation is too conservative to select a higher bitrate segment, and leads to a lower average bitrate and bandwidth utilization.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The term LAMP has retained its underlying rationale also in the 2000s and 2010s Internet, although the contemporary nomenclature allows shuffling; the letter P may currently refer also to Python or Perl, and MySQL may be replaced by PostgreSQL, for instance.
Sentence 2: lAMP is best understood as an idiom for a typical open source software stack for developing and servicing web sites.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: These configuration and modification solutions may prevent a web site from being included in target pools of web scanners and mass-scale exploitation frameworks, but many individual practitioners would likely argue that such solutions rather represent the so-called security-by-obscurity.
Sentence 2: ultimately, (g) applied web intelligence research should be also able to demonstrate a concrete web deployment that successfully utilizes existing big data collections for analyzing real-world questions moti­vated by scholarly hypotheses.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To identify whether a target is located on the LoS path, the key observations are (i) |At| is usually within the range of 4–9 dBm [3] when a human target blocks the LoS path, and (ii) the noise is usually within 1–3 dBm [2].
Sentence 2: a target is more likely located on the LoS path if the averaged CSI change of all subcarriers is larger than 5 dBm.
Relationship: reasoning
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We set the benchmark parameters such that the dominant factor in server performance is the latency introduced by the networking stack at the endpoints and packet processing at VNToR, not by other server or switch bottlenecks.
Sentence 2: we ensure that: the working set of the rules fits in the hardware table; the ASIC-SupE interconnect inside the switch is not saturated;  the servers are neither CPU-nor I/O-bottleneck-ed.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Integrating VNToR in OpenStack merely requires imple­menting a Neutron agent that runs on VNToR s SupE and whose role is to collect, from the Neutron controller, all the relevant security-group state.
Sentence 2: our agent subscribes for changes to: all the local VMs, i.e., those running in the local rack;
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: We share the general challenge but have a different focus from this work: we design and build a caching system that meets a significantly harder performance baseline, and we achieve this by tailoring the solution to the properties of state-of-the-art datapath memory.
Sentence 2: our agent subscribes for changes to: all the local VMs, i.e., those running in the local rack;  membership information of the security groups where the local VMs belong;  membership information of any security group with which a local VM is allowed to communicate;  all the other relevant network-wide translations defined by Neutron, e.g., encapsulating tunnels.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The ASIC handles all traffic that can be served from the hardware table and passes the rest to the software for­warders.
Sentence 2: the moment the rule is promoted to the hard­ware table, there is packet reordering (directly proportional to the amount of buffering in the software forwarder and the hardware-table update latency tup), but throughput climbs to line rate within 20ms.
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: To increase the realism of emulators, hybrid approaches using traces to simulate the physical layer and emulation for the MAC layer have also been proposed [13, 24], however these have been limited to 802.11b networks and rely on measurements of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) to simulate the physical layer.
Sentence 2: the SNR can not be used to accurately predict frame fates [9].
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1:  Despite the impact of the traffic arrival distributions on the goodput performance, there is no impact on the goodput-efficient routing strategy.
Sentence 2: multi-hop routing under moderate traffic loads and direct transmission under light and heavy traffic loads is the optimum choice for enhancing goodput performance in multi-hop wireless networks, independent from the traffic arrival distribution, generalizing the results in [5, 23] for the considered traffic arrival distributions.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: HyPer4 can preemptively declare statically bound registers, counters, and meters for every table that emulates the match piece of a match-action stage, but this approach is likely to prove infeasible for many hardware P4 targets.
Sentence 2: registers can vary in width, which for the preemptive ap­proach would require HyPer4 registers be declared with sufficient width to cover the maximum need, resulting in a lot of wasted register memory for the average case.
Relationship: entailment
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: If the host is ILNPv6capable, new DNS records for NID and L64 values will be returned, or the lookup in /etc/hosts will return an I-LV from a /etc/hosts file that has extended syntax as shown in Figure 3.
Sentence 2: iLNP can offer multihomed IP connectivity as first class functionality so does not suffer the same issues, e.g. security issues, that are currently of concern for MP-TCP [31].
Relationship: neutral
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: Meanwhile, ISPs formed a hierarchical structure and were classified by tiers, with higher tier ISPs cover larger geographic regions and provide transit service for lower tier ISPs.
Sentence 2: large content providers, e.g., Google, are deploying their own wide-area networks so as to bring content closer to users and bypassing Tier-1 ISPs on many paths, which is known as the flattening phenomenon of the Internet topology
Relationship: contrasting
Domain: Networks
Sentence 1: The extracted fields are then used to perform Access Control List (ACL) or forwarding table lookups in later stages to support packet classification or routing functions, e.g., a firewall makes a decision on whether to drop a packet according to a standard TCP/IP five-tuple extracted by the parser.
Sentence 2: traditional packet parsers are designed for the specific network environment, which are too rigid to accommodate new protocols [1].
Relationship: contrasting