Balugbug

Ing balugbug metung yang organung gagamitan ning animal bang makaramdam 
(detect) sound waves.  Malyari yang mangabaldugan ketang 
mabilug a sistemang gagamitan king pamangalap (collection) kareti at king 
mumunang dake ning pamag-process ning katni (ing umpisa ning 
auditory system, o mapalyaring ita mung dakeng mayayakit manibat king kilwal.  E para-pareu ing lugal nung nu la makabili deng balugbug da reng animal.

Ing gagamitan da king pamakiramdam deng e mammal 

Atin lang bwak king karelang butit deng babagwa a gagamitan da bang makaramdam 
katni (for detecting sound).

Metung la mu butul deng balugbug da reng reptile – itang columella (stages) (lon 
ya king lalam).

Ing balugbug da reng mammal 

Ing kilwal balugbug (outer ear) ing dake o parti nang makalwal ning 
balugbug.  Pinna o auricle ing aus da ketang dakeng mayayakit, a 
yang a yang gagamitan bang mangalap (collect) at mag-focus kareng sound wave.  
Malyari reng ikimut deng dakal kareng mammal ing pinna ba reng aturu ing 
karelang pamakiramdam king metung a direksyon anti ing pamangimut da king 
karelang mata.  Agyu rang gawan iti deng keraklan kareng tau.  Manibat king 
pinna, maglakbe la papunta king 
ear canal, metung a simpling 
tubong papunta king kalibudtan balugbug, deng sound 
pressure wave.  Papasikan no ning tubong deti deng frequency king 
pilatan ning 3 kHz ampong 12 kHz.  

Ating lang pingul deng balugbug da reng tau.  Agyang vestigial 
la reti, gagamitan do reng dakal a tau anting pitusukan tingga.  
Keraklan, makakawani ya king gilid ning lupa ing pingul, at anti ya mong 
makasabit king balugbug, dapot neng kayi, makapekat ya king lupa ing balugbug, a 
alang pingul, uling king metung a recessive a gene.  Atyu king pekakilwal nang 
gilid ning kilwal balugbug ing helix  
.
 
Kayabe ya king kapitna ning balugbug (middle ear) ing 
salamin ning balugbug (eardrum, tympanum o tympanic membrane), 
deng ossicle (atlung mangalatiktik a butul), adwang muscle 
tendon (dareng muscle a stapedius ampong tensor tympani), at adwang kaptas a 
nervios (nerve bundles, itang makabakle nang dake ning nervios ning lupa [facial nerve] ampong metung pang sanga ning nervios ning lupa a yausan dang chorda 
tympani).  King Latin, malleus, incus, at stapes ing lagyu da retang 
ossicle, dapot awsan da la rin king Ingles a hammer, anvil, at 
stirrup.    

Makabukud (unique) la reng mammal uling atlu la butul king balugbug.  Ibat la 
kareng butul ning panga deng incus ampong stapes; lalung maging malino at pinu 
ing pamakiramdam kareng katni uling kareti.  Deng butul a reti ing magsilbing 
mangituglung king salamin o timpano ketang oval window a 
papunta king kakilub-kiluban ning balugbug.  Ing timpano ing magsilbing manalili 
kareng kalugkug king angin ketang tubo ning balugbug (ear canal) ba lang maging 
kalugkug da reng ossicle.  Deta namang ossicle, padalan do reting kalugkug 
ketang membrane ning oval window papunta king likidu ning kakilub-kiluban ning 
balugbug.  Ing ratio (proporsion o dake) king leparan ning timpano king oval 
window babye yang pamipasikan o amplification a migit-kumulang 
14 dB, at pekamatas ya king frequency a manga 1 kHz.  Uli 
ning piyabeng transfer function ning kilwal balugbug ampo ning kapitnang 
balugbug, pekamatas ing pamakiramdam kareng frequency king pilatan ning between 
1 kHz and 3 kHz.  Mumurung la reng muscle a tensor tympani at 
stapedius ning kapitnang balugbug neng maki masikan a katni, at uli na niti, 
mababawas ing pamagdala (transmission) king katni king kakilub-kiluban ning 
balugbug.  acoustic reflex ing aus kaniti. 
       
Guwang (alang laman o hollow) ya ing libutad ning kapitnang balugbug.  Nung 
munta ya king matas a lugal o sumungab ya king danum ing metung a animal, mika 
pamiyaliwa ing prisyun king kapitna ning balugbug ampo king kilwal ning animal.  
Nung e milako ing prisyung iti, mapalyaring matdas ya o masira ing timpano.  Ini 
ing metung kareng gamit da reng  trompa de eustaquio – a 
menibat kareng asang agpang king ebolusyon – at ilang mangituglung king akmulan.  
Keraklan, makatakap la reng trompa de eustaquio ba lang e mibarang 
plema, oneng malyari lang ibusni kapamilata’ning pamagbaba at 
pamibuklo (protruding) king panga.  Ini ing sangkan ot makabawas king prisyun 
kareng balugbug ing manuyab neng sasake eruplanu.             

Kayabe la king kakilub-kiluban ning balugbug deng cochlea, a 
yang peka organu ning pamakiramdam, ampo ing  [[labyrinth (inner 
ear)|labyrinth]] o vestibular apparatus, ing 
organu ning pamagbalansi, a bibilugan da reng atlung [[:en:semicircular 
canal|semicircular canal]] ampo ing vestibule.
 
Ing cochlea (ibat ya king katayang Latin para king “susû”), 
metung yang silid a makabalibul (spiral), guwang (hollow), at ugis/alcus yang 
balisusu (conical).  Gawa ya iti king butul, at mitmu yang 
perilymph, metung a likidung tatanggap kalugkug a ibat king 
angin, dinalan king oval window, at dinalan king timpano ampo reng ossicle ning 
kapitna ning balugbug (lon ya king babo).  Dadalan ya king libutad na niti ing 
cochlea duct, nung nu ya atyu ing makabalibul a [[w:organ 
of Corti|organu nang Corti]], ing receptor organ a yang sangkan obat makaramdam 
ya ing tau.  Mapipitna ya ing lukib ning cochlea, a gawa king butul, kareng 
atlung silid: ing scala vestibuli, a atyu king babo ning 
cochlea duct, at kasiping ning oval window; ing scala media, a 
yang cochlea duct a maki membrano at nukarin ating endolymph at organo nang 
Corti; ampo ing scala tympani, a atyu king lalam ning 
scala media at magwakas king round window.  Pareu lang maki perilymph deng 
adwang silid a gawa king butul (detang scala vestibuli ampong scala tympani), at 
mitutuglung la reti king cochlear apex, metung a lugal a awsan dang 
helicotrema.  Ing vestibular membrane ing mangikawani king scala 
vestibuli ampong scala media.  Samantala, ing basilar membrane naman ing 
pilatan da reng scala media ampong scala tympani.  Ita namang Organu 
nang Corti, makatumpak ya king basilar membrane, a mitatakpang hair cells, a sensory cell a maki mala-bwak a bageng makatumpak karelang 
awsan dang stereocilia.      

Potang kikimut (oscillates) ya ing stapes king oval window neng ating katni, 
kikimut (oscillates) ya murin ing perilymph kilub ning scala vestibuli.  Kareng 
mangababang frequency (mas mababa king 20Hz), maglakbe la reng alun ning prisyun 
(pressure waves) king kekaban ning cochlea – paukyat king scala vestibuli, 
padurut king helicotrema, at pababa king scala tympani paras king round window.  
Nung anti ya kaniti kababa deng frequency, e “misasalangyan” (activated) ing 
organu nang Corti, at mas mababa ya kesa king agyu nang damdaman ning tau.  Den 
namang mas matas a frequency, e la maglakbe king helicotrema, nun e dadalan la 
king endolymph king cochlea duct papunta king perilymph king scala tympani.  Uli 
na niti, kálugkug ya ing mabilug a basilar membrane.  Makabage (tuned) la king 
partikular a frequency deng lambal (fiber) ning basilar membrane; makuyad la at 
masyas (at makabage la kareng mangatas a frequency) deng malapit king oval 
window, at makaba la at malambut (floppy) (makabage kareng mangababang 
frequency) detang king lele ning sepu (apex) ning cochlea.   

Neng kakatni (resonates) ya ing metung a lugal ning basilar membrane, magparla 
lang   nerve impulse king utak deng hair 
cell king lugal a ita.  Karas da king utak deng nerve impulse, damdama’na lang 
antimong katni ning sanumang pitch ing kabage ning partikular 
a hair cell a ita.  Malyari lang mate deng hair cells uling king masikan a 
pamangimut ning endolymph uli ning masyadung masikan a inge.  Ini ing metung 
karing panibatan ning bagyang (partial) a pamangaklak, at ya ing sangkan nung 
bakit kaylangan gumamit earmuff o earplug.   

Parehu lang mitmung endolymph deng vestibular apparatus ampong cochlea.  
Pero imbes na katni ing kayang panamdaman, ing panamdama’na, itang 
rotation ning buntuk.  Nung gawa kang gulis a taglus king 
libutad ning balang metung kareng atlung semicircular canal, a makasalapung 
perpendicular king plane nung nukarin ya ing canal, 
perpendicular la reng atlung gulis.  Anti la mong pekakatawan da reng atlung 
axis of rotation.  Malyari yang ipalto antimong atlung 
agnan-agnan a pamagdurut ing sanumang pamandurut kareng atlung axis.

Deng sakit at medical condition ning balugbug ampo ing auditory system 

Malyari nong panibatan ning pamangaklak deng prublema king balugbug o auditory 
processing system king utak.

 Acoustic neuroma
 Balance disorders
 Barotrauma
 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
 Cholesteatoma
 Ear infections
 Conductive hearing impairment
 Labyrinthine hydrops
 Labyrinthitis
 Ménière's disease
 Meningitis
 Neurofibromatosis Type 1
 Neurofibromatosis Type 2
 Noise-induced hearing loss
 Nonsyndromic hereditary hearing impairment
 Otitis externa
 Otitis media
 Otosclerosis
 Perilymph fistula
 Presbycusis
 Sensorineural hearing loss
 Sudden deafness
 Tinnitus
 Usher syndrome
 Vestibular neuronitis

Lon la murin deti 

 Absolute threshold of hearing
 Acoustic reflex
 Cerumen
 Ear piercing instrument
 Georg von Békésy, winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize for his research on the 
cochlea
 Glossary of medical terms related to communications disorders
 Loudness
 Pitch (music)
 Timbre
 Vestibular system

Suglung a palwal 

 Protein behind hearing
 3D Ear page 

Sistemang sensorial
Sistemang nerbiosu