Repository: netty/netty
File: codec/src/main/java/io/netty/handler/codec/protobuf/ProtobufVarint32FrameDecoder.java (Java)

Code before:
            throw new CorruptedFrameException("negative length: " + length);
        }

        if (in.readableBytes() < length) {
            in.resetReaderIndex();
        } else {
            out.add(in.readRetainedSlice(length));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads variable length 32bit int from buffer
     *
     * @return decoded int if buffers readerIndex has been forwarded else nonsense value
     */
    static int readRawVarint32(ByteBuf buffer) {
        if (buffer.readableBytes() < 4) {
            return readRawVarint24(buffer);
        }
        int wholeOrMore = buffer.getIntLE(buffer.readerIndex());
        int firstOneOnStop = ~wholeOrMore & 0x80808080;
        if (firstOneOnStop == 0) {
            return readRawVarint40(buffer, wholeOrMore);
        }
        int bitsToKeep = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(firstOneOnStop) + 1;
        buffer.skipBytes(bitsToKeep >> 3);
        int shiftToHighlightTheWhole = 32 - bitsToKeep;
        // this is not brilliant, we have a data dependency here
        int wholeWithContinuations = (wholeOrMore << shiftToHighlightTheWhole) >> shiftToHighlightTheWhole;
        // mix them up as per varint spec while dropping the continuation bits
        int result = wholeWithContinuations & 0x7F |
                     (((wholeWithContinuations >> 8) & 0x7F) << 7) |
                     (((wholeWithContinuations >> 16) & 0x7F) << 14) |
                     (((wholeWithContinuations >> 24) & 0x7F) << 21);
        return result;
    }

    private static int readRawVarint40(ByteBuf buffer, int wholeOrMore) {
        byte lastByte;
        if (buffer.readableBytes() == 4 || (lastByte = buffer.getByte(buffer.readerIndex() + 4)) < 0) {
            throw new CorruptedFrameException("malformed varint.");
        }
        buffer.skipBytes(5);
        // add it to wholeOrMore
        return wholeOrMore & 0x7F |
               (((wholeOrMore >> 8) & 0x7F) << 7) |
               (((wholeOrMore >> 16) & 0x7F) << 14) |
               (((wholeOrMore >> 24) & 0x7F) << 21) |
               (lastByte << 28);
    }


Review comment (performance):
I've noticed something very fun here: if I use `readerIndex(int)` it get slightly slower :( 
which is very weird, because (FYI @chrisvest ), `skipBytes` check accessibility, while `readerIndex(int)`, nope!

Code after:
            throw new CorruptedFrameException("negative length: " + length);
        }

        if (in.readableBytes() < length) {
            in.resetReaderIndex();
        } else {
            out.add(in.readRetainedSlice(length));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Reads variable length 32bit int from buffer
     *
     * @return decoded int if buffers readerIndex has been forwarded else nonsense value
     */
    static int readRawVarint32(ByteBuf buffer) {
        if (buffer.readableBytes() < 4) {
            return readRawVarint24(buffer);
        }
        int wholeOrMore = buffer.getIntLE(buffer.readerIndex());
        int firstOneOnStop = ~wholeOrMore & 0x80808080;
        if (firstOneOnStop == 0) {
            return readRawVarint40(buffer, wholeOrMore);
        }
        int bitsToKeep = Integer.numberOfTrailingZeros(firstOneOnStop) + 1;
        buffer.skipBytes(bitsToKeep >> 3);
        int thisVarintMask = firstOneOnStop ^ (firstOneOnStop - 1);
        int wholeWithContinuations = wholeOrMore & thisVarintMask;
        // mix them up as per varint spec while dropping the continuation bits:
        // 0x7F007F isolate the first byte and the third byte dropping the continuation bits
        // 0x7F007F00 isolate the second byte and the fourth byte dropping the continuation bits
        // the second and fourth byte are shifted to the right by 1, filling the gaps left by the first and third byte
        // it means that the first and second bytes now occupy the first 14 bits (7 bits each)
        // and the third and fourth bytes occupy the next 14 bits (7 bits each), with a gap between the 2s of 2 bytes
        // and another gap of 2 bytes after the forth and third.
        wholeWithContinuations = (wholeWithContinuations & 0x7F007F) | ((wholeWithContinuations & 0x7F007F00) >> 1);
        // 0x3FFF isolate the first 14 bits i.e. the first and second bytes
        // 0x3FFF0000 isolate the next 14 bits i.e. the third and forth bytes
        // the third and forth bytes are shifted to the right by 2, filling the gaps left by the first and second bytes
        return (wholeWithContinuations & 0x3FFF) | ((wholeWithContinuations & 0x3FFF0000) >> 2);
    }

    private static int readRawVarint40(ByteBuf buffer, int wholeOrMore) {
        byte lastByte;
        if (buffer.readableBytes() == 4 || (lastByte = buffer.getByte(buffer.readerIndex() + 4)) < 0) {
            throw new CorruptedFrameException("malformed varint.");
        }
        buffer.skipBytes(5);
        // add it to wholeOrMore
        return wholeOrMore & 0x7F |
               (((wholeOrMore >> 8) & 0x7F) << 7) |