rubentito/OCR-IDL huggingface dataset:
37 3. When using "large batch" methods (100-150 liters of substrate) for the preparation of beta cyclodextrin, the yields were 10 to 25 percent lower than with laboratory scale preparations. With proper fermentation equipment, much greater yields of beta cyclodextrins could have been obtained in the large scale preparations. 4. No definite conclusion can be made in regard to the removal of polycyclics from the smoke of cigarettes with cyclodextrin-treated filter tips because two sets of conflicting data were obtained. The priority of another project prevented the analysis of the third set of samples by the Analytical Division. 5. There is no significant difference between the total phenol con- tent of the smoke from cigarettes with cyclodextrin-treated filter tips and the control cigarettes. 6. There was no significant difference in the fatty acid content of the smoke from control cigarettes and cigarettes with cyclodextrin-treated filter tips. 7. There is no removal of phenols from the smoke of cigarettes with cyclodextrin acetate-treated filter tips. 8. Beta cyclodextrin-flavorant inclusion compounds can be used as superior flavorants in cakes. Even the more volatile flavorants are retained during baking temperatures, when present in the cake in the form of cyclodextrin inclusion compounds. 9. Beta cyclodextrin-flavorant inclusion compounds can also be used as superior flavorants in chewing tobacco. There appeared to be a slow release effect of the flavorant in the chewing tobacco; many of the panelists also observed this flavorant was "longer lasting" 10. The presence of 1 percent by weight of beta cyclodextrin on CAMEL blend tobacco has no effect on the smoking quality of the tobacco. 11. When beta cyclodextrin-volatile flavorant inclusion compounds are applied to smoking tobacco, the volatile flavor is retained until the tobacco is smoked, at which time the flavor is released in the smoke. 12. Flavorants which react with tobacco (e.g. oil of lime) can now be utilized as tobacco flavorants when applied as a cyclodextrin inclusion compound. 13. Laundry which was washed with a beta cyclodextrin-fragrance inclusion compound retained a perceptable amount of fragrance even after drying in an automatic dryer and steam ironing. 14. Beta cyclodextrin-flavorant inclusion compounds were found to be unsuitable as flavorants for chewing gum in panel tests because of an apparent "bitter-flavor note" which they imparted into the gum. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0094
38 15. Beta cyclodextrin will form an inclusion compound with the "headnote" flavors of fresh ground coffee. When this inclusion compound was added to instant coffee, a panel of coffee drinkers preferred the instant coffee with the cyclodextrin flavor additive over regular instant coffee by a ratio of 2:1. E. RECOMMENDATIONS I. Future Work In view of the patent situation, no further work is planned on this project. II. Patentability It appears at this time that the patentable material in this report has been pre-empted by other patents. J. D shiffex J. D. Shiffert Distribution: Mr. Kenneth H. Hoover Mr. E. H. Harwood Dr. Murray Senkus Dr. Eldon D. Nielson Mr. J. D. Shiffert Library Pho to for (2) Mr. Cundiff 7-7-67 First Draft Submitted: January 14, 1963 Completed: February 22, 1963 From manuscript:db Approved: Eldon photo for: Julia Zullington 10/25/84 10/5/83 Iphoto for : Alward Gongalez Cdh Photo for: Dave Eaker 11-27-84 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0094
39 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Baron, M., Inclusion Compounds. ORG. CHEM. BULL., 29 (No. 2), 1 (1957) 2. Bellin, S. A., R. J. REYNOLDS RESEARCH NOTEBOOK, 1962, 108101 (March) 3. Bellin, S. A., R. J. REYNOLDS RESEARCH NOTEBOOKS, 1962, 106397-98, 108107-11, 108551-52, (April) 4. Blackwell, W., Assay of Bacillus Macerans Amylase, RDR, 1963, No. 8 (Jan. 11) 4a. Ben-Gershom, E., and Lieboivitz, J., Studies on the Enzymatic Degradation of the Schardinger Dextrins. ENZMOLOGIA, 20, 133 (1958) 5. Broser, W., and Lautsch, W., Inclusion Compounds and Compounds with Enclosures in Solution. z. NATURFORSCH., 8b, 711 (1953) 6. Cohen, J., Interaction of Pharmaceuticals with the Schardinger Dextrins, State University of Iowa, Ph.D. Thesis, 1961, University Microfilm, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 7. Cramer, F., Inclusion Compounds. REVS. PURE APPL. CHEM., 5, 143 (1955) 8. Cramer, F., Uber EinschluBverbindungen, V. Mitteil. : Basenkalalyse Durch Innermolekulare Hohlraume. CHEM. BER., 86, 1576 (1953) 9. Cramer, F., Uber Einschlußverbindungen, I. Mitteil.: Additionsverbindungen der Cycloamylosen. CHEM. BER., 84, 851 (1951) 10. Cramer, F., and Henglein, F., (Uber Einschlußverbindungen, XIII.) Die Trennung und Isolierung der Cyclodextrine. CHEM. BER., 91, 308-10 (1958) 11. French, D. "Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry", 12, 189-260, (1957), Academic Press, New York 12. French, D., Levine, M., Pazur, J., and Norberg, E., Studies on the Schardinger Dextrins. The Preparation and Solubility Characteristics of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Dextrins. J. AM. CHEM. soc., 71, 353-58 (1949) 13. French, D., and Rundle, R. E., The Molecular Weights of the Schardinger Alpha and Beta Dextrins. J. AM. CHEM. soc., 64, 1651 (1942) 14. Freudenberg, K., and Boppel, H., Die Lage Der Verzweigungsstelle in Der Starke. BER., 73, 609 (1940) 12:1 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0094
40 15. Freundenberg, K., and Jacobi, R., Uber Schardingers Dextrine Aus Starke. ANN., 518, 102 (1935) 16. Freundenberg, K., Plankenhorn, E., and Knauber, H., Schardinger's Dextrins Derived from Starch. CHEMISTRY AND INDUSTRY, 731 (1947); ANN. 558, 1 (1947) 17. Hale, W. S., and Rawlins, L. C., Amylase of Bacillus Macerans. CEREAL CHEM., 28, 49-58 (1951) 18. Harbin, A., R. J. REYNOLDS RESEARCH NOTEBOOK, 1962, 106463-106469, and 106470 to 106475, (April-May) 19. Harrel, T., R. J. REYNOLDS RESEARCH NOTEBOOK, 1962, 108703 (April) 20. Harwood, E. H., Private Communication 21. Kerr, R. W., On the Significance of the Degradation of Starch by Macerans Amylase. J. AM. CHEM. soc., 65, 188-93 (1943) 22. Kono, K., and Nikuni, z., Modified and Simplified Method for Preparation of Schardinger Dextrin. DENPUN KOGYO GAKKAISHI 9, 23-6 (1962) 23. Laurine, A., R. J. REYNOLDS RESEARCH NOTEBOOK, 1962, 113789,90, 114454,59, (July-August) 24. Long, Margaret, Cultivation of Bacillus Macerans for the Production of Amylase, RDR, 1963, Now in Preparation 25. Mangold, H., Lamp, B., et al., New Indicators for Use in the Paper Chromatography of Glycerides. Abstract Papers, AM. CHEM. soc., 127, 52N (1955) 26. McClenahan, W., Tilden, E., and Hudson, C., A Study of the Products Obtained from Starch by the Action of the Amylase of Bacillus Macerans. J. AM. CHEM. soc., 64, 2139 (1942) 27. Milton, C. H., Private Communication 28. Milton, C. H., Private Communication 29. Pauling, L., "The Nature of the Chemical Bond", Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1960, p. 469 30. Powell, H., Molecular Compounds. ENDEAVOUR, 9, 154 (1950) 31. Schardinger, F., Formation of Crystalline Non-Reducing Polysaccharides from Starch by Microbic Action. ZENTR. BAKT. PARASITENK, 22, 98 (1908) 32. Schardinger, F., The Formation of Crystallin Polysaccharides (Dextrins) from Starch Paste by Microorganisms. ZENTR. BAKT. PARASITENK, 29, 188 (1911) Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0094
41 33. Schardinger, F., ZENTR. BAKTERIAL. PARASITENK., Abt. II, 29, 188 (1911) 34. Schlenk, H., Sand, D., et al., Stabilization of Autoxidizable Materials by Means of Inclusion. J. AM. CHEM. soc., 77, 3587 (1955) 35. Shiffert, J. D., The Use of Schardinger Dextrin Flavorant Inclusion Compounds as Flavorants for the Chewing Tobacco, Chewing Gum and Candy Industries, CIM, 1962, No. 10-a 36. Shiffert, J. D., The Use of Schardinger Dextrin-Flavorant Inclusion Compounds as Flavorants for Smoking Tobacco (Cigarettes, Pipe Tobacco, etc.), CIM, 1962, No. 10-b 37. Shiffert, J. D., The Utilization of Excessively Volatile Flavorful Compounds and Flavors as Industrially Useful Flavorants, CIM, 1962, No. 10-c 38. Shiffert, J. D., The Use of Schardinger extrin-Insecticide Inclusion Compounds as Insecticides, CIM, 1962, No. 24 39. Stacey, M., and Barker, S., "Polysaccharides of Microorganisms" Oxford, 1960, p. 152 40. Tilden, E., Adams, M., and Hudson, C. S., Purification of the Amylase of Bacillus Macerans. J. AM. CHEM. soc., 64, 1432-33 (1942) 41. Young, G., R. J. REYNOLDS RESEARCH NOTEBOOK, 1962, 099681 (April) Joll 3-5-63 Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0094
42 APPENDIX I METHOD USED FOR MAKING CHEWING GUM (OBTAINED FROM FIRMENICH & co.) Ingredients Amount Gum base 20 grams Corn syrup 45° Be 37.5 grams Sugar, confectioners 67.5 grams 125.0 total Procedure 1. Place base and corn syrup in a suitable container. Melt (200-220°F.) and mix for 5 minutes after melting is complete. 2. Remove from heat; add sugar plus liquid flavor. Mix for 3 minutes. 3. Dust with confectioners sugar and roll into surface while warm. J.D.Ahiffet J. D. Shiffért February 22, 1963 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0094
43 APPENDIX II NOTEBOOK PAGE NUMBERS p45051-45100 October 27, 1961 to April 6, 1962 p103039-46 May 21, 1962 to June 1, 1962 p109951-110000 April 26, 1962 to August 21, 1962 p109201-50 April 11, 1962 to July 23, 1962 p113351-113382 August 22, 1962 to January 14, 1963 p115151-52 October 16, 17, 1962 J. D. shiffert J. D. Shiffert February 22, 1963 3931 Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0094
TSLRPT06 *** TEST SPECIFICATIONS *** Page 1 16:08:54.5 *** FINAL REPORT *** 07/19/94 Test Number: AN 26684 Program Number: 218 No of Testparts: 4 Priority: 05 Status : REPORT Requested by : DWAYNE W BEESON (4906) Date Requested: 07/13/94 BGTC 611-13W/3 (750-5138) Backup Contact: BILLY T CONNER (1483) No. of Revisions (750-5221) Related Test Number: Division: 149 Test Name : COLEMAN CUT FILLER TEST Test Purpose: NIC, WATER, PH Making and Packing Date : Machine No: Mail Out Date: Type of Panel Testing : Keyword (s) : Added by : BEESOND Special Instructions for the Pilot Plant: AN 26684 A A TBR-65 calfiller K 66 C FC D 67 68 50/50 K Control Nic Water pH in Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0095
TSLRPT06 - *** TEST SPECIFICATIONS Page 2 16:08:54.5 *** FINAL REPORT 07/19/94 Test Number: AN 26684 Program Number : 218 No of Testparts: 4 Priority 05 Status : REPORT Requested by: DWAYNE W BEESON (4906) Date Requested: 07/13/94 BGTC 611-13W/3 (750-5138) Backup Contact: BILLY T CONNER (1483) No. of Revisions (750-5221) Related Test Number: Division: 149 Test Name: COLEMAN CUT FILLER TEST Test Purpose : NIC, WATER, PH Making and Packing Date: Machine No: Mail Out Date : Type of Panel Testing : Keyword (s) : Added by : BEESOND Special Instructions for the Labs : NIC, WATER, PH Lab Notes to the Requestor: : in Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0095
TSLSUM02 - ANALYSES RESULTS *** Page 3 16:08:55 *** FINAL REPORT *** 07/19/94 Test Part AN 26684 AA AN 26684 AB AN 26684 AC Part Name TBR- - 65 CUT FILLER TBR 66 CUT FILLER TBR 67 CUT FILLER Butt Length CHEMICAL : PH PH 6.31 6.32 6.16 Count 1 1 1 Std. Deviation N/A N/A N/A CHEMICAL : MOISTURE : MOISTURE : 12.70 13.98 13.24 Count 1 1 1 Std. Deviation N/A N/A N/A CHEMICAL : NICOTINE : NICOTINE : 4.92 3.78 4.48 Count 1 1 1 Std. Deviation N/A N/A N/A you Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0095
TSLSUM02 - *** ANALYSES RESULTS *** Page 4 16:08:55 FINAL REPORT *** 07/19/94 Test Part AN 26684 AD Part Name TBR 68 CUT FILLER Butt Length CHEMICAL : PH PH - 5.48 Count 1 Std. Deviation N/A CHEMICAL : MOISTURE : MOISTURE : 13.09 Count 1 Std. Deviation N/A CHEMICAL : NICOTINE : NICOTINE % 5.27 Count 1 Std. Deviation N/A 1314 Source: https://www.industrvdocuments. ucsfedu/docs/ffbb0095
EMPLOYEE PERSONAL SELLING PROGRAM You have been chosen by your director or you volunteered to participate in the Employee Personal Selling Program at R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. You are a pioneer group at R & D that will be trained in personal selling and then you will help train co-workers in your group on how to influence competitive smokers to switch brands. It's easy, it's fun, and it's very important for our Company. The Employee Personal Selling Program is designed to educate employees on our priority brands and to engage Winston-Salem based employees to help convert competitive smokers. Assume that a minimum of 2000 employees participate and convert 4 smokers each; this could mean over $500,000.00 to our annual variable margin. Here's how it works: Employees experienced in personal selling from Sales Marketing and employees from the Personnel Department will set a time to come to R & D and train us on how to sell/convert competitive smokers. You will be shown/given a "switch kit" which gives all the information needed to become informed about Winston, Salem, Camel and Doral. The sales techniques you learn from this "mini" training will allow you to approach family, friends and neighbors encouraging them to switch to RJR brands and give them valuable coupons for free packs of our products. Once you have completed this training session (approximately 1/2 day) you will set up a time to train co-workers in your group. You will soon be contacted regarding the.date and time of the "Train-the-Trainer Program." Thanks for your interest and support. NOTE: This list has been submitted to Don Williams - Sales Personnel. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0096
EMPLOYEE PERSONAL SELLING PROGRAM list of trainers Skip Tinsley: Skip Tinsley 5621 Brands R&D Denny Potter 4449 Donna Woods 5908 Carolyn Carpenter 2483 Pat Woods 4093 Sterling Carter 2113 Amos Westmoreland 4628 Gary Burger: Gary Burger 4676 Product Development R&D Mike Dube 4980 Gary Shelar 4503 Barbara Dula 5947 Frank Seliers: Patty Turner 4732 Avoca R&D Bill Tilley 5915 Terry Pike (Avoca) 482-0412 James Rouson (Avoca) 482-0412 Paul Braxton: June Reece 6561 RJRTI R&D Ron Willard: Bill Jarvis 4692 PT&D R&D Gloria Caudle 4719 Joe Warden 5008 Janet Wheeler: Frankie Petree 5949 Planning and Admin R&D Janet Wheeler 4050 Linda Fulk 5962 Don deBethizy: Denise Moore 4938 Biological Research R&D Earl White 4015 Tom Guy 5179 Lorraine Curtis: Carolyn Norman 3147 Quality Assurance R&D Randy McHone 6555 Ronnie Case 7859 Source: ttps://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0096
AUG-24-98 MON 11:20 P.09 April 30,1998 "Cuckoo" TV :30 ANNCR(VO): Washington has gonc cuckoo again Instead of doing something about yonth smaking, Washington wauts to: ANNCR(VO) & TITLECARDS: Raise halfa trillion dollars in new taxes. Source: Wall Street Journal, April 10, 1998. Spend billions on federal programs. Source: Washington Post, February 3, 1998. Create 17 new government bureaucracica. Source: Morgan Stanley, April 9, 1998. ANNCR(VO): What about youth smoking? Washington wants to raise the price of cigarettes so high there'll be a black marker in cigarettes with unregulated access to kids Source: Salomon Smith Barney, April 8, 1998; Sanford Bemstein, April 3, 1998; Morgan Stanley, April 9, 1998; Wall Street Journul, April 3, 1998. New taxes New spending And a black market Call 1 800-343-3222. TITLECARD: Call 1 800-343-3222 Philip Morris Incorporated e R.J. Keynolds Tobacco Company Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corporation Lorillard Tobacco Company United States Tobacco Company www.tobaccoresolution.com ANNCR(VO): What is Washington thinking? Exhibit 26 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.uicsf.edu/docs/ffbb0097
1/26 RJ? Nabisco - Investre ** Dewngraded: Zero Excess Cash Flow in 1988 ana 4 Focus on Market Share in Temple Cigarettes Will Restrain Results Salomer AJR Neblece - Statistical Abstract AJR.NYSE (250 Million Shares, Martet Value) Brother SPS Cun. Prev. P/I Pre Rel. to SEP $00 Other Dete Azi '986 $3 90 118 $46 Est 1987 475 97 1987 75% 1/26/88 52-Wa Rarçe $71-535 Es: '988 5 75 8.0 1988 72 $1 92 Fst 1999 150 71 & Ys 1004-026 some Qusrierty Corninge 1985 1986 19878 Earnings o $0 66 $0 66 $0 84 US. Tocacco 58%.58° 20 086 0.99 1:6 inn Tobacco 9. 30 091 1 03 2 Food & Beverage 33:33 10 1 17 1 26 151E Investment Code: Current: M 46/245 Previous: M 16:243 A Actual 8 Essurate footrotes We expect the shares of RJR Nabisco to match the performance of the S&P 500 over the next 6-12 months. based on the company's prospects for little excess cash flow near term and an apparent emphasis on market share. rather than profits. in its U.S. cigarette business. RJR Nabisco's earnings growth is projected at approximately 204% near term to $4.75 in 1987 and S5.75 in 1988. Longer-term earnings growth is estimated at 1457. roughly in line with operating gains of 13% annually. There will be no excess cash flow in 1988. given higher capital outlays for the now oigarette and for Xabises. This i. . diseppoinment. Nabisco pians S.1 billion in capital outlays over a three- to four-year period. compared with previously announced spending of $600 million annually. Nabisco will create modern "super bakeries" that are cupable of handling single-serve sizes. as well as normal grocery store packs. in addition. the company's nine U.S. bakeries may be reduced to five. This move is designed to make Nabisco the low.cost producer. while capturing growth in the single-serve snackins market and the market for fnod susy from homo. The projen has a five- to seven-year payback. Simply expressed. shareholders three to five years from now will realize the benefit from this program, rather than current shareholders. RJR Nabisco appears to target market share gains. rather than maximizing profits in its U.S. cigarette business. Profit growth in U.S. cigarettes is lorecast to be 10% in 1987 and 9% or less in 1988 because of a focus on lower-margin generics and heavy research and marketing expenditures for the new smokeless cigarette. Although RJR had a good unit performance in 1987. with an estimated 1% decline to 186 billion units (a near 33% share). compared with a 25 falloff for the industry. RJR management appears to be fixated on its loss of the number-one share position. We prefer companies with more commitment to profitability than to market share. We expect RJR Nabisco's new smokeless cigarette. which is revolutionary. to have gradual consumes acceptance. Markei testing may begin in mid- 1988. The cost of the new product is high - $125 million pretax ($0.30 per chare). plus a possible $200 million for capital additions such as equipment and bricks and mortar 22 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0098.
Author : Eldon D. Nielson MRR, 1966, No. 4 Biological Research Division To: Dr. Murray Senkus April 28, 1966 Director of Research Re: MONTHLY RESEARCH REPORT Period Covered : Biological Research Division March 28 through 1966, No. 4 April 22, 1966 No. of Pages : 4 A. BIOLOGICAL TESTING I. Smoke Irritancy Studies Work is continuing on obtaining the standard dose-response curves in the smoke irritancy test for standard cigarettes. All RJR brands, so far tested for a dose-response curve, have produced a fairly straight-line response over a limited range in the test. The cigarettes fall into three general categories by mildness measurement. The increasing order of mildness is unfiltered, Estron filtered, and charcoal-Estror filtered cigarettes. In addition to testing the mildness of various brands of cigarettes, studies are also under way to determine the relative mildness of the smoke from the component tobaccos and blends thereof. Preliminary data indicate that components and blends may also fall into three groups. The mildest tobaccos in this test were the burley blend, Turkish blend, and flue-cured blend; intermediate in mildness were burley to which 20% carbohydrate had been added, CAMEL blend with no casing, and regular G-7. The regular cased CAMEL blend was least mild of all. These data are still subject to some revision, especially when a complete statistical study of the results is completed. Further studies have been run to help establish the validity of the test. In one study, various concentrations of croton oil were applied to filter pieces and implanted in experimental animals. The results indicated that differences in the strength of the irritant in a constant weight of nonirritating oil can be distinguished in this test. II. Pharmacology of Mariolide and Other Smoke Constituents Work has begun on the study of the pharmacologic properties of mariolide and other constituents found in cigarette smoke. Attention was drawn to mariolide because of its relative high acute toxicity, approaching the LD50 range of nicotine. In acute toxicity studies, it had been observed that lethal and sublethal doses of mariolide caused convulsions. Preliminary results indicate that mariolide will lengthen the sleep time, caused by a standard dose of phenobarbital, and appeared to hasten the loss of righting reflex under phenobarbital anesthesia. Preliminary studies on other physio- logic parameters, such as respiration, blood pressure, electrocardiogram, heart rate, and body temperature, demonstrated no clear-cut changes from normal. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0099
2 III. Thiocyanate Excretion by Rats Thiocyanate is excreted by animals as a metabolic product of cyanide. Since cyanide will ordinarily come from a few limited sources, such as smoking, attempts have been made to use thiocyanate excretion as a measure- ment of smoking Rats injected with 1 mg. of potassium cyanide excreted 2-1/2 times as much thiocyanate in urine samples, collected immediately after injection, as control rats. After receiving cyanide injections for three days in a row, the thiocyanate level in the urine of the injected rats increased to 20 times that of control rats. This reflects a build-up of thiocyanate in the treated animals. In studying the excretion of thiocyanate, it is important to eliminate the contributions of other potentially interfering materials. Since vitamin B-12 contains the cyanide ion in its structure, it was thought that it might conceivably either react with the thiocyanate reagents or contribute to the observed thiocyanate level in the urine. In tests conducted, it was found that vitamin B-12 does not give red color with the thiocyanate reagents nor does the injection of rats with vitamin B-12 increase the level of thio- cyanate in the urine over that of control rats. IV. Detection of Nicotine in Urine A method which permits the detection of nicotine in the urine of cigarette smokers has been developed. The method employs the extraction of urine and fractionation of the extracts followed by a gas chromatographic analysis. Using this procedure, it was possible to detect a nicotine peak in the extracts of urine from six different smokers. No peaks in the area of the nicotine peak were found in a similar extract of the urine of two nonsmokers. Nicotine has also been detected in the urine of rats which were given a subcutaneous injection of nicotine. V. Plant Hormone Activity Since new supplies of abscisin II (SM24A), a naturally occurring plant hormone, and its isomer (SM25A) have become available, further studies of their biological activity have been undertaken. The effects are being studied on the dropping of flowers (a predominant effect of this hormone) and on rooting of plants. It has been found that the naturally occurring compound, SM24A, stimulates the dropping of flowers whereas the isomeric compound, SM25A, shows no activity. In preliminary tests, both SM25A and SM24A severely inhibited rooting. B. STARCH BIOCHEMISTRY I. Production of Amyloglucosidase Although reproducibility still remains a problem in the production of amyloglucosidase by Aspergillus awamori, the yield was increased from 150 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0099
3 to 192 units per milliliter by use of a selected strain. In other experiments, it was found that the addition of 1/2 to 1% fumaric acid to the medium raised the yield from 150 to 190 units per milliliter. II. Evaluation of Enzymes The amyloglucosidase prepared here was successfully employed in producing a syrup of 55 DE in a period of 96 hours at 60°C. The optimal pH was 5.0 although the reaction proceeded satisfactorily between pH 5 and 6. The glucose-maltose ratio was influenced somewhat by the pH, being 27.8/24.6 at pH 5 and 27.7/26.0 at pH 6. III. Glucose Isomerase An additional 36 organisms have been isolated. Glucose isomerase activity could be demonstrated in many of the organisms, but five of them were considerably more active than the others. So far, activity has been observed only among bacteria, all gram negative rods resembling the Pseudomonas. Organisms capable of converting glucose to fructose in initial screening tests were studied further for their ability to isomerize glucose to fructose. Lyophilized cell preparations were employed suc- cessfully. These studies indicate the process to be feasible and will be continued in an effort to develop a commercial process. IV. Conversion of Starch to Fructose Experiments will be conducted to determine the feasibility of converting starch to fructose or to a syrup containing significant percentages of fructose. An attempt will be made to isolate phosphorylase from potato for use in the conversion of starch to glucose 1-phosphate. Glycolytic enzymes from yeast will be employed to convert this to fructose 6-phosphate. Some form of phosphatase will then be applied to obtain fructose. If this step-wise pathway can be accomplished in vitro, consideration will be given to the development of a practical process. C. MISCELLANEOUS I. Microbial Analysis of Food Products Examination of dehydrated apples initially and after storage for periods of 7 and 28 days indicated that the sparse microbial population remained unchanged. Chocolate mousse, having a population of about 8,000 organisms per gram initially, showed a decrease to about 4,000 after seven days storage and 28 days storage. This count was not con- sidered excessively high. Microbial analyses of My-T-Fine egg custard mixes have been carried out as a service to the Food Development program in connection with initial production. Hourly random samples and composites of the complete run of each flavor of custard obtained from both the Hoboken and Pinkneyville plants were examined. Tests for coliform and Salmonella were negative for all samples. Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0099
4 II. Cigarette Beetle Control Samples of tobacco were taken at various stages in the stemming process, preceding the redry process. After storage for 29 days, no cigarette beetles or larvae were detected in these samples. They will be held an additional two weeks to permit any larvae or pupae to develop into the easily detected adult beetles. In another experiment, adult beetles and larvae were placed in small cloth bags along with tobacco and permitted to go through the redrying process. None of the adult beetles or larvae survived this treatment. Beetle eggs were not available at the time these experiments were carried out. These data indicate that tobacco is probably free of beetle con- tamination at the time it is packed in the hogsheads. Core samples were taken from the hogshead of tobacco, and the distribution of beetles within the core determined. These results indicated that beetles are present primarily in the outer six inches of tobacco within the hogshead. These results are not in agreement with the observations of leaf people who have observed pockets of beetles at the center of hogsheads in the tobacco purchased from the government. EldonL Indian Eldon D. Nielson Distribution Dr. W. M. Bright Dr. Fred T. Williams Dr. Murray Senkus Mr. Donald F. Mackintosh Dr. Richard E. Farrar Mr. E. H. Harwood Dr. Eldon D. Nielson Library (2) Dr. Charles W. Nystrom Dr. William C. Squires Submitted: April 28, 1966 Completed: April 29, 1966 From manuscript:pws Approved: M. S. 6701 MAY 1 1966 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0099
Phone 212 809-3131 Cable: Untenword tes COPY DEPT. BROWN §, WILLIAMSON CLIENT PUBLICATION VICEROY 0/4/74 R.B:ck PRODUCT ISSUE TOURING CAR DISPLAY - VICEROY SPECIAL BROCHURE COVER: A few facts about one of the world's fastest cars HEADING: The car On October 4, 1973, Mario Andretti drove this Viccroy Special to a new world's closed course speed record - 214.15 m.p.h. - at the Texas World Speedway, Bryan, Texas. The Viceroy Special was created for the Vel's Parnelli Jones Racing Team by the :orld-famous race car designer, Maurice Phillippe. With the Viceroy Special, Phillippe added lustre to a carcer that has produced cars that won the world's Formula One Grand Prix championship and twice won the USAC National Championship. Take a look around. HEADING: Thé dimensions Overall length 178 inches. Overall width 80 inches. Wheclbase 104 inches. Track - front 63 inches. Track - rear 57 inches. Maximum height 32 inches. Cockpit height 26 inches. Ground clearance 3 inches. Weight 1500 pounds. F238 40M-11/72 680083803 PRODUCED FROM B&W WEB SITE Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0100
NU-LIFE SMOKER'S WITHDRAWAL PROGRAM DISPOSABLE USE ONE A DAY, THEN THROW AWAY (44 day supply) - 96% STOE TAR And Sooly Smoke Porticles your LUNCS SMOKING PROTECTION PROGRAN GUARANTY $1000 COUNTER DISEPA USE ORDER FORM ON OTHER SIDE R EXHIBIT D Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0101
Priv.-Doz Dr. F. Adlkofer Leiter der Wissenschaftlichen Abteilung VERBAND DER CICARETTENINDUSTRIE BAMBURG 13 WEC as . FERNATF 22. Dezember 1976 Ad/hr An die Herren Mitglieder des Ausschusses Tabakforschung Sehr geehrte Herren, die wissenschaftliche Abteilung des Verbandes der Cigarettenindustrie wurde von Herrn Prof. Schmähl, dem Vorsitzenden des Forschungsrates Rauchen und Gesundheit, gebeten, zu einem Brief von Herrn Dr. Eicher (s. Anlage 3) Stellung zu nehmen, in dem die Entschei- dung des Forschungsrates vom 22. Oktober 1976 ( s. Anlage 2 ) kritisiert wird. Da bei der Entwicklung des RCN entgegen der Behauptung von Herrn Prof. Schmähl ( s. Anlage 2 ) eine Zusammenarbeit zwischen Herrn Dr. Eicher und einer der Mitgliedsfirmen des Verbandes der Cigarettenindustrie nicht besteht, ist zu prüfen, ob das von Herrn Dr. Eicher geplante Forschungsvorhaben ( s. Anlagen la, lb und lc ) nicht doch vom Forschungsrat unterstützt werden sollte. Die Beurteilung des Forschungsvorhabens wird bedauer- licherweise dadurch erschwert, daß außer einer Zusammen- fassung der bisherigen Ergebnisse lediglich eine Willens- erklärung vorliegt, eine konkrete Planung jedoch nicht zu erkennen ist. Ich bin der Meinung, daß der Forschungsrat bei seiner Zusammensetzung überfordert ist, wenn er über das Projekt von Herrn Dr. Eicher entscheiden muß. Ich möchte Sie deshalb - 2 - BANKKONTO, DRESONER BANK AC HAMBURG, NE 6215 117 TELEX.
- 2 - bitten, mir Ihre Ansicht über das Forschungsvorhaben mitzuteilen, so daß bei überwiegend positiver Ein- stellung eine Überprüfung der ursprünglichen Entschei- dung des Forschungsrates stattfinden kann. Bei der Bedeutung des non-tobacco material für die Herstellung von Cigaretten, gegen die der Vorwurf der Gesundheits- gefährdung nicht mehr erhoben werden kann, erscheint es mir auch sinnvoll, wenn über die Angelegenheit bei einer Sitzung des Ausschusses Tabakforschung gesprochen werden könnte. Haben Sie für Ihre Bemühungen im voraus herzlichen Dank. Mit freundlichen kollegialen Grüßen ( Dr. F. Adlbofer ) friend Anlagen . Verteiler : Herrn Dr. Seehofer Herrn von Bethmann Herrn H. Borowski Herrn Dr. Gößwein Herrn R Todl Herrn Dr. Häusermann Herrn Dr. KauBmann Herrn Dr. Kuhn Herrn Dr. Lipp Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0102
90-Day Inhalation Study with Cigarettes containing G7-25 Histopathology The statistical evaluation of incidence results of serology assays and severity data will be made by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (Siegel, 1956). deviations from the approved protocol Significance or from SOPs Statistical tests will be carried out to 5%, two-sided criteria. PROJECTED TIMING Attempts will be made to achieve the QUALITY ASSURANCE following 1991 target dates. A time-line is A rigorous procedure of QA will be attached. maintained, with contract staff using on-line access (read only) to the data stored on the Delivery of Animals : Tuesday 13 August computer. A a review will be made of 15% of Randomization : 15 August the raw data generated in the study. Exposure Starting Dates: REPORTING Sham Control : Tuesday 3 September Draft Interim Report Low exposure : 4 September An interim report will be prepared as Medium exposure : 5 September soon as possible after the final necropsy. The High exposure : 3 September report will be a summary of in-life observations, body weight changes, absolute Necropsies: 90-day and relative organ weights, any completed data Sham Control : 4 December on plasma nicotine and cotinine, and gross Low exposure : 5 December pathology. The report will also include Medium exposure : 6 December CO-Oximetry and respiratory physiology data; High exposure : 4 December a section on the major inhalation parameters will also be included. Necropsy : Reversibility Gross Pathology, Histopathology. All : 11 March, 1992 A separate schedule will be established for the preparation of pathology reports. Final Report A final report will be prepared in draft form when data collation is complete. The QA unit will prepare and sign a statement to be included in the final report which shall specify the dates inspections were made and findings reported to management and to the Study Director. The report will include : objectives and procedures, as stated in the protocol description of the smoking machines and their operating conditions performance of the smoking machines, including chemical and physical data tabulation of response data a separate pathology report, including ta abulated gross and microscopic pathology a separate section on physiology data DRAFT: DO NOT QUOTE. Page 7 0009 Source: :https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0103
90-Day Inhalation Study with Cigarettes containing G7-25 STATÉMENT BY STUDY DIRECTOR Sagartz, J.W., Burger, G.T. and Hayes, The Study Director is responsible for A.W. (1989a). Ninety-day inhalation study ensuring that the work will be performed as in rats, comparing smoke from cigarettes described in the protocol. Every attempt will that heat tobacco with those that burn be made by the Study Director to perform the tobacco. Fundamental and Applied study as described above. Toxicology. 13, 460-483. Any amendments to the approved Coggins, C.R.E., Ayres, P.H., Mosberg, A.T., protocol will be documented as such; Burger, G.T., Sagartz, J.W. and Hayes, amendments involving significant A.W. (1989b). Comparative inhalation modifications in the usage of animals will be study in rats, using a second prototype of a referred to the IACUC prior to any such cigarette that heats rather than burns modification being made. tobacco. Inhalation Toxicology. 1, 197-226. The Study Director certifies that this Coggins, C.R.E., Duchosal, F., Musy, C., and study does not involve any unnecessary Ventrone, R. (1981). The measurement of duplication, and that the study will follow all respiratory patterns in rodents, using whole regulations, NIH guidelines, Animal Welfare body plethysmography and a pneumo- Act, Society of Toxicology Code of Ethics and tachograph. Laboratory Animals 15, IACUC policies. 137-140. Davis, R. (1986). The determination of nicotine and cotinine in plasma. Journal of Study Director Chromatographic Science 24, 134-141. Feldman, D.B. and Seely, J.C. (1988). Necropsy Guide: Rodents and Rabbit. pp. 1-50. CRC Press, Boca Raton. C.R.E. Coggins, PH.D., DABT Date Mercer, T.T., Tillery, M.I. and Newton, G.J. (1970). A multi-stage low flow rate cascade impactor. Aerosol Science. 1, 9-15. Vice-President Sagartz, J.W. Madarasz, A.J., Forsell, M.A., Burger, G.T., Ayres, P.H. and Coggins, C.R.E. Histologic sectioning of the rodent larynx for inhalation toxicity testing. A.W. Hayes, PH.D., DABT Date Toxicologic Pathology (submitted). Siegel, S. (1956). Non-parametric Statistics for the behavioral Sciences. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Young, J.T. (1981). Histopathologic REFERENCES examination of the rat nasal cavity. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 1, Ayres, P.H., Mosberg, A.T., Burger, G.T., 309-312. Hayes, A.W., Sagartz, J.W. and Coggins, C.R.E. (1989). Nose-only exposure of rats to carbon monoxide. Inhalation Toxicology. 1:349-363. Ayres, P.H., Mosberg, A.T. and Coggins, C.R.E. (1990). Modernization of nose-only smoking machines for use in animal inhalation studies. Journal of the American College of Toxicology. 9, 441-446. Baumgartner, H., and Coggins, C.R.E. (1980). Description of a ontinuous-smoking inhalation machine for exposing small animals to tobacco smoke. Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International. 10, 169-174. Coggins, C.R.E., Ayres, P.H., Mosberg, A.T., DRAFT: DO NOT QUOTE. Page 8 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0103.
(Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul A ID Name Duration 1 CIGARETTE DELIVERY Od 2 3 GENETIC TOXICOLOGY 91.31ed 4 CSC Preparation 2w 5 Ames 4w 6 SCE/CA 12w 7 Final Report Od 8 9 INHALATION 270.33ed 10 Characterization 3w 11 Quarantine 3w 12 Exposures 14w 13 Necropsy 4d 14 Reversibility 14w 15 Verbal Pathology 0d 16 Resp. Tract 10w 17 Reversibility 10w 18 Final Report Od 19 20 30-WEEK MSP STUDY 288.04ed 21 CSC characterization 3w 22 CSC reserve 3w 23 Initiation Od 24 CSC Application 29w 25 "Growth-counts" 17w 26 Necropsy 4d 27 Pathology 8w 28 Final Report Od G7-25 TOX TESTING 2090 T 2805 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0103
The American Cancer Society* Samuel s. Epstein, M.D. Professor of Occupational and Environmental Medicine School of Public Health University of Illinois at the Medical Center Chicago, Illinois * Based on excerpts from "The Politics of Cancer" by S, s. Epstein, Anchor Press/Doubleday, New York 1979, in which detailed supportive references can be found. Copyright retained by author. (Affiliation given for purposes of address only) . THKP 0018261 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0104
1 The American Cancer Society is the largest private philanthropic insti- tution in the country (besides being the world's largest nonreligious charity), and is devoted exclusively to cancer. It was founded as the American society for the Control of Cancer in 1913 (and incorporated in 1922) by a small group of concerned clinicians and laypersons (mainly industrialists) in order to educate the public in the need for early diagnosis and proper treatment of cancer. Fund raising for the society was undertaken by the Women's Field Army, an association of national .women's organizations with no representation on the board, which was composed exclusively of cancer clinicians and hospital admini- strators. Mary Lasker's involvement in the society began in 1943, when its budget was $356,000. (Mary Lasker is the widow of Albert D. Lasker, the multimillion- aire advertising tycoon who handled American Tobacco1s Lucky Strike Account and who coined what has been called the most successful slogan in American Salesmanship, "Reach for a Lucky Instead of a Sweet", aimed at inducing women to smoke). She recruited Emerson Foote, a senior executive of Lord and Thomas (a Chicago advertising agency whose previous president was Albert D. Lasker), and Elmer Bobst, head of the U.S. arm of the international Hoffman La Roche drug company and honorary chairman of Warner-Lambert Pharmaceutical Company. The triumvirate transformed the society from a voluntary amateur-type organi- zation into a highly efficient and aggressive fund-raising operation, which by 1946 had raised the budget to about $4 million. The name of the society was changed to the American Cancer Society, the bylaws and constitution were rewrit- ten, and the board was reconstituted with 50 percent lay representation. The society then rapidly grew to its present strength to include 2,800 local units (organized in fifty-eight major divisions), with headquarters in New York, a paid staff of over 3,000, and an active volunteer staff of some 300,000. Of a $176 million fund balance in 1977, $114 million came from public contributions at the state level, largely from legacies and the annual April crusade of the THKP 0018262 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0104
2 society involving over two million solicitors. Direct contributions from indu- stry were in the region of 3 percent of total donations. The national head- quarter survives by taking 40 percent of each division's fund. About 60 per- cent of the society budget goes for staff salaries, office supplies, and other expenses; the 1977 travel budget of the society was about $7 million. Less than 15 percent of the budget is spent on assisting patients (for purposes such as driving them to doctors' appointments, loaning wheelchairs, and donating bandages made by volunteers, rather than paying for treatment costs) . The overall governing group of the American Cancer Society is the 194- member House of Delegates, which in 1977 included one labor representative and one black, but no representative of public interest or citizen organizations. = The 116-member National Board of Directors is recruited from the House of Delegates. Of the ninety-four delegates, eighteen are senior officers or directors of banks, seven are members of investment firms, and thirteen are business or industrial executives. Board members have recently included the late Elmer Bobst, and Frank J. Dixon, a consultant to Eli Lilly and Company and member of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Advisory Board. At least eighteen members of the Board and delegates are executive officers or directors of banks which, as of August, 1976, held about 42 percent of the society's cash and investment, totalling $75 million. The major decision making of the society seems to be shared between senior staff, members of the board, and a select group of thirty-two Life Members. Bylaws of the society require that laymen fill half the positions on its policy-making boards. These tend to be conserva- tive and mistrustful, if not hostile, to "big government" and federal regula- tions. Professional representation comes from about 50,000 surgeons, radiolo- gists, and chemotherapists heavily concerned with treatment. As constituted, the power base of the society is overwhelmingly oriented to the diagnosis and treatment, rather than to the prevention, of cancer. THKP 0018263 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0104
3 The current president of the society (elected in November, 1978) is LaSalle D. Lefall, Jr., a black surgeon from Howard University. Among the life members, the banking, insurance, advertising, and pharmaceutical industries are well represented, in the absence of representation from labor or public interest groups. These lay representatives share leadership almost equally with clini- cians and research scientists. Since its inception, the society has been preoccupied by problems of cancer diagnosis and treatment, rather than prevention, not unnaturally reflecting viewpoints which generally prevailed until relatively recently. While the society made important contributions to the smoking-cancer problem prior to 1964, its subsequent efforts to control smoking have been weak and diffuse. In fact, it has refused to endorse meaningful activist approaches - such as those developed by Action on Smoking and Health (a Washington-based anti-smoking public interest group headed by John Banzhaf II), and has yet to develop any effective legislative programs. Research programs, which are the major emphasis of the fund-raising appeals of the society, accounted for about 26 percent of its 1976 budget. Of about $13 million spent on new research projects in 1976, $394,000 was allotted to chemical carcinogenesis, while no new awards were made on problems of can- cer prevention and environmental carcinogenesis. Society fund raisers have routinely told the public that the society could not finance promising research "due to insufficient funds. This claim was challenged in 1976 by a report of a charity-monitoring service, the National Information Bureau, on the grounds that the society then had over $31 million in uncommitted reserves, The society responded to this criticism by withdrawing their claim, and sub- stituting it with the statement that it "will now place research in perspective as part of overall program needs." The audit further revealed that the re- search budget of the society declined from 36 percent in 1967 to the 1976 level THKP 0018264 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0104
4 of 26 percent, while the share given to management and fund raising increased proportionately during this time. There also seems to be evidence of conflict of interest in the award of research funds. Those same board members who de- cide which research projects should be funded themselves receive support. About 70 percent, $26 million, of the 1976 research budget was awarded to individuals or institutions with whom boards members were affiliated. Pat McGrady, for twenty-five years the science editor of the society and the organization's main liaison between cancer researchers and medical and science writers, recently resigned in embarrassed protest over these and related issues. Of the society slogan: "Control Cancer With a Check-up and a Check, " McGrady remarked: It's phoney, because we are not controlling cancer. That slogan is the extent of ACS's scientific, medical, and clinical savvy. Nobo- dy in the science and medical departments there is capable of doing real science. They are wonderful pros who know how to raise money. They don't know how to prevent cancer or cure patients; instead they close the door on innovative dieas. The society has supported major experimental and epidemiological research on smoking, and also some on occupational problems. These include studies on carcinogenesis and other hazards among printers, in collaboration with the Printing Pressmen's and the International Typographical Union, and studies on asbestos by Irving Selikoff (Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York) in collaboration with the Papermakers Union. The educational programs and publications of the American Cancer Society emphasize the importance of early detection of cancer, even for those can- cers with known low cure rates. The society has issued the widely publicized Seven Warning Signs of Cancer (see below), Apart from smoking, however, no reference is made to any other causes of cancer, such as Premarin as a major known risk factor for uterine cancer (Premarin is a natural estrogen widely used for "replacement therapy" in the treatment of menopausal symptoms). By THKP 0018265 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0104
5 emphasizing individual responsibility for early detection, without providing or withholding information on environmental or occupational carcinogens other than tobacco, the American Cancer Society has implicitly endorsed the industry strategy of "blaming the victim", rather than emphasizing industry responsibi- lity and the need for legislative and regulatory controls. The Seven Warnings Signs of Cancer 1. Change in bowel or bladder habits. 2. A sore that does not heal. 3. Unusual bleeding or discharge. 4. Thickening or lump, especially in the breast. 5. Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing. 6. Obvious change in a wart or mole. 7. Nagging cough or hoarseness. The Cancer-Cure Lobby. Subsequent to her transformation of the society, Lasker's interests grew to encompass the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Over the ensuing decades, her close associations with successive White House administrations and with powerful political figures, such as Representative John Fogarty (D-R.I.) and Senator Lister Hill (D-Ala.), House and Senate Appropriations subcommittee chairmen, respectively, facilitated her activism and contributions to the growth of biomedical research. The death of Fogarty and retirement of Hill in 1967, together with decelerated federal support for the NIH, made her unduly receptive to the overtures of a group of cancer clini- cians who had persuaded themselves that just given more funds they could cure cancer. Typical of these was Solomon Garb, a University of Missouri Medical School clinician (support for whose activities had been terminated by the NCI in 1966), whose 1968 book Cure for Cancer: A National Goal, with extravagant promises for an early cancer cure, made a deep impact on Lasker. (Garb is now "scientific director" of a thirty-two bed cancer hospital at the American Medi- THKP 0018266 Source: https://www.industrydocuments.ucsf.edu/docs/ffbb0104