Exparel liposomal

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ANNEX I 
 

SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 
 



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1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
EXPAREL liposomal 133 mg/10 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection  
EXPAREL liposomal 266 mg/20 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection  
 
 
2. QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE COMPOSITION 
 
Each mL contains 13.3 mg bupivacaine in a multivesicular liposomal dispersion.  
 
Each vial of 10 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection contains 133 mg bupivacaine. 
 
Each vial of 20 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection contains 266 mg bupivacaine. 
 
 
Excipient(s) with known effect  
• Each 10 mL vial contains 21 mg sodium.  
• Each 20 mL vial contains 42 mg sodium   
 
For the full list of excipients, see section 6.1. 
 
 
3. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM 
 
Prolonged-release dispersion for injection. 
 
White to off-white aqueous liposomal dispersion. 
 
The prolonged-release dispersion for injection has a pH between 5.8 and 7.8 and is isotonic (260 - 
330 mOsm/kg).  
 
 
4. CLINICAL PARTICULARS 
 
4.1 Therapeutic indications 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is indicated as a brachial plexus block or femoral nerve block for treatment of 
post-operative pain in adults, and as a field block for treatment of somatic post-operative pain from 
small- to medium-sized surgical wounds in adults (see section 5.1)  
 
4.2 Posology and method of administration 
 
EXPAREL liposomal should be administered in a setting where trained personnel and appropriate 
resuscitation equipment are available to promptly treat patients who show evidence of neurological or 
cardiac toxicity.  
 
Posology  
 
The recommended dose of EXPAREL liposomal is based on the following factors: 
 
• Size of the surgical site 
• Volume required to cover the area 
• Individual patient factors 
 
A maximum dosage of 266 mg (20 mL of undiluted medicinal product) must not be exceeded. 
 
Field block (infiltration around small- to medium-sized surgical wounds) 



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• In patients undergoing bunionectomy, a total of 106 mg (8 mL) of EXPAREL liposomal was 

administered, with 7 mL infiltrated into the tissues surrounding the osteotomy and 1 mL 
infiltrated into the subcutaneous tissue. 

 
• In patients undergoing haemorrhoidectomy, a total of 266 mg (20 mL) of EXPAREL liposomal 

was diluted with 10 mL of normal saline, for a total of 30 mL, divided into six 5 mL aliquots, 
injected by visualizing the anal sphincter as a clock face and slowly infiltrating one aliquot to 
each of the even numbers to produce a field block. 

 
Peripheral nerve block (femoral and brachial plexus) 
 
• In patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), a total of 266 mg (20 mL) of EXPAREL 

liposomal was administered as a femoral nerve block.  
 
• In patients undergoing total shoulder arthroplasty or rotator cuff repair, a total of 133 mg 

(10 mL) of EXPAREL liposomal was diluted with 10 mL of normal saline, for a total volume of 
20 mL, was administered as a brachial plexus nerve block.  

 
Co-administration with other local anaesthetics 
 
The toxic effects of local anaesthetics are additive and their co-administration, taking into account the 
dose of local anaesthetic and the extended pharmacokinetic profile of EXPAREL liposomal, should be 
used with caution including monitoring for neurologic and cardiovascular effects related to local 
anaesthetic systemic toxicity. See section 4.5. 
     
EXPAREL liposomal is a liposomal preparation and should not be used interchangeably with any 
other formulations of bupivacaine. Bupivacaine hydrochloride (immediate release formulations) and 
EXPAREL liposomal may be administered simultaneously in the same syringe as long as the ratio of 
the milligram dose of bupivacaine solution to EXPAREL liposomal does not exceed 1:2. If preparing 
admixture, the total amount of bupivacaine used (EXPAREL liposomal + bupivacaine HCl) should not 
exceed 400 mg equivalents of bupivacaine HCl. For more information, see section 4.4. 
 
Special populations 
 
Elderly patients (65 years of age or older) 
Care should be taken in dose selection of EXPAREL liposomal in elderly patients because 
bupivacaine is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to 
bupivacaine may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. No dosage adjustment is 
required; however, greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out (see sections 5.1 
and 5.2).  
The risk of falls may increase for the elderly patients. 
 
Renal impairment 
Bupivacaine or its metabolites are known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of 
toxic reactions may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Impaired renal function should 
be considered when performing dose selection of EXPAREL liposomal (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). 
 
Hepatic impairment 
Bupivacaine is metabolized by the liver. No dosage adjustment is required in patients with mild 
hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh score 5-6) or moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh score 7-9). 
There are insufficient data to recommend the use of EXPAREL liposomal in patients with severe 
(Child-Pugh score ≥10) hepatic impairment (see sections 4.4 and 5.2). 
 
Paediatric population 
The safety and efficacy of EXPAREL liposomal in children aged 1 to less than 18 years have not yet 
been established. No data are available.  



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EXPAREL liposomal should not be used in children aged less than 1 year of age because neonates and 
infants have a decreased ability to metabolize anaesthetics due to an immature hepatic system. 
 
Method of administration  
 
EXPAREL liposomal is for administration by infiltration or perineural use only.  
 
EXPAREL liposomal is intended for single-dose administration only. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal should be injected slowly (generally 1 to 2 mL per injection) with frequent 
aspiration when clinically appropriate, to check for blood and minimize the risk of inadvertent 
intravascular injection. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is to be administered with a 25 gauge or larger bore needle to maintain the 
structural integrity of the liposomal bupivacaine particles. 
 
For instructions on the preparation of the medicinal product before administration, see section 6.6. 
 
4.3 Contraindications 
 
• Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1. 
• Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetic medicinal products of the amide type. 
• Obstetrical paracervical block anaesthesia due to risk of foetal bradycardia or death.   
• Intravascular administration. 
• Intraarticular administration (see section 4.4).  

 
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use 
 
Efficacy and safety have not been established in major abdominal, vascular and thoracic surgeries. 
 
Local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST)  
 
As there is a potential risk of severe life-threatening adverse reactions associated with the 
administration of bupivacaine, any bupivacaine-containing product should be administered in a setting 
where trained personnel and equipment are available to promptly treat patients who show evidence of 
neurological or cardiac toxicity. 
 
Careful and constant monitoring of cardiovascular and respiratory (adequacy of ventilation) vital signs 
and the patient’s state of consciousness should be performed after injection of bupivacaine. 
Restlessness, anxiety, incoherent speech, light headedness, numbness and tingling of the mouth and 
lips, metallic taste, tinnitus, dizziness, blurred vision, tremors, twitching, depression, or drowsiness 
may be early warning signs of central nervous system toxicity.  
 
Toxic local anaesthetic blood concentrations depress cardiac conductivity and excitability, which may 
lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmia, and cardiac arrest, which can be fatal. In 
addition, toxic local anaesthetic blood concentrations depress myocardial contractility and cause 
peripheral vasodilation, leading to decreased cardiac output and arterial blood pressure. 
 
Acute emergencies due to neurological or cardiovascular toxicity from local anaesthetics are generally 
related to high plasma concentrations encountered during therapeutic use of local anaesthetics or due 
to unintended intravascular injection of local anaesthetic solution (see sections 4.3 and 4.9).  
 
Injection of multiple doses of bupivacaine and other amide-containing products may cause significant 
increases in plasma concentrations with each repeated dose due to slow accumulation of the active 
substance or its metabolites or due to slow metabolic degradation. Tolerance to elevated blood 
concentrations varies with the status of the patient. 



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Potential cases of LAST have been observed in the post-marketing setting. Although the majority with 
a recorded time to onset were observed within less than 1 hour of EXPAREL liposomal 
administration, a small number with a time to onset greater than 24 hours was reported. No correlation 
of cases of potential LAST with surgical procedure or route of administration has been found with 
EXPAREL liposomal, but redosing of EXPAREL liposomal, overdose, or concomitant use with other 
local anaesthetics may increase the risk of LAST (see section 4.5).  
 
Neurologic effects 
 
Central nervous system reactions are characterized by excitation and/or depression. Restlessness, 
anxiety, dizziness, tinnitus, blurred vision, or tremors may occur, possibly proceeding to convulsions. 
However, excitation may be transient or absent, with depression being the first manifestation of an 
adverse reaction. This may quickly be followed by drowsiness merging into unconsciousness and 
respiratory arrest. Other central nervous system effects may include nausea, vomiting, chills, and 
constriction of the pupils. The incidence of convulsions associated with the use of local anaesthetics 
varies with the procedure used and the total dose administered.  
 
Neurologic effects following field block may include persistent anaesthesia, paraesthesias, weakness, 
and paralysis, all of which may have slow, incomplete, or no recovery. 
 
Cardiovascular function impairment 
 
Bupivacaine should also be used with caution in patients with impaired cardiovascular function 
because they may be less able to compensate for functional changes associated with the prolongation 
of atrioventricular conduction produced by these medicinal products. 
 
Hepatic impairment 
 
Bupivacaine is metabolised by the liver, so it should be used cautiously in patients with hepatic 
disease. Patients with severe hepatic disease are at a greater risk of developing toxic plasma 
concentrations because of their inability to metabolise local anaesthetics normally. Increased 
monitoring for local anaesthetic systemic toxicity should be considered in subjects with moderate to 
severe hepatic disease (see sections 4.2 and 5.2). 
  
Renal impairment 
 
Only 6% of bupivacaine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Bupivacaine metabolites are known to be 
extensively excreted by the kidney. Urinary excretion is affected by urinary perfusion and factors 
affecting urinary pH. Acidifying the urine hastens the renal elimination of local anaesthetics. Various 
pharmacokinetic parameters of local anaesthetics can be significantly altered by the presence of renal 
disease, factors affecting urinary pH, and renal blood flow. Thus, the risk of toxic reactions to this 
medicinal product may be greater in patients with impaired renal function.  
 
Allergic reactions 
 
Allergic-type reactions may rarely occur as a result of hypersensitivity to the local anaesthetic or to 
other formulation ingredients. These reactions are characterised by signs such as urticaria, pruritus, 
erythema, angioneurotic oedema (including laryngeal oedema), tachycardia, sneezing, nausea, 
vomiting, dizziness, syncope, excessive sweating, elevated temperature, and possibly anaphylactoid-
like symptoms (including severe hypotension). Cross-sensitivity among members of the amide-type 
local anaesthetic group has been reported. Allergic symptoms should be treated symptomatically.  
 
Chondrolysis 
 



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Intra-articular infusions of local anaesthetics, including EXPAREL liposomal, following arthroscopic 
and other surgical procedures are contraindicated (see section 4.3). There have been post-marketing 
reports of chondrolysis in patients receiving such infusions.   
 
Methaemoglobinaemia 
 
Cases of methaemoglobinaemia have been reported in association with local anaesthetic use. Although 
all patients are at risk for methaemoglobinaemia, infants under 6 months of age and patients with 
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, congenital or idiopathic methaemoglobinaemia, 
cardiac or pulmonary compromise, or concurrent exposure to oxidizing agents or their metabolites 
(see section 4.5) are more susceptible to developing clinical manifestations of the condition. If local 
anaesthetics must be used in these patients, close monitoring for symptoms and signs of 
methaemoglobinaemia is recommended. 
 
Signs and symptoms of methaemoglobinaemia may occur immediately or may be delayed some hours 
after exposure and are characterized by a cyanotic skin discoloration and abnormal coloration of the 
blood. Methaemoglobin levels may continue to rise; therefore, immediate treatment is required to 
avert more serious central nervous system and cardiovascular adverse reactions, including seizures, 
coma, arrhythmias, and death. Bupivacaine should be discontinued as well as any other oxidizing 
medicinal product. Depending on the severity of the symptoms, patients may respond to supportive 
care (i.e. oxygen therapy, hydration). More severe symptoms may require treatment with methylene 
blue, exchange transfusion, or hyperbaric oxygen. 
 
Warnings and precautions specific to EXPAREL liposomal 
 
Different formulations of bupivacaine are not bioequivalent even if the milligram dosage is the same. 
Therefore, it is not possible to convert dosing from any other formulations of bupivacaine to 
EXPAREL liposomal and vice versa. No substitution with other bupivacaine containing products 
should be made. 
 
Caution is advised when co-administering EXPAREL liposomal and bupivacaine HCl, particularly 
when administering to highly vascular areas where higher systemic absorption is expected. 
 
Using EXPAREL liposomal followed by other bupivacaine formulations has not been studied in 
clinical trials. However, based on the clinical situation, bupivacaine hydrochloride may be 
administered, taking into account the relevant PK profiles and individual patient considerations. As 
with all local anaesthetics, physicians need to evaluate local anaesthetic systemic toxicity risk based 
on total dose with respect to time of administration.  
 
EXPAREL liposomal has not been evaluated for the following uses and, therefore, is not 
recommended for these types of analgesia or routes of administration: 
• epidural  
• intrathecal 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is not recommended for use as a femoral nerve block if early mobilization and 
ambulation is part of the patient’s recovery plan (see section 4.7). Sensory and/or motor loss may 
occur with EXPAREL liposomal use, however, this is temporary and degree of loss and duration 
varies depending on the site of injection and dosage administered. As seen during clinical trials, any 
temporary sensory and/or motor loss may last for up to 5 days. 
 
Excipients with known effect 
 
Sodium  
This medicinal product contains 21 mg sodium per 10 mL vial and 42 mg sodium per 20 mL vial, 
equivalent to 1.1% and 2.1%, respectively, of the WHO recommended maximum daily intake of 2 g 
sodium for an adult. 
 



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4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction 
 
Use of EXPAREL liposomal with other local anaesthetics 
 
The addition of local anaesthetics administered within 96 hours following administration of 
EXPAREL liposomal should take into account the total bupivacaine exposure. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal should be used with caution in patients receiving other local anaesthetics or 
active substances structurally related to amide-type local anaesthetics, e.g. certain anti-arrhythmics, 
such as lidocaine and mexiletine, since the systemic toxic effects are additive. 
 
Other bupivacaine products 
The impact on pharmacokinetic and/or physicochemical properties of EXPAREL liposomal when it is 
co-administered with bupivacaine HCl is concentration dependent. Therefore, bupivacaine HCl can be 
administered simultaneously in the same syringe as long as the ratio of the milligram dose of 
bupivacaine HCl solution to EXPAREL liposomal does not exceed 1:2. The total amount of 
bupivacaine HCl and EXPAREL liposomal being co-administered should not exceed 400 mg 
equivalents of bupivacaine HCl (see sections 4.4 and 6.6).  
 
Non-bupivacaine local anaesthetics 
EXPAREL liposomal should only be admixed with bupivacaine as admixing with either lidocaine, 
ropivacaine or mepivacaine has been shown to cause an immediate release of bupivacaine from the 
multivesicular liposomes of the drug delivery system. When EXPAREL liposomal is admixed with 
lidocaine, lidocaine binds to the liposomes, leading to an immediate displacement and release of 
bupivacaine. This displacement can be prevented by ensuring that EXPAREL liposomal is 
administered at least 20 minutes after administering lidocaine. There are no data to support 
administration of other local anaesthetics prior to administration of EXPAREL liposomal.  
  
Oxidizing medicinal products 
 
Patients that are administered local anaesthetics may be at increased risk of developing 
methaemoglobinamia when concurrently exposed to the following oxidizing medicinal products: 
 
• Nitrates/Nitrites - nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide 
• Local anaesthetics - benzocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, tetracaine, prilocaine, 

procaine, articaine, ropivacaine 
• Antineoplastic medicinal products - cyclophosphamide, flutamide, rasburicase, isofamide, 

hydroxyurea 
• Antibiotics - dapsone, sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, para-aminosalicylic acid 
• Antimalarials - chloroquine, primaquine 
• Anticonvulsants - phenytoin, sodium valproate, phenobarbital 
• Other medicinal products - acetaminophen, metoclopramide, sulfa medicines (e,g., 

sulfasalazine), quinine 
 
Other medicinal products 
 
When a topical antiseptic, such as povidone iodine, is applied, the site should be allowed to dry before 
EXPAREL liposomal is administered into the site. EXPAREL liposomal should not be allowed to 
come into contact with antiseptics such as povidone iodine in solution (see also section 6.2). 
 
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation 
 
Pregnancy 
 
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of bupivacaine in pregnant women. Studies in 
animals have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3). EXPAREL liposomal is not recommended 
during pregnancy and in women of childbearing potential not using contraception.  



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Breastfeeding  
 
Bupivacaine and its metabolite, pipecoloxylidide, are present in human milk at low levels. There is 
no available information on effects of the medicinal product in the breastfed infant or effects of the 
medicinal product on milk production. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in 
breastfed infants a decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to 
discontinue/abstain from EXPAREL liposomal therapy taking into account the benefit of breast 
feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.  
 
Fertility 
 
There are no clinical data on the effects of EXPAREL liposomal on fertility. 
 
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines 
 
Bupivacaine could have a major influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should be 
informed in advance that bupivacaine liposomal dispersion can cause temporary loss of sensation or 
motor function. The potential sensory and/or motor loss with EXPAREL liposomal is temporary and 
varies in degree and duration depending on the site of injection, route of administration (i.e. field 
block or nerve block) and dosage administered, and may last for up to 5 days as seen in clinical trials.  
 
4.8 Undesirable effects 
 
Summary of the safety profile 
 
The most common adverse reactions (≥5%) associated with EXPAREL liposomal in clinical trials 
were dysgeusia (6.0%) and hypoaesthesia oral (6.5%). 
 
The most important serious adverse reactions associated with EXPAREL liposomal were systemic 
toxic reactions. Systemic toxic reactions usually present shortly after administration of bupivacaine 
but may be delayed in some cases. Severe central nervous system toxicity due to EXPAREL liposomal 
may result in convulsions (< 0.001% from post-marketing data). Severe cardiac toxicity due to 
EXPAREL liposomal may result in serious dysrhythmia (0.7% in clinical trials), serious hypotension 
(0.7% in clinical trials), and/or cardiac arrest (< 0.001% from post-marketing data). 
 
Tabulated list of adverse reactions 
 
The adverse reactions associated with EXPAREL liposomal from clinical trials and post-marketing 
surveillance are presented below in Table 1 according to the MedDRA System Organ Classification 
and by frequency. Frequencies are defined as very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), 
uncommon (≥1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to < 1/1,000) and very rare (<1/10,000) and 
frequency not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, 
adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.  
 
Table 1 Table of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) 

System Organ Class Frequency Adverse Drug Reactions 
Immune System Disorders Not known Hypersensitivity  
Psychiatric Disorders Rare Confusional state, Anxiety 
Nervous System Disorders Common Dysgeusia 

Uncommon Motor dysfunction, Sensory loss, Dizziness, Somnolence, 
Hypoaesthesia, Burning sensation, Headache 

Rare Syncope, Monoplegia, Presyncope, Lethargy 
Not known Seizure, Palsy 

Eye Disorders Rare Visual impairment, Vision blurred 
Ear and Labyrinth Disorders Rare Diplacusis 
Cardiac Disorders Uncommon Bradycardia, Tachycardia 

Rare Atrial fibrillation, Tachyarrhythmia, Sinus tachycardia 



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System Organ Class Frequency Adverse Drug Reactions 
Not known Cardiac arrest 

Vascular Disorders Uncommon Hypotension 
Rare Hypertension, Flushing 

Respiratory, Thoracic, and 
Mediastinal Disorders 

Rare Apnoea, Hypoxia, Atelectasis, Dyspnoea, Oropharyngeal 
pain 

Gastrointestinal Disorders Common Vomiting, Constipation, Hypoaesthesia oral, Nausea 
Rare Haematochezia, Dysphagia, Abdominal distension, 

Abdominal discomfort, Abdominal pain upper, Diarrhoea, 
Salivary hypersecretion, Dry mouth, Dyspepsia, Oral 
pruritus, Paraesthesia oral 

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 
Disorders 

Uncommon Urticaria, Pruritus generalised, Pruritus, Skin irritation 
Rare Drug eruption, Hyperhidrosis, Erythema, Rash, Nail 

discolouration 
Musculoskeletal and 
Connective Tissue Disorders 

Uncommon Mobility decreased, Muscular weakness, Muscle spasms, 
Muscle twitching, Arthralgia 

Rare Joint swelling, Groin pain, Joint stiffness, Musculoskeletal 
chest pain, Pain in extremity 

Renal and urinary disorders Not known  Urinary retention 
General Disorders and 
Administration Site Conditions 

Uncommon Pyrexia 
Rare Peripheral swelling, Non-cardiac chest pain, Chills, Feeling 

hot, Injection site pain, Pain 
Not known Lack of efficacy 

Investigations Uncommon Blood creatinine increased, Alanine aminotransferase 
increased, Aspartate aminotransferase increased 

Rare Electrocardiogram ST segment elevation, Hepatic enzyme 
increased, White blood cell count increased 

Injury, Poisoning, and 
Procedural Complications 

Uncommon Contusion, Post procedural oedema, Fall 
Rare Muscle injury, Seroma, Wound complication, Incision site 

erythema, Procedural pain 
Not known Local Anaesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST) 

 
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions 
 
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. 
It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare 
professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system 
listed in Appendix V. 
 
4.9 Overdose 
 
Clinical presentation 
 
Rare reports of overdose with EXPAREL liposomal alone or in combination with another local 
anaesthetic have been received. Systemic toxic reactions, primarily involving the central nervous 
system and the cardiovascular system may occur following high blood concentrations of local 
anaesthetics. Approximately 30% of overdose reports were associated with adverse reactions. 
 
Signs and symptoms of overdose may include CNS symptoms (perioral paraesthesia, dizziness, 
dysarthria, confusion, mental obtundation, sensory and visual disturbances, and eventually 
convulsions) and cardiovascular effects (that range from hypertension and tachycardia to myocardial 
depression, hypotension, bradycardia, and asystole). 
 
Management of local anaesthetic overdose 
 
At the first sign of local anaesthetic overdose, oxygen should be administered.  
 
The first step in the management of convulsions, as well as hypoventilation or apnoea, consists of 
immediate attention to the maintenance of a patent airway and assisted or controlled ventilation with 

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oxygen and a delivery system capable of permitting immediate positive airway pressure by mask. 
Immediately after the institution of these ventilatory measures, the adequacy of the circulation should 
be evaluated, keeping in mind that medicinal products used to treat convulsions sometimes depress the 
circulation when administered intravenously. Should convulsions persist despite adequate respiratory 
support, and if the status of the circulation permits, small increments of an ultra-short acting 
barbiturate (such as thiopental or thiamylal) or a benzodiazepine (such as diazepam) may be 
administered intravenously. Supportive treatment of circulatory depression may require administration 
of intravenous fluids and, when appropriate, a vasopressor dictated by the clinical situation (such as 
ephedrine to enhance myocardial contractile force).  
 
If not treated immediately, both convulsions and cardiovascular depression can result in hypoxia, 
acidosis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias, and cardiac arrest. If cardiac arrest should occur, standard 
cardiopulmonary resuscitative measures should be instituted. 
 
Endotracheal intubation employing medicinal products may be indicated after initial administration of 
oxygen by mask if difficulty is encountered in the maintenance of a patent airway or if prolonged 
ventilatory support (assisted or controlled) is indicated. 
 
Lipid emulsion has been used to treat some cases of overdose in the post-marketing setting. 
 
 
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 
 
5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties 
 
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anaesthetics, amides, ATC code: N01BB01 
 
Mechanism of action 
 
Bupivacaine is related chemically and pharmacologically to the amide-type local anaesthetics. It is a 
homologue of mepivacaine and is related chemically to lidocaine.  
 
Local anaesthetics block the generation and the conduction of nerve impulses presumably by 
increasing the threshold for electrical excitation in the nerve, by slowing the propagation of the nerve 
impulse, and by reducing the rate of rise of the action potential. 
 
Pharmacodynamic effects 
 
Systemic absorption of local anaesthetics produces effects on the cardiovascular and central nervous 
systems. At blood concentrations achieved with normal therapeutic doses and route of administration, 
changes in cardiac conduction, excitability, refractoriness, contractility, and peripheral vascular 
resistance are minimal. However, toxic local anaesthetic blood concentrations depress cardiac 
conductivity and excitability, which may lead to atrioventricular block, ventricular arrhythmias, and 
cardiac arrest, which can be fatal. In addition, toxic local anaesthetic blood concentrations depress 
myocardial contractility and cause peripheral vasodilation, leading to decreased cardiac output and 
arterial blood pressure.  
 
Plasma levels of bupivacaine associated with toxicity can vary. Although concentrations of 2,000 to 
4,000 ng/mL have been reported to elicit early subjective CNS symptoms of bupivacaine toxicity, 
symptoms of toxicity have been reported at levels as low as 800 ng/mL.  
 
Clinical efficacy and safety 
 
Clinical studies confirming efficacy 
The efficacy of EXPAREL liposomal was evaluated in four double-blind, controlled trials involving 
703 patients with moderate-to-severe acute pain (pain intensity of ≥ 4 on a 0-10 scale). Acute pain was 
assessed for 24 hours after bunionectomy, 48 hours after total shoulder arthroplasty/rotator cuff repair 



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and 72 hours after haemorrhoidectomy and total knee arthroplasty. Of the 703 patients, 352 received 
EXPAREL liposomal treatment, 351 received placebo. Patients were of appropriate sex to the type of 
surgery (men/women ratio 329/374), mean age was 53.4 years (range 18-88 years [23.2% (n=163) are 
>=65 years, and 6.3% (n=44) are >=75 years (i.e. elderly)], BMI 27.9 kg/m2 (range 18.7-43.9), race 
was predominately White (82.9%). Primary endpoint for all pivotal studies was area under the curve 
(AUC) of pain intensity score. Rescue pain therapy was available in all studies and was tailored to 
surgical type and the clinical practice at the time of study conduct.  
 
Table 2  Summary of key pain endpoint results in phase 3 studies 

Study / Surgery Type EXPAREL liposomal Dose (n) / Control (n) 
Primary 
Endpoint 

Treatment 
Difference (95% CI) P-value

a 

Summary of key pain endpoint results in local analgesia studies 
Field Block / 
Haemorrhoidectomy 266 mg (94) / Placebo (93) AUC NRS-R0-72 -61 (-90, -31) <0.0001 

Field Block / 
Bunionectomy 106 mg (97) / Placebo (96) AUC NRS-R0-24 -22 (-35, -10) 0.0005 

Summary of key pain endpoint results in regional analgesia studies 
Femoral Nerve Block / 
TKAb 266 mg (92) / Placebo (91) AUC NRS-R0-72 -96.5 (-144, -49) <0.0001 

Brachial Plexus Nerve 
Block / TSA/RCR 133 mg (69) / Placebo (71) AUC VAS0-48 -118 (-151, -84) <0.0001 

a: non-inferiority p-value; b: TKA study was a combined Phase 2 (Part 1) and Phase 3 (Part 2) study; only phase 3 results are displayed here. 
AUC: area under the curve; NRS-R: numeric rating scale at rest; TKA: total knee arthroplasty; VAS: visual analogue scale; TSA: total 
shoulder arthroplasty; RCR: rotator cuff repair; (n): number of subjects. 
 

Table 3  Summary of key opioid endpoint results in phase 3 studies 
Block Type /  
Surgery Type 

EXPAREL liposomal 
Dose / Control 

Opioid Rescue  
Medication Use 

Opioid-free Subjects 

Summary of key opioid related endpoint results in local analgesia studies 
Field Block / 
Haemorrhoidectomy 

266 mg / Placebo Geometric LS mean: 9.9 vs 
18.2 MME  
 
(45% reduction in geometric 
LS mean ratio through 
72 hours; p=0.0006) 

Opioid free through 
72 hours: 
  
(26/94) in EXPAREL 
liposomal arm vs 
(9/93) in placebo arm 
(p=0.0007) 

Field Block / 
Bunionectomy 

106 mg / Placebo LS mean 3.8 vs 4.7 tablets  
 
(19% reduction in the mean 
number of Percocet tablets 
(5 mg oxycodone / 325 mg 
paracetamol) used through 
24 hours; p=0.0077) 

Opioid free through 
24 hours:  
  
(7/97) in EXPAREL 
liposomal arm vs 
(1/96) in placebo arm  
(p=0.040) 

Summary of key opioid related endpoint results in regional analgesia studies 
Femoral Nerve Blocka/ 
TKA 

266 mg / Placebo Geometric LS mean: 93.2 vs 
122.1 MME  
 
(26% reduction in geometric 
LS mean ratio through 
72 hours; p=0.0016) 

No subjects opioid 
free at 72 hours in 
either group 

Brachial Plexus Nerve 
Block / TSA/RCR 

133 mg / Placebo LS mean: 25.0 vs 
109.7 MME 
 
(77% reduction in geometric 
LS mean ratio through 
48 hours; p<0.0001) 

Opioid free at 
48 hours: 
  
(9/69) in EXPAREL 
liposomal arm vs 
(1/71) in placebo arm 
(p=0.008) 



12 

a: TKA study was a combined Phase 2 (Part 1) and Phase 3 (Part 2) study. 
TKA: total knee arthroplasty; TSA: total shoulder arthroplasty; RCR: rotator cuff repair; MME = Methods-of-Moments; 
LS = Least square. 
 
Of the 1645 patients in the EXPAREL liposomal field block and peripheral nerve block clinical 
studies, 469 patients were 65 years of age or older and 122 patients were 75 years of age or older.  
 
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with 
EXPAREL liposomal in one or more subsets of the paediatric population in postsurgical analgesia (see 
section 4.2 for information on paediatric use). 

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties 

EXPAREL liposomal is bupivacaine encapsulated in the multivesicular liposomal drug delivery 
system. Upon administration, bupivacaine is slowly released from the liposomes over an extended 
period of time.  
 
Absorption 
 
Administration of EXPAREL liposomal results in detectable systemic plasma levels of bupivacaine 
through 96 hours after local infiltration and through 120 hours after nerve block. In general, peripheral 
nerve blocks have shown systemic plasma levels of bupivacaine for extended duration when compared 
to local infiltration. Systemic plasma levels of bupivacaine following administration of EXPAREL 
liposomal are not correlated with local efficacy. The rate of systemic absorption of bupivacaine is 
dependent upon the total dose of medicine administered, the route of administration, and the 
vascularity of the administration site. 
 
Descriptive statistics of pharmacokinetic parameters of representative EXPAREL liposomal doses in 
field block and peripheral nerve block are provided in Table 4 and Table 5, respectively. 
 
Table 4 Summary of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Bupivacaine after Administration 

of Single Doses of EXPAREL liposomal via Field Block 

Parameters 

Surgical Site Administration 
Bunionectomy 
106 mg (8 mL) 

Hemorrhoidectomy  
266 mg (20 mL) 

(N=26) (N=25) 
Cmax (ng/mL) 166 (92.7) 867 (353) 
Tmax (h) 2 (0.5-24) 0.5 (0.25-36) 
AUC(0-t) (h•ng/mL) 5864 (2038) 16,867 (7868) 
AUC(inf) (h•ng/mL) 7105 (2283) 18,289 (7569) 
t½ (h) 34 (17) 24 (39) 

AUC0-t = the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable 
concentration; AUCinf = the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity;  
Cmax = maximum plasma concentration; Tmax = time to reach Cmax; t1/2 = apparent terminal elimination half-life;. 
 
Table 5 Summary of Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Bupivacaine after Administration 

of Single Doses of EXPAREL liposomal via Peripheral Nerve Block 

Parameters 

Peripheral Nerve Block (Surgery) 
Femoral Nerve Block 

(Total Knee Arthroplasty) 
Brachial Plexus Nerve block 

(Total Shoulder Arthroplasty) 
133 mg (10 mL) 266 mg (20 mL) 133 mg (10 mL) 266 mg (20 mL) 
(N=19)  (N=21) (N=32) (N=32) 

Cmax (ng/mL) 282 (127) 577 (289) 209.35 (121) 460.93 (188) 
Tmax (h) 72 72 48 49 
AUC(0-t) 
(h•ng/mL) 11,878 (7,870) 22,099 (11,137) 11426.28 (7855) 28669.07 (13205) 



13 

Parameters 

Peripheral Nerve Block (Surgery) 
Femoral Nerve Block 

(Total Knee Arthroplasty) 
Brachial Plexus Nerve block 

(Total Shoulder Arthroplasty) 
133 mg (10 mL) 266 mg (20 mL) 133 mg (10 mL) 266 mg (20 mL) 
(N=19)  (N=21) (N=32) (N=32) 

AUC(inf) 
(h•ng/mL) 18,452 (12,092) 34,491 (5,297) 12654.57 (8031) 28774.03 (13275) 

t½ (h) 29.0 (24) 18.2 (6.) 11 (4) 15 (6) 
AUC0-t = the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time 0 to the time of the last quantifiable 
concentration; AUCinf = the area under the plasma concentration-versus-time curve from time 0 extrapolated to infinity;  
Cmax = maximum plasma concentration; Tmax = time to reach Cmax; t1/2 = apparent terminal elimination half-life;  
 
Distribution 
 
With EXPAREL liposomal, bupivacaine is released from the liposomal matrix by a complex 
mechanism involving reorganization of the barrier lipid membranes and subsequent diffusion of the 
drug over an extended period of time. After bupivacaine has been released from EXPAREL liposomal 
and is absorbed systemically, bupivacaine distribution is expected to be the same as for any 
bupivacaine HCl solution formulation. 
 
Bupivacaine is distributed to some extent to all body tissues, with high concentrations found in highly 
perfused organs such as the liver, lungs, heart, and brain. The rate and degree of diffusion is governed 
by the degree of plasma protein binding, the degree of ionization, and the degree of lipid solubility. 
Bupivacaine has a high protein binding capacity (95%) predominantly to α1-acid glycoprotein and 
also albumin at higher concentrations. The plasma protein binding of bupivacaine is concentration-
dependent. A hepatic extraction ratio of 0.37 has been reported for bupivacaine in the literature after 
IV administration. A volume of distribution at steady state of 73 l has been reported for bupivacaine. 
 
Metabolism 
 
Amide-type local anaesthetics, such as bupivacaine, are metabolized primarily in the liver via 
conjugation with glucuronic acid. Bupivacaine is extensively metabolised as evidenced by the minimal 
amount of parent drug in the urine. Pipecolylxylidine (PPX) is the major metabolite of bupivacaine; 
approximately 5% of bupivacaine is converted to PPX. The primary liver enzyme in formation of PPX 
was shown to be CYP3A4 using liver microsomes, although CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 may play a 
minor role. Hydroxylation of the aromatic ring is also a principle route of metabolism resulting in 
minor metabolites. It is presumed that lipid components of the liposome undergo similar metabolism 
pathway as the naturally occurring lipids.  
 
Elimination 
 
The kidney is the main excretory organ for most local anaesthetics and their metabolites. Only 6% of 
bupivacaine is excreted unchanged in the urine. Various pharmacokinetic parameters of the local 
anaesthetics can be significantly altered by the presence of renal disease, factors affecting urinary pH, 
and renal blood flow. Based on this knowledge, clinicians should practice caution when administering 
any local anaesthetics in patients with renal disease, including EXPAREL liposomal. From population 
pharmacokinetics models based on EXPAREL liposomal clinical studies, apparent clearance ranges 
from 22.9 L/h for wound infiltration studies to 10.6 L/h in regional analgesia, and due to the flip-flop 
kinetics it reflects the rate of absorption.  
 
Special Populations 
 
Elderly 
In population pharmacokinetic models based on nerve block and wound infiltration clinical studies, 
approximately 29% decrease in clearance was observed in elderly patients which was not considered 
clinically relevant. 
 



14 

Hepatic impairment 
Various pharmacokinetic parameters of the local anaesthetics can be significantly altered by the 
presence of hepatic disease. A study of EXPAREL liposomal administration in patients with mild to 
moderate hepatic disease found that dosage adjustment in these patients is not required. However, 
based on what is known about amid-type local anaesthetics such as bupivacaine, clinicians should 
consider that patients with hepatic disease, especially those with severe hepatic disease, may be more 
susceptible to the potential toxicities of the amide-type local anaesthetics. 
 
Renal impairment 
Population PK analysis on clinical trial data for EXPAREL liposomal in nerve block settings showed 
no effect of mild or moderate renal impairment. EXPAREL liposomal was not studied in subjects with 
severe renal impairment. 
 
Population pharmacokinetics  
Based on the population PK analysis for peripheral nerve block, age, sex, body weight and race had no 
clinically meaningful effect on EXPAREL liposomal pharmacokinetics.  
 
5.3 Preclinical safety data 
 
Long-term studies in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of bupivacaine have not been 
conducted. The mutagenic potential of bupivacaine has not been determined.  
 
Bupivacaine crosses the placenta. Bupivacaine produced developmental toxicity when administered 
subcutaneously to pregnant rats and rabbits at clinically relevant doses. An increase in embryo-foetal 
deaths in rabbits and decreased survival of the offspring in rats was observed. The effect on fertility of 
bupivacaine has not been determined.  
 
 
6. PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICULARS 
 
6.1 List of excipients 
 
Dierucoylphosphatidylcholine (DEPC) 
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) 
Cholesterol for parenteral use 
Tricaprylin 
Sodium chloride 
Phosphoric acid 
Water for injections 
 
6.2 Incompatibilities 
 
This medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products except those mentioned in 
section 6.6. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal must not be diluted with water or other hypotonic agents as it will result in 
disruption of the liposomal particles.  
 
Topical antiseptics, such as povidone-iodine, demonstrated a strong interaction with EXPAREL 
liposomal when the solutions are admixed. This is due to the surface-active nature of antiseptics 
interacting with lipids. However, if topical antiseptics are applied to the skin surface and allowed to 
dry prior to local administration of EXPAREL liposomal, no interactions are expected in normal 
clinical practice. 
 
6.3 Shelf life 
 
Unopened vials: 2 years. 



15 

 
After first opening 
 
Chemical and physical in-use stability of EXPAREL liposomal withdrawn from vials and transferred 
into polypropylene syringes has been demonstrated for 48 hours when stored in a refrigerator (2°C to 
8°C), or 6 hours when stored at room temperature (below 25°C). From a microbiological point of 
view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and 
conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and should not be longer than 24 hours at 2°C 
to 8°C unless opening has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions. 
 
After dilution 
 
Chemical and physical in-use stability of EXPAREL liposomal when admixed with other formulations 
of bupivacaine has been demonstrated for 24 hours at room temperature (below 25°C). When admixed 
with 9 mg/mL (0.9%) sodium chloride or lactated Ringer’s solution, chemical and physical in-use 
stability has been demonstrated for 4 hours when stored in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C) and at room 
temperature (below 25°C). From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of dilution 
precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the product should be used immediately. If not used 
immediately, in-use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of the user.  
 
6.4 Special precautions for storage 
 
Unopened vials: Store in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C). Do not freeze. 
 
Unopened vials may also be stored at room temperature (below 25°C) for up to 30 days. Vials should 
not be re-refrigerated.  
 
For storage conditions after first opening of the medicinal product, see section 6.3. 
 
6.5 Nature and contents of container  
 
10 mL or 20 mL, single-use Type I glass vials with an ethylenetetrafluoroethylene-faced grey butyl 
rubber stopper, and an aluminium/polypropylene flip-tear-up seal. 
 
Available in packs of 4 or 10 vials.  
 
6.6 Special precautions for disposal and other handling 
 
EXPAREL liposomal vials are intended for single use only. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal vials should be visually inspected prior to administration. They should be gently 
inverted multiple times to re-suspend the particles in the dispersion immediately prior to withdrawal 
from the vial.  
 
EXPAREL liposomal should be administered with a 25 gauge or larger bore needle to maintain the 
structural integrity of the liposomal bupivacaine particles. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal can be administered in the ready to use dispersion or diluted to a concentration 
of up to 0.89 mg/mL (i.e. 1:14 dilution by volume) with 9 mg/ml (0.9%) sodium chloride or lactated 
Ringer’s solution. 
 
Bupivacaine hydrochloride (immediate release formulations) can be administered simultaneously in 
the same syringe, as long as the ratio of the milligram dose of bupivacaine HCl solution to EXPAREL 
liposomal does not exceed 1:2. The total amount of bupivacaine HCl and EXPAREL liposomal being 
co-administered should not exceed 400 mg equivalents of bupivacaine HCl. Bupivacaine amount in 
EXPAREL liposomal is expressed as the free base of bupivacaine, thus, when calculating the total 
dose of bupivacaine for coadministration, the amount of bupivacaine from EXPAREL liposomal 



16 

should be converted to the equivalent of bupivacaine HCl by multiplying EXPAREL liposomal dose 
with a factor of 1.128. 
 
If preparing an admixture of EXPAREL liposomal with bupivacaine or saline or both, the order in 
which the components are combined does not matter. 
 
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local 
requirements.  
 
 
7. MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
Pacira Ireland Ltd 
Unit 13 
Classon House 
Dundrum Business Park 
Dundrum,  
Dublin 14 
D14W9Y3 
Ireland  
 
 
8. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/20/1489/001 
EU/1/20/1489/002 
EU/1/20/1489/003 
EU/1/20/1489/004 
 
9. DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION 
 
 
10. DATE OF REVISION OF THE TEXT 
 
Detailed information on this medicinal product is available on the website of the European Medicines 
Agency http://www.ema.europa.eu 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/


17 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX II  
  

  
A. MANUFACTURER(S) RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE  

  
B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY  

AND USE  
  

C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE  
MARKETING AUTHORISATION  

  
D. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE 

SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT  
  

  



18 

A. MANUFACTURER(S) RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE  
  
Name and address of the manufacturer(s) responsible for batch release  
 
Millmount Healthcare Limited 
Block-7 
City North Business Campus 
Stamullen, Co. Meath 
K32 YD60 
Ireland 
 
 
B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE  
 
Medicinal product subject to restricted medical prescription.  
 
 
C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING 

AUTHORISATION  
 
• Periodic safety update reports (PSURs)  
 
The requirements for submission of PSURs for this medicinal product are set out in the list of Union 
reference dates (EURD list) provided for under Article 107c(7) of Directive 2001/83/EC and any 
subsequent updates published on the European medicines web-portal.  
 
The marketing authorisation holder (MAH) shall submit the first PSUR for this product within 
6 months following authorisation.  
 
 
D.  CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND 

EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT  
 
• Risk management plan (RMP)  

  
The marketing authorisation holder (MAH) shall perform the required pharmacovigilance activities 
and interventions detailed in the agreed RMP presented in Module 1.8.2 of the marketing 
authorisation and any agreed subsequent updates of the RMP.  
 
An updated RMP should be submitted:  
• At the request of the European Medicines Agency;  
• Whenever the risk management system is modified, especially as the result of new information 

being received that may lead to a significant change to the benefit/risk profile or as the result of 
an important (pharmacovigilance or risk minimisation) milestone being reached.  

 



19 

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANNEX III 
 

LABELLING AND PACKAGE LEAFLET 
 



20 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

A. LABELLING 
 



21 

 
PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING 
 
OUTER CARTON 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
EXPAREL liposomal 133 mg/10 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection 
bupivacaine  
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each vial of 10 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection contains 133 mg bupivacaine. 
 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
Also contains: dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dierucoylphosphatidylcholine (DEPC), 
cholesterol for parenteral use, tricaprylin, sodium chloride, phosphoric acid and water for injections.  
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
Prolonged-release dispersion for injection 
4 x 10 mL vials 
10 x 10 mL vials 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
Single use vial  
Infiltration/perineural use 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 

OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Store in a refrigerator. Do not freeze. 
Read the leaflet for the shelf life after first opening and for additional storage information.  



22 

 
 
10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 

OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 

 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
Pacira Ireland Ltd 
Unit 13 
Classon House 
Dundrum Business Park 
Dundrum,  
Dublin 14 
D14W9Y3 
Ireland 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/20/1489/001 4 x 10 mL vials 
EU/1/20/1489/002 10 x 10 mL vials 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
Justification for not including Braille accepted. 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
2D barcode carrying the unique identifier included.  
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER - HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
PC:  
SN: 
NN:



23 

PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON THE OUTER PACKAGING 
 
OUTER CARTON 
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT 
 
EXPAREL liposomal 266 mg/20 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection 
bupivacaine  
 
 
2. STATEMENT OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCE(S) 
 
Each vial of 20 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection contains 266 mg bupivacaine. 
 
 
3. LIST OF EXCIPIENTS 
 
Also contains: dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), dierucoylphosphatidylcholine (DEPC), 
cholesterol for parenteral use, tricaprylin, sodium chloride, phosphoric acid and water for injections.  
 
 
4. PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 
 
Prolonged-release dispersion for injection 
4 x 20 mL vials 
10 x 20 mL vials 
 
 
5. METHOD AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
Read the package leaflet before use. 
Single use vial  
Infiltration/perineural use 
 
 
6. SPECIAL WARNING THAT THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT MUST BE STORED OUT 

OF THE SIGHT AND REACH OF CHILDREN 
 
Keep out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
 
7. OTHER SPECIAL WARNING(S), IF NECESSARY 
 
 
8. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
9. SPECIAL STORAGE CONDITIONS 
 
Store in a refrigerator. Do not freeze. 
Read the leaflet for the shelf life after first opening and for additional storage information.  
 



24 

 
10. SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS FOR DISPOSAL OF UNUSED MEDICINAL PRODUCTS 

OR WASTE MATERIALS DERIVED FROM SUCH MEDICINAL PRODUCTS, IF 
APPROPRIATE 

 
 
11. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION HOLDER 
 
Pacira Ireland Ltd 
Unit 13 
Classon House 
Dundrum Business Park 
Dundrum,  
Dublin 14 
D14W9Y3 
Ireland 
 
 
12. MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S)  
 
EU/1/20/1489/003 4 x 20 mL vials 
EU/1/20/1489/004 10 x 20 mL vials 
 
 
13. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot 
 
 
14. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION FOR SUPPLY 
 
 
15. INSTRUCTIONS ON USE 
 
 
16. INFORMATION IN BRAILLE 
 
Justification for not including Braille accepted. 
 
 
17. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER – 2D BARCODE 
 
2D barcode carrying the unique identifier included.  
 
 
18. UNIQUE IDENTIFIER - HUMAN READABLE DATA 
 
PC:  
SN: 
NN:



25 

MINIMUM PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON SMALL IMMEDIATE PACKAGING UNITS 
 
VIAL LABEL  
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
EXPAREL liposomal 133 mg/10 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection 
bupivacaine 
infiltration/perineural use 
 
 
2. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
 
3. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
4. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot 
 
 
5. CONTENTS BY WEIGHT, BY VOLUME OR BY UNIT 
 
133 mg/10 mL 
 
 
6. OTHER 
 



26 

MINIMUM PARTICULARS TO APPEAR ON SMALL IMMEDIATE PACKAGING UNITS 
 
VIAL LABEL  
 
 
1. NAME OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT AND ROUTE(S) OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
EXPAREL liposomal 266 mg/20 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection 
bupivacaine 
infiltration/perineural use 
 
 
2. METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION 
 
 
3. EXPIRY DATE 
 
EXP 
 
 
4. BATCH NUMBER 
 
Lot 
 
 
5. CONTENTS BY WEIGHT, BY VOLUME OR BY UNIT 
 
266 mg/20 mL 
 
 
6. OTHER 
 



27 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

B. PACKAGE LEAFLET 



28 

Package leaflet: Information for the user 
 

EXPAREL liposomal 133 mg/10 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection 
EXPAREL liposomal 266 mg/20 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection 

bupivacaine 
 

Read all of this leaflet carefully before you start using this medicine because it contains 
important information for you. 
 
• Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.  
• If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or nurse. 
• If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or nurse. This includes any possible side effects 

not listed in this leaflet. See section 4. 
 

What is in this leaflet 
 
1. What EXPAREL liposomal is and what it is used for  
2. What you need to know before you are given EXPAREL liposomal  
3. How you will be given EXPAREL liposomal 
4. Possible side effects  
5. How to store EXPAREL liposomal 
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
 
1. What EXPAREL liposomal is and what it is used for 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is a local anaesthetic which contains the active ingredient bupivacaine.  
 
EXPAREL liposomal is used in adult patients to reduce pain in a specific part of the body or in small 
to medium-sized surgical wounds following surgery (such as surgery to remove haemorrhoids, bunion, 
or knee or shoulder joint surgery).  
 
 
2. What you need to know before you are given EXPAREL liposomal  
 
You must NOT be given this medicine:  
 
• if you are allergic to bupivacaine (or other similar local anaesthetics) or any of the other 

ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6 of this leaflet). 
• if you are pregnant and need a local anaesthetic to be injected at the top of the vagina by the 

cervix. Bupivacaine may seriously harm the unborn baby if it is used for this purpose. 
• into a blood vessel or into your joints. 
 
Warnings and precautions  
 
EXPAREL liposomal should not be used in large abdominal, blood vessel and chest surgeries. 
 
Talk to your doctor or nurse before being given EXPAREL liposomal: 
 
• if you have a heart problem; 
• if you have liver or kidney problems. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal use may cause temporary loss of sensation or movement. You may notice a 
difference in your ability to feel things or move normally for up to 5 days after being given the 
medicine.  
 
The following conditions have sometimes been reported with use of other local anaesthetics: 



29 

 
• Allergic reactions 

 
Allergic reactions may rarely occur after being given any local anaesthetic. Signs of allergic 
reactions to look out for include: hives or skin rash, swelling around the eyes, face, lips, mouth 
or throat, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, feeling dizzy or fainting, or fever. Seek 
urgent medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms after being given EXPAREL 
liposomal as in rare cases these reactions can become life-threatening (see also section 4 of this 
leaflet).  

 
• Neurological conditions 

 
Toxicity of the central nervous system can also sometimes occur. Early signs of this can 
include: restlessness, anxiety, difficulty speaking, lightheadedness, feeling sick (nausea) or 
being sick (vomiting), numbness and tingling of the mouth and lips, metallic taste, tinnitus 
(i.e. ringing in the ears), dizziness, blurred vision, tremors or twitching, depression, drowsiness. 
Seek urgent medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms after being given 
EXPAREL liposomal. More serious side effects from being given too much bupivacaine include 
fits (convulsions), loss of consciousness and heart attack (see also section 4 of this leaflet).  

 
• Cardiovascular conditions 

 
Cardiovascular conditions can also sometimes occur after use of local anaesthetics. Signs to 
look out for include: abnormal/irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, fainting, dizziness or 
lightheadedness, fatigue (tiredness), shortness of breath, or chest pain. Heart attack can also 
sometimes occur. Seek urgent medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms after 
being given EXPAREL liposomal (see also section 4 of this leaflet). 

 
• Methaemoglobinamia 

 
Methaemoglobinamia is a blood disorder affecting the red blood cells. This condition can occur 
immediately or a few hours after use of local anaesthetics. Signs and symptoms to look out for 
include: pale or grey/blue skin, shortness of breath, feeling lightheaded or fainting, confusion, 
palpitations, or chest pain. Seek urgent medical attention if you notice any of these symptoms 
after being given EXPAREL liposomal. Sometimes methaemoglobinamia can cause more 
serious symptoms such as irregular heartbeat, seizures, coma and even death (see also section 4 
of this leaflet).  

 
• Chondrolysis 

 
Chondrolysis (breakdown of cartilage in bone joints) has been noticed in patients receiving 
intra-articular infusion of local anaesthetics. Exparel liposomal must not be used for intra-
articular infusion. 

 
Children and adolescents 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is not for use in children and adolescents under 18 years of age. This medicine 
has not been studied in this age group.  
 
Other medicines and EXPAREL liposomal 
 
Tell your doctor if you are taking or have recently taken any other medicines. 
 
Taking some medicines together can be harmful. In particular, tell your doctor if you are taking any of 
the following: 
 
• Nitrates/Nitrites - nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, nitric oxide, nitrous oxide; 



30 

• Local anaesthetics - benzocaine, lidocaine, bupivacaine, mepivacaine, tetracaine, prilocaine, 
procaine, articaine, ropivacaine; 

• Anti-arrhythmic - medicines used to treat an uneven heart beat (arrhythmia), such as lidocaine 
and mexiletine; 

• Anti-cancer medicines - cyclophosphamide, flutamide, rasburicase, isofamide, hydroxyurea; 
• Antibiotics - dapsone, sulfonamides, nitrofurantoin, para-aminosalicylic acid; 
• Antimalarials - chloroquine, primaquine, quinine; 
• Anticonvulsants - phenytoin, sodium valproate, phenobarbital; 
• Other medicines – acetaminophen (paracetamol), metoclopramide (for stomach problems and 

anti-sickness), sulfasalazine (for inflammatory conditions), povidone iodine (topical antiseptic). 
 
If you are in doubt about any of these medicines, ask your doctor. 
 
Pregnancy and breast-feeding  
 
EXPAREL liposomal is NOT recommended for pregnant women and women of childbearing-age who 
are not using contraception. If you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a 
baby, tell your doctor or nurse before being given this medicine.  
 
EXPAREL liposomal passes into breast milk at very low levels and could cause serious adverse 
reactions in your baby. Ask your doctor for advice before breastfeeding your baby. They will decide if 
you should stop breastfeeding your baby or if you should not be given this medicine.  
 
Driving and using machines 
 
EXPAREL liposomal may affect your ability to feel things or move normally for up to 5 days after 
being given the medicine. You should not drive or use tools or machines if you have any of these side 
effects. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal contains sodium 
 
This medicine contains 21 mg sodium (main component of cooking/table salt) in each 10 mL vial, and 
42 mg in each 20 mL vial. This is equivalent to 1.1% and 2.1%, respectively, of the recommended 
maximum daily dietary intake of sodium for an adult. 
 
 
3. How you will be given EXPAREL liposomal 
 
EXPAREL liposomal will be given to you by your doctor during your surgery. 
 
The recommended dose that you will be given will be decided by your doctor. It will depend on the 
type of pain relief that you need and the part of your body that the medicine will be injected into. 
It will also depend on the size of the surgical site and your physical condition.  
 
EXPAREL liposomal will be given to you as an injection. Your doctor will inject EXPAREL 
liposomal in one of the following places: 
 
• the site of surgery; 
• close to the nerves that supply the area of the body that has had surgery. 
 
If you are given more EXPAREL liposomal than you should 
EXPAREL liposomal is intended for use by trained doctors that will check your blood pressure, heart 
rate, breathing rate, state of consciousness and monitor for any signs that indicate that you have 
received too much bupivacaine after giving EXPAREL liposomal. 
 



31 

Seek urgent medical attention if you notice any of the below side effects after being given 
EXPAREL liposomal (see also section 4 of this leaflet). These are signs of having received too much 
bupivacaine. 
 
• fits (convulsions); 
• loss of consciousness; 
• feeling restless or anxious; 
• difficulty speaking; 
• feeling dizzy or lightheaded; 
• feeling or being sick; 
• numbness and tingling of the mouth and lips; 
• changes in vision, hearing, or taste; 
• tremors or twitching; 
• feeling drowsy, confused or not fully alert; 
• increased or decreased blood pressure; 
• increased or decreased heart rate. 
 
If you miss a dose of EXPAREL liposomal 
 
It is unlikely you will miss a dose. EXPAREL liposomal will be given to you by your doctor only once 
(during your surgery).  
 
If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. 
 
 
4. Possible side effects 
 
Like all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them. 
 
Seek urgent medical attention if you experience any of the following serious side effects that have 
been reported with use of other local anaesthetics (see section 2): 
 
• abnormal/irregular heartbeat, low blood pressure, fainting, dizziness or lightheadedness, fatigue, 

shortness of breath, chest pain, cardiac arrest (symptoms of cardiovascular reaction).  
 
• restlessness, anxiety, difficulty speaking, lightheadedness, feeling sick (nausea) or being sick 

(vomiting), numbness and tingling of the mouth and lips, metallic taste, tinnitus (i.e. ringing in 
the ears), dizziness, blurred vision, tremors or twitching, depression, drowsiness, fits (symptoms 
of central nervous system reaction).  

 
• hives or skin rash, swelling around the eyes, face, lips, mouth or throat, shortness of breath or 

difficulty breathing, fast heart beat, feeling seek, beeing sick, feeling dizzy or fainting, or fever 
(symptoms of allergic reaction). 

 
• pale or grey/blue skin, shortness of breath, feeling lightheaded or fainting, confusion, 

palpitations, chest pain, irregular heartbeat, seizures, or coma (symptoms of 
methaemoglobinemia). 

 
Other side effects may include: 
 
Common (may affect up to 1 in 10 people): 
 
• distortion of the sense of taste; 
• constipation; 
• feeling sick or being sick; 
• oral loss of sensation. 



32 

 
Uncommon (may affect up to 1 in 100 people): 
 
• feeling hot; 
• general bruising or falls; 
• abnormal blood test results; 
• pain in the joints; 
• decreased mobility or involuntary/uncontrolled body movements; 
• injury, pain, spasms, twitching or weakness in the muscles; 
• burning sensation; 
• headache; 
• loss of sensation; 
• itchy skin or skin irritation. 

 
Rare (may affect up to 1 in 1,000 people): 
 
• abdominal discomfort, bloating or indigestion; 
• diarrhoea; 
• dry mouth, difficulty or pain with swallowing; 
• itching inside the mouth; 
• excess saliva in the mouth; 
• chills; 
• pain (in the abdomen, wound site, muscles, groin, hands or feet); 
• swelling in ankles, feet, legs or joints; 
• stiffness in the joints; 
• abnormal ECG; 
• fresh blood passing from anus, usually with stools; 
• feeling tired; 
• partial paralysis; 
• difficulty breathing; 
• reddenning of the skin or around the wound site; 
• complications (e.g., redness, swelling, pain) with the wound site; 
• excessive sweating; 
• nail discolouration. 
 
Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data): 
 
• inability to urinate (i.e. completely or partially empty the bladder); 
• Exparel liposomal does not work. 
 
Reporting of side effects 
 
If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor or nurse. This includes any possible side effects not 
listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly via the national reporting system listed in 
Appendix V. By reporting side effects, you can help provide more information on the safety of this 
medicine. 
 
 
5. How to store EXPAREL liposomal 
 
Keep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children. 
 
Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the vial label after EXP. The expiry 
date refers to the last day of that month. 
 

http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Template_or_form/2013/03/WC500139752.doc


33 

Store in a refrigerator (2°C - 8°C). Do not freeze. 
EXPAREL liposomal may also be stored at room temperature (below 25°C) for up to 30 days in 
sealed, unopened vials. Vials should not be re-refrigerated.  
 
After first opening 
Chemical and physical in-use stability of EXPAREL liposomal withdrawn from vials and transferred 
into polypropylene syringes has been demonstrated for 48 hours when stored in a refrigerator (2°C to 
8°C), or 6 hours when stored at room temperature (below 25°C). From a microbiological point of 
view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and 
conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and should not be longer than 24 hours at 2°C 
to 8°C unless opening has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions. 
 
After dilution 
Chemical and physical in-use stability of EXPAREL liposomal when admixed with other formulations 
of bupivacaine has been demonstrated for 24 hours at room temperature (below 25°C). When admixed 
with 9 mg/mL (0.9%) sodium chloride or lactated Ringer’s solution, chemical and physical in-use 
stability has been demonstrated for 4 hours when stored in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C) and at room 
temperature (below 25°C). From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of dilution 
precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the product should be used immediately. If not used 
immediately, in-use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of the user.  
 
 
6. Contents of the pack and other information 
 
What EXPAREL liposomal contains  
 
The active substance is bupivacaine. Each mL contains liposomal 13.3 mg of bupivacaine in a 
prolonged-release dispersion for injection. 
 
Each vial of 10 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection contains 133 mg bupivacaine free base. 
 
Each vial of 20 mL prolonged-release dispersion for injection contains 266 mg bupivacaine free base. 
 
The other ingredients are dierucoylphosphatidylcholine (DEPC), dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol 
(DPPG), cholesterol for parenteral use, tricaprylin, sodium chloride, phosphoric acid and water for 
injection. 
 
What EXPAREL liposomal looks like and contents of the pack 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is a white to off-white, prolonged-release dispersion for injection. 
 
It is available in 10 mL or 20 mL, single-use glass vials with an ethylenetetrafluoroethylene-faced grey 
butyl rubber stopper, and an aluminium/polypropylene flip-tear-up seal. 
 
Each pack contains 4 or 10 vials. 
 
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.  
 
Marketing Authorisation Holder  
 
Pacira Ireland Ltd 
Unit 13 
Classon House 
Dundrum Business Park 
Dundrum,  
Dublin 14 
D14W9Y3 



34 

Ireland 
 
Manufacturer  
 
Millmount Healthcare Limited 
Block-7, City North Business Campus 
Stamullen, Co. Meath 
K32 YD60 
Ireland 
 
For any information about this medicine, please contact the local representative of the Marketing 
Authorisation Holder: 
 
This leaflet was last revised in: 
 
Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency web site: 
http://www.ema.europa.eu.  
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 
The following information is intended for healthcare professionals only: 
 
Important: Please refer to the Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) before using. 
 
Each EXPAREL liposomal vial is for single use only.  
 
Unopened EXPAREL liposomal vials should be refrigerated between 2°C to 8°C. EXPAREL 
liposomal should not be frozen. 
 
Sealed, unopened EXPAREL liposomal vials may also be stored at room temperature (below 25°C) 
for up to 30 days. Vials should not be re-refrigerated.  
 
After first opening 
Chemical and physical in-use stability of EXPAREL liposomal withdrawn from vials and transferred 
into polypropylene syringes has been demonstrated for 48 hours when stored in a refrigerator (2°C to 
8°C), or 6 hours when stored at room temperature (below 25°C). From a microbiological point of 
view, the product should be used immediately. If not used immediately, in-use storage times and 
conditions prior to use are the responsibility of the user and should not be longer than 24 hours at 2°C 
to 8°C unless opening has taken place in controlled and validated aseptic conditions. 
 
After dilution 
Chemical and physical in-use stability of EXPAREL liposomal when admixed with other formulations 
of bupivacaine has been demonstrated for 24 hours at room temperature (below 25°C). When admixed 
with 9 mg/mL (0.9%) sodium chloride or lactated Ringer’s solution, chemical and physical in-use 
stability has been demonstrated for 4 hours when stored in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C) and at room 
temperature (below 25°C). From a microbiological point of view, unless the method of dilution 
precludes the risk of microbial contamination, the product should be used immediately. If not used 
immediately, in-use storage times and conditions are the responsibility of the user.  
 
EXPAREL liposomal vials should be visually inspected prior to administration. The vials should be 
gently inverted to re-suspend the particles in the dispersion immediately prior to withdrawal from the 
vial. Multiple inversions may be necessary if the contents of the vial have settled. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is intended for single-dose administration only. The maximum dose should not 
exceed 266 mg (20 mL). The recommended dose for local infiltration in adults is based on size of the 
surgical site, volume required to cover the area and individual patient factors that may impact the 
safety of an amide local anesthetic (see SmPC section 4.2). 
 



35 

EXPAREL liposomal can be administered in the ready to use dispersion or diluted to a concentration 
of up to 0.89 mg/mL (i.e. 1:14 dilution by volume) with 9 mg/mL (0.9%) sodium chloride or lactated 
Ringer’s solution. EXPAREL liposomal should not be mixed with any other medicinal products, nor 
diluted with water or other hypotonic agents as it will result in disruption of the liposomal particles. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal is a liposomal preparation and should not be used interchangeably with any 
other formulations of bupivacaine. Bupivacaine hydrochloride (immediate release formulations) and 
EXPAREL liposomal may be administered simultaneously in the same syringe as long as the ratio of 
the milligram dose of bupivacaine solution to EXPAREL liposomal does not exceed 1:2. The total 
amount of bupivacaine HCl and EXPAREL liposomal being co-administered should not exceed 
400 mg equivalents of bupivacaine HCl. Bupivacaine amount in EXPAREL liposomal is expressed as 
the free base of bupivacaine, thus, when calculating the total dose of bupivacaine for coadministration, 
the amount of bupivacaine from EXPAREL liposomal should be converted to the equivalent of 
bupivacaine HCl by multiplying EXPAREL liposomal dose with a factor of 1.128.  
 
Caution is advised when co-administering EXPAREL liposomal and bupivacaine HCl, particularly 
when administering to highly vascular areas where higher systemic absorption is expected (see SmPC 
section 4.4). 
 
The administration of EXPAREL liposomal may follow the administration of lidocaine after a delay of 
20 minutes or more.  
 
When a topical antiseptic such as povidone iodine is applied, the site should be allowed to dry before 
EXPAREL liposomal is administered into the site. EXPAREL liposomal should not be allowed to 
come into contact with antiseptics such as povidone iodine in solution. 
 
EXPAREL liposomal should be injected slowly (generally 1 to 2 mL per injection) using a 25 gauge 
or larger bore needle. The surgical site should be aspirated frequently, when clinically appropriate, 
during administration to check for blood and minimize the risk of inadvertent intravascular injection.  
 
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local 
requirements. 


	SUMMARY OF PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
	A.  MANUFACTURER(S) RESPONSIBLE FOR BATCH RELEASE
	B. CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS REGARDING SUPPLY AND USE
	C. OTHER CONDITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS OF THE MARKETING AUTHORISATION
	D.  CONDITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS WITH REGARD TO THE SAFE AND EFFECTIVE USE OF THE MEDICINAL PRODUCT
	A. LABELLING
	B. PACKAGE LEAFLET