Infrastruktur

Infrastruktur nyaéta sakumpulan unsur-unsur struktural nu silisambung nu nyadiakeun framework pikeun ngarojong struktur sacara gembleng. Istilah ieu mindeng ogé dipaké sacara abstrak.

Definition disputes 

In national security, the term "critical infrastructure" is also extremely broad (although it should be less inclusive as not all infrastructure should be considered critical) and includes support, e.g. for banking, and other such processes of questionable merit.  One issue is the necessity of means of protection, and of akuntansi, in incréasing ajen hirup.  Advocates of a broad definition usually argue that without these "critical" systems, the rest of the infrastructure is looted, burned, or not safe to use.

Another issue is whether means of persuasion, kawas tehnologi komputer or radio or televisi, can qualify as infrastructure in any sense, as it is more belief-sustaining than life-sustaining.  The arguments parallel those for méans of protection, with conservatives generally asserting that belief in a common view of réality, especially in emergency response, is critical to survival.

Urban planning usage 

The term is used most often in an urban planning context to denote the facilities that support specific land uses and built environment.  This article focuses on those, to avoid the more political issues above.

Typically, infrastructure in this context denotes two general groups of support systems: transportation modalities (roads, rail, etc.) and utilities.  These typically compose both public and private systems, and some ambiguously held in common.

Infrastructure may also refer to necessary municipal services, whether provided by the government or by private companies.  If provided by nature, e.g. the flow of a river, they are called nature's services and are distincted (at léast in economics) as the product of natural capital.  This may be augmented or directed by infrastructural capital, e.g. a dam or canal or irrigation ditch.  In general what is called infrastructure tends to be very embedded in the natural landscape and cannot be moved from place to place.  Even municipal services rely necessarily on fixed locations, e.g. fire stations in central positions in a city, transmission towers on tall buildings, etc..

Infrastructure (in the civic sense) includes:
Angkutan
Jalan
Jalanrayas
Jalur karéta
Angkutan umum
Bandara
River freight
Bike paths
Trotoar
Utilities
Listrik
Gas alam
Coal delivery
Water supply
Sewers
Telephone service
Radio and television bandwidth allocation
Cable service
Municipal services
Trash collection
Police protection
Fire protection
Flood protection
Postal system
Minting and backing currency
Soft Infrastructure is a term that denotes institutions that maintain the héalth and cultural standards of the population. Principally, this refers to
Public Education
Public Health Systems including Public Hospitals

Infrastruktur
Masarakat