Japati

Japati mangrupa manuk anggota kulawarga Columbidae. Istilah japati dipaké pikeun 308 spésiés manuk anggota ordo Columbiformes, ngawengku japati, tikukur, titiran, manuk puter, jeung spésiés lianna. Nu jadi ciri golongan japati nyaéta awakna tegep, beuheung, pamatuk jeung sukuna pondok, boga cera luhureun pamatukna.

Ordo japati sumebar di sakuliah dunya, tapi rupa nu panglobana mah aya di wewengkon Indomalaya jeung Australasia, dianggap patali jeung dodo nu geus lastari. Anak japati disebut 'piyik'.

Japati alamina aya di wewengkon Éropa kulon jeung kidul, Aprika Kalér, jeung Asia kidul-kulon. Habitatna alamna di gawir-gawir cadas, utamana di basisir. Hasil doméstikasina mah aya di mana-mana, kaasup di kota-kota. Di Inggris, Irlandia, jeung wewengkon asalna nu alami, japati téh ukur aya di pasisian.

Japati mimiti dibawa ka Amérika Kalér taun 1606 di Port Royal, Acadia (ayeuna Nova Scotia).

Anatomi 

Panjang awak japati antara 30–35 cm, kalawan lébar bébér jangjang 62–68 cm. Ciri utama japati liar murni bisa ditempo dina warna bulu tungtung tonggong nu bodas, ditambah dua polét hideung dina jangjangna. Umurna di alam liar antara 3-5 taun, sedengkeun mun dikandangan bisa nepi ka 15 taun.

Warna hulu jeung beuheung japati nu geus sawawa ilaharna bulao-abu-abu, leuwih kolot batan tonggong jeung jangjangna, sedengkeun dina beuteungna mah bodas. Panonna biasana mah oranyeu, tapi aya ogé nu bodas semu abu-abu.

Sayang 
Sayangna biasana dijieun dina lelegok atawa guha, dijieun tina régang garing, jukut, atawa jukut laut. Sakali baranahan, japati mah ngendogna ukur dua; disileungleuman piligenti ku indung jeung bapana salila 18 poéan. 'Piyik'na kakara disapih mun geus umur 30 poéan. Sayang japati ilaharna dijieun tina régang leutik jeung sésa bilik (mun di sabudeureunana aya), sakali baranahan ukur boga dua endog nu disileungleuman piligenti ku jalu jeung bikangna. Kadaharanana sarupaning sisikian (jagong, paré/béas), bungbuahan, jeung bahan tutuwuhan lianna. Béda ti galibna bangsa manuk, japati mah sok "nyusuan" anakna nu cairan ladang ngabeuweung kadaharanana.

Doméstikasi 
Japati geus didoméstikasi ti rébuan taun ka tukang. Japati doméstik nu geus dilatih bisa mulang ka sayangna najan di bawa ka tempat nu can dipikawanoh nu jauhna nepi ka sarébuan kilo. Silangan husus, nu katelah japati pos, geus kalatih sangkan bisa mawa surat. Japati nu kieu ogé sok dibalapkeun. 

Japati sok dikawinsilangkeun pikeun diala daging, dedegan, atawa kelir buluna (galeri poto).

Kabisa navigasi mangrupa salah sahiji kaahéngan japati, padahal manuk ieu mah tara ngayakeun migrasi.

Japati doméstik sok dipaké dina percobaan di laboratorium biologi, kadokteran, jeung élmu kognitif. Contona baé, japati sok dilatih pikeun ngabédakeun antara lukisan kubisme jeung imprésionisme.

Japati liar di kota-kota 
Japati liar di pakotaan sacara naluri ngajadikeun gedong-gedong jangkung di pakotaan salaku gawir-gawir cadas tempat alamina. Sababaraha kota nu kawentar ku japati liarna, di antarana
Trafalgar Square - London 
Dam Square - Amsterdam
Martin Place - Sydney
Piazza San Marco - Venice
Misir Carshisi- Istambul
Rynek Główny- Cracow

ku sabab kamekaran populasina, di kota-kota kawas di luhur mah pihak pamaréntah nepi ka nyaram maraban japati liar. Komo ku kalakuanana nu bisa ngaruksak wangunan, nyebarkeun panyakit, polusi taina, sarta ngusir manuk lianna.

Rupa Japati 
Japati digolongkeun ka opat jenis nyaéta:
 Japati hias
 Japai pos
 Japati balap, jeung
 Japati daging.

Japati Hias 
Nu kaasup japati hias nyaéta Japati Makuta, Japati Kapas, Japati Robot jeung Japati Tembolok. Nu séwang-séwangan boga cirina sorangan.

Japati Pos 
nyaéta japati nu boga kamampuh ngapung kalawan gancang dina jarak nu jauh. Japati ieu nu baheula dijadikeun sarana pikeun ngirimkeun surat.

Japati Balap 
nyaéta japati nu sok dipaké minangka adu balap japati. Biasana japati diadukeun kalawan ditempo japati nu panggancangna,

Japati Daging 
nyaéta japati nu maksud dipiara pikeun diala dagingna. Japati daging diingu sarua saperti hayam jeung manuk tuluy dipeuncit.

Klasifikasi & béréndélan spésiésna
Famili japati biasana dibagi kana lima subfamili, sakumaha dadaran di handap (diluyukeun jeung Handbook of the Birds of the World, karya Lynx taun 1997):

Subfamili Columbinae - nu ilahar disebut japati
Genus Columba - Japati biasa
 Rock Dove or feral pigéon, Columba livia
 Stock Dove Columba oenas
 Trocaz Pigeon Columba trocaz
 Bolle's Pigeon Columba bollii
 Laurel Pigeon Columba junoniae
 White-crowned Pigeon Columba leucocephala
 Red-billed Pigeon Columba flavirostris
 Band-tailed Pigeon Columba fasciata
 Hill Pigeon, Columba rupestris
 Snow Pigeon, Columba leuconota
 Speckled Pigeon, Columba guinea
 White-collared Pigeon, Columba albitorques
 Pale-backed Pigeon, Columba eversmanni
 Somali Pigeon, Columba oliviae
 Wood Pigeon, Columba palumbus
 Afep Pigeon, Columba unicincta

 African Olive Pigeon, Columba arquatrix
 Cameroon Olive Pigeon, Columba sjostedti
 Sao Tome Olive Pigeon, Columba thomensis
 Comoro Olive Pigeon, Columba polleni
 Speckled Woodpigeon, Columba hodgsonii
 White-naped Pigeon, Columba albinucha
 Ashy Woodpigeon, Columba pulchricollis
 Nilgiri Woodpigeon, Columba elphinstonii
 Sri Lanka Woodpigeon, Columba torringtoni
 Pale-capped Pigeon, Columba punicea
 Silvery Pigeon, Columba argentina (possibly extinct)
 Andaman Woodpigeon, Columba palumboides
 Japanese Woodpigeon, Columba janthina
 Bonin Wood Pigeon,  Columba versicolor (extinct)
 Metallic Pigeon or White-throated Pigéon, Columba vitiensis
 White-headed Pigeon, Columba leucomela
 Ryukyu Pigeon, Columba jouyi (extinct)
 Yellow-legged Pigeon, Columba pallidiceps
 White-crowned Pigeon, Columba leucocephala
 Scaly-naped Pigeon, Columba squamosa
 Scaled Pigeon, Columba speciosa
 Picazuro Pigeon, Columba picazuro
 Bare-eyed Pigeon, Columba corensis
 Spot-winged Pigeon, Columba maculosa
 Band-tailed Pigeon, Columba fasciata
 Chilean Pigeon, Columba araucana
 Ring-tailed Pigeon, Columba caribaea
 Pale-vented Pigeon, Columba cayennensis
 Red-billed Pigeon, Columba flavirostris
 Peruvian Pigeon, Columba oenops
 Plain Pigeon, Columba inornata
 Plumbeous Pigeon, Columba plumbea
 Ruddy Pigeon, Columba subvinacea
 Short-billed Pigeon, Columba nigrirostris
 Dusky Pigeon, Columba goodsoni
 Eastern Bronze-naped Pigeon, Columba delegorguei
 Western Bronze-naped Pigeon, Columba iriditorques
 Sao Tome Bronze-naped Pigeon, Columba malherbii
 Madagascar Pigeon, Columba picturata (formerly Streptopelia picturata)
 African Lemon-dove, Columba larvata
 Sao Tome Lemon-dove, Columba simplex

Genus Streptopelia 
 Laughing Dove Streptopelia senegalensis
 Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto
 Barbary Dove Streptopelia risoria (domesticated; taxonomic status doubtful)
 African Collared Dove, Streptopelia roseogrisea
 Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis
 Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur
 Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis
 Dusky Turtle Dove, Streptopelia lugens
 Adamawa Turtle Dove, Streptopelia hypopyrrha
 Pink Pigeon, Streptopelia mayeri
 Island Collared Dove, Streptopelia bitorquata
 White-winged Collared Dove, Streptopelia reichenowi
 African Mourning Dove, Streptopelia decipiens
 Red-eyed Dove, Streptopelia semitorquata
 Ring-necked Dove, Streptopelia capicola
 Vinaceous Dove, Streptopelia vinacea
 Red Turtle Dove, Streptopelia tranquebarica

Genus Macropygia
 Barred Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia unchall
 Slender-billed Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia amboinensis
 Brown Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella
 Dusky Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia magna
 Andaman Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia rufipennis
 Philippine Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia tenuirostris
 Ruddy Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia emiliana
 Black-billed Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia nigrirostris
 Mackinlay's Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia mackinlayi
 Little Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia ruficeps

Genus Reinwardtoena
 Great Cuckoo-dove, Reinwardtoena reinwardtii
 Pied Cuckoo-dove, Reinwardtoena browni
 Crested Cuckoo-dove, Reinwardtoena crassirostris

Genus Turacoena
 White-faced Cuckoo-dove, Turacoena manadensis
 Black Cuckoo-dove,  Turacoena modesta

Genus Turtur
 Emerald-spotted Wood Dove,  Turtur chalcospilos
 Black-billed Wood Dove,  Turtur abyssinicus
 Blue-spotted Wood Dove,  Turtur afer
 Tambourine Dove, Turtur tympanistria
 Blue-headed Wood Dove, Turtur brehmeri

Genus Oena
 Namaqua Dove, Oena capensis

Genus Chalcophaps
 Emerald Dove, Chalcophaps indica
 Stephan's Dove, Chalcophaps stephani

Genus Henicophaps
 New Guinea Bronzewing, Henicophaps albifrons
 New Britain Bronzewing, Henicophaps foersteri

Genus Phaps, bronzewing pigeons
 Common Bronzewing, Phaps chalcoptera
 Brush Bronzewing, Phaps elegans
 Flock Bronzewing, Phaps histrionica

Genus Ocyphaps
 Crested Pigeon, Ocyphaps lophotes

Genus Geophaps
 Spinifex Pigeon, Geophaps plumifera
 Squatter Pigeon, Geophaps scripta
 Partridge Pigeon, Geophaps smithii

Genus Petrophassa, rock pigéons
 Chestnut-quilled Rock Pigeon, Petrophassa rufipennis
 White-quilled Rock Pigeon, Petrophassa albipennis

Genus Geopelia
 Diamond Dove, Geopelia cuneata
 Zebra Dove, Geopelia striata
 Peaceful Dove, Geopelia placida
 Barred Dove, Geopelia maugei
 Bar-shouldered Dove, Geopelia humeralis

Genus Leucosarcia
 Wonga Pigeon, Leucosarcia melanoleuca

Genus Zenaida
 Socorro Dove,  Zenaida graysoni
 Eared Dove,  Zenaida auriculata
 Zenaida Dove,  Zenaida aurita
 Galapagos Dove,  Zenaida galapagoensis
 White-winged Dove,  Zenaida asiatica
 Pacific Dove,  Zenaida meloda
 Mourning Dove,  Zenaida macroura

Genus Ectopistes
Passenger Pigeon Ectopistes migratorius (extinct)

Genus Columbina Ground Doves
 Common Ground Dove, Columbina passerina
 Plain-breasted Ground Dove, Columbina minuta
 Ecuadorian Ground Dove, Columbina buckleyi
 Ruddy Ground Dove, Columbina talpacoti
 Picui Dove, Columbina picui
 Croaking Ground Dove, Columbina cruziana
 Blue-eyed Ground Dove,  Columbina cyanopis

Genus Claravis
 Blue Ground Dove, Claravis pretiosa
 Purple-winged Ground Dove, Claravis godefrida
 Maroon-chested Ground Dove, Claravis mondetoura

Genus Metropelia
 Bare-faced Ground Dove, Metriopelia ceciliae
 Moreno's Ground Dove, Metriopelia morenoi
 Black-winged Ground Dove, Metriopelia melanoptera
 Golden-spotted Ground Dove, Metriopelia aymara

Genus Scardafella
 Inca Dove, Scardafella inca
 Scaled Dove, Scardafella squammata

Genus Uropelia
 Long-tailed Ground Dove, Uropelia campestris

Genus Leptotila
 White-tipped Dove, Leptotila verreauxi
 White-faced Dove, Leptotila megalura
 Grey-fronted Dove, Leptotila rufaxilla
 Grey-headed Dove, Leptotila plumbeiceps
 Pallid Dove, Leptotila pallida
 Brown-backed Dove, Leptotila battyi
 Grenada Dove, Leptotila wellsi
 Caribbean Dove, Leptotila jamaicensis
 Grey-chested Dove, Leptotila cassini
 Ochre-bellied Dove, Leptotila ochraceiventris
 Tolima Dove, Leptotila conoveri

Genus Geotrygon, quail-doves
 Purplish-backed Quail-dove, Geotrygon lawrencii
 Veracruz Quail-dove, Geotrygon carrikeri
 Costa Rica Quail-dove, Geotrygon costaricensis
 Russet-crowned Quail-dove, Geotrygon goldmani
 Sapphire Quail-dove, Geotrygon saphirina
 Grey-headed Quail-dove,  Geotrygon caniceps
 Crested Quail-dove, Geotrygon versicolor
 Rufous-breasted Quail-dove, Geotrygon chiriquensis
 Olive-backed Quail-dove, Geotrygon veraguensis
 White-faced Quail-dove, Geotrygon albifacies
 Lined Quail-dove, Geotrygon linearis
 White-throated Quail-dove, Geotrygon frenata
 Key West Quail-dove, Geotrygon chrysia
 Bridled Quail-dove, Geotrygon mystacea
 Violaceous Quail-dove, Geotrygon violacea
 Ruddy Quail-dove, Geotrygon montana

Genus Starnoenas
 Blue-headed Quail Dove, Starnoenas cyanocephala

Genus  Caloenas

 Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica

Genus Gallicolumba
 Luzon Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba luzonica
 Mindanao Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba criniger
 Mindoro Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba platenae
 Negros Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba keayi
 Sulu Bleeding-heart, Gallicolumba menagei
 Cinnamon Ground Dove, Gallicolumba rufigula
 Sulawesi Ground Dove, Gallicolumba tristigmata
 White-bibbed Ground Dove, Gallicolumba jobiensis
 Caroline Ground Dove, Gallicolumba kubaryi
 Polynesian Ground Dove, Gallicolumba erythroptera
 White-throated Ground Dove, Gallicolumba xanthonura
 Friendly Ground Dove, Gallicolumba stairi
 Tanna Ground Dove, Gallicolumba ferruginea (extinct)
 Santa Cruz Ground Dove, Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis
 Thick-billed Ground Dove, Gallicolumba salamonis (extinct)
 Marquesas Ground Dove, Gallicolumba rubescens
 Bronze Ground Dove, Gallicolumba beccarii
 Palau Ground Dove, Gallicolumba canifrons
 Wetar Ground Dove, Gallicolumba hoedtii
 Norfolk Island Ground Dove, Gallicolumba norfolciensis (extinct)

Genus Trugon
 Thick-billed Ground Pigeon,  Trugon terrestris

Genus Microgoura
 Choiseul Pigeon, Microgoura meeki (probably extinct)

Subfamily Otidiphabinae - pheasant pigeon
Genus Otidiphaps
 Pheasant Pigeon, Otidiphaps nobilis

Subfamily Gourinae - crowned pigeons

Genus Goura crowned pigéons
 Western Crowned Pigeon,  Goura cristata
 Southern Crowned Pigeon,  Goura scheepmakeri
 Victoria Crowned Pigeon,  Goura victoria

Subfamily Didunculinae - tooth-billed pigeon
Genus  Didunculus
 Tooth-billed Pigeon, Didunculus strigirostris

Subfamily Treroninae - green & fruit doves
Genus Phapitreron 
 White-eared Brown Dove, Phapitreron leucotis
 Amethyst Brown Dove, Phapitreron amethystina
 Dark-eared Brown Dove, Phapitreron cinereiceps

Genus Treron green pigéons
 Cinnamon-headed Green Pigeon, Treron fulvicollis
 Little Green Pigeon, Treron olax
 Pink-necked Green Pigeon, Treron vernans
 Orange-breasted Green Pigeon, Treron bicincta
 Pompadour Green Pigeon, Treron pompadora
 Thick-billed Green Pigeon, Treron curvirostra
 Grey-cheeked Green Pigeon, Treron griseicauda
 Sumba Green Pigeon, Treron teysmannii
 Flores Green Pigeon, Treron floris
 Timor Green Pigeon, Treron psittacea
 Large Green Pigeon, Treron capellei
 Yellow-footed Green Pigeon, Treron phoenicoptera
 Bruce's Green Pigeon, Treron waalia
 Madagascar Green Pigeon, Treron australis
 African Green Pigeon, Treron calva
 Pemba Green Pigeon, Treron pembaensis
 Sao Tome Green Pigeon, Treron sanctithomae
 Pin-tailed Green Pigeon, Treron apicauda
 Sumatran Green Pigeon, Treron oxyura
 Yellow-vented Green Pigeon, Treron seimundi
 Wedge-tailed Green Pigeon, Treron sphenura
 White-bellied Green Pigeon, Treron sieboldii
 Whistling Green Pigeon, Treron formosae

Genus Ptilinopus, fruit doves
 Black-backed Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus cinctus
 Black-banded Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus alligator
 Red-naped Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus dohertyi
 Pink-headed Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus porphyreus
 Flame-breasted Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus marchei
 Cream-bellied Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus merrilli
 Yellow-breasted Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus occipitalis
 Red-eared Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus fischeri
 Jambu Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus jambu
 Maroon-chinned Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus subgularis
 Black-chinned Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus leclancheri
 Scarlet-breasted Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus bernsteinii
 Wompoo Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus magnificus
 Pink-spotted Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus perlatus
 Ornate Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus ornatus
 Tanna Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus tannensis
 Orange-fronted Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus aurantiifrons
 Wallace's Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus wallacii
 Superb Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus superbus
 Many-coloured Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus perousii
 Purple-capped Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus porphyraceus
 Palau Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus pelewensis
 Rarotonga Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus rarotongensis
 Mariana Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus roseicapilla
 Rose-crowned Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus regina
 Silver-capped Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus richardsii
 Grey-green Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus purpuratus
 Makatea Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus chalcurus
 Atoll Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus coralensis
 Red-bellied Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus greyii
 Rapa Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus huttoni
 White-capped Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus dupetithouarsii
 Red-moustached Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus mercierii
 Henderson Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus insularis
 Coroneted Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus coronulatus
 Beautiful Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus pulchellus
 Blue-capped Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus monacha
 White-bibbed Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus rivoli
 Yellow-bibbed Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus solomonensis
 Claret-breasted Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus viridis
 White-headed Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus eugeniae
 Orange-bellied Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus iozonus
 Knob-billed Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus insolitus
 Grey-headed Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus hyogaster
 Carunculated Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus granulifrons
 Black-naped Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus melanospila
 Dwarf Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus nanus
 Negros Fruit Dove,  Ptilinopus arcanus
 Orange Dove,  Ptilinopus victor
 Golden Dove,  Ptilinopus luteovirens
 Whistling Dove,  Ptilinopus layardi

Genus Drepanoptila
 Cloven-feathered Dove, Drepanoptila holosericea

Genus Alectroenas blue pigéons
 Madagascar Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas madagascariensis
 Comoro Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas sganzini
 Seychelles Blue Pigeon, Alectroenas pulcherrima

Genus Ducula imperial pigéons

 Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula poliocephala
 White-bellied Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula forsteni
 Mindoro Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula mindorensis
 Grey-headed Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula radiata
 Grey-necked Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula carola
 Green Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula aenea
 White-eyed Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula perspicillata
 Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula concinna
 Pacific Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula pacifica
 Micronesian Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula oceanica
 Polynesian Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula aurorae
 Nukuhiva Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula galeata
 Red-knobbed Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula rubricera
 Spice Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula myristicivora
 Purple-tailed Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula rufigaster
 Cinnamon-bellied Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula basilica
 Finsch's Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula finschii
 Shinning Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula chalconota
 Island Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula pistrinaria
 Pink-headed Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula rosacea
 Christmas Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula whartoni
 Grey Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula pickeringii
 Peale's Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula latrans

 Chestnut-bellied Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula brenchleyi
 Vanuatu Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula bakeri
 New Caledonian Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula goliath
 Pinon's Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula pinon
 Bismarck Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula melanochroa
 Collared Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula mullerii
 Zoe's Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula zoeae
 Mountain Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula badia
 Dark-backed Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula lacernulata
 Timor Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula cineracea
 Pied Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula bicolor
 Torresian Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula spilorrhoa
 White Imperial Pigeon,  Ducula luctuosa

Genus Lopholaimus
 Topknot Pigeon, Lopholaimus antarcticus

Genus Hemiphaga
 New Zealand Pigeon, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae

Genus Cryptophaps
 Sombre Pigeon, Cryptophaps poecilorrhoa

Genus Gymnophaps, mountain pigéons
 Papuan Mountain Pigeon, Gymnophaps albertisii
 Long-tailed Mountain Pigeon, Gymnophaps mada
 Pale Mountain Pigeon, Gymnophaps solomonensis

Baca ogé 
 Balap japati
 Japati pos

Rujukan 
Rock pigeon, Wikipédia édisi basa Inggris (8 Maret 2006).
 Collins Bird Guide karya Mullarney, Svensson, Zetterström & Grant. ISBN 0-00-219728-6

Tumbu kaluar 

 Why do pigeons bob their heads? (ti The Straight Dope)
 BBC Life and Nature (ti BBC)

Columbidae
Sato ingon
Aves
Chordata