Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress adalah sebuah pengebom berat berenjin empat yang dibangunkan pada tahun 1930-an untuk Kor Udara Tentera Darat Amerika Syarikat (USAAC). Ia telah bersaing dengan Douglas dan Martin untuk satu kontrak membekalkan 200 buah pesawat pengebom. Cadangan Boeing (melalui prototaip Model 299/XB-17) mengatasi pesaingnya dan melepasi spesifikasi keupayaan yang ditetapkan oleh Kor Udara. Meskipun Boeing kehilangan kontrak ini (kepada Douglas B-18 Bolo) di sebabkan prototaipnya terhempas, Kor Udara telah memesan 13 buah lagi B-17 untuk penilaian lanjut. Bermula dengan pengenalannya pada tahun 1938, B-17 Flying Fortress dibangunkan menjadi pelbagai rekabentuk maju, menjadi pengebom ketiga paling banyak dikeluarkan, di belakang B-24 dan pesawat pelbagai peranan berenjin dua Ju 88.

B-17 digunakan dengan meluas oleh USAAF untuk melaksanakan pengeboman strategik dalam Perang Dunia II pada waktu siang ke atas sasaran-sasaran tentera dan industri Jerman. Pasukan Udara Kelapan Amerika Syarikat yang berpangkalan di beberapa pangkalan udara di bahagian tengah, timur dan selatan England, manakala Pasukan Udara ke-15 yang berpangkalan di Itali, melengkapi pengeboman malam oleh Markas Pengebom RAF untuk mendapatkan penguasaan udara di bandar, kilang dan medan perang di Eropah Barat sebagai persediaan untuk serangan ke atas Perancis pada tahun 1944. B-17 juga terlibat dalam perbatasan Lautan Pasifik pada awal Perang Dunia II, di mana ia melakukan serangan ke atas kapal dan lapangan terbang Jepun.

Bermula dengan penubuhannya sebelum perang, menjelang bulan Jun 1941, the USAAF mempromosikan pesawat ini sebagai sebuah senjata strategik; di mana kelebihnnya dari segi kelajuan, altitud tinggi dan jarak jauh dengan persenjataan pertahanan dengan kehilangan muatan bom. Ia membina reputasi sebagai sebuah pengebom yang gagah berdasarkan cerita-cerita dan foto-foto B-17 yang rosak teruk kembali ke pangkalan dengan selamat. B-17 menggugurkan lebih banyak bom berbanding mana-mana pesawat A.S lain dalam Perang Dunia II. Sekitar  bom digugurkan ke atas Nazi Jerman dan wilayah jajahannya oleh pesawat A.S., lebih daripada 640,000 tan digugurkan oleh B-17. Selain berperanan sebagai pesawat pengebom, B-17 juga digunakan sebagai pesawat pengangkut, anti kapal selam, pengawal dron dan cari-dan-lamat.

Sehingga Oktober 2019, 9 buah Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses masih diterbangkan, meskipun tiada sebuahpun yang pernah terlibat dalam pertempuran. Berdozen-dozen lagi berada dalam simpanan atau pameran statik. Antara pesawat tertua adalah sebuah siri-D yang diterbangkan dalam pertempuran di Pasifik dan Caribbean.

Lihat juga 

 Peperangan udara dalam Perang Dunia II

Nota

Rujukan

Petikan

Sumber 

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 ; was originally issued as an academic thesis .

Bacaan lanjut 

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Pautan luar 

 

Pesawat berenjin empat
 
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Pengebom berat Perang Dunia II