The Birth of a Nation

The Birth of a Nation (asalnya dipanggil The Clansman) merupakan filem senyap epik Amerika Syarikat 1915 yang diarahkan dan diterbitkan oleh D. W. Griffith serta dibintangi oleh Lillian Gish. Ia merupakan adaptasi dari novel dan pementasan The Clansman, oleh Thomas Dixon Jr.. Filem ini ditulis oleh Griffith bersama-sama Frank E. Woods.

Filem ini menjadi penuh kontroversi atas penampilan watak-watak berkulit hitam ia sebagai berperwatakan ganas (dilakonkan banyak pelakon berkulit putih dalam solekan khas) serta bernafsu buas terhadap wanita, serta menggambarkan Ku Klux Klan - sebuah kelompok pemerjuang ketuanan kulit putih - sebagai wira, malah penayangan filem ini menjadi antara faktor penting dalam penaikkan nama serta pembentukan semula kelompom tersebut pada tahun 1915. Terdapat banyak tunjuk perasaan dalam golongan masyarakat kulit hitam terhadap penayangan filem dini di serata Amerika Syarikat.

Barisan pelakon

 Lillian Gish 
 Mae Marsh 
 Henry B. Walthall 
 Miriam Cooper 
 Mary Alden 
 Ralph Lewis 
 George Siegmann 
 Walter Long 
 Wallace Reid 
 Joseph Henabery 
 Elmer Clifton 
 Josephine Crowell 
 Spottiswoode Aitken 
 George Beranger 
 Maxfield Stanley
 Jennie Lee 
 Donald Crisp 
 Howard Gaye 

Tiada kredit:
 Robert Harron 
 Edmund Burns 
 David Butler 
 William Freeman 
 Sam De Grasse 
 Olga Grey 
 Russell Hicks
 Elmo Lincoln 
 Eugene Pallette 
 Harry Braham 
 Charles Stevens 
 Madame Sul-Te-Wan 
 Raoul Walsh 
 Lenore Cooper 
 Violet Wilkey 
 Tom Wilson 
 Donna Montran 
 Alberta Lee 
 Allan Sears 
 Vester Pegg
 Alma Rubens
 Mary Wynn
 Jules White
 Monte Blue
 Gibson Gowland
 Fred Burns
 Alberta Franklin
 Charles King
 William E. Cassidy

Rujukan

Bibliografi

 Addams, Jane, in Crisis: A Record of Darker Races, X (May 1915), 19, 41, and (June 1915), 88.
 Bogle, Donald. Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films (1973).
 Brodie, Fawn M. Thaddeus Stevens, Scourge of the South (New York, 1959), p. 86–93. Corrects the historical record as to Dixon's false representation of Stevens in this film with regard to his racial views and relations with his housekeeper.
 Chalmers, David M. Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan (New York: 1965), p. 30 *Cook, Raymond Allen. Fire from the Flint: The Amazing Careers of Thomas Dixon (Winston-Salem, N.C., 1968).
 Franklin, John Hope. "Silent Cinema as Historical Mythmaker". In Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. 1997. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) Brandywine Press, St. James, NY. 
 Franklin, John Hope, "Propaganda as History" pp. 10–23 in Race and History: Selected Essays 1938–1988 (Louisiana State University Press, 1989); first published in The Massachusetts Review, 1979. Describes the history of the novel The Clan and this film.
 Franklin, John Hope, Reconstruction After the Civil War (Chicago, 1961), p. 5–7.
 Hickman, Roger. Reel Music: Exploring 100 Years of Film Music (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006).
 Hodapp, Christopher L., and Alice Von Kannon, Conspiracy Theories & Secret Societies For Dummies (Hoboken: Wiley, 2008) p. 235–6.
 Korngold, Ralph, Thaddeus Stevens. A Being Darkly Wise and Rudely Great (New York: 1955) pp. 72–76. corrects Dixon's false characterization of Stevens' racial views and of his dealings with his housekeeper.
 Leab, Daniel J., From Sambo to Superspade (Boston, 1975), p. 23–39.
 New York Times, roundup of reviews of this film, March 7, 1915.
 The New Republica, II (March 20, 1915), 185
 Poole, W. Scott, Monsters in America: Our Historical Obsession with the Hideous and the Haunting (Waco, Texas: Baylor, 2011), 30. 
 Simkins, Francis B., "New Viewpoints of Southern Reconstruction", Journal of Southern History, V (February, 1939), pp. 49–61.
 . The latest study of the film's making and subsequent career.
 Williamson, Joel, After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction (Chapel Hill, 1965). This book corrects Dixon's false reporting of Reconstruction, as shown in his novel, his play and this film.

Pautan luar 

 
 The Birth of a Nation: Controversial Classic Gets a Definitive New Restoration Detailed Brenton Film article by Patrick Stanbury on his 2015 restoration, including a history of the film on home video
 The Birth of a Nation at 100 discussion on the BFI's YouTube channel
 
 
 
 
 GMU.edu , "Art (and History) by Lightning Flash": The Birth of a Nation and Black Protest
 The Birth of a Nation on Roger Ebert's list of great movies
 The Birth of a Nation on filmsite.org, a web site offering comprehensive summaries of classic films
 Souvenir Guide for The Birth of a Nation, hosted by the  Portal to Texas History
 Virtual-History.com, Literature
 NEH's EDSITEment lesson plan The Birth of a Nation, the NACCP, and the Balancing of Rights
 C-SPAN hosted discussions of and aired the film on the occasion of its 100th anniversary:
 Q&A interview with Dick Lehr on his book The Birth of a Nation: How a Legendary Filmmaker and a Crusading Editor Reignited America's Civil War, January 11, 2015
 Introduction to screening and discussions, February 14, 2015
 First part of the film
 Intermission with discussion
 Second part of the film
 Open phone discussion with Hari Jones and Dick Lehr

Filem 1915
Filem Amerika Syarikat tahun 1915
Filem Amerika Syarikat
Filem hitam-putih
Filem senyap
Filem arahan D. W. Griffith