Kukupu

Superfamily Hesperioidea:
 Hesperiidae
 Superfamily Papilionoidea:
 Papilionidae
 Pieridae
 Nymphalidae
 Lycaenidae
 Riodinidae

Kukupu nyaéta insékta hiber tina ordo Lepidoptera nu asup kana salah sahiji superfamili Hesperioidea jeung Papilionoidea (sakur kukupu lianna). Aya ogé ahli nu ngasupkeun kukupu kana superfamili Hedyloidea, ngengat Amérika. Loba pisan kukupu nu mibanda kelir nu ahéng sarta matak hélok. Nalik kacabak ku manusa, urang bakal ngarasakeun ayana tipung nu muruluk tina jangjang kukupu. Mun loba teuing nu murudulna, kamampuh hiberna bakal kaganggud. Masarakat nu ngoléksi atawa nalungtik kukupu (atawa ngenget/geget) disebutna lépidoptéris.

Opat hambalan daur hirup kukupu

Endog
Endog kukupu diwangun ku cangkang teuas nu disebut korion, lajeng handapeunana korion aya lapisan lilin ipis pikeun ngajaga kalembaban di jero endog. Tiap endog ngandung sababaraha liang nu ngamuara ka hiji lawang, disebutna mikropil; liang ieu dimaksudkeun sangkan spérma asup & ngabuahan endogna. Endog kukupu jeung ngengat ukuranana rupa-rupa gumantung spésiésna, tapi bentukna mah sarua lonyod.

Larva

Pupa

Kukupu

Insékta nu geus aya dina hambalan sawawa sacara séksual disebut imago. Sakumaha Lepidoptera, kukupu mibanda opat jangjang nu dibungkus ku skala lalembut (tempo foto), tapi teu siga ngengat, jangjang hareup jeung tukangna teu sajangkar, antukna kamampuh hiberna leuwih hadé. Kukupu boga genep suku; larvana ogé boga genep suku (ngan katambahan ku sababarapa pasang suku semu). Sanggeus kaluar tina hambalan pupalna, kukupu can waka bisa hiber alatan jangjangna can mébér, narilep kénéh. Sangkan mébér, jangjangna téh kudu kaaliran heula getih sarta diangin-ainginkeun sangkan garing. Tah, dina mangsa ieu pisan kukupu téh gampang pisan jadi sasaran nu ngamangsa.

Klasifikasi

Panduan ngeunaan kukupu

 Butterflies of North America, Jim P. Brock and Kenn Kaufman (2003)
 Butterflies through Binoculars: The East, Jeffrey Glassberg (1999)
 Butterflies through Binoculars: The West, Jeffrey Glassberg (2001)
 A Field Guide to Eastern Butterflies, Paul Opler (1994)
 A Field Guide to Western Butterflies, Paul Opler (1999)
 Peterson First Guide to Butterflies and Moths, Paul Opler (1994)
 The Millennium Atlas of Butterflies in Britain and Ireland ku Jim Asher (Editor), et al.  
 Pocket Guide to the Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland ku Richard Lewington 
 Butterflies of Britain and Europe (Collins Wildlife Trust Guides) ku Michael Chinery
 A Guide to Common Butterflies of Singapore ku Steven Néo Say Hian (Singapore Science Centre)
 Butterflies of West Malaysia and Singapore ku W.A.Fleming. (Longman Malaysia)
 Las Mariposas de Machu Picchu ku Gerardo Lamas (2003)

Rujukan
Butterfly, ti Wikipédia basa Inggris per 17 Séptémber 2005
Pyle, R. M. (1992) Handbook for Butterfly Watchers. Houghton Mifflin.  Originally published, 1984.  ISBN 0-395-61629-8
Heppner, J. B., 1998. Classification of Lepidoptera.  Holarctic Lepidoptera, Suppl. 1.
Wahlberg, N., et al. (2005).  Synergistic effects of combining morphological and molecular data in resolving the phylogeny of butterflies and skippers. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B (Biological Sciences), 272, 1577-1586.

Fotograf tambahan

Tumbu kaluar

Online insect museum  - Visit online insect muséum. Nice gallery of butterflies, including rare Agrias, Morpho, Prepona. Also unique bilateral gynandomorph, etc!
Butterflies of North America
Butterfly Conservation
UK Moths
Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands
Moths and butterflies of Europe en North Africa
Butterfly Website
Tree Of Life
Butterflies of Singapore 
"Butterflies equipped with tracker devices" by Tim Radford, The Guardian, April 6, 2005
Wiktionary's butterfly page, with loads of funny-sounding translations
Macro Photography - Images of Butterflies 
[www.fotoplatforma.pl/index.php?lg=en&str=200&pokaz=51 butterflies pictures]
[www.fotoplatforma.pl/en/butterflies/ Européan butterflies photo gallery ]
Spanish butterflies

Lepidoptera