Penyerap hentakan

Penyerap hentakan merupakan peranti mekanikal yang direka bagi melicinkan atau memampan gelombang kejutan, dan menyebarkan tenaga kinetik. Ia merupakan sejenis daspot.

Tatanama 
 Nama rasmi peranti (dikalangan orang awam dan mekanik kereta) adalah penyerap hentakan atau ringkas penyerap.
 Nama teknikal termasuk pemampan dan daspot.

Gambaran 
Penyerap hentakan pneumatik dan hidrolik termasuk kusyen dan spring.

Penjelasan 
Fungsi penyerap hentakan adalah bagi menyerap atau menyebarkan tenaga. Satu pertimbangan reka bentuk, ketika mereka atau memilih penyerap hentakan, adalah ke mana tenaga tersebut akan pergi. Bagi kebanyakan daspot, tenaga ditukar kepada haba di dalam cecair likat. Dalam silinder hidrolik, cecair hidrolik menjadi panas, sementara dalam silinder udara, udara panas biasanya dibebaskan ke atmosfera. Bagi daspot jenis lain, seperti jenis eletromagnetik, tenaga dibebaskan boleh di simpan dan digunakan semula. Pada istilah umum, penyerap hentakan membantu melapik kenderaan di jalan tidak rata.

Kegunaan 
Penyerap hentakan merupakan bahagian penting pada sistem gantungan kereta dan motorsikal, gear pendaratan kapal terbang, dan sokongan bagi banyak mesin industri. Penyerap hentakan besar turut digunakan dalam kejuruteraan struktur bagi mengurangkan kecenderungan struktur pada kerosakan gempa bumi dan getaran. Penyerap hentakan melintang, dikenali sebagai penyerap yaw, membantu menghalang gerabak kereta api dari beralun melampau ke kiri kanan dan adalah penting dalam kereta api penumpang, rel komuter dan sistem aliran ringan kerana ia menghalang gerabak dari merosakkan pelantar stesyen. Kejayaan teknologi pemampan pasif bagi mengurangkan getaran digambarkan oleh saiz pasarannya—sekitar US $4.5 bilion.

Gantungan kenderaan 

In a vehicle, shock absorbers reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality and increase in comfort. While shock absorbers serve the purpose of limiting excessive suspension movement, their intended sole purpose is to dampen spring oscillations. Shock absorbers use valving of oil and gasses to absorb excess energy from the springs. Spring rates are chosen by the manufacturer based on the weight of the vehicle, loaded and unloaded. Some people use shocks to modify spring rates but this is not the correct use. Along with hysteresis in the tire itself, they dampen the energy stored in the motion of the unsprung weight up and down. Effective wheel bounce damping may require tuning shocks to an optimal resistance.

Spring-based shock absorbers commonly use coil springs or leaf springs, though torsion bars are used in torsional shocks as well. Ideal springs alone, however, are not shock absorbers, as springs only store and do not dissipate or absorb energy. Vehicles typically employ both hydraulic shock absorbers and springs or torsion bars. In this combination, "shock absorber" refers specifically to the hydraulic piston that absorbs and dissipates vibration.

Structures 
Applied to a structure such as a building or bridge it may be part of a seismic retrofit or as part of new, earthquake resistant construction. In this application it allows yet restrains motion and absorbs resonant energy, which can cause excessive motion and eventual structural failure.

Electrical Generation 
It may eventually be possible to generate useful energy from the displacement of the fluid in a shock absorber.

Types of shock absorbers 
There are several commonly-used approaches to shock absorption:
 Hysteresis of structural material, for example the compression of rubber disks, stretching of rubber bands and cords, bending of steel springs, or twisting of torsion bars. Hysteresis is the tendency for otherwise elastic materials to rebound with less force than was required to deform them. Simple vehicles with no separate shock absorbers are damped, to some extent, by the hysteresis of their springs and frames.

 Dry friction as used in wheel brakes, by using disks (classically made of leather) at the pivot of a lever, with friction forced by springs. Used in early automobiles such as the Ford Model T, up through some British cars of the 1940s. Although now considered obsolete, an advantage of this system is its mechanical simplicity; the degree of damping can be easily adjusted by tightening or loosening the screw clamping the disks, and it can be easily rebuilt with simple hand tools. A disadvantage is that the damping force tends not to increase with the speed of the vertical motion.
 

Solid state, tapered chain shock absorbers, using one or more tapered, axial alignment(s) of granular spheres, typically made of metals such as nitinol, in a casing. ,

Fluid friction, for example the flow of fluid through a narrow orifice (hydraulics), constitute the vast majority of automotive shock absorbers. An advantage of this type is that using special internal valving the absorber may be made relatively soft to compression (allowing a soft response to a bump) and relatively stiff to extension, controlling "rebound", which is the vehicle response to energy stored in the springs; similarly, a series of valves controlled by springs can change the degree of stiffness according to the velocity of the impact or rebound. Specialized shock absorbers for racing purposes may allow the front end of a dragster to rise with minimal resistance under acceleration, then strongly resist letting it settle, thereby maintaining a desirable rearward weight distribution for enhanced traction. Some shock absorbers allow tuning of the ride via control of the valve by a manual adjustment provided at the shock absorber. In more expensive vehicles the valves may be remotely adjustable, offering the driver control of the ride at will while the vehicle is operated. The ultimate control is provided by dynamic valve control via computer in response to sensors, giving both a smooth ride and a firm suspension when needed. Many shock absorbers are pressurised with compressed nitrogen, to reduce the tendency for the oil to cavitate under heavy use. This causes foaming which temporarily reduces the damping ability of the unit. In very heavy duty units used for racing or off-road use, there may even be a secondary cylinder connected to the shock absorber to act as a reservoir for the oil and pressurized gas. 
 

In electrorheological fluid damper, an electric field changes the viscosity of the oil. This principle allows semi-active dampers application in automotive and various industries.

Other principles use magnetic field variation magneto rheological damper which changes its fluid characteristics through an electromagnet.  

Compression of a gas, for example pneumatic shock absorbers, which can act like springs as the air pressure is building to resist the force on it. Once the air pressure reaches the necessary maximum, air dashpots will act like hydraulic dashpots. In aircraft landing gear air dashpots may be combined with hydraulic damping to reduce bounce. Such struts are called oleo struts (combining oil and air) .

Magnetic effects. Eddy current dampers are dashpots that are constructed out of a large magnet inside of a non-magnetic, electrically conductive tube.

Inertial resistance to acceleration, for example prior to 1966   the Citroën 2CV had shock absorbers that damp wheel bounce with no external moving parts.  These consisted of a spring-mounted 3.5 kg (7.75 lb) iron weight inside a vertical cylinder  and are similar to, yet much smaller than versions of the tuned mass dampers used on tall buildings.

Composite hydropneumatic devices which combine in a single device spring action, shock absorption, and often also ride-height control, as in some models of the Citroën automobile.

Conventional shock absorbers combined with composite pneumatic springs which allow ride height adjustment or even ride height control, seen in some large trucks and luxury sedans such as certain  Lincoln and most Land Rover automobiles. Ride height control is especially desirable in highway vehicles intended for occasional rough road use, as a means of improving handling and reducing aerodynamic drag by lowering the vehicle when operating on improved high speed roads.

The effect of a shock absorber at high (sound) frequencies is usually limited by using a compressible gas as the working fluid or mounting it with rubber bushings.

See also 
Strut
Strut bar
Base isolation
Shock mount

References

Bibliography

External links 

 This Motor-Truck Hasn't Any Springs, Popular Science, February 1919
 MIT Undergrads Create Shock Absorber That Generates Energy.
 Leveling Out The Rough Spots, 1943 article

 
Automotive suspension technologies
Motorcycle technology