Cuba

Cuba, secara rasminya digelarkan Republik Cuba, terdiri daripada pulau Cuba (pulau terbesar di kalangan pulau-pulau Antillen Besar), Isle of Youth, dan pulau-pulau kecil yang berhampiran. Ia terletak di bahagian utara Caribbean pada pertemuan Laut Caribbean, Teluk Mexico, dan Lautan Atlantik; di selatan bahagian timur Amerika Syarikat, dan Bahamas; di barat Kepulauan Turki dan Caicos dan Haiti; di timur Mexico. Kepulauan Cayman dan Jamaica berjiranan di selatan negara ini.

Cuba ialah negara yang mempunyai paling banyak penduduk di Caribbean. Budaya dan adat resamnya berasal daripada beberapa sumber, termasuk zaman penjajahan Sepanyol, pembawaan masuk abdi-abdi Afrika, dan secara tidak begitu kuat, kedudukannya yang berhampiran dengan Amerika Syarikat. Pulau ini mempunyai iklim tropika yang disederhanakan oleh perairan disekitarnya; arus panas Laut Caribbean dan kedudukannya di tengah-tengah perairan yang besar juga menyebabkan Cuba kerap kali mengalami hurikan.

Sejarah tercatat Cuba bermula pada 24 Oktober 1492, ketika Christopher Columbus menemui pulau ini semasa pelayaran sulungnya dan menuntut pulau ini untuk Sepanyol. Ketika itu, pulau ini telah didiami oleh orang-orang Amerindian termasuk bangsa-bangsa Taíno dan Ciboney yang datang dari Amerika Selatan beberapa abad dahulu. Kaum Taino adalah petani, manakala kaum Ciboney adalah pemburu-pemungut. Nama Cuba berasal daripada perkataan bahasa Taíno, cubanacán, yang bermaksud "tempat pusat".

Pantai Cuba dipetakan secara lengkap oleh Sebastian de Ocampo pada tahun 1511. Pada tahun itu, Diego Velazquez de Cuellar mengasaskan petempatan Sepanyol yang pertama di Baracoa. Bandar-bandar yang lain kemudian diasaskan, termasuk Havana pada 1515. Sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh mereka di seluruh benua Amerika, orang-orang Sepanyol menindas dan mengabdikan hampir 100,000 orang asli di pulau ini. Dalam tempoh satu abad, kesemua orang asli itu tidak wujud lagi, akibat kesan-kesan gabungan yang terdiri daripada penyakit, kerja paksa, dan pembunuhan kaum. Peneroka-peneroka Sepanyol kemudian membawa masuk abdi-abdi Afrika yang tidak lama kemudian merupakan sebahagian besar penduduk-penduduk di Cuba.

Sejarah

Bibliografi 

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Anderson, Jon Lee 1997. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, Bantam Press, ISBN 0553406647 or Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-1600-0

Anton, Alex and Roger E. Hernandez 2002 Cubans in America: A Vibrant History of a People in Exile Kensington Publishing Corporation (May, 2002) ISBN 157566593X

Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio 1939 Estoy con el Pueblo [I am With the People]. Havana.
    
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Batista y Zaldivar, Fulgencio unfinished autobiography and archive in the University of Miami’s Cuban Heritage Collection 
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Bonachea, Ramon L and Marta San Martin 1974. The Cuban insurrection 1952-1959. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswik, New Jersey ISBN 0878555765

Carrillo, Justo 1985 Cuba 1933: Estudiantes, Yanquis y Soldados. University of Miami Iberian Studies Institute ISBN 0935501002 Transaction Publishers (January 1994) ISBN 1560006900

Castro, Fidel 1972 (editors Bonachea, Rolando E. and Nelson P. Valdéz) Revolutionary Struggle. 1947-1958. MIT Press Cambridge, Massachusetts and London ISBN 0262020653

de la Cova 2006 The Moncada Attack: Birth of the Cuban Revolution. University of South Carolina Press (in press)

Duarte Oropesa, José 1989 Historiología Cubana. Ediciones Universal Miami Vol 1. ISBN 0897294904, All volumes ISBN 8439925808

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Fontova, Humberto 2005 Fidel: Hollywood's Favorite Tyrant. Regnery Publishing Company, Washington DC. ISBN 0895260433

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Gonzalez, Servando 2002 The Secret Fidel Castro: Deconstructing the Symbol. Spooks Books, U.S. ISBN 0971139105 ISBN 0971139113

Greene, Graham 1958 Our Man in Havana: Viking ISBN 067053141 laneta, Mexico D.F ISBN 8423336042, ISBN 9707490012

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Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara Guerrilla attack on the Barracks de la Plata. In: The Mammoth book of War Stories. Jon. E. Lewis, editor, Carroll & Graf Publishers, New York 1999 Edition Printed and bound in United Kingdom. ISBN 0786706295 pp. 507-512.

Gutiérrez, Pedro Juan 1998 (Translation 2001) Dirty Havana Trilogy, Faber and Faber, London ISBN 0571206263

Geyer, Georgie Anne 2002 Guerrilla Prince. Andrews McMeel Publishing Kansas City ISBN 0740720643

Jimenez Pastrana, Juan 1983. Los Chinos en la Historia de Cuba: 1847-1930. Editorial de Sciencias Sociales, Havana,

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Kissinger, Henry 2000 Years of renewal. Simon & Schuster ISBN 0684855720

Kost, William E. 2004 Cuban agriculture: to be or not to be organic. Cuba in Transition 14, 274-281.

Lagas, Jacques 1964 Memorias de un capitán rebelde. Editorial del Pácifico. Santiago, Chile.

Lazo, Mario 1968 Dagger in the heart: American policy failures in Cuba. Twin Circle. NewYork

Lazo, Rodrigo 2005 Writing to Cuba Filibustering and Cuban Exiles in the United States. University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0807855944

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Martin, Lionel 1978 The Early Fidel: Roots of Castro's Communism Lyle Stuart, Secaucus New Jersey; 1st ed edition ISBN 0818402547

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Matos, Huber, 2002. Como llego la Noche. Tusquet Editores, SA, Barcelona. ISBN 8483109441

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Lihat juga

Pautan luar

Laman web rasmi 
 Undang-undang Cuba
 Kanun Jenayah Cuba
 Kanun Pilihan Raya Cuba
 Kanun Keluarga Cuba
 Granma — edisi antarabangsa akhbar Parti Komunis Cuba
 Republik Cuba
 Senarai ahli Majlis Negara
 Prensa Latina — Berita Dunia Cuba
 Agensi Berita Cuba — berita Cuba
 Trabajadores — akhbar Gerakan Kesatuan Sekerja Cuba

Perkara am 
 
 Sistem politik dan pilihan raya Cuba
 Perlembagaan Cuba
 Nasihat untuk Percutian di Cuba
 Laman web Caribbean Net News – berita harian Caribbean mengenai Cuba
 Hubungan Amerika Syarikat-Cuba: Ikhtisar analisis bagi Dasar, Undang-undang & Peraturan Amerika Syarikat – Kertas Peristiwa (Mac 2005) oleh Dianne E. Rennack dan Mark P. Sullivan daripada Majlis Atlantik Amerika Syarikat
 Maklumat mengenai Cuba – budaya, sejarah, demografi, geografi, agama, dll
 Laman web Real Cuba – laman web anti Castro, dengan gambar dan ulasan
 Pusat Kajian Perniagaan Cuba – Pusat Cuba di Universiti Utara Ohio
 Perpaduan Cuba – kempen British "untuk mempertahankan Cuba dan hak rakyatnya terhadap penentuan diri dan kedaulatan negara" (sebuah laman web yang memihak kerajaan kini)
 Perpaduan Trinidad & Tobago Cuba – kumpulan kempen yang berpusat di Trinidad dan Tobago, dan yang meyokong Cuba dan Revolusi Cuba
 Peta-peta Cuba – peta untuk semua provinsi dan bandar raya utama di Cuba
 Rasa Cuba – masakan Cuba dan foto Havana
 Arrebatus.com – pendapat yang berbeza terhadap Cuba (sembang, video, foto, muat turun)
 CUBANET  – laman web anti Castro, termasuk rencana berita daripada wartawan bebas Cuba, serta ikhtisar berita Cuba oleh akhbar-akhbar antarabangsa
 Encuentro en la Red – tapak berita bebas dan budaya mengenai hal-hal Cuba
 Menemui Cuba melalui himpunan foto lama & poskad yang bermutu tinggi dan abadi
 Cuba: Foto-foto orang dan pandangan darat 
 Perkhidmatan Penyelidikan Kongres (CRS)  – laporan mengenai Cuba
 Gambar-gambar Cuba – gambar daripada kesemua 14 provinsi Cuba, termasuk bandar raya Havana
 Paseos por La Habana: Panduan dan maklumat pelancongan Havana – perincian mengenai budaya, sejarah, tradisi, jalan raya, hotel, restoran, dan bar (dalam bahasa Sepanyol)
 Cuba Cultura – pangkalan data mengenai sejarah, budaya dan seni bina Cuba dari Zaman Pra-Columbia hingga Zaman Khas (dalam bahasa Sepanyol)
 Nasihat untuk Pelancongan di Cuba – dengan bahagian kemas kini mengenai bahaya-bahaya pelancongan
 Panduan pautan untuk Cuba. – menemui Cuba melalui himpunan pautan-pautah terisih
 Projek AIDS Cuba – HIV dan AIDS di Cuba
  — Cuba Linda (bahasa Perancis)
 Sepanyol dan orang Sepanyol – pendapat sezaman mengenai pemberontakan Cuba
 UN HDI – Indeks Pembangunan Manusia untuk Cuba daripada PBB
 IFEX  – kebebasan bercakap di Cuba daripada IFEX
 Proses pilihan raya di Cuba – demokrasi di Cuba
 Sistem politik dan pilihan raya Cuba
 Jabatan Negara Amerika Syarikat – Cuba, dari sudut pandangan kerajaan Amerika Syarikat
 Pejabat Kawalan Harta Asing, Perbendaharaan Amerika Syarikat: Sekatan-sekatan Cuba – gambaran keseluruhan Peraturan Kawalan Harta Cuba, Judul 31, Bahagian 515 dalam Kanun Peraturan Persekutuan Amerika Syarikat
 Portal maklumat Cuba – maklumat dalam bahasa Inggeris, Perancis, dan Jerman
 Allinson, Sidney. Pengintip Sejarah Ketenteraan: Ernest Hemingway
 Esei oleh pengarah filem Bye Bye Havana – pemerhatian terpenci mengenai kehidupan di Cuba berdasarkan beberapa temu bual jalan pada 2004
 CubaSolidarity.com – laman web Rangkaian Negara Amerika Syarikat mengenai Cuba; berita, ucapan, maklumat pelancongan, peristiwa, serta senarai laman web Cuba yang meyeluruh
 Laman web Salsa di Cuba
 Cuba Terbalik  – sejarah, berita semasa, ulasan, dan sumber
 Bendera-bendera Cuba – wawasan sejarah mengenai bendera-bendera dan lambang-lambang Cuba
 Laman web Kumpulan Rock Around the Blockade – sebuah kumpulan yang berpusat di Britain dan yang membekalkan Revolusi Cuba dengan barang dan perpaduan politik
 Halaman Cuba: Metadirektori Cuba

 Caribbean Net News - (Daily Caribbean news -- Cuba.)
 U.S.-Cuban Relations: An Analytic Compendium of U.S. Policies, Laws & Regulations - Occasional Paper (March 2005) by Dianne E. Rennack and Mark P. Sullivan from the Atlantic Council of the US.
 Information about Cuba — Culture, history, demography, geography, religion, etc.
 Center for Cuban Business Studies — The Cuba Center at Ohio Northern University
 Cuba Solidarity — British campaign for the defence of Cuba and its peoples' right to self-determination and national sovereignty.
 Trinidad & Tobago Cuba Solidarity — a campaigning group, based in Trinidad and Tobago, that supports Cuba and the Cuban Revolution.
 Cuba Maps  — Maps of all the provinces of Cuba, and maps of the major cities.
 Cubamusic — All about Cuban music
 CUBANET  — An anti-Castro site including news articles from Cuba's independent journalists and a digest of Cuban news by international newspapers
 Encuentro en la Red — Independent news and cultural site on Cuban matters
 Discover Cuba through a collection of old Photos & Vintage Postcards.
 Photos of people and Sights 
 Cuba Pictures Photos from all 14 Cuban provinces, plus the city of Havana
 Paseos por La Habana Havana guide (in Spanish) and travel information. Details of culture, history, traditions, routes, hotels, restaurants and bars.
 Cuba Cultura A database of Cuban History, Culture and Architecture from the Pre-Columbian to the Special Period
 Travel Advisories for Cuba Updated section on travel dangers.
 Link guide to Cuba. Discover Cuba through a collection of sorted links.
 Cuba AIDS Project HIV and AIDS in Cuba
  Cuba Linda French site
 Spain and the Spaniard A contemporary opinion of the Cuban uprising
 UN HDI — Human Development Index for Cuba from UN
 IFEX  — Freedom of expression in Cuba from IFEX
 The Electoral process in Cuba — Democracy in Cuba
 Cuba's Political and electoral system
 U.S. Department of State — Cuba, from the U.S. government's point of view
 Todo de Cuba Many informations about Cuba
 The Infoportal of Cuba Information in English, French and German
 The Cuban Constitution
  Allinson, Sidney. Military History Undercover: Ernest Hemingway
 Essay by director of film Bye Bye Havana A detailed look at life in Cuba from street interviews in 2004

Cuba
Republik
Negara sosialis
Negara komunis
Bekas jajahan Sepanyol
Negara dan wilayah berbahasa Sepanyol
Negara satu parti