ฮอลอดอมอร์

ฮอลอดอมอร์ (, ; มาจาก ) หรือที่รู้จักกันในชื่อ การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ด้วยทุพภิกขภัยในยูเครน มหาทุพภิกขภัย หรือ การฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ชาวยูเครน ค.ศ. 1932–1933 เป็นการฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์ชาวยูเครนด้วยการปล่อยให้อดอาหารในสาธารณรัฐสังคมนิยมโซเวียตยูเครนในระหว่างปี ค.ศ. 1932 ถึง ค.ศ. 1933 โดยเหตุการณ์ครั้งนั้นคร่าชีวิตชาวยูเครนพื้นเมืองไปหลายล้านคนเนื่องจากภาวะทุพภิกขภัยที่เกิดขึ้นอย่างหนักซึ่งเป็นไปอย่างสงบโดยไม่เคยเกิดขึ้นมาก่อนในประวัติศาสตร์ยูเครน

คำว่าฮอลอดอมอร์มีความหมายที่เน้นเกี่ยวกับภาวะทุพภิกขภัยที่เกิดขึ้นจากมนุษย์โดยตั้งใจ เช่น การปฏิเสธความช่วยเหลือจากภายนอก การริบอาหารภายในครัวเรือน และการจำกัดการเคลื่อนย้ายของประชากร ประเด็นที่ว่าฮอลอดอมอร์เป็นการฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์หรือไม่นั้นยังเป็นที่ถกเถียงกันอยู่ เนื่องจากเป็นสาเหตุให้เกิดภาวะทุพภิกขภัยและการตายโดยตั้งใจ นักวิชาการบางส่วนเชื่อว่าเหตุการณ์นี้ถูกวางแผนโดยโจเซฟ สตาลิน เพื่อป้องกันการประกาศเอกราชของยูเครน การสูญเสียในครั้งนี้ได้ถูกนำไปเปรียบเทียบกับในเหตุการณ์ฮอโลคอสต์ อย่างไรก็ตาม นักประวัติศาสตร์บางส่วนโต้แย้งว่าเหตุการณ์ในครั้งนี้ถือเป็นการฆ่าล้างเผ่าพันธุ์

หมายเหตุ

อ้างอิง

บรรณานุกรม 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Liber, George. Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914–1954 ( U of Toronto Press, 2016).
 Luciuk, Lubomyr, editor, Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine, Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008
 
  (A collection of Mace's articles and columns published in Den from 1993 to 2004).

อ่านเพิ่ม

คำประกาศและนิติกรรม 
 U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine. 19 April 1988. "Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine" (Report to Congress).
 United Nations. 2003. Joint Statement on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine (Holodomor) 
 Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932–1933 (in Ukrainian)

หนังสือและบทความ 

 , Ewald, Human life in Russia, (Cleveland: J.T. Zubal, 1984), Reprint, Originally published: London: Allen & Unwin, 1936.
 The Black Deeds of the Kremlin: a white book, S.O. Pidhainy, Editor-In-Chief, (Toronto: Ukrainian Association of Victims of Russian-Communist Terror, 1953), (Vol. 1 Book of testimonies. Vol. 2. The Great Famine in Ukraine in 1932–1933).
 
 Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Luciuk and Bohdan S Kordan, eds, The Foreign Office and the Famine: British Documents on Ukraine and the Great Famine of 1932–1933, foreword by Michael Marrus (Kingston: Limestone Press, 1988)
 Boriak, H. (2001). The Publication of Sources on the History of the 1932–1933 Famine-Genocide: History, Current State, and Prospects. Harvard Ukrainian Studies, 25(3/4), 167–186.
 Chastushka Journal of American folklore, Volume 89 Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1976
 Curran, Declan with L Luciuk & A G Newby, co-eds, "Famines in European Economic History: The last great European famines reconsidered," Routledge, 2015
 Davies, R.W., The Socialist offensive: the collectivization of Soviet agriculture, 1929–1930, (London: Macmillan, 1980).
 Der ukrainische Hunger-Holocaust: Stalins verschwiegener Völkermord 1932/33 an 7 Millionen ukrainischen Bauern im Spiegel geheimgehaltener Akten des deutschen Auswärtigen Amtes, (Sonnebühl: H. Wild, 1988), By Dmytro Zlepko. [eine Dokumentation, herausgegeben und eingeleitet von Dmytro Zlepko].
 Dolot, Miron, Who killed them and why?: in remembrance of those killed in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1984); "Execution By Hunger, The Hidden Holocaust" (W.W. Norton & Company, 1985).
 Dushnyk, Walter, 50 years ago: the famine holocaust in Ukraine, (New York: Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, 1983).
 Barbara Falk, Sowjetische Städte in der Hungersnot 1932/33. Staatliche Ernährungspolitik und städtisches Alltagsleben (= Beiträge zur Geschichte Osteuropas 38), Köln: Böhlau Verlag 2005 
 Fürst, Juliane. Stalin's Last Generation: Soviet Post-War Youth and the Emergence of Mature Socialism Oxford University Press. 2010. 
 Gregorovich, Andrew, "Black Famine in Ukraine 1932–33: A Struggle for Existence", Forum: A Ukrainian Review, No. 24, (Scranton: Ukrainian Workingmen's Association, 1974).
 Kowalski, Ludwik. Hell on Earth: Brutality and Violence Under the Stalinist Regime Wasteland Press. 2008. 
 Luciuk, L. Y. (ed), "Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine" (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2009)
 Halii, Mykola, Organized famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (Chicago: Ukrainian Research and Information Institute, 1963).
 Hlushanytsia, Pavlo, "Tretia svitova viina Pavla Hlushanytsi == The third world war of Pavlo Hlushanytsia", translated by Vera Moroz, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1986). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
 Holod na Ukraini, 1932–1933: vybrani statti, uporiadkuvala Nadiia Karatnyts'ka, (New York: Suchasnist', 1985).
 Holod 1932–33 rokiv na Ukraini: ochyma istorykiv, movoij dokumentiv, (Kyiv: Vydavnytstvo politychnoyi literatury Ukrainy, 1990).
 Hryshko, Vasyl, The Ukrainian Holocaust of 1933, Edited and translated by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Bahrianyi Foundation, Suzhero, Dobrus, 1983).
 Holodomor: The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 (Warsaw–Kyiv, 2009)
 
 International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine, Proceedings [transcript], 23–27 May 1988, Brussels, Belgium, Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Legal Counsel, World Congress of Free Ukrainians: John Sopinka, Alexandra Chyczij; Legal Council for the commission, Ian A. Hunter, 1988.
 International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine. Proceedings [transcript], 21 October – 5 November 1988, New York City, [Jakob W.F. Sundberg, President; Counsel for the Petitioner, William Liber; General Counsel, Ian A. Hunter], 1988.
 International Commission of Inquiry into the 1932–1933 Famine in Ukraine. Final report, [Jacob W.F. Sundberg, President], 1990. [Proceedings of the International Commission of Inquiry and its Final report are in typescript, contained in 6 vols. Copies available from the World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Toronto].
 Kalynyk, Oleksa, Communism, the enemy of mankind: documents about the methods and practise of Russian Bolshevik occupation in Ukraine, (London: The Ukrainian Youth Association in Great Britain, 1955).
 Klady, Leonard, "Famine Film Harvest of Despair", Forum: A Ukrainian Review, No. 61, Spring 1985, (Scranton: Ukrainian Fraternal Association, 1985).
 Kolektyvizatsia і Holod na Ukraini 1929–1933: Zbirnyk documentiv і materialiv, Z.M. Mychailycenko, E.P. Shatalina, S.V. Kulcycky, eds., (Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1992).
 Kostiuk, Hryhory, Stalinist rule in Ukraine: a study of the decade of mass terror, 1929–1939, (Munich: Institut zur Erforschung der UdSSSR, 1960).
 Kovalenko, L.B. & Maniak, B.A., eds., Holod 33: Narodna knyha-memorial, (Kyiv: Radians'kyj pys'mennyk, 1991).
 Krawchenko, Bohdan, Social change and national consciousness in twentieth-century Ukraine, (Basingstoke: Macmillan in association with St. Anthony's College, Oxford, 1985).
 R. Kuśnierz, Ukraina w latach kolektywizacji i Wielkiego Glodu (1929–1933),Torun , 2005
 Leonard Leshuk, ed., Days of Famine, Nights of Terror: Firsthand Accounts of Soviet Collectivization, 1928–1934 (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 1995)
 Luciuk, Lubomyr (and L Grekul), Holodomor: Reflections on the Great Famine of 1932–1933 in Soviet Ukraine (Kashtan Press, Kingston, 2008.)
 Lubomyr Luciuk, ed., Not Worthy: Walter Duranty's Pulitzer Prize and The New York Times (Kingston: Kashtan Press, 2004)
 Lettere da Kharkov: la carestia in Ucraina e nel Caucaso del Nord nei rapporti dei diplomatici italiani, 1932–33, a cura di Andrea Graziosi, (Torino: Einaudi, 1991).
 Mace, James E., Communism and the dilemma of national liberation: national communism in Soviet Ukraine, 1918–1933, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian Research Institute and the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., 1983).
 Makohon, P., Svidok: Spohady pro 33-ho, (Toronto: Anabasis Magazine, 1983).
 Martchenko, Borys, La famine-genocide en Ukraine: 1932–1933, (Paris: Publications de l'Est europeen, 1983).
 Marunchak, Mykhailo H., Natsiia v borot'bi za svoie isnuvannia: 1932 і 1933 v Ukraini і diiaspori, (Winnipeg: Nakl. Ukrains'koi vil'noi akademii nauk v Kanadi, 1985).
 Memorial, compiled by Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Alexandra Chyczij; translated into English by Marco Carynnyk, (Toronto: Published by Kashtan Press for Canadian Friends of "Memorial", 1989). [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English. this is a selection of resolutions, aims and objectives, and other documents, pertaining to the activities of the Memorial Society in Ukraine].
 Mishchenko, Oleksandr, Bezkrovna viina: knyha svidchen''', (Kyiv: Molod', 1991).
 Oleksiw, Stephen, The agony of a nation: the great man-made famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (London: The National Committee to Commemorate the 50th Anniversary of the Artificial Famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, 1983).
 Pavel P. Postyshev, envoy of Moscow in Ukraine 1933–1934, [selected newspaper articles, documents, and sections in books], (Toronto: World Congress of Free Ukrainians, Secretariat, [1988], The 1932–33 Famine in Ukraine research documentation).
 Pidnayny, Alexandra, A bibliography of the great famine in Ukraine, 1932–1933, (Toronto: New Review Books, 1975).
 Pravoberezhnyi, Fedir, 8,000,000: 1933-i rik na Ukraini, (Winnipeg: Kultura і osvita, 1951).
 
 Senyshyn, Halyna, Bibliohrafia holody v Ukraini 1932–1933, (Ottawa: Montreal: Umman, 1983).
 Solovei, Dmytro, The Golgotha of Ukraine: eye-witness accounts of the famine in Ukraine, compiled by Dmytro Soloviy, (New York: Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, 1953).
 Stradnyk, Petro, Pravda pro soviets'ku vladu v Ukraini, (New York: N. Chyhyryns'kyi, 1972).
 Taylor, S.J., Stalin's apologist: Walter Duranty, the New York Times's Man in Moscow, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
 The Foreign Office and the famine: British documents on Ukraine and the great famine of 1932–1933, edited by Marco Carynnyk, Lubomyr Y. Luciuk and Bohdan Kor.
 The man-made famine in Ukraine (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984). [Seminar. Participants: Robert Conquest, Dana Dalrymple, James Mace, Michael Nowak].
 United States, Commission on the Ukraine Famine. Investigation of the Ukrainian Famine, 1932–1933: report to Congress / Commission on the Ukraine Famine, [Daniel E. Mica, chairman; James E. Mace, Staff Director]. (Washington D.C.: U.S. G.P.O. 1988).
 United States, Commission on the Ukrainian Famine. Oral history project of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, James E. Mace and Leonid Heretz, eds. (Washington, D.C.: Supt. of Docs, U.S. G.P.O., 1990).
 Velykyi holod v Ukraini, 1932–33: zbirnyk svidchen', spohadiv, dopovidiv ta stattiv, vyholoshenykh ta drukovanykh v 1983 rotsi na vidznachennia 50-littia holodu v Ukraini – The Great Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933: a collection of memoirs, speeches and essays prepared in 1983 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Famine in Ukraine during 1932–33, [Publication Committee members: V. Rudenko, T. Khokhitva, P. Makohon, F. Podopryhora], (Toronto: Ukrains'ke Pravoslavne Bratstvo Sv. Volodymyra, 1988), [Bilingual edition in Ukrainian and English].
 Verbyts'kyi, M., Naibil'shyi zlochyn Kremlia: zaplianovanyi shtuchnyi holod v Ukraini 1932–1933 rokiv, (London: Dobrus, 1952).
 Voropai, Oleksa, V deviatim kruzi, (London, England: Sum, 1953).
 Voropai, Oleksa,  The Ninth Circle: In Commemoration of the Victims of the Famine of 1933, Olexa Woropay; edited with an introduction by James E. Mace, (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Ukrainian Studies Fund, 1983).
 
 

 แหล่งข้อมูลอื่น 

 
 
 
 
  Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933  at the Central State Archive of Ukraine (photos, links)
 Stanislav Kulchytsky, Italian Research on the Holodomor, October 2005.
 Stanislav Kulchytsky, "Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians? Comprehending the Holodomor. The position of Soviet historians"Six-part series from Den: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6; Kulchytsky on Holodomor 1–6
  Valeriy Soldatenko, "A starved 1933: subjective thoughts on objective processes", Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, Kyiv, Ukraine, 28 June4 July 2003. Available online
  Stanislav Kulchytsky's articles in Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, Kyiv, Ukraine
 "How many of us perish in Holodomor on 1933", 23 November 2002 – 29 November 2002. Available online
 "Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. Through the pages of one almost forgotten book" 16–22 August 2003. Available online
 "Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine-2", 4 October 2003 – 10 October 2003. Available online
 "Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century", 2 October 2004 – 8 October 2004. Available online
 "Holodomor-33: Why and how?" 25 November1 December. Available online
 Ukraine Famine Revelations from the Russian Archives at the Library of Congress
 Sergei Melnikoff, Photos of Holodomor gulag.ipvnews.org The General Committee decided this afternoon not to recommend the inclusion of an item on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932–1933 in Ukraine. www.un.org Nicolas Werth Case Study: The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932–1933 / CNRSFrance
 HolodomorFamine in Soviet Ukraine 1932–1933 archived from kiev.usembassy.gov Famine in the Soviet Union 1929–1934collection of archive materials rusarchives.ru Holodomor: The Secret Holocaust in Ukraineofficial site of the Security Service of Ukraine, www.sbu.gov.ua CBC program about the Great Hunger archived from www.cbc.ca 
 People's war 1917–1932 by Kyiv city organization "Memorial" archived from www.narodnaviyna.org.ua Oksana Kis, Defying Death Women's Experience of the Holodomor, 1932–1933 www.academia.edu''

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