Visual system

Ing sistema ning pamanakit o visual system yapin ing paralan nung makananu 
tamung manakit. Deti ing bibilug kaniti:

 Ing mata, lalu na ing :en:retina
 Ing nervios a makakit (optic nerve)
 Ing :en:optic chiasm
 Ing :en:optic tract
 Ing :en:lateral geniculate nucleus
 Ding :en:optic radiations
 Ing visual cortex

Ing obra na ning sistema ning pamanakit, yapin ing ilikas (interpret) ya ing 
metung a larawan ning paligid a patag o atyu king adwang dimension, ba yang 
maging larawan a kikimut, de kolor at atyu king atlung dimension.

Keraklan, lalarawan ne ning artikulung iti ing sistema ra king pamanakit deng 
:en:mammal, dapot e la marayu kaniti reng sistema da reng aliwang “mangátas” 
a animal.

Ing mata

Metung yang komplikadung antimong makinang biological ing mata, at sasabyan 
da reng aliwang metung yang  
milagru iti.

Kalub ning salá king mata, dadalan ya iti king :en:cornea ampo king 
telatau (pupil) (a panibalan ning iris) o matuling ning 
mata, at iti rerefract| ne ning lenti.  
Babaligtara’ne ning lenti ing aslag at po-project ne ing larawan king 
retina.

Ing retina bibilugan de reng dakal a photoreceptor cells a maki bukud a 
molecule a protina: ing photopigment a awsan dang rhodopsin.  Istung 
mituran yang photon (malatiktik a pekabutil ning sála) ing rhodopsin, 
magparla yang sinyal king cell; kabang darakal la reng photon a tutud, lalu yang 
sisikan ing sinyal.  Kareng aliwang animal, antimo kareng tau, atin lang cone 
opsin molecule deng cone cell, a makatutuk (attuned) king partikular a 
wavelength ning sála; alimbawa, nung makatutuk yang dili ing opsin ning 
blue cone cell king sálang maki wavelength a asul, at yagyag (salangyan o 
“stimulate”) ne ning sálang maki blue wavelength iti, samantalang bagya mu ing 
pamiyagyag na ning sálang maki blue wavelength kareng yellow-red cone cell.  Uli 
na niti, lang makilala deng myayaliwang kule.

Ing nervios a makakit (optic nerve)

Kaybat ning bagyang pamag-process, (a keraklan maki kaugnayan kareng color 
boundary o angganan da reng kule), midadala ing impormasyun tungkul king larawan 
king utak kapamilata’ning nervios a makakit nervios a makakit (optic nerve).  
Kareng tau, ing nervios a makakit mu kabud ing sistema ning panamdam (sensory 
system) a diretsung makatuglung king utak, at e dadalan king [[Medulla 
oblongata|medulla]], uling kaylangan yang malagwang i-process ing komplikadung 
biswal (akakit) a impormasyun.

Ing optic chiasm

Misasagana la at misasalapung deng nervios a makakit king optic chiasm, a 
atyu king katatalakaran (base) ning frontal lobe ning utak.  Karas keni, 
miyayabe ing impormasyun kareng adwang mata, at mababangal agpang king [[field 
of view]] o larangan ning akakit o bista.  Mipaparla la kareng kaparis dang 
kayli ampong wanang bangal ning utak deng kapitnang field of view (wanan 
ampong kayli) (wanan king kayli at kayli king wanan, uling maka cross wire ya 
ing utak), ba lang ma-process deti.  Agyang asahan ta yang manibala ing wanan 
nang dake o bangal ning utak ketang larawan ibat king kayling mata, at ing kayli 
nang bangal king larawan ibat king wanan a mata, ing tutu, ing wanan ning utak 
ing bala king kayli nang dake ning field of view, at makanyan murin king 
kayli ning utak.

Ing optic tract

Dadalan king kayling optic tract ing impormasyun ibat king wanan a visual 
field (a atyu na king dake nang kayli ning utak).  Ita namang ibat king 
kayling visual field, king wanan a optic tract dadalan.  Magwakas ya ing 
balang optic tract king lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) king 
thalamus.

Ing lateral geniculate nucleus
Ing lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) metung yang sensory relay nucleus king 
thalamus ning utak.  Iti bibilugan de reng anam a sapin (layer) kareng 
tau at aliwa pang primate antimo reng macaque.  Makaparikil la reng 
mumuna, kapat at kanam a sapin (layers 2, 3,  and 5) king impormasyun ibat king 
metung a mata, at keta no mang metung a mata deng kadwa, katlu at kalima (layers 
1, 4 and 6).  Atin yang M cells ing mumunang (1) sapin; makaparikil (correspond) 
la reti kareng M (magnocellular) cell ning optic nerve ning sumangid a mata.  
Makatuglung la murin king sumangid a mata deng kapat (4) at kanam (6) a sapin 
ning LGN, oneng deti karen lang P cells ning optic nerve.  Samantala, 
makatuglung no man kareng M cells ampong P (parvocellular) cells ning optic 
nerve ning pareung dake ning utak ning sarili rang LGN deng kadwa (2), katlu (3) 
ampong kalimang (5) sapin ning LGN.  Kasinglapad lang credit card deng anam 
a sapin ning LGN, oneng makatatlu la kakapal kesa king credit card, at makarolyu 
la reti kareng adwang mala-tulungkaba (ellipsoid); kasindagul do at kayaske ring 
adwang malating ebun ayup.  Kaybat, paparla de reng neuron o nervios ning LGN 
ing larawan king primary visual cortex (V1), a atyu king gulut nng utak 
(caudal end, itang dakeng bandang gulut).

Deng optic radiation

Magdala lang impormasyun deng optic radiation manibat king midbrain 
lateral geniculate nucleus papunta king kapat a sapin (layer 4) ning 
visual cortex. Magparla lang sinyal deng P layer neurons ning LGN relay king 
V1 layer 4C β. Den namang M layer neuron, magparla rang impormasyun king V1 
layer 4C α. Ating diretsung pamiugnayan manibat king angular position king 
field of view ning eye, a tataglus king optic tract paras king metung a 
posisyun ning nervios king V1.
Karas king salapungan king V1, e ne dere-deretsu ing darlanan ning larawan; 
ating karagdagang mipanyalapung king kilub ning visual cortex.

Ing visual cortex
Ing visual cortex ing pekamaragul a sistema king utak ning tau, at ya ing 
maki kapakibatan king mas matas a balitang (higher level) a pamag-process ning 
larawan a akakit (visual image).  Atyu iti king kagulutan ning utak (a pepasala 
ra ketang makalarawan), king banda nang babo ning cerebellum.  
Pakapanigaralan do reng pamituglung-tuglung da reng sapin (layer) nign 
cortex, thalamus, cerebellum, hippocampus, ampo reng mitatagan 
pang lugal king utak.  King salukuyan, ibat kareng pasyenting míka diperensya 
kareng kilálang lugal king utak ing balu tamu, a pakibage ra karetang gamit da o 
papil king katawan a e miyapektwan.

Lon la murin deti
Memory-prediction framework
Martin J. Tovée (1996), An introduction to the visual system. Cambridge 
University Press, ISBN 0521483395 (References, pp.180-198. Index, pp.199-202. 
202 pages.)
David Marr (1982), Vision: A Computational Investigation into the 
Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. San Francisco: W. 
H. Freeman.
David H. Hubel (1989), Eye, Brain and Vision. New York: Scientific 
American Library.
Torsten Wiesel and David H. Hubel (1963), "The effects of visual 
deprivation on the morphology and physiology of cell's lateral geniculate body". 
Journal of Neurophysiology 26, 978-993.
[http://webvision.med.utah.edu/VisualCortex.html Matthew Schmolesky, The 
Primary Visual Cortex] 
R.W. Rodiek (1988). "The Primate Retina". Comparative Primate Biology Vol. 
4 of Neurosciences. (H.D. Steklis and J. Erwin, editors.) pp. 
203-278. New York: A.R. Liss.

Visual system