Bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat

Bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat merujuk kepada segolongan ahli politik dan negarawan yang terlibat dalam kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat dengan menandatangani Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat, mengambil bahagian dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat, mewujudkan Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat, atau sumbangan penting yang lain. Dalam kumpulan besar yang dikenali sebagai "Bapa Pengasas", terdapat dua kelompok: pertama "Para Penandatangan Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan" (mereka yang menandatangani Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1776) dan "Para Penggubal Perlembagaan" (mereka yang menjadi delegasi ke Konvensyen Persekutuan dan mengambil bahagian dalam merangka merangka atau menggubal cadangan Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat). Kebanyakkan para sejarawan mentaksirkan "Bapa Pengasas" sebagai kumpulan besar, termasuk bukan hanya setakat Para Penandatangan dan Para Perangka tetapi juga kesemua mereka, yang mana terdiri dari ahli politik, para juri, negarawan, tentera, diplomat, atau rakyat biasa, yang mengambil bahagian dalam kemerdekaan Amerika dan penubuhan Amerika Syarikat. Ahli sejarawan Amerika, Richard B. Morris, dalam sebuah buku beliau pada tahun 1973 yang bertajuk Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries, mengenalpasti tujuk tokoh berikut sebagai Bapa Pengasas utama:
 Benjamin Franklin,
 George Washington,
 John Adams,
 Thomas Jefferson,
 John Jay,
 James Madison,
 dan Alexander Hamilton.

Warren G. Harding, kemudian menjadi Senator Republikan dari Ohio, menggunakan fasa "Bapa Pengasas" di dalam ucaptama beliau di Konvensyen Kebangsaan Republikan 1916. Beliau menggunakan fasa ini beberapa kali selepas itu, paling penting semasa ucaptama sulung beliau sebagai Presiden Amerika Syarikat pada tahun 1921.

Senarai Bapa Pengasas

Orang yang menandatangani Pengistiharan Kemerdekaan 
 John Adams
 Samuel Adams
 Josiah Bartlett
 Carter Braxton
 Charles Carroll
 Samuel Chase
 Abraham Clark
 George Clymer
 William Ellery
 William Floyd
 Benjamin Franklin
 Elbridge Gerry
 Button Gwinnett
 John Hancock
 Lyman Hall
 Benjamin Harrison
 John Hart
 Joseph Hewes
 Thomas Heyward, Jr.
 William Hooper
 Stephen Hopkins
 Francis Hopkinson
 Samuel Huntington
 Thomas Jefferson
 Francis Lightfoot Lee
 Richard Henry Lee
 Francis Lewis
 Philip Livingston
 Thomas Lynch, Jr.
 Thomas McKean
 Arthur Middleton
 Lewis Morris
 Robert Morris
 John Morton
 Thomas Nelson, Jr.
 William Paca
 Robert Treat Paine
 John Penn
 George Read
 Caesar Rodney
 George Ross
 Benjamin Rush
 Edward Rutledge
 Roger Sherman
 James Smith
 Richard Stockton
 Thomas Stone
 George Taylor
 Charles Thomson (Setiausaha)
 Matthew Thornton
 George Walton
 William Whipple
 William Williams
 James Wilson
 John Witherspoon
 Oliver Wolcott
 George Wythe

Delegasi ke Konvensyen Perlembagaan

Delegasi yang menandatangani 

 Abraham Baldwin
 Richard Bassett
 Gunning Bedford, Jr.
 John Blair
 William Blount
 David Brearly
 Jacob Broom
 Pierce Butler
 Daniel Carroll
 George Clymer
 Jonathan Dayton
 John Dickinson
 William Few
 Thomas Fitzsimons
 Benjamin Franklin
 Nicholas Gilman
 Nathaniel Gorham
 Alexander Hamilton
 Jared Ingersoll
 William Jackson (Setiausaha)
 Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
 William Samuel Johnson
 Rufus King
 John Langdon
 William Livingston
 James Madison
 James McHenry
 Thomas Mifflin
 Gouverneur Morris
 Robert Morris
 William Paterson
 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
 Charles Pinckney
 George Read
 John Rutledge
 Roger Sherman
 Richard Dobbs Spaight
 George Washington (Presiden Konvensyen)
 Hugh Williamson
 James Wilson

Delegasi yang meninggalkan konvensyen tanpa menandatangani 
 William Richardson Davie
 Oliver Ellsworth
 William Houston
 William Houstoun
 John Lansing, Jr.
 Alexander Martin
 Luther Martin
 James McClurg
 John Francis Mercer
 William Pierce
 Caleb Strong
 George Wythe
 Robert Yates

Delegasi yang enggan menandatangani 
 Elbridge Gerry
 George Mason
 Edmund Randolph

Para pengasas lain 
 Ethan Allen
 Egbert Benson
 Richard Bland
 George Clinton
 Patrick Henry
 Michael Hillegas, Bendahari Amerika Syarikat pertama.
 John Jay, Ketua Hakim Amerika Syarikat pertama.
 Henry Knox
 Henry Lee III
 Thomas Sim Lee
 Robert R. Livingston
 John Marshall, Ketua Hakim Amerika Syarikat ke-4.
 Philip Mazzei
 James Monroe, Ahli Kongres Benua dan Presiden Amerika Syarikat ke-5, "Generasi Republikan terakhir"
 Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette, sukarelawan dan biasanya dikaitkan dengan simbol persekutuan dengan Perancis.
 James Otis, Jr.
 Thomas Paine, pengarang risalah berpengaruh Common Sense.
 Peyton Randolph, Presiden Kongres Benua Pertama
 Dr. William Rickman, Pengarah Hospital Tentera Benua pertama.
 Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, pegawai Prusia yang menyusun semula Tentera Benua dan memimpin kemenangannya.

Lihat juga 
 Senarai pengasas negara (seluruh dunia)
 Senarai para delegasi ke Kongres Benua
 Sejarah Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat
 Hak-hak Orang Inggeris

Nota

Rujukan 

 American National Biography Online, (2000).
 Richard B. Bernstein, Are We to Be a Nation? The Making of the Constitution (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987).
 R. B. Bernstein, The Founding Fathers Reconsidered (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009).
 Richard D. Brown. "The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 33, No. 3 (Jul., 1976), pp. 465–480 online at JSTOR.
 Henry Steele Commager, "Leadership in Eighteenth-Century America and Today," Daedalus 90 (Fall 1961): 650-673, reprinted in Henry Steele Commager, Freedom and Order (New York: George Braziller, 1966).
 Joseph J. Ellis. Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000), winner of the Pulitzer Prize for History.
 Joanne B. Freeman, Affairs of Honor: National Politics in the New Republic (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
 Jack P. Greene. "The Social Origins of the American Revolution: An Evaluation and an Interpretation," Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 88, No. 1 (Mar., 1973), pp. 1–22 online in JSTOR.
 P.M.G. Harris, "The Social Origins of American Leaders: The Demographic Foundations, " Perspectives in American History 3 (1969): 159-364.
 Mark E. Kann; The Gendering of American Politics: Founding Mothers, Founding Fathers, and Political Patriarchy (New York: Frederick Praeger, 1999).
 Adrienne Koch; Power, Morals, and the Founding Fathers: Essays in the Interpretation of the American Enlightenment (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1961).
 Frank Lambert. The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America. (Princeton, NJ> Princeton University Press, 2003).
 Martin, James Kirby. Men in Rebellion: Higher Governmental Leaders and the coming of the American Revolution, (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973; reprint, New York: Free Press, 1976).
 Morris, Richard B. Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers as Revolutionaries (New York: Harper & Row, 1973).
 Robert Previdi; "Vindicating the Founders: Race, Sex, Class, and Justice in the Origins of America," Presidential Studies Quarterly, Vol. 29, 1999
 Rakove, Jack. Revolutionaries: A New History of the Invention of America(Houghton Mifflin Harcourt; 2010) 487 pages; scholarly study focuses on how the Founders moved from private lives to public action, beginning in the 1770s
 Cokie Roberts. Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation (New York: William Morrow, 2005); popular
 Gordon S. Wood. Revolutionary Characters: What Made the Founders Different (New York: Penguin Press, 2006)

Pautan luar 
 NARA - America's founding fathers (retrieved 09-20-2010)
 Encyclopaedia Britannica, The Founding Fathers and Slavery (retrieved 09-20-2010)
 What Happened to the Signers of the Declaration of Independence? (retrieved 09-20-2010)
 "What Would the Founding Fathers Do Today?" (retrieved 09-20-2010) 

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