Bursa

Bursa () adalah sebuah kota yang terletak di barat laut Anatolia, di dalam kawasan Marmara, Turki. Ia merupakan bandar ke-4 paling tinggi populasi penduduk dan salah sebuah pusat metropolitan dan industri di Turki. Kota ini juga merupakan pusat pentadbiran bagi wilayah Bursa.

Bursa merupakan ibu kota pertama empayar Uthmaniyyah antara tahun 1335 sehingga 1413. Kota ini dirujuk sebagai  (makna "hadiah dari Tuhan") semasa zaman Uthmaniyah, sementara gelaran sekarang iaitu  (makna "Bursa Hijau") merujuk akan taman-taman dan kebun-kebun yang melata di seluruh kotanya, selain hutan-hutan yang mengelilinginya. Resort ski di Gunung Uludağ gah berdiri. Gunung ini juga dikenali sebagai Olympus Mysia oleh orang-orang Rom yang tinggal di sana. Bursa memiliki pembangunan bandar yang seimbang dengan di kelilingi oleh dataran yang subur. Makam-makam para sultan Uthmaniyyah awal juga terletak di Bursa. Antara mercu tanda kota yang penting termasuk pelbagai istana yang dibina semasa zaman Uthmaniyah. Bursa juga mempunyai mandian wap dan beberapa muzium termasuk sebuah muzium arkeologi.

Watak-watak wayang kulit seperti Karagöz dan Hacivat adalah berdasarkan tokoh-tokoh bersejarah yang tinggal dan meninggal dunia di Bursa. Bursa juga merupakan asal-usul bagi beberapa makanan Turki yang terkenal seperti kebab İskender, yang dimaniskan menggunakan halwa marron, pic dan manisan Turki. Bursa juga menempatkan Universiti Uludağ, dan penduduknya mendakwa ia adalah salah sebuah universiti terkenal di Turki. Bandar bersejarah di İznik (Nicaea), Mudanya dan Zeytinbağı juga terletak di wilayah Bursa.

Berdasarkan Institut Statistik Turki, setakat tahun 2011 bandar Bursa memiliki penduduk seramai 1,704,441 orang dan penduduk di dalam kawasan perbandaran metropolitan adalah 1,948,744 orang.

History of Bursa 

The earliest known settlement at this location was the ancient Greek city of Cius, which Philip V of Macedon granted to Prusias, the King of Bithynia, in 202 BC. Prusias rebuilt the city and renamed it Prusa (). After 128 years of Bithynian rule, Nicomedes IV, the last King of Bithynia, bequeathed the entire kingdom to the Roman Empire in 74 BC.

Bursa became the first major capital city of the early Ottoman Empire following its capture from the Byzantines in 1326. As a result, the city witnessed a considerable amount of urban growth throughout the 14th century. After conquering Edirne (Adrianople) in 1365 the Ottomans turned it into a joint capital city for governing their European realms, but Bursa remained the most important Anatolian administrative and commercial center even after it lost its status as the sole Ottoman capital. The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I built the Bayezid Külliyesi (Bayezid I theological complex) in Bursa between 1390 and 1395 and the Ulu Cami (Great Mosque) between 1396 and 1400. Bursa remained to be the most important administrative and commercial center in the empire until Mehmed II conquered Constantinople in 1453. The population of Bursa was 45,000 in 1487.

During the Ottoman period, Bursa continued to be the source of most royal silk products. Aside from the local silk production, the city imported raw silk from Iran, and occasionally from China, and was the main production center for the kaftans, pillows, embroidery and other silk products for the Ottoman palaces until the 17th century.

Following the foundation of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, Bursa became one of the industrial centers of the country. The economic development of the city was followed by population growth and Bursa became the 4th most populous city in Turkey.

The city has traditionally been a pole of attraction, and was a major center for refugees from various ethnic backgrounds who immigrated to Anatolia from the Balkans during the loss of the Ottoman territories in Europe between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The most recent arrival of Balkan Turks took place in the 1940s until the 1990s, when the communist regime in Bulgaria expelled approximately 150,000 Bulgarian Turks to Turkey. About one-third of these 150,000 Bulgarian Turkish refugees eventually settled in Bursa.

Geografi 
Bursa terletak di lereng timur laut Gunung Uludağ di selatan wilayah Marmara. Ia merupakan ibu kota bagi Provinsi Bursa bersempadan dengan Laut Marmara dan Yalova di utara; Kocaeli dan Sakarya di timur laut; Bilecik di timur; dan Kütahya dan Balıkesir di selatan.

Cuaca 
Bursa memiliki iklim iklim Mediterranean/subtropika lembap (penggelasan iklim Köppen: Csa/Cfa). Ia mengalami musim panas yang panas dan lembap pada bulan Jun sehingga September. Musim sejuk yang sejuk dan lembap, juga mengalami hujan. Terdapat kemungkinan salji di atas tanah untuk selama satu atau dua minggu. Di kawasan pergunungan; terutamanya di Uludağ, cuacanya adalah sejuk dan bersalji pada sepanjang musim sejuk, manakala semasa musim panas ia agak suam.

Ekonomi 

Bursa adalah pusat industri automatif di Turki. Kilang-kilang pengeluar kereta seperti Fiat, Renault dan Karsan, selain pengeluar komponen automatif seperti Bosch, Mako, Valeo, Johnson Controls dan Delphi aktif di bandar ini selama berdekad-dekad. Industi tekstil dan makanan juga bertapak di sini seperti Coca Cola, Pepsi Cola dan jenama-jenama minuman lain. Selain itu, industri makanan segar dan bertin juga terletak dalam sebuah zon industri yang tersusun.

Perbadanann industri 10 teratas di wilayah Bursa adalah:

 Oyak Renault
 Tofaş Fiat
 Bosch
 Borçelik
 Türk Prysmian Kablo
 Produk Tenusu Sütaş
 Bis Enerji
 Zorlu Enerji
 Borusan Mannesmann Boru
 Componenta Döktaş

Selain industri automotif yang besar, Bursa juga mengeluarkan produk tenusu dalam jumlah yang besar (oleh ), makanan diproses (oleh ), dan minuman (oleh ).

Traditionally, Bursa was famous for being the largest center of silk trade in the Byzantine and later the Ottoman empires, during the period of the lucrative Silk Road. The city is still a major center for textiles in Turkey and is home to the Bursa International Textiles and Trade Center (, or ). Bursa was also known for its fertile soil and agricultural activities, which have decreased in the recent decades due to the heavy industrialization of the city.

Bursa is a major center for tourism. One of the most popular skiing resorts of Turkey is located at Mount Uludağ, just next to the city proper. Bursa's thermal baths have been used for therapeutical purposes since Roman times. Apart from the baths that are operated by hotels, Uludağ University has a physical therapy center which also makes use of thermal water.

Transportation 
Bursa has a metro (Bursaray), tram and bus system for inner-city public transport, while taxi cabs are also available. Bursa's Yenişehir Airport is  away from the city center. The citizens of Bursa also prefer Istanbul's airports such as Atatürk International Airport and Sabiha Gökçen International Airport for flights to foreign countries, due to Istanbul's vicinity to Bursa. There are numerous daily bus and ferry services between the two cities. Prices of bus tickets can be seen in Otobusbileti

The  long Bursa Uludağ Gondola () connects Bursa with the ski resort areas  high on the mountain Uludağ.

Pendidikan 

Bursa mempunyai dua buah universiti awam dan sebuah universiti swasta. Universiti Uludağ yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1975, merupakan institusi pendidikan tinggi tertua di kota ini. Ia mulanya dikenali sebagai Universiti Bursa sebelum dinamakan semula sebagai Universiti Uludağ pada tahun 1982. Universiti ini mempunyai seramai 47,000 pelajar dan merupakan salah sebuah universiti terbesar di Turki. Universiti Teknikal Bursa adalah universiti awam kedua di Bursa dan ditubuhkan pada tahun 2010, serta memulakan sesi akademik bermula pada tahun akademik 2011–2012.

Universiti swasta pertama di Bursa adalah Universiti Orhangazi Bursa, yang mana memulakan tahun akademik pada 2012–2013. Universiti Perdagangan Istanbul mula membuka program siswazah di kota ini pada tahun 2013.

Sports 

The city has one professional football club, Bursaspor, which competes in the Turkish Super League, the top-tier of Turkish football. Bursaspor has won its first league title in the 2009–10 Turkish Super League season, becoming the second Anatolian club to ever win the league title after Trabzonspor. Bursaspor is today considered one of the five biggest football clubs in Turkey along with Galatasaray, Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş and Trabzonspor.

The city had a professional basketball team in the Turkish Basketball League, Tofaş S.K., which was among the most successful teams; until it stopped participating in the league following a decision by the automobile manufacturer Tofaş, its sponsor and parent company.

Main sights

Ulu Cami (Grand Mosque) 

Ulu Cami is the largest mosque in Bursa and a landmark of early Ottoman architecture, which carried many elements from the Seljuk architecture. Ordered by Sultan Bayezid I, the mosque was designed and built by architect Ali Neccar in 1396–1400. It is a large and rectangular building, with a total of twenty domes that are arranged in four rows of five, and are supported by 12 columns. Supposedly the twenty domes were built instead of the twenty separate mosques which Sultan Bayezid I had promised for winning the Battle of Nicopolis in 1396. The mosque has two minarets.

Inside the mosque there are 192 monumental wall inscriptions written by the famous calligraphers of that period. There is also a fountain (şadırvan) where worshipers can perform ritual ablutions before prayer; the dome over the şadırvan is capped by a skylight which creates a soft, serene light below; thus playing an important role in the illumination of the large building.

The horizontally spacious and dimly lit interior is designed to feel peaceful and contemplative. The subdivisions of space formed by multiple domes and pillars create a sense of privacy and even intimacy. This atmosphere contrasts with the later Ottoman mosques (see for example the works of Suleiman the Magnificent's chief architect Mimar Sinan.) The mosques that were built after the conquest of Constantinople (Istanbul) by the Ottoman Turks in 1453, and influenced by the design of the 6th century Byzantine basilica of Hagia Sophia, had increasingly elevated and large central domes, which create a vertical emphasis that is intended to be more overwhelming; in order to convey the divine power of Allah, the majesty of the Ottoman Sultan, and the governmental authority of the Ottoman State.

Tempat tarikan 
A brief list of places of interest in and around Bursa is presented below. For a longer list, see places of interest in Bursa.

Kompleks masjid dan külliye 
 Masjid Besar Bursa dan 
 Masjid Yeşil dan 
 Masjid Bayezid I dan 
 Masjid Muradiye dan 
 Masjid Emir Sultan dan 
 Masjid Orhan dan 
 Masjid Hüdavendigar dan 
 Masjid Koca Sinan Paşa dan 
 Masjid İshak Paşa dan 
 Masjid Besar Karacabey
 Pusat Budaya Karabaş-i Veli

Bazar dan karavanserai 
 Bazar Yıldırım
 Koza Han
 Pirinç Han

Monumen bersejarah lain 
 Istana kota Bursa
 Jambatan Irgandı

Muzium 
 Muzium Arkeologi Bursa
 Muzium Kota Bursa
 Muzium Atatürk Bursa
 Muzium Senibina Turki Bursa
 Muzium Kerja-kerja Islam Bursa
 Muzium Armistis Mudanya
 Muzium İznik

Taman dan kebun 
 Taman Negara Uludağ
 Taman Botani dan Zoo Bursa Zoo

Mata air dan mandian panas 
 Mata air panas Keramet
 Mata air panas Çekirge
 Mata air panas Armutlu
 Mata air panas Oylat
 Mata air panas Gemlik
 Mandian panas Çelik Palas

Pantai 
 Pantai Armutlu
 Pantai Kumla
 Pantai Kurşunlu
 Pantai Orhangazi
 Pantai Mudanya

Imej dari Bursa

Bandar berkembar 

Bandar-bandar yang diistiharkan berkembar dengan Bursa adalah:

Lihat juga 
 Gempa bumi Bursa 1855
 Lapangan Terbang Bursa
 Bursaray
 Kompleks Mehmed I
 Senarai orang dari Bursa

Nota dan rujukan 

Nota

Rujukan

Pautan luar 

 Tourism Guide of Bursa [http://www.learningski.org/en/uludag-national-park Bursa Uludag Ski Resort] '''''
 Bursa Hotels
 Bursa Travel Guide
 Bu rsa Metropolitan Municipality 
 Bursa Governorship 
 Bursa Kultur AS. (Bursa Metropolitan Municipality)

Ancient Greek sites in Turkey
Ancient Greek cities
Bithynian colonies
 
Populated places along the Silk Road
Populated places in Bursa Province
Cities in Turkey
Hüdavendigâr Vilayet