Panas

Para keng aliwang gamit, lawen ye ing Panas (pamaglino).

Deng panas ing metung kareng matagumpeng diling grupu da reng 
insektu.  Lalu lang intresanti uling 
social insect la, at mititikdo lang asnang ka-organisadung colony o tuknangan, a keraklan bibilugan da reng milyun-milyung indibidwal. Neng kayi, miugne-ugne la reng colony a mikakamag-anak, at bumilug lang supercolony, a tutung maleparan sasakupan a gabun.

Tutuknangan dang panas ing halus eganaganang labwad king yatu.  
Bibilugan da ing labinglimang porsyentu (15%) ning eganaganang 
biomass da reng animal king metung a kakewan a tropical 
rainforest. Anyang banwang 2006, miras nong 11,844 deng kikilalanan dang species da reng panas.  Karen lang lugal a mangapali keraklan mayayakit deti.

Penibatan 
Tuturing dong metung a family deng panas, itang Formicidae, a 
kayabe king order a Hymenoptera.  Miyapse o menibat la reti king 
lahi da reng :en: vespoid wasp.

Pamibalangkas ning katawan 

Makikilala la reng panas a yaliwa kareng aliwang insektu kareting 
kayuryan a makatuki: antenna, metung a kadwang dake o pakling 
(segment) misnang kaskup a bibilug tangkeng balamu node; uring worker o 
talapagobra a alang pakpak; at ing presensya ning metapleural gland.  
Atilan lang organung panyalat kareng karelang butit, antenna, thorax o 
salu, at buntuk, a makakilala kareng (vibration) a maglakbe king gabun. 
Makisabi la murin kapamilatan da reng kemikal.  E la 
dumitak keng apulu anggang adwang pulung klasing paralan ning 
pamakisabi kapamilatan da reng kemikal.   

Atin lang pakpak deng keraklan kareng queen ampong lalaking panas, 
at mawawala kaybat ning karelang nuptial flight; nanupata, ating 
malyaring luntong queen a yalang pakpak (ergatoid), ampong lalaking 
alang pakpak.

Pamanalkus (Development) 

Holometabolous la reng panas, at dadalan la king 
ganap o kumpletung metamorphosis. Ing buri 
nang sabyan, dadalan la king panaun a magi lang larva ampong 
pupa bayu la miras king idad.  Potang larva la, e la makakimut dili 
ra, uling ala lang bitasang bitis, uli ning ating maningat at papakan 
karela.  Itang pamangan da potang panaun a larva la ing panibatan ning 
pamiyaliwa da reng queen ampong worker, at saka deng myayaliwang ranggu 
(caste) da reng worker.  Pakanan da la reng larvae kapamilata’ning 
metung a paralan a awsan dang trophallaxis, nung nu yapsa nang 
pasibayu ning panas ing pamangan a misimpan ketang kayang buksi (crop) 
para king mabilug a kolonya.  Makanini da muring bibye king metung at 
metung deng panas a mangaragul na ing pamangan.  Uling kaylangang e 
mamalis ing pali o temperatura ning paligid da reng larva at pupa, 
marlas dong piyalis-alis deti kareng myayaliwang brood chamber o silid 
a pipaningatan.        

Karas na king edad ning bayung worker, gamitan na ing mumunang mapilan 
a yaldo king pamaningat ning queen ampo reng ának a panas.  Kaybat, 
malis ya king pamangulkul at aliwa pang obra king sale o pugad.  Potang 
kayi, ita namang pamangalap pamangan ampong pamamingwa (defense) ning 
sale ing kayang maging obra.  Malagwang lang malilyari deng 
pamanaliwang deti, at ila ing awsan dang temporal caste o ranggung 
basi king panaun.  Agpang king metung a teorya, malilyari iti uling 
dakal lang mamamate king pamangalap pamangan, anya mitotoka la mu 
kaniti reng panas ustung matwa na la at malapit na muring mate.  Kareng 
mapilan a uri da reng panas, atin muring “physical caste,” nung nu la 
myayaliwa dagul deng panas – detang minor, median ampong major.  Mumuna 
lang mangalap pamangan detang tawli.  Keraklan, asnong karagul buntuk 
detang mas mangaragul a panas kumpara king katawan da, anya mas masikan 
la :en:mandible o panga.  Neng kayi, “soldier” ing aus da kareng 
panas a reti uling mas masikan la reng karelang panga king pamakilaban, 
dapot worker la pa murin deti, at e maragul ing pamiyaliwa ning 
karelang obra kareng worker a minor o median.  Kareng mapilan a 
species, ala nang median worker, anya tutung maragul pamiyaliwa da reng 
ninor ampong major.             

Halus pare-pareu ing paralan ning pamiparakal da reng keraklan kareng 
karaniwan a uri da reng panas.  Potang umpisa, bábai la ngan deng panas 
king metung a kolonya, dapot ing queen mu ampo reng babaing paglahi 
(breeding fenales) ing malyaring mamalipi (mate).  Lindas king 
karaniwan a paniwala, ating saleng panas a maki mapilan a queen.  Drone 
naman ing aus da kareng lalaking panas.  Miyayapsa lang maki pakpak 
deti kalupa da reng babaing paglahi, at ala lang gagawan deti king 
mabilug dang bye nun e mangan, anggang panaun na bang mamalipi.  King 
panaun a ita, idala ro ngan king kilwal ning kolonya deng eganaganang 
panas a paglahi liban king queen, at makanyan murin ing malilyari 
kareng aliwang kolonya.  Kaybat, susulagpo la reng eganaganang panas a 
paglahi.  Malilyari ing pamipalipi kabang susulagpo la reng panas, at e 
maglwat mate no reng lálaki.  Kuldas no man detang bábai at maintun 
lang lugal a bageng gawang kolonya.  Karas karin, pututan do reng 
sarili rang pakpak, mangebun la, at ingatan do reti.  Agyang mayna la 
at mas malati deng mumunang worker kumpara karetang katuki ra, tanbing 
lang magsilbi king kolonya deti.  Paragulan de ing sale, mangalap lang 
pamangan, at ingatan do reng aliwang ebun.  Makanyan yang magumpisa ing 
metung a kolonya.

Pamakisabi (komunikasyun) ampong pangimut 

Keraklan, misasabi la reng panas kapamilatan da reng chemical a awsan 
dang pheromone.  Uling makatuklu la king gabun keraklan king panaun 
da reng panas, mas dakal la at komplikadu deng mensahi rang chemical 
deng panas kesa kareng aliwang kayabe king Hymenoptera.  Anya alimbawa 
nung manakit yang pamangan ing metung a mangalap pamangan kabang pauli 
ya (a akikilala na kareng tanda [landmark] ampo ing pusisyun ning 
aldo), maglakwan yang gasgas (trail) king gabun, a e maglwat yang 
tukyan da reng aliwang panas.  Kauli ra, pasikanan de iti, at 
miragdagan la reng panas a dadalan, anggang magisan ing pamangan.  
Potang malyari ita, uling e re pasikanan, bagya-bagya yang mabura.  
Istung mepitpit ya ing metung a panas, magpalwal yang alarm pheromone, 
a maging sangkan ba lang sumugud deng panas a malapit karin.  Nung 
ditak ne man iti, lumapit la reti.  Atin namang panas a magpalwal 
karetang amanwan dang propaganda pheromone ba lang mabaligo deng 
karelang kalaban.

E malyaring mabalu ing direksyun o nangan da reng gasgas (trail) da 
reng panas. Ing buri nang sabyan niti, e na balu ning metung a panas a 
lalakad king gasgas a e manyanga nung papunta ya o parayu king sale ra 
iti.  Anti la mong letrang “Y” manyanga o manyalapung deng gasgas 
panas, at 60 degrees ing anggulu da reng gasgas a parayu king sale 
(secondary trail), at iti ing babye direksyun kareti. (Jackson et 
al, 2004)

Kalupa da reng aliwang insektu, gagamitan do reng panas deng karelang 
antena (a makaba at maimpis) king pamamau.  Agagalo do reti, at atin 
lang tela “siku” kaybat ning mumunang at makabang dake o pakli 
(elongated first segment).  Uling paris la reti, ababalu da ing 
direksyun ampong sikan ning sinyal. Mipaglibe lang pheromone deng 
panas; makasamut la king pamangan deng sangkap a reti, at ababalu da 
reng panas ing tungkul king pamikakatawan at pamamangan ning metung at 
metung. Abalu da murin deng panas nung nau ing grupu da king obra deng 
asasaganan da (alimbawa, nung mamulut la reti o manyamasan lang sale). 
Tungkul kareng pheromone, gagawa yang espesyal a pheromone ing queen, a 
nung ala yu iti, magumpisa lang magparagul bayung queen deng worker.     
          
Lulusub la reng panas at pamingwa (pagtanggul) de ing sarili ra 
kapamilata’ning pamanginis, at kareng dakal a species, kapamilata’ning 
pamanasyad (stinging).  Sanuman ing gagamitan dang paralan, malyaring 
atin lang papalub a sangkap o kemikal ketang biktima ra. Metung ya 
kareng pekamaulaga kareti ing formic acid. 

Mabibyasa la reng keraklan da reng animal kapamilatan ning 
pamakyapus kareng aliwang animal.  Nanupata, mapalyaring karen mung 
panas mayayakit ing “teaching behavior” (pamanuru) bukud kareng 
tau.  Ustung ituki ne ning metung a panas ning species a  
Temnothorax albipennis itang kayang kayabe ketang pikukwanan 
pamangan, bagalan na ing kayang pamaglakad nung mitatawli ya itang 
metung, at pandalasan na nung masyadu neng malapit itang metung (Franks 
and Richardson, 2006).

Ing pamisaup-saup da at pamikumpitensya deng panas 

Ating species a panas a kilala king karelang pamanlusub at pamanyakup 
kareng kolonya da reng aliwang panas.  Atin namang aliwang e makanyan 
kahilig king pamanyakup, dapot agresibu la murin; lulusuban do reng 
kolonya bang manakong ebun o larva, a kakanan da o paragulan da bang 
maging worker (talapagobra).  Malagad, ating kolonyang panas nung nu 
adwa lang species deng magobra king metung mung kolonya.

Uri 

Tutu lang dakal a myayaliwang uri deng panas, at pati na deng karelang 
pangimut o “ugali” (behavior). Manibat adwa (2) anggang adwang pulu’t 
lima (25) lang milimetru (mmm) ing karelang dagul (0.08 anggang metung 
[1] a pulgada). Myayaliwa la mu naman kule.  Keraklan, malutu la o 
matuling, dapot atin muring aliwang kuleng mayayakit. Ating mapilan a 
uring balamu metal kintab, antimo ing genus a Pheidole ning 
Pangulung Amerika (North America).

Lon ya ing list of ant genera (alphabetical) para king listaan 
(a alphabetical o makasamasan agpang king alpabetu) da reng genus a 
panas king mabilug a yatu, at ing antbase.org/Hymenoptera Name Server para king 
metung a kumpletung katalugu da reng eganaganang species da reng panas 
king yatu a balu tamu ampo deng karelang synonym o katumbas a lagyu.
Ing Antbase.org/Hymenoptera Name Server, atin yang 
up to date record of the actual number of species, nung nu la malyaring tukyan deng the description of new taxa .

Ing kaugnayan da reng panas kareng aliwang species 

 Magpalwal lang lang mayumung likidung awsan dang honeydew deng 
:en:aphid.  Keraklan, paburen dang mababaldug king gabun iti, pero 
nung maki panas, titipunan da iti. Deta namang panas ing mitatabi 
kareng lulub. Yalis do murin deng aphid kareng lugal a mas dakal 
pamangan. 
 Sosoga dong panas deng ulad (caterpillar) a  myrmecophilous o malugud kareng panas (a maki kuleng asul/iro, kule tansu, o maki mapinung gulis [hairstreaks]).  Dadala do reti kareng pipanganan neng aldo, at lulub do king sale da reng panas panga bengi. Atin lang glandula deng ulad a magpalwal honeydew neng apisan deng panas. 
 Anting ulad a myrmecophagous (mamangan panas) a magpalwal pheromone bangkanita bala ra reng panas, metung ya iti kareng sese rang ulad. Uli na niti, idala re iti ketang karelang sale, nung no malyaring kakan deng larva (detang anak) da reng panas. 
 Ita namang Allomerus decemarticulatus, gagamitan ne ing tanaman nung nu ya manuknangan ampo ing metung a fungus ba nong siluan deng kayang darakpan. 
 Kayabe la king tribe a attini deng panas a magpatubung fungus. 
Kayabe la keti deng :en:leafcutter ant, a tatanam king metung a 
uring fungus a kayabe kareng genus a Leucoagaricus o 
Leucocoprinus ning Agaricaceae family. Kaniting ugnayan 
ning panas ampong fungus, magdependi la reng adwang species king metung at metung bang kumabye
 Deng lemon Ant, gagawa la kareng 
amanwan dang :en:Devil's garden: papaten do ngan deng tanam a 
pakapadurut liban mu kareng dutung a lemon ant (lemon ant trees).

Deng tau ampo reng panas 

Maragul lang saup deng panas ba lang ilako deng pesting insektu at 
payanginan ya ing gabun. Nanupata, malyari lang mameruiciu nung luban 
do reng bale, mula, hardin ampong asikan. Manyira lang dutung deng 
:en:carpenter ant kapamilatan ning pamamusbus king dutung ba reng 
gawang sale.
Malyari lang siran deng sale nung tukyan la reng daralanan da reng 
panas angga king sale, a malyaring bulusanan bubukal a danum ba yang 
mate itang queen. (E makaing tatalab nung tunggal-tunggal la mung paten 
deng panas uling king pamagpalwal pheromone anti ing mebanggit king 
babo].
Malyaring gamitan ing karaniwan a atisa o chalk ba lang e lalapit deng 
panas. Malyari yang gumulis padurut king lugal a poprotektan kareng 
panas ba lang e lungub deti.

Ating species a awsan dang :en:killer ants uling atin lang 
ugali deting sasalake kareng animal a maragul a e mu nanu karela neng 
manintun pamangan o magbante kareng sale ra. Malagad mung malilyari 
kareng tau iti, oneng masakit murin ing ket da, at nung dakal la retang 
panas, malyaring e ne makakimut itang meket. 

Pane dong babanggitan kareng kwentu kareng anak deng panas anting 
alimbawa ning kasipagan at pamisaup-saup, ampo ning pamga-agresibu at 
pamanablas (benggansa). Atin namang lugal king Africa nung nu la sugu 
da reng dios deng panas. Marlas dang sasabyang makakayap ing ket da 
reng panas. Agpang king relihiun da reng mapilan a tubu ning American 
(native American), alimbawa king mitolohiya da reng Hopi, deng panas 
kanu ing minunang animal. Atin namang gagamit king ket da reng panas 
antimong pamanyubuk ning kapibabatan (test of endurance) king 
seremonyas ning initiation o pamaglub.

Lon la murin deti 
 :en:Ant-hill
 :en:Anting (bird activity)
 :en:Ants: Standard Methods for Measuring and Monitoring Biodiversity
 :en:British ants
 :en:Journey to the Ants
 :en:Langton's ant para kareng artikulung tungkul kareng paksang gagamit king katayang "ant"
 :en:List of ant genera (alphabetical)
 :en:List of notable myrmecologists
 :en:List of the common names of British ant species
 :en:Myrmecology: the study of ants
 :en:Rare ants of the British Isles
 Red Imported Fire Ant
 :en:SimAnt
 :en:Stigmergy
 :en:The Ants
 :en:Antz

Deng pikwanan 
 Agosti, D., Majer, J.D., Alonso, L.E., Schultz, T.R. (eds.) (2000). 
Ants: Standard methods for measuring and monitoring 
biodiversity. Smithsonian Institution Press. 280 pp.
 
 [http://antbase.org/ants/publications/8419/8419.pdf Grimaldi, D., 
Agosti, D., Carpenter, J.M. (1997). New and resdiscovered primitive 
ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and 
their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 
3208: 43pp, 24 figs., 1 tab.]
 Jackson DE, Holcombe M, Ratnieks FLW (2004). Trail geometry gives 
polarity to ant foraging networks. Nature 432: 907-909.

Suglung a palwal 

{|align=right|}
 [http://www.antbase.org/ Antbase, The complete catalogue of all ants 
of the world linked to all available full text systematics publications 
(>4,000), links, pictures, etc.]
 [http://www.antweb.org/ AntWeb, Images of more than 4,000 specimens 
including all ant genera, specfic coverages for California (complete), 
Florida and Madagascar.]
 Bees, Wasps and Ants Recording Society (UK)
 [http://www.myrmecology.info/portal/news.php Myrmecology Portal: 
Everything about ants]
 [http://atbi.biosci.ohio-
state.edu:210/hymenoptera/tsa.sppcount?the_taxon=Formicidae Number of 
Known Ant Species (Ohio State)]
 [http://www.lasius.narod.ru/ www.lasius.narod.ru: Russian Ant Site and 
Photo Gallery] (Russian language)
 [http://www.bluesquaregroup.de/ameisen/en/ Project: How strong are 
woodants in reality?] 
 [http://www.myrmecos.net/ants.html Myrmecos.net - an extensive image 
gallery of ants in the wild]
 [http://www.tightloop.com/ants Ants of Arizona - Many photographs of 
ants]
 h2g2 article on Ants
 [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9007736 Encyclopedia Brittanica 
Article (pay site)]
 [http://antlinks.blogspot.com/ Ant Visions - latest on ant research, 
along with an image gallery of ants]

Insects